So I noticed last round Coming up in here that these this area was blockaded And I couldn't see what was blockading it and now this round the Barbarian fleet comes into view. Luckily I'm almost done with my own tri-frame and I did learn partly from talking to Scott outside of the game from serving, but he's got a barbarian problem He might have found it a second city right here because look at that pattern There's no way he would have all this extra land because I know his capitals like right up here He must have found it a city like right here to get this iron and this copper Which is interesting that he's gonna stay away from the water because I'm pretty much if I actually declare war I'm only gonna take his capital like I don't really care about the rest of it So my plan continues I basically walled him off from the whole top of the map, which I don't have a lot of room to settle I can stick a city here, but I'm actually gonna crank out a settler sometime soon Send it up over here. I think I'm gonna build it right there Well, the reason for that is when I'll get this iron and stone and I'll get the sugar Which is a luxury source that'll ensure that I can actually support this city To it maximizes the land. I'll have access to that's useful and it'll a butt right up against Prague Thus giving me quite a nice buffer here. So I have a city here of a city here probably eventually still build a city here or Maybe I could conceivably see myself building one like here The problem is Wellington because Wellington is gonna expand and get those horses So unless I'd push this earlier in the game, there's no point in expanding up there But anyway, very importantly There's a hut hiding here. I didn't know about now I could if this one let me upgrade my unit, which I think it will I could theoretically take this guy Send him all the way down here. And if I step on that I could turn him into a Straight-up crossbowman, which would just be the god unit on this map for some time But I think I'm not gonna I think I'm just gonna take it now see what I can actually take here Yep, so I could upgrade my unit. This will only give me an agent technology. Oh I actually do have an important choice. I could just get a free religion right now Do I take the free religion or do I take the composite bowman? It's actually a really tough choice. I Decided Definitely that I rather have the unit the religion stuff is not great in a small map like this I'll let's go do it everyone to the religion. I'm just gonna ignore religion in this game. Oh, I was just going about my normal business It's probably nothing up there Still that worker, but I'd rather Wellington be my friend sugar. I can get some sugar Don't get some sugar. So now an important choice as well See I sort of filled out the old air instead of jumping forward Partly because jumping forward here wasn't that useful At this point, I think I want to blitz culture I've got plenty of defense and trapping I got which I wanted because I can use that to get some camps around it I really want to buff out my cities, but I think this stuff is not that immediately useful Swordsmen would be pretty good because I have enough money to upgrade immediately and then I could also build the Colossus I'm gonna go for iron working first I'm gonna upgrade that warrior to a swordsman and then my swordsmen and two composite bowmen are gonna harass Scott for A while while I then skip this middle part and jump straight up here Barbarians just keep Cropping up. I know Scott's having similar problems with them, but I'm just gonna farm them for culture for the time being culture and experience So I'll have this guy go clear that camp out I'll bet a camps are gonna keep spawning up here, and I think that's fine So this guy I actually want another military unit here because I want to send both of these archers forward to harass Scott So not sure if I'll do it, but I'm still pretty much planning on building a third city here Because a lot of cities here with one it'll just give me more access to the sea to control it So he has no approach to my capital and to remember my power is that my units fight better in my own territory And I get all the expensive territory So I build one here this whole area will all be my territory so we can't easily march an army through to get to my capital Same thing here So as much as I don't want to go beyond the forest city limit I have one two I could build one here for three Still thinking about building one up here or here that would be four or five, but I could also build a city Right here Now why rim would you build a city right next to Scott's stuff at the edge of the map like this? Well one if I actually put it one more over I could start farming this for faith and eventually get a religion some stuff later in the game More importantly all of this would be my territory, too And I wouldn't even care if he took the city it would be a big challenge for him to take it And if he did it probably just give him a lot of unhappiness And he probably wouldn't really be able to use it could it be kind of a crappy city and Two I could then have military units all in here just harassing and preventing him from expanding his territory northward I'd also get access to this iron and that iron. That's 12 iron Might actually put the city on this hill right here Even though have the overlap with this city three away. I think that's far enough Then I wouldn't get the stone my desert stone, so who cares Putting on the hill would make it more defensible Equally useful would be putting it right there Both of these will get me Mount Sinai This one would just mean a little less overlap here, but I still wouldn't get the stones I think I might actually just put it on the hill, so we'll see it was pay attention to see if I do that or not Now I want to spread my religions. I build more cities because remember my benefit is Ton of healing if I'm next to a friendly city So I would actually like to have that benefit in these further cities I build but this pantheon won't expand I would need to actually expand the religion to make that happen still Content that taking the composite Bowman was the right choice because now I can clear out that barbarian camp and that barbarian camp and As much as I hate to do it. I really want to send this guy up here to harass Maybe I'll send this guy up here to harass or I could bring this guy back down Let this be relatively unafended a little bit longer and send this guy forward But now I think I'm actually gonna send both these guys forward We'll see we'll see what I do with this guy after I take out that camp There's warriors definitely gonna poke around in here possibly clear out this camp might actually move him back and heal But generally I just gotta wait for this to finish so I can be friends with the Wellington Get these workers done and just really buff out these cities before I extend expand too much further I think I want to build Now we'll see what I build barbarians continue to be a Surprisingly difficult problem to deal with for the size of this map because unless I post military units around here, they'll keep coming Now I'm just gonna farm them Because the culture boosts are actually pretty good But it means that I need to keep military units around here and this guy just sort of maneuvered in annoyingly This is the third time that's been pillaged by someone Even more annoyingly I'm a one away from being done with this mine and I don't want to risk having to deal with chasing this guy and catching him back So I got to do this This guy's gonna have to move in deal with that this guy'll finish the mind and he'll go repair this the downfall of this Coupled with the fact that Hong Kong just recently stopped being my friends They're a happiness of and I kind of needed that happiness now They'll be friends or allies with me again very soon because as you can see I'm finishing some copper here shortly But not soon enough. So now I'm gonna pretty give it because I could redirect temporarily away from the Colossus to build something else over here, but Which could be a military unit just to sort of secure this But I think this spearman coupled with the city itself and this guy now that he's finished this encampment temporarily Might even not finish it off I'll let us find another barbarian send this guy back up if I need to I can live with the temporary lost happiness If I really want it back in a hurry one thing I could do See this guy is Finishing his walls and because I'm unhappy now. He's not gonna grow quickly But what I could do in here is Buy this workboat Be about a little over half the money I've got which money can be a problem on these maps I don't necessarily want to spend this they got a really nice nest egg, but the workboat could Immediately the next turn go get these whales and get me a nice happiness boost the other things Scott didn't realize is that Based on demographic and train information Those are the only three resources he's got and If I knock out whales, it'll be a serious blow to him It also means that he won't be able to get the money from these two spots in Babylon. If you look at the demographics I've got a lot more people and a lot more everything than him He's beat me on science not by that much but enough to where it'll be a problem and Right now. I'm very unhappy and he is very happy I built these three try reams and he can't see them all I told him in real life Jokingly that I have a tri-ream and he said don't worry. I'll soon also have a tri-ream to defend my whales I think I'll be okay as long as I have those whales So what I'm thinking about doing Now it's I could wait one more turn because these guys I could finish this off because look I'll do about that much damage per tri-ream. I could finish this off in two turns no matter what and The worst-case scenario is his special bowman plus the city plus what's left of the tri-ream take out one of these three Tri-reams that I've got which actually make my economy work out. Okay, but the other thing I could do is Buy the workboat Wait one more round to get my happiness up despite my problems over here and then attack this guy I just got to keep all these guys be within range Which means to I could start moving this guy in To be ready to menace as well This guy I'm just gonna keep moving forward So yeah, I think that's what I'm gonna do because I just might as well.  I Hope that doesn't come back to bite me later Next round happiness tri-ream tri-ream tri-ream, and this guy's gonna move here Pretty much to ensure that he can't really attack everything It's basically a target because I'm gonna move away right afterward He won't be able to take it out in one round But it might be menacing enough to cause him to not take out one of my tri-reams. I might save me a tri-ream We'll see how it goes. I'm highly doubtful that I'll actually lose that unit These barbarians are giving me a lot of trouble here with everything being pillaged I'm just gonna have to keep a few more military units around to deal with it But at least now it always goes back to this worker to this warrior. Anyway, that guy's gonna go over here That way he won't bother me Because I need to deal with these barbarians But at least my worker can come out and finish this mine next turn because I don't want the mine finished I want to finish the buildings there And this guy has enough space to come out and get whales which makes me happy Which means my tri-reams will be more effective for what I'm about to do to Scott Let's see how this works out. I haven't actually Really planned out how this would go So let's see so I can surround him One two Three Now I can't pillage in the same round But Scott probably can only see one of those tri-reams until suddenly just now and for good measure I'll move this guy in he could bombard. He can attack. We'll see what he does He's not gonna be happy I'm almost done with my mine here, which I get my happiness back up And then once I prepare this my happiness will be back up even more and this guy's just gonna have to hang out As much as I was gonna send this guy over here to hold Scott off Maybe harass him down here a little bit and to support building a city here I think instead I have to build yet another military unit over here just to defend against these barbarians They're gonna keep him out of this black area forever As soon as I finish the copper that I'll be friends with Hong Kong again, so I'll have a surplus of happiness Well, you can see here that Scott took the bait. So look he definitely attacked this unit I don't know why because