I'm going to present just a collection of works that we've been working on about organized crime in Medellin, co-authored with Chris Bladman, Gustavo Duncan, and also Ben Lessings, who some of you might know already. So this is not a paper. This is just a collection of findings, findings around different topics on criminal organizations in Medellin, and I'm going to focus on, for instance, business lines and internal organization of these groups, market structure of these groups, different forms of criminal collusion and as well as gang governance, and this builds on a broad literature on many of these topics that I'm not going to go into the details now, but are key references for our work. Where does this come from? Roughly six or more years of interviews. We've been interviewing more than a hundred gang members in Medellin repeatedly over the last four or five years, and we have also been working on collecting a lot of administrative data plus survey data to try to understand all these phenomena. So it's mostly distorted as a project without any hypothesis, but just like a collection of information so that we could figure out the right hypothesis and try to describe this phenomenon better. So the first topic is the context. So Medellin is a relatively large city, roughly four million people. It's the second largest city in the country, one of the nation's industrial commercial centers, annual income is roughly 11,000 per capita dollars, and it has like a relatively well-organized bureaucracy with high tax revenues, relatively well-developed public service. Some of you might have been around. It's not like a poor city, it's a relatively like middle income city in terms of compared to other cities in Colombia and Latin America, like a relatively like important kind of developed city. On top of that, it has roughly 400 small street gangs called COMBOS. We've been doing a census of these street gangs. They cover most or all of low and middle income neighborhoods in the city, and virtually like every inch of these neighborhoods is covered by or governed or has territorial control by some criminal organization, which as I mentioned are called COMBOS. So these are small street gangs that have existed for decades and have like well-defined borders and territories. And these gangs are part of a broader like hierarchy of crimes. So there are 400 COMBOS at the bottom of this pyramid that are controlled by 17 like mafia like organizations called razones. And these 17 razones coordinate like in collective bodies. So there's no monopoly over the razones. It's sort of an oligopoly over the city by these 17 razones. And each of these razones controls 20, 25 COMBOS below. So what do these groups do? The COMBOS and the razones participate like in different positions in value change of different like illegal and legal markets. So for instance on the drug retailing, the COMBOS is the one who controls the local monopoly and exploits the retail of drugs. And the razones going to be the whole selling the supplier of the wholesale drugs to the street gangs that control the retail market. If you think about, for instance, other kind of businesses, money laundering that's going to be in the part of the razone, theft, robbery and other like kind of smaller petty crimes are going to be controlled by the COMBOS. And also importantly, some of these businesses are like run by the COMBOS or the razones affirm while other businesses are run by independent like entrepreneurs who are members of the gangs in a sort of like entrepreneurial activity that's sponsored by the gang, but for which the person that conducts the business has to pay a tax to the gang. So for instance, contract killings in the case of the COMBOS, one person from the COMBOS might be hired to do a contract killing, that person might conduct a contract killing and has to pay a tax to the COMBOS to which they belong. In terms of like organization, this is just like the organization structure of one of the COMBOS that we've been studying. Typically, they have like well-established positions. Typically, every COMBOS would have one person in charge of extortion and like collecting money, another person in charge of drugs. And in the case of this COMBOS in particular, that person would control someone who sells marijuana, someone who sells cocaine, and someone who sells to CB, which is a different kind of drug that also like widespread and sold in Medellin. And in the case of this COMBOS, they also have the business of like loan sharking. So there's going to be one person in charge of lending the money. And in terms of income, what we've seen is that the food soldiers are roughly at the ninth decile in the income of city earners, while the coordinators or the people higher up are in the first days of city earners. So this is a lot of money, especially in the case of the food soldiers. And it's a strike contrast, for instance, compared to what Stephen Levitt and Benkatesh found in the US, in the Chicago gang, where they thought that people was actually learning well below minimum wage. So in this case, that's really not true. Thinking about the market structure of these groups or kind of a theory of the criminal firm that we've been working on. So we have the razones and the COMBOS. And typically, there are like three different ways of COMBOS-Razón relationships. The first one is a sort of relational contract between the COMBOS and the razones, where these are kind of independent firms. The COMBOS coordinator or the COMBOS leader will be kind of the residual claimant of the profits of the COMBOS. The coordinator or the leader of the COMBOS is going to be from the local neighborhood chosen by the COMBOS itself. And they have a relationship like a sort of this relational contract kind of relationship with the razón. There's another type, which is kind of a vertically integrated firm, where all the COMBOS belong to the same razón as just the same structure. There are only two main instances that we have observed that kind of situation. And one very outstanding razón that's known as Los Triana is a good example, where, for instance, the coordinators of the COMBOS are rotated by the razón. They don't come from the same neighborhood. It's a kind of different, more sophisticated firm that actually was able to integrate all these groups. And there are just a few handful of independent COMBOS, but they tend to be just conquered and controlled by some razón. So what drives these different forms of organization? We believe that there are several forces pushing towards vertical and horizontal integration. One of those is to reduce competition. It's better not to have competition in order to, for instance, extract higher monopolistic rents. Another thing is that integration can facilitate collusion and reduce inefficient conflict and coordinate between different branches of the same organization. And also, there's this idiosyncratic factor of people wanting to be the leader and the controller of this sort of