Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this lecture we are going to talk about planetary rings or rings that exist in the solar system. Now the best known of those are around Saturn but there are a number of planets that have rings as well. So let's take a look at what we see here. And we look first of all here's our image. This is the planet Saturn and you can see its ring system stretching out around it. But it is not the only planet with a ring system and in fact all four of the Jovian planets will have a ring system around them. However there are differences between each of these. Saturn's is highly reflective and prominent, very easy to see and we can see that here in this image and in fact Saturn's were the first rings to be detected. The next set to be detected were those of Uranus. Uranus has very narrow rings and very dark rings and they were detected when a star was occulted by the rings or the rings blocked out the light of that star and caused it to dim. Jupiter's were the next detected which are a very faint dust band, some very minor rings but there is at least some portion of a ring there and Neptune's are unusual in that there are gaps in the rings. So they are not nice smooth rings here but there are actually areas where the material is denser and areas where material is less dense. So let's look at ring formation. Where do rings come from in the first place? Well first of all what are the rings made up of? They are billions of tiny particles each orbiting the planet. You can think of them each as a small moon. So there is a small moon orbiting each planet and each of these is very small objects. They may only be a few centimeters in size. They may be up to a meter or so in size but they are not gigantic objects by any sense. The ring particles do interact with each other by gravity which keeps them together and through collisions. So the particles will collide together as they orbit and that will give us the structures that we will see within the rings. Could these be a shattered moon? A collision with the moon might have formed the ring particles so if a large object crashed into a moon and recall that these jovian planets all have lots of moons that could have expelled a lot of ring particles out into space that could have been captured in a ring. So perhaps some sort of collision with the moon or tidal forces as well an object that gets close enough to the planet could have been torn apart by its tidal forces. The gravity on one side of the object, the near side, being stronger than the gravity on the far side. Because the gravitational force depends on distance. If you're close enough to the object it's quite possible that the object will not be able to hold up structurally to a significant force on one side and a very small force on the other. Essentially you're stretching the object apart. And in case if particles are just that close it may just have been prevented from forming in the first place. So let's look at the rings of each of these planets. So starting off here with Jupiter's rings which were discovered in 1979 by the Voyager 1 spacecraft. They are very faint and dusty rings made up of lots of small particles and are best seen in scattered light from behind. So we don't see them well from earth because they're not reflecting a lot of the light but they do scatter the light through and we look from behind Jupiter as seen by the Voyager 1 craft. We can see the dark unilluminated side of Jupiter here and then we're looking through towards the sun and we can see the very thin illuminated ring part right here going around Jupiter. So Jupiter does have this very faint ring but not a lot of detail there to learn about. So what we really want to look at are the rings of Saturn. Rings of Saturn have a lot more detail to them and we can see some of that here. They were actually seen by Galileo but not recognized as rings only as a blob on each side of the planet that sometimes disappeared. By the time telescopes got a little bit bigger just a few decades later in the 1650s, Huygens was able to recognize them as a ring system and around that time or a little bit later Cassini recognized that there were distinct rings not just a single ring and gaps between them. So gaps in between the rings the largest of these is now named the Cassini division in his honor. So here we see the A, B, C, D and F rings out here. Primary ones visible that you'll see are the A, B and C. D ring is a lot fainter and harder to see. F ring is a very thin ring out beyond the A ring and also a little bit harder to see. So when we look at the structures of these rings we see that they are extremely wide and thin. In fact they are thinner than a piece of paper if you took them to scale. So if you scaled them down to a size of paper they would be incredibly thin, much, much thinner than that piece of paper. We designate the rings by letters there are the primary ones are the A, B and C rings the first three to be discovered and those are the primary widest rings that we see and those are the big bright ones there and you also have the Cassini division the gap in between those rings too. So there are gaps and not just the one not just the Cassini division but you can see that there's another one out here and there are other gaps and structures within the rings as well. So the rings are not just a single ring but actually have multiple ringlets within each ring and if we look a little bit closer here zoom in on the rings essentially we can see that there are all kinds of structures here little gaps and areas where there are a lot more particles brighter areas so big detail towards what the rings are there's a lot of structures there and when you think about within each of these are just billions of particles all orbiting around Saturn and kept there so why do they have this detailed structure we'll come back and look at that shortly. So let's look here at the compositions what are these made up of Saturn's rings are primarily water ice which makes them highly reflective so why do we see them prominently from earth because they're reflecting a lot of light the size of the particles varies maybe up to about a meter in size and some of them will clump together now this is an artist's conception of what the rings might look like if you were sitting there inside the rings of Saturn themselves so you'd have clumps of material and these would likely stick together they're not strong enough to really hold themselves together gravitationally so as objects collide they would stick together and other times they would be pushed apart now Saturn again has the primary and most detailed rings but the other objects have rings as well so let's look at Uranus here Uranus's rings were discovered in 1977 a couple of years before Jupiter's were discovered although hundreds of years after the rings of Saturn were known they were discovered during the occultation of a star what happened was Uranus was going to pass in front of a star so astronomers wanted to study how its light dimmed as it passed in front of as the star as it passed in front of the star but before the planet passed in front of the star we saw that the light dimmed multiple times and this repeated after the occultation in the reverse order kind of confirming that the rings did the rings did exist so the rings as the star was passing the rings would pass in front of the star and that would dim the light a little bit as each of these rings passed in front of the star in turn and then you can imagine on the other side you went the other direction and it would pass through the rings in the opposite order rings are