primary germ layers, mesoderm derivatives, first the contents, formation of mesoderm, C-loam formation, c-calated system, urinary angel structures, circulatory system, muscular system, and the skin, so first what is the mesoderm, student mesoderm is the third important primary germ layers are the embryonic layer, mesoderm is the second one is the endoderm and the third one is the mesoderm, interestingly mesoderm is involved in the sense of most of the body organs, the body organs are evolved from the mesoderm, position wise if we look at it is present between the endoderm and the actoderm, so the mesoderm is basically the layer between the actoderm and the endoderm, what are the different structures which are found by the mesoderm, the structures formed by the mesoderm are the c-loam, c-loam is called the body cavity, if we look at the space under the ribs, we can see the space of the body cavity or c-loam, the definition of c-loam is that it is a body cavity in which the mesoderm is present on the inside and outside, it means c-loam is formed by the mesoderm, if the mesoderm is not present on both sides then we do not call it c-loam, then we call it pseudo c-loam if it is present, or it is not present, so the formation of c-loam has two patterns, one pattern is that as soon as the gas process of c-loam increases, it means that the mesoderm is formed by the two large somaids, what will the blocks do, they will split, so the cavity is formed between the two, so one pattern is that when the mesoderm is formed, the first blocks are called somaids, they split and form the mesoderm, c-loam is called as splitting, so c-loam is formed by the splitting of mesoderm, the second pattern is that the aurcantauron comes out of two out pockets, and what does this out pocket do, it creates cavities between the mesoderm, so it means that it can be formed by out pocketing, so there are two basic methods, except c-loam, the second important structure that we are making is the skeletal systems, the skeletal systems are the cartilage and bones, all the bones are the product of mesoderm, all the bones that are formed by the mesoderm, the shape of the body that is connected to the structure of the mesodermal cells, so the mesodermal cells are formed by the bones, and the cartilage of the bones is parallel to the bones, but it is not like the bones, it is flexible structures, then you know genital structures, genital genital structures are our kidneys, our kidneys are gonads, there will be testes and ovaries in the gonads, testes and ovaries, associated glands, all the glands that are with them are involved in reproduction, similar to adrenal glands that are present on the kidneys, all these things are synthesized by the mesoderm, circulatory system, all the circulatory system is formed by the mesodermal cells, all the circulatory system cells that have three major components, number one blood, number two blood vessels, and number three heart, blood will be made of mesoderm, blood vessels, arteries, veins and capillaries, so three things are formed by the mesodermal cells, similarly heart, heart cells, which they are also formed by the, they are also derived by the mesodermal cells, so the white blood cells in the blood, red blood cells or platelets, all these will be mesodermal anaerogine, different types of muscles present in our body, there are three types of muscles in our body, that is the skeletal muscle, that is the smooth muscle and the cardiac muscles, skeletal muscles are attached to the bone, smooth muscles are attached to the internal body organs, which are involved in movement or the rest, and cardiac muscles are involved in the heart, which are making the structure of the heart, all these three muscles, they are formed by the mesodermal cells, similarly skin, the top most layer of the skin, which we call epidermal, it is called the actoderm, but the two layers of the skin, that is the dermis and hypodermis, both are formed by the mesodermal cells, both are formed by the mesodermal cells, these are the other tissues that make the mesodermal, the important one is the tendons and ligaments, tendons and ligaments, tendons and ligaments you know that tendons are attached to the muscles with the bone, ligaments keep our bones in a proper position, and the adipose tissues, adipose tissues are usually stored in our body, adipose tissues all these structures, they are also formed by the mesodermal cells so if we look at the comparative, then the actodermal and endodermal relationship is developed by the mesodermal organs


Assalamu alaikum students, I am Vasim Iqram. This is the 18th lecture in a series of 45 lectures on digital logic design. How are you? InshaAllah, it will be good. In the last lecture, we started the discussion on multiplexers. We had discussed multiplexers for data selection. Even today, the discussion will continue on that topic. But before that, let us talk about the topics which we discussed in the last lecture. In the last lecture, we talked about decoders. What are these decoders? Basically, we have selected an important application for device selection. In a computer system or in a digital system, there are different devices. How will we select them? We will use a decoder. Basically, what is a decoder? It has some inputs and some outputs. You will apply a 3-bit code or a 4-bit code or a 2-bit code on the input. Because of that, one output pin will be selected on the output. If you connect the output pin with a device, with its chip enabled, then the device will be selected. In the last lecture, we talked about a 3-8 decoder. What is a 3-8 decoder? Basically, it has 3 inputs and 8 outputs. If you apply any 3-bit code on the input, then one corresponding output will be selected. For example, you apply 010. So, output 2 will be selected because 010 represents the code 2. Similarly, if you apply 111, which represents 7, the 7th output would be selected. If you want more outputs, there are only 8 outputs in the 3-8 decoder. If you want 16 outputs, then what will you do? Basically, you can combine 2 3-8 decoders and make a 4-16 decoder. So, there will be 4 inputs. Apply a 4-bit binary code. One of them will be selected. After that, we talked about an interesting application. If we use a decoder, we can generate a function as well. Again, we take the example of a 3-8 decoder. Let's say, we apply 010. What is selected from 010? The second output is selected. We apply 111. What is happening? The 7th output is selected. Let us suppose that we have a Boolean expression, in which the momentum is 2 and the momentum is 7. So, what will we do? Decoder, the 3-8 decoder, the 2nd output and the 7th output will connect them through an OR gate. So, whenever we apply the input 2 or 7 at the input of the decoder, the OR gate output would be A1. So, basically, what are we doing? The Boolean expression is implementing using the 3-8 decoder. Similarly, the product of some form, the Boolean expression, we can implement it with the decoder. After this, we talked about the BCD to 7-segment decoder. The BCD to 7-segment decoder is a little different from the rest of the decoders. In the rest of the decoders, one output is selected. In the BCD to 7-segment decoder, multiple outputs are activated. So, we said that if you want to display the digit 7, then you will apply the input of the BCD 7. And the corresponding segments which should be on will be active high or 1. So, BCD to 7-segment decoders have multiple inputs and multiple outputs. But multiple outputs at a time activate which is not happening in the rest of the decoders. In the BCD to 7-segment decoder, we took out expressions in the beginning with each segment. So, with simple AND or inverters, you can implement 7 circuits for each of the 7 segments. In the previous lecture, we studied that if you have an MSI, a medium-scale integrated form, there is a BCD to 7-segment decoder which is very optimized. If you look at the Boolean expressions which we derived for the different segments, there are many common terms. So, the MSI form and BCD to 7-segment decoder are optimized and the common terms are removed. The last decoder we looked at was BCD to decimal decoder. Similarly, the rest of the inputs are 4-bit and BCD. Outputs are 10-outputs and decimals. So, if you apply a 4-bit number from 0 to 9 on the input, one output line will be activated out of 10 outputs. After the decoders, we talked about encoders. Encoders are basically the opposite of decoders. Encoders have multiple inputs and multiple outputs. So, let's say, there is an 8 to 3 encoder. There will be 8 to 3 inputs and 3 outputs. How does it work? Basically, you have to activate one of the 8 inputs. Whatever input you activate, there will be a code on the output. So, let's say you have activated the third input on the output. It will be 0, 1, 1 indicating that the third input has been selected. Similarly, let's say, you select the fifth input and the output will be 101 code representing the input 5. In the simple encoder, we discussed a problem. If simultaneously more than one input is selected, let's say the second and sixth input is selected, then what will be the code? Basically, both the codes will be together. So, the second input code should be 0, 1, 0, 1. What about the sixth? It should be 0, 1, 1. So, the resultant will be 0, 1, 1. Which is incorrect. So, to finish this problem, what we talked about was the priority encoders. Priority encoders are basically a priority assigned to every input. How has it been done? We derived a Boolean expression and we are assigning a priority through it. So, the seventh input line has more priority compared to sixth. Similarly, sixth's priority is fifth. So, let's say sixth and two inputs are simultaneously selected. So, the sixth input code will be selected. Similarly, we talked about if you have two encoders, let's say 8 to 3 and you want to make 16 to 4, how will you do that? Basically, you can combine two 8 to 3 encoders and implement 16 to 4 encoders. One interesting encoder was basically Decimal to BCD encoder. Decimal to BCD encoder will have 10 inputs and 4 outputs. So, any of those 10 inputs you will select one input. Let's say, let's select the third input. What will come on the output? 