organization. So these are forces pushing towards vertical and horizontal integration. But on the other hand, there are also different forces that push against this form of organization. This is why we believe we find all these very small firms just coordinating between them but not having high levels of vertical or horizontal integration. The first one is that integration makes these organizations more legible to the state. So the risk of expropriation is there. The second one is that there are information and agency problems you can think of, for instance, developing a retail drug market in a small neighborhood. You're required trust, confidence. So typically, you want people from the same neighborhood doing that. And the third one is that in order to have these very sophisticated firms, you need human and managerial capital, which might not always be available there. So these are the forces that we believe are a kind of giving shape to the nature of the market structure of these gangs in Medellin. In terms of collusion, so they collude in several dimensions. I'm just going to mention a couple. One is drug prices. So the razones manage what we believe is a sort of citywide cartel. Because for most of the retail markets, you need to develop trust. So the street gang who controls the retail market develops this relationship with consumers and dealers. So there's a risk of competition. There's a risk of competition between all these 400 combos within the city. But this competition would drive down prices and would drive down the monopolistic rents that would be available otherwise for razones and for combos as well. So what we believe is that, or what we observe is that these razones use kind of their coercive and coordinated capacity to actually set prices and quality and regulate the market in a way that they can extract monopolistic rents. And this is just one example of that. This is Barra Ntoké. It's the largest drug retail market in the city. Pretty much in every corner, there's one different Plaza de Vicio that it's just a drug selling spot. And we found this in sense through qualitative work where, typically, marijuana was sold by a $1 a packet. Then there was a positive supply shock where a lot of drugs arrived to the city. One of the Plaza de Vicio decreased the price by a third. Then the other combos complained to the razón and said, OK, why are these guys competing with me? The razón organize the meeting. They all agreed that this positive supply shock should actually drive prices down for everyone. So they actually settled on that everyone would set the price at, like, 2 thirds of a dollar. So the razones played this role of coordinating prices in an efficient way so that everyone can extract as much trends as they can. Another form of collusion in terms of conflict. So with 400 combos and 17 razones on top, there are all the ingredients for violence. There might be agency problems. I don't know if you have read Chris Blatman book, but this comes from that. Agency problems, like violent preferences, irrational behavior, like many reasons why one gang would fight with one another, community problems, and so on. And what we see is that these razones actually appear to be solving these bargaining problems. So they provide a bargaining forum. They resolve community problems by, for instance, enforcing borders, enforcing contracts, and so on. And they compel leaders and discipline their own members to actually drive violence down. So they played kind of a UN peacekeeper kind of role to control these 400 street gangs and avoid costal conflict. And we've seen this through time. So Medellino had this crazy level of violence in the 90s. How many said rate of almost 400 per 100,000 residents? Now it's roughly 16, also below Chicago, and almost as close as Sao Paulo, as Ben was presenting before. And what we believe is that these groups have played an important role in doing this. And we have instances, for instance, in 2019, violence was spiking in the city. And the state actually leveraged on the capacity of the razones to coordinate to drive down violence again. So if you see the graph, a month for April, violence was spiking in Medellino. And then most of the leaders of the razones who were imprisoned were transferred, all from one prison to another one. They all coincidentally spent one week in the same prison. And then everyone sent a WhatsApp message to the city and violence went down. So this is the razones playing this role as peacekeepers and the state leveraging on that to lower their violence. I'm just going to just a couple of more things to share and I'll finish, governing civilians. So we also observe, this comes from a survey that we ran in 2019, asking people, okay, who do you go to if someone is making noise, if you observe a theft, and so on and so forth. And we ask people, who would they go to? Some of them would say, I go to the state. Some of them would say, I go to the combo or the gang. And this is just combos and the state playing a role of providing governance services in every neighborhood in the city. So to some degree, most neighborhoods have actually like what we think is a sort of duopoly of these protection services. So in one neighborhood, you have a local combo who provides governance services and you have the state providing also his governance services. And we see a lot of variation across the city. So in this map, all these neighborhoods who are red or reddish are mostly controlled by the combo and those that are blue are mostly controlled by the state. So this is kind of like an election made by the combo. We try to look at what can drive that. So we actually, in one of our papers, we try to examine which are the effects of like long run proximity of security and dispute resolution services on gang governance. And what we see is that as the state gets closer to the people, then unsurprisingly, like people report that they reach out to the state more. But more puzzling, we also see that people reports that they go to the gang more as well. So this is kind of these ties with Ben's argument that a strong state might actually induce more gang governance. And why is that? We try to examine this like a bit further and we find that this sort of strategic response by gangs comes mainly in places where there's like a drug market to protect. So they govern more places to avoid the presence of the state so they can enjoy more rents from the drug trade, the local trade in the retail market. And just to finish, implications for policy. So you can think of like a continuum of policy alternatives for a policymaker, right? From complete crackdown on criminal groups which might like increase violence in the short term but like improve long term state legitimacy to a sort of quit pro quo negotiation with gangs so that we use decreased violence in the short term but then you damage long term state legitimacy. And the problem is that it's unclear which of these two extremes leads to higher long term