Okay, hi Indeed I'm going to talk about how to construct constant round concurrent zero knowledge from IO and Interestingly our construction will make use of a special purpose Delegation scheme for P which is some succinct argument for P So this kind of shows an interesting connection between the two types of arguments the zero knowledge ones and the succinct ones So for the entire talk, I'm not going to care about concrete round complexity but if you care to know our protocol can be compressed into six rounds and Also, let me say straight away that I will only talk about computational zero knowledge Argument systems and the plain model constructions only. Okay, so let's begin So zero knowledge protocols is a fundamental and enables a prover to prove about the validity of a statement without revealing anything else and this property is captured through the simulation paradigm Which requires that everything the verifier sees when talking to an honest a prover its view can be simulated efficiently using a simulator that knows only the statement itself a Very very natural extension of zero knowledge The first one you could think of is that what if the verifier receive more than one proofs and in particular He could control how the messages are scheduled in all those proofs And in this case in order to say that the verifier still learns nothing we need to require that there exists a simulator that can efficiently simulate the joint view in all different sessions and Generically there are two types of simulation in general the black box version and the non-black box version So the black box version is the simpler and the weaker one It restricts the simulator to be a tool can only make black box cause to the cheating verifier Whereas the non-black box simulation does not place any restriction and in particular simulator can make use of the code of the verifier itself Okay, so what do we know about concurrent zone knowledge? well for zero knowledge we know constant round construction from one way function and That has black box simulation On the other hand the concurrent knowledge just seems to be harder to achieve because the best protocol with a black box simulation Has logarithmic rounds and in fact that this is essentially tight because of a matching lower bound So therefore a central question that we care about is whether we can get a constant round concurrent zone knowledge Then necessary to circumvent the lower bound the word have to use non-black box simulation In recent years a couple construction emerged, however using very strong assumptions For example using knowledge of exponent type extractability assumption or using public calling different input IO Which itself is an extractability assumption or Using a new assumption called a p-certificate which is basically some non-interactive delegation for p so far We don't know of any Construction the only candidate is McCauley see as proof essentially So in this work we show that in fact IO Suffices if given together with collision resistant hash function and a one-way permutation or Primitives that have slightly super paranormal security okay, so as I said already towards Constructing constant round the concurrent zone knowledge from IO our construction make use of a special purpose delegation for p More concretely what we need is what we call this two round unique p-certificate So, let me tell you what they are They're basically two round succinct argument for p that have unique proofs So in the argument system for p is proving about to those statements that looks like a machine m or input x outputs Why in t steps and to prove such a statement the verifier in the prover each send one message The succinctness requirement is that both of their message are very short of lens affixed to polynomial independent of the lens of the statement nor the complexity of the statement The efficiency of the verifier depends only on the length of the statement Whereas the prover naturally where I have to run in time at least the runtime of the computation itself So the special property that we actually require with respect to such succinct argument is the uniqueness property what we want is that for any statement No matter it's true or false and any verifiers first message there exist at most one accepting proof at most one and that's all that's what we need and In the construction coming up next it is convenient to think about as a mental experiment that we actually have an even stronger tool Which is a non interactive unique p-certificate Which is everything the same except that there is no verifiers first message We just have in one shot a succinct to the proof that is unique And indeed this is the approach that we were go towards constructing constant rank and comments on knowledge That we were do two steps in the first step were constructed using the non interactive unique p-certificate And then we will show that in fact the two round version suffices Well, I won't have time to tell you about today is how to construct these two round unique p-certificate from IO Which I will leave you to refer to the paper Okay, so let's start So our starting point not surprisingly is a Brock's non black box zero knowledge protocol So let's see what it is. It doesn't matter if you care about concurrence on large or not I think a Brock's protocol is beautiful and it's on to know Okay So to begin the prover sends a commitment of either zero or some machine M To the verifier The verifier responds very simply with a very long random challenge much longer than the commitment itself And finally the prover proves using a witness indistinguishable proof that either the statement He's trying to prove is true or he has actually committed to a program in the first message And in fact for this program, there is a very short input that makes it outputting the challenge are Here by short it means the length of this input needs to be much shorter than the length of the random challenge at least by the security parameter and Here we actually make use of a very succinct commitment and the wi proof And we can think about the total length of their messages is n So to understand the Brock's protocol a little bit better we can see that the protocol actually consists of two half The left a half, which is the honest half and the right half. That's a trap door half Obviously the honest half is going to be used by the honest prover using a real witness Which is what he were doing in actual proof Whereas the trap door half is only there so that the simulator can cheat Using some fake witness they will have to consist of the machine M and the input E So despite the fact that there exists this trap door the soundness of the protocol still holds Why because a cheating prover in order to prove a false statement must use the trap door half and to do that He needs to commit to the program before the random challenge R is even chosen And then it's information theoretically to guess such a program that on a very short input Can predict this very long random challenge and therefore soundness holds On the other hand the simulator doesn't need to guess He knows about the code and the random coins of the verifier therefore can simply Come up with a fake witness which sets a machine to be the verifier V star itself and the input to be the first Commitment message. Let's verify that this is this is indeed a good fake witness first of all the commitment is very short because it's succinct and This machine V star all input the commitment by definition has to output the random challenge That's just a tautology Therefore the simulator can cheat Great, this is a beautiful idea Unfortunately, this idea fails when we go to the concurrent setting. Let's see why Here the verifier is receiving more than one proofs and The block simulator We're trying to let's look at them the case proof The block simulator is going to commit to the verifiers codes and Attempts to prove within the final WI that the V star on some short input is going to output the challenge in this session Which is RK? Then again by definition this input V star takes has to be all the message it has received the before output RK Unfortunately in the concurrent setting These messages length is unbounded. It could be very very long much much longer than the length of the random challenge Therefore the simulation doesn't go through a Potential fix to this problem is that well, why do we have to commit to the verifiers codes? Let's see instead commit to the simulator's code itself The idea being that in the simulation everything is generated by the simulator himself Therefore in the WI we should be able to prove that the simulator on no input at all will be able to produce RK Okay, then our problem shall be solved Unfortunately this introduces a new problem, which is the simulation time blows up So to see this let's consider the time for the simulator that it takes until it outputs RK and let's call it TK and Look at the WI that he needs to generate and the time for generating it. Let's call it T prime K Simply by the fact that in order to prove a statement We have to pay at least as long as the runtime of the statement itself Therefore we know T prime K is bigger than TK Now imagine that we have a Further level of nesting where there is a K plus one session that encloses entirely the K session The time for the simulator to generate the challenge in this session TK plus one is at least twice TK Now the runtime blow up exponentially Okay Great, how can we solve this problem while using a strong tool called the unique p-certificate? Let's see how we can use unique p-certificate to circumvent this problem So the product is going to stay more or less the same as before except that it would have a different trapdoor statement and This trapdoor statements instead of requiring that M takes a very short input It will require M to take a very structured input but long What is the structure? The input itself is going to consist of a list of p-certificates and Each of them is proving about some partial execution of the machine M itself In particular the I1 pi i will prove that the machine M on all the p-certificates before it is going to output some string R i And Then finally We're use another p-certificate pi to prove that this