extremely narrow compared to the rings of Saturn so we see the rings of Uranus here very very thin these are not the wide broad rings that we saw of Saturn they are actually confined by shepherding satellites little moons that will orbit just on one side and just on the other side and keep all those particles in line so essentially as one moon orbits and the other moon orbits their gravity will keep those very well confined now what is the composition of these rings well they are very dark particles again why do we not see them from earth they're not icy like the rings of Saturn they are in fact as dark as coal so we don't really see them in forward in looking forward we do see them in forward scattered light which means we're looking back towards the sun so if we look at the image here you know there's what we see of the rings from the earth but if we were behind them looking back we would see all sorts of light scattering through these rings so there are a lot more structures there that we don't actually see from earth but that we had to get around behind and the only object that really went close to this was the Voyager 2 spacecraft that actually went past Uranus and was able to turn back and look back to the sun but it's a very different structure you get if you're looking from the sun versus if you're looking from behind when you look from behind other than the composition we know is different we see very similar structures to what we saw on Saturn now the last of the objects to look at with rings would be Neptune Neptune has a very very dark rings in many ways similar to those of Uranus and they are quite dark and we can see them here this is blocking out the light from the planet which would overwhelm the very faint rings so they're there but we've got to block out the planet's light in order to even be able to see them they are seen as arcs sometimes so if we look here another image of it and we see that there are denser areas of the rings and there are areas where there is less ring material so unlike the rings of Saturn and Uranus which seem to be relatively smooth the rings of Neptune are sometimes seen as partial rings or even just ring arcs so there's a little bit of a difference there in Neptune are these relatively young or relatively old rings something we really do not know now the last thing we want to look at is the interactions between the moons and the rings there is an interconnection between these and in fact without the moons the rings would not exist where did the rings come from probably from particles blasted off the moons in impacts and that would then give the rings particles a supply of material the moons also keep the rings confined and that's what we call the shepherding satellites which we see here orbiting around and keeping this the ring particles in this very narrow ring well confined so they keep the ring particles in place the rings would dissipate over astronomical time scales if we run models of all these particles orbiting we would find that they would slowly dissipate out into space there has to be some form of resupply and that would be from the moons that impacts on the moons could actually throw more material back into them and replenish the ring particles so where do we get those new particles from impacts on the moons the moons also create all of the structure we see in the rings the rings would be much smoother without the moons but the structures that we see are different patterns that we see and if we look real close at one of the rings here we can see all sorts of structures that are present in the rings of Saturn the moons create those by things like resonances when the orbital period of a ring particle is a multiple of the orbital period of a moon what does that mean well that means the moon orbits once the ring particle orbits twice and that causes particles to be enhanced in some areas and depleted in others so we get these very distinct gaps because of resonances with the moons narrow rings are defined very well defined because of shepherding satellites and all of the other structures that we see here are also likely interactions with various moons of the planets so let's finish up with our summary and what we find is that yes all jovian planets have a ring system but the ring particles can vary in composition and each orbits the planet like a tiny moon the moons interact with the rings to give them structure and to help keep the rings confined so it is because of the moons that we see the structure and the well-defined small rings and the real defined edges of other rings so that concludes our lecture on planetary rings we'll be back again next time for another topic in astronomy so until then have a great day everyone and i will see you in class


We're pretty lucky this year with the experience that we have with 16 guys who are either grad students or seniors and when you build a program and this is my sixth year here now, this is what you expect. You expect to have guys who are gonna contribute that are older, that have some experience. So last year it was an interesting year. We got off to a tough start. We got to travel a little bit coming out of COVID and gave our guys some great experiences. Went to Texas early on, then we went to Florida. Had some injuries early that we handled and then we really got tougher as the season went on and had a chance to make the post season in the last game of the year and just came up just a little short. But some good things for sure that we can build on this year. We returned conference picture of the year, Matt Reach, second team all conference guy, Billy McAdam and then have some other grad students and seniors who have contributed that we're excited to have just because they've played the game and they know what to expect. They're not gonna get surprised by anything. They know how competitive our conference is. So we're excited to have all those guys back every day in practice, those guys are competing. They know that they have a chance to contribute their learning from our older guys, which is a really big piece to this because they're your first year in college, you go through some things that you just can't train for until you've been in it, which is the exciting part of having so many fifth years and seniors. So we're just excited to see what comes of the season and how those guys grow as the season goes on. So excited about our new field over at Owings Nels East and can't wait to have our students be able to walk over there and just the excitement of our group. We know we're gonna have a really competitive team this year and we know that if we can get our fans out to support our team in some of those games that we're gonna do some great things. And one of the exciting things, we're hosting the reigning national champs and we're hosting the reigning national runner up. So we've got some good teams coming to our facility this year that we're excited and just thankful for our administration to give us the facility that they have. I think when you're at Stevenson University, you expect to compete for championships and that's something that we've fallen a little short of the last couple of years. But there's an expectation in our program and an expectation at our university to compete at the highest level that we possibly can. And that's why we're bringing in the teams. You know, again, we've got 11 games this year of teams that are either ranked at the top 25 or receiving votes. And that's our expectation is to play at that level. So, you know, that's not gonna be dropped by our guys and we're gonna bring it every day and we're gonna get the most out of our group.