welfare, right? So the probably the solution is somewhere in the middle but the problem is where, right? And this is probably like very context specific and it's most likely not enough information to actually make a point out of this. And a final point, implications for research on organized crime, what we believe is that like we need more research of this kind in not only in Medellin but also in Italy, in Brazil and many other places, in Sao Paulo and others. We need to understand this system before designing and like implementing interventions. We need to collect a lot of qualitative and quantitative data to understand this better because in most of the cases, we only observe homicides and this sort of like other data that's like hard data that's better measured but homicides for instance, just part of the story. We don't know whether gangs are growing stronger or not if we look at homicides only. So, and for this sort of effort, what we believe is that we need to set up some sort of system where groups of researchers focus on one context, go to as much depth as possible to figure out like solutions and context in a better way. So thank you very much. This will continue at some point. Thank you.


The Equitable Life Assurance Society presents this is your FBI Is your FBI the official broadcast from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation? presented as a public service by the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States and the Equitable Society is representative in your community representatives of the Equitable Life Assurance Society will be busy answering their telephones Same as to Wakefield. I heard about that fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers that the Equitable Society is offering on this is your FBI Sounds like a great idea. Could you bring me one? That's what's been happening every week since we started offering this fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers Listen carefully in about 14 minutes and you learn more about this famous chart Created for you by the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States Tonight's FBI file the Skid Row shakedown The face of America is freckled with cities of such beauty that they make you hold your breath when you first see them New York on a spring night when the wind comes crawling through Central Park San Francisco when the gentle fog wraps Knub Hill in a white blanket as a gift for the sightseer to take home New Orleans when canal street lights up with the gaiety they call the Mardi Gras Those are just a few of the things that make a trip through our big cities so memorable But there are other places in our urban centers Other places not so attractive Places like the Bowery in New York Main Street in Los Angeles West Madison Street in Chicago Each has a different name, but they are all alike They are the streets to which men go when hope dies And when it makes very little difference to them whether they die too Tonight's file is about such a street And about some of the people who breathe its foul air Tonight's file opens in the lobby of a cheap flop house located in the slum district of a large eastern city A young man stands behind the desk as the front door opens And the visitor enters Good morning. Mr. Guilford about please. Yeah, well, I wonder where I might see you please Ma'am. Oh, are you Mr. Guilford son? Yeah. Well, well What is it? Oh, good morning, Miss Guilford. Good morning. Oh, hi, Mr. Fergus. This young man was just telling me that he's your son Why I had no idea that you had any offspring.  What do you want? Well, I uh, I understand that one of your guests passed into the great beyond last night That's right. Man called George Pettis. Have any of my confrars been here yet? No, you're the first. Splendid splendid. What room did Mr. Pettis occupy? 31. Uh, will I uh, require a key? No, the door's open. Oh, thank you, my dear.  Maybe the bum had some moo in a bank. Maybe he's an heir We might even have left some stuff that the bum's family'd want Yeah, sort that mail way Okay What's in the world? They score pretty good What happened, son? I get cut in Once Fergus got 300 bucks from a guy in Chicago. The bum who died was the guy's father What did you care? 10% Very much. Oh, it is when you don't have to work for it. Hey, Mr. Gilbert It appears that this was rather fruitless was it. Uh-huh. Yeah, there may be a few trinkets of sentimental value and Mr. Pettis's effects But it may be a difficult pursuit finding anyone to whom they possess such value Well, do what you can. Oh, I shall I shall. Good day, Mr. Gilford. How long? Oh, and uh, goodbye to you, Mr. Gilford It was a real pleasure to have made you a queen Weird little guy any Yeah, well, I think I'll take a walk. That's right. Hey, how do you do? I'm John Fergus Hello, I uh, ask you to meet me here at the zoo because I thought we We'd be able to talk freely in front of the animals. You said on the phone that you had something important to speak to me about That's right, Miss Calloway. I have what is it? Uh, let's sit down on this bench here very well Uh, there we are I, uh, have my wares in this briefcase. You're aware. Yes. Yes All right, let me see Oh Do you recognize the handwriting on this envelope, Mrs. Calloway? Ah, spend it spend it Where did you get that letter? George Pettis the man to whom you indiscreetly wrote so many letters died last night in a waterfront pop house Oh He left nothing of value except your correspondence. Uh, you see this return address on the envelope. That's how I was able to find you Who are you? How'd you get them? I am a friend of the weary and the dispossessed I am likewise a messenger who links the past for the present I frequent the cheap hotels here in town and when I discover a deceased derelict I try to let someone who cares know that he has gone to his reward They have great pride these ragged hulks And because of that pride they frequently destroy any evidence that might help to lead me to their loved ones And you called me just so that you could give me this letter that I wrote 15 years ago This and the other nine letters that the late mr. Pettis left among his effects Oh, that's wonderfully kind of you. Thank you. Mrs. Calaway Do you have the other letters with you? Yes May I have them, please? I uh, I'm not quite ready to turn them over just yet Why I've made you a gift of the one you hold in your hand However, the other nine are the wares I have to sell But there are only letters from me to george.  I um, I can't quite put a price on them yet. Why not? Oh, there are factors to be weighed When will you know how much you want? Maybe today maybe tomorrow Uh, I'll drop you a line as soon as I've determined what the current market price is on Calaway originals Well at the local fbi field office special agent jim taylor is just being greeted by a visitor Police sergeant blaine Gem it looks like we get to work together again.  