machine M only structured input indeed outputs the challenge in this session R So now with this new trapdoor statement we need to verify again that sound is still holds and The reason that it holds is that even though the input now could be very long It's so structured and by the uniqueness property of the p-certificate This list of p-certificates is essentially Inductively determined by the machine M itself. Why because they're all proving about some partial execution of M If it is uniquely determined by M, then even though it's very long it becomes useless And this is essentially why sound is still holds And let's see why simulation still holds Now our simulator is going to consist of two components The component as just as before there were simulated verifier Provers message for the cheating verifier and a new component as component as prime Which does nothing else except to from generating a bunch of appropriate p-certificates and the case one is going to prove that The simulator s on input or the previous p-certificate it receives the front as prime is going to produce the challenge in the case session Now given those p-certificates The simulator s can simulate everything by committing to its own code as before and Proving the wi that he has the right to p-certificate to certify the computation of the committed program Great. Why are we doing all of this complicated stuff? Let's see that why now the simulation time is tamed in particular We look at the time that needed for generating the final wi and Here the runtime again is going to be polynomial in the runtime of the statement it is trying to prove and now Luckily the statement only consists of verifying a bunch of p-certificates and The verification of the p-certificate is short and of some polynomial runtime Therefore the simulator runs in polynomial time and there is no time blow up anymore Okay So great given this very strong unique p-certificates we can indeed get a constant round the concurrent zone knowledge Unfortunately, this is so strong that we don't really know how to construct it So we have to get by with something weaker, which is a two-round the version The basic idea is what's so different with the two-round version Well, the verifier should just send the first message of the verifiers first message for the p-certificate And then we will have to modify the trapdoor statement again So that inside the trapdoor statement every p-certificate is verified with respect to some first message And we have to be very careful with doing that because we do not want to lose the uniqueness property of the p-certificate and in particular For all the p-certificates in the input it will be verified with respect to some First the message of the p-certificate that is produced itself by the machine M and Therefore inductively again that all the p-certificate No matter the first message or the actual proofs are all uniquely determined by the machine M itself and Therefore we again have the soundness fortunately It seems like Everything is great. This idea should work. Unfortunately. It fails at a much more fundamental level The problem with it is that the verifier in fact simply cannot generate the first message itself Why? Because remember that the first message of the p-certificate needs to be generated knowing the statement. It is trying to prove Unfortunately, what is the statement the statement is the committed machine M together with an input to it Which is has to be hidden away from the verifier for the zero knowledge of property to hold therefore the verifier doesn't know and Another reason is that the first message of the p-certificate can take in time Proportional to the length of the statement to generate and the length of the statement could again Be arbitrary polynomial, which is way beyond the capability of the verifier again therefore the simple idea doesn't work and Here again the delegation comes to help us to circumvent this problem What we will do is that instead of letting the verifier generate the first message to himself He's going to in fact delegate this job to the prover to generate And in particular, this is going to require us to use FHG plus IO to achieve a Smaller observation is that when actually in our paper when plugging our particular construction of p-certificate from IO We can avoid the usage of FHG and only rely on IO for this delegation step Okay, great so in summary We get constant round the concurrent zero knowledge using those unique p-certificate We can do with the non-interactive version and even better We can do with the not with the non-interactive to run the version, which itself can be constructed from IO And in fact in our proof can be generalized to even more non-interactive versions Which does not have to be too round as long as every prover's message is unique And that's all what I want to tell you. Thank you


So, as you probably know, Ben Shapiro has been a, you know, just since October 7, just on a roll in terms of expressing his support for Israel, expressing his disdain for the Hamas, showing them to be the evil that they are, standing up against the enemies of western civilization. He has been as good as a gatz on this particular issue, and I've supported him, I've told him that I support him, and I have told you, and at least posted this on Twitter, which we did some of his posts and supported him. He has done some excellent, excellent lectures in Oxford and Cambridge and elsewhere where he has defended Israel and done a very good job at Ben Shapiro. He's super smart and super sharp and super quick, and he does a good job when it comes to this. During, I guess, you know, during some of these, well, not everybody put it this way, not everybody at the daily wire has been as passionate, has risen kind of to this occasion in quite the way Ben Shapiro has. I've not been watching Matt Walsh or some of the others to see what their commentary has been like on this issue, but I can't imagine that it has been as strong and as supportive of a visual as Ben's has. But I do know that one person in particular at the daily wire has not, and that has not been, has been counter, if you will, to Ben Shapiro, and that is Candace Owen. Candace has, since October 7th, been committed to a, you know, the both sides of this issue. Israel is pretty bad to Israel. She has argued is an apartheid state. Israel does violate the rights. And, you know, maybe, maybe there really is something to the Palestinian grievances. Yeah, what happened in October 7th is horrific, but what Israel does is horrific to the kind of moral equivalency that you see on the left. Candace Owen has embraced that same moral equivalency on the right and has been a voice for that. I mean, this is not surprising. Candace Owen has been horrible and awful for a long time, for a very long time. And she's been terrible in Ukraine. She was terrible on COVID and vaccinations. She's just been awful in pharmaceutical companies. You know, I, if I was running daily wire would have fired her a long time ago, but of course they can't. I mean, they do have to, they probably have a contract where they can't. But she's particularly bad on issues that, on many issues that Ben Shapiro, I think, is particularly good on. And so Ben Shapiro was asked about Candace Owen on some of these talks that he's giving as he's traveling around out there. And he criticized her, right? He basically said that he thought what she was saying was wrong and he wish she hadn't said it and that she was completely off base on these issues. And in particular with regard to the Israel thing, but I don't think that was the only issue he has with her. He's good on Ukraine and on other issues as well, and they disagree on them. But I think this Israel issue is particularly sensitive for Ben, as I think it should be, not just because he's a real Jew, but because I think he understands, I certainly understand, maybe more than him on this, that this really is a battle for the soul of the West. This really is a battle about Western civilization, just like 9-11 was, in spite of what Bin Laden says. Anyway, Candace responded to this, or at least it was interpreted that she responded to this, by quoting scripture. So she wrote, quote, blessed are the peacemakers, for they should be called the children of God. Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are ye when men shall revile you and persecute you, and shall say all matters of evil against you falsely for my sake. No one can serve two masters. Either you will hate the one and love the other, or you will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve both God and money. You might want to remember that, all you greedy businessmen out there and finance guys who might be listening to this show. She follows up that post with Christ is king. Now, what is she saying here? Is she saying, you know, yeah, I'm being criticized, but I'm in the right. Blessed am I for being criticized. And she says, I don't care about money. I don't care about losing subscribers. I am with right, with justice, with God. And I'm going to say the truth in the face of Ben Shapiro or whoever else there is. Now, she might claim she wasn't talking about Ben, but Ben certainly thought she was talking about him. So Ben quote tweets, retweets her and says, Candace, if you feel they're taking money from the daily wire somehow comes between you and God by all means quit. Now, no, she also stuck in there. You know, the thing about the thing about Christ is king, Ben is Jewish. You know, this is what happens when somebody like banalize himself with the religious Christian right, they won't tolerate him long term. They won't like him. They won't. They won't because Judaism is wrong and Judaism is false. And Judaism is it's from their perspective.  I mean, I'm reading Dominion right now, which is a really interesting book.  