I'm actually gonna retreat it now I only had it there long enough so he would deflect at least one of these two shots this way to ensure that my tri-reams would survive So you head back to friendly territory I guess I can deal with these barbarians And I can start repairing All right, so back here. So first things first now. I have to pillage these whales Let's see what effect this has on us. I don't know if it'll show up right away. I don't know how quickly this Updates so right now Approval so he's at 99% which means he's doing fine. Oh No more whales Yeah, I think Scott's out of this game now do I leave these guys here fully interdicting I'm still not a hundred percent clear on exactly which tiles are interdicted for shipping when units are like this. I Guess I'll retreat them out of range I'll let this guy remain in range of that because they can just sort of rotate Otherwise, I'm just gonna keep him here I wonder how Scott will take the fact that now Hong Kong is also declared war on him Because I acquired the copper that I needed which means now my happiness is off the hook And I can do whatever I want for much of the foreseeable future And bear in mind this is without the resources I lost or the resources I can get by building another city So now I've just got to repair all this Build the hell out of this city and build the hell out of this city And actually now might be the time to build a settler and stick it over here somewhere That'll that will basically ensure my victory in this game. I think Yeah He's got a pretty good army. I'll give him that I can't just conquer him Actually, it would take some significant effort for me to conquer him So I've got a star of him out and prevent him from expanding He's not that far behind on these things, but population he didn't get I don't think he built a second city I don't know how this happened here. How did he expand his border out that far unless he built a citadel there? I haven't looked because it doesn't have any tradable cities I don't maybe just because I haven't seen the city yet. I don't know. I actually don't know how that is the way it is Anyway, I want to get this iron immediately because then I can upgrade that warrior and then it's got to get more worried and I should probably actually move him back this way because I could go take care of this. This is gonna be a problem. I Guess I could send my bowman over there. I'll just move him in this video. Do this It's not much else to do except win So if the game continues, I don't know how good his economy is actually Oh, he's making money. All right. He's got iron And he doesn't have better science than me. I know he's got significantly more science than me So what could he do in the short term that would actually give me pause? Because I'm actually pretty behind on science and slowly catching up See he could build horse units and give me some trouble But I don't think he actually could use them effectively He could build catapults. Of course, I can build catapults now, too None of this really helps him Unless he got all the way to civil service and can start cranking out pikeman, which I guess he theoretically could be here if he'd rushed it He's probably rushing. He wasn't rushing over here. Anyway He doesn't have enough of a science lead to make a unit or an advance that could actually Significantly disrupt my plan. So that means that my plan would be to not invade because I don't want to lose the defensive advantage I have so instead I'm going to finish the classes and Then I think I'll actually build the settler and then I'll backfill all this other stuff So I'll build a settler If I build a settler though, then I'll need another military unit to defend this area because barbarians are gonna keep coming in That horsemen you get the settlement's just gonna keep spawning up here forever Unless I get a unit out that way so I actually will need another military unit here in the short term Which will decide how to deal with that later, but I'll at least finish the classes I got four turns before I have to make that decision. I Probably don't even need walls here at this point. He's not gonna invade His only hope would be to expand a city up here So I mean I might actually do the thing I talked about before and instead of putting my city down here like I talked about put the city here push in on his borders and One that would give him a target He might try to attack it and it would be a canard if you attack the city that I built up here He couldn't actually keep it because his happiness is so bad And that city wouldn't have any additional luxury resources for him So that city he'd pretty much have to raise it and if he attacked it because our military's are pretty much equal I could probably send my military in to either take Babylon or just to plunder the ever-living hell out of all this stuff It's kind of too late to put a city here So the conservative strategy Would be that this will hold off any advance out this way He only has one avenue if I was really really conservative about it because theoretically he could send units up this way And I wouldn't see them because I can see that tile for whatever reason Looks like I can see that tile So I guess I'd see units up here here suddenly But if I was really gonna be conservative about it I could put a unit here or I could build a pathfinder a scout and put it like here and just be ready for it That means he can't come across this way And if he did even though I don't have a huge military here The bonus I get for being in my own territory would ensure that he wouldn't really be able to get past this city So having the wall there is very conservative strategy and I'd still I build a couple units and just like park one here park one here Just hold this thing So this area is still safe So the other thing he could do because I'm not allies with Prague is he could push down this way Maybe settle or build something down here and then he could try to get here and settle So if I settle here as well, then I present a unified wall because look you can't come across here At least he won't This is like a wall of Military and culture that he can't get through easily this fleet forms a wall across basically this entire sea He can't actually get out of his city and then even if he goes across Prague You would be allies with Prague which you have to get past first If I ally with Prague, it's over then it'd be a wall of my territory yet again There's no avenue for him to even touch the capital Scott is courting Prague now Prague is not his ally yet But he's done something for Prague at least to have just some barbarians they cared about which I soon was around this way somewhere Also, see like I said, these barbarians are gonna keep coming in so I've got to Continuously deal with them Let's just go there because they won't be able to pass me to hedge them off because I want this guy to survive To be able to build his business. I want him to heal all the way. I I must got an iron from one of these guys because I didn't finish mining any iron yet. I only mine this copper here Horses and spices. Oh, yeah, so I guess iron alongside the cotton and the jewelry and the happiness Yeah, everything's coming up millhouse here They want sugar so sugar will start a we love the king day. They're in the middle of we love the king day So I'll let that be the city's gonna grow pretty quick, especially if my guy starts building here Let's check out the demographics All right, I got a bigger military not by that much though See what's going on in here. Oh He does have a pikeman. Oh indeed so on the technology tree Yeah He's in the medieval era which also means his cities have more defense So yeah, actually assaulting Scott would not be too feasible right now with all the military I have I would not be able to take his capital Unless you really messed up, which I doubt he will so he's already up here. So I am pretty behind on science I'm going to have to Play conservatively just in case so I'll keep these guys back. I just have to interdict all of his Commerce make sure that he can't ever get out into the water never actually get those whales and We use my happiness. I'll go with the plan. I'm gonna build the city down here Real soon and then when it's war time, I will build the canard city here to get basically like like a Citadel Now if I get a great general I could build the canard city here fill all this in as my territory And then immediately build the Citadel here and just cut him off So yeah, I'm going to finish this guy And I think I'll make a settler right away and just try to build the city here And I'm just gonna try to out economy him Because my second city is not great by any means, but that's just because it hasn't been built up at all I mean look at this thing. It's got a pretty high population But nothing is developed I've spent I've got one thing developed here so far While I have Scott very nicely locked up over here The barbarians are continuing to be a surprising problem Pretty much have to prick my worker there I'm gonna keep sending this guy forward anyway because I want to start continuing to harass Scott up here But after I finish the Hanging Gardens, I'll build another military unit there Take care of these barbarians just to get the money even though no one cares about that yet Nothing interesting to do with these guys yet. I need to get some marble Anyone even have marbles Marble even exist on this map. He's got some It's right there All right. Well, I'm not gonna get that anytime soon. That's for sure I'll deal with these guys effectively because now they're not strong enough to kill this guy in one hit They can't walk through and come over here to pillage if they pillage that I'll kill him I'll come back around to repair everything again, and it'll be fine Well, my iron mines are almost done up here because you see my swordsman is gonna be kind of crappy till I finish the iron mine So I've given in to the fact that these barbarians are gonna be spawning constantly and instead I have just been Farming them one to make my these city-states love me Which is a huge advantage over Scott because basically this is my whole territory from here all the way around here And if I get progged in my ally, and I've got the entire map and there's literally nothing Scott can do in the long run So also, I would basically have to settle out here in these corners So I'd see the territory or I'd have to station a military unit like here here here here It'd be way too many units even if I use scouts It would cost me too much because you can't easily generate a lot of gold now I was positive here until these barbarians built their camp and then took out my trade route But let's continue this trend of destroying barbarians getting culture boosts and making city-states my friends. Oh Look who's my ally now? wonderful Now I know Scott has a little bit of army. I got my Triremes here just denying him this commerce now see he's got a trade route. It's clearly going over here So before I was gonna send one of these guys across and I just didn't I feel like now's the time to do it I should I'll build another military unit here cuz I just finished something So I'll send this guy all the way across take that thing out along the way and All the way across and then I was gonna plunder straight root. It'll take a long time, but I think it'll be worth it Let's see what he's got he had a swordman. There he is I know he has a horseman somewhere to the horseman might be down here Anyway, I want to keep these guys nearby just as not him these whales These guys will probably be fine So I could either circle these guys back around to continue defending against barbarians and Then move these guys forward safely or I could build a new military unit here and have these guys continue onward toward glory I'm not planning to invade Scott necessarily. I'm just getting ready to harass him. Oh Pike man. He's got some decent science Let's see if I can lure him into an attack Somebody does if I just menace him here. Yeah, it's just that guy there I'm gonna stay out of range still for now with these guys I'll stay in my territory because I get a fighting bonus in my territory So if he's got the horsemen, it would have to be here Here I doubt he's trying to sneak up this way or it might be out down over here somewhere so If it were here, you could theoretically sneak in here and I think you could attack this guy Don't think you kill him in one turn though because it's just a horseman And there's no way he has knights or anything yet. Even though he's got these