Hi, today we're going to check out the new rules of green screen Back when I started as a TV commercial director More than 10 years ago green screen was a prevalent but incredibly painful thing green screens were made from plastic They were shiny. They kept creases in them for a long period of time We had no option but to light them with tungsten or HMI that was really difficult to do it spilled green everywhere it clashed with skin tones and Once you've got the footage into post you had to overlay multiple different Kears that had different ranges and use garbage mats and basically Finesse the green screen hour after hour to try and get something that was usable Maybe even tracking and rotoscoping out things that went wrong. It was generally hard work Finicky and not something that you really look forward to I'm working on a project and the DP suggested that we green screen the Car scene so that we have more control I immediately said I don't want to get messed up with green screen again It's a real headache and he said how long since you've done any green screen so I did some research and Green screen has changed I have to say there have been a couple of factors one is the development of Chroma green and Digi green which are ones are darker and ones are brighter green that give you really consistent keys Another is the cameras the acquisition and also the software So I thought we would dive in today and see what are the new rules of green screen step one start with the Right material do not go and get a bed sheet from target get a proper Chroma key green if you're going to shoot outside and not have the control over the brightness or If you're shooting inside get a digi green and you'll almost have a nice usable key With probably the ambient coming in from your main lights you should however light it separately And if you can light with green light if you have RGB LEDs and you're able to light with green You'll get the right exposure with much less brightness and as a result have less spill You want your green screen and your subject to be at least six feet away from one another so that you're not Contaminating your subject with spill from the green and you want to light them separately So you want to light the green screen with green like your talent the way that you want and have a nice clean Separation between them you want definitely want to shoot in at least 4-2-2, but most probably raw Raw has a whole separate channel for the green screen So you're not going to get any color contamination or chroma subsampling that'll mess up your key You want a 40% brightness green screen in rec 709 So you can adjust use your false colors to do this You could also use your zebras or something like that the easiest way is to see a nice consistent line across your Histogram a waveform monitor that's going to tell you that your green screen is below 50% and your subject is above 50% You also want your shutter speed above 100 of a second or a 90 degrees if you're using that measurement this reduces motion blur and stops their green being dragged into the blurred elements of your main subject if you're not going for that saving private Ryan Staccato motion you can add motion blur back in post, but it's going to be a lot easier once you've key to subject So here's my shot. I'm going to take it into resolve and add it to fusion now I'm just going to go to matte and find the delta keyer Drag it in between my input and output and then use the eyedropper to select the green It is literally one click if you have done your shooting the right way because delta in DaVinci resolve uses artificial intelligence and look you you see here It's separating even the individual hairs from the background It is vastly different to the way it was done 10 years ago with chroma keying or Ultraman I'll go back out to my timeline drag this up to the top layer put my selected Background underneath it and now I can go into the color tab and by clicking in between layers I can grade the clips individually this took all of five minutes to get a Beautifully keyed out background now all you have to do is get the two to match maybe adding some atmosphere in between and really just finessing the Composition you can now do green screen almost as easily as you can calibrate your footage So I encourage you to experiment with it see how you can push back the limits of storytelling Expand the world that you're creating and generally push your filmmaking to a new level Thank you very much for watching leave your questions in the comments, and I will see you next time


Live from the Julia Morgan Ballroom in San Francisco, extracting the signal from the noise, it's theCUBE covering structure 2015. Hi, welcome, Jeff Frick here with theCUBE. We are live on the ground at the Julia Morgan Ballroom in downtown San Francisco for the structure event. It's back, there's a little bit of a hiatus, but structure is back. This is the first one that they're kind of relaunching. I think it's about 400 or 500 people here packed into the Julia Morgan Ballroom. They've got a full slate of a who's who's of people in technology all around cloud and also big data and some other topics, but really a heavy cloud focus. And we're excited to be here covered. It's the first time theCUBE's been to structure, George. So we're going to be here for two days of wall-to-wall coverage. Get some of the smartest people we can find, sit down, extract the signal from the noise and bring you the content that you're looking for. So joined here by George Gilbert, analyst from Wikibon. Hey, George. Good to be here, Jeff. So I know we did about 80 events this year, but I know you were particularly looking forward to structure. What gets you so charged up about structure? Well, structure? Well, for one, I was part of GigaOM for several years before coming over to Wikibon and theCUBE, but structure was an iconic event because it was really one of the first ones that tried to define cloud computing back when it was just a bunch of definitions and not a lot of reality. And so that's what brought sort of the thought leadership circle into the orbit of the conference and sort of into the orbit of GigaOM at the time. And it's really a lot of the shows that we go to now, there's usually a primary sponsor or kind of a one or two primary sponsors. Really don't have that here. It's really still an industry show, a thought leadership show with a broad representation. So what are some of the things you're looking forward to learning while we're here for the next couple of days? Well, traditionally, the way it was defined is structure started out as a cloud infrastructure. And then they spun off another conference, structure data, which was around emerging big data. And that too started to define that sort of class of solutions. And then more recently, they spun off structure connect, which was about internet of things. But it's not going to be just cloud infrastructure and software defined sort of data centers here. It's, I mean, just a sample of some of the folks we're talking to, the EMC owned VCE, converged infrastructure company. We're going to be talking to CoreOS, the guys who've made a lot of noise around streamlined applications, sort of containers and orchestration. Apsara, one of the sort of industry luminaries who's pioneered the platform as a service market and who had much colorful history before that. Puppet and configuration management. It goes through hot and cold phases. It's hot again. Data gravity, which is doing something where it's almost like data loss prevention, which used to be just on the client, but now they make sure your data stays and doesn't go anywhere it shouldn't go, even in a shared server environment. And two things that are really outside the cloud infrastructure realm, SAP and Azure, Microsoft platform and applications as a service. And we have lots of interesting questions to ask of all these guys. So it's interesting that you talked about really cloud, big data and IoT really being separate tracks, but really the three of those things combined together that are giving really the driving force in the marketplace. And it's interesting you mentioned SAP. We're actually going to be at an SAP event at the Hanahauts in Palo Alto later tonight where they're introducing their cloud Hanah IoT solution. So these things are all coming together and they all help enable one another. So I don't know, can we really separate them anymore? Or do you have to blend them all together? If you try to separate it, it's kind of like splitting a warm cookie. The boundaries not quite that clean. In the 2008, 2009 timeframe, when some of the big cloud data centers were being built out, most of the volume was still based on web clients, but rapidly that converted to serving mobile devices as those exploded in volume and in their demands for backend cycles. And the same thing's happening with internet of things in that the amount of machine generated data is just dwarfing what we collected in sort of corporate applications in the past. And that's why you're seeing some overlap on all these areas. And at the end of the day, those are all infrastructure components and ways to do things different and integrate more data into your solutions. But at the end of the day, it's still about applications and solutions. And one of the hypothesis or topics that you write on extensively is systems of engagement. So how is the marriage of these three trends really enabling and accelerating systems of engagement versus historically what we're always systems of record? I have to needle you and remind you that, like I like to call them systems of intelligence because the systems of engagement I view as a richer UI and a richer end user experience, but I distinguish it from systems of intelligence because that's where there's in a set of analytics that automates some or all of the decision process. So like a vendor, you wouldn't have someone in the call center, you know, assisting a user on the website. It would, the vendor's application would automatically make a next best offer or try and prevent a churn advance for a telco. But going back to what's driving it. So yes, just the way mobile took off and drove, you know, like the number of data centers that Google and Facebook are building because of the traffic volume on mobile is more advanced systems, whether on mobile devices or on the web. They require data as their raw material and analytics as the recipe for mixing it. And that's requiring an amount of infrastructure that we couldn't have imagined before. Just by way of example, I spoke to the COO of GE's central IT group and now they're a rather decentralized organization. But they said they have roughly 30 petabytes of data right now from traditional applications. They said in short order, the data coming off their machines in the field and not the ones they own, but the ones they've sold is going to just dwarf that. And so, you know, so yes, there is a link to, you know, the structure infrastructure that we're talking about here. Right, and Bill Rue and the team have a huge presence now of San Ramon with a software group that was really built around the platform of connecting the various GE business units and now they're building applications on top of that.  They're not going to do that again in servers and in data centers and are really all in. We're seeing them everywhere.  And a lot of people have talked about Moore's law kind of slowing down or even ending, but that's with the old definition, which was the transistor density on a chip. But when you put them in data centers and you put how many transistors in a rack, you know, in a refrigerator size rack, that number is actually accelerating. You know, it's a different way of looking at it. Well, you know, we've talked to Kim Stevenson about Moore's law at Intel. She really talked about Moore's law really as being a way of thinking, a way of developing, a way of kind of setting expectations in the way things move as opposed to just purely around silicon. But at the same time, when we talked to John Fowler from Oracle talking about next gen spark chips, he's talking about moving more and more functionality into silicon to continue to accelerate that. So we've got to break here in a minute, last kind of thought before we jump in and start interviewing our guests. I think the most interesting thing is viewers will see today us talk all the way from the infrastructure layer, hardware, all the way up to the applications that consume that. One example, SAP, as you mentioned, we're going down to cover their internet of things in memory database rollout. That database was made possible by the changing relative price performance between memory and CPU. And when we have memory rich environments, we can totally rethink how databases work so they're much faster, contain much more data. So we'll see that gamut today. And then rethink the application, right? And the solution, what you can do today that you couldn't do before. So it's exciting times with George Gilbert, Jeff Rick. We're going to be here all day tomorrow and the next day. We're at Structure in downtown San Francisco. We'll be back with our next guest after this short break. Thanks for watching.