So I will come. I will talk a lot about Dominion in the weeks to come as particularly when I finish it. But in Dominion, it's pretty clear that that what Christianity is as a particularly once Paul gets involved, what Christianity is is a rejection of Judaism and an attitude of once the Messiah has come, when Christ has come, once the sons of God has come, Judaism must be repudiated completely. Judaism is way too, you know, it's, it's, what is the word? It's too tribal. It's too exclusive, too exclusive. And that's the, you know, and therefore Judaism needs to be gone because now Christianity, the true religion is here and it's universal, of course. Anyway, so she's sticking at the bend and I'm sure at the sidelines, Matt Walsh and, and, and Knowles, at least somewhat chewing your arm. I don't doubt this. This is Candace Oren's response to Ben. You've been acting unprofessional and emotionally unhinged for weeks now, unhinged. And we have all, this suggests that she's not just speaking for herself, but maybe for the other Christians in the group. And we have all had to sit back and allow it and have all tried to exercise exceeding understanding for your raw emotion, but you cross a certain line. And when you come for scripture and read yourself into it, I will not tolerate it. Wow. There's a Christian lion in her. Anyway, I don't know how this is going to get resolved. I don't think this is a, this is a little spat. I think this goes to the heart of Ben's ideology and to the heart of Candace's and others at the Daily Wires ideology. Christianity is incompatible with Judaism, certainly incompatible with Ben Shapiro's kind of Judaism. This Christianity that hates America, that despises America in the way that Candace and Matt Walsh and that Knowles despise America is incompatible. And I don't know how this is going to get resolved. It's going to be really, really interesting to see how this plays out. She is taking the moral and emotional high ground here. She's trying to, Ben, you know, I can only imagine that professionally and emotionally unhinged. Why? Because he sees the world wanting to kill him. And they do. And he would expect his friends to rally to his side. He would expect people who to a logic stand he made in a Daily Wire, rally to his side. And he's not getting that, right? He's not getting that. He's getting them kind of saying, well, Ben, maybe you're overdoing it. Maybe you're going over the top. All right. So then, you know, you know my feelings towards Candace Owen and so on. But, but then, of course, my other favorite person out there in the world, Tucker Carlson, steps into this and Tucker, as this is going on, says, Hey Candace, come on over to my studio. Let's do an interview. Let's do an interview, right?  So, in it, Candace Owen, you know, is, is criticized as Ben and, and, and, and tries to present her case. But what here I find interesting is Tucker's position on all of this, which I think is super interesting and super, super stupid and super, super wrong and super, super immoral. And, and, and Tucker just goes further and further down into deeper and deeper rungs of hell in my mind, in my moral evaluation of him. So let's listen to Tucker and evaluate what he says. It's only 50 seconds. So I'm going to let it play out the whole 50 seconds. I won't interrupt every 10 seconds, even though I want to, I know. And, and then we'll, we'll talk about what he says and, and why I am so, why I think it is so offensive and so horrific. And why I think, you know, why I really am finding it hard to, to, to be positive about the future of this country and the future of the West and the future of people who support Candace Owen and Tucker Carlson. I just, you know, I just, I find it horrific. I mean, I have my disagreements with Ben Shapiro. And at the end of the day, we are in completely different philosophical places. But he's nowhere as bad as these people are. He's nowhere as bad as these people are. And why do I emphasize these people? I'll talk about the left. And first of all, I talked about the left extensively in this talk versus Bin Laden. And why do I emphasize these? Because these are supposed to be the defenders of Western civilization. These are the people that I, and Hirsi Ali just rallied around and in a sense embraced. These are the people who are the defenders of, of the West. These are the people are defenders of the values. Who should you, who should you condemn more?  I think it's pretty obvious that the people stabbing you in the back that the world thinks are your allies are much more important to con, to, to, to attack than, than anybody else. So here we go. This is Taka. And you'll see there's nothing really too horrible that he says, right? There's also, I can't help but notice that your views reflect mine. I would say pretty much. I'm an American. I was horrified by what happened on October 7th. I think it was pretty strange. I don't really understand how it happened, but innocence died and that's awful. And I hated one. I feel so sorry for the Israelis who were killed. However, there's an emotional response that is disproportionate, I think, on the part of some commentators. I mean, our country's being invaded right now by millions of young men whose identities we don't know, probably don't even like America and they're now living here.  I've known a couple. Those are real tragedies. I've never seen anything like the emotion from any commentator around those tragedies as I'm watching about a foreign tragedy. I think that's odd. I mean, wow. Wow, wow, wow. I mean, where do you even start? Notice how he talks about October 7th. Strange. Don't know how it happened. Basically, setting himself up to present a conspiracy theory, and it's just a matter of time. He hasn't done it yet. He won't do it until it's the warness of it goes away. But strange. Don't know how it happened. I mean, there's a conspiracy theory there, just waiting to bubble out of Tucker Carlson's TV, Twitter TV empire. It just unhinged right off the bat. And he says, I feel bad for the Israelis who were killed. He can't say for Israel. He can't say anything more than October 7th was strange. Not evil. Non expression of barbarism. Just strange. Strange is so morally non committal. So morally zero. So morally maybe there was a good reason for what it happened. It's just strange. Why did it happen the way it happened? Truly sick. This is Tucker Carlson. And then he goes on to say, I don't know, their emotional response is just disproportionate. Really? 1200 people, a murdered, raped, burnt alive, decapitated, tortured. And there is a proportionate response. What is a proportionate response? And these are people who, at least in my understanding, certainly not in Tucker's, I know, because Tucker doesn't have any respect or doesn't have any belief in Western civilization. These are people who are part of the West. These are people who are Western, who are being killed. These are people who share your civilization of values. Now, not Tucker's because Tucker has none. And then there are people who are commenting on this, Ben Shapiro, let's say, who not only sees that as a personal affront because he happens to be Jewish, but also beyond that, also beyond that, it is, you know, it is then exposed into anti-Semitism all over the world and including in the United States targeted at him in the United States. Has Tucker Carlson commented on anti-Semitism in the United States? Is he horrified by that? No. So it's disproportionate. And why aren't they pissed off at the invasion? Maybe because it's not an invasion? Maybe because 100,000 people are crossing the border because they want work? They're trying to make a better life for themselves? Maybe that's why they're coming? Maybe that's why they're entering? Maybe that's why people are not up in arms because it's not an invasion?  And to compare it? Yes, 100,000 people didn't cross over from Gaza and Israel. But they slaughtered, maimed, butchered, raped. Have we seen a dramatic increase in crime generated by illegal immigrants in the United States over the last year? No, crime is actually declining in the United States. Rape, murder, decapitation, burning alive. Has that increased in the United States because of the 100,000 invaders coming in? Doesn't look like it. Doesn't look like it. And in what way are these 100,000 invaders going to take over our country as invaders always do? They can't vote. It is disgusting and despicable and beneath contempt. There's no difference in terms of the ugliness of the point of view between Tekka Carlson and anybody on the left. And the people in TikTok praising Bin Laden, fentanyl, killed 100,000 people last year. Yeah.  You compare that to murder. People take fentanyl. They take drugs of their own free will. They are committing suicide. Now, we could discuss why they're doing it and the state it's happening. But the fentanyl epidemic is not something caused by somebody outside. It is caused by the demand for drugs by Americans. But God forbid you can't criticize Americans unless the elites or Americans you don't like, like they don't have the right color skin or they don't come from the right background or they don't have the right religion. You can't criticize other Americans. It's always the fault of outsiders. Mexican cartels, the Chinese, they're responsible for the fentanyl epidemic. It's not the fact that Americans are demanding drugs and they're demanding ever-increasing potency in their drugs. And that is the cause of the fentanyl crisis. Oh, no. And we compare that. A real problem in the United States, because we have to ask the question, why are so many people in the United States having, taking drugs with butchery? I mean, God help us from people like Tucker Carlson. He is the end of this country. And much more likely to gain political power, much more likely that his ideas are the ones that dominate a political world than all the ideas of the nutty left. Much more likely. And you can see that in the fact that I just saw a story today saying that Donald Trump is seriously considering Tucker Carlson as his VP. Makes complete sense. Complete sense. I don't know that Tucker would take it. I don't know that Donald Trump would actually do it because Tucker is so popular. But it makes sense to me. This is exactly, exactly the combination that could win, that could win. And I told you a long time ago, long time ago, it's been years now, that Tucker Carlson could one day be president and he would be the devil. He would be really, really, really bad. He could, he's smart enough and probably able enough to actually implement the kind of authoritarian tendencies that Donald Trump has.