This study aimed to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction of cataphalophica using a box-banken design. The three main factors examined were microwave power, time, and number of cycles.  Additionally, cytotoxicity tests were conducted to ensure the safety of the extract. The optimal conditions for extraction were found to be microwave power of 450W for 30 seconds and 3 cycles. The resulting extract exhibited high levels of total phenolic content, gallic acid content, and antioxidant activity while maintaining a safe level of cytotoxicity. Finally, the optimized extract was compressed into tablets, which were successfully produced at a compression force of 1,500psi and magnesium stearate of 1%. This article was authored by Chowlett-Monten, Piapakiche, Chantisa Pakrong, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Hello and welcome to the session. My name is Asha and I am going to help you with the following question that says a box contains one red and three identical white balls. Two balls are drawn at random in succession without replacement. Write the sample space for this experiment. So let's start with the solution and we are given that the box contains one red and identical white balls. In this box two balls are drawn at random without replacement. So the possible outcomes are two balls drawn are of different color that is one red and one white ball.  Thus the sample space for the given experiment is w r and w w. So this completes the session. Bye and take care.


I've made a lot of YouTube videos. I think like 700 to be exact. Often I get people message me, giving me video ideas, and often, almost every single time, actually, they're not it. But this time, kind of a banger, actually. So I've been making a lot of these videos lately, you know, with Etsy Nintendo Switch accessories, crappy stuff from AliExpress, which is always fun. I didn't realize that five below sells Nintendo Switch accessories, but the whole gimmick is they're all $5. This could be a $5 budget Nintendo Switch accessory and controller video. And the idea came from, I never know how to pronounce this name. I am such an Australian. Jose are Alcatraz, Nintendo Switch accessories from five below. So shout outs, my guy.  I mean, they're $5. Let's just buy it all. We have a 24 game card case. What I want to do is I want to buy all this stuff and inspect it for quality. See if it gets the wood quality seal of approval or if this is going to be the kind of case where it flies open and all your games fall out and you lose everything while you're on the bus on the way to work. Racing wheel for Switch controller two pack. I feel like these are a dime a dozen, but I'm buying everything. So we're going to add it the car. A travel case. I mean, it's $5. How can you go wrong? Oh, this is for the Switch Lite. So should we get the Switch Lite and the regular? I guess I did say I was getting everything right. This could make or literally break the entire video. You guys know me. I have dunked my Switch in a bucket of water and broke it. I have tore into my Switch with a pair of metal pliers and broke it. So a screen protector that is supposedly indestructible and will protect it from anything including a hammer could end very badly for me. I'm going to do the test. It's oops proof. I'm oops. I am the embodiment of the word oops. A silicone case for $5. Door charger for Nintendo Switch controllers. LED gaming cable. What do you mean LED gaming cable? Continuous blue flowing light. Oh, through the cable? I don't think I've ever seen that before. Oh, wait. No, they have it in red. Oh, and it's not available. They also have it in green, but that's very Xbox. Blue is PlayStation. I want red. Isn't it funny? Nah, it's a point. That's going to get cut out the video. Guess below if you knew what's funny. Slide on comfort grip. Those four words can either be found in the Nintendo Switch accessory website or in a adult store. PG would PG. Action grips. Action. I love the names that they give these really cheap products. It's not a Joy-Con grip. It's an action grip. Oh, Lord.  Oh, half a decade of companies creating products specifically to give the Switch Bluetooth and then Nintendo going. Well, those are irrelevant. Car rest mount. I love these. Actually, this looks like a lot of like product. What I'm trying to say, this is actually a full product for five bucks. That's a steal. They actually do sell their own five below Joy-Cons, which would be incredible if they were actually five dollars. But I guess this falls into something that I've never seen before called five beyond. So it's 20. Probably the cheapest you could make a pair of Joy-Cons unless they're literally going to be made out of graham crackers and fall apart the second they exit the box. Clear case for Switch. Boxing grips for Switch. I mean, why? Two-pack controller handle. I'm sorry. What's the difference between that and then the action grips? And then finally, dancing wristband. That is everything that they have for Nintendo Switch. I just want to go to gaming accessories and see what else they have. They have a $12 gold headset. That has to be terrible. Oh, we could buy this $5 Bluetooth gaming LED soundbar speaker and connect it to the Switch using the Bluetooth adapter. We have 19 accessories and it's only going to cost us $134. That's included with shipping for 20 Nintendo Switch accessories. That ain't bad. I was about to do the math and then I remember I'm shopping at five point. I'm really looking forward to this one. Oh, but first, I actually, uh, the sponsor and then come back and then I'll do the click. I'll just load up ExpressVPN. Even while buying stuff for this video, you know, I'm entering passwords, credit card information, my email address and more. And I only take some basic computer knowledge for a hacker to get information to all of that when you're connected to an unencrypted connection. So you're best off protecting yourself by clicking the link down below and finding out how you can get three months free of ExpressVPN. ExpressVPN creates a secure tunnel around your device and the internet. So in other words, it puts all your private information into a lock box so no one can take a sneaky peek. The fun part though is that you can use ExpressVPN to reroute your connection to a server in a country of your choice, which has so many uses. Unblocking YouTube videos, visiting websites at a geolocation block, getting stuff cheaper in other countries like Spotify, video games and of course everyone's favorite heading to Netflix. You'll watch shows not available in your country. Like for this guy, I can watch Rick and Morty in Modern Family. I mean, not using ExpressVPN is like going to a full buffet, paying for it and then only eating at the salad bar. What a waste. So again, click the link down below to find out how you can get three months of ExpressVPN free. Thanks other me. I don't know if I was over there. Now we're going to open it all. It's here. Oh wait, we're going to need this. It arrived within like two days, but I just, I just, I just didn't, I'm now, I'm filming it now. I don't really remember what I ordered, but I'm expecting it mostly to be just junk. Wait, the headset's brand is bugger? Like when Australian gets upset and he goes, oh, bugger. Very excited to see what a $5 headset gets me. It feels terrible. It feels like a children's toy.  