0, 0, 1, 1. Because it is a 4-bit output, the code will come representing the third input. Where are we using it? In this case, digits are 0 to 9. If you have a digital system or a computer, you want to input data. So, you will have to connect a keypad or a keyboard. The button you press should have a 4-bit code that can process the digital system. So, the main purpose of Decimal to BCD encoder is to connect a keypad to its inputs. Whatever key you press to BCD encoder will come on the output. After the encoders, we started discussing multiplexer. We told multiplexer that again, there are multiple inputs and one output. There are some select lines and input select lines which help us to select one input. Whatever information is there, 1 has 0, they root on the output. That is why we are saying there are two sources and one destination. If you have a computer there is an ALU important circuit with two inputs. The information on which ALU has to perform operation is read on different registers or in different storage spaces. So, you can connect two pieces of information on the input of ALU. Basically, these multiplexers are being used. If you have four storage spaces then you should have a four into one multiplexer which will be connected with the four storage spaces and the output will be connected to the ALU input. Last time, we talked about four to one. After that, we saw an MSI commercial available chip. Basically, in that chip there are two four to one multiplexers. So, there are four inputs and two input selects and one chip is enabled. Multiplexers are available in different configurations in different sizes. Different multiplexers are connected according to your requirements. So, today we will see some more configurations and we will connect them and expand them. Let's say you have four to one multiplexer if you want eight to one okay. Let's say the data type is of multiple bits. You must have read it in different courses that information is used in byte form and process. It is a collection of bits basically. It is enabled. There is a quantity of four bits or eight bits of byte. There is a word or a long word. There are two bytes in the store. You have to select one of them and use it. Basically, you need a multiplexer with two inputs and each input should be of eight bits. Let's start by looking at a two input four bit multiplexer. Two input four bit multiplexer. How many inputs should be connected? Well, it is a two input so that means two inputs are possible two different data you can connect on multiplexer input. It is four bit input that means both the inputs are four bit each. So that means total input lines are eight. What is the output? Four bit output. If it is zero, the first input will be selected. If it is one, the second input will be selected. Apart from this, you need a general chip select line which will activate or deactivate the chip. So let's suppose you have two four bit quantities. One quantity is let's say input A which is of four bit. The other quantity is of four bit which is of input B. Select input is zero. The quantity A is of four bit will come to you. If select input is one, the quantity B is of four bit. Let's have a look at two input four bit multiplexer. Let's see its function table and its circuit. Let's have a look at the function table of a two input four bit multiplexer. In the input, you see two columns G and S. It presents the chip select. It's active low. So whenever it is one, the chip is not selected. Whenever it is zero, the chip is selected. S input selects two inputs. A input selects or B input selects. So if S is zero, input A is selected. If S is one, input B is selected. In the first row, you see when G is one, when S is zero, it doesn't matter because the chip is not selected. On outputs, you see one Y, two Y, three Y, four Y. These four bits are four output bits. So when S is zero and G is zero, you see one A, two A, three A, four A at the output. Similarly, when G is zero, the chip is selected and S is one. The second input is available at the output. B, two B, three B and four B are seen at the output. Let us now have a look at the circuit diagram of a two input four bit multiplexer. Four more gates are seen at the output, one Y, two Y, three Y and four Y. These four more gates have two two AND gates connected. The above AND gates have one A, two A, three A and four A. With these two gates, you see one B, two B, three B and four B. On the top left corner, you see two AND gates which have bubbles on them. These two are NOR gates. When G is zero and S is zero, the first AND gate which has bubbles on two inputs will be one at the output. What will happen with this? The AND gate at the input of two A, three A, four A will be activated. Whatever the input at one A, two A, three A, four A would be routed to the output. It would be available at one Y, two Y, three Y and four Y respectively. Similarly, if G is zero and S is one, the second gate on the top left will be activated and the second gate on the other gate is one B, two B, three B and four B will be selected. The second input will be available at one Y, two Y, three Y and four Y. We have looked at a two input, four bit multiplexer which has two inputs and four bits and one output. As I have said before, there are different types of multiplexers so you can just connect them together to form larger multiplexers. So, let us have a look at a few examples how we can form large multiplexers. Last time, if you remember we had seen a MSI chip in which four, two, one four inputs and one output were in the same IC. Now, let us suppose that you have an application or a requirement in which you need eight to one multiplexer. There should be one output. We have studied four to one multiplexer. We had seen a MSI chip in which two four to one multiplexers were in one chip. Can we connect them and form an eight to one? Yes, we can. If you remember four to one of course there are four inputs one output, two select inputs A and B and one chip select. Because you have four to one multiplexer which A and B select inputs are connected together. And eight to one multiplexer has eight inputs. So, to select one of them how many select inputs do you need? You need three. So, A and B should be C. Now, from where will we get C? Basically, if you connect the two chip selects G and G to each other with one inverter and connect them in the same way. And the input pin is called C. So, basically, A, B, C will be three inputs. If C is zero then one multiplexer the first one will be selected. If C is one, the second one will be selected. A and B will be used to select the first four inputs and the other four inputs. The output of both four to one multiplexers has two outputs. So, what will we do there? Basically, you will put a two input or gate. So, the two outputs of both multiplexers will connect them with the gate. And you have eight to one multiplexer. How will we make 16 to one multiplexer? Again, it is quite easy. You will connect four to one multiplexer like this. How will we connect? Basically, there are 16 inputs. So, how many input selects do you need? A, B, C and D you need four. Of course, the output should be one. So, first of all, let's say we combine four and make one. How will we do it? Basically, we will take a four input or gate from which we will connect four inputs and one output will come. Now, the four four to one multiplexers have four chip select inputs. G is the one. If you have to select from one input, that means you will have to select the first multiplexer. If you have to select one input from the next four inputs, that means you will have to select the second one, third or fourth. So, first, second, third or fourth. How will we select these four multiplexers? Basically, you need a decoder, two to four decoder. You will give two singles on the input of two to four decoders. They are C and D. If C, D is zero, then what will be the output of the decoder? The first output will be zero or one. It will be activated. If you have one one on the input of the decoder, then the fourth output of the decoder will be activated. The four outputs of the decoder are connected with the four multiplexer chip selects. So, now, if C, D is zero, the first multiplexer is going to be selected. How will we select its inputs? If the input C, D is one one, which multiplexer will be selected? The fourth multiplexer will be selected. From A, B, you can select one of the four inputs. So, let us have a look at the eight to one multiplexer and sixteen to one multiplexer. Let us first have a look at eight to one multiplexer using two four to one multiplexer. As you can see, A, B inputs select both the multiplexer and their inputs. The input C is directly connected to the first multiplexer with the chip select and the second one is selected through an ORT gate. So, if C is zero, the first multiplexer whose inputs are one C zero, one C one, one C two and one C three will be activated. The first multiplexer's output is one Y and is written out one. The second multiplexer whose output is two Y and is written out two. Because the multiplexer has one output, therefore you use a two input OR gate and both the outputs are connected through the OR gate and you have F output. Let us have a look at the function P. Let us have a look at the function table of a A to one multiplexer. You have three columns C, B and A on which you apply three-bit combination from 0, 0, 0 to 1, 1, 1. F output represents the output of the A to one multiplexer. So, if C, B, A are 0, 0, 0, then the first multiplexer's first input is selected so it is coming on the output of one C zero output. It is 1, 0, 0, C, B, A is 1, 0, 0. So, the first output of the second multiplexer is activating two C zero. Similarly, if input C, B, A is 1, 1, 0, the third input of the second multiplexer is selected. Now, let us have a look at the implementation of a 16-input multiplexer. The 16-input multiplexer has 16 inputs. It uses 4, 4 to 1 multiplexers. The first chip has two multiplexers and inputs are 1, C zero, 1, C1, 1, C2, 1, C3. And the second multiplexer has two C zero, 2, C1, 2, C2 and 2, C3. The second chip has two more multiplexers, 4, 2, 1. So, altogether, you have 16 inputs. A, B connects the two multiplexer chips. One decoder uses two to four decoders which have active high inputs and active low outputs. Two to four decoders have four outputs. The four outputs and the four chip selects are connected to them. Similarly, the four multiplexers are connected with a four input or gate. So, now let us suppose C, D is zero, zero. G is active low. The decoder is selected. So, if C, D is zero, zero, the first output of the decoder will be zero and the other three will be one. If the first output is zero, it is connected with the first multiplexer. So, it will be selected. The other three multiplexers will be deactivated. Now, it depends on A, B. If A, B is zero, zero, the first input will come on the F output of the gate. Similarly, if C, D is one, zero. Because of this, the first output and the second output will be one. It will be inactive. The third output will be activated and zero. Because active low outputs are there. And the fourth output will be one. It will be deactivated. If the third output is low, the third multiplexer will be selected. What will be on its output? It depends on what A, B you selected. So, that means the fourth input of the third multiplexer will be available on the output. So, if the fourth input is one, the output will be one. The other gate is connected with the output. So, that information will come on the output of the other gate. Let us have a look at the function table of a 16-bit multiplexer. The G input, which is the chip select input of the decoder. If it is set to one, when the decoder is not selected, none of its outputs are active. Therefore, none of the four multiplexers would be selected. C or D inputs are the inputs of the decoder. So, if CD is zero, the first multiplexer is selected. So, you get one C zero, one C one, one C two, one C three outputs which are connected to the first multiplexer. Similarly, if CD is one, zero, that means the second multiplexer of the first chip is selected. So, two C zero, two C one, two C two, two C three outputs which are connected to the first chip. Which input will come on the output depends on A and B. Similarly, if the input of the decoder is CD is zero, one, then the first multiplexer of the second chip will be selected. So, you get one C zero, one C one, one C two and one C three in the output. Similarly, if the input of CD is one, one, then the second multiplexer of the second chip is selected. You get two C zero, two C one, two C two and two C three from the output. It depends on what is on A and B. Let us look at the last example of multiplexers. Let us suppose you have two quantities. Both quantities are eight bit quantities. Basically, there are two byte values. You have to select one of them and send it to another circuit's input. So, what kind of multiplexer do you want? Basically, you need two input eight bit multiplexer. So, let us say quantity A will apply to input A, quantity B will apply to input B. Whatever quantity you have to send to output, select it. We have two input four bit multiplexer. So, to implement two input eight bit multiplexer, two of these multiplexers have to be connected together. What are the connections? Basically, both of them have a select input. Because there are two inputs, if the select input is zero, the input A will be selected. If the input B is one, the input B will be selected. So, the select inputs of two multiplexers are connected. If it is zero, the four bit input A of the first multiplexer will be selected Similarly, if the select input is one, the input B of the first and the