Yeah, it's a pleasure to be here and thank you for coming. So numerously to my lecture, I hope I won't disappoint you. So this afternoon I'd like to present on two topics. One is our passion, the molecular photovoltaics. But as Paul mentioned, this has gone through some maturity. And for example, you see here one of the applications of this invention is these glass panels that would use electric power from visible light. And this is a filling station. It's a filling station, it's an electric power station for these electric vehicles that you're very familiar with here in California. So I hope you're still going to use our technology. So yeah, and so these applications come out of fundamental research. And so in the first part of my lecture, I want to take you the path of this invention, how it emerged. Some people ask me, well, how did you invent the solar cells? And if I woke up one morning and I had this invention in my head, that's not how it happened, okay? And so, but it's also clear that one of the most exciting developments, that recently, if not the most exciting development in photovoltaics, the recent years has been the postcard solar cell. Which is shown here, one of the recent papers we have. This is shown here on the left. And these are really amazing materials. They span of six to seven years. The efficiencies went from two to 22%. And this has never happened in photovoltaics. And in addition, they can be made by solution processing. So it comes very close to the dream of having a photovoltaic paint where you would just take a brush and put this stuff on a wall and get the power out of your, out of your thin film. And so, so the second part of the lecture I'd like to take you along the line of development of these postcard solar cells. So, yeah, so this is where we work at the Lac-Lemon, the lake of Geneva in Lausanne, and here's our lab. And so, energy certainly is a big issue. This is what the lecture will be about. And here's a photovoltaic. Photovoltaics have been growing. And last year we had this about 60 gigawatt peak power installed. And so that, why is it gonna go down next year or this year? Well, here's the problem, okay, the feed enterals. It's all said here, the story is being told, have been decreasing. And so it shows you this technology.  It's still living on subsidies. And if subsidies go down, then the sales drop. So this has to change. So there's room for developing technologies that, number one, are not dependent on subsidies. And you also need just the sheer volume. It sounds a lot to 58 gigawatts sounds a lot. But just think about it. You're consuming 16 terawatt, okay? That's permanent. And those 50, that's peak power. So divide by five, you get the average power. So it's actually 10 gigawatt average power. So what's missing a factor of 1,000 here, okay? So if we would install at that present rate the photovoltaics, it would take 1,000 years to get to those 10 terawatt to make an impact, okay? So definitely there's room for new technologies and the good news for you folks is that the funding will be there, okay? Over one trillion dollars is expected to be spent in the next 20 years on solar PV along with other renewables. And so who will be the winner? Well, this is the famous triangle. So efficiency, stability and cost, we know what we can, okay? So I will come back to this triangle at the end of my lecture. And so, well, one winner is certainly at the moment for the synthesis. For the synthesis, it has a 1,000 terawatt power storage, okay? Just think about the 50 gigawatt or the 10 gigawatt we have with the PV, okay, 1,000 terawatt. So that's what inspired us, the light reaction for the synthesis, which works well since two billion years. And so we have, our initial thinking was to try to mimic that reaction by using molecular absorbers, it's molecular photovoltaics. Using molecular absorber to interact with sunlight. And so I will be putting this machine in motion in a minute. So it's a molecular sensitize, not a diode absorbs light, a photo diode is a molecular sensitizer. And we get this photo coming in, pumping the electron up, injection, collection, then the electron does work. Then we bring it back to the sensitizer. And very, very important is this redox shuttle. It's for why we got stuck with one single redox shuttle, the iodide triadide. And you see the problem with that, it's in the middle of the gap. And so all this energy is wasted here. So for many years we stuck with 12% because of that major loss here. But this has changed, and recently there was a breakthrough with the new copper complexes that work beautifully in the solid state in the liquid, and I'll share some of this with you shortly. So the outline then, we will talk about this molecular photovoltaics, and then turn to the perovskite solar cells. So it makes big difference if you put sensitize on a flat surface or on this nano or crystalline film. The yields in photocon go up 10,000 times. It's amazing. I mean, this piece of material cost $50,000 to make, okay? And that's cost about half a dollar to make, but it gives you 10,000 times more power out. So it's done it, and why is it so good? Well, it's your probe light, and the important thing is you're able, not only the probe light, but you generate charge and you collect those charges, and the product is close to 100%. The EQE is shown here, over 90%. You have it on a flat surface, 0.1%, so that tells you the story. This system is working well, the mesoscale is doing a miracle for you, okay? And so we explored what the reason for this was, and I don't want to go through too much of the theoretical details here. So what is the scaffold doing? It's a false sensitizer, the nanoparticles are stacked so you get the light absorbed, although there's a monolayer on the surface of these particles. And here's the important second function, scaffold extracts selectively electrons from the excise sensitizer. And the nanoparticles clean the electronic charges. Just think about it, under full sunlight, each of those nanoparticles has about 20 electrons inside. And so usually we think, well, how is that possible to squeeze 20 negative charges in such a small particle? There's a Coulomb blockade effect. But no, it's possible because you got those charges cleaned by the irons on the surface. And so here it shows you the staining of the film, of the nanocrystalline film that happens spontaneously. It's a self-assembly that happens spontaneously. And it darkens your film. Here we have this ruthenium dye as a sensitizer that hooks on the surface through the carboxylate group. We can image that those dyes, this has been done on a single crystal. And you can see how the sensitizer sits on the surface. You can also massage these images and find out more how, for example, you see a dimer formed by between two sensitizers. And we find that the carboxylates go on by dente. They bridge two titanium, adjacent titanium lines on the surface. It's a bi-dane-coordinated binding. And so all this information has given, oops, wow, wow, somehow it was there. I'm sorry, I have to go back to PowerPoint and went out, don't know why. Okay, so now, let's just quickly run through these slides. If I tried to do anything else, I might upset the, okay, I think we got just to this stage where I told you we can massage these SCM photos and we get information on the binding. And here's a quantum mechanic calculation that shows how the charges is injected and you have to medallic and charge transfer on excitation. And the charge is injected within a few femtoseconds. But then nothing happens.  That's the trick. Actually, there's a factor of 10 to the nine in the rate of the back electron transfer with regards to forward. And this is what made that photovoltaic system work. It's a kinetic argument, a kinetic observation. And so, injection, regeneration. So the important thing is that you can collect the charges before they recombine. This is the key thing, the transport time recombination time. If your transport is 100 times faster recombination, then you collect 99%. And for many systems, it's possible to do that. To get those ratios that you need to collect fully the charges that are injected in the nanocrystalline film. That was one of the physicists' main argument against this concept. They said, well, we believe you can absorb light, you can inject electron. But you will never collect those charges. Because there's no field to separate the positive and negative charge. But that was wrong. We were able to collect very, very efficiently those charges. And so, this paper came out in 1991. It has received over 17,000 citations since then. And it was cited so highly because of the change in product. We went from the flat PN junction to this three dimensional nanoparticle network that's served as electron selective contact.  