pikemen. I think I'm okay mostly think that because whoo All right, so let that go I'll get this workshop done. Did I finish the workshop? Is that what I did? Yeah, I did finish the workshop. So now I got a production powerhouse. Look I can crank out some military units Just start sending them. I can also crank out a caravan and get back that money. I was losing Or I could crank one of these all these out Might be time if I crank the great wall out, let's see Terracotta army wouldn't be great. I'd get one swordman one spearman one composite bowman though One swordman one spearman one composite bowman Not bad for eight turns because that would take me three five It would take me eight turns Okay, that's not really that exciting then Guess I could do this and bust out culture. I doubt he's going after it. I go back and get these Does the city state? I'm not allies with so Buenos Aires Marble. I'll never get I can send him gold if I really want to be allies with Buenos Aires So they're off Hong Kong whatever great merchant temple of Artemis. I Doubt Scott's gonna build that I could finish it in six turns, which actually is pretty good So what's gonna be my overall strategy? I want these guys to just finish I want to build this city out to be gigantic and I do want to settle here But there's been no rush and I'm just building these cities up to be enormous before I settle here and Then here then maybe here maybe here Hmm I kind of want to send this guy onward to take this out. I will need defenses here I guess I should send this guy back around. Is that my guy? That's my good guy So he can move fast Over terrain So I'll send him back around this way to be my defensive Butchers against barbarians because I don't want to get plundered again. That's happened too many times I'll send this guy off this way to take this out and then eventually men of scots caravan I'll let this fairman come onward and I'll just have one military unit here for now defending I'll men is here and see what Scott does about that. I Could build the settler now and just go nuts, but then it would be hard to build I Guess just that The great people aren't gonna be that big a deal. The Great Wall would make it so that Scott cannot invade me For any like it would make it impossible the game will never get to artillery So that would basically make me invincible that would get me friendship with Buenos Aires which gets me sugar, which I can get just from settling But this being an ally would be moderately useful. It's more useful to be Prague I'm gonna get a free monument As soon as I build another city, so I don't need to worry about this getting the way of building another city I can build that anytime That'll finish real quick, but I don't really care. I could blitz culture But it's not really gonna do anything for me in this game What really let's see what's going on here. What's he see me as so 1287 928 All right He's got low culture. I can try to go for a culture victory Possibly because if I'll control the map I can get all the ancient artifacts. That's way late game strategy I'll probably collapse before then so I'm gonna bother with the whole culture thing I might just build this to guarantee Now another kind of side thing is that I have my faith here my Pantheon and I got it from a hut so I didn't actually get anything else here But it's basically an amazing defensive thing Because of my plan remember this city is a defensive city to make sure you can't come across that way So I can put units here and they'll basically be invincible But if I build another city here, it won't get that benefit unless I push the religion up and spread it And I don't have any faith production And I don't care that I don't have any faith production so I could buff out this city in some moderate Mostly pointless ways I can build a military unit. I Think what I should do. I'm okay on money for now so I can actually let that fester a little bit I think I'm gonna finish one of these wonders. I could finish this and scare the hell out of Scott and I could buy a Scout or A catapult and just make my military huge in a hurry so I can use cash to like buy this And independently finish this Or maybe I'll let Scott build it because his economy definitely can't afford those units And if it does and he attacks me that would actually just be great to build the temple of Artemis Actually, both of these will be useful all this stuff will be useful And I don't think Scott can build them Ah great wall Will make me invincible I'm gonna risk that he's building the great wall and I'm actually gonna build the great wall while the city festers And then I'm going to build a settler See me waffling. I'm actually gonna build the settler. I got so much happiness Let's just go for it I feel like I should push the game toward an end rather than playing with Scott because the demographics I mean population wise Scott has no people Uh, I make so many crops that my population is going to be double or triple what it is now in short order Uh, I can just make I can just fill the screen with spearmen and just surround him and starve him out I have plenty of gold. I'm about to have a lot more land Comparably sized armies. He has a lot of science and a fairly strong core of a tiny army I'd have to overwhelm with the crappier units Uh He's ahead of me in science, of course because he's playing the science civilization I think he's had two great, uh scientists And here so behold the glory Of the shoshone because this is where I said from the beginning. I was gonna build a city See how it starts with all this extra territory.  That implies some very important things. So one Because it starts with all this extra territory Even with no worker It'll basically have enough decent spots to grow pretty quick on its own independent of any other factors Now there's a little bit of an extra factor here than I got empire modifiers But it's got all this extra space so it can sort of pick and choose But too i'm almost done with this lumber mill and then this workers just come right over here and buff this city up I'm also to just rapidly grow it see this caravan That caravan is just gonna make money here But then I'm gonna as soon as I finish the temple of Artemis instead of making another wonder I think I'm gonna make another ship caravan really quick and I'm gonna point it here to again Just boost the food up so I can build this city quickly Now because I already finished look at this aqueduct and monument to start that is the true power of a small civilization Uh, it's not like you want to build four right away When you've gone for tradition you can build two right away and buff them out And when the time is right plop a city down and it just starts out with this huge advantage I'm still gonna get another thing in 21 turns and now that the city's here the barbarians won't spawn so they can only spawn down here up here And may theoretically right there That's a problem you see another one spawned here So I've got one military unit that's gonna sort of make the rounds and clean all this stuff up uh I guess I should theoretically keep this swordsman over here to protect my worker from the eventual barbarians spawn here But fortune favors the bold I'm gonna start moving over this way to get into position to keep an eye on scott and to Look where this caravan goes I can sneak in here I don't care if prog hates me because actually prog's gonna like me real soon Because I'm about to finish the temple of Artemis But I'm gonna move this guy in and I'm gonna plunder this trade route and then scott I think is gonna give up the game without any war any bloodshed He'd really like these whales, but he can't get them Oh, look, he knows something's up. So I know he's got a horseman somewhere over here He's got that pikeman.  So watch this. I'll go here. Remember my religion says that he's gonna heal quickly And I'll just move a brand new guy Here I'll take all this risk But bam So now if he harasses me By attacking this guy or this guy With this bowman then this bowman will strike and this moment is gonna move in Most likely he's gonna retreat a little bit and if he advances well, whatever. I'm just gonna keep menacing him So what to build in my new city? It's gonna have more population in a hurry. So these turn numbers don't really mean that much but The library will be useful in a hurry that might have the third city With the library might actually catch me up to scott Oh, I guess my if I found a new city I've never founded a city between my in a game before between when I got a pantheon and when I made a religion I guess I just start with the pantheon. That's that's cool I'm not gonna even bother with religion then at all. I wasn't going to before. I'm definitely not going to now I could push culture Should probably start building military unit This city is gonna expand pretty quickly. So if I really want to push this city, I could do the granary But he's not gonna have any deer The deer No, it's all right. There's nothing here. It's a granary. We don't do anything And Bust out the worker and just start blitzing up like really building up the city Maybe I'll do that so I can rapidly build the city up So I'll build the caravan really quick to build this up even further and then I'm gonna immediately switch to build military units or wonders So these guys are all set to harass scott And look at the demographics now.  Do I have a lot of land? So in terms of late game if scott doesn't surrender I might actually just build another city Here No Because I want to get these horses This truffles Actually here would be good then because then I can get I'll get this camp I'll get that pasture. I'll get that pasture. I'll get that for the truffles I'll get the wheat I'll overlap with this city I want to be the worst place to put if I want to build my fourth city there The other place is here. That's where I was kind of planning originally Because right along the river I could actually back it up a little bit But there's no point now because these city states are filled in so they'll probably just build it there I could build it up here to get that die And this faith But at this point and this stuff not the worst place I would build it like right here actually or here here Build it here No, I'd build it here here Anyway, I don't care. I'm not going to build that city See I'm either going to build one here just to fill it out and build an industrial powerhouse or here Other final option was to build a city like there and just get all this territory Forget this. I don't care about the faith. So I built it on this hill I'll get access to that iron That iron that stone It'll fill in this whole area being my territory which my units get a bonus in fighting And then scott will expect the assault to come from up here and I'll sort of mass an army And then I'll just build some giant other army down here Bring it up and then just end it So we'll see what happens, but this game is over and I just have to push scott to his final defeat God definitely knows it's over. I was just chatting with him. He sees my sword man Hanging around over here and asked me what I'm up to So he's probably got a scout here or here Somewhere in this area But I told him. Oh, I'm protecting a settler and he's like there's nowhere to settle down there and I made up some lie But no really I'm down here because I'm gonna plunder his trade routes See where this caravan's going. See that trade route there.  We're still at war. It's gonna hit my sword man and I'm gonna plunder it. I think that's the end of scott I want to do the same thing up here. See what's going on Because he's got a trade route up this way too There it is that one if I just get in his path same thing is gonna bounce off So I'm actually gonna put my units up here, which will risk them to some injury Yeah, look at that nice. Look at that line He this thing is gonna come back. It's gonna next turn. It's gonna go one two. I forget how many spaces they move Lay there and here here and I'm gonna get it It's gonna be good news and maybe I'll declare war and steal that work We'll see what happens otherwise I forget what I already feel when I was building over here. Right. I was building military units Let me see how much that pushed up my demographics actually Not that much. Scott's got a reasonable sized army over there somehow All right, I gotta slowly take out these barbarians This guy's one of my best guys.  