input B of the second will be selected. Do you want to connect the output with some other gate? Basically, there is no need to connect any other gate. Because you are getting eight bits on the output. So, the first four bits are to be met with multiplexer. The other four bits are to have a look at the circuit diagram of a two input eight bit multiplexer. The circuit diagram of the two input eight bit multiplexer is shown. There are two chips. The select input of both the chips is connected together. So, when select is zero, the input A of both the chips is selected. When S is one, the input B of both the chips is selected and it is available at the output. The select input the chip select input of both the chips has to be activated. So, the chip select input G of both the chips is connected together. When G is set to zero, both chips are activated. When it is set to one, both chips are deactivated. Let us now have a look at the applications of a multiplexer. There are several very interesting applications. For example, we are talking about data routing. Basically, you have several inputs. We will select one of them and the data will go to the output. The second example is parallel to serial conversion. There is parallel data in byte form. If you want to transmit it on a remote location, then you have to do it in serial form. The multiplexer can be used there. Function generator. We have also seen that you can configure the decoder to generate a certain function. You can also use a multiplexer to implement a boolean function. The last example we will see is operation sequencing. When we do operation sequencing, I will explain in more detail. Let us start by looking at the data routing aspect of the multiplexer. Consider a two-digit display circuit. Let us say you have a counter with which two digits are being displayed in seven segments. How will the circuit be made? You should have two digits and two seven-segment digits. What will be the circuit on both the inputs? Basically, BCD to seven-segment decoder. With each two digits, there will be two BCD to seven-segment decoder circuits. Let us say you have to display 28. The most significant digit is on the input of BCD to seven-segment decoder. On the input of BCD to seven-segment decoder, you will apply BCD to two, which will convert to appropriate segments. You would see the digit two. The eight you display on the least significant digit on the input of BCD to seven-segment decoder, you will apply eight. You will see eight, which is the seven-segment display. Let us suppose you have to make a digital clock. In the digital clock, two digits will tell you minutes. So, you should have four seven-segment displays. And on the inputs of these four, four BCD to seven-segment decoder circuits should be done. Now, you can implement the same four-digit display unit using a multiplexer and a single BCD to seven-segment decoder. Basically, how will it be? We will look at the circuit diagram in this. We need to understand the seven-segment display. Two types of seven-segment displays are common cathode and common anode. What is common cathode? Basically, if you look at the seven-segment display, there are seven segments and they are made of LEDs, seven LEDs. If you connect all the LEDs to the cathode and ground it, and if you have to burn it, then on the other end, if you give it five volts, that segment will turn on. So, if all the cathodes are common, you will call them common cathode display unit, seven-segment display unit. Similarly, if all the seven-segment LEDs are common, then to use them, you will have to apply five volts to that common point. If you want to turn on any segment on the other end, you will have to. This is common anode. Let us have a look at the two-digit decimal display circuit. You see two seven-segment displays. Each seven-segment display is connected to a BCD to seven-segment decoder. So, the most significant display is connected to the most significant BCD to seven-segment decoder and the least significant seven-segment display is connected to another BCD to seven-segment decoder. The output of both the decoders are connected to the respective segments of both the digits. So, to display any two-digit number, the two digits are applied at the inputs of the two BCD to seven-segment decoders. The appropriate output segments are activated and the two digit number is displayed on the two-digit displays. Let us now have a look at the common anode and common displays. The figure on the left shows the common anode. The anodes of all the seven-segments are connected together and to use this particular seven-segment display, the common anode has to be connected to plus 5V. In order to display the digit 7, segment A, B and C have to be activated. So, the input A, B and C have to be connected to ground or 0V. De, F and G have to be connected to 5V. Similarly, looking at the circuit on the right-hand side, which is a common cathode circuit, all the cathodes of the seven-segments are connected together. In order to use this circuit, the common cathode has to be connected to the ground and the inputs are applied at the segments A, B, C, D, E, F and G. So, to display the number seven-segment A, B and C has to be activated since this is a common cathode. Therefore, A, B and C has to be connected to logic 1 or 5V. Segments D, E, F and G would be connected to 0. We have looked at the common cathode and common anode seven-segment displays. Now, let us have a look at the implementation of the two-digit display circuit using a multiplexer. Basically, the multiplexer is being used as a data-rooting unit. There are two numbers on the input of the multiplexer and they are being routed on the output. What is the circuit? Basically, a B, C, D to seven-segment decoder will be placed on the input of the two-input four-bit multiplexer. So, you will apply one digit on the input A. The input B will be applied on the second digit. So, let us say we have to display 28, A 2, B input 8. Now, if the B, C, D to seven-segment decoder has active high outputs, then what kind of seven-segment display are you connecting? Common cathode or common anode? Well, if the output of B, C, D is active high, that means to turn on any segment, it is sending 5V or logic 1. So, that means the common cathode display unit will activate. So, common cathode display unit will activate. Just like we were saying, you activate different chips by selecting the enable line of that particular chip. You activate it and the chip activates. So, the common cathode display, seven-segment display, will activate it. If the common cathode is connected to the ground, if it is high, it will be disabled. Now, looking at the circuit, you would select the input A of the multiplexer using the select input line. The same select input line is connecting the common cathode to the most significant digit. Similarly, the second digit, the least significant digit, is also connecting the select line through an inverter in an ORT gate. So, if you apply one, then input B multiplexer will be selected and the least significant digit will be selected. So, you have to do it again and again. Once you select the most significant digit with the select input, that means input A will be selected and the most significant digit will be displayed. If you select input 1, input B will be selected and the least significant digit will be selected and displayed. So, you have to do it again and again so that you can see both the digits at a time. Let us have a look at the circuit diagram of the multiplexer based 2 digit display circuit. A 2 digit decimal display circuit using a multiplexer is shown. A single 2 bit 4 input multiplexer is connected to a BCD to 7 segment decoder. The outputs of the BCD to 7 segment decoder are all active high. Two common cathode 7 segment displays are connected. The 7 segments of both the displays are connected to the outputs of the BCD to 7 segment decoder. The select input of the 2 bit 4 input multiplexer is connected to the common cathodes of both the 7 segment displays. The most significant display is connected directly to the select input whereas the least significant display the common cathode of the least significant display unit is connected through the not gate. Now let us assume that select input is set to 0. This means that input A, the number applied at input A would be made available at the output of the multiplexer. The BCD to 7 segment decoder would convert that into the appropriate segments. That information would be available at both the 7 segment displays. Now since the select input is 0 therefore the most significant 7 segment display is activated whereas the least significant 7 segment display is disabled. Therefore the number would be displayed on the most significant digit. When the select input is set to 1 the B input is selected. It is available at the output of the multiplexer. The BCD to 7 segment decoder would convert it into appropriate segments. That information is available at both the 7 segment displays. Since the select input is 1 therefore through the inverter the common cathode of the least significant digit is activated or set to ground whereas the common cathode of the most significant digit is set to high therefore it is deactivated. So the information at input B of the multiplexer is displayed on the least significant digit. In order to display both the digits continuously the select input has to be changed rapidly from 0 to 1. The multiplexer based display circuit can be expanded to 4 digits or 6 digits. A single multiplexer would be used with appropriate number of inputs. A single BCD to 7 segment decoder would be used. Now if it is a 4 digit display 4 inputs would be applied at the 4 inputs of the multiplexer and the multiplexer inputs have to be rapidly switched. So first A will be selected then B then C then D then again A, B, C, D or A, C sequence would be used. So you would see all the 4 digits displayed on the 4 digit display circuit. Now let us have a look at another application of the multiplexer. Parallel to serial conversion. We talked about parity bits to generate. We said that you have some information that you are trying to transmit from one end to another so there could be some mistake so you have to use parity bits. Basically when you are trying to send something on long distances you will not send it in parallel form but in series. Generally all your digital systems, computers are processing with parallel data they are storing processing in parallel data. For example your byte value basically it is a combination of 8 bits which are in parallel. The byte store in the byte form will be stored in parallel and the processing will be subtracted or subtracted If you want to send this information in a remote location then you will need 8 wires so you will be sending 1 bit on each wire. If you have a 16 bit value then you should have 16 wires. These 16 wires where 8 wires have a communication length which is not practical means you will send 8 wires from one end to another end 16 will be more expensive. All the communication systems are sent serially. So basically you have to change the digital data in series and transmit 1 bit at a time. So first let us say a byte data how to convert it in serial data. Let us suppose you have an 8 input multiplexer 8 input and 1 output. The information you have to send let us suppose it is 1111000 4 ones and 4 zeros. Where will you apply that? 8 to 1 multiplexer on its input. Now this 8 to 1 multiplexer's select lines will be 3 because you have to select 1 out of 8. So let us suppose your 3 select input lines attach a 3 bit counter to it. If you initialize the counter then the output of the counter will be 000. Which input multiplexer will be selected the first input will come to your output. Let us say 1 millisecond the counter is increasing. What will come to the output of the counter? 001. 