in January. Okay, everybody, we're live streaming now. Okay. Welcome to what the app is going on in Latin America and the Caribbean CodePink's weekly YouTube program of hot news out of the region. In partnership with friends of Latin America, Massachusetts Peace Action and Task Force on the Americas, we broadcast every Wednesday at 4 30pm Pacific, 7 30pm Eastern on CodePink YouTube Live. Tonight, I am speaking with you live from Managua, Nicaragua, where President Daniel Okego won reelection on Sunday, November 7. Tonight's episode will be a conversation among delegates who traveled to Nicaragua in October to observe conditions prior to election day, and those that were on the ground in Nicaragua on election day, including myself. Guests tonight include Joab Elenevsky, Latin America Working Group of Mass Peace Action. Mass Peace Action is a broadcasting partner of this program. Stan Smith joins us from Chicago, from the Chicago Alba Solidarity. And Michelle Munjanaru joins us from New York City. She was here on November 7, a company as an election a company and a member of the Friends of the ATC delegation. She is an international solidarity organizer living in New York City, and her volunteer work is with Pacoa. So welcome, everyone. I'm really excited to have this conversation tonight. We have so much important things to share with our audience. So I want to why don't each of you say hello so our audience can can see you. And then we'll start the conversation perhaps with Michelle and myself, what we what we witnessed on on Sunday the 7th. So you want to say hello, Stan and then Michelle and Michelle, you and I can start. Hello, everybody. I'm glad you can join us. I'm sure that we all want to know what is actually happened in Nicaragua. And I think that today, we will be able to learn quite a bit about the election day and in general what is happening in Nicaragua. So welcome, everybody. Yes, we were together in Nicaragua last month, beginning of last month, just coming back a month ago today. So beginning of October till today. Hi, everyone. My name is Michelle and I was honored to be in Nicaragua for the first time, but you know, a longtime supporter of the work of the ATC and also very much interested in the process. So it was great to be able to see that in person. So I think, you know, we have a real opportunity this evening to share with the audience. All those intangible things that lead up to any election day in any country that you love and Stan witnessed last month here in Nicaragua. And Michelle and I have been here since Wednesday, well, me since the 31st of October, Michelle, you came in Wednesday or Thursday, I believe. And so let's start with what we saw on the seventh. So why don't you go ahead, Michelle, and share with us what your experience was like, where you went, what part of the country you observed in, and the composition of your delegation too, because you traveled with a lot of young people. Yes, thank you so much, Teri. I think this is a great place to start. I traveled with the friends of the ATC. ATC is an acronym for the assoc- association de los trabajadores del campo, which is the Rural Workers Association of Nicaragua. It was started in the 70s and it became formally integrated in the 78 and was there present during the Sandinista Revolution. Throughout the 80s, it performed a role to support peasants during land reform and under the neoliberal period worked to continue to protect the gains of land reform and started the international peasant movement la Via Campesina. My delegation was a robust group of 12 North Americans. We came from all over and we did have some longtime supporters of the Sandinista popular revolution, as well as people who are very new to the revolution in Nicaragua. We were also joined by relatives by, sorry, representatives of Glock Via Campesina from Honduras, the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua and Venezuela. So it was really amazing to be joined by these groups and kind of get a window into the regional integration that is happening at all times. Teri, so I will move on to what I saw on election day. We, our delegation, was accredited and was able to observe in Granada, which is a historically conservative district within Nicaragua and also the arts and cultural center. So a very, very beautiful old town and that is where we observed. So we've observed four different voting locations throughout Granada and in Nicaragua, people have a tradition of voting early because the sun does get super hot. So when we were visiting these voting locations between 7 and 1130, let's say, almost half of the voting rolls at these locations had already voted. Nicaraguans are very organized and they had turned out to vote and they planned on voting throughout the day. I saw a process that was very well organized, took place in ultimate tranquility, and was respective of COVID protocols to protect everyone. And the final thing I'd say about this is there was no attempt to turn people away from voting, which as we have seen several times in the United States over the past few years, that people are actively trying to make sure people don't vote, especially in popular neighborhoods, especially in areas where black and brown people live. There was a really great emphasis to include people with disabilities and make sure people knew what the process was to vote. And there were no lines because there were enough voting centers throughout the country and within a voting center there were like 11 or more juntos, which is a voting table, or like mesa de votación. So it was very well organized and something that I think more of us should learn more about. You know, I am, so I'll just piggyback on Michelle's experience. I was, my delegation was a delegation of six people. We were from