I'm gonna advance wars even though I've 90 likely won this game and I can probably push to the end now I'm not gonna risk it. I'm not gonna I like an advance wars you move every stupid unit you've got every turn until the very very end Even if you don't think you need to because if something goes wrong Having all those infantry that are working their way across the map will be a big deal So I'm gonna make sure my victory is absolute which means I've got to buff the city I'm because like already I've got a guy two guys on unproductive or un improved places So I gotta correct that Let's go up here and build a mine and a pasture And this horseman can I do with the horseman? I'm gonna swing down first to make sure there's no barbarian spawning then I'm gonna come across here Think I'm gonna push toward the ends. I might just start building military units at this point Though I could bust some of those out The only one left though is Buenos Aires one statue statue of Zeus, which is not super I mean, it'll be moderately useful to take out a city actually. Maybe I should just build it really quick It's only six turns The other thing I can do is start cranking out military units or build a barracks and then start cranking out military units Or I could just crank out and see a triremes and use that in the final assault to surround him And then one by one week in the city because it's basically a bunch of extra Effectively extra land melee units. They won't survive. I mean look attacking that city I can't see it there Not great, but it adds up when you got a bunch of them I think I'll build the statue of Zeus That'll sort of push this toward the end because it's 15 attacking cities He's only got one city taking that city ends the game immediately might as well just go up balls out I got plenty of money for the end Uh, in fact, I can really ignore My economy for the rest of the game and the workers are just gonna buff these cities out Just in case to make them bigger and bigger and bigger to really really push these demographics over the top I mean look at this Our armies are relatively close, but I can support a massive army And he cannot He's ahead of me on science because of these two things So one thing I might want to do when I rush in is just start pillaging all this crap to starve the city out If I hit one of these then our science gets much closer And he won't be able to build more powerful units. He's probably pretty close to being let's see what he could build So I'm about to get pikemen that might be enough for me I'm not even gonna bother with I guess I could then build do physics just to get the trebuchet But I don't have any siege units right now. I might just try to take it by surrounding his city with regular old units and just starving it out I'm gonna hit those We'll see what happens, but I'm gonna hate take out these two caravans That'll mean he won't be able to afford to maintain this military and then Maybe he'll just give up that might just be the end. There might be no recovering from that Uh, very fortuitous that I built this guy here Because look at that barbarians popped out Now to move in for the kill Oh, they're not dead son of a- oh well. It doesn't really matter. All right, so let's see what's going on here Where's that caravan? There's that caravan and it's gonna come back this way. That's good. And it's gonna be pillaged So what was that other caravan? It's gonna come back this way So look at this Look at this You see that move there that reshuffle the transformation. That is why I win wars in sieve I can't attack again Let's just take a look And you get up there to be working on this so i'm gonna Pasture mine. Yeah, I got my plan. None of this stuff is really going to be interesting anymore It's got to keep an eye on scott Yeah, so see I've got coverage if he comes in here And I've got coverage here as well I've got two melee units on the front line where we're going to intercept That caravan as soon as it turns around This guy can't do anything about it. His caravans are forfeit And I'll have my new spearman soon because I have infinite production capabilities compared to scott I could use my money and just seal the deal and make this guy my ally I'm gonna pillage this first It is a thing of beauty when a plan comes together See that money Where'd that caravan go? Where'd that other caravan go simultaneous caravan destruction? So no, I mean it's over. I just gotta either convince scott to surrender or destroy him I'll wipe out these barbarians I'll start building military just to walk over there and end this


Welcome back in the last class we looked at the phase contrast and opaque stop microscopy and then we also have gone through the some of the life demonstrations to appreciate the enhanced the image contrast as compared to bright field illumination. In this class we will move on to the next variant namely dark field microscopy. The dark field microscopy is a very simplest version similar to the bright field. In a bright field as I mentioned the light rays falls on the object and get reflected and enter into the objective and those regions will appear bright and the light rays which are diffracted will escape the objective lens will appear dark from the object region similar to grain boundaries and so on. In dark field illumination it is the exactly the reverse will happen briefly we will look at it and then we will move on to the next variant. So let us look at the dark field microscopy. The slide shows one typical example of the biological sample it is the dark field illumination you can see that all the features very minute features are clearly illuminated and if you look at the optical setup or the optical scheme for a dark field microscopy the geometry allows only the diffracted light to be collected by the objective lens and direct and non-diffracted rays are inclined at a steep angle and miss the objective entirely. So it is a very simple design and this technique is very sensitive because images based on small amounts of diffracted light from minute phase objects are seen clearly against a black or very dark background if the numerical aperture of the objective is lower than the numerical aperture of the condenser and the dark field annulus non-diffracted waves are excluded from the objective. So you can have two kinds of oil immersion dark field condenser for this optical setup they are very simple in nature and you know the principle of oil immersion objectives already we have seen that so I will skip and I will quickly move on to the next variant polarized polarization microscopy. Look at this slide very interesting microstructures taken from again microscopy.com and what you are now seeing is some of the microstructures of a polymeric material natural and synthetic polymers which is observed on the polarized light. What you are seeing here is a polygonal spherulites each one is a single entity spherulite and this is a polycarbonate specimen and this is a biological sample. So the reason I brought this slide again similar to a phase contrast from this website is because to appreciate the enhanced contrast which you get as compared to the bright field illumination. So if you look at the principles of polarization microscopy it goes like this the image formation in the polarizing microscopy is based on the unique ability of polarized light to interact with polarizable bonds of the ordered molecules in a direction sensitive manner perturbations to the waves of polarized light from aligned molecules in an object result in phase retardations between sampling beams which in turn allow interference depend dependent changes in amplitude in the image plane. So I will read it again the perturbations to the waves of polarized light from the aligned molecules in an object result in a phase retardations between a sampling beams which in turn allow interference dependent changes in amplitude in the image plane. Thus image formation is based not only on the principles of diffraction and interference but also on the existence of ordered molecular arrangements. So polarization microscopy is again another classical case of interference microscopy and if you look at the applications it does primarily for a transparent sample and it gives you a very accurate quantitative results of optically sensitive constituents or optical properties of microstructural constituents in much more detailed manner compared to any other variants of microscopy. This is a unique feature in the polarization microscopy. We will now look at how this is other details in the polarization microscopy. So polarization microscopy has been used to study the form and dynamics of many ordered cellular structures. This is only with respect to biological sample and geologists also use these parameters together with a reference chart to determine the identities of unknown crystalline minerals. These capabilities distinguish polarization microscopy from other form of light microscopy and account for its popularity in biology, chemistry, geology and material science. First we will introduce what is a polarized light and then we all know that the bulk light from a most illuminators used in a light microscopy is non-polarized. That means the electric vectors of a different rays vibrating in all possible angles with respect to the axis of propagation. In a ray or a beam of linearly polarized light the electric vectors of all wave vibrate in a same plane. So the E vectors of a beam of polarized light covering an extended area are plane parallel. So this is the schematic which shows that how the vibrations of the electric vectors are represented and we will see that much more details a device that produces a polarized light is called a polarizer. When used to determine the plane of vibration the same filter is called an analyzer. Please understand we have the same material which being called polarizer as well as analyzer when it is called polarizer when it is used to determine the plane of vibration the same filter is called an analyzer. The most efficient polarizers are made up of transparent crystal such as calcite. Polarized light can also be generated using a partially light absorbing sheet of a linear polarizing material. Polarized light is also produced by a variety of physical processes that deflect light including refraction, reflection and scattering. So now let us see how this filters are going to react with this polarized light or the filters how it allows this transmitted light in the optical path. A Polaroid sheet generates linearly polarized light that means this is a polarizer polaroid only rays whose e vectors vibrate in a plane parallel with the transmission axis of the sheet or transmitted as a linearly polarized beam other rays are partially transmitted or blocked. So you have the random light incident light which is passing through this filter and it allows only the waves which whose electrical vectors vibrate in the plane parallel to the transmission axis. Others rays are blocked so you can see that only this direction of vibration is allowed others is blocked. The schematic B shows a overlapping polar transmit light of the first polar if its transmission axis is parallel to that of the first polar. So since this directions are parallel the light will pass through this overlapping polar filter also and in the case of C the transmission is completely blocked if the transmission axis of the two polars are crossed since these two filters are kept in a cross orientation the transmission is completely blocked. So this is how the polarizer filter will behave. So now we will look at what is double refraction in crystals because we are going to look at the concept called bi-refrigence and for that we need to know what is double refraction in crystals. Many transparent crystals and minerals such as quartz, calcite, rutile and thermoline and others are optically anisotropic and exhibit a property known as double refraction. Bi-refrigent materials split an incident ray into two components that traverse different paths through the crystal and emerge as two separate rays. This occurs because atoms in the crystal are ordered in a precise geometric arrangement causing direction dependent differences in the refractive index. See this is the fundamental reason why the Polarize microscope is able to generate a special contrast. So if I look at this object which is made of bi-refrigent materials that split an incident Polarize light into two components one is called ordinary ray another is called extraordinary ray this is also been called as ore and e-ray. The ordinary ray means that will obey all the optical rules that is Snell's law and so on the extraordinary ray will not obey this optical rule that is the difference between an