Hello, everyone. Welcome to Oxmer Toyota. I am Gabrielle and I would like to do a walk around on the beautiful Toyota Crown. Now this is the 2023 and this is the limited. So you guys, it's in the beautiful magnetic gray metallic exterior color. Now you are going to have the quad LED lights. So absolutely beautiful kind of stacked in there.  Gorgeous. Going to be 19 inch alloy wheels. Now you are going to have this black strip right here. And a lot of the features are going to be inside. So why don't we go ahead and take a look in the interior.  This is going to have heated and cooled seating. You have your all-weather floor liners. So there's going to be two 12.3 inch screens. You are going to have Apple CarPlay Android Auto. You've got your wireless phone charger. You kind of just stick it right in there. It makes it really easy. There's going to be 11 speakers JBL. There's a subwoofer and amplifier. And also if you look up, you are going to have a panoramic fixed sunroof. So you can close that shade, open it. But the sunroof will not open. But it is the whole top of the vehicle. So absolutely stunning. And in the back you are going to have plenty of space for your passengers. You have your USB chargers and your air vents. Also while we're in the back you are going to have heated seating back here as well. But this vehicle has gorgeous styling. And another thing that I love is kind of the gold stitching. And in the front too, really all around the interior, you are going to have that gold and the dash kind of in your doors. It's just really beautiful against the black. Alright you all, now if you have any questions on the crown, let us know. All of our contact info is listed right here. Thanks guys for watching and I'll see you soon. Bye.


This 2016 GMC Sierra 3500 double cab long box dual rear wheel is stock number 11849Z. We are here at Summit Automotive in Final Act Wisconsin, your new and used heavy duty truck headquarters. This 2016 GMC Sierra 3500 work truck has the 6.6 liter Duramax diesel with the LML motor which pumps out 397 horsepower. This truck has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100 percent ready to go. Summit white is the color. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second so if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone or television turn them on right now because it is definitely your best way to check out the quality and condition of the truck before seeing it in person. And if you would like to subscribe to our YouTube channel in the lower right hand part of the screen is a gold subscribe button click that and then click the bell notifications to get updates on the videos we do each and every day of our new and used inventory here at Summit. This one comes with the steel rims with the chrome wheel simulators it has open range all terrain tires on it these are LT 235 80R 17s and these tires look like they have probably about I'd say 80 to 90 percent of the tread left on there so very good amount of tread left on those tires frames in really nice shape. Front fender I didn't see any dents or dings on there now this one being a work truck it does have the HID headlamps and the LED running lights. Front bumper is in excellent shape no dents or dings on there and the lower valence is in really nice condition as well. Night lenses are nice and clear and you do get that chrome trimmed grill. The hood is in nice condition I didn't see any dents or dings on that and the passenger side front fender is in really nice shape as well no dents on there. Passenger side wheel simulator no scuffs or scrapes and as you go down this side the truck take note of how clean the body is how reflective and mirror like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the truck you can see the truck hear the truck and of confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here so when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises and that way you can make a smart buying decision from the comfort of your own home. Very clean down that side back wheel simulator is in great shape as well and the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires frame and underbody very little to no corrosion maybe just a little bit of dust on that frame but no corrosion that I saw has all the remaining factory exhaust so it hasn't been altered in any way shape or form and the lower rockers look really good those are factory painted step bars and the dually tubs look really good as well I didn't see any major scuffs or dents on them rear bumper is in nice shape no dents or dings on there does have the rear bumper steps full towing package which includes a receiver hitch four pin and seven pin wiring and the tailgate is in really nice condition as well I didn't see any major dents or dings on there it does come with a nice drop-in pendulum liner and that tailgate shuts nice and solidly as you go down the driver's side just as clean as that passenger side no dents or dings on the rear tub on this side looks really good no major rock chips on the front of the dually tub and for full disclosure this back wheel simulator is in excellent shape as well down the rest of the side the truck looks really good it does come with the telescopic tow mirrors they have built in directional signals there and on the side as well as LED side lights these mirrors pull out like so they also fold in and go like that inside the work truck package gives you the gray cloth interior there are no rips there are no tears on the seats there in very nice condition comes with the heavy-duty rubber floors auto headlamps factory brake controller power windows power locks and power mirrors well hop inside here and take a look at the radio and the ignition you can see that this truck has forty four thousand four hundred and twelve miles instrument cluster is very nice and clean steering wheel is in nice condition as well you do get cruise controls on the left and there's no major excessive wear on there you get the allison six-speed automatic transmission with the optional tap-shift AM FM radio this one you got your different settings and stuff that you can do there but that's basically all it has is AM FM down here your climate controls as well as your heated mirror buttons stability control that's for your cargo lamps that's how you turn those LED side lights on I'll show you that in a second and you do get a factory exhaust brake this one does come with a hundred ten volt hundred fifty watt plug-in as well passenger side floor and seat are in excellent condition to no rips or tears on there and the headliner is in really nice condition I didn't see any rips or tears or major stains on there and you do get map lights up there we'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll start it up back seats are just as clean as the front seats no rips or tears back here has latch child safety system and you get the fixed glass rear window these seats do fold up like so you can see that floor is in very nice clean condition there are those LED side lights they are super bright we'll start it up and take a quick look under the hood starts right up no check engine lights or anything like that I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you've been able to tell just how clean this truck is all the way around inside and out under the hood we have the 6.6 liter Duramax diesel with the LML motor 397 horsepower engine bay is very clean runs very smooth once again this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint and to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks scvs minivans wranglers half tons three quarter tons one tons you name it we got to go to that website right there www.summitauto.com full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com if you like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there in fact the second you'll see link to subscribe to our youtube channel in the upper left to link to more Chevy Silver or GMC Sierra 3500 truck videos like this one in the upper right a link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left and a link to one of our latest youtube videos in the lower right click those check us out and we're super excited to help you with this ultra clean 2016 GMC Sierra 3500 double cab long box dual rear wheel work truck in summit white thanks again for checking out the video and click those bell notifications


So, uh, well, Craig is keeping his eye on the refurb store. And guess what? He sent us an email and he found a Mac studio is now in the refurb store. Now, when he found it, which was on July 1st, there was one model. I when I went there last night, there are now 10 models. Ooh, of the Mac studio. Very nice. I'm looking at some for under $2,000. So, yeah, OK. I'm looking now and we're recording this on Friday, July 8th, if that matters to anyone and there are, yeah, it looks like six, seven, eight models. Starting with the for 1799, 10 core CPU, 24 core GPU and how much RAM? I've got 32 gigs of memory, 512 gig SSD. So you get the interleaved SSD. There is an issue with the M2 chips. When you have just the 256 gig SSD, you don't get quite the speed there because it's not interleaved, but 512 and higher, you get that. We were talking about that. If you joined our pre-show chat at MacGigab.com slash Discord, and then you would, you would have, you would have been part of that. But we like to surface these things and share. So just in case that's one of your five things to learn. So there you go. It was it was one of mine. I that's that I learned this morning. So, yeah, yeah, not bad, 1799. So and the good news is there are third party services that will do this for you. And I just looked at refurb dash tracker dot com. And they have the Mac Studio on their list now. So they're great. So they're with the program. Yeah, refurb tracker is one of my favorite tools to use because you can get really specific.  And then you're like, yeah, OK, great. And it'll even show you if what you've just typed in is in stock. And then it starts to get really fun. But you could say, OK, you know, I want 10 core CPU and all right, there's no matching products. So what have I done wrong? OK, I need to look this way and, you know, you'll find your you'll find your home. Yeah, I'd like that feature because. Typically, if I just hop into the refurb store and you look at the configurations, it's like, oh, that's why it's in there because, you know, like I find that they have like the SSD is like way too small for for my needs. So I'm like, no, skip that. Yeah, yeah, no, and it's great. And then you can subscribe to that once you customize your alert and it will email you when that appears in the refurb store. And the refurb store app, we're talking about Apple's refurb store here. The refurb store is updated essentially in real time. It throughout the day stock comes and goes. So it is it is absolutely worth using something like refurb tracker. We needed to get a new Mac for Jeff Q here at Backbeat Media. And we decided that an M1 mini was absolutely the right Mac for him. But we wanted to make sure it had the most RAM it could have in a, you know, a big SSD so that it would future proof because he's someone that keeps his computers for a fairly long time. And and it took us a couple of weeks for that to appear in the store. In fact, I started to wonder, wait, are they, you know, getting rid of the Mac mini? This is this this actually started before WWDC. But then eventually, no, it resurfaced and then he was able to grab one. And now he's using it. So yeah, it's good.