the United States in Canada. We represented several organizations, Code Pink, Task Force on the Americas, Pocoa, which Michelle is also affiliated with. And we were sent to John Thales, which is about a two-and-a-half, three-mile, three-hour drive from Managua. It's on the other side of the lake. And what we witnessed, we also were sent to four polling centers on Sunday the 7th. And what we witnessed was one, I will say, Nicaragua votes on Sunday. It's not a workday. Everybody can participate. They're home. Now, one of the things with Sunday, and this is not, this is pretty cultural throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. Sunday is family day. And Sunday, for many, many people, is a day to go to worship. So as, as Michelle saw, we saw as well, the polls were very busy when they opened, they opened at 7 a.m., the ones, and then it slowed down. So if you happen to visit a polling center, say at noon time, it was probably very light traffic. And then if you were to go back at four o'clock in the afternoon, five o'clock closer to closing, you would see, you know, another rush of voters. That, in my personal experience, observing elections in El Salvador, Honduras, Venezuela, and other countries as well, is pretty typical voter behavior. And on, but I will emphasize the Sunday. You do not have to take off work. You do not have to call in sick. You are home already and you can go. And in many cases, you can simply walk to your polling center. They're that close. The polling center, the Mesa's, they do call them podiums here, the actual tables that you vote at, served 250, no more than 400 voters. So each table within a polling center serves no more than 400. The largest polling center we went to was at Unam, the Autonomous University. I think there were, there were 13 rooms and then each room had up to six tables in it. So that was a very large polling center. I think that all of you would be surprised watching at the technology, the mix of technology and the mix of manual voting. And it was very, very effective. So when people, when they, when, when citizens here in Nicaragua get their sedula, they're automatically registered to vote.   That's an ID card, right? Your ID, that's correct. Yes, thank you. Your state ID card, which you use for the healthcare system and all the state programs. And that, again, is a common practice in many countries throughout Latin America. When you, mid-August, at each polling center, the rolls were posted. It was a paper printout of all the people registered and assigned to a specific polling center. And you had until September 8th to verify that you were assigned to a polling center and that it was the correct polling center. So you had about a month to correct any errors in your, in where you, you could vote. Then when you showed up to the polling center on November 7, you, there was a check-in table set up, all electronic, there, you know, multiple people assisting. I think at one point we had at one center, I saw up to six people. So when you came into the polling center, your sedula, your ID card, was scanned. And that is also your voter ID card. And so immediately the polling center could tell that you had a verified voter ID card, that you were at the correct polling center, and then they could tell you what Mesa or what room to go in. Very, very efficient, very accurate. The voting itself within the Mesa is paper valid with, you know, in a new hand mark. What you want, I think the longest we saw it take somebody to vote was about eight minutes. And that was, you know, when the polling center opened at seven with, you know, with a line waiting to get in. And then of course it slowed down over the course of the morning, picked back up later in the day. So it was a nice mix of technology. I mean the ridiculousness of what we all went, what we all go through in the stage, all the special errands you have to run to get yourself registered. And when you show up at the polling center, you know, it's, there's no modern technology. You sign, you find your name on a list and you sign. And it was just, this was very, very impressive and very effective. And no one had to wait for hours to vote, even though the lines were quite long early in the morning. I will also say something really wonderful that we witnessed was one, the anyone that works in a government facility, you work with, say the foreign ministry or you work with the national police or you're a fireman. And if you are on assignment working somewhere away from your assigned polling center, you are allowed to register that day at the location you're working and you can vote.  And so it's the, the people are really included in the electoral process, in the voting process and the participation is really, really encouraged, people are proud to vote. The biggest thing that we saw, and Michelle could probably attest to this as well, it was a pretty common experience. One, the general overall peacefulness throughout the country and two, voter enthusiasm where we went was very high and the participation was very high. And so that was all very, very encouraging to see but specifically how calm it was, how peaceful it was and people were really, really pleased about that and that allowed for the high, I believe, that allowed for the high voter turnout that that we saw. I, and I think I would close by saying it's really, really important for our North American, particularly our US audience watching tonight, is to understand that despite the White House communication that came out Sunday night, very, very aggressive, warmongering words from the White House Sunday night, the people here voted for the government they wanted. It's not about what the United States wants in the presidential palace in this country, this is about what the Nicaraguan