ordinary ray and an extraordinary ray and we will see that how these two rays and their amplitudes are manipulated to obtain a better contrast in this microscope. So I will read this third point again this occurs because atoms in crystals are ordered in a precise geometric arrangement causing a direction dependent differences in the refractive index. So we will see how this is being implemented in the optical scheme and before that let us clarify much more details about double refraction in crystals. If you look at this very interesting crystals you see that letter appears as if you have one on the front plane one is lying on the back plane let us see what is the reason for this. Double refraction and the bi-refrigence is refers to ability of a molecularly ordered objects to split an incident ray of light into two components the ore and e-rays that is ordinary and extraordinary rays. But the two terms refers to the different aspects of the same process b that is bi-refrigence is equal to n2-ne that means n o it should be n e the difference between these two refractive index. Interference is related to another term the optical path difference or in the field of polarized light the relative retardation. So optical path difference and the relative retardation are similar term but relative retardation is used in polarized light scheme otherwise it is generally in optical literature it is reference to optical path difference which we have already seen delta equals to n1-n2 times t where t is the thickness of the glass or the medium. Relative retardation and bi-refrigence are related by an analogous expression that is gamma capital gamma equal to n e that is refractive index of extraordinary ray minus refractive index of ordinary ray times the thickness. So these parameters will be useful when we talk about the enhanced amplitude of the resultant wave which come out of the object which produces a better contrast in the polarized light scheme. Radiation can also be expressed as the mutual phase shift delta between the two waves and it is given in radiance by small delta equal to 2 pi delta divided by lambda. Look at the schematic you will appreciate this much more as we move along in this lecture the schematic the first schematic shows this is an optic axis and then you have ordinary ray and this is an extraordinary ray suppose if these two are there and you have the positive B value when refractive index of extraordinary ray is greater than the ordinary ray and you have the reverse scheme when you have the refractive index that is a negative B value when you have refractive index of extraordinary ray is smaller than the ordinary ray. So we will see how this two things are visualized in an optical scheme as we move along the relation of ordinary and extraordinary wave friends in the specimen showing the positive and negative biorefragments is summarized in this schematic. So let us now see how the generation of elliptically polarized light by a biorefragment specimens. So what we are now assuming here is the object which we are looking at our viewing or analyzing under the polarized light microscope will exhibit the biorefragments then and then how that material material or object react with the plane polarized light and then what happens this is what we are going to look at. So let us see the generation of elliptically polarized light by a biorefragment specimens the wave forms of elliptically and circularly polarized light you have two forms ordinary ray and extraordinary ray is following the same propagation axis but vibrating in a mutually perpendicular planes cannot interfere but can be combined by a vector addition a sheet of cellophane held against a single polarizer on a light box is an example of this behavior a cellophane is a biorefragment sheet made up of parallel bundle of cellulose. So which will help to produce elliptically polarized light let me now run this schematic animation you can see that suppose if you assume this is one wave plane polarized in one plane the other one is a plane wave which is perpendicularly polarized if the phase shift is dynamically happens between these two then you can see that elliptically polarized light is possible I will play this again to appreciate how this elliptically polarized light is generated and you have this ordinary ray and extraordinary ray they are vibrating in a mutually perpendicular plane and if the phase shift in the mutual phase shift is dynamic then you will be able to see this the wave propagation in an elliptical manner so this is elliptically polarized light so I hope this animation helps you to appreciate this concept of elliptically polarized light and now we see that the phase shift which I talk about in between the E and O rays how it is understood the effect of relative phase shift between ordinary and extraordinary rays on a wave form of a polarized light look at this we have a two polar one is analyzer and this is a polarizer they are kept in two perpendicular directions and let us go through the points and then we will get into the details of this schematic waves resulting from the combination of superimposed ordinary and extraordinary rays have elliptical spherical or polar wave forms depending upon the amount of relative phase shift between the two rays so what I have just shown in the previous schematic clearly shows that depending upon the phase relative phase shifts either you can have elliptically polarized light like we have seen in the animation but you can also have a spherical and circular wave forms so that is what is being summarized in this slide so you look at this this is the phase retardation and resultant wave form leaving the object and this is the amplitude of the transmitted component at analyzer so you see that the amount of phase shift that is lambda by 8 produces this kind of an amplitude this amount of amplitude let me say a lambda by 4 produces a different level of amplitude and 3 by lambda 3 lambda by 8 produces again different and you see that lambda by 2 produces the maximum amplitude of the analyzer at the analyzer so it is the orientation of the transmission axis of the polarizer and analyzer are indicated the amplitudes of the components of the vibration passing through the analyzer also shown so suppose if I rotate these two with respect to their orientation all this amplitudes are possible so that means you have this the polarizer and an analyzer the two polar depending upon the rotation and their orientation axis you are able to manipulate the amplitude of the transmitted light which is coming to the coming from the specimen to the analyzer so this is the key to appreciate the manipulation of the amplitude of the transmitted beam from the bi-refrigerant specimen so this is the optical scheme for the polarizing microscope you have the polarizer a light source and you have a polarizer it could be a whatever the we have just mentioned in the slide could be any material which is which can do this job polarizing activity and then you have a condenser and then you have the specimen on a rotating stage again objective and this is the another important aperture or device called a compensator or retarder here we will see the what is the function of a retarder retarder will give the specific phase phase shift between ordinary and extraordinary ray and then you will get the relative retardation because the ray which is coming out of the specimen and this will be compared and then you will get the relative retardation and you will get the material characteristics so you have the analyzer and then finally the image plane so image plane you have the both rays are interfering and then producing the contrast so just I mentioned about the retardation plates so let us see what are the principles of the actions of retardation plates or and the three popular compensators so the retardation plate or compensator they are one and the same so look at the schematic let us look at the remarks first and then we will get into the details of the schematic retarders are special bi-refrigerant plates that introduce a fixed amount of relative retardation between ordinary and extraordinary rays whose wavelength spacings are shown here as a dots and dash dashes respectively so here dots and dash this is the wavelength of extraordinary and ordinary ray so the incident rays are linearly polarized since the optic axis of the retarder is in the object plane and perpendicular to the incident ray the ordinary and extraordinary ray follow a trajectories that are super impossible but the waves are relatively retarded in phase so you can see that the both rays ordinary and extraordinary rays they have a similar wavelength but if they are retarded by lambda by 4 then how you will see the waveform here and if it is lambda by 2 it is completely a different orientation compared to the incident waveform so this is how the retardation plate will also operate and you see that this is a typical micrograph of a polarized microscopy the material is under the examination is brass and you see that bright field illumination gives a kind of contrast a polarized light gives an extraordinary contrast now I will take you to the lab where I am going to show a live demonstration about this polarizing microscope and you will appreciate whatever we just discussed so this is in our lab an Olympus microscope similar to what I have introduced in the previous classes so what now you are seeing is an inverted microscope so I do not have to explain the details which you know already the parts of this microscope and so on what I will now concentrate is about the polarizer analyzer setup so if you have listened to the lecture clearly we will now witness this polarizer analyzer orientation here so one is a polarizer is kept here and this is an analyzer which are just and there is a rotation knob to change the orientation of these two so what you are now seeing is a polarizer is kept in this orientation and you can see that there is a mark here which indicates the plane of vibration of the waves in that direction and you have the analyzer and you can also see the mark here which is in the perpendicular direction of the polarizing polarizer so you can now clearly see in much more closer view of the polarizer and then this is an analyzer and you can also see that there is a knob here a rotating knob which is identified by this white spot you can move this in the in a circle that is you can rotate these two to change the orientation of this analyzer so whatever just we have seen in the slides it is exactly the geometry is exactly kept here the polarizer and analyzer are kept in two perpendicular direction and now we will see how this is going to change the contrast of the microstructure so now we are seeing that that knob is being moved to appreciate the orientation of the analyzer so depending upon the orientation you will the retardation also will be there and the various the shift with the phase shift will be according to this orientation shift so now we will see one particular microstructure of is a titanium alloy this is in a bright field mode now we will insert this a polarizer and analyzer in the optical path like this and then now you see what kind of microstructure you are seeing so now you are seeing in a complete extinction condition that means your phase shift is about lambda by 2 it is an extinction condition so now you will slowly rotate this analyzer so your phase shift changes and then you see that the microstructure is getting much more clear with all the details you are able to see as I mentioned this is a titanium alloy you can see that lot of pinnings in the grain and the grain interior now you will see that he is again rotating this analyzer and your image will become almost like a bright field image so that means the phase shift between these two which contributes to the contrast is not there so as long as you are able to do this manipulation of retardation or I would say that phase shift you will be able to get the better contrast in the specimen you will see that it is going back to these bright field mode and then is coming back you can see this operation again this is an extinction condition again that means it goes to a complete orthogonal orientation so now at a specific phase shift you will be able to arrive at the best possible results so I hope you appreciate this demonstrations how the polarizer and analyzer give a better contrast as compared to the bright field illumination and we will look at the other variant of the microscope like a differential interference contrast in the next class thank you.