My name is Eric Jarvis. I'm a professor at the Rockefeller University in New York City, full professor there, and I run the lab of neurogenetics of language. What brought you to science? So what brought me initially to science is I was just fascinated by how nature works. I wanted to understand, you know, the mechanisms of life itself as well as the origins of life and civilization. Can you tell us specifically how dance and the arts have influenced your scientific work? So a lot of my family, particularly on my mother's side, but my father's side as well, they were into the arts, being musicians, some of them dancers, some of them drawing artists. And I was on that path to become an artist like them. And I wasn't that great at singing as some of my relatives were. I ended up being better at dance. I once had a high school performing arts in New York City as a, you know, during my high school or like teenage years and Alvin Ailey and Joffrey Ballet. But at some point I fell in love with science while I was a high school student and I was trying to make a decision at the end of high school as to what do I want to do with my life. And my mother always said, do something that has a positive impact on society. And I felt I can do that better as a scientist than as a dancer. And I made that switch just automatically overnight that I wanted to do something that has a good impact on society and that I loved doing, which was science. And I discovered over the years though that being trained to be a dancer trained me to become a scientist because they both require a lot of creativity, a lot of hard work, a lot of discipline. So I encourage people who are into the arts that you're actually being trained to become a scientist as well. And if you want to switch, it works. What are some of the benefits of being an artist when it comes to science? I wouldn't say there's no distinction between the sciences and the arts, but I would say they are in a continuum. And that the kind of things you need to do, the kind of personality you need to have to become an artist. I'm going to say overlaps with that of becoming a scientist. To be a successful artist, you're trained to persevere. You're trained to try to overcome obstacles. You're trained to accept getting rejected in a lot of auditions before you have the success. So I didn't see that was any different in science. You got to try and experiment 10 times to get it right once. You have to submit grant proposals, papers for publication and get rejections, and then pick up your feet and do it again and do it again in a different way until you get it right. Can you talk a bit more about your mentors and the importance of mentorship in science? Ernest Everett Juss was a scientist back in the 1930s in the US and also in Europe before I was born. And he was an African-American and very good scientist but had difficulty as you can imagine back in that time, even today, I would imagine, getting a job as a scientist. And I was a graduate student at Rockefeller at the time I first heard about him from another faculty there who was also African-American but not a tenure track professor. And he gave me Ernest Everett Juss's biography to read and it really resonated with me. So here is a person mentoring from the dead, so to speak. It resonated with me because here I am at the Rockefeller University where he had a hard time landing a position and now I'm a student there, one of the very few students of color. And I could identify, even in the 1990s, what he was experiencing in the 1930s. And I used that ability to identify with him almost as a self-mentoring from the past to decide how I handle my experience at Rockefeller. Mentoring broadly though, I've discovered that there are certain peoples, you don't have to have somebody of your ethnicity or of your gender to be a mentor. So when I was at Hunter College and I first started doing research in the laboratory of Rifka Rudner there, was a Jewish woman, Caucasian, and really took me under her wing and taught me not only how to do experiments but how to think like a scientist and also just gave me feedback on life experience and how to balance between work and life. And she eventually would say she's my Jewish science mom. And so different ethnicity, different race, she was one of my most valuable mentors and helped me get through things of even of issues of diversity. How was your experience at Hunter College different from Rockefeller University? It was a sink or swim feeling at Rockefeller and the transition from Hunter College. And my advice to folks is that treat it like you're going from one culture to another culture. All right? Even if there are a few blocks away in the same city, there could be different cultural experiences. And you have to treat it as if, okay, you're in a foreign land, you're not familiar with this. You might feel isolated. You might feel like people are speaking a different language. So take the effort to reach out because people aren't always going to reach out to you. Reach out and learn from this new culture and how to either integrate into it or get them to integrate into yours. Do you think that a sink or swim mentality fosters better science? I don't think the sink or swim environment is better. And it could matter to a certain degree, yes, the types of personalities going into that environment. But there's so many talented people out there that I've seen come from a more nurturing environment that are doing good science that could contribute to society, go into a sink or swim environment and fail and don't do as well and don't come out of it. So because of that, I wouldn't say it's better. I wouldn't say more competitive, you know, me, me kind of environment. And some people will okay in that environment, but not everybody. How did you come to your specific field in biology? What questions were you trying to answer? Yeah, so I started out in science and bacterial molecular genetics because I was just interested and fascinated by the area of molecular biology, playing around with genes, playing around with molecules. So once I got over that fascination as an undergraduate student and I got into graduate school, I became fascinated with two questions. One was, you know, beyond biology, the origins of the universe, how did life begin as well? And the other was how did the brain function? And I chose how the brain functioned as my big question because it controlled dance. And it's something I can touch and it's something I can relate to. And then I narrowed it down further by saying, well, I'm not sure I can really, there's nobody I know studying the neurobiology of dancing, right? And I want to choose an interesting question in the music world. I guess I can say, you know, in the music world, you learn to, or you're taught to learn how to play on a hard instrument first.  So I thought, okay, what's a hard question in neuroscience? And I thought, that's consciousness. So with consciousness, I'm going to stay away from now. So I'll choose the next hardest question and that's language. And that's how I started studying the neurobiology of vocal learning because language depends upon a highly specialized trait, the ability to imitate sounds and very rare in the animal kingdom, us humans, parrots, sawn birds, a few others, dolphins. And so that's where it got me here today. Why did you become interested in understanding the characteristics of vocal learning in animals, especially birds? So this idea of why is vocal learning so limited in a few species, the reason why that's the case, right? It came to me while I was sitting in a garden at Duke University, Duke Gardens, and I'm reading a paper and I hear this song sparrow singing from the top of a tree. It's song like, and it keeps singing this over and over again. When he first sings it, he stands at the top of the tree and is up there and look at him. And I stare at him a little bit and, okay, I get back to my paper. And then 10 minutes later, he switches the song, right? And then I look up again. He's getting my attention. And every five to 10 minutes, he keeps switching a song and I'm not a bird, but I'm paying attention to him.  He keeps getting my attention and the attention of all the other animals around him by stopping my auditory pathway from habituating to his sounds. What if I'm a predator, right? And I thought, wait a minute. Maybe the vocal learners have overcome the predation risk and are able then to evolve ability to get the attention of the opposite sex in this case, but overcome predation. And it turns out that the top predators tend to be vocal learners like humans, or let's say the top of the food chain, humans, dolphins, elephants. And then it turns out that songbirds and parrots, the vocal learners we discovered later, evolved from apex predators amongst birds that are related to eagles and hawks. So we think predation is selecting against vocal learning. Yes, that's right. The pull is sexual selection and complex social communication is selecting for vocal learning in spoken language and predators are selecting against it. And this balance then allows the species to become more complex vocal learners and the more simple vocal learners. How do you deal with controversy and complex questions in science? Some people think I make a big hypothesis just to spark controversy. That is definitely not the case. I come up with these so-called crazy hypotheses if someone called in that because they make sense to me. And sometimes the other hypotheses don't make sense to me. They sound crazy to me. So I really go by what makes sense, what's logical given the data, given the evidence. Now of course, this is conjecture when I'm hearing a bird sing from the top of a tree and so forth. So I go in the literature and I start to search, okay, who is an apex predator? All right, who's a vocal learner that's not a predator, not at the top of the food chain like bats, right? They're vocal learners. Oh, well, they're singing in the ultrasonic range where no one else can hear them, but their predators can't hear them. So it starts to make sense. I like to go