Oh, what's the story? Uh, did you read about our mr. Clinton Lowell committing suicide yesterday? No, I just saw the headlines He was being victimized. Oh, how do you know that? In going over the files at his office We found a series of notes from an extortioner that threatened him with physical violence unless he paid which gives the fbi It's jurisdiction right and we didn't discover what the extortioner knew about Lowell But he referred to some letters that Lowell had written letters that he wanted to sell back to Lowell Yes Apparently the extortioner found them among the effects of someone who died Someone whose first name was justin I don't suppose there was any signature on any of the extortion notes No, I when I found them I Put them all in a cellophane envelope Yeah, thanks, dick Or maybe your laboratory might be able to analyze the type and see if they can give us any help Well, I'll be glad to send them through for you. Thanks Any, uh, any dates on these notes dick? Oh, yes, uh, that first one is dated about six months ago. Oh, yeah Well, then I think we can assume that this just and something or other died right around that time, huh? That's logical Well, if you died here in the city the local board of health would have some kind of a report on him Yeah, they would well, I'll check that angle for you Okay, in the meantime, why don't you go back and see if you can find anything else in the files at clinton Lowell's office Let's meet back here tomorrow afternoon What is it son? You heard that guy furgus. Yeah came by this morning gave me 10 bucks What? Had us a guy who died in room 31. He had an old pocket watch Furgus found some relatives and sold it to them for a hundred bucks He clipped you What do you mean? Remember I walked out of here right after him yesterday morning. Yeah I followed him We went to the zoo Meet some dame Well Remember the briefcase he had uh-huh He opened it up took out a letter And the dame got a look at the letter it threw her for a loop He talked for a couple of minutes and then they both left I tried to follow the dame, but she got in the cab and I lost her What are you trying to prove? Said he wasn't trying to sell no pocket watch Where's furgus hang out? Oh, he's got an office in the miller building room 629 You know his phone number? Uh-huh Call him They're just gonna meet me here tonight How much good it'll do us, but I did find something What, Jim? In checking the death records for the week previous to the date on that first extortion note I found no man named Justin Gentry died in a flop house or on the west side Oh, did you go over there? Yeah Dick, do you know anything about any of those scavengers who get a man's effects after he dies in one of those places? Yes Well, one of them got Gentry's effects Apparently he found some letters which incriminated Clinton Lowell Oh Well, I didn't find anything else in Lowell's private files No Well, this clerk down at the flop house I went to said he couldn't tell me which of the scavengers had gotten Gentry's effects Was he on duty at the time? No Our clerk named Thompson at the desk that day and he won't be back at the flop house until tomorrow morning And they didn't know where to reach him, huh? No, but I'm going to stop by there in my way to the office tomorrow morning and see if this Thompson can remember who got his effects If he does, Dick, we're in business Good evening Hi Hey, hey, I'm sorry I couldn't get here any sooner Well, that's all right, Mr. Fergus Here's another of your guests across the great divide No, my son wanted to see you Your son? Mm-hmm Well, about what? Well, he'll tell you himself. Come in the office Oh, very well It's right through here You first, Mr. Gilbert You first Okay Here's Mr. Fergus Okay Your charming mother just told me that you had something to discuss with me, young man That's right Well, what is it? Mom, he gave you 10 bucks for the stuff he got out of that Paris guy's room, didn't he? Yeah You got short-ended No, see here, Mr. Gilbert, I resent your inference Mr. Fergus, I followed you when you left here yesterday You made a phone call and then you went to the zoo and met a dame You showed her a letter that you got out of Mr. Pettis' room Oh, that's great Mr. Pettis had several letters in his room when he passed away I thought they might be a value, but they weren't Then why did you keep them in a safe with your office? What?  I got them right here Let me have them They're no good to you The only person to whom they have any value is the woman who wrote them What's your name?   Oh, I think he's dead We'll return in just a moment to tonight's exciting case From the files of your FBI But now listen While the clock ticks away the next 60 seconds We're going to ask you to give one minute of your time To considering something that may make a world of difference In the future happiness and security of your children That's worth a lot more than one minute of my time, Mr. Keating Then you'll certainly be interested in the equitable society's Famous fact-fighting chart for fathers and mothers Certainly sounds interesting What's it all about? Frank, it's a chart that every father who really loves his family should have A chart which shows him how to figure out just what income his family would need If he should die unexpectedly The minimum amount of money his wife and children would require To maintain a comfortable standard of living Do you know how much that would be for your family? No, I guess I don't really have even a foggy idea Well, in five minutes flat this equitable fact-finding chart For fathers and mothers will give you the answer Now here, see how simple and uncomplicated it is You're guided every step of the way by easy to understand pictures In no time at all, you know just what income your family will need To keep going and to keep together during the critical years Until your youngest child finishes high school That's certainly like to have one of those charts, Mr. Keating How much do they cost? Oh, not one cent, Frank, they're free Phone your equitable society representative And ask him to bring you a fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers Or send a postcard, care of this ABC station To the Equitable Life Assurance Society Your request will be forwarded to the nearest equitable representative Yes, if you truly love your children You will not let another day tick away on the clock Without sending for the fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers Prepared for you by the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States And now back to the FBI file The Skid Row Shake Down The loss of John Fergus from the community is not, as you can imagine, a devastating one Nor would the loss of any extortioner constitute one to be mourned They are the parasites of our civilization and not worthy even of our contempt However, the death of John Fergus does serve to prove the truth of an axiom Which has been repeated time and again In an attempt to bring it home forcibly to you listeners On this series of official broadcasts