So that, so this thing was, I ignored for a long time that we were actually, it was the hundreds of ever, ever published scientific papers. And actually, our citations have gone up to 17,000. So the rate of citations is 2,000 a year of this paper still. That's quite a score. So that means every day you can calculate, we get eight citations. So let's go away from the citation thing. But it's also this whole thing spread. And so, these nano column dots, they're used as a replacement sensitizer. And we have the solar state system. And I should mention to you that the pulse guide solar cells started out as a quantum dot sensitized mesoscopic solar cell. It's like a DSC, but replace the dye by a quantum dot sensitizer. You get the pulse guide solar cell how it was originally. And also the patent applications, we had first one patent, it was totally ignored, we couldn't even license it to anybody. Then we took a few more and then this whole thing took off. And so we were able to license after that interest took such big proportions. And so, yeah, today the original sensitizers that were ruthenium complexes, they're replaced by the so-called donor acceptor. I don't want to dwell too long on this, but you will understand if I have a structure like that where the molecule has a donor moiety and a chromophore and an acceptor. When you excite the dye, the electron goes from top to bottom and it finds the particles there, it gets injected. But the positive hole that remains behind is on the donor is up there. So if the electron wants to come back out, which it loves to do, it loves to wrinkle back, but it's far away, okay? That hole is far away, and that makes the charge separation so long lived. So it's a molecular design of your dye that helps you to achieve those great photovoltaic assaults. And so we have this green dye which was designed in this fashion and did some molecular and amaz calculations and computational help to design sensitizers like the one we have here with this extra acceptor. So this field has taken off in the sense that it's now possible on a computer in silico, you can design your dyes and you can predict with a high accuracy of point E, point one EV, the absorption properties of those sensitizers. And so recently, as I mentioned to you, we found these copper complexes and the differences here in this slide, you see when you excite and inject then the regeneration of the sensitizer costs only 100 millilectron volts. So, it's like a silicon photovoltaic, okay? There's very little loss and not surprisingly, that has helped to move forward with that. These are now solid state, this copper complex actual hole conductor and it's in the solid state. And so solid state cells have been made. And here's the latest invention. We have co-centers sensitized, there's two sensitizers. And this is a photovoltaic cell. It doesn't look like one, but it's a photovoltaic cell. And believe it or not, it beats gallium arsenide in performance, okay? And so the color is the combined color of these two dyes. And here you see the impressive performance, the EQE goes to 90%. 90% of all the incoming photons are turned into electricon, okay? You see the high voltage we can get out of this. And so the verdict is here, 1,000 looks in ambient light. You get more power out of this device. And I'll show you later the first applications. We have ebook readers that have eternal life because they get all the time power, so there are quite a few applications that come out of this new discovery. So now let's talk about the pulse guides. And yeah, we have the dial cells type system. The pulse guide cells are kind of dull, they're always black, okay? But that's what you get if you want to absorb all the sunlight, they're invisible, they will look black. Why does it do that to me? Somebody must have bad intentions here. And so, okay, it's just to go through the routine one more time. So the sad news is I have to go through the whole thing now. And because I distrust your electronics. So we were here at this point and now let's go to the pulse guides. Go to these, so strong absorbers. All of this is typical for direct bandgap material. It's also a material that doesn't form excitons, so the excitons dissociates easily. But the real interest in this material is it comes defect free. It has a valence band maximum that is formed by undibonding orbitals. And so suppose you take a silicon cell, you break the silicon-silicon bond. It makes your defect right in the middle of the bandgap, which will be recombination center. If you break the bond between the lead and the iodide, you actually stabilize the whole system. Because you break something that is undibonding. It's kind of a mind-boggling argument, but think about it. It's true, okay? And so we have very few defects in the bandgap. And so these materials, electronically, they are very, very interesting and high quality, even though you don't grow single crystals. And so as I mentioned to you, we have these quantum dot cells. They started with the quantum dot cells. And we have here those quantum dots of the pulse guide this time. Sensitizing the TIO2, the trouble with these concepts was that they felt dissolved in the electrolyte within ten minutes. You had ten minutes time to take your JV curve, and then it was gone, okay? No more sensitizer. And so, of course, that wasn't a very sustainable solution. But it turned out if you swapped the electrolyte with the whole conductor, then the solid state whole conduct, then the whole thing became much more stable. And this is what happened. Two papers appeared almost simultaneously. And this kind of put the field on track with this whole concept to have a whole selective contact, solid state, electron selective contact. And you can see efficiencies going up and the number of papers. Now we have 2,000 or 3,000 papers published. A few years ago, we had only one paper published. It was totally ignored, okay? And so incredible evolution of this field. And so you see why I'm sure that we have 3,000 papers. We have 2,700 citations. And each citation is a paper, dear friends, okay? So we must have at least that many papers out. And so we also start infiltrating the pore space. And this evolved to, finally, there is now two configurations. And we have the mesoscopic, which always has a capping layer of perovskites on top. And this is a planar configuration. And so which one is better, close, but so far the highest efficiencies certified have been reached with the mesoscopic film. And so also the mixtures, we have these cation mixtures that today's formulations use. And the story is, we started with the formamadenium, which is not stable as a perovskite phase at room temperature. But if you put a little bit of methamoronium in a mixture, then you get a stable phase. It was a discovery that was made by my graduate student, Norman Pellet. And we have sat here in this paper. This concept has not been applied previously in perovskite-based solar cells. It shows great potential. But everybody ignores this paper, okay? So I had to beg on the table and say, hey, every talk I will show the publication. So I've done that now, so we're moving on. And so the interesting thing is if you take a cesium and formamadenium, then you have two materials that are unstable as perovskite from the yellow phase at room temperature. But you mix them, you get the black phase. That is magic, okay? You can even mechanically just grind those two materials, get a black thing out, okay? So black magic, and also these mixtures are more stable than the methamoronium mixtures. Because methamoronium is kind of unstable, it evolves easily as it forms methylamine and H-iodide. So it's not to be recommended as a stable perovskite component. And so then triple cation started, so we went from double to triple, and we found out why these things stable as mainly antropically driven. And then here's the triple paper, cesium. And today we have four, so I have to let's move forward. This is actually four cations. It's obedium, cesium, methamoronium, formamadenium. Now you really need four. That's how this thing evolved, okay? The four cation formulation gave us a very good voltage over 1.24 volts.  And we run the cell on maximum power tracking. So we were drawing power at 85 degrees under full light. This is a double ramor stress, okay? Nobody does that usually to a photovoltaic cell, and it survived. And not only that, these cells are mislight and miseth. And that's to be expected. A photovoltaic cell has a high voltage at open circuit, will be a good light emitter. This comes from Eli Jablonovich, but really it goes back to Hoss's work, and a guy, the student of Melvin Calvin at Berkeley. And he came up with this equation, which is easy to derive. And so if your voltage is an ideal voltage, that's about for one sun, it's the band gap minus 300 millivolts, roughly speaking. So if the pulse guide has 1.6, EV band gap you will have a maximum voltage of 1.3. That's your theoretical one. And so if you get to 1.2, you should have a quantum efficiency of a light and an electron luminescence of a few percent. And that's what is observed, we get 4% quantum efficiency. So you can run these systems as a light emitting diode or as a photovoltaic, the same cell. It's the same cell, okay? It's the same amazing thing. And so here are the four percent, you can see them on the scale. And so this becomes a very good quality check for photovoltaics, this light emission property. We move forward and so today's efficiencies are 22.1. And let me just point out to you that the blue points are polycrystalline silicon, so the pulse guide have beaten actually polycrystalline silicon, the market leader in photovoltaics. So where are we now? Who's winning the race? Very early, I mean, this still is a laboratory cell and we have to worry about stability. Cost wise, it looks actually pretty good. Because, I mean, here's the annual analysis, which tells us, let's see, the lowest cost of all photovoltaic technology. And you have here the materials cost. This is the most expensive part here is the hole conductor. But this will change the cheap hole conductors now around. So at the end, I mean, you see, this analysis expressed the LCOE, the levelized cost of energy. That's what counts. How much do you have to pay for one kilowatt hour electric energy? And so here, the prediction is three cents, three cents. And that's a very competitive price. It assumes a 12% module efficiency and 15 years lifetime. So 12% module efficiency is around the corner. In fact, if you look at the scale-up, there are several approaches that allow scale-up. Here we have