SWIC is a community of elite operators trained in the operation of state-of-the-art combat and craft, weaponry, and special tactics. We use our speed, stealth, and firepower against high-value targets anywhere in the world. As a SWIC, you will learn the skills to be an expert in heavy weapons, navigation, engineering, and communications. As well as US Coast Guard licensing, accreditation, master mariner training, and maritime engineering. We're looking for teammates with strong character, mental and physical fortitude, and leadership potential that can still think critically while being bold, wet, and uncomfortable. SWIC School is designed to test every candidate. It starts with basic crewman selection to test their fortitude and physical abilities. And then it goes into basic crewman training where we train students on special tactics of naval special warfare. Then it finalizes in crewman qualification training where they culminate and come together as a team in order to prepare them for the special boat teams. For me, the tour was one of the hardest things that I had ever been through. I was tested to my max and it was something that at times I didn't know if I was going to come out the other end. Just going through that couple of days with no sleep, no real meals that you're actually going through and eating, it definitely challenges your mind as well as your body and the only thing you can do is rely on the left and the right of you. You can't get through the tour just as an individual. You have to work as a team and then you get to the point where you're winning as a group because you don't want to let each other down. I think that's really what it's all about. In this pipeline, you are expected to learn all different sorts of skills. Getting behind a gun, shooting it at a range on a trailer and then moving to a boat. That's a big difference. Driving a boat for the first time, that was exhilarating. You have all the control, you have all the power right in your hand. Along with weapons, you need to be the master of everything that we do. Navigate, shoot, move and communicate. Graduation was a big deal. My family was extremely proud seeing the select few that made it through. They were very proud. I was very proud and I still am. The year and a half up to the appointment, working with new detachment and creating a little family. My first appointment was basically the culmination of everything I learned in SWIC training. I was prepared, I was ready. It was what I signed up for. SWIC is a very tight community. We're looking for teammates that will be there for each other, on and off the water, regardless of the situation. The ocean is a very unforgiving environment. We need somebody that's going to push through mentally and physically for their teammates anytime, anywhere. Throughout training, we've given all of the graduates the tools and foundation to be elite Naval Special Warfare operators. Now it's time for them to embark on their new, exciting journey to be an operator at the special boat teams. There's no better time to be a SWIC. Challenge yourself. Earn your spot in the best job in the Navy.


One of the reasons that I found myself developing so fast and I'm already where I'm at in terms of wisdom at the age of 22 is simply because I always went into life and into different things that I projects that I went for with the attitude of do or die it has to work I'm willing to die quote unquote if it fails the first ever crazy like financial thing I did was at age 18 where I was really interested in learning how to be better in dating women and I took $3,000 which was pretty much all my life savings and was meant for college at university and I invested it onto this dating coach that got to Israel for a weekend just to to again spend the weekend with him and learn more about success with women because I had faith that he's gonna help me and change my life see I was already willing to risk at this young age what people consider precious and needs that needs to be kept for the sake of learning and being better the risks got bolder and bigger at some point when I met a coach who taught who said he'll teach me how to make a lot of money online I actually took a loan a $20,000 loan I paid this guy $4,000 and then I took another $4,000 and I moved to live I think it was $6,000 actually I'm just converting it from Israeli currency to two dollars and I actually moved to live in a hotel on the beach because I said okay if I commit to being in this hotel it will basically force me to to make it happen because it's either I make it happen and I started making a lot of money or I'm going to fail and then I'm going to be in debt with a loan of about $10,000 $15,000 at age 20 when my biggest salary was $20,000 up to that point so I was always willing to take these risks and again there's many more and much bigger ones by the way much much bigger risk like the biggest risk I ever took was over $100,000 so again whenever I did them they usually worked and the reason they worked is because it's called burning the boats and you know as based on the myth or actual story I haven't really researched it that when the Roman soldiers came with their boat to attack or was it Spartans I'm sorry for not being historically correct they came to attack and take over an island or a land they would burn the boats so that this way there's no way of turning back and now if they want to build the new boat they have to they have to pillage the place where they're attacking and get new boats so it's either do it's either win or die so I was always like that I always took risks growing risks that every time it looked like potential death for me if I failed and I was willing to do that because I believed in my ideas and I did it from such a young age that I actually developed the habit now eventually I thought that I'm invincible and that there's no way to fail because if you just set like a do or die target you're bound to win you know because you're gonna have that mentality I have no that you have no choice but I found out to the contrary having the biggest failure of my life which I talk extensively about in my new book that's gonna come out soon and what happens is when you fail in these dual dimensions it's not like the army you don't actually die but it's sort of like spiritual spiritual death because you've what happens when you in a do or die situation it's like the worst thing you could have ever imagined the same thing that there was so bad that it kept you from losing actually happens and so if you live through that you come out extremely either bitter like I'll never do that again I hate life and just bomb down to mediocrity or you come out so smart and so full of understandings about life because just imagine the energy you need to get out of a situation like that where the whole world is upside down and everything is with its weight on you you come out with such energy that you become a 10 times stronger person it's like imagine a kid that spent his life getting the shit bit out beat out of him and and having to feed himself and make money on his own and having no father no mother again this kid would there's a high chance that he'll grow up very mentally scarred psychologically scarred and fucked up and have a shit life but if he survived if he actually managed to pull himself out of this situation on his own and and and live you actually get somebody who is like like a stronger person than anybody else like he's there's nobody can compete with him because the amount of shit that he endured he can take on anything now and again that's sort of how I feel to a large extent of course not fully but that wouldn't have happened if I wasn't always so willing to risk everything so whatever it is for you that you want whether it be it'd be you know growth in your business to start a business maybe you want to be famous maybe there's a place you want to move to maybe you want to move to LA maybe you want a certain girlfriend or boyfriend look if you're not willing to risk it and really I'm not I'm not a brave guy it's gonna sound funny but I'm not a brave guy I consider myself a pretty timid guy I don't usually take risks I don't take risks on a day-to-day basis I'm actually very conservative but I am willing to take the big risks so you know when I see that the one situation not just the many small opportunities you know oh you see that girl that's beautiful no so I probably won't approach her because I'll be scared or there's this tiny opportunity you know somebody threw something on the ground and you have an opportunity to say hey don't do that you know I'm very timid in these situations I'm a timid guy but give me like a major decision like look man you could keep growing steadily and have this cool very steady life or you could take this huge risk risk being losing more money than you ever made in a matter of a month or two but but if this works out if this actually works out you'll make history what do you say I'll say yes I probably say let me think about it taking a few hours maybe a date maybe two days three days yeah because because you know even after failing on do or die missions I can tell you shit man it was worth it it was worth every bit of it because I got ten years of wisdom in three year in three months of torment so you know would you be willing to have the three month worst months of your life where you consider suicide and everything is so bad like you don't see an end to it for the potential price of ten years of wisdom I would so really it's a matter of shortening life your life let's call it the the time it takes to create experiences in your life most people take 50 60 years 70 years like as steady slow investors just to you know retired 50 60 with not even enough and you want to be the guy who is willing to go broke to get rich in three years I mean if you're my kind of guy overall I hope this makes sense I hope you like the video I have two more for today I'm getting very emotional in my content lately like I'm speaking more and more from the heart kind of who I am and that's really nice for me like I really love that and I'm also getting smarter every day since I'm working with more clients I'm growing more and reading more and learning more and experiencing more so it's I'm on a good cycle after a long time and I'm really happy about it so thanks for watching and see you soon