upon the evidence. Now in terms of big question or big picture type of science, I like to push my science in the direction of addressing the big picture is because otherwise I get bored. And that's simply a matter, I mean, that is the primary reason why I try to go for the big questions. You've been quoted as saying, science by any means necessary. What do you mean by that? That statement I made, science by any means necessary comes from my upbringing and my parents' upbringing in the civil rights era. So this is a cultural influence and I grew up hearing my family argue, do you support Martin Luther King or do you support Malcolm X? And I mean, Martin Luther King was a person who we were taught and says, bring everybody together, love everybody, treat everybody as your brothers and sisters, whereas Malcolm X's approach was you can be segregated, but try to achieve by any means necessary. Now that can mean violent means and I don't mean this in science. What I mean is bring all techniques together and do what is necessary, do not be afraid to learn a new technique, to address an interesting and challenging question by any means necessary, learn it or collaborate with people. And those are the civil rights leaders who have influenced my science in this way. Do you think the funding structures of science incentivize that kind of approach? No, the structures of science do not capitalize on high-risk, high-impact. High-impact they want, but high-risk no. Or even somebody who doesn't know bioinformatics, who's, let's say, a wet lab scientist just taking the leap and trying to learn bioinformatics or vice versa, bioinformatician trying to do wet lab research. So what was striking to me is this is the way that I was taught growing up, dream big, like Martin Luther King, to try to change society. To me, this was normal. So to go through the grant review process and find that it's not normal was kind of shocking. But now I know it's not normal, but I still do it anyway. Because I think it needs people to change the system. It needs people not to accept the normal way. Are there some rules you follow when taking this approach in your research? Yes, I do have some rules that I've learned over the past 20 years now of being a scientist. And that is go for the big questions, but make sure you have incremental steps that can lead you there, such that if you don't reach the final goal, right, you can see it, but you don't reach it. You know that you can do some steps along the way, some milestones that can make an impact and then let somebody else take it from there. That's one rule for my students, for my postdocs, everybody that works with me in my lab.  The word I'm thinking about is, doesn't make sense at all to them, right? If it makes sense to you and maybe to two or three percent of the people and not to the 95 other percent. If you are convinced by the evidence, sometimes that 95 percent will eventually be convinced five to ten years later. It's OK. It's OK to go at it alone for a little while, as long as that evidence is convincing to you. You know, I know we're also talking about genomics. I give you a genomics example is when I first started getting involved in producing genomes, I was convinced, based upon the evidence, that long reads is going to generate the highest quality assembly as possible without short reads. I had such a difficult time convincing the genome experts, and I'm not a genome expert. I was, I'm a neuroscientist. Well, maybe now I'm becoming one, but, you know, I started as a neuroscientist and it didn't make sense to me looking at the evidence. It's amazing how so many people, right, can miss something so obvious if they're entrenched in the field for a long time. Where somebody from the outside who's just coming in for the first time sees, well, this other alternative solution is the most obvious. Why is anybody seeing that? Because it's so easy to get blinded to the status quo. So my point here, in referencing your question, is be careful about you, me, other scientists becoming part of the status quo. Always challenge your assumptions. Do you think there's a risk that the field of genomics will become static as it continues to become more established? I think in genomics there's a lot of continued disruption that's going on that we're not, we're not at the point of total entrenchment, I should say. There has been entrenchment, but it's, there's enough disruption going on that I've seen the field of genomics change much faster than I've seen some other fields change. How did the completion of the Human Genome Project influence your research at that time? That's right. So when I first got into trying to study the mechanisms of vocal learning in humans and other species in songbirds, I was cloning genes one at a time from songbirds and eventually we wanted to see what their human homologues were like to see if humans was similar to songbirds in different from chimpanzee who doesn't imitate or different from chickens who doesn't imitate. So already from the beginning, even before we had whole genomes, my work was comparative. It required comparing species that have specialized traits with those who did not. I couldn't stay focused on one species. So I was very happy the human genome came out. And when the human genome came out, I was not a genome biologist. I was assuming, okay, they say draft, but I'm thinking it's mostly complete. Everything's there. It's maybe some difficult regions aren't there in the genome. But my language genes are going to be there. My vocal learning genes are going to be there. And we just needed to get the songbird sequence. So I got involved with a bunch of people involved in avian genomics. And the chicken genome was the first bird genome to come out. And then the zebra finch, a songbird to come out after that in which I was involved in. And the chicken and zebra finch folks were sort of marching arm to arm together. The chicken came out first though. But once that happened and we started looking at the genes, we discovered, wait a minute, these genes, genomes have problems to them, including the human genome. And then that's when we started getting involved in cloning individual genes over again and trying to bring in more species. And as we brought in more species, we couldn't spend a billion dollars or even 10 million dollars, which we spent that time on the chicken and the zebra finch. On all these different species, we needed a new paradigm shift. And that's when next generation sequencing came along. How did the advent of next generation sequencing change how you approached your work? When I say we in the neuroscience vocal learning community, in the language community, we have been able to identify the phenotype of vocal learning across multiple species and see who has it, who doesn't have it. Even it's a long and continuum. And so now we have a set of species that we need the genomes for. And I remember when the American Recovery Act in 2008 to 2009 came out that was helping scientists do their research without having to lose their jobs from the U.S. government. I put in a proposal. I want the genomes of hummingbirds, songbirds, parrots and their close relatives done so I can figure out the neurobiology of language. Just give me money for 10 species and I'll figure it out with this next generation sequencing technology is not going to cost 10 million dollars. It's going to cost, let's say 200 to $300,000 per species at that time. That was a paradigm shift. I didn't get the money, but we managed to convince other people to help give us the money through crowdfunding among scientists to address such a question. And I never believed in my lifetime I would have the genomes of all the vocal learning species I need and their close relatives before I die. And I had it in a matter of a few years as a result. From your perspective, was the pace of sequencing technology development really that significant? Yes. The pace was that profound because the zebra finch took, I was also involved in the mouse genome project. It took like four years. The zebra finch took five to six years, millions of dollars. And whole big giant consortiums of people and investment from multiple countries and so forth just for one species. So imagining that in my lifetime was hard. But once the next generation sequencing technology came along, linking back to one of your prior questions and made me think what's now semi-cliché is that we kind of overestimate what we can achieve in two years, but underestimate what we can achieve in 10 years. And this is what next generation sequencing made me realize it accelerated our ability to do all these genomes. And that's what then made me say when I started, you know, becoming more involved in genomics, let's plan on doing all bird genomes on the planet. Let's plan on doing all vertebrate genomes because it may happen in our lifetimes. Are you concerned there is a gap between technology development and the questions genomics researchers are asking? There's a gap. So one thing I've discovered about the genome world that's different from other areas of biology is that the genome community began with you only get one chance. You get one try. Whereas in my regular wet lab research in neuroscience, you have to replicate your experiments multiple times to be confident of your results. So the human genome somewhere between let's say 2.3 billion was I think is a real number that it costs. How are you going to replicate that multiple times to make sure you got the right genome assembly? And so there's this gap. It causes a gap. And that is because you do it once there could be a lot. There are lots of errors in your genome, in your assembled genome, not the real genome, but in the representation of it. And those errors cause lots of problems in analysis, in what students are working on. I mean just serious problems that people don't realize. And now with genomes becoming cheaper. You can replicate multiple times. You can experiment with different assembly tools on the same individual. But the genome community is still in the past. You only get one chance. So