That's the plastic quality that I'm feeling here. Well, you know what? It's actually not too bad as far as like air comfort. I'm not uncomfortable. Hello. Hello. I'm ready for my epic gamer moment. The only way to really test this out is to plug it in and get into a discord course. Okay. I'm doing a video where I bought accessories from five below for the switch. Oh, sick. I thought it would be funny if at one point I just switched to the microphone on this. So you heard the audio quality drop, but I cannot get the mic to work and I don't know why. I think that tells you how good the audio quality is. The shocking thing is I've actually got the headset to work, even with the flashing LED lights and the audio quality is actually pretty decent. I can honestly hear everything just fine. Oh, his name is bugger. Oh, I apologize, Kyle. PC player of the year. Oh, it's a gamer. You know, you've made it when you get the five below collab. Five below, hit me up. I'll do a hawker headset. You can get the bugger right next to the walker. All right, let's do a pretty simple one. We've got a slide on comfort grip. I guess we really did just buy everything on the website, huh? Yeah, I mean, oh, they do not slide in easy because of the way it's shaped. They actually get caught on the plastic and you have to push them back down and then continue sliding them. I mean, it's fine. For some reason though, it has five LED lights when it only needs four. We have a racing wheel for the switch controller. Yeah, it's fine. It's a little steering wheel. It's kind of uncomfortable actually. There's no way to grip it. I guess I just have to hold the, oh no, this is terrible. I kind of just have to straddle the entire thing and kind of cup it. Unless I hold it like this, there is nowhere to hold it like a wheel.  Also with every racing wheel I've ever seen, there's been a giant cutout in the back so that when you're done, you can push the joycon out. I actually have no way of grabbing this and taking it out.  Switch the handle for the Nintendo switch controller. They remembered a hole in the back so I can just, that's how the wheel is supposed to be. I have no problems with this for $5. It's not bad actually. All right, 24 game card case. Yeah, the cards fit in nicely. Why am I having so much trouble getting things out today? I feel like I'm going to break my game. Is there like a special way to get this out? Oh, there is. There's a little plastic nib that clicks over the game once you put it in. What that means secures it. You can take some of your very talented wife who you love dearly, one of their stickers you can buy on Etsy. I'll leave a link down below to Kim's Etsy. You really have some fun with it and sticker it up. They sent me two of these. It's a different one. What? Okay, maybe I vaguely do remember there being two different ones. So the first one had the hole in the middle and then grooves on the back of your hands. This one does not. It does have extra padding inside for the Joy-Con, which is nice. Everything else feels about the same. I don't really know why they need two different and they're from the same company as well. What is the deal here? Okay. I remember getting a clear case of the regular switch and the switch light, but apparently not. Yeah, no, this is a no from me. I kind of like the way a clear case looks on the switch. The annoying thing is you can't dock it. You can't put it in a grip. That's why I never actually end up using it, but it gives the switch a nice shine and it just kind of looks cool. The buttons are so low that the plastic actually comes up even like above the D-pad. So trying to push the D-pad ends up feeling like you're pressing on the plastic. It doesn't feel good. Not a good case. Can't recommend it, but I mean it's doing its job as far as protecting, but I am excited to hear the quality of this $5 Bluetooth speaker with LED lights, mind you. That's not bad. That's kind of cool, right?  I didn't mention this in my review.  You know when you have really cheap speakers and they rattle? Even when they're at like a very low volume, there's like a crinkle. That's what's going on here. Even at a low volume, they're crinkling and they're rattling. At full, it's a mess. It's just hollow. It's empty. There's no bass. It almost sounds like a meme. At least it looks pretty. Maybe the $5 a value went into the LED lights. Okay, this, I guess, is what I remembered getting to of. We have a switch and switch travel case. As somebody who has their own switch travel case, which you could buy at satisfy.com, but it's sold out. By the way, I never thanked you all. I did actually. I thanked you all multiple times, but I never said they're all gone. We sold out everything. I don't know if we'll ever do any more. The point was for them to be limited. To sell them all out is amazing. Thank you so much. That said, even though mine is sold out, you can still buy the regular cases and you don't have to resort to a $5 very squishy. Honestly, you're probably better off not even putting it in this case case. No, it just feels cheap.  It works. It's the kind of zip that looks like it probably has a good hundred uses in it before it does that thing where half the zip pops off and you try and thread it back on, but it only zips half the way and then the back half starts opening again and you just kind of give up on it and buy something else. That's that. Oh, for a second, I thought, why did I buy a USB cord? Then I remembered it's because it lights up. I mean, it just looks like a USB cord right now. Oh, that's actually pretty sick. I actually kind of like that. It looks like there's power coursing through the cord. I'm kind of about that. I kind of think that's probably my favorite thing so far. We have the dual.  Joy-Con charging station.  