We hope you enjoyed that replay of Dr. McCurgy's talk on head and neck spaces. Dr. McCurgy is here live to take your questions, so we'll open the floor for any questions you may have. You can submit a question through the Q&A feature, and we will try to get to as many as we can before our time is up. Dr. McCurgy, welcome. Thanks for being here. Hey, thanks a lot. Thanks for having me. How much time do we have for the Q&A? You can go 10 minutes, 15 minutes, however you feel. Okay, sounds great. Hello. Thanks again for having me. Let's see. We have a couple of questions in the question and answer again. Thanks so much for attending. We had lots of registrations and a lot of people attend, so it's fabulous. So the first question I have are, what are the keys to consider to differentiate cordomas from condo sarcomas? So I saw that in the chat and what I'll do is I'll go ahead and bring this lecture up and hopefully, is that Ashley on the screen? I don't know who's on there. Is that you or who's on the screen? Yes, I'm here. So I'll just, I just wanted to, you can see my screen. Is that right? Yep, we sure can. Okay, great. So it's a great question and I see a lot of questions popping up. So I'll try to get through these as quick as I can. So the thing about, I'll just go this way is probably easier. You know, cordomas are malignant tumors that arise from the notochordal remnants and it's always been confusing to me because when I hear notochord, I actually think of the spinal cord. But in actuality, the notochord is the precursor to the spine itself. So it goes all the way up from the clivus and the basisvenoid all the way down to the tip of the sacrum. So as a result, if you don't think of cordoma as the core and you just remember cordoma as the area where the spine develops, that really is one of the key features that helps me, meaning that cordoma is actually arise from the embryology, embryological determinants of the notochord. So as a result, when we do look at cordomas, cordomas tend to be midline lesions because they arise from the spinal cord. And they also tend to have this pseudo, if you will, I always call it this sort of a pseudo cystic appearance. And that's because they create fissiliferous cells. So they tend to be cystic on T2, which they're really not because they contain a lot of mucin and they also enhance with contrast. So they are solid, but they tend to be midline. Another example here, you look at this and you think it's cystic, but in actuality, when you end up giving T1 weighted images with contrast, you can see that it's enhancing. So they're midline lesions. Now, if I fast forward to the chondrosarcoma, chondrosarcoma arise pyramid line, and they tend to arise from this area just to the left of midline, which is the petroclival synchondrosis. So cordomas tend to be a little bit more pyramid line, and they also oftentimes will have what my musculoskeletal folks refer to as rings and circles. And they tend not to have that, if you will, that pseudo cystic appearance. On T2, they can either be low signal, they can be high signal, and that T2 signal really depends on the actual elements. But as a rule of thumb, cordomas tend to be more pyramid line as opposed to midline. And they have this, if you will, new bone formation. So the next question that I got, well, we have so many right now. I'll try to get these quick as I can is, how do you differentiate between pleomorphic adenomas and worthens tumors? So let me try to exit out of this one. There we go, and I'll try to share a different screen because I saw that pop up when I was looking at this. And this actually goes back to the lecture that you just saw. So this is what helps me differentiate pleomorphic adenomas from worthens tumors. And literally this just came up yesterday in the tumor board that I attend. So worthens tumors, the other name, if you remember this, I think this kind of helps you. The name for worthens, other name for worthens tumors is called cyst adenoma lymphomatosum. And what that means is the lymphomatosum means that it actually arises from lymphoid tissue. And in the parotid gland, they're actually inter-parotid lymph nodes and they arise in four levels. They arise anterior to the traga, so it's pre-tragal, below the parotid capsule. So they're subcapsular, along the facial nerve, and then also in the tail of the parotid gland. So they're four different areas. So lymph nodes tend to be multiple. They tend to be bilateral and they have a propensity for the parotid tail. So because worthens tumors arise from that lymphoid tissues, if I see something that's arising in the parotid tail or something that's multiple, then I start thinking about worthens tumors. Now, on the other hand, if I see something that is high signal on T2 and in general tends to arise from the body of the parotid gland, tends to be unilateral and it basically stays away from the tail of the parotid gland. Then I think of pleomorphic adenomas. So sometimes it can be hard for sure, but to answer your question specifically, is something's high signal on T1, excuse me, high signal on T2 that's solid and that sort of arises in the main portion of the parotid gland, I start thinking about pleomorphic adenomas. But on the other hand, if I see something that is multiple, bilateral, and especially involves a parotid tail, then that really tends to favor worthens tumors. So the next question that came up was, you mentioned that pleomorphic adenomas are the most common tumors of the paraphera and glial space. What glandular structure do they originate from? And that's a really great question. And the way that I think of this is as follows. The most the head and neck structures that form the regular fibro fatty area and the muscles are pretty ubiquitous. They occur anywhere in the body. Now there are certain areas in the head and neck that arise to what I would refer to as the head and neck is tumors and specifically salivary gland lesions. So the reason why pleomorphic adenomas are the most common tumors of the paraphera and glial space is that during embryology, you can have these small little rests of minor salivary gland tumors that tend to embed themselves in the paraphera and glial space. And as a result, when you have those little areas of ectopic salivary gland tissues, this is what gives rise to things like pleomorphic adenomas or occasionally you'll see adenoid cystic carcinomas, etc. But in general, pleomorphic adenomas are the most common tumors that arise from these ectopic rests. And because these ectopic rests are located in the paraphera and glial space, this is what gives rise to pleomorphic adenomas. So the next question that I had was how do we differentiate necrotic retro phera and glial lymph nodes from abscesses? So let me go ahead and stop my share because I saw this one too while the talk was going on. And let's see here. Help me out here. How do I stop my share? Let's see. Oops. Sorry about that. Maybe at the top of your screen. There we go. Yeah, sometimes it gets lost there. Yeah. Thank you. So we'll go to this next one. And I think I pulled that one up. Again, another great question that was pertinent to this talk. So we'll start with this. Can you see my screen? Is that a yes? That's perfect. So when we started looking at the head and neck structures, we already talked about the visceral space. So I think the way I said, if you say I, anything that you look in your mouth is in the visceral space, then we talked about this fascia layer. And this fascia layer has different names to it. You can either call it the visceral fascia or the fringomucosal fascia or the buccal, or the fringofringle basara fascia. There's so many names to it. In fact, the names have been changing for the last 250 years. And I assume in the next 20 years, there may be another name. I mean, who knows? But the important thing to know is that there is this fascia layer that separates the visceral space from the spaces behind the pharynx. And where these little green dots are, those are the retroferential lymph nodes. So what happens when you have an infection involving the tonsils? And the pharynx, the primary drainage ends up going to the medial and the lateral retroferential lymph node, and they have a propensity for the lateral retroferential lymph nodes. So the first area of infection are going to be the deposition here, this pus involving the retroferential lymph nodes. And this is what we refer to appropriately as suppurative adenitis. This is not an abscess, but it is supuration or pus within the retroferential lymph nodes. Then as they grow, I always think of them as water balloons. So as it gets bigger and bigger and bigger, the water balloons pop and then all of a sudden you end up getting pus in the retroferential space. So this is a true retroferential space abscess. Now, when you have a retroferential space abscess, if it gets worse and worse and worse, it can grow posteriorly and eventually erode into the top of the spine. So this and specifically at C1 and C2. So here we have this retroferential space abscess extending posteriorly to involve the spine. And if you look closely, it's actually extending into the epidural space. And then when you could give contrast, you can see this epidural space abscess. So here when you give contrast, you can see the fluid collection in the retroferential space. Then you have this erosion of the spine and then you have the epidural collection in the anterior spinal canal. So that's the difference between suppurative adenitis in retroferential space abscess. And that is the normal, if you will, pathophysiology and spread patterns of the retroferential space infections. So the next question, wow, we have a lot. Keep them coming in. So the next question that I have is what is your experience with Delphian lymph adenopathy in children? And the bottom line is it's not very common. Most of the Delphian lymph nodes, so when we mean Delphian lymph nodes, what these Delphian lymph nodes are, is that they are the pretracheal lymph nodes. So they're technically a level six lymph nodes and they're located anterior to the trachea. And I haven't had much experience of these in children. The few times that I have seen it has probably been in patients with tuberculosis. In the old days, we would call tuberculosis of the neck. The term that we used to use was scrawfula. So I think in occasionally, I assume these tuberculosis of the neck, the scrawfula could involve the expected location of the Delphian lymph nodes, but in general, not much experience in kids. Most commonly, I see them in adults and they are usually due to recurrences in head and neck cancer. Specifically, I've seen it in swamous cell carcinoma and in thyroid carcinoma. And it's not the initial recurrence. Oftentimes, it's patients that have been treated with head and neck cancers with squamous cell carcinomas with multiple treatments. And eventually, the Delphian lymph nodes end up getting involved oftentimes because they're not involved in standard neck dissections and the radiation therapist may not particularly focus on the pretracheal lymph nodes during treatment. So the next question was the differentiate between rector, pharyngeal, space, abscess and cellulitis. So let me bring that, Ashley, we do an okay with time or what? Absolutely. You go as long as you'd like to. Okay. If you've got another, you've got to be somewhere else. Let me know. So again, another, another great question. And so let me, let me bring this up and let's see here. Yeah. So I think this is probably the best example here. So can you see my screen, Ashley? Yes. Okay. Great. So that, that it's really isn't an excellent question. And this is an example of edema or sometimes we use the term retrofaryngeal space diffusion. So this is oftentimes associated with CPPT disease involving the dens and we call this calcific tendinitis. And so edema involved in the retrofaryngeal space, it tends not to have as much mass effect. You can't have some mass effect, but not a lot, but it tends to be, you know, it's kind of fuzzy and hazy and very, very symmetric. And with the leap of faith, this word by arrow is pointing at right now actually identifies