people want. And they voted principally for a growing economy that the current government has developed, this project that's that's benefiting everyone and Joav can talk more about that because I know Joav, that was one of the things you were most excited about witnessing in October on your trip and they voted for to continue the economic development that the current government and re-elected government has proposed. They voted for peace and they voted to preserve their national sovereignty and I cannot say enough about that and Nicaragua is not the only country voting and fighting to preserve their national sovereignty. So I think those were for me personally those were the most profound things that we experienced on our on our trip. So why don't we go to uh is there anything else you want to add Michelle? I just want to you know affirm what Terry said that you cannot have any sort of revolutionary movement without national sovereignty and the important thing about Nicaragua's land reform was affected during the 80s in that revolution and is that is the basis of the current success of the Nicaraguan pop this popular Sandinista revolution that they have reached almost 100% by 2026 food sovereignty that was coup that was critical to helping overcome the coup in 2018 and is the basis of of everything else that comes out of Nicaragua. So to me that was a very important to see that this is an advanced revolution and that the Sandinistas are disciplined and the election results definitely to demonstrate the work they've done. So you know there's one there's one thing that that I think we should all just mention here is that the the final week run up to election day on the 7th we saw a couple things happen we saw a lot of Sandinista activists pulled off social media Twitter and Facebook we saw the US House of Representatives passed the Renacer Act that very strong sanctions regime act it has already passed the Senate it has now passed and it passed the House on Wednesday so there's some defend then we saw the White House statement on Sunday night so some really really strong what could be interpreted as electoral interference or messages coming from the United States to perhaps influence voter turnout and the way people would vote on Sunday didn't work but it was definitely there so I'm sorry you love I just really go ahead I guess because that is part of the mix that I saw having arrived on the 31st of October you know yes I wanted to ask Stan because I think that when we were in Nicaragua in October we expected the Sandinista to win big and indeed they won by 76 percent and we need to remember also that and Stan we expected this result and we expected also high participation by the Nicaraguans as a matter of fact 65 percent of the eligible voters not registered eligible is a big difference participated in the in the elections and Stan we were also not surprised to hear the poisonous viciousness the lies that are portrayed by the US government and the mainstream media why we were not surprised about these two phenomenon why we are not surprised after coming back from Nicaragua the success of the Sandinista on one hand and the viciousness of the attack against the Sandinista after the elections you were asking me yes I'm not surprised because you can kind of tell when some country is actually putting their national sovereignty and their national development as a priority over US interests that's when the US media and US government starts attacking them as being totalitarian and anti-democratic and that's how first I got interested in Nicaragua because like for many years till 2018 I didn't pay much attention to Nicaragua then I start seeing like daily attacks on the government's like well they must be doing something good there or else the US wouldn't be constantly attacking them all the time and we did learn a lot there about all the developments that the government has done in the last 14 years it's like they instituted a real build back better program that was not just empty talk but they did it and I can't I was just there's one statistics that I find kind of shocking when I was there in terms of illiteracy that in 1979 when they first came to power illiteracy was 50% and by 1990 when they lost power it was down to 10% and then the neoliberal pro-us government pro-us corporation pro big business governments came in for 16 years and illiteracy went up from 10% to 30% in just 16 years which is it's amazing I mean I can think why a neoliberal comes in government comes in and it cuts social services well yeah then infant mortality will go up are you think of that near like you get a lot of problem of poverty will go up I think that illiteracy will go up so rapidly in such a short period of time that's quite amazing now illiteracy is only 4% so it's just summarizing all the different statistics that we learned that while all the benefits that the people have got from the government in the last 14 years or not the government that they people did it themselves it's obvious why people are going to vote to continuous and it's going to be obvious why they don't want to go back to this kind of neoliberal government where they had ended up with 30% illiteracy and I was also I think surprised well not surprised I mean even in the US they make up stories about I mean I think in 2016 in the US election they just made up stories about how Russia got Putin I mean got Trump in the office 2020 Trump made up stories about how the election was stolen here now the US people leaders are doing it in this country so you know they do it all the time and they do it in Nicaragua they're going to do it in Venezuela next month they just make up just imagine I don't know just any kind of wild stories just like they did in 2018 where they paid people who went and killed