even with the cheaper next generation technology, they just tried once and then they move on. I'm not used to that. So what I believe I'm helping to bring into the genome community is replicate your experiments. You try to new genome assembly approach. You try to new technology. Do it multiple times, even if it costs five, ten thousand dollars each experiment. Do it multiple times because it's going to close that gap between low quality data and the people working with that data to produce new scientific discoveries. And one way to understand this is your results are only as good as the data going into it. And the genome community has to get used to closing that gap by making the data as good as quality as needed for the science. The questions that are needed to be addressed. Do you view genomics as a descriptive science rather than a hypothesis driven science? Is that distinction valid? So I would say I agree that a lot of genomics is descriptive. But I'm also going to say that I think hypothesis driven type of research is overrated and descriptive research is underrated. Further, descriptions help generate hypotheses. And second, I mean, and third is that I see myself and others bringing hypothesis driven thinking into the genome community, not even only for the basic science discoveries of how mother nature works. But how do you do a genome assembly? Someone tells me, well, if you combine this linked read 10 X genomics approach with this bio nano approach, you should get a higher quality assembly than if you combine it with high C or vice versa. And I will tell them, well, that's a hypothesis. Let's test it. Let's let's do all these different technology sequencing paradigms on your samples and test the hypothesis that this is going to generate. A better assembly for plan A than for plan B. And I don't think the genome community thinks well enough in that matter, even for the technology development. The hypothesis driven technology development is what I'm trying to speak of. What excites you most about the potential of new genome sequencing technologies and what questions do you hope they will help you answer? So I think some of the most far reaching questions are going to come from duplicated sequences or repetitive type of sequences. Those have been the hardest to assemble. And as I mentioned earlier in my presentation, that haplotypes are also a duplication. And one haplotype, the maternal paternal chromosomes are basically just one giant repeat that's hard to assemble. And mother and father chromosomes can be quite different. So we're going to see variation in haplotypes not only within an individual animal or individual human, but across the entire species. That's going to give us interesting biology about different phenotypes according to those different haplotypes. An example close to home for me is that we found that a certain gene is regulated in the vocal learning areas by vocalizing learned sounds, but not by other body movements or like walking, flying and so forth. And we find that the region of the genome that we think is controlling this specialized regulation of the gene in the vocal learning brain regions is a duplicated sequence that was not possible to assemble with the short read approaches. We only assembled it with the long read approaches. And now we have the specialized duplicated region and we can use it to genetically manipulate an animal who doesn't have the specialized gene regulation to now have specialized gene regulation like the vocal learners do. What is a reference genome to you? For me, a reference genome has been evolving. It began as I just need one individual genome to compare everything to to have as my base for the species. And you see people out there publishing. The genome of species X or Y or Z has now been done and complete and you go to it and you find it's incomplete. You go to it and you find that your favorite gene is rearranged because it's not really rearranged, it's just misassembled. And so then the reference genome became to me a genome that's highly accurate, that's ever free. And then I get to a more accurate assembly but the region I'm most interested in is missing because it's some repetitive region can't assemble. So now I think forever in the future I'm going to define a reference genome in the community. I think a large role eventually is that it has to be complete, no gaps. It has to be accurate so no errors in the sequences of the individual nucleotide, no errors in the structural variations. And it has to be representative of the species to a certain degree. Let's say representing 90% of the genome diversity in the species, which means you got to sequence many individuals. In your view, what are some of the barriers to achieving the goal of the perfect reference genome? In order to achieve this goal of this perfect reference for each species, with those three factors I mentioned, gapless, accurate and representative of the species, I think the scientific community or the funders and other groups need to bring people together of different backgrounds. We need to bring mathematicians together with the experimental biologists. We need to bring technology developers together with those two groups of people. And there's been an example of if you don't bring them together appropriately enough there's an example of what happens. What happened is we discovered in this vertebra genomes project that lots of errors in the existing genome assemblies is because genome assembly experts, the computer scientists, were trying to merge the two haplotypes together of a diploid genome into one, thinking there's not much of a big difference between mom and dad chromosomes. And by merging these two together, we're finding that they are creating errors in the genome assemblies that don't even exist in nature. And this is not because it wasn't doable. It was because you had computer scientists who didn't realize the biology of haplotypes well enough. And I think if they had partnered with biologists more closely in the beginning, we wouldn't have these kind of haplotype errors we have today, even with short-read assemblies. For you, why is it important to have reference genomes for all known biological species? That's right. Yeah, we need perfect assemblies for all of life to understand life, but also to preserve life because we're now in this current six mass extinction where the rate of extinction is 1,000 times higher according to some than it was before, like it was in the last mass extinction. We can't wait to get complete genomes of these species, so we need people to come together to do that now. And we don't know, at least for human society, we have no idea the knowledge that some of these species will bring to us until maybe sometime in the future when it's too late. What questions do you believe would all those reference genome assemblies allow you to answer? Good question, and I wrote an article on this once after we've done a bunch of bird genomes. What questions could you answer if you had all genomes of a particular class of animals or even of all of life? Because there are a lot of questions people don't even think about because they don't think this is possible. One question I think we would be able to address is to quantitatively determine what is a species? People don't realize a species concept is not really set in stone. And once we have genomes of all these different species, individuals of a population, so to speak, then we can determine, OK, should we really call this a separate species or not? The other thing we will be able to determine is infer the ancestral genome of a common group of species. And then take that genome, put it inside of an embryo, and try to recreate what that ancestral species was like. And then the other kind of question I think we will be able to address is, from my own favorite home project, is discover what other vocal learning species that are out there that potentially can imitate human speech. Because if we find we have found convergent changes in one group of species, like songbirds and humans, can we look for those changes in another species that no one's ever looked at yet for whether or not they can imitate and predict, OK, this species can talk to us as well. Are there any other areas of your work you think we should know about? Yes, so paper that we haven't discussed is a study that I worked on with members of my lab on trying to determine if mice have any resemblance of vocal learning abilities like humans do or songbirds do. And the answer that we and others in the community have discovered is no, they don't. They're not like a songbird, they're not like a human in their ability to imitate sounds and communicate in the way we do. But they're not as simple as people think. They have a rudimentary brain circuit and we think rudimentary genetic changes that we're seeing in songbirds, parrots, and humans. And that there is more of a continuum of this complex behavioral trait that gives us language that we're seeing in species, it's not black or white. And that gives me, and I think it should give other students out there greater appreciation of the diversity of phenotypes out there in the world, including things that the brain controls. But it also should mean that we should find a continuum of genetic changes in the genomes of all these species and more of a reason as to why we should sequence the genomes of many species. What advice would you give to a biology or genetic student, trainee, who is interested in tackling a risky question or subject? Now advice for a student is there should be nothing as, I don't think there is anything as a side project. What I tell them is go for the project that you really dream of, that you're fascinated by, because it's going to be just as much effort and work as a side project is. And don't be afraid to challenge the status quo, whether it be in genomics, or in physics, chemistry, or any area of science. It's okay, even if it seems like everybody is against you. If the evidence makes sense to you, then go with the evidence. That's the most important thing that I can tell you.