I gotta go put it on charge, but that's what it'll look like. Wait, they will never, ever, ever understand when these companies make Nintendo Switch accessories and make the charge cord anything other than USB-C. I honestly also don't really trust it. When the Switch uses a USB-C to charge everything, I kind of get nervous about, and maybe it's just a, maybe, what's the word I'm looking for, Zach? Superstitious. Superstitious thing, but I don't want to charge it with something that's not intended. I was hoping to use the flashy USB-C cord, but I guess I'll just, good lord. Oh, yeah, I remember being impressed with this because it was shockingly well made or at least looked like it was shockingly well made for something that was only five dollars. We have the headrest mount for Switch. Hi, dude. Well, it's not coming off. How sturdy does it feel? It's actually super sturdy. Honestly, this is one of the best ones I've ever seen. It's way better than other alternatives, and it's literally five dollars. This is gonna last, it's never gonna fall apart. It's multifunctional, so you don't just have to use it for the Switch. Like, it's actually sick for five bucks. Yeah, this is good. As far as everything being worth five dollars or not, these have to be the least worth five dollars. That's a huge pet peeve of mine. So there's a little contraption here on a Joy-Con that, you know, when you plug it into most things, it clicks in, and then you got to press the button down to push it back out again, but some things just don't even bother, and I guess these figured why would we. And I guess it's fine since you're, it's not fine, actually. As soon as I go to grip them and I put pressure on them, it pushes the Joy-Cons up. So the whole time while playing, you're gonna have to push them back down and constantly be adjusting them.  This is the worst thing, and it's the cheapest and easiest to make decent for five dollars. I guess I'll open the Joy-Cons now so we can get them on charge if we need to. I am actually in shock and disbelief. I am not hamming this up for the camera. I have tried, I want to say a hundred at this point, different kinds of cheap Joy-Cons.  And the biggest offender is whatever they have done to the buttons on top. Rough, jagged, way too chunked out of the top. I feel like I could get a piece of wood and saw it down with the groove of this. I am cutting through this cardboard with the top of this thing. What's even worse is with this right one, barely even clicks. You have to come all the way up to the top of the corner. How do they connect? Because they don't slide in. They have these weird grooves at the top and bottom. That is so weird. This is the first pair of Joy-Cons I've ever seen that don't slide in. They're not immediately working when you clip them in, which I'm not surprised about because of the way that they work. All right, while they are connected, there's some things I do like about these. You know, there's pros and cons to everything.  We've been there. But I love a clicky button. The analog sticks are straight from a switch. They are exactly the same. But it's responsive. Everything works or the buttons work other than this shoulder button. And considering that they clip in really weird, they're actually super secure. And the final thing I would say in their favor is, I kind of like the way it looks. It actually has an interesting vibe. I don't mind it. The Joy-Cons are already getting kind of scratched up. The plastic that they've used does not have good coating at all. I can kind of draw shapes and draw my name just with my fingernail, which is starting to look hideous already. For 20 bucks, it's fine. Silicone case time. I'm going to have to unclip these beasts. It looks like my switch is about to rob a bank. But other than that, it's a silicone cap. Hold on a second. They've tried to put a grip texture on the back, but they're so big and sharp. It's actually super uncomfortable. When you're playing Switch, you're kind of holding it like this, right? If anything, the texture would have to be around here. Who's holding the switch like this that they need texture on the back? It's a really weird thing to do. That does not feel good at all. Finally, the moment I'm sure so many of you have been waiting for, the $5 Indestructible Screen Protector and even has the picture of a hammer striking the switch. So I really don't think I would be doing you guys any justice as a content creator if I didn't put it to the test. I'm excited. This is cool. I'll have an indestructible switch. I can already tell this is going to be good. You do this to get the bubbles out. Here on my channel, I have made a lot of dumb mistakes. I have dunked my switch in a bucket of water and broke it. The case said it was water proof. A lot of people in the comments said water resistant isn't the same thing as waterproof would. I agree. The case said water proof, not water resistant. This literally says Shatter Protection. There is no way I have misinterpreted the meaning of this product if I hit this switch with a hammer, no matter how hard the glass will not shatter. I'm just kidding. I can't do that to my new OLED. You guys really thought I was going to Oh, it legitimately didn't break. Not even a scratch. I'm actually impressed by this. Granted, I don't know what would happen if I took a raw hammer to a switch, not willing to try it out. But this isn't even leaving a dent. It's fine. It's perfectly It's broken. No, yeah, I did. I did actually break it. I think I hit it too hard with the hammer. I'm not laughing because it's funny.  The screen took the hit beautifully. I think I might have crushed something on the inside.  The actual switch is broken. Bugger. Thank you for watching. If you enjoy these videos, whether it's enjoying me buying a lot of stuff and trying it or breaking switches, can you please smash that like button and subscribe. It really helps support more videos coming soon. Thank you all for watching. I appreciate you all. Bye. Oh, I never opened the dancing wristband. I'm constantly shocked at the poor value and low effort put into these. Yeah, but when you were a kid, you had those things that you slap on your wrist and they kind of curl around. That's what this feels like. Yeah, that really took no effort on my part whatsoever. I just destroyed that whole product with my bare hands with very little effort. This was the worst thing in the video and I almost missed it. The camera cut out literally in the last 30 seconds. The moral of the story is don't buy anything from Five Below. It's $5, sure, but it'll last you maybe an evening. Awful. It'll break your switch. Not me. I didn't do it. Five Below broke my switch. I had nothing to do with it.