Sandinista supporters and then they said oh Daniel Ortega did all this I don't want to go on I'll let you go can I I think just to clarify with the audience what Stan what you're talking about is is when the state was investing in public education and during the neoliberal years that went away education was privatized as were many many institutions infrastructure and facilities and then when the sand at the FSL and came back into power in 2007 things were were run by the state again and so that once that neoliberal system that privatization of everything does not benefit the people we saw illiteracy dropped to 10 percent once it was all state managed state where there's a lot of state investment and then once it was and then it was privatized rose to 30 percent and now it's dropped dramatically again with the state investing in public education so that and I agree with you I think that's a you know and not just education but healthcare roads medical clinics all of those things are our state investment and made available to the almost the majority you know it's a it's a system that's servicing the vast majority of the population and you'll walk that's something you had mentioned to me yeah well there are plenty of social and economic measures that we can cite to demonstrate the amazing achievement of the of many caraguan people under the leadership of the sultanista in terms of health education uh life expectancy electricity you're running water and so on but I would like also to to to bring the issue that the we here in the media and the and the US government are questioning the a commitment to democracy in in Nicaragua and the sultanista commitment to to democracy and I think it's actually amazing because the sultanista demonstrated their commitment to democracy since they organized the first democratic election in the history of Nicaragua in 1979 after the successful uprising against the samosa dictatorship that was put in place supplied and so on by the United States then since 84 there were seven general elections in Nicaragua the right-wing parties won three of these elections the sultanista won four of these elections the sultanista party demonstrated whether they are in government or whether they are in opposition as opposition party the national assembly their commitment to democracy they accepted the result of the 1990 election in spite of the fact that this election was held under under the gun the United States made it absolutely clear that the war against Nicaragua against the sultanista will continue if the sultanista if the Nicaraguan do not continue to vote for the sultanista the war will continue and the blockade will continue in spite of that the sultanista respected the election results and promised to Violeta Chamorro who became president that they will cooperate with her and make sure there is a smooth transition so i think that in this sense one can say they have proven the sultanista proven their commitment to democracy the other issue is i think we should remember is it is amazing that the united states is questioning the legitimacy of the election and the election process in in Nicaragua here in this country where we have millions of people that for some reason or other cannot vote whether they are in prisons whether they are they are aliens or whether they have this card or that kind of a card millions of people that cannot vote and moreover where in the united states more than 50 percent for example of republicans today think the election in 2020 was stolen so to for the US government to question incorrectly the commitment of the sultanista to democracy is i think is it's quite ironic the last thing i want to mention in terms of the credibility of the united states government to criticize the sultanista is remember in 1986 the international court found the united states in violation of international law by attacking the sultanistas by training arming equipment and financing supplying the contra forces in 1984 mining nicaraguan harbors attacking oil facilities and violating nicaragua's airspace this is a war waged by the US government against the sultanista so when we hear the current lies about what is happening in nicaragua we need to look at the wider context of the long history as a matter of fact almost 200 years of united states military political and economic intervention in nicaragua i think it's time for us to respect the right of the nicaraguan people for self-determination and look at the history of resistance and i think by voting now with 76 percent of support to the sultanista the nicaraguan people are sending a message they know that the united state is going to attack them increase their attacks against them but in spite of it they voted for the sultanista it shows the high spirit as you as both Terry and Michelle you mentioned the idea of the importance of self-determination for the nicaraguan people i would also say and what i had read back in 1990 that the US spent more money trying to influence per person in nicaragua they spent more money trying to influence their vote in nicaragua than they did on the american people and their presidential election which been 1988 that's like gross interference by the us in that election and when nicaragua said this year we're not going to allow that kind of stuff now you're not going to these opposition people are not going to be permitted to uh they're not going to get away with taking money from the US government to try to influence the election we're going to stop that from happening we're not going to let it have that repeated again then they say oh you're trying to lock all these people up in prison just you're trying to lock up your opposition for no reason but think back that's they learned 1990 that don't let that happen again and they're doing that