So what property can be depreciated? You can depreciate most types of tangible property, that's the kinds you can kick, touch, what not, except land. Land you can't depreciate, such as buildings, machinery. So you can't depreciate land because the idea is that land isn't gonna deteriorate over time. Everything else does, buildings do. The equipment deteriorates over time. So you can't depreciate land because over our human lifetimes, it should pretty much be the same. So you can depreciate buildings, machinery, vehicles, furniture, and equipment. Now you might ask, how am I gonna depreciate the building when I paid for the building and the land that it's sitting on at the same time? You know, it's as in the one lump sum. Well, you have to break out the portion that you paid for the land versus the building in some way, and you would like to lean towards the building portion if at all possible in the appraisal process because that's the part that you get to depreciate, which is good for taxes. You can also depreciate certain intangible property such as patents, copyrights, and computer software. So if you have, these are things that have value, but they're intangible things that have value due to like law, for example. So to depreciate, the property must meet all of the following requirements. It must be property you own. So you have to own the property. You would think that would be fairly straightforward, but leases get a little bit messy because sometimes you have a lease that in form is in lease, but in actuality or in structure, it's a lease, but in actuality, you basically own it, right? It's a capital lease that we might deal with. So it must be used in your business or income producing activity. So you're not talking about your yacht that you just hang out with and just cruise around with because you're not using that for business. I know you have some business clients on it sometimes, but maybe it's probably might not be business related. So it's gotta be business related things. That's the point.  You gotta, so you might not know exactly what the useful life is, how long it'll last, but we have to make some estimate that tax code will kind of force us to use whichever useful life they think is appropriate. It must be expected to last more than a year. So if you're gonna consume it in a year, you would think you would get to just expense it if it was a normal, ordinary, and necessary business expense. The point is that you're gonna get usefulness out of it multiple years into the future, which is why we would depreciate it as opposed to expensing it in the first year generally.


Hi everyone and welcome to Barns Takeout. I'm Martha Lucy, Deputy Director for Research, Interpretation and Education at the Barns. And today we're going to be looking at a painting by Oralon Redon called Saint George and the Dragon. And before we get into it, I'm gonna show you the painting in the gallery at the barns where it hangs. This is room 14 upstairs, and here it is over in the corner. Saint George and the Dragon was painted in around 1909 or 1910, and it's done in oil on paperboard. And it's relatively late work in Redon's career. He would have been about 70 years old when he painted this. Redon was born in Bordeaux, France, worked most of his life in Paris, and he's associated with a group that we call the Symbolists, which began as a literary movement in the 1880s. But very broadly speaking, the movement represented a philosophical break with the prevailing trends in modern art, especially those represented by the Impressionists, which had focused on the idea that observation of the external world was the most important thing that you could do as an artist, that the idea that the artist should work directly from nature and capture its fleeting effects. The Symbolists were more interested in subjectivity and inner vision. So capturing what could be seen in the mind's eye rather than what could be seen in the external world, what was visible around you. It was a concern with inner vision or a vision beyond the realm of what was actually visible. Redon's work is often characterized by dream-like settings and it's often populated with strange hybrid figures, figures that are often described as monstrous. They are often half man, half human, half plant. There are often giant kind of disembodied eyeballs floating across the image. And these are beings that he invented. He sort of invented his own iconography and a lot of his works. But other times his subjects or his iconography comes from specific mythological or biblical or literary sources. But he always, even when his works do come from a traceable source, he always delivers that subject with some sort of twist, makes it strange somehow. And I think that this painting is a good example of that. So the subject, again, is St. George and the Dragon. And St. George was a Roman soldier who lived during the earliest period of Christianity. He died in the year 303. And the story, as it was written in the Golden Legend, goes like this, there was a dragon that was terrorizing a town, demanding human sacrifices and the dragon had its sights set on the daughter of a pagan king. George comes along and saves the princess by subduing the dragon with his lance. The princess then led the dragon to the city where the saint killed it with his sword, which is presumably what we're seeing here. And in doing so, he prompted the king and his subjects to convert to Christianity. Now it is St. George and the Dragon was a popular subject in the history of art, popular during the Renaissance and Baroque periods. You had artists like Raphael depicting it, Paolo Uccello, Rubens. And in those more traditional images, the story, the action is always right up front, right in the foreground so that you see the dragon, you see the dragon's claws and its teeth, you see the spear going into it. The horse and the dragon in those works take up most of the composition. And there's often an element of violence and gore in one of them, I think it's the Paolo Uccello, there's blood dripping on the ground. Very, very dramatic. And also in all of those, the princess is also included. You see her in the background, sort of looking on. Raidon's treatment of the story is much different. The focus is not so much on the action.  It's not even really the focus. It's almost hard to tell what's going on. It's even sort of hard to make out the dragon. But the main subject here, what I think is interesting about this is that the main subject is shifted off to the side. You don't see the gore, you don't see the action. But it's still a dramatic picture. There's still a sense of drama that Raidon creates, and he does that through the landscape and through the setting, through the forms of the landscape and the setting that the scene takes place in. Look at these turbulent clouds coming in, dark underneath. And I'll take a minute to just point out the shape of them, this sort of S-curve that rhymes with the shape of the serpent and also the kind of back of the horse. Of course, drama is created through the colors, most of all, that blazing red, orange red sun right up against these emerald greens of the ocean. And then the kind of turbulent and uncertain use of space, the way that the land just kind of falls off over here and the waves look like they're about to kind of come crash on you as the spectator. Color is used here for expressive purposes, rather than mimetic ones, and zooming in a little bit. You can see how even though this is a shift, away from Impressionism kind of theoretically, he still is taking, he still has learned, all of these artists have kind of taken a cue from the Impressionists, just in the application of paint in the brushwork. It wasn't until the 1890s that Redone started introducing these brilliant colors into his works and working in pastels and oils. Before the 1890s, he worked almost exclusively in charcoal and lithographs, so his works were much kind of darker and more just mono-chromatic. But again, the iconography here is really, I don't think Redone's concern. I mean, he does not include the princess. He sort of uses the subject of St. George and the Dragon as a point of departure to do something else, to sort of engage with bigger themes of good versus evil, of sort of the spiritual realm, I think, versus the earthly realm. And I think that that is represented by the sort of earthbound serpent right up against the much more kind of ambiguous space represented by the ocean and this kind of shifting sky. He's always interested throughout his work in the subjective experience of spirituality in the idea of the unknown. That just fascinated Redone. The themes of sort of uncertainty and what's beyond the world that we see immediately around us. And so his work is often imbued with this sense of mystery. And I will close by reading you something that he said about his work. He said, my works inspire and are not meant to be defined. They place us as does music in the ambiguous realm of the undetermined. So that's all for today. Thanks very much for listening. I'm Tom Collins, Newbauer family executive director of the Barnes Foundation. I hope you enjoyed Barnes Takeout. Subscribe and make sure your post notifications are on to get daily servings of art. Thanks for watching and for your support of the Barnes Foundation.