001 because the select lines of the multiplexer are connected to it. The next input will be selected of the multiplexer. The information on that will come to your output. After the second millisecond the counter will increment again. The third input of the multiplexer will come to the output. After 8 milliseconds the 8 inputs of the multiplexer are selected and the information on that is coming to the output. So basically you started with a 8 bit parallel value which you changed in the serial value. So these 8 bits will be transmitted on the other remote location and you will convert it again in parallel. So let us have a look at the circuit which changes or rather converts this parallel data into serial data. The parallel to serial conversion circuit is shown and 8 to 1 multiplexer is used. The 8 inputs are connected to the information 11100101 The enable input of the multiplexer is activated it is set to 0 and the output is selected. A 3 bit counter is connected to the 3 select inputs of the multiplexer. So the counter C2 is connected to the select input A2 similarly the counter output C1 and C0 are connected to A1 and A0 select inputs of the multiplexer respectively. The output of the multiplexer is connected to the serial transmission line. So the parallel information will be available at the output 1 bit at a time. A clock is applied to the counter input. So let us assume that the clock increments after every 1 millisecond. So initially the circuit is reset the output C0, C1, C2 is 0, 0, 0 the I0 input of the multiplexer is selected. What is the data at the input? It is 1. So 1 would be available at the output basically 1 is transmitted. In the next millisecond the counter output would be 1, 0, 0. C0 is 1 C1 and C2 are both 0s. This would select I1 input of the multiplexer at I1 input of the multiplexer we have the data value 1 or bit 1 which is rooted to the output. So again another 1 is transmitted. Similarly in the 8 time periods starting from 0, 0, 0 and ending at 1, 1, 1 the 8 values 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 1, 0, 1 are transmitted 1 after the other. Let us have a look at the timing diagram of the parallel to serial conversion circuit. C0, C1, C2 indicate the outputs of the counter. So they are incrementing from 0 to 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7. This shows the output of the multiplexer. So during time interval 0 or the first millisecond input 1 is selected. So the output y of the multiplexer is 1. Similarly for intervals 1 and 2 the output is 1. For intervals 3 and 4 the output is 0 and similarly for intervals 5, 6 and 7 the output is 1, 0, 1. We have looked at the use of the multiplexer to serial data for onward transmission. Another interesting application of the multiplexer is used as a function generator. When we studied the decoder we saw that we can use the decoder to generate a function, to implement a function. Let us assume that you have a 3 variable boolean function a, b and c. There are 3 minterm 1 is 0, 1 is 3 and 1 is 7. So basically minterm 0 is a bar, b bar, c bar minterm 3 should be a bar, b, c and minterm 7 should be a, b, c. So if you write in SOP form these 3 product terms will come. Whenever any of these 3 minterm will be present the output should be 1. If you use multiplexer then how it will be implemented? 3, 2, basically 8 input multiplexer you are using. Minterm 0 input 0, the first input you have to connect it to 1. Similarly the term input 3 minterm 3 which is present you have to connect it to 1. Similarly the last input, 7 input you have to connect it to 1. The rest of the inputs which you are connecting. Now the output depends on which input you have selected. Let's say you apply 0, 0, 0 on the selected input lines. So the first input will be selected and the output will be 1. Let's say on the selected input you are applying 0, 1, 0, 2. 2 input will be selected and what you have connected will be 0 on the selected output. So that means this minterm is not included in the function. So that means any function which has a standard SOP form the minterm present will apply the inputs of the multiplexer. The minterm absent will connect 0 on the input of the multiplexer. Let's have a look at the circuit which implements this function. Let's have a look at the three variable logic function table. The inputs are A, B and C. The output is Y. The minterms 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 1 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1 are present. They are marked by 1s at the output. So minterm 0, minterm 1, minterm 2, minterm 5 and minterm 7 are present. Now how is this function implemented using a multiplexer? The multiplexer is selected. The eight inputs are connected to 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1. These inputs represent the output of the function as seen in the function table. The enable input is set to 0 to activate the chip. The select inputs A2, A1, A0 are connected to the three variables A, B and C. Now if the A, B, C inputs are set to 0, 0, 0 the first input I0 is selected which is connected to 1. The output Y would be giving A1. Similarly, if A, B, C inputs are set to 0, 0, 1, I1 input is selected, I1 input is connected to 1. The output would again be A1. Let us suppose A, B, C inputs are connected to or set to 1, 1, 0. 1, 1, 0 would select the second last input I6. Now I6 is connected to 0 so the output would be A0. Therefore, you can implement any three-variable function using an 8-input multiplexer. We have just looked at the implementation of a 3-variable Boolean function using an 8-input multiplexer. If you have four-variable Boolean expression how will you implement with multiplexer? Basically, you will use 16-input multiplexer. Similarly, if you have a Boolean expression, you can implement it using a four-input multiplexer. Now let us have a look at the last application. It is quite interesting. Operation sequencing. Any work you do, you do it in steps. First step when it is done, then you start with the second step. When the second step is done, the third step is done, then the fourth, fifth and so on. The duration of every step can be different. The duration is different. The second is two minutes, the third is 15 minutes and so on. Industrial processes are also in the same steps. Let us suppose we have a juice making factory. So, in the first step, you have to extract your juice. In the second step, let us suppose that the juice is put in a vessel and boiled it. In the third step, add some sweetness, preservatives so that the shelf life increases. In the fourth step, let us manage. So, to make fruit juice, you have to go through four steps. Until the first step is completed, you cannot start the second step, you cannot complete the third step and so on. The duration of every step is different. It depends on the quantity. Let us suppose in the first batch, there is one ton of fruit, then it takes half an hour to extract the juice. The second batch is half a ton, then it will take you 15 minutes. So, the duration of every step is different due to different conditions. Now, how would you control this sequence of steps? We are going to be looking at an example which simulates a four step process. Basically, in this circuit, we are using a decoder and a multiplexer and a counter. The two-bit counter counts from 0, 0, 0, 1, 0 and 1, 1. The counter output is connected to a two to four decoder. When the counter is 0, 0, the first output will be activated. When the counter output is 0, 1, 2, output decoder will be selected and so on. The counter output is again connected with the selected lines of the multiplexer. So, you are using four input multiplexer. So, when the counter output is 0, 0, the first input is selected and the information is coming to the output. Similarly, when the counter output is 0, 1, 2, the input of the multiplexer is coming to the output. And so on. The output of the decoder has four processes or four steps in which the process is going on. There will be a machine in every process that is doing this. Let's say, a machine of fruit extraction, juice extraction which has to be on. So, the four decoders are activating the machines in every process. So, when the counter is 0, 0, the first output of the decoder has been activated. The machine that is in process 1 has been activated. Now, when will the process 1 or step 1 end? Whenever the machine was going on, it would send out a signal. Who is receiving the signal? We have selected the first multiplexer input. So, the output of the first process is connected to the input of the multiplexer. Whatever is activated, the logic level will come. The output is connected to the clock input of the counter. So, whatever is the one the counter will increment on the next step. What will be increment on the next step? The second output of the decoder will be selected. Which will select the other process. Similarly, when the other process will end, an active logic level will come on the output. The second input is selected because the counter has been incremented. So, the active level will come on the output of the multiplexer. It will increment the counter. It will go on the next step. Let us have a look at the circuit which implements this operation sequencing using a multiplexer, a decoder and a counter. Let us have a look at the circuit diagram representing the control of a manufacturing process through operation sequencing. We have used a 2-bit counter which has 2 outputs C0 and C1. It has a clock input. So, each time the clock input is activated the counter increments to the next higher count. Initially, the 2-bit counter is reset to 0, 0. The output of the 2-bit counter C0, C1 is connected to the select input of the 421 multiplexer M0 and M1. And similarly, C0, C1 the output of the counter is connected to D0 and D1 of the 2-to-4 decoder. The 4 steps or the 4 processes are defined by the blocks process 1, process 2, process 3 and process 4. Each process is activated when it receives an active high signal from the decoder. Similarly, each process ends when it activates a signal at the output. The signal is active high. Now, consider the operation sequence. The 2-bit counter is reset the output C0, C1 are both set to 0, 0. The output 0, 0 selects the first input of the multiplexer I0 to be available at the output of the multiplexer. Similarly, the counter 0, 0 the counter information 0, 0 selects the first output of the decoder as soon as Y0 is activated process 1 starts. Now, process 1 might execute for 30 minutes. At the end of the 30 minutes process 1 would activate its output. Since I0 is connected to the output of process 1, therefore the output of the multiplexer would have a 1. When the process 1 is executing the output is 0, therefore the output of the multiplexer would have a 2 value. So, as soon as process 1 ends the output of the multiplexer sets to 1 which increments the counter to the next higher value which would be 0, 1. Now, 0, 1 selects the input I1 of the multiplexer. Similarly, the decoder output Y1 is selected. Therefore, process 1 has stopped process 2 is selected it is activated. Now, process 2 executes for 10 minutes. As soon as process 2 completes it activates its output to 1. The output, the active high output is available at the output of the multiplexer which again increments the 2 bit counter to the next higher value which again selects Y2 output of the decoder and I2 input of the multiplexer. Similarly, process 3 might run for 20 minutes as soon as it ends it sets its output to 1. The output is available at the output of the multiplexer which again increments the counter for the last time. The counter output is set to 1, 1. This activates Y3 output of the decoder which selects process 4. Process 4 it runs let us suppose for 10 minutes as soon as it completes the output is set to 1. The output of the multiplexer is also set to 1. The counter is again incremented to 0, 0 completed. We have looked at the applications of the multiplexer. One last topic I get, the multiplexer which we will do in the lecture. Till the next lecture, Khuda hafiz nasalaam aleykum.