human-humane architecture. Today is the 4th of November in 2020. Yesterday was election day and we're still counting votes, absentee votes, like mine for example, because I was allowed to vote from away and we're still crossing fingers. But DeSoto and I decided not to get deeper into that and not making this an election show. We decided to continue to lift our spirits up and look into potential best practices because in a way we have actually bigger problems to solve. The pandemic, which we still have by the way, hit us harder than any other state and our unemployment rate is at 20%. So we desperately need housing for the many in need and so today we want to dedicate the show again, looking at a practice from half around the world that maybe we can learn something from. So hi DeSoto. Hello Martin, hello everybody else and you're in Germany and I'm Paola Lulu. And I'm happy to hear your birds and see your dog. There's a doggy. It's very comforting. So let's go to the first page here and we want you in the audience to think where have you been or as you said DeSoto correctly, have you been around at all back in this era that we share where we were at that time. And this is still picking up on having gotten political the last couple of shows where we said that really maybe the true, the last true, authentic, passionate, honest and tiger era might have been the early 70s and we said Steve Owl who we miss was certainly the best architectural embodiment of that and the politician at that time was Jimmy Carter. So here again we are just giving you examples of how we want you to think where have you been at that time and DeSoto explain a little bit the top part of the page here where you have been back in 72. Well I'm going to be looking to the side because I'm looking at the picture to be able to describe it to you. This picture of me in 1972 in the upper left corner and that's on Christmas Day and that's Christmas Day in Hodelulu, not Christmas Day in Germany where you cannot dress like that as you just pointed out. You also see me with my 1971 Volkswagen Beetle and you also see my mother's 1967 Mercedes that her mother ordered from Germany. Her mother never drove it because she passed away but it went to her grandfather and then my grandfather gave it to my mother in 1972 and that's an important year that's what we're going to be talking about. Then you also see the p.i.mobile belonging to Martin de Spain that is currently housed in the same stall at my parents house that 1967 Mercedes used to live in and then the rest of that is the youthful Martin back in Germany. Yeah and the light blue car just on top of the r.p.i.mobile is from the year the same year the project is from that we're going to talk about today the same year 72 and that's my 72 Plymouth Fury my Fury 2 but it took me until two decades later to be a student to go to the United States go to college there and afford this dream of my childhood which cost me only $600 and the gallon of gas was 99 cents so that was rather affordable and the picture on the right of that one is me next to my mother and my sister leaning to the car my parents had at that time that was another Mercedes from that era and that holds the model number W114. Architecturally the pictures below again what you are able to do Christmas being in shorts and t-shirts we were only able to do and we only are able to do that for the very few months in the summer but that's where you see down there this beautiful laid back 70s life on that outdoor living room Lanai that my father so so neatly all self-designed and self-built themselves and with my mother they were knitting these cushions there and these sofa pillars and that were sitting on and you have all the pretty mothers lined up in a row I think that was at a birthday party of us kids so I have nothing but the best memories of of the 70s being again as we said before pretty authentic and pretty sensitive times maybe the last ones of that time that we need to reconnect back to and that's what we want to talk about today so next slide is while you know I look rather idyllic and paradissel on our sky Lanai on our roof terrace a year before the project we're going to talk about today in 1971 my sleepy hometown of Hanover with as many or as few people as we have in the urban core of Honolulu which has half of a million which is not much they were thinking they got to come up with these megalomaniac superstructure here which was called the Ime the Ime center the Ime centrum and the Ime is a river that you see running at the bottom left picture running along but that was then and now is now and how did now come across to you the solo which we see at the very bottom right well I asked you about this and you said that this was a multi-use large development so it had living apart apartments for people live in it had office space and it also had retail space and so the picture that you see where the there's sort of a central plaza that was for public and unfortunately as you pointed out it's hit very hard times and this as we saw in the United States was a redevelopment of an economically depressed area I believe that's what you agreed to so it had its moment of glory in the 1970s and then it has hit very hard times and now it's either partly empty or it's in ruins or it's got graffiti on it and it does not look very good so its promise of the 70s has not been fulfilled in the 21st century absolutely and the the original picture from when it was freshly completed at the top left I have vague childhood memories must have been a team there when it was freshly opened it actually worked and it had this very vibrant you know futuristic forward thinking which again at the very beginning of the 70s was when that was phasing out in the United States ever since then Reagan were reactionary and think the past was better than the future will ever be and we're unfortunately talking counting votes we're continuously in that and so desperately want to get out of this so what has really made this fail there's also one clue you see this like yellow or orangey shading behind the windows 71 there was really little to no consideration of what we have we should care a lot about today which is environmental concerns there was no such thing in the early 70s so a couple of things must have been coming together and the gentleman you see hovering over the tower in the in the background on that top left picture is the at that time head of the city planning department hans adrian and he basically said well the best way to not having to look at that project is to live in it and I have you know vague again childhood memories of my father being you know lose friends with him and we've been visiting him and he took that privileged position literally and figuratively to to dwell on the very top floor so almost like the king in his castle and overlooking little people down there that didn't appreciate it as much as he didn't even so yeah it is I mean the picture from the bottom right is pretty contemporary and it's pretty it's it's a pretty desolate situate condition we threw in these two show quotations at the top left the central plaza of the pacific certainly being our most prominent piece of brutalism in downtown and then in the last show we found out about Steve ours heco building on ward avenue that is still