now that I think that's people should be glad I wish they'd done that 1990 people should be glad that nicaragua is doing that now rather than people who are think they're progressive complaining about nicaragua is arresting these people for being on us payroll you know there's two things that that you said that I'd like to expand on one um these you know these accelerating attack on nicaragua it's a you know it's a media narrative it's now you know sanctions law passed by the senate and the house and this is going to be and I've had a number of people last weekend since I arrived on the 31st through today say you know they are fully expecting an economic war they are fully fully expecting the united states to come after them hard and fast and destroy the economy and so for the audience this is modern day warfare you know we're not seeing boots on the ground we're not seeing bombs dropped on countries and some we are but this is going to be you know a full out war to destroy the economy of nicaragua a couple things that are going to make it difficult for the us to succeed in that is food and energy sovereignty in this country both are very high food sovereignty is uh 90 I want to say 94 96% and and energy sovereignty specifically renewables is about 75% I believe so it's going to be a little different um for the united states here and also the nicaraguan people really do know how to fight you know they're they're they're they're politically savvy and they have a very strong constitution and they clearly understand what's going to be coming at them so it's going to be it's not going to be a simple slam dunk for the united states should this become a full blown hybrid war um also before we start before we went live just for our audience yo ab you were talking to the three of us about uh the the election the results the statistics of the results you have the final results that were published Tuesday do you want to share those with the audience sure uh so this report was made on tuesday the election was so this was the ninth uh with 97.74% of the vote counted uh as I said with the participation of 65 percent of the eligible population to vote uh the FSLN uh was part of an alliance it is called the nicaragua uh triunfa alliance uh they received uh this alliance uh 75.92% of the vote followed by the liberal constitutional party plc 14.15 percent camino cristiano ccn 3.3 percent the nicaragua liberal alliance aln 3.15 percent the alliance for the republic apre 1.78 percent the liberal independent party 1.70 percent um there were a 13155 voting station uh that reported accounted for 2.8 2,860,000 voters that participate in the election i just want to add one more thing about the issue of democracy because i think that one cannot separate freedom from democracy and in nicaragua the commitment to freedom is i found it from just being there for 10 days is is fundamental but the freedom also means the freedom from hunger the freedom from worrying about healthcare the freedom to have electricity the freedom to have education democracy has little meaning without this type of freedom the freedom to open a small business the government will help you to to to open a small business especially women and women women small business owners right so there is a deeper sense here a deeper sense of commitment to democracy not just setting up an election once in five years uh no it's a quality of life issue it's a quality of life project for the government yes for everyone not just a specific demographic for everyone i and i also think it's maybe for people like us in the united states and maybe in the west in general it's hard to imagine that there can be a government that is actually working to the benefit of the of the of the popular sectors of society i mean look what happened with stan you mentioned the what is it called build better be better this this this go back better yeah president biden's project it starts with i would know how many trillions of dollars that ended up with 1.5 trillion and giving tax breaks to the rich so it's hard for us to maybe to imagine a situation where voters will vote 70 percent for the for the for the leading party in the country that leading the country in such a way so michelle you wanted to make a comment yeah i just was um i totally agree with what you have has shared um i think those are all great points um as president ortega said during his address on the 45th anniversary of carlos fonceca's death um this was not a free election because nicaraguan's had to vote with the gun held to their head and that has been every election since the san anisa revolution has taken place um i did an external gun to their head eggs yes with an american gun to their head as we all know i'm sorry that was clear to me um but uh i just wanted to reflect on something stan mentioned um which is something i had felt before but when i was in country i kind of was able to resolve um some of my feelings about it yes it was a shame that uh the sandanistas lost in the election of 1990 but um as you mentioned the amount of money that was pumped into that election 50 million dollars usd that is the most the us has ever spent on one election ever and we now bulk uh the fact that you know outsiders bulk at the fact that you know the us has funneled so much money through the ned and usd into nicaragua those make a difference um and so i just want to say nicaragua is a place that the us really cares a lot about controlling um and then reflecting on stages of revolution the san anisa revolution is so strong today because it has learned from the different stages of the past while they affected land reform in the in the 80s and that was really you know fsln led in the 90s popular movements really had to play a role i met with the women at the santa julia um