There was this small French young guy sitting in a booth in another building talking about some open source software called the SIP communicator. Now it's not that small anymore, Emilie Bob started with SIP communicator that grew into Jitsi and headed off into Vidio, created a real cool Vidio server I think you're going to speak about. Our friend Sal, joined Emilie and has a new t-shirt. Tell us, what's the state of Jitsi? Thanks, Owen. Well, hi everyone. Just before we start a quick show, hands, who knows what Jitsi is or stands for? Wow, okay. Well, then I can skip real quick for the few of you who don't know. It's a collection of software, of open source software that allows us to have scalable and secure multi-party video conferences. So the hallmark of this collection of projects is called Jitsi Meet. And this is how it looks like. This is our weekly, our daily stand up, sorry, where we all, everyone in the team connects and shares what the hell we're doing. So as you can imagine, connecting like 12 video streams all together has a certain degree of difficulty. And the idea is that we take care of that for you so you don't have to worry about it. And today I'm going to let you know how we achieved this and we're going to see how you can also do it for yourself without having to do everything from scratch. One important thing that happened is my t-shirt, which is Jitsi joined Atlassian roughly two years ago in 2015. And it got integrated into some of their proprietary products, our proprietary products now. So one of which, for example, is HipChat, which is a proprietary group chat application, but the video part is done via the same way we do our video conferencing, so via Jitsi Meet. We also have a company-wide all-hands meeting where all the offices connect together, the founders give some updates, some presentations are shared, so on and so forth. So this integration of Jitsi into Atlassian actually empowered us to basically go a little bit further, scale up better and basically build these things that maybe before we either didn't have the idea to do or necessarily all the tools. Now we have these resources, these needs, and we can do that. And we can do that actually while being a fully open source project, which is a nice thing to keep. Everything is available as open source in the Jitsi.org website. We host a bi-weekly community conference call where we share like what's the plan, what we're working on, and actually I'm here today to basically tell you a little bit more about this, but actually it doesn't stop there. So there are other companies, both for-profit and not for-profit, that are using our tools to build the products. One such company is Hi5. They sell these hardware and software-based video conferencing solution and they use one of our pieces of software at a Jitsi video bridge. The video bridge is the entity responsible for routing the video to all participants and being the smart guy in the room which knows what kind of video has to be routed to what person depending on its bandwidth needs and so on. Another sort of instance of this is Meet Jitsi is our publicly available instance. So this one you can use to host your meetings, share your desktop. It's fully functional. You can use it. It's hosted by us. And more than that it has an external API which can be used to embed Meet Jitsi into your own applications without necessarily needing to host the instance yourself if you don't want to do that. One such case is Rocket Chat which is an open source group chat application which added video support by embedding Jitsi Meet. So we have this high-level API, we call the iFrame API, which allows you to customize how you want to actually see this multi-party video conferencing, you know, the view, the experience. You can change things around maybe the kind of application you have in mind. Doesn't necessarily need a large view here and you want to go with just the thumbnails or the film strip as we call it. So you can customize this when you use this embedding API to make your application be, you know, multi-party video conferencing enabled. So what is sort of everything that this thing does? Which you may be aware of some of the things and not some others. So we can of course do video, but that video can be your desktop. So we can do desktop sharing. Your conferences can be recorded or streamed to YouTube. For instance, this is how we do the company-wide all-hands. We stream it to YouTube. So that way you can imagine that maybe in a different scenario you're like, okay, I need a million people to join the room. Well, that might be a bit hard on your Chrome instance. So how about you stream it to YouTube and then you can have as many viewers as you want if they don't need to participate, for instance. Or you can watch the recording later as well. It's fully anonymous as well if you want to. So you don't need to basically sign up or put any data out. You just go for it, use it, and that's it. There's an integrated chat in it. We can do collaborative document editing with Etherpad. There's a calendar invitations plug-in which I'm going to show you. This basically allows you if you're using Google Calendar, for instance. You can schedule a meeting and really quickly create a DC meeting room so that that's where the meeting would kind of virtually take place. We can invite other participants by just sharing the URL so you can share it via email or whatever other means. And I left the kind of two, well, two important ones for last, let's say. So simulcast is the ability to forward just the specifically relevant video to each participant. So in the image we saw before with 12 people, you can imagine that we cannot handle like, well, not cannot, but your bandwidth cannot handle 12 to 15, let's say, full HD video streams. So what do we do? Well, it turns out that each participant will send three or two or three different resolutions and we'll just pick the appropriate one to forward to you. So if you are on the large view, then of course we're wondering full HD. But if you're in a thumbnail, we can do fine with a much smaller resolution which takes a lot less CPU, less bandwidth, and so on. So we use a combination of techniques here. Simulcast, a little bit of SVC also to cut down on the frame rates in some cases and also what we call last end, which means you don't necessarily need to receive all the participants' information because maybe they are not active in the conference so you can basically skip the non-active participants and only get the last end active participants.  And mobile apps. So that's actually one of the things actively working on right now. We haven't announced them yet, but they are in the Apple Store and the Play Store. You just have to put the right name in, GCMeet, and you will get the thing. That way you can just enter the conference room name here. If you have your own deployment, you can enter a full URL and it will also work. And you just join the conference and participate via your mobile application. Now mobile applications are also open source, turns out, just like the other things. So you can go ahead on GitHub, actually, that's where we do all our work in the open for request reviews and so on. And you can either build them yourself if you want to get them from the store. Code is up there. Now you're probably thinking, well, cool story, but I want to host it myself. So how do I? So the plan for now is I'm going to start with my destroyed development virtual machine and build it up again so that we have it running and hopefully some of you guys can join the meeting. So this whole thing requires a number of moving parts, a number of components to have our GCMeet infrastructure. You need a web server, you need an XMPP server. Did I say anything about XMPP? Well, not really, but it turns out it's used internally. So we need a setup there. But the idea is that we should do this with as little configuration as possible. So it's more approachable for everyone. So hopefully that's what I'm going to show you with any luck. So. Dangerous. Dangerous. Let's see. So let's do mirroring. And the first thing we need is double check that the thing doesn't work. So all I have on my server is NGINX and some SSL certificates in a folder. This is my server. There are many, but this one is mine. So I can just stop the install GCMeet and all the dependencies and stuff. This is an Ubuntu system. So we have packages for Debian and Ubuntu. So we have to enter some information like on what domain we're hosting this. This will create the necessary configuration. So it is reachable via NGINX. We can opt to create a self-signed certificate. But then it gives us the annoying warning in Chrome. So let's do that. I have my insert. So let's do that instead. I'm just going to ask for it right now. So because I did that, I have the key and the cert on the same place. So we install it. And now we should be off to the races. Well, turns out we are. So let's join the room. Let's call it FOSDAM. Can anyone in the room with a laptop join me here? Ulan, Iñaki, Jose, hello. Something went wrong. But they are trying to fix it. So it's okay. Whoever they are.  Okay. So we got another fellow Jits here here which joined. And I don't know, another guy doesn't want to show their face. So this is the main GCMeet interface. Okay. Now we're going overboard here. Let's see how the Wi-Fi holds. So what can we do from here? Well, so if you're collaborating with multiple people, you may want to take turns and raise your hand and stuff when you want to do something. Here we can share it to YouTube if we have an API key. We have an embedded chat. We can choose a nickname here. And say boo. And then we can have a chat real quick here. So it's 12 participants here. All right. So this is basically all happening on a server in Ireland. It's the forwarding happening. And here for each participant we have some information which we can hover on. So we're not receiving him. You see how we're just receiving a tiny little thumbnail. 