Yeah, I can see it. Can you hear me? I can hear you, buddy. Can you see me? I can see you. I'm sorry about that. You always look great, man. You know what? It's funny. I was going to put this on my big computer here. And it said, well, you have to get another app. So I just got here. I've been working on it for 10 minutes. It's like dribbling through this. But anyway, so here I am, dude. The return of Greg Rowley. He's been on three times. What's that? Let me get this up. Here we go. There you go. Yeah. Look at that wood ceiling. That looks beautiful. Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah. Is that your house or studio? Which part? What did we show you? The wood behind you. What is that? This used to be, I recorded, I practiced to do Ringo in this loft. It was a guest house, which is now my daughter's house. And my office was up here. My office now is dwindled down to a cabinet. What used to be my office. You know, I'm barely keeping this alive. Thank God I have my brain together for a second to keep it going. But anyway, so that's where I am. And the studio is right across the way, which you will see when you come out here to ride the motorcycle that we got for you. Yeah. I'm about to block in that trip. I need to come hang out with Greg Rowley and do some dirt bike riding and hanging. Yeah. Yeah. What else is it, right? It's so true, you know, because I'm going to do it in the next two months. I'm like, no, I got to do this, you know. Yeah. Well, you had a pretty incredible weekend, a strange weekend. I'm sure it had to be strange after the long, you know, weird go around in the press and everything of like, Greg Rowley, he's going to be joining the band. Oh, wait a minute. No, back and forth, back and forth. But I had secretly kind of known for a while that you were going to do at least Austin, right? That's kind of where it ended up.  And we just went through it over and over and over and with the lawsuits that are going on. I mean, if you don't know about those lawsuits, you're living under a rock. And so I'm quoting somebody else that said that's really true. It's everywhere. And, you know, they had their own problems and it's like, that was it. And I can't be a part of that. I'm not part of the band anymore and all that. But to go and celebrate this 50 years of which I said in the speech that I gave about it. I told Neil, okay, when I get up there, I got about a 30 second speech. It's all I want to do, but I'm happy to be here.  It just keeps going and going with people coming in and out and in and out and they do. And that's it. It's true. And thanking all the guys for getting it that far. I was there for eight years, built it to that. And, you know, Perry came in and then John after that and they carried this on to great lengths that I never thought would exist. I mean, you can't, I don't have a crystal ball. I don't know what's going to happen. So it was, it was great to do. And I, they arranged it really well where it actually became like an encore. And it was very cool. A lot of fun. I had a ball. I had a blast. He had 37 minutes of just incredible mess, you know, and at any point, how does, first of all, let's get into this. At any point, were you going to do the whole tour or was Neil just saying that out in the press or what was going on there? We'll never know. I mean, I practice a lot of stuff. For me, it was kind of like, you know, journey through time. You saw that. Yeah. And so it was kind of like that for me. So I went over the journey through time stuff that I had. And I did that for a while and then it just kind of dwindled down to other things and that's fine. And then ended up being an awesome and that was fine with me as long as it happened the way it did. And just honest to God, like this business is it just kind of meanders into whatever it's going to be. Just be ready for it. So I had practiced all this stuff and then finally it came down to certain amount of songs. And I didn't know that it was going to be the way I was done. They had me do anyway one at the end. I thought I was going to show up somewhere in the middle. Right. I did. I thought I'd show it in the middle of the journey because journey is journey now. I was just there because from 1973 on I was there for eight years. And then it's gone on 40 afterwards. It's like 42 years after that. That's incredible. How many bands, how many bands do you know that go through these kind of turmoil, this kind of turmoil and still continue? That's what's amazing to me. It's still continuing and journey has become journey. Yeah. Household name and it goes through changes all the time. It's amazing. It is amazing because it's a lot like kiss where it was kind of burned down to the ground.   But we're journey, you know, they had Jeff Scott Soto. They had the guy before him.  Next thing you know, they're coming out of the ashes and then, you know, the Sopranos gets the big song at the end of the entire series. And so there's these weird magic bumps that kept them in the game. And without the songs, they would not even be in the game. You know, that's the key. Actually, I think more than the key, that key, which is true on the side of the musician. It's as I put it in Hall of Fame and that night in Austin, this is all about fans. Fans love the music. They live with it. You know, it becomes a part of them. They go through changes with it, you know, in their lives and things that pick them up. I get texts all the time about that. Your music saved me from this and it makes me happy here. Sometimes it makes me sad because of their own lives. And that says a lot. You know, music is supposed to be whether it makes you angry, happy, complacent, melancholy, whatever.  Because that's what it's for. It's supposed to make you feel something, joy, peace, whatever. And Journey has pulled that off through many, many, many songs through different people. And it was kind of the proof in Austin. It was like they were blown away. Man, I couldn't even go to the grocery store after this. People go, man, I saw that. Yeah, but I got to go get some avocados. I'm sorry. You know, Journey to Me is a lot like Death Leopard to me. Where Death Leopard to me, those first couple of records have this core cult following that really love them. And then there's this giant hysteria on and crowd that doesn't know about the early Death Leopard or doesn't really listen to it much. With me with Journey, those first four, you know, the debut all the way up to Infinity. This is some of the most incredible rock I've heard in all my life.  So when I hear you with Neil, the chemistry is mind boggling. And like that night in Austin, I watched it like three times and I watched Journey through time. This is a whole different thing, man. And what feels to me is just feels so organic. That's what it is, you know? You two step on. You were kids when you were making music and here you are 50 years later. Yeah, yeah. It's a funny thing. It's like riding a bicycle. You know, I get to sit there and start playing with Neil because we built this stuff. We built this music and played. We would have been a jam band had it been later in life. We'd be out there with Dave Matthews and Fish and things like that. We were playing out of time stuff and across the bar and all that. And you just remember, if you're with somebody that long and building music, it's funny. You come back to it with that person. It's like riding a bike. You just play with each other and it's the same. It's just like when Luke came up and played on Black Magic Woman, he came up and played. Well, I did it with him for seven years with Ringo. And it was the same. It's like, I know what you're going to do. Even though he throws wrenches in there all the time, but you pay attention. And it's great though. And it's kind of what's lacking. Also, at the end of that show, we went to the hotel and went into the bar. And this young girl comes up shaking because I've never seen anything like this. I mean, she had to be in her 20s. They don't play music like this anymore. I said, yeah, no, not quite. Not quite. Well, I will tell you this. I've seen thousands of shows and that's no exaggeration. And in the top 100 of those was Journey Through Time just in a few years ago. And when I went, I still talk about it over and over and over. I'm just like, man, you don't even know how incredible this concert was. It was just pure soul and history. And that was a little shed of it right there that I hope that if Journey Through Time ever happens again, that the people that see the Austin clips go, wow, we got to go see that because there was plenty of Journey Through Time clips. And I felt like people weren't talking about this enough. I was like, you don't understand how great this is, man. It's a punch in the face. Yeah, it shows the true history. And that's why we chose what we did when I talked to Neil about it. So we got to do it all the lifetime. He could have said it or I could have said it. It didn't matter. We knew that. That song always got people off their feet going, what was that? For some reason or another, it just does. And then Close Home with Black Magic Woman was bringing it back to Santana, which he was in. I mean, we could play the Santana songs that he played solos on that Carlos got credit for. He was there. He did it. As he put it, I picked him up from high school. He wasn't going to high school. He was sitting in the quad with a guitar. And we went to Santana Recording Abraxas. And he jammed with us and stuff and that's where that started. So, I mean, literally, I've known him since he was 15 years old. It was a long time. And to get back to that, it's a long time. But the music part of it is like, you don't forget how you felt when you were playing with someone. I don't know why. I would never ask why. I don't care.  Same thing with playing with Santana. We did Santana 4. It was the same. It was like, there is that energy. Where does this come from? You just read each other and like just happened. Yeah. Yeah. How does it go down? You guys finally get into the song selection just the same way of a lifetime, feeling that way anytime into Black Magic Woman. You guys figure that out. There's going to be a chunk in there that the audience obviously doesn't know. A lot of people, you know, they're there for the don't stop believe-ins. Was there other songs? Did you guys rotate in and out? Like, how about this? The emails back and forth. How did that selection go down? I suggested, you know, let's do another lifetime in Black Magic Woman because we played it with Journey Through Time. And we did it totally different. It was lighter, bluesier, and it was really cool and different. And then when they were, he goes, that's a great idea. And then they rehearsed it up like the original. I said, well, let's do it that way then. Whatever. But let's just go have a good time. The whole point is music is supposed to make, like I said, it's supposed to bring something out of you. And I couldn't get the grin off my face and neither could Todd, the bass player, Jason, the keyboard player, looking at me going, oh man, this is alive. This music was alive. And it was. It just was great. And again, it's like, it's the reaction from the crowd. When you play music and the reaction from the crowd is high. You get higher when you're playing. And then they get higher again. And then you just, it's a toss-off. But it takes that to make it that exciting. What was the soundcheck like? I mean, because we know there's just this internal civil war going on in the band. Was the soundcheck a weird vibe? Was Arnell, and was he there? And what's going on? You know, Jonathan Key, you there? I didn't feel any of that. I went on to say hello, John. He goes, yeah, hi, how are you doing? Went on to play. And actually, for me, the soundcheck, for me, but what I played and what I sang and everything was better than the show. Wow. You know, it's my own personal, personal thing. And I told, I called it the matinee. Why are we doing the matinee? I'm going to be burnt out by the time we get to the show, you know. And so, but I couldn't stop. So I let it fly. It was just fun to do. And like I said, that's what it's supposed to be. It wasn't, it wasn't every day for journey either. And so it was something to look forward to is totally different and all that. And, and we kind of knew what we were doing with it. It's always pod luck. You don't know they might have gone boy, why are you playing this? Well, we only have one guy. One guy that's made comment about putting black magic woman in there. Well, why not? Yeah, yeah, we did that when we were young. Well, that's the birth seat of journey, you know, Santana, like somebody that doesn't see that as just dumb, you know.  They can say anything they want. That's fine. I, you know, that's your opinion. It's okay. But I can tell you, there's people that I saw were blown away along with me. I had a ball. Oh my God. Now, was that your hammer down there? Was it rented? How did that go down? No, that's mine. I told, no, gotta have mine. It's a brand new one. It's the old ones always failed. And in fact, I did this with Ringo. I had, I bought that one where I actually, I got endorsed by Hammond and they gave it to me. And it, I said, well, I got to sit in here. And instead of going through three organs at the show before I can pick one that's not broken somehow. Yeah, let's use this one. Let's take this one out. And because it's bulletproof, it's not tube driven. It just sounds. It's an amazing instrument. And on top of that, the bottom tier, you can MIDI, I could put strings in there. I could do many different things with it. But I prefer it as the organ because I just beat it up. I can't help it. Yeah, it's, it's so great when you get to hear the organ and journey music, you know, because it's a key part of that early sound. Yeah, and that's, I mean, that's really what we're doing. You consider it. It's 50 years. It's a half a century. It's amazing and still working still going with all the the troubles that could come doesn't matter. It's just going to keep going and people love it. And I was there to help them along. And it's that's how I felt. That's how I felt. I was thinking about when I see that I go, I was seven when that band got together. Me too. Yeah, me too. Most people weren't alive when that band was together, you know. Oh, I was, I did, gave an interview. So those people that haven't, that were at the show that weren't even conceived yet. Yeah. Man, it's lived a long life. It's going to keep going. They're excellent songs. They're just excellent song. It's interesting to me that I saw you in 1978 on the infinity tour at day in the green and then I saw journey through time and these are two concerts that are so deep in my heart. It's bizarre how far apart they were. But like, I didn't even realize how much I needed the great Raleigh version of journey until I saw journey through time again. And then it just opened this can of feelings for me of like, oh my God, I have a lifetime of these records.  