community which is which hosts the gloria quintania cooperative led by women they were the ones who protected land reform under the neoliberal government um and so now you have both a strong front and then you also have a popular movement willing to back it up this revolution is on stronger ground than ever especially having learned from um then what happened in 2018 um so i think you know this is this is the process that is resolving its contradictions and is getting stronger um every day i'm so glad you mentioned that because as yoav and i have known uh you know broad you know as broadcast partners for this program this is a theme a recurring theme yoav correct where we we talk about this need to understand build and develop a movement having a party come out a political party coming out of a movement so that whether or not your party is in power it still has a base and ground power within communities on the ground throughout the country so that you can still push for for the programs and the and the policies that you want and and you know and campaign yourself back back into office but this so so important for there to be a movement underneath the political party and bolivia being probably the most stark example of that the moss being out of party with the being out of power with the coup in in uh 2019 october of 2019 but still being so strong among the people throughout the country you know got themselves back into office in a constitutional matter you know through elections got themselves back into office so that i'm really glad you brought that up michelle this is probably for me personally probably the second most important country most successful example of a movement uh under you know a party and um it's significant in the last five minutes before we go we should maybe mention one thing that the rena ser act is very very bad it's a it's it's it will hurt the it will hurt uh close to 40 percent of the nicaraguan population because the the the sanctions are against members of the sandanistas party and their families it's accelerating the the the war against uh uh nicaragua stand what are we do what are we going to do about it how are we going to react what will be our part in the solidarity movement how can we resist it and what can we do yes i think uh biden signed that today i believe i think i'm reading on the nicaragua uh google groups list one thing that we can do and one thing that this nicaragua groups are doing in the united states is continually writing articles to the media getting an alternate media to get out a more accurate view on what's going on in nicaragua but i know from working on the blockade on cuba and the blockade on venezuela it's not very easy to get other people involved in a movement it's not involved us troops on the ground in another country and they can they're using an economic warfare is it's harder to get people involved in they don't see it and they don't it doesn't affect them so it's a big silent it's a it's it's out of it's an out of sight out of mind silent killer i mean i don't know you know and that and it to me personally it may that this type of warfare makes it more insidious right but i'll be going to do is to fight it as a best we can by continually pointing out the sanctions and what it does to people in other countries and visiting and bringing our stories back just as we've done with this program exactly right exactly yes yeah yeah so so anything that we should say in our closing minutes anything that any of you would like to particularly emphasize or re-emphasize i would like to to suggest to people to go out with signs us hands of nicaragua because many people do not know do not understand when everybody's saying something is look bad in nicaragua it's very difficult for us to counter it but we need to go out we need to continue to to spread the truth and and warn our fellow americans that this escalation is is unjustified and is a continuation of 200 years of imperial policy with regard to nicaragua thank you very much Terry for for organizing this program it's nice to to meet you michelle and nice to see you again stan so thank you thank you all of you i should um so let me just tell the audience you've been listening to yoav on the nephew of mass peace action stan smith of chicago alba solidarity and michelle mugenado of pacoa and all of us have been to nicaragua yoav and stan in a pre-election day delegation on october and michelle and i were both here on the ground in managua on election day so yes i would agree we're going to have to do more programs like this more conversation more education more lobbying and it's going to be a full court counter narrative game that we're going to um that we're going to have to you know to play at this point you know i i just want to say in closing i'm just about about sanctions about economic warfare and the silence of them and how it makes them you know particularly insidious isn't it when i was here in april i had the privilege of of interviewing president daniel or tega and we were talking about sanctions economic warfare various forms of warfare but that particular delegation earlier this year was to study uh this this early sanctions regime on nicaragua that has since now well since today since the president signed the rena serac is going to be a very very strong economic um strangling of the country but i had i had shared that i thought sanctions were so insidious because of their silence and and their invisibility to people living in the united states and he he said something very interesting to me in response to that he said you know in 1933 when sandino uh got the united states marines out of the country out of nicaragua out of their occupation of nicaragua he expressed that it was a you know they were gone and the benefits of that