the Singapore, I'm just mentioning, it's a module 11%. They have now beefed it up to 12%. So these are all, this is screen-printed films. They don't use any sophisticated technology. The whole photovoltaic device is screen-printed. And here's the disole cell. They are very close in efficiency, quite at this level, but very close. And here's a bigger module in the, actually, this carbon cell comes from Wuhan. And I'm so proud to be associated. She didn't know that's my name here, it's the micro-gratso center of the topic solar cell, okay? That is expressed in Chinese, okay? So I was very proud to be named the honor director of the center. And so, yeah, actually with a fuel generation, I will be very quick. I mean, the first-guide solar cells have been used as voltage source. They have this high voltage for fuel generation. And for a while, we were holding the record. But this, I think now, it's 35 semiconductors have kicked in a little bit higher than post-good. But we have, we're holding a record for CO2 conversion to COO. We started off with this paper, 6.5%. But recently, we have a new catalyst. It's a Cooper's oxide on both, the cathode and the anode. And it's the cathode side is a Cooper's oxide or Kubrick oxide with a tin oxide overlayer. And it makes it selective for CO2 to CO conversion. You can see that here. You run the CO alone, it doesn't make much CO. But with a tin oxide ALD overlayer, it does make your CO very selectively. And so that has been now scaled, and we get 13.4%. That's solar to chemical, okay? If you count all the fuels, including the hydrogen that is formed, it's actually 16%. So impressive efficiencies for solar to fuels with this particular system. And so now, let me finish because I was told to finish in about five minutes from now. And so I will, so I'll just show you at the end some applications. And then there will be, you can challenge me by questions. And so here's some, all the applications we see commercially are from the dye sensitized cells. The first guys, as I've mentioned, they're now being scaled up and we need to consolidate all of this. And the applications, we're talking to Mike McGee today on tandem cells. And so they're very promising perspectives for power skates. But now we're talking about products out of the market. And these are IoT applications, internet of things by companies, like the G-cell company in Great Britain. And this is the famous solar backpack, okay? That was developed by the same company and even our Gorgon, one of those, it was actually I, it was my back. It was the last one he had, okay? He doesn't know that he has my back. But also I gave one to Bill Gates and he likes the technology. Actually, he was very kind to us. He mentioned the, in his statement on the Paris conference, he mentioned the sensitized technology as being very promising for the future and so he will see some applications. So as the chairman said, we have for the molecular photovoltaics, we have two applications. One is the building, the building integration and panels, translucent panels make electricity from sunlight. And believe me, I have ordered myself for my house, now these panels. So I must be convinced that they work, okay? So, this is how they look from inside. They also have a heat reflection effect. Because they have these two FTO layers that they cut the heat inside. And this is our Congress center at night. If you come to Geneva Airport, please admire our panels in the departure level, this is the filling station I showed you. This is on the highway from Byrne to Zurich. Don't overlook our fence when you drive along the highway. It does make us, it does do a sizable production of electricity. This is the Swisscom building and very close to the side. The Korean company Dongcheon is also very active. Here we get to mass production in China. I don't know what that means here, I hope it's nothing bad about me. Because I can't read Chinese. But some of you might understand the Chinese here, so you have to tell me. And so here's the installation of the panels in China. So business is going up. Here is the, this is a very significant development in Sweden. Where the company Accenture has just now raised $40 million to increase production capacity for the products. One of their products, if you go to their website, is that ebook reader and what does it say? E-reader with eternal life, okay? So once you have it, you don't need to worry about battery anymore, okay? So and in case you want to move to Sweden, okay? You are here, there are jobs available in this company, okay? Just in case, okay, just in case. So at the end, very end of my presentation, I'd like to show you something very personal. We have this, had this Expo 2015 in Milano. And there was this big disk that the company SFL from Austria had installed. And these are our glass panels, the 16 kilowatt power. And so I went there on the 11th of May. Now, this is a birthday, not only my birthday, but my wife also has same day birthday. So we'll never forget our birthdays, okay? So my wife Carol was coming with me and we got a birthday cake from the Austrian. But the real important thing was here, the truck. This truck was powered by the panels you saw. And those panels, remember these small molecules we made in a lab? Finally, powering a truck that is driving around. So a dream became true for me. Really, it was a very emotional moment at this affair. So with that, I finish my sponsors, financial support. Most importantly, you better ski in Switzerland. That loose guy you don't see in Lausanne, you're in a gray park there. Okay, so thank you for your attention. Okay, so I think there's time for some questions for Professor Gressel. I'll lead off with one. Okay, so Professor, in your presentation, you mentioned briefly the photo-electrochemical results, the new results of the copper oxide electrodes. I noticed that the pH was quite different between the two, the anodic and cathodic chambers. How practical is that to have to run it under those conditions? Yeah, you need this bipolar membrane. You saw that it was in a design, and what that does for you is it has an inner compartment where you have water, and the water is dissociating in protons and OH-. So there is a potential across that membrane that will help you to dissociate the water, but when you add all the losses up, it's like the water splitting reaction. If some of the dynamics are the same, this membrane doesn't change a thing. It's just that you have to be careful with the flux of ions across so leakage currents, and so this has been a challenge, but we have been able with using cesium as a monovalent cation to prevent the transport of cesium ions across so that you want only protons to move, or each minus of protons. The moment you have other ions, it will mess up the system because it changes this composition on one side or the other side. For CO2 reduction, you need that bipolar membrane because you want to do the oxygen evolution and alkaline solution, and the CO2 is per definition a neutral solution. And so this membrane works perfectly well if you have a pH 0 and 14. Then it's really perfect. It's more challenging when you have a neutral pH 7 and a pH 14. Could you give some idea about dollar per watt compared to other technologies? And the second question is that do you think you'll be able to scale this technology? I wish you can do that up to megawatt and gigawatt level. Which one are you talking about now? The health guys or the product? Yeah, well, I mean, it's happening as we speak. Companies are investing, and I showed you some of the scale up products, Daiso and Singapore. So the various companies, the other day I was in Clarkson, the Clarkson University in Potsdam, and somebody pulled out a health guide cell, a venture capital proposed and invested, and he wanted to show it to me. So we ignore all what is going on. There's a lot of activity out there, I can tell you that. And not only for the cells themselves, but also the tandem I mentioned to you, the tandem where you have a technology like silicon and you build it on this technology. So in my opinion, if you had asked me two years ago, I wrote a review on a health guide solar cell called the light and shade of a health guide solar cell. And there are a lot of uncertainties about stability and the lead problem and so on. Today I think if you had these solar farms and you have a contained glass with concrete support, you're okay. I mean, you have less lead than silicon panels, so per square meter. So that's all reason to be optimistic. For the questions. This is a middle of a follow-up, and you caught my attention with the 3.7 per kilowatt hour, because I know from either straight-up technology or comparisons or modeling studies, that looks pretty good, which was your point. How soon, where and when can we buy this in Europe? I guess one custom thing about your talk was going all the way from deep in the lab at an analog level all the way through to the market. And there are probably a few people who can do that whole spectrum of thinking about what's going on. Yeah, my brain was turning really at the fifth gear. Anyway, it's a good question. So, yeah, it's a good question. We should be very careful not to overstate. When I talk to investors, I always tell the truth. Okay, I never exaggerate. And since I have been investing myself in startup companies, and I know how it hurts if somebody doesn't tell you the full truth, I'll be very frank to you. This still is an early time, but the risk is coming down very quickly. And so, you have seen those stability results. Also, Mike McGee showed me very good stability. So, we are going through those test programs. IAC 6146, or 6146, I forgot now the code. So, there is