It's just unreal to me and you sound fantastic. Fantastic. Thanks. That's really kind of you. I, when, when I had my own band for 10 years and we played it in Santa Cruz, that's where I learned a lot about this stuff. It's like country artists really treat their fans well. These guys have come up with, obviously, a tattered album that they've had forever of Journey or Santana. They were just tattered for an autograph, right? Oh, look, I was a man. I owe this guy something. These are the people that made my life. That's true. Anybody that doesn't recognize that I'm from the other side from the musician side is really missing out. It's amazing what they do. Herbie Herbert, the longtime manager for Journey and part of the Santana, my lifelong friend, God rest his soul. He said, getting someone to pull out their wallet as a manager. Getting them to pull out their wallet and buy something that they think they need. They really don't need this, but they do need it. And that's the magic of what happens. Think about that. I did. They're going to a store. I gotta have this. Feel lucky. Feel lucky. Yeah, there's that great Herbie Herbert Instagram, man. They put up old photos all the time that are just great. What was that other band in between you had in the 80s with Josh Ramos? Oh, the storm. Yeah, the storm. There's this Herbie Herbert Instagram and they got a lot of old storm photos, man. Yeah. That reminds me, I've started a lot of bands. I met here in Austin years back when I was playing with Bringo and Donnie Whiteman worked with Aerosmith. They were in town. They were playing with Sheep Trick. And he goes, come on, come to the show. And so I got backstage, met Steven Tyler and Tyler goes, he goes, oh, you're from Santana. And Donnie goes, no, you don't understand. He's the guy with sang black magic when he goes, what? And they started journey. What? And he goes, what are you doing? I said, I started another band. He goes, give me a hug. I only had one. I just keep doing, I don't know. It's my drive. I just do. I started this one called New Soul. That's the latest song with my son and Yaya Sancho. And we've recorded 20 songs. We're just waiting to get it to somebody that's going to hear it. That's the next one. Are you guys going to do any touring? Yeah, when it all comes down. You know, it's like, it's almost like you've got to do something else. It's not all about the music anymore. It's not the same industry. No. And, you know, it just isn't.  It takes so much time. You know, when you're young, it's really cool. That's great. Chipsy life. Hey, we're traveling. We're having fun. And you're still working to make it happen. It's not the same industry. No. And, you know, it just isn't. And, and to go out there and play in clubs and doing this and try and build it.  And that was true about both bands. Santana was more a phenomenon and journey was built. It was built and continued to be building. That was my point. It just continued. And more things came out. It's just glad to be a part of something like that. Both bands. They're incredible. Incredible. I feel like Neil plays completely like way better when you're around. Are you some kind of barometer for him?  You know, do you ever give him back? He seems to really wrangle in when you're around and play those solos note for note. No, I, you know, that's on him. It's like, he can play anything. You know that. I mean, really. Yep. And he knows that I like blue style about the bluer style. And always have. So if that's happening, I'm not saying a word. It's just happening. Right. Like I told you, just you're trying to help the song along be what it is. And that's, that's what goes on. I'll tell you, it was great to see Dean back in the band also because. Oh yeah. When I saw him in journey through time, I had no idea. And I, I'm going to interview him on Monday, but I've known this guy since bad English days and wild dogs back with Mike Varney and all that, but I had no idea this guy could sing basically the Steve Perry stuff. Perfect. And it leads me to believe. Do you think the audience, because if are now left, let's say, and they got you back in, do you think the audience cannot handle journey without a front man? And yeah, because Dean can sing this stuff. No problem. But would it be weird to the audience? Like there's no front man. You think that's what it is? I don't know. I couldn't answer that. All I know is, yeah, you sure can. And some of a friend of my sons came up to me and he goes, I'm convinced that you're only part human because he can do that play the drums away does and sing the way he sings at the same time. It's like, are you kidding? I don't know what a talent that is. And but as far as, man, I can't read that stuff. I don't know.  It's like, well, you know, the Beatles have four singers. They did pretty good. Hey, you're so right. Why is it that it has to be one guy and he's got to be out in front? No, there's guys that do and they are great. And I'm not saying anything about it, but why is it now it's just got to be this? I don't think so. Yeah. New soul. I'm in the band I'm working with. I want everybody to sing between y'all here, myself and my son. And we have, we're doing that because I think it's more entertaining. Oh yeah. You know, I remember when. Before we were called artists. And then for some of the elite, it would be our teeth. But it used to be a musician. We play music. And the town, the. The entertainment was in the plane. Really about that.  That's where we started. That's what I do. And I always go back to. It's. It's got to feel good. Yeah. Yeah. It's interesting. Like when Phil Collins moved to the front. You know, it was kind of like. He wasn't your typical front man. I would have been fine with him on the, just the drum singing, you know, it's. Yeah. There's a lot of people that have to have it the other way. You know, it's kind of like. They need that focal point and just like the articles about bands, there's always, they got to have this catchphrase. You know, and they eliminate, put it down to this because it's the nature of the game. And so that's kind of what happened. Everybody had a front man and.  And. It just has, it's, it's the way they could focus on something and make a story out. And a lot of times. Those very people that drive. The press. I helped destroy it because now it's all about one guy instead of what it really takes to build something like that. Yeah. Yeah. And what about Dean's playing, man? Talk about pocket. That guy's got this crazy feel, man. It's just, right when you think he's going to be behind the beat, he just comes in and it's perfect feel. Yeah. Yeah, I know. He's very good. Very good. I have. Journey through time and, and doing this in Austin a couple of nights back. It was like. Like riding a bicycle with him too. But never worried about a thing.  Yeah. Let me ask you this. I was there when the guy came in and sang at soundcheck. And I was like, who's that guy? And nobody really knew who he was journey through time. I was like, Oh, Neil's friend. Now he's in journey. What's his name? The keyboard player up by a Dean. Jason. Yeah. Now that's a guy. They got, they got like three Steve Perry's. I keep hearing this stuff. You know, when I met Jason, he was just playing the keys, right? Yeah. And so that, that's a keyboard guy. I remember he was telling this, oh, there's one part in other life. You got to play it kind of like this.  And laughed at him. I said, I'm telling you, we're just going to laugh and smile through this whole thing. He was laughing at me. It was like, yeah. More of this. Just have fun. Yeah. They're all great players. Have fun with it. Yeah. Well, that's what it's about 50 years, man. Got to just, you know, it's, it should be a celebration. You know, unfortunately in the world of quick bait and everything. It's more about lawsuits and what's going on with each other than the music, you know, it's still putting butts in the seats. Thank God, you know, because it could have tainted this whole thing, you know, but it didn't. Thank God. And, you know, so to see you up there and really everybody smiling and having a celebration again. It's just fantastic. Yeah. It felt, it felt like that.  That was for real. And that's the way it ought to be. It is for me anyway. If it's not fun, you know, what are you doing? Now I know this is completely, you know, out there question, but after the jams, did Neil happen to say like at the bar, like, hey, we'll do some more or no. No, no, no. He wasn't when it was over. I left. He went to his hotel. I went to my hotel.  That's not what was done. I came out there to celebrate 50 years of music. It was in my hometown. It was great. And that's it. Anything past that. I don't know. I don't know at this point. Yeah. Yeah. It's a, that's journey, man.  Well, plus it's like, you know, I'm getting it from fans like crazy. You know, you need to come back and do that. That was awesome to see. Okay. But it's not my call.  Yeah. What I'm hoping for is, I'm hoping for some more journey through time. And now that the people have seen this video and, you know, it's, it's going viral all over the place.  Just so people can really see the stuff from those albums. Well, you know what? You never know. That's what I'm saying. You just never know. I can't plan a thing. It's kind of. I'm answering to a call. Yeah. How about Ringo? That's, is that still not no more Ringo or what's going on there? Well, at this point, I mean, that was, you know, plan with him for seven, eight years, whatever it was. Depending on where you start counting, you know, it was one of the best things in my life in music. It was so for so many reasons. I'm getting to meet him and I kept my mouth shut a lot and just watched a lot to learn there. And he's a great guy. He's just a great guy runs a great guy to work for and with the best way to put it. It's just phenomenal man.  And I just had to bow out of it. Everybody's having trouble with it. Coming back and coming home to go out again.  It would have bummed me out. Yeah. And I, but I had to say no to it. Although I didn't want to. Yeah. Well, hopefully you'll be back there. It'd be nice to see you do another run with Ringo. It'd be nice to see journey through time. It'd be extra fire to see you in journey and some kind of configuration that would just be mind boggling. And it'll be great to see the and hear the music of you and your son and that whole thing that you're doing. It's just, I mean, I do not take it for granted. To get to see Greg Raleigh out there saying, you know, to me, it's your vocals are just, you know, unbelievable to me. And I could say it over and over, but just as soon as I hear of a lifetime, and then I know, you know, the affinity record inside and out and those and journey next. It's just amazing that I got to see it again. All these years later, you know, there's a lot of people that aren't here anymore. And I think people need to concentrate on that. Go see these people. They're delivering, especially you just delivering the goods, man. Yeah, thank you. Thanks. Thanks. Right. So don't forget you got to come out here, man. The motorcycle is charged.  Have a do a little barbecue and be cool. I'm coming out there and also I wanted to thank you.  I'm just, I was just so meant so much to me that you came out, man, you know.  I get it. Thank you so much, man. And give me a heads up, Joe Rogan's open in a comedy club out there, the mothership in a couple of weeks, I believe, or something. So you and your family should frequent that place. It's going to be really good. And I will come out and I want to thank you for wishing me a happy birthday. That was just mind boggling. And I will be out in the next two months for sure.  It's cold. I know. I was one of, that was one of the things you put in your routine. First thing I found is I got to go find air conditioning. I got off the plane. My God, what's wrong with these people? It was like, it was 110 when I was there. I know. That's a nice balmy day. What are you nuts? Wow. Wow. Thank you for talking to me. And once again, congrats on that beautiful night.  I'll post up this one great, perfect dead center clip of the whole 30. And the sound is good on that one. I saw that. The sound was good. It's so good. Some of the sound on them are bunk, but I'm going to post the good one. And I watched it twice all the way through. And every time I watched it, I was just like, wow, man. And Luke, and look at their crushed it on black magic woman. Oh yeah. Oh, it was like old times for me.  Oh, great. Let's do that.  When we first started. So how do you want to do the guitar parts? Ask him. You guys figure it out. You're playing. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And I'm, whatever you want to do, I'll be over here hanging. Oh my God. I love you, brother. Tell it. Tell the family. I said hi. I will. I will. I will. Thank you. Back at you. Back at you. They said the same. Thank you. The show, man. I was dying to talk to you at so many questions, you know, sound check, sound selection, all that. All right. All right, buddy. All right. Yeah. Hope to see you soon. Yeah.