from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation That axiom is that crime begets crime Neither you nor anyone else can engage in the commission of a single illegal act And then decide to stop That first misstep is often the beginning of a criminal career The reason your FBI repeats that fact is that it knows That crime has often been portrayed as a glamorous occupation And that many first offenders took that wrong step because they were tempted by that false glamour It is an odd fact that from the moment of a criminal's first illegal act His best chance for survival rests with the strongest possible law enforcement agency Or as in tonight's case If he succeeds in committing one crime without being apprehended He will continue to commit others until finally he commits the number one crime Murder tonight's file continues at the local FBI field office Dick, I think I found another piece of the puzzle I stopped by that flop house this morning where Justin Gentry died Uh-huh I spoke to the clerk who was on duty when one of those ghoulish characters came in for Gentry's effects Did he remember which one it was? Yes, it was a man named John Fergus Did the clerk have any idea where Fergus could be located? Oh, he said he knew that he had an office, but he didn't know where I checked with a phone company. They have no telephone listed under that name How often does Fergus come around? Oh, every couple of days Oh, I've had an alarm sent out on him Is that it? Oh, pardon me, sir Special Agent Taylor speaking Lieutenant Frappig's down at headquarters, Jim Well, hello, Lieutenant. It's been a long time Yes, it has Say, I got word you're looking for a man named John Fergus Oh, that's right. What do you know about him? He's just been found murdered Duck up where Fergus lived Good boy. How did you do it? Remember the gas spill he had in his pocket? Uh-huh One made out in the name of Jackson Oh That was for his apartment St. Kennell Street You went there? Yeah Find anything? Yeah John was full of carbon copies He let his road to the sunkers he was clever This is the one we're looking for Name is Mrs. Calloway Let's see it Dear Mrs. Calloway With reference to the antiques belonging to the dear departed George Pettis My current market quotation is 9,000 dollars You see? Why that little crook Then he was going to brush me off with a sawbuck Well, I'm going to make me some food I'll figure out what we want to do with the nine grand We're going to get from that Mrs. Calloway Nick, I went to John Fergus' office It had been rifle cleaned out There was nothing there I wish we could come up with where he lived Oh, I already have How's Jim? Well, I went to the morgue and looked at his effects They consisted of some movie stubs Some matches from a restaurant on the west side and a key Uh-huh It was a new key So I decided to go up to the neighborhood with the movie house And the restaurant warden See if any locksmith could recognize it That didn't work Oh, and a hunch I tried the doors of a brand new apartment house About a block from the movie And that did work? Yeah, I had paid off The key opened the front door of one of the apartments It was listed under the name of Leo Jackson Once I got inside with the cooperation of the building superintendent I knew I was in the right place How? The apartment had been rifled too You know, we may be able to find out who it is If we get lucky at both the office and Fergus's apartment This morning's mail had been opened and read I then is trying now to get prints off a mail Ah According to the files I found up in the apartment Fergus has been in the extortion business for quite some little time Did you find anything on Clinton Lowell? Ah, Fergus was the one who was shaking him down I also found out the name of his latest victim Well, who's that? A woman named Callaway I found a sheet of carbon paper and held it up to a mirror He had written to Mrs. Callaway with an obvious reference To some letters that belonged to a George Pettis Did you find those letters? No, no, Dick, I didn't Well, I think I'd better check and see if I can find anything On whether it's George Pettis died and who he is All right, Dick While you're doing that, I'll go up and see Mrs. Callaway Hello? No, Mrs. Callaway Who is this? My name is Arthur Arthur who? If you don't tell me your name, I'm going to hang up I see He said to bring them as soon as you had the money ready Morning, Mrs. Callaway No, I'll have to have more time Mr. Fergus said an all-star Well, I have to go to the bank first Be here in an hour Just a moment Mrs. Callaway That's right Are you Arthur? No, ma'am I'm a special agent of the FBI Here are my credentials I see Do you mind if I ask you some questions, Mrs. Callaway? I know Please come in Thank you Mrs. Callaway, in going over the effects of a man named John Fergus We found evidence that he might be extorting money from you I don't know anyone named John Fergus Who is he? He's a man who was found dead down on the waterfront Murdered In checking on another case, we learned that Fergus was an extortioner And that he had written you a recent note I've never received a note from him Are you quite positive? Yes What had to do with some letters that you had written He had come into possession of them If those letters exist, Mrs. Callaway And if you haven't yet paid on them, it's perfectly possible That someone else has come into possession of them now And will try to extort you Oh, I'm sorry I can't be of more help than this But I don't know anything about it Let's leave it this way If anyone gets in touch with me, I'll get in touch with you Thank you, Mrs. Callaway Come in Yes Where's some money? Where's Mr. Fergus? He's busy That's why I sent me You're lying What do you mean? A man from the FBI was just here He told me that Mr. Fergus was murdered That sort of changes things, doesn't it? No Oh, I think the police would be interested in knowing that you now have those letters Who would tell them? I would They wouldn't save your neck For the cops get the letters I'll have them printed all over town John, would you want that? No Don't waste your money And that police on the table That bag, you mean? Yes Is there 9,000 here? Yes, now let me have my letters Sure Here Now get out Get out, I said Yes, ma'am Hello, Guilford Who are you? I'm a special agent of the FBI Now turn around and step back inside Although charged in federal court for extortion Arthur Guilford and his mother were turned over to local authorities for prosecution of the more serious charge of murder Arthur Guilford was found guilty and sentenced to be executed His mother was convicted as an accessory and sentenced to a 20-year term in prison The reason Special Agent Taylor returned to see Mrs. Calloway is that a check at the neighborhood bank revealed not only that she had her account there but that she had withdrawn $9,000 in cash that morning The exact amount mentioned in the extortion letter John Fergus had written Special Agent Taylor learned from the identification