a test program. And we have seen that, for example, carbon cells, you can take them through all these tests, the critical tests that the IAC calls for outdoor photo attacks. And so, it will still take some time to be fully reassured on whether the stability is what we really need for 25 years outdoor. But so far, what we can say is, the things that go wrong, it's not really the path guide. It's very often the contact materials or something else, corroding or water penetrating. So, these materials are much more rugged than we had believed, especially if you take the methylammonium out. So, my feeling is that we should be, we should keep going. It's a winning card. Good question, yes. So, regarding the very long stability that you observed, can you give us your expert opinion as to the key mechanisms that perovskites also must avoid to be stable for thousands and thousands of hours? Yeah, so, one issue was the contacts. I mentioned that. So, a lot of scientists use gold as a contact and the whole conductor, the classic one, is something we introduced 20 years ago. It's called the spiral ometard. It's a triarylamine. So, these materials are not stable enough. This whole conductor is just for research. It costs also too much, it costs $500 per gram. So, you need about one gram of this whole conductor material for one square meter. So, you're already dead with $500 per square meter. You will not be able to be competitive. But, it's a very good research material. You can buy it. It's working. It's not the final story. So, no materials are being used. I'm sure that we have ourselves something in print, which I unfortunately cannot disclose here. But, the whole conductors are really very promising, the inorganic whole conducts. I think we can be positive on this one. So, I would pay attention to those contact materials. I would take the metal ammonium cation out of the perovskite. It's a pain in the neck. At 85 degrees, it disappears. You make that iodide. So, that has to be taken out. But, if you take these other formulations, they will be very rugged. Unless you flood yourself with water. I mean, this is still, this ambient contact is an issue, but that's an issue for any photovoltaic. They're all laminated because you want to protect them. Question? Yeah. Can you talk a little bit about manufacturing processes? Are there particular kinds of things that are needed for the perovskites? The one I showed you, they're being screen printed. So, you can go to NTU in Singapore. They show you that, how they make those modules, and they get 11% on the module. And so, that's not the only technique. The slot die coating, certainly not spin coating. Okay, take the spin coat out. It's not going to work. That's why new procedures have been developed that avoid the spin coating. So, are they new really? Well, for the perovskite, yes. But I think these are existing then from the position techniques. I think there was a question back there. I just wanted to continue a little bit on your reliability question that you're answering. It's really certainly a very interesting topic. You know, among the three critical tests in damp heat, the temperature cycling and the light soak, what's actually more fundamental is light soak in many ways. If it's material starts to degrade, if you shine light on it, then it defeats the purpose of being a solar cell. What are the particular things in your utopian dream stack which would actually prevent it from, actually would enable it to be resistant to any issues with light? For example, if there's organics, there's certain kinds of organics which may deteriorate with light exposure. With the Dyson-style cells, we always had problems with the heat test. So, that is solved for the perovskite. It's a piece of cake, really, now to get a formulation that takes you over 90 days, 85 degrees. Just think about 85 degrees, 90 days. If you would go in a sauna and stay at 85 degrees for over 90 days, I wonder what is left. So, it's a harsh test, and it's even harder. The real test puts 85% humidity in addition. So, you need to absolutely be sure about your sealant. That's mainly a sealant issue, a lamination issue. So, that's a harsh test, but I think if you've got a good sealant, then the perovskite will take that. It's easy enough. As you have seen, we have done one experiment for 500 hours where we clouded it in addition with the full sun. And we had to self-work at maximum power. If there was only a 5% decline. Yeah, that was... The trouble with the test is now the referees ask me all the time to repeat the test. But it's not in the norm. It was beyond norm. So, anyway, it was a good experiment, and it shows that this can be very stable. It's not the whole answer, though. We have to be careful and do more testing. I would say it will probably take about five years to sort all of this out and have confidence between three and five. With a carbon technology, the stability is very good. So, that's why you already see modules being made. Well, I'm sure there are many more questions to ask. I know there are, but we probably need to cut the formal questioning off here. There may be opportunities to speak with Professor Gessel at the end of the presentation. Let's thank him once again for a very stimulating lecture.


Thank you guys for planning this event. I think this is an incredible event And I feel very fortunate to be a part of it And I really wish my mom could be here actually was just kind of silly but my mom was the one who got me hooked on books in the first place We grew up in Glacier St. Mary's Beach Act and not a lot of kids around so in the winter we just read a lot And the reason I chose to kill a mockingbird was because Every year we would go up to Illinois for Christmas and we would stay with my grandparents And that's when I first got my introduction to kill a mockingbird Through a movie and we would always watch it all of us sitting in the living room And the Christmas tree would be off in the corner with the lights on and I would sit on the couch next to my grandpa And you could always tell me I was perfect And Every year without fail we would watch to kill a mockingbird then I actually read a book and it's just an incredible book And it just never never fails to remind me of my grandfather Who is very similar to Atticus Finch and Taught me a lot of the same lessons that Atticus taught Scout. And so this is where I'm going to go Calpurnia bent down and kissed me. I ran along wondering what I could move her She'd always wanted to make up with me. That was it She'd always been too hard on me. She had seen the last air of her fractious ways And she was starry and too stubborn to say so I was worried for the day's crimes After supper Atticus sat down with a paper and called Scout. You ready to read? The Lord sent me more than I could bear and I went out to the front porch and Atticus followed me Something wrong Scout? I told Atticus I didn't feel well and didn't think I would go to school anymore. That was all right with him Atticus sat down on the swing and crossed his legs His fingers wandered around his watch pocket and he said that that was the only way to think You ate it an amiable sign Silence and I sought to reinforce my position You never went to school and you do all right. So I'll just stay home too.  I have to make a living Besides they put me in jail if I kept you at home Tell us what I need you to read tonight. I'm feeling all right. Really Thought so. What's the matter? Bit by bit. I told him the day's misfortunes And she said you taught me all wrong. So we can't ever read it anymore ever Please don't send me back. I Please sir Atticus stood up and walked to the end of the porch We completed his examination though. I serivine. He scrolled back to me first of all If you learn a simple trick scout, you'll be along a lot better with all kinds of folks You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view sir Until you climb into a skin and walk around in it Atticus said I've learned many things today and Miss Caroline had learned several things herself She learned not to hand something to a cunning hand for one thing And if Walter and I had put ourselves in her shoes, we'd have seen it was an honest mistake on her part We could not expect her to learn and all make homes rain to waste in one day And we could not hold her responsible when she did not know better Well, I'll be dog. I said I didn't know better than not to read her and she held me responsible Listen Atticus. I don't have to go to school. I was bursting with the sudden thought first evil Remember, he just got to school the first day Touring lady reckons she'll get carried out in the law when he when she gets his name on the roll Can't do that scoundrel Addis can send Sometimes it's better to bend the law a little bit in special cases in your case. The law remains rigid So go to school. You must I Don't see why I don't have to when he doesn't listen I just said that you will have been the disgrace to make home for three generations None of them had done the honest days work in his recollection He said that some Christmas when he was getting rid of the tree He would take me with him and show me where and how they lived They were people that they live like animals They can go to school anytime they want and when the show that fantasy symptom of wanting an education There are ways of keeping them in school by force But it's silly to force people like you will send you a new environment If I didn't go to school tomorrow, you forced me to Let us believe it if this said I just writing you miss out pinch our other comic book You must obey the law. He said that the rules were a member of an exclusive Society made up in certain in certain circumstance