Hi, we're here at HMI booth at CES showing another great HMI 2001 demo what we have here is HMI 2001 world's first 48 gigabit cable watch. This is a new cable type yeah ultra high-speed HMI cable This is from Victus. There's a transmitter and receiver showing the 48 gigabits of the HMI 2000 running And we have Chandler from Victus who can show you more details about the demo. So hello, so who are you? Hello, I'm Chandler Harrell with Invicus and We're showing off the world's first HDMI transmitter an HDMI receiver for use in development of DVDs players setup boxes TVs and those sorts of all the devices you find in your home. So right here if I zoom in right here There's a chip. It says in Vicas right here. That's correct. And the technology that's in there Is it coming from the silicon image and lattice and now it's in part? It does it is part of the silicon image heritage yes, and we we have worked in the past for lattice We are the the company in Vicas that Delivering these devices now htmi 2.1 is the biggest upgrade For htmi and its history. We are really pumping up the bandwidth of the pipe 48 gigabit per second 48 gigabits per second 2.0 is 18 gigabits per second So this is a much bigger pipe So is it a bigger chip a bigger cable or more in the chip or so? Of course, we are designing very low low power Very concise chips for this to deliver products to the market. However, the cable we the htmi 2.1 spec does Deliver a new specification for the cable. It's a lower loss cable. We've upgraded the signaling The spec upgrades the signaling to use Embedded clocking in all four lanes for data So we are delivering that bandwidth through different coding So many changes in the specification to get this kind of bandwidth and Of course the the chips embody incorporate that all into one solution So right here it says 4k 60 no 4k 120 8k 60 This is going to be It's going to be possible basically there would be all kinds of other things happening, but then it goes through The signaling chips that are needed on each side of an htmi. Otherwise nothing happens, right?  Certainly, there's a lot of processing around both the analog signaling on the on the link as well as the digital Packetization other kinds of signaling that go on For such a high-speed link because there are some other chips sometimes on the on the pcb that do the encoding or decoding of a h265 stream Let's say right But then it says in a video signal It's something else to get into the hdmi So the video signal is a very complex signal to begin with both from an analog and a digital perspective So that is our chips handle that is certainly when there's a new Standard that comes out there has to be a way to deliver that into the system and we provide that And these these chips are specifically made for these kinds of hdmi cables that are On each end of the hdmi is going to be a standard, but the cable could be some could be could be an optical could be copper could be So as part of the development of this standard it was recognized that Active cables both active copper cables which incorporate equalization and active optical cables Which of course include optics Are coming to market that hitting the consumer market a good price point So we can't hdmi can deliver very long cables based on those kinds of technologies in addition to the very inexpensive shorter cables that are pure copper Here we're showing a Prototype of the ultra new ultra high-speed cable And this is copper cable that is three meters long So we're showing a prototype here in conjunction with our transmitter and our receiver chips And the transmitter and receiver doesn't have to verify the data and like does it do any kind of like Full tolerance or something like that? Yeah, hdmi 2.1 does incorporate some of those kinds of features So there is some area detection correction that goes on behind the scenes So things still look good even though there might be like somebody stepping on a cable or something Truthfully the the link is designed to Really have very high Integrity so very low error rate However, there is on top of that some additional error correction 48 gigabit per second. Is that Uncompressed is that raw? 48 gigabits. So what we're showing here is for 8k 60 hertz 10 bit per component uncompressed transmission. That's very high 10k 60 hertz content native content At 10 bits per color component. So 10 bits for red 10. We were getting Very high bit rate stuff and it just uh It's the best way to transport video. There's no better No better interface. There's no better interface. There's no better ideas out there, right? That's the best interface for transmitting this for video. That's right


I think that this exercise is great because it just gives us a chance to take advantage of training and even though it's scenario based, like as real as we can make it, that's so important I think that we've really gotten to see that. We've gotten such a variety of tasks that came in that kind of mirror what we would do in a real humanitarian assistance mission. I think the biggest thing is knowing that we're not alone. As a CLB, we're not executing anything alone. The air combat element and seeing what they can do to support us and assist us, whether it's moving something or coming in as a quick response, or talking to the BLT and utilizing them to help us provide security and feeling safer on the camp, I think. Just the team aspect. It's definitely heartwarming to know that we really are, we're all in this together as a Mew.