section that the fingerprints on the mail which had been opened in John Fergus' office the morning after Fergus' death belong to Arthur Guilford When an examination of the carpet in the office of Mrs. Guilford revealed a fresh blood stain and several hairs which the laboratory identified as having come from the head of John Fergus both Mrs. Guilford and her son confessed and thus because of the swift cooperation of the local police department and the untiring investigation of a Special Agent your FBI was able to close another file and to close it successfully In just a moment we will tell you about next week's case from the files of your FBI but now listen With every tick of the clock time as they say is marching on so don't put off that important decision you made a few minutes ago Be sure to get the equitable fact-finding chart for fathers and mothers It's the first step towards making certain that your wife and children will continue to live in comfort and security even if you should be taken from them phone your equitable society representative soon or send the postcard to the equitable society care of this ABC station Your request will be forwarded to the nearest representative of the equitable life assurance society of the United States Next week we will dramatize another case from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation a dramatic account of the bureau's effort to clear an innocent man It's subject armed robbery It's title the slapstick holdup The incidents used in tonight's equitable life assurance society's broadcast are adapted from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation However, all names used are fictitious and any similarity thereof to the names of persons living or dead is accidental Tonight the music was composed and conducted by Frederick Stein The author was Jerry D. Lewis Your narrator was William Woodson and special agent Taylor was played by Stacey Harris This is your FBI as a Jerry Divine production This is Larry Keating speaking for the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States and the Equitable Society's representative in your community and inviting you to tune in again next week at this same time when the Equitable Life Assurance Society will bring you another thrilling story from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation The slapstick holdup on this is your FBI This is ABC the American Broadcasting Company


Per mi és un plaer introduir-nos l'Àngel Lothano. Jo crec que l'Àngel Lothano necessita una introducció a tot. I avui dia he de parlar de 5G. Aquest és l'únic hot topic que tenim ara, en l'arrenar de les comunicacions. Però, abans de dir alguna cosa sobre l'Àngel Lothano, volia mostrar una documentada que vaig trobar a la nit quan vaig pensar una mica sobre l'Àngel. Em vaig sorprèn perquè vaig trobar aquest publicament en januari 2000, eliero. Està bé. A tu et vaig trobar un plaer. Va ser l'aniversari de l'experiment markets de Marconi en l'U.S. Marconi va ser la pioner que va fer alguna gelat confrontada a la comunicació de la via i les dades. Aquest va ser el lloc. I l'Àngel va mirar per a tu i a mi, però no era possible, perquè la qualitat de la foto no és... Quan hi ha una d'aquestes imatges de processar gurus per enganxar les imatges... Jo pensava en la mateixa, doncs... Comoma o marcemo, unes vegades... Tant de reconstrucció. Aquest was the first time we met, I think. We were just... We were younger, I'd say. A little bit, it's not a long time at all. So I wanted to share with you and with all the audience this picture at the day we first met, and some years after, a few years after, we met here at the UPF. So it was a pleasure to have Angel here, joining the department seven or eight years ago. He has been really committed with the university, not only building the research group and doing brilliant research with us, but also with a high level of commitment with the UPF, being vice-rector for research, almost... Six years, yeah. Six years, so. Now he is in his sabbatical, so, right? But he's here sharing with us the last research thoughts about 5G and see how this is going to evolve in the next year. So thank you for accepting the invitation and... Okay, thank you, Mr. Thomas. So these seminars are a good opportunity for us to showcase our research, and especially for those of us in minority topics. Because even though this is the department on information and communication technologies, those of us doing communications are actually a small minority here. So this is a one-com opportunity. And just to show you graphically where my research is positioned within the IEEE, my view on this communication theory, which is forming within the IEEE Communication Society, although having some intersection with the Information Theory and Synoprocessing. Also, there is a very large committee on communication theory, a tipus on committee, which I actually chaired for a few years. And my work revolves mostly around the activities, the publications and the conferences organized by this committee. Okay, so without further ado, let me get into the talk itself. And the subject are wireless networks. The talk has six sections, about 40, 45 minutes. So my challenge ironically is to try to keep your attention away from your smartphones for about 40 minutes when I explain things about those very smartphones. And as a general comment, before I start, I'm not going to specifically talk about Wi-Fi. I'm going to focus on why there are networks that can be accessed anywhere. Wi-Fi is a great complement for hotspots and we need it. But it's kind of unpredictable and spotty. And I'm sure you've all had your share of frustration with it. So let me go ahead and start with the first section, where I'll try to establish what those of us in communication theory, what we do for a living. So, there are two metrics that drive our work, which are in fact intertwined. They are the user bitrate and the area capacity. And here I've placed them within a triangle that contains the three resources that we need to communicate data. So the first is bandwidth, which is to say spectrum. The second is energy or what's the same power. And the third is computational complexity. So let me spend just a few minutes determining all these quantities and how they interplay. The user bitrate measures the number of bits per second that flow reliably to specific users, like yourselves. It's an important quantity, especially for certain applications, but not as important as the area capacity, which measures the aggregate bitrate over all users within a certain area, say a square kilometer, for instance. These two quantities measure your degree of satisfaction as consumers of data. A challenge we have here are the expectations. And this chart makes that point. Just ignore all the acronyms, which correspond to specific standards. Just look at the two lines. So the blue line depicts the evolution over time of the user bitrates over wireless networks. So we've had ISDN, then ADSL, now