the common folk judiciously allowed them certain privileges by the simple method of becoming blind to some of the rules activities They didn't have to go to school for one thing another thing Bob Burst's father was permitted to hunt track out a season At his that ain't bad. I said in Mayfone County hunting out a season was a misdemeanor law the capital capital felony It's against the law, right? It's certainly bad But when a man spends relief checks on green whiskey and his children have a way of crying hunger from pains crying from hunger pains I don't know of any land over around here. He grudges those children any game their father can hit Mr.. Rule shouldn't do that. Of course. He shouldn't but he'll never change his ways. Are you going to take out your disapproval on his children? No, sir. I said it made a final stand, but if I keep on going to school, we can't ever read anymore That's really bothering you isn't it? Yes, sir When I had a kid's look down at me, I saw the expression on his face that always made me sex expect something Do you know what compromises he asked? Bending the law No, it's an agreement reached by a mutual concessions. It works this way He said if you'll concede the necessity to go to school. We'll go on reading every night just as we always have Is it a bargain? Yes, sir Well consider it sealed without the usual formality Atticus said and we saw me preparing to spit as I opened the front screen door Atticus said by the way scout you better not say anything at school about our agreement Why not? I'm afraid our activities would be received with considerable disapprobation by learned authorities Jen and I were accustomed to our father's last real and testament fiction And we were at all times free to interpret Atticus for a translation


Hello people of the internet. My name is Johnny and welcome to phone view. It's been a while since I've used my phone to make a video I thought I would do a room tour because a some people were asking for it on one of my past live streams and B, did I say one or A? I thought I'd do a room tour not only did I rearrange my room recently But also a few people were asking if they could if they could get a room tour So I was like you know what whatever short. Let's do it. What's the harm? So here we are smash the like button Subscribe if you're new and let's look at my room. So first up because I am recording You know we got to get that please don't stir up because hey, I'm recording sign on my door and this do be the room It's it's I'll be honest guys.   I got a lot of pops plushies. I got a FNAF thing right there I got the box for clue. I got a Mario Odyssey thing up there not everything I have to have is FNAF Okay, I got some hats up there the weird Bonnie hat the FNAF AR hat the Darko sugar hat and then the plus trap trucker cap up there I have my cool shades because I've got that drip and then to make it symmetrical I just have these like two two dollar Sunglasses also these bendy guys fall down all the time It's so annoying because I'll just be chilling and then like Alice Angel will fall on the floor and I'll be just like Bro, I'm gonna have to pick you up and put you back on the shelf again Yeah, this is gonna be a wacky video if you came here for some quality cut God damn it If you came here for some quality content this this video ain't that chief then over here on this wall I've got three FNAF AR posters Sizzling summer talks like Wasteland or King mayhem got that Wi-Fi so we can you know Be able to do my job down here. It's really nothing special on key overdrive I haven't touched in fricking use dude Then we have the FNAF monopoly and then FNAF. Oh wait now. That's the FNAF clue That's the FNAF monopoly got some cars there from Boy Scouts the Pinewood Derby any Boy Scouts in the chat boys then you got the Spin thing and the picker-upper thing for that game got some camera stuff Which I never use because I never do stuff with my phone my green screen I keep down here and if I have to use it. I'll just like move it to you know behind my chair It's really useful cuz I just open it up Pull up the green screen move it into place. It works pretty good on top of these things I have a fake plant for some reason. I've got a globe for some reason I've got the smallest mini fridge in the entire world which can hold like two cans of Dr. Pepper maximum This is a shelf that's supposed to go in the middle But it like it dude it doesn't fit and also the smallest TV in the world right next to the smallest mini fridge Well, it's headphones TV for the remote. I mean promote the TV. I never use this thing I used to use it all the time before I got that beefy boy little SpongeBob sock Puppet that my my brother got me for Christmas my video planner, which I'll be honest guys when it comes to FNAF you can never have a consistent Schedule because things will just release whenever they feel like releasing so maintaining, you know Videos and live streams is such a pain when it comes to FNAF. Oh all we figure right there my computer again My setup is nothing like too fancy. Also. I don't know Jack crap about computers Yeah, I just have one monitor one keyboard some all right, I'll be honest guys some decent microphones and cameras I know they're not the best and actually some really good lights and yet like my headphones are falling apart Like I don't have the best of setups But I think that's fine because that shows you really don't need all mud all that much to you know be successful I got a Google home. Hey Google Tell me a joke Why can't you trust in Adam?   Wow, then I have some wall shelves here They always have the books. Well, of course we have the clock Time is always ticking getting closer to death and the inevitable Yeah, I have a wall shelf here with the first five as per freight books some pins there as well This is where I keep all my construction sets by McFarlane I don't have that many got some beanies down here for now if they are and cloak got some other accessories like the Minecraft thing And some Barney thingies your headset the sub gun right who remembers the sub gun. It's still here the old Terribly out-of-date Minecraft handbooks and more pinewood derby bros. Let's go and this is this is the lounge area boys This is where we do be chilling and watching the banana Yeah, I just got some you know got my switch there my Xbox was stolen by my brother So I don't have that on me right now. I got my Wii my Game Boy down there. Yeah, I'll chill here I'll play some smash. I'll play whatever game. I feel like playing some Wii sports Hey, let's go this other wall shelf here has some more of the fast but freight books It has the Freddy files It has the survival log book the first graphic novel then of course We got Freddy chair with a with nightmare foxy plushie right there And then this shelf is actually a pretty PogChamp one. I'll be honest We have all the FNAF AR pins as well as the magnet. Well, I say all the FNAF AR pins It's not all of them. It's all the ones that I felt like buying Because I've just stopped buying FNAF AR merch because I realize I've spent way too much money on that though I do really like this poster. I honestly one of my favorite pieces of merch that they've ever done Yeah, we've got the security breach plushies some mystery minis glow-in-the-dark pizza sim We have the fazbearer faz tokens. We got some action figures mystery minis as well The the FNAF cereal the Funko game the monopoly box then we have the exclusive plushies as well Freddy you got the FNAF slime some more like mystery minis right here This is the unisonous hat and then this is the FNAF AR lanyard now moving into the closet. All right boys first up Hello, yeah, the closet is just it's it's literally nothing special. It's nothing cool at all I have a shelf with some miscellaneous things, right? That's just like cords and cables and stuffs restock that doctor pepper boys Some hats the laptop and iPad tripod right there Boxes and paper and all that stuff for FNAF AR merch. This right here is the FNAF AR sticker book Right. I put all my stickers in this book of the box that already came in and then up here We have all the other boxes for mystery minis You should be like calendars. I think and then all the McFallen boxes right there and um Yeah, all that's bloated right now But you probably take a guess what all that stuff is and to be honest That's kind of it again. This is a perfect example of you don't need a whole lot to be Successful on YouTube like I realize I do not have the best microphone. I don't have the best camera I don't even have a second monitor though I am you know, of course looking into those things because I want to make my videos as you know as best as they Can be but I don't have those things right now and I've got nearly 14,000 subs this video isn't a flex if anything It's to tell you guys just fucking do YouTube if you feel like it have you seen my old videos It was that crappy laptop in there like with my phone this phone pointed at it on a terrible tripod And I like didn't have an editing software.  I'm so shaky. I'm so sorry This whole room is dedicated to YouTube right? Of course, it's not a studio. It's literally a bedroom that I turned into you know, like a FNAF FNAF space But it's it's dedicated to me making my videos.  I really do appreciate you guys. So that's it Again, I have a video coming out sometime next week on some rare FNAF pops that is gonna be a pretty good video Hopefully hopefully then get scammed.  Anyways, that's it. That's my room Maybe we can do an update video sometime in the future about things that have changed in the room Maybe I'll be in a different room. Who knows only time will tell. Thanks for watching and I'll see you all on the flip side