there but both of them are basically commercial and and office typologies and not dwelling and so even in hawaii while tropical brutalism you know as we continue to investigate has been quite interesting and and forward thinking it hasn't been applied at least not in a large extent to housing and that's what we actually will look into because housing affordable housing is what we need these days more than ever so let's look at the next slide and what are we talking about here this soto we're talking about the olympics in munich the city of munich in 1972 and the picture that you took from your car from your car sticking your hand through the sunroof shows us the site of the olympics and on the left side is the this really strange interesting structure which you said is still standing in a good condition which was built for some of the sporting events and it looks like a sort of a big piece of fabric that's hanging from these large poles that's suspended but it actually isn't fabric you said it's actually acrylic plastic and there's also a picture of the the automobile which you still own which is sitting in the garage below me right at this minute which also dates from that same time period that the particular model of the mercedes yeah and the way and this is a quote from a mercedes benz website where they call this their car which they made from as it says from 71 until 89 rs is one of the last ones from 87 so two decades they left that model unchanged and that's where they called it an innovative evergreen and that's how you can certainly call this architecture which many including me consider to be if not the finest piece of architecture in germany and it's 40 years i should say young because it just looks as fresh as it has always been we always want it's almost 50 now oh yeah almost 50 yeah yeah exactly 70s turning 50 is the slogan the doko momo slogan thank you yeah right exactly and we also see something that i have childhood memory of which is that little uh mescott there whose name was waldy and waldy is that sausage dock very german and he's been sliced into these different parts and and they're they're color coded and we get to that color coding in a little bit yes but we're not going to talk about the uh the the sports center because again we're not short on that there's going to be the arena and who knows when they're going to replace that but that's another subject in honolulu i'm talking yes housing housing housing is the most pressures and so we're going to go to the next slide and look at what was the pretty much the housing part of that uh we can't get around you know yesterday we had a tragic um terrorist attack in austria right um of islamic nature we can carefully say and that's unfortunately also what happened in um differently but somehow similar back in 72 where it had been this project had been the stage for this what they call what we remember as the munich massacre where the palestinians were taking israelian um uh sports members of their of their team hostage and killed them and that that's that was a bummer and obviously very sad as an opening for games that by the architects fry auto and gunter banish was intentionally basically crafted to um be about as we were talking the vibe of the early 70s about happiness and and a hopeful future so bad start on that one but uh next slide um somehow magically i guess we can say or for good reasons as we will try to find out this project has not failed has not become not does not share the destiny with a tragic handover project and many others of that era of megalomaniac uh you know building housing on steroids that you don't give the time as uh you gave european cities that had the chance to grow over thousands of years and always adjust to changing needs he needed to pop it up from scratch instantly right and by the way the number of units in what we're talking about is five thousand five thousand people so um what are we looking here what surprised you well you pointed out these are pictures you took again when you were driving to this this olympic village area and you said that in one view from this large boulevard which is a divided uh street with three lanes on the other side you do get a some some view of uh urban area of a high-rise building for example which you pointed out is a hotel but you also see what looks like just a heavily vegetated area of just trees and my surprise that uh this actually is a berm it's an earthen berm that's been planted and if you approach these this complex from that side if you walk in from the street level you will walk across the berm and on a concrete a raised elevated concrete pathway so that's what the lower picture shows and as you said most people don't approach it from that side but if you do it doesn't look like there's anything there it looks like it's just a forest yeah but look let's look at how it looks like from where you usually approach it which gets us to the next slide and you did some research on that funky looking vehicle right well you pointed out this is a very meaningful vehicle to you and i'll let you tell the family history about that but that's a citroen and it is uh in some people in the united states some called it by its french name which is a douche vaux to horse and it was a very low-cost car was built from the 1940s up into the 1990s um it was sort of the the common person's vehicle in france it was um you know very low cost very tinny very you know basic but that's what's leading us into the important part of this complex which we are about to enter which is underneath but you tell the story of why that's important to you personally well without that car i wouldn't be because uh my father when he was an architectural student had one and then he was heading to italy and it broke down in austria when he was driving through and he needed to get a job to get it fixed and while he was there it was winter season he said i might as well he hit the ski slopes and he did and this is where he picked up my mom who is a austrian farm girl so the rest is history and it must have been his car his car was so romantic that she was she fell for him yeah just like an american graffiti as he were sending me that's right that's right for the show that's exactly right that's exactly if you want to see one in honolulu there's two that i know of one is close to here to our hood at the foothills of diamond head yeah there's a red one that's reported from um the netherlands i think recently but there's one of the early ones which was had we were talking corrugation with the the thing the vw 181 yes the early dosha vows had that as well the hood was basically corrugated and there is one on alawai it always parked along the parking on alawai bolivar pretty much towards the uh waikiki harbour so if you want to check out one in real in honolulu that's right check out these two anyways yeah that car happened to be there family history and again as you said when we're proud of our sl that was made unchanged for two decades this was made for half of a century for 50 years from the 40s to the 90s so they're very rare so i was lucky i thought this this is signed so i follow that one so let's see where it took us where it took me so let's go to the next slide and although we see um uh finest american post fossil mobility there in a tesla are being