fiber optics. And the yellow line depicts the evolution over time of the bitrates over wireless networks. And the issue is that wireless is always one order of magnitude behind. This is not surprising, even that a radio channel is much more challenging than a cable channel. But it does mean that your expectations are of a certain performance that you're used to, and you expect it over our networks as well. So this is what we're up against. This is a quote from a report by the company Ericsson, which I think describes very well these expectations. It says that wait times during web page and video loads causes mobile users heart rates to increase 38%, which apparently is equivalent to the anxiety of watching a horror movie alone, which is a very remarkable baseline for stress. And then once a video begins and an additional pause increases frustration dramatically. So this is what we're up against as engineers. Now let's talk about the resources we need to quench these thirsts for data that you have. The first one, the first thing that we need is radio spectrum. And even though there is an infinite amount of it, only a finite amount is actually usable. The portion roughly between one and six gigahertz, which we usually call the radio window. Below this window, the wavelength is too long, so the antennas are too big to be practical. And above it, the signals don't propagate very well. They suffer a lot of attenuation. In fact, that's what the chart depicts. So this chart depicts the attenuation in the V-perkylometer. So, as you can see, it's almost zero over this radio window, and then it spikes up into tens or even hundreds of V-perkylometers. Once you exceed a few gigahertz. So because the amount of spectra is limited, and we require more and more of it, it has become very expensive. It has become expensive to license it for exclusive use. So these days, it's roughly at one euro per megahertz per population unit. So a company like Vodafone or Tenafonica say they want to license 100 megahertz to use in Catalonia, which has 7 million people. They have to pony up 700 million euros, just to have the bandwidth to transmit. It's a lot of money, but that gives them exclusive access to this bandwidth, and that avoids all the interference, contamination that Wi-Fi suffers. Okay, so that's bandwidth. The second thing we need is energy to radiate, and well, what do I have to tell you that you don't know already? The most sought after things these days are airports and coffee shops or power plaques. And charging stations are now becoming pretty common, especially in the U.S. For now, there are a few of charge, but I suspect that will change. In Amsterdam, they have at the airport these eco-friendly charging stations, where you have to pedal to charge your phone, and in a sense, having to labor for power is already a form of payment, in a sense. So the critical point when it comes to batteries is to be able to spend the whole day without recharging your device, and we're close to that point already. So it's a resource we have to manage carefully. If we don't want to have to force people to carry around the chargers and spare batteries with them, which would be undesirable. Battery knives are one side of the energy equation, the more obvious one, perhaps, for us, but there's another side, which is that the biggest operating expense of companies like Tenafonica or Vodafone these days is the electricity bill. And that gets passed on to us. So that's one of the reasons that things are so expensive here. So reducing power consumption is also very important for them, not to mention all the initiatives on green ICT to reduce power consumption worldwide. Okay, so we have spectrum, we have energy, and the third thing we need is computational complexity. And this one has various implications. The first one is energy again, not energy-radiated, but energy-spent processing signals. The second one is size. So a small one as the bias is very different than a tablet, for instance, or a smartphone, in terms of the real state you have to install processors. And the third is cost, which is a very important variable in the marketplace. So these are the quantities we are with, bitrate, anaerocapacity, versus bandwidth, energy, and complexity. And we combine them into figures of merit, per instance, by combining the bitrate in bits per segon with the bandwidth in hertz, you obtain something called spectrum efficiency in bits per segon per hertz, which measures how well you're using your spectrum. Or if you combine the bitrate in bits per segon with the power in watts, you get the energy efficiency in bits per segon per watt, or in bits per jou. So in our work, we mostly try to find new ways to push these ratios higher, so we can maximize the bitrate and the capacity with certain resources, or we can minimize the resources to achieve a certain performance. All right, let me move on to the second section. I'm a history freak, and I could spend all the time I haven't more talking about it, so I'll have to contain myself here. I do think that a bit of history helps understand why things are the way they are. So I'm going to spend about five minutes discussing some key steps in the evolution of Warrangas communications, and Mikhail Bratamarkoni, who's going to come up in the story. I did a small experiment at some point and asked a bunch of young people some questions about the origins of this technology that they are so addicted to, and the outcome was disappointing, not surprising, perhaps, but disappointing. Younger generations seem to associate Warrangas communications with people and companies, such as these, and others like them, and these players have certainly played a part in the story, but they really are just the icing on the cake. These players have transformed the mobile phone into a dazzling computational platform that has exceeded anyone's expectations and that is an essential part of our lives. That's true. And yet, the concept of a smartphone is hardly new. As early as 1993, IBM launched a smart device called the Simon, which had the amazing amount of one megabyte of memory, and a touchscreen, Nokia 496, with their Nokia 9000, which was a similar device, both were very big, like, brick-size devices, very expensive and very heavy, and their performance was laughable by today's standards. They failed commercially, but not because the concept was wrong, just because it was ahead of its time. Now, 20 years later, of course, the time was right, i altres jugadors van fer el concepte d'un smartphone per ferir-se, com a favor d'avui. Deixem-ne, aquest experiment amb els joves em va fer pensar que hi havia un article recentment sobre l'espectrum d'Aitibán que es va aportar a l'espectrum de la direcció. I vaig pensar en què és el que ha de fer els brexos que han definit on som i on som, i vaig arribar a la segona de 5 milions. Per tant, potser el primer brexó va ser en l'1860s, quan Maxwell unified the electricity and magnetism in a wonderful set of equations. I