180p. Nothing really. So this is happening all in the WebRTC domain. But sometimes you just got to go for the PSTN, good old line lines and stuff. So we also have a gateway in the past. It's called Gase. It stands for DC Gateway Percept. And that way we can actually join via SEP. So we need to configure a SIP address. That is the one which is going to receive incoming calls. So I have a SIP address from a French operator, offer one. And let's see. There's a default room configured. So I'm going to exit this FOSDEM thing. And I'm going to enter my SIP test room. So my microphone is back. Why? Can you please not enter this one? Because I'm going to enter with a phone. So in this room, I can just take out my mobile here and use the phone application, which is usually hidden somewhere because you don't need it and stuff. And with any luck, there we go. Boom. So we are in via the mobile phone in this WebRTC multi-party conference. If somebody joins, their audio is also rich. So everybody basically, what you guys will do is receive all the audio for every participant, mix it in so we have it in here. So this way we can really easily branch out to either old legacy SIP devices, even the PSTN, whatever. And you can use it. Like that old IBM ad said, it connects anything to everything. So that worked. That's cool. So what's next then? What are we working on? We're working on the PERC with the PERC IETF working group to have fully end-to-end encrypted conference calls. So this is quite tricky. It requires that you use SRTP twice, and so far nobody has it. As in we are working with someone which is doing a modified version of Chrome, and hopefully this makes it once the standard is stabilized so we can use it. We're also working on simulcasts at activity. So basically trying to better adapt to changing network conditions to dynamically change these number of participants you get or different resolutions, try to be smarter in this department. We're also working on an optimization when you're calling one-on-one. So when you're just two participants, we'll try to bypass the bridge and basically have a direct connection between us if we can do that without any turn service. If you heard the first talk about Merquist, you'll see that, well, that's not always possible, but if it's possible, we'll go one-on-one. But then, when a third person joins, we'll go to the bridge so that we'll work together. And then we're also doing some work in ICE mobility. Basically, if connection changes, we need to survive and continue our call without being disrupted by these connection changes. And of course, our mobile applications efforts are also in full swing. So that's all I got. Got any questions? I'm here now and tomorrow. And that's the Twitter thing. As I said, it's already there. It's already there. You go to the GC Meet repository. And the code is there because the website and the applications share a lot of the code. So just as a fun trivia fact, the web application is now gearing towards rewrite in React. And the mobile is built with React Native. So we're unifying all in a single direction. And there is also a document on how to build them if you want to do it yourself. Thank you. Thank you. There, bye. Hello. Happy question. The GC Meet. Yeah. And it has three components. I installed many of them. And the thing is, it's quite hard to upgrade. So if you have used it for... Oh, sorry. Okay, I'll repeat the question, which is if we're doing releases because updating manually can be painful, you don't know what to expect. So I don't disagree with you. Right now, the thing is all of these projects, they are somewhat intertwined together as in if you want to implement something, it's possible that it touches multiple projects and you need them to work in tandem. So we have Jenkins test everything together and tag each repo. So if you use the same tag across all the repos, that's the working set. Now, that said, if you have followed along GC Meet for a while, you probably know that it pretty much didn't change all that much in how it looks. It basically keeps on improving. So that is the idea. It's a little bit of a rolling kind of thing. So if we think about doing stable releases, well, what does a stable mean? Because we have to change things all the time because Chrome changes things all the time and Firefox changes things all the time. They are moving targets, so we try to adjust and it's a little bit hard to set the point where this thing is ready now because the thing is ready right now. But if we look tomorrow, it may not be because some things have changed. So it's like with this perk thing, it's happening right now and it's probably going to evolve a little bit more before it gets there. So if you look at, for instance, browser releases and this has to be very close to browsers because those are the main endpoints here. They move so damn fast that they don't make releases more like if you're using five-folder versions of Chrome, it's like what are you in prehistoric times. So it's a little bit, I understand your pain point. That's why we have these packages that basically do it for you. You have to do it by source. All I can tell you at the moment because I don't have a better answer is that you have to see all the tags together. We have regression tests and everything runs on Jenkins. But Marquise said actually testing is not built into WebRTC but you can do it and we do it. So we don't release something that is broken. Like if it's not green on our screen that are hanging from the office, it doesn't go out. Now of course there's always things that are unexpected and we can't test for the unexpected. We're not perfect yet. Yes, we do and it should be coming up soon so I haven't personally worked a little bit on that on one part of this. I'm hoping to give a talk on these things later in the year once it's a little bit more ready. But we do have a plan and a working prototype on how to do this for legacy C10 points that can only do a one-to-one video call to have everybody join the conference. We do. Okay.


Hi everyone, Joe for jazzy's casewarex.com with our last break of the night 2023 Bowman's best University football breakers delight Two-box random letter break number 19. We're going by the first letter of their first name If you get M, you'll get any and all Michael Pennick's juniors if any some combos right there as well Very big thanks this group for making it happen And there are the letters once again. Let's roll it randomized names and letters six and a six twelve Come on random org Don't give me a 12 this late at night The ISO should be like three But this is how Random orgs likes to like some s with us not ten 11 and 12th and final time Got Travis down to Nicholas six and a six twelve times For the letters not twelve the hard way. This is 12 the only way five six eleven and And once more 12th and final time after 12 we got F and G down to what's up next whatever you sell out Joe Pizzle Anything you sell out I'll do Travis with field goal David David with OPP other people's property Nicholas with W David with B Nicholas with D Alex with H David Y with K Nick E and all other letters not listed and L plus N David with J Luis S and V David B with R David Y with T Shane with C Nick with a And let's alphabetize this by letter Any trades, I'll just keep the video running right now. I'm not sure if there's gonna be a lot of trades There are the two boxes of Bowman's best university breakers the light edition Letters usually not a lot of trading happens Let's see what we can get here three autos out of here. No, we're looking for QB's. We're looking for Marvin Harrison juniors Guys like that and for the guys. We don't know too much about hopefully they get drafted. They become future stars perennial Pro Bowlers Super Bowl winners Etc. Etc. All right, let's print and rip. All right TWC trade window close. There's the final print out right there on a Friday Joe Pizzle, what happened to your sons tonight? They ended up losing. I had the Sun's minus four and a half And I was like Devin Booker's pouring in the buckets. This is easy They're up by like 10 in the 10 or 15 and in the first half and Then they choked that fourth quarter actually yeah that's what they only scored 17 points in the fourth quarter Yeah, they scored 40 40 That 30 something and then 17 And that was it that was enough Enough for sad times Now you know how the Timberwolves feel Joe Pizzle All right, those are the three autos on the bottom. I just want to grab all the other cards first Nick Singleton We've got a Jaden Ott To 150 for the letter J David B CJ Donaldson who has best game on our birthday Michael CJ Donaldson West Virginia his 2022 best game September 17th Very rushed for 101 yards and scored three times as West Virginia utilize a potent ground attack in a lopsided week three non-conference wins There you go. CJ Donaldson remember that name That'll go to see Shane Carson Beck will also go to you Shane. That's green mini diamonds to 37 out of 99 We got a nice masterpieces Jackson Arnold for the letter J David B and a Walker Howard Five out of five. Look at that. I missed that almost missed that number. W. That's for Nick Nicholas nice All aboard the Big Head Express Hopefully gets drafted maybe ends up somewhere. That'd be pretty cool. All right, we got Looks like Dorian's USC's Dorian singer gold up there to 50. He's gonna help us slow play some of the hits We got elements of the game JJ McCarthy Five out of 75 that autograph going to David B with a letter J Sure, he'll get drafted at some point Not sure if he's projected to be a first-rounder is he I don't think so either he's he hits you a little smiley face in his autograph, too Does he do that all the time? 46 out of 50 Frank or junior nice letter F Travis with F plus G field goal then we have Dalin Hayden From Ohio State Nicholas with the letter D D nice first box second box got a relic in here got a fat hit Trey Benson, we got a JJ McCarthy again this time To 100 That'll be for David B in the letter J We got Ruben Owens Green Mini diamonds in 99 letter R R. That'll be for David B We got Jacobi Brooks 141 out of 150 letter J David B and Another JJ McCarthy got a studio stars insert For David and we got a Braylon Allen Gold 46 out of 50 letter B David B Got another two boxes of this in the store. Check it out. Jasper's case flakes.com will Shepherd dub Nicholas with W Mentors and we have we got Drew Aller elements of the game autograph 19 out of 50 Penn State you are going to Nicholas in the letter D and this fat hit on the bottom. What's it gonna be? It's gonna be Will Howard 20 out of 49 From this angle. I kind of saw purple Thought it was gonna be Michael Pennix I've seen a mock draft having Michael Pennix falling to the Raiders in the second round Nice will Howard though. I'll go to Nicholas in the letter W 20 out of 49 on that one Kansas State quarterback and then Jared verse for letter J to 75. There you have it ladies and gentlemen That R is what that answer is Duncan. That's what the Pirates favorite letter are Thanks everyone. I'm Joe for Jasper's case breaks.com. I have a great time with Michael Jasper tomorrow I'll see you next time for the next break. Bye. Bye