charged but you can see our little uh european pii mobile our french twingo which you can see in many ways as being the successor of the uh dosha vo also see a smart car down there it's pretty much the ground floor is all parking and we were comparing it to the alamuana mall in some ways of the parking which we will get to and i think the next slide but the difference is when i was recently before i flew back um i was visiting uh alexe in his place in 1315 alamuana boulevard and i thought my smart idea would be to park in the mall and we had too good of time so i got outlaid from his place and my car was gone and towed to some remote place on sand island and cost me 200 dollars or whatever that doesn't seem to be the case here we're saying because that bmw behind me uh seems to have so much dust on his windshield that it's hard to drive with that right so they're pretty liberal in allowing you to keep your cars there go to the next slide which shows us how you get up to the main floor uh which is the elevated floor and you get up through very a variety of different very artistically sculptured staircases or at the top right the staircase tower that gets you up to your unit and let's go to the next slide and this is the heart of the community this is the center and um how did you like that the soda when you saw that and we discussed it well we we talked about various things in the first place on the upper left corner there are these pylons these slabs actually you know what they look like they look like the slab in the movie 2001 oh that's right in 1968 and this these slabs are are were at the time very modern they had digital clocks in them that you could see what the times were throughout the world etc now that's not as cool because of course we all have a smartphone that can do the same thing but it's also this complex has got these weird large overhead pipes that really puzzled me when I first saw them and they're painted different colors and they're they're on supports and they run through the public areas now one of them that's that we see in the lower left corner has a decorative function of it turns into a fountain so there's water coming out of it it makes kind of a curtain and we also see that there is a similarity to what used to be at the center of alamoana center which was this decorative pool that had a kind of a pylon in the center of it with a tiled mosaic one different one on each side unfortunately that was destroyed way back about 1990 or even the late 80s when alamoana got remodeled and we wish that hadn't happened but it did but those pipes the colored pipes really don't carry anything they don't have a function as much as they are first a way to find your way through the complex you can follow that elevated pipe according to a certain color sometimes there is function to them there's lighting as you said and they may be wires in them but they're more they're not as utilitarian as that although they look that way they have other functions absolutely yeah and again again as part of us as doko momo supporters or board members in my case again when we have things they're unique they're keepers so again we really miss that original condition of the mall and we're really happy to see that have been conserved and kept over half of a century in this project here so let's go to the next slide and check it out even more so this is pretty much a picture I took of the two significantly different parts of of the of the housing development one is a rather more generic kind of stacked more conventionally stacked tower that you see on the right side where you have a rectangle and you just extrude that to the top but the left one is what mostly the the the community is comprised of which are these terrorist houses and you see the sideplane up there at the top right and see the north arrow so most of the units and this is a key to success is orientation orientation orientation they're facing predominantly south some of them have a tilt towards west or east but they're all facing south and that is that is what they are as they are laid out and that's really strategically laid out that way next slide yeah what was your feelings about this what do you see here on the main pedestrian walkways well again hearkening back to wall d the mascot who had different colors on him you do see that this color sort of coating is also extended through this entire complex and I noticed in some of the pictures the bricks on the ground are different colors as well as the overhead pipes there's also these water features and I looked at the water features in the two lower photographs and said oh they're not functioning anymore and you pointed out that no during the winter they don't have water in them but during the summer they do have water and and they are functioning so I was wrong but again I don't know what it's like in temporary climates I don't have to think about that well I was there I was there the first lockdown around the first lockdown in early spring and they hadn't activated them yet okay okay but there's also a photograph in the upper right of people who look like they're around a swimming pool but there maybe isn't a pool there we're not quite sure they're in their bathing attire there is a shower there but regardless of what they're doing they are enjoying themselves and they are using that for recreation whether they're whether they're able to swim there or not they look like they were at least they're relaxing maybe they're just in the sun because we like to be in the sun where it's cold and it's gray a lot of times exactly but I think that picture is perfect for depicting the 70s in this very sort of free and enjoying and and just you know living it up kind of mentality that we wish we would have still and we should reconnect to so next slide they're they're still doing they're taking care of it which is also something if you have a really good building you know buildings age so you got to take care of it and they do here I you know I was witnessing that situation and the next slide we're getting towards the end of the show we have two minutes left but we will stop here soon and then pick up from there next week but this is pretty much how the kind of the pedestrian streets look like on the left side is how the terrorist houses look on the north side and you got the kitchen there and you got a little table there where you can have breakfast lunch and dinner all very pleasant doesn't look very urban right doesn't look like in the city that looks like suburbia so they were very successful in bringing the quality of suburbia that supposedly everyone wants right in the urban core right so I think with that I think this sort of we might leave it there and and pick up from from here maybe we do our picture here let's see what that presents here as the closing note kind of picture okay get us one more yeah this one we have to talk more about because it's rather strange look kind of strange to you because it's at the bottom at the most southern end of the high rises is basically a very low rise but very dense community and that one has some some funky and funny background that we will then see you for next week to tell you more about it all right well see you next week for that okay we'll then keep counting votes and crossing fingers okay aloha everybody