but that now they at that point with them out of the country they would become more dangerous because their actions would go unseen and so um you know it's that that that makes it so much more insidious and that is going to make our work so much more important and so much more important to come here perhaps more frequently and bring uh and bring our personal experiences in our stories home so so thank you everyone i want i'm i'm just love working with all of you and speaking with all of you it's just such an honor and a privilege to know all of you i want to just remind our audience that you've been watching what the f is going on in latin america and the caribbean code pinks weekly youtube program we broadcast live um every wednesday for 30 p.m pacific 7 30 p.m eastern uh the program can also be found now on apple podcasts and Spotify also please be sure to catch code pink radio on thursday mornings 11 a.m eastern broadcasting simultaneously on wbai new york city w pfw out of washington dc tomorrow i'm happy to say is uh is the code pinks latin america team rotation on code pink radio and half of the hour long program will be dedicated to yesterday which was yesterday being tuesday's uh international uh delegation press conference that was held uh here in in managua one um so please tune into that there's a 170 international delegates we're here and um and many with many different organizations many different countries and so a lot of different voices will be on the radio program tomorrow morning so so thank you to mass peace action friends of latin america and task force on the americas for being broadcast partners and did you want to say something stand before we go i was going to thank you for your exemplary work oh thank you terry oh no it's it's thanks thank you so much i i appreciated it but you know this is uh this takes a community of people this takes a community of people and we need to you know to to stay connected and to keep growing our work among as many people as possible so so i i appreciate all of you very much and our and our audience too so so okay everyone we will uh we'll see you next wednesday thanks again thank you everybody for


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta. In this video, I am going to demonstrate you the use of FEOF function available in file handling in C. Before starting, you can note how you can search my YouTube channel. You can type my name Sanjay Gupta in YouTube. My channel will be available there. You can watch various programming related videos here. Now I am going to implement solution of this problem. So first I have included a header file stdio.h, another header file stdlib.h. Now I am going to define main function. Inside main function, I am declaring a file pointer that is fp. Then I have declared a character variable that is ch. Now I am opening a file whose name is contain.txt and I am opening it in read mode. And the address of this file will be stored inside fp. Now I have to check whether this file is opened successfully or not. So this if statement will be checking fp is equal to null or not. So if it is equal to null, then I can print an error message that is cannot open file. And I can call exit function so that execution of the program can be terminated. After this if condition, I have to implement the use of fpuf. So for that purpose, I am going to implement while loop. Now inside this while condition, I am calling fpuf and I am passing fp inside this fpuf function. So fpuf function checks the location of file pointer. fpuf returns nonzero if file pointer is on end of file, otherwise 0. So you have to focus on this comment. fpuf is a predefined function which checks location of file pointer and it returns nonzero if file pointer is on end of file, otherwise it returns 0. So now suppose file pointer is in middle of file. It means there are some contents available in a file. So fpuf will return 0 and 0 means false. So this loop will not repeat and I want to repeat this loop if file pointer is on some content of the file. So I am applying not here. So not will convert false into true so that this loop will repeat. And if fpuf checks file pointer location and if file pointer is on EOF, then it will return nonzero. So nonzero is considered as true. But if file pointer is on end of file, then I have to terminate this loop. So nonzero will be converted into 0 if I am writing this not operator. So whenever you checks file pointer location with the help of this fpuf function, then you have to use this not operator so that loop can be repeated properly. Now inside this loop, I can read values available in file with the help of fgetc. So the received character will be stored inside ch and I can print that character on output screen with the help of printer. So this way I have implemented this loop with the help of fpuf. So fpuf will check the location of file pointer and accordingly this loop will be repeated after termination of this loop. I can close this file and then return 0.  