the alar fascia. So the alar fascia is not always seen, but if I see this low attenuation here and I see the alar fascia, then that really makes me 100% sure that I'm dealing with edema. Now, on the other hand, when we start looking at retrofaryngeal space abscesses and I'll show a more classical example. Here we can see there's fluid, there's midline and it has much more mass effects. So there really is a definable collection here. Whereas before when we talk about retrofaryngeal space edema, it's not as well defined. It's a little bit more symmetric and it's a little bit more separated. Now, if you don't see a lot of head and neck and you see something like this and you're not sure, my feeling it's always better to err on being more conservative and suggesting the possibility of an abscess as opposed to not and then being wrong and it is because that can lead to more problems. But so if you're not sure, then it's probably better to just at least raising the possibility because what you don't want to do is that you don't want to say that something is not an abscess and it turns out that it actually is an abscess. So that's where I would sort of titrate if you will or set my reasset. Let's see. So that was the ones that I saw before. Now what I see here is if you evaluate subglottic symptoms, do you have them scanned and with expiration saying E to evaluate the trachea? So again, a terrific question in general. I don't. I think when you are evaluating patients with subglottic stenosis, the main thing is there is there an anatomic narrowing in the region of the subglottis and I think that can be evaluated just with standard imaging. You know, I think I mentioned before, I actually see patients every week. In fact, Wednesdays is the days I see patients in in our head, neck clinic. And so I'm actually in there when they perform the endoscopies and the laryngoscopies. And so I can actually see the ease and the reversed ease and the effect that it actually has on the vocal cord. And I know oftentimes we will say this in radiology should we do these vocal cord procedures. But in general, I don't think they're necessarily very helpful because, you know, when the surgeons do perform an endoscopy, they can they can actually see the vocal cords move. So from my standpoint, at least my opinion is, is that you can do this if you want to, but in general, you know, what we are looking for is an anatomic cause of the subglottic stenosis. And I don't not sure how much the vocal cord manipulations will help with that. The next question is, how do we differentiate a glandular lesion from intraglandular lymph adenopathy? I have to admit, I'm not sure what that means. Maybe if you could provide a little bit more detail, I can, I can answer that. But I don't want to give a tangential answer. So if Dr. Pritthas Dalon, you can just maybe type that question again. The next question is the infertemporal fossa versus the retro maxillary space. So let me bring up the spaces talk here. There's the spaces of that neck talk. Let's see. Whoops, hold on for a second. I didn't do my share. Sorry about that. Spaces, there we go. Okay, so in general, the way to think about it is let's say you should be seeing the screen. Can you see it, Ashley? I can see it. Yep. Great. Okay. So again, in the head and neck, what we end up doing is that we give different pieces. Sorry about that. Different pieces of anatomy, the same name. So when we look at, you should do it. When we look at the masticator space, this really is synonymous with the infertemporal fossa. So anytime you see infertemporal fossa, basically just think masticator space. Now, when you talk about the retro maxillary space, when I think of the retro maxillary space, it's not really a true space. I just think of this more as a descriptor. It's any of this region right here behind the maxillary sinus. So if I see the maxillary sinus and someone says retro maxillary space, what that usually indicates to me, it would include this area right here. So that would include our little fremen right here, which is sphenopalentine fremen, the pterigral palentine fossa, and the pterigal maxillary fissure. And if you want to, it could probably include also some of the muscles of mastication, the anterior portion of the muscles of mastication. So in general, the infertemporal fossa to me is synonymous with the masticator space. And then the retro maxillary space, if you will, is this, that little area right here that's immediately posteriorly to the max, immediately posterior to the maxillary sinus. Please shed some light on the buckle space. Sure. So the buckle space is actually kind of an interesting space. If you will, it probably doesn't get enough love, if you will. So the buckle space, let me bring that up right here. It's essentially this area right here. So on the schematic illustration, it actually defines it pretty well. So ignore the area in red, but the buckle space is this area that's lateral to this clinical area that we refer to as the gingiva buckle sulcus. So what is the gingiva buckle sulcus? The gingiva buckle sulcus is the gingiva, which aligns the, is the mucosa line of the maxillary and the mandibular alveolar ridge. So basically it's our maxilla and our jaw. Then you have the buckle area, which is the mucosal layer aligned the inner portion of the cheek. So this is actually when you look in someone's mouth. So that's what we refer to as the gingiva buckle sulcus. Now, if we extend more laterally and we actually get into, if you will, the cheek structures, then we get into the buckle space. So the buckle space is the skin.  So for me, the buckle space is this area right here, which is lateral to the maxilla maxillary alveolar ridge and lateral to that and then medial to the mandible.  The buckle space also contains this little duct right here, which schematically would represent Stenson's duct. We have the superficial muscles of facial expression, which include muscles like the obicularis oris. And then we have peripheral branches of the seventh nerve. And because we're in the buckle area, these are the buckle branches of the facial nerve. So when I think of the buckle space, I think of this sort of wrong border triangular area of fiber fatty tissue, which is lateral to the maxillary alveolar ridge and just medial to the ramus of the mandible that tends to extend posteriorly. Right. All right. How do we differentiate between deep low parotid tumors and parapherangeal lesions? Okay. So that's another great question. And again, I'm glad you ask it because it's always been and it always has been excuse me and continues to be an area of confusion.  I've got a nice example, I think right here. So this is a, let's see, you can still see, right? Ashley, is that right? Yes. Okay. Great. So just to reiterate, let me go back one, yes, perfect. So just to reiterate, here's the triangular portion of the parotid gland here and then this is the retromandibular vein and just lateral to the retromandibular vein is going to be the facial nerve. So when we look at the facial nerve, here's the main trunk of the facial nerve and these are the various branches. So I had the privilege of being in Africa recently. So the mnemonic that I use this is actually to Zanzibar by motor car. So two is the temporal branch of the facial nerve. Zanzibar is the zygomatic branch by is going to be the buckle branch. Motor is going to be the marginal mandibular branch and car is going to be the cervical branch. So to Zanzibar by motor car. So that's the plane that separates a superficial from the deep lobe of the parotid gland. Now, when we look more deeply to the parotid gland, now we're going to see the parapherangeal space. So the question that we get into is whether or not a mass like this is actually involved in the deep lobe of the parotid gland or is it actually involving the parapherangeal space. So in this particular case, this was a pleomorphic adenoma and notice how this mass right here is extending through this area that it's located between the styloid process and the mandible. And this little area right here is referred to as the stylo mandibular tunnel. So if I see a pleomorph or if I see a mass right here is extending through the stylo mandibular tunnel, what we're classically taught is that if you see something extending through that tunnel, then this is a deep lobe parotid gland mass extending into the parapherangeal space. In fact, if you look at the opposite side, here's the mandible here, the styloid process is going to be right about there. In fact, that probably is a styloid process. So there's our stylo mandibular tunnel and you can see just a smidgen right here of deep lobe of parotid tissue. So you can see that if something arose from here, this would involve stylo mandibular tunnel. Now, if I show this case, notice how this mass is not really extending through the stylo mandibular tunnel. It sort of gets to that tunnel and it stops. So this mass is isolated in the parapherangeal space and it does make a difference in how these patients are treated because some surgeons, if it's involving the parapherangeal space, they may or the deep lobe, they may wish to just do a total parotidectomy through a parotid approach. But if we know that there's a substantial amount of involvement of the parapherangeal space or rising in the parapherangeal space, then some surgeons may elect to do a mandibular swing procedure because that will give them better access to the parapherangeal space. So for me, it's how much of this extension is going through the stylo mandibular tunnel. And if everything is medial to that stylo mandibular tunnel, then that suggests that it's primarily arising from the parapherangeal space. Dr. McCrary, how about one or two more and then we'll wrap up for the day? Does that sound okay? Yeah, it sounds great. Um, boy, oh boy. Should we just do it by who came first? Or perfect. Yeah, it's nice to have all this interest, right? Absolutely. Um, let's see on lymphoma PET CTs is the bilateral FDG of itty the parotid glands, normal physiologic uptake or an indication lymphoma disinvolvement? Again, another great question. If there is just diffuse uptake in the parotid glands, just diffusely uptake in the parotid glands, then that's usually indicative of just normal physiological uptake. Because the parotid glands contain individual lymph nodes, if I see a PET CT scan and I see multiple focal areas of increased uptake within the parotid glands like little balls, cannonballs or ping pong balls or now we can call them pickle balls, I guess, within the parotid gland that are round, then that's more suggestive of lymphoma. Whereas if it's diffuse uptake in the parotid glands, then that's really more indicative of physiological uptake. And then the next one is really quick. Will it be wrong to call a masticator space lesion as infertemporal lesion? The answer is no. I use the terms masticator space and infertemporal interchangeably. The next one real quick, that's quick. What all spaces are the infertemporal fossa consist of? The infertemporal fossa is essentially the masticator space like we talked about before. So should we just stop there and then we want to, Ashley, we can do a repeat of this later if you want or maybe another talk or something like that.