Hey there friends, how's it going? My name is Kevin and this video is sponsored by Fortnite. That's right, I am a gamer. Thank you Epic Games for the sponsor, by the way, the link will be in the description if you want to check it out for yourself. I'm also becoming an exclusive Fortnite channel. You know the way I get addicted to things? This is it. This is going to be every video for the next year. No, I haven't played Fortnite for quite a while and I thought it would be fun to jump back in and see how I can do. I used to be good at games, you know, like at one point in my life. It's gonna be hard keeping up with the youth. Ah, do you think that's damaging me? Like am I losing my gaming abilities from that? They've just added a lot of football skin, so that's what we're gonna be looking at today. I'm gonna dress up in a football outfit. I know what a football is. I think I'm gonna be a midfield master. I like the color scheme. That's why I'm into football for the fashion. Oh, the last time I played, I think I just spent most of the time just renovating houses. It's going pretty good. I got a nice open plan here. All right team, let's get this done. I'm the midfield master, so follow me to the ping and I'll bring you to victory. Why are you laughing? I forgot to say. Old statement. Thank you very much. I can't back it up. Are you on my team? Yes, I'm yellow. Okay, thank God. All right. I wasn't sure if I was giving hints to the enemy on where we were going. Oh, Jesus, what a lovely house. Oh my God, we can get a nice open plan in here. History repeats itself. A gun on the floor. That's not really kid-friendly, which is the vibe I'm going for in this house. Open plan bathroom, I think so. Would anyone like to come see my outfit? Please? Where are you? I'm in the lovely house on the hill. I'm renovating. I'll give you the tour, actually. Come here. Wait, hold on a second there, Jonas. I'll give you the... Hey, hey, hey, no guns in the house. Leave them at the door, just like the shoes. Well, this... Don't close the door on me. Hold on. This is my outfit. Stop it. This is my outfit. Oh my God. No, I put so much effort into this house, and that's the supporting wall. So this is the open plan. Would you stop it? Jesus, Jonas. Sorry about him. He's such a problem child. Oh my God. I spent so much time planning this house. Here's my outfit if you want to look at it. There's no real point in showing you the house anymore.  Yeah, I'm a footballer. Yeah. Short and a bit tight. Hey, don't objectify my midfield master. Oh, that sounds bad when I say it like that. All right, Jonas. I'm going to let you pick the house of your dreams, and then I'll destroy that. You lead it the way, buddy. Jesus, Jonas. You're acting out. First the house, now me. Wait, you now too? Why do you all hate me? You know what? I'm not even going to be mad, even though you specifically seem to be only attacking the house that I worked on. It's still an open plan, which is what I was going for, so I'm not going to be mad. Yeah, just orange justice. That's so disrespectful. My house just got leveled. Yeah, there we go. This seems about right. You destroyed the house, but did you have to destroy the foundation so I could never rebuild? Oh, now you're building your own house, on top of where my house used to be. This is great. This is great.  Good Lord, this Jonas guy hates me. I don't know what it is. What did I say? He has leveled the entire thing. Destroyed every object. Wait, are we being attacked? I don't know. No, wait, we are. Are we? Wait, they're attacking sunflower. She's innocent. Well, she's dead now. Might be better off. She lost the family home. It's been leveled. Oh my God, the gas is coming. What do we do? How do I sprint? Someone tell me. Or just laugh. I asked him how to sprint in a panic, and she just laughs at me. Why are you torturing me like this?  Oh my God.  I didn't even comment on the fact you were destroying history in the middle of the Colosseum. I was, oh, there's people. There's people. They came in the way we came in, folks. Watch north. Jonas, you take point, because I don't really mind if you die. You're just tormenting me. All right, I'm circling around. I'm going to get a kill.  Good job. We did something. Oh, wait, there's more. There's more. Oh, I'm dying. I'm dying. I'm eating from my lunchbox while my team are fighting. Our gas is here. Oh, I'm down. Where's Jonas? Jonas is down, too. This makes it all okay. Sixth. That's not bad. Sixth place, guys. Good job, everyone. Not you, Jonas. No, you did great, too, buddy. Report player. Report Jonas. I'm just kidding. Outfit. Mandalorian. No, one-play football. I'm just like, I want to renovate houses and I want to play football. Jonas isn't allowed to play because it's my ball. I'm changing from midfield master because I'm clearly not the master of anything. Dominator and all. That just really fit me, either. Shot stopper. That's the one, because I'll be in the way of the bullets. Stopping the shots. I think I need a gun like this. I like single-fire guns. They're really satisfying to use. This just shows how intimidated they are by me. Like, not at all. They literally pulled out a chair and sat down. And wait, they're thanking the bus driver. How do I thank the bus driver?  Literally everyone is walking off the bus like, thank you, bus driver. And I'm just walking by like... Please let me thank the bus driver. How do I do it? Wait for me, guys. I'm the life and soul of the team. Oh my God, guys, we're going to the football field and I just happened to be wearing a football outfit and there's a dragon and a car. Wait, is that... Is someone driving that? Get off the football field! That's it. This soccer player just went to soccer, mom. Get off the field! I just started chasing after him. Oh God, I didn't even know you could get cars in Fortnite. No, not my precious football field. Whoa. Okay, you can have the football field. What is happening?  All right, I'm getting out of here. Oh God. Remember when we packed everyone? I am hopeless. Okay, I got killed.  What are you? Sorry, I didn't know what I was doing. I'm on one health. Oh no, I can hear his car. Did I get someone? I'm going to die with one hit. I've blown my cover now. I did some damage. I need to go get health.  Okay, now this needs renovation. Kevin, help us, Kevin. I don't know what to do. I'm really overwhelmed. I'm in a child's bedroom. I'm scared. What should I do, guys? I'm trapped in this child's bedroom, looking through this little window, and I don't know where to go. Literally don't give me any advice, but they added me as a friend, so that's nice. I made a friend, just not one that wants to talk to me. Kind of like you guys in a way. I always call your friends, but you never respond. What's wrong with the car? Oh my God, I got this juice all over me. Now I feel much better. Okay, how do I get you back? What's the play here? Take the car and run. It's got clamped. Oh my God, we're in trouble. Get the red car. Oh, good call. Okay, I'm on it. I'm on it, I'm on it, I'm on it. All right, I'm coming for you guys.  I'm rebooting you guys. My friends, we're all together again. All right, we can do this. Oh, if you need me, I'll be in sticks. I want a restaurant. I'll take one stick please. Oh my God, he's terrifying. He's got a chest. I'm robbing him. I just went from a customer to a criminal. This is mine now. Oh my God, I really am robbing them. I'll take it everything. Pick up truck. Oh, get in, no time to explain. Well, probably it's time to explain now, but get in. Jesus Christ, sorry. Hmm, Fortnite player droppings. Still fresh. There might be someone near here. I need shield.  How do I drop things? Aim and then shoot. Oh, okay, thank you. There you go. Oh, look at their weapons. They're clawing away at things, like elite soldiers. And I'm here like, me like football. Can I pick axe? Open fire, gents. I killed one. Good job. I haven't hit anyone yet. Oh my God, I'm so bad at video games. I used to be good. We did it. Just don't mention that I hit literally nothing. That entire fight. I got a fishing rod. How many more people are there? Four other people. I'm going in. I got someone. Nice. Yes, good job, everyone. Oh, wait, did we? Wait, oh no, we didn't win. All right, never mind. I thought we did, but I just leveled up. Oh, whoa. The last guy is there. I'm going, I'm going. I hit him 42 in the head. Okay. Is he behind this wall? Yes. I hit him. Oh my God, things are happening. Where am I? Oh my God, he's building so fast. It's calls for my fishing rod. He won't stop building. The man's an architect. Victory Royale. My first victory Royale. Well done, everyone. Good job. They're far less excited than I am. That was really fun. I'm ashamed to admit how much joy I got out of that victory. It seems so unlikely. It was me left with one held hiding in a little neighborhood that had like a full team around me. And I was just hiding in a child's bedroom and that led to a victory. They didn't know my strategy. It was all up here, all calculated out. Look at this. You earned a victory Royale. I'm so happy. This meant way more to me than it should. Oh, all right. I don't know if I changed because like that was my lucky outfit. At the same time, I definitely won't win again. So I probably shouldn't wear that outfit because it'll ruin the luck that it has. So yeah, let's swap. I think I'll go with this one. AC Milan, if I'm not mistaken. That's right. I know about football. I'll imagine if the first team knew that in my next game, I got an epic victory Royale. They wouldn't believe it actually. There's not a chance they'd believe it. Damn it. And rightfully so, they wouldn't believe it.  Put me out of my misery. Why are you doing this? Why are you giving me hope? Why are you doing this? Oh, well, now I've been stolen. This is honestly terrifying. Do you think they're admiring my football jersey? I think that's what it is. Maybe not. I think they're just toying with me. You know what that was? That was the team's fault, not mine. I've proven that I'm an elite Fortnite player to rival the best of the best. I'm going to go in a solo game and I'm going to show you how it's done. Fishing rod, yes.  I've got some apples to mushrooms. A fishing rod. Did I just see the enemy? Or was that just a fish? Should I go fishing?  I'm suddenly terrified. Oh, no. I'm dying. I'm dying to AI. Okay, am I good? Kill them all, but I was a bit scared. Eat my apples. I feel better. An apple a day keeps the scared away. There's something here. I can see it. There we go. Can you keep it down over there? I'm trying to enjoy my fishing. Yes. Wait, what was that? Fish. Do I eat it? I'm going to eat it.  Oh, I wish I wish I didn't eat that fish. Oh, gun. That's not bad. Just your fishing.  I feel like I should go. There's someone there. Never underestimate the measurement. Oh, my God.  Oh, I wish I could aim. I wish I could aim. I wish I could aim. I wish I could aim.  I almost had him. I was this close. I should have stayed fishing. I'm so proud of that first kill, though. I was just out fishing at the lake. Like, you want to drop my fishing? Well, then I guess we have a problem. Walked up the hill. God, I'm cool. All right, I'm going to do another one. That was fun. All right, you know what? Trying to lobby. I couldn't do two games in a row in the same outfit.  Search and sweeper it is. That's what I like to see. Oh, I hope I get to do more fishing. Get out of the way. I'm trying to look at the fishing spot. The thing is, when I jumped earlier, I was trying to just thank the bus driver. I'm desperately trying to thank the bus driver, but I just can't. Oh, imagine the amount of fish that would be around that island. I'm going there. This is probably so dumb. Oh, but look at all the fishing spots. Like, I'm not even joking. I'm excited. Is there any fishing rod around here you reckon? Please answer me. This is what I was talking about earlier. Yes, you can get them from the barrels. Let the fishing begin. Look at that. I got a bite in the form of a shotgun. I'm so exposed here. What's this? Oh, a snowy flopper. Can I eat this? I can. Okay. Oh, I don't know if this is a good idea. I feel slippy and clunky. Oh my God, I am slippy and clunky. I have no items now. I don't even have a gun. Oh wait, I do have a gun actually. Hold on. Yes, I've got a gun. I'll try and kill someone and take their items that they've worked hard for. Ooh. Oh, fisherman's delight. Oh God. Oh God, that's embarrassing. Oh God. Oh, I thought that hit them. I wish I was good at games. They're toying with me. They are toying with me. Oh, now you want to fight, do you? Okay, yeah, you do and you've won. Well, that highlights how bad I am, I suppose. Thanks for that. Okay, you know what? Reflecting on the games as a whole, maybe those people did carry me to victory. But you know what? I feel like I still had a purpose in that game because everyone died. I was on one health and I brought them back. So, collaboration wins the game. And the guy who killed me died. And it was all calculated. All right, well, we are going to end it there. Thank you Epic Games for the sponsor. I really appreciate it. I hope you enjoyed the video. It's been so long since I played Fortnite. But I am not ashamed to admit I had a lot of fun and I have a new passion, fishing. But yeah, if you fancy putting on a football jersey and going fishing, Fortnite's the game for you. Link will be in the description if you want to check it out. Guys, thank you so much for watching. Helps me out a lot. Appreciate you. Hope to see you next time. Bye for now.