Now I am saving this file in CTC bin and name of file is test.c. So it is already saved at this location. Now I am opening this location CTC bin and here you can see contain.txt is already available. And you can see it is contained. It is having the contain. My name is Sanjay Gupta. So contain.txt is containing this text. So now I am going to execute the code which will read this contain.txt. Now after execution you can see the result. The contain which were available in contain.txt is showing on output screen. That is my name is Sanjay Gupta. So this is done with the help of two functions. One is fpuf and another one is fgetc. Fpuf is checking whether file pointer is on end of file or not. And fgetc is reading a particular character available in a file. So this way you can control the loop with the help of fpuf so that you can check whether the file pointer is on end of file or not. So I hope you have understood the use of fpuf in place of this loop. You can use another loop that is y1 and here you can use fgetcfp. Now you have to check explicitly whether we are on end of file or not. So this way you can check it. If ch is containing end of file then loop will be terminated. Otherwise you can print the character on output screen. So you can use this loop also in place of this while loop. But in this while loop you don't have to check whether file pointer is on uf or not explicitly because it is done with the help of fpuf. So you have both the options. You can use any one whichever is required. Now I am making this statement as comment and I am again executing this code so that you can see whether it is working properly or not. You can see the output. My name is Sanjay Gupta is printed again on output screen with the help of this loop which I have implemented right now. So there are two ways to read content of file. You can use feof function to control the location of file pointer or you can explicitly check the location of file pointer with the help of this if condition which is implemented in front of you. I hope you have understood whatever I have explained in this video. This is all about feof function used in file handling in C programming. If you want to watch more programming related videos you can search my name Sanjay Gupta in YouTube. My channel will be available there. You can watch various programming related videos there. Thank you for watching this video.


Hello again, and welcome to the next installment of genetics. In this lecture, we're going to be focusing on the laws of probability. Now, if any of you have ever gone gambling, I'm sure you've realized that the laws of probability when it comes to gambling and money are almost always against you. However, believe it or not, they can actually be pretty useful when it comes to figuring out what the genotypes and phenotypes will be in the next generation. But let's step back a minute and take a look at an example that everybody can pretty much relate to. Dive into your pocket and pull out whatever coin you may have inside. So if it's a penny, a quarter, a nickel, a dime, if it's in my pocket, most likely it's just going to be a penny. So pull out your penny. And if you were to flip this coin in the air and let it land, you would realize that you have a half a chance of getting heads and you have a half a chance of getting tails. And this is for one coin. This is pretty simple. But what about two coins? Let's say you wanted to know the probability if you were to flip two coins of getting two heads. Alright, let's work through this, but let's take each coin separately. For coin one you'd have a half a chance of getting heads and a half a chance of getting tails. For coin two, you would have half a chance of getting heads and half a chance of getting tails. So for the purpose of this particular lecture and when it comes to probability what I would like you to remember is whenever you see the word and you're going to multiply.  And I'll show you what I mean in a second. We want to know the probability of getting heads for the first coin and heads for the second coin. Which would be one half and so you would multiply times one half. This gives you a fourth. So what's the probability of getting one head and one tail in any order? Okay, well you have a half a chance of getting a head from the first coin and a half a chance of getting a tail from the second coin. So it's a half times a half. Or you could also get a half a chance of a tail from the first coin and a half a chance of a head from the second coin. Remember we said if it was or you're going to add one half times one half. Alright. So one half times one half is a fourth plus one half times one half which is another fourth is equal to two fourths or one half. Now let's work through the last example. The probability of getting two tails of course is going to be one half for the first coin and one half for the second coin. So it's a half times a half again which gives you a fourth. Now let's actually relate this to Mendel's work and the Punnett Square. If you recall when we were talking about Mendel's crosses you remember that his first filial generation was heterozygous for purple flower color.  Now according to the law of segregation when gametes are formed they have half the number of chromosomes as the individual that they came from. This is how we make the system make sure that there's exactly the right number of chromosomes for the next generation. So there's a half a chance of getting a big pea and a half a chance of getting a little pea. So if we were to actually draw this out in our Punnett Square for the first individual we have a half a chance of a big pea, half a chance of a little pea in the second individual we have a half a chance of a big pea, half a chance of a little pea. So the probability of getting a big pea, big pea is going to be a fourth.  Probability of a little pea, big pea is going to be a fourth. And the probability of a little pea, little pea is going to be a fourth. So we have a fourth of a chance of a big pea, big pea. Now the probability of being heterozygous, remember, this could be in any order. So it's a fourth of a chance of a little p, big p, and, which case you have a fourth of a chance of a big p, little p, okay? But you could have this combination or this combination. Remember when we said you see the word or, you want to add them.  And then one fourth of a little p, little p, okay? So this is a 1 to 2 to 1 ratio or this is a 3 to 1. And remember that correlates with what we talked about in the last lecture. Except this time we figured it out using the laws of probability.