spent some time at the University of Edinburgh, which is Maxwell's alma mater, and every morning I literally walked over the equations on the way to my office. These equations predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, a prediction that was then verified by the German gentleman, Heinrich Hertz, a few years later, who then famously stated that he did not think that the world's waves he had invented or discovered would have any practical applications. He couldn't have been more wrong, and by the turn of the century, people had set out to use these waves to communicate information at a distance, initially, more signals. Arguably the first one to achieve it was Russian Alexander Popov, but the two people that history remembers are the eccentric genius Nikol Atesna i l'entrepreneurial Guillermo Marconi. Marconi era no només un ingenier d'expressió, però un gran espanyol, i va capitar els seus inventions per construir l'Empire, la corporació Marconi, que, per uns anys, monoponeixia el llibre a llibre i el llibre a llibre de la comunicació. Era l'únic company que va fer això. Aquesta companyia i la tecnologia van fer fama quan el titànic va sonar en 1912. El titànic, el llibre de la stress, va ser reaccionat per un altre llibre, la Carpaccia, que va fer rescat a 700 persones. Aquestes són les recorrescències de l'Empire Marconi, molt bèstia, bèstia feina per l'Empire Marconi. A mi em diu que, com que Masbel i Hertz, aquests dos menys Estesna i Marconi eren reals giants en el temps. Fins i tot, més signals han fet l'amplit de modulació, i la mena humana va ser transmetida. A l'any 1930, teníem la modulació de freqüència. Aquí hi ha una de les més angoçades de les pròpies de Carpaccia, un gran bonic, però una real wonder, després d'aquell moment. A l'any II, 25 ciutadans de l'estat espanyol ha desplorat el sistema de tenafònic públic. Es consisteix en una sola transmissió que es desborda d'una torre a la altra possible muntanya. I només un handful de persones que podien ser desbordats a l'estat espanyol. El tipus de manera d'anar a l'anar va ser d'anar d'anar d'anar d'anar d'anar d'anar d'anar. En aquest context, en 1946, un enginyer de Douglas Rink, treballant a Bell Ops, va tenir una idea transformació, el que va desenvolupar en un paper que es deia Cels Sites. El que va dir era que es deia d'una region d'interès en uns països petits, que es deia Cels, each featuring a separate transmitter receiver. A més d'una transmissió que es deia l'entera region, es deia que es deia smaller ones, each serving one of these cells. So, in time this would be called a cellular system and Rink illustrated his idea with this picture, which it's kind of hard to see, but it depicts the cost of New Jersey and the city of New York, this is Manhattan over here. And these are the cells he proposed using circles. This divide and conquer idea was visionary, as we will see, but the technology to implement it simply did not exist in 1946. Okay, well, there are places and times that are special and bound ups in the middle of the 20th century was such a place and such a time. So, only two years after Rink planted the seed for cellular systems and not far from his office, in fact, information theory was born. So that made it possible to quantify information with the bit as the universal currency and to establish the maximum amount of information that could be transmitted reliably through a noisy channel. So, in a very real sense, the information age began in 1948 with Shannon's work. The fifth and final breakthrough, in my opinion, came with the realization of a comment made by Richard Feynman, that is plenty of room at the bottom. The offspring of this comment was integrated circuit with pioneering companies such as Fairchild Semiconductor Intel or TI that made it a reality in the 1960s. Gordon Moore, in particular, one of the founders of Intel, is credited with the observation that the transistor density is double of roughly every 18 months. This Moore's law has driven the evolution of integration of processors and memory to our days. So, these five breakthroughs set the stage for the first generation of cellular systems which were trialed by AT&T in 1978, in Chicago and Newark. Here you can see the paperwork from those trials, each consisted of a bunch of cells which are here shown as hexagons. The commercial deployment came in 1983 and this gentleman here is Martin Cooper, the guy who designed and made the first call from a handheld device. So following Green's vision, these first generation systems were organized in cells, it's featuring a central site called the base station, which is a transmitter receiver that connects by radio with the mobile devices and then all these base stations are cabled into a network. So each mobile device, for instance, this guy here connects by radio with the base station in itself and then the signals go by cable to the network. And then as people move around, their calls get handed off from one cell to the next. This first generation was followed by subsequent generations 2G, 3G, now 4G, I guess those of us who are old enough have seen all these generations, probably one every 10 years, just riding more slow to increase bit-rays and capacity dramatically, although I have to say without any major conceptual breakthroughs. Do they set the progression of the added capacity over time? It's useful to express it as a product of three terms, so that would be the spectrum efficiency, that would be bits per second per hertz per cell, times the density of cells, so say cells per square kilometer, times the bandwidth in hertz. So that gives you bits per second per square kilometer. This guy we encountered a minute ago, Martin Cooper, the one who designed the first hand-hell phone, observed that the added capacity, this quantity, has roughly doubled every 30 months or so, which corresponds into a factor of about one million over time. So he actually, when I had, I broke down this factor of one million, and it turns out that the lion's share factor of 1600 has come from increasing the cell density, with smaller factors that have come from having more bandwidth and more efficiency. These are just ballpark numbers, but they do make the point that when it comes to increasing the added capacity, nothing beats densifying the cell structure. And indeed, Rink, surely, would be amazed if he could see how far his idea has gone. So today, in the US alone, there are close to 400,000 cells. As you can see, they correlate with population density. And worldwide, there are about 6 million cells today, roughly one for every 1,000 people. So this is certainly a successful idea that was ever one. So that's what we are today, with 4G deployed in most of the advanced world, in developing countries, they still have 2G and 3G. And just a couple of data points, there are 7,300 million subscribers worldwide, which is about 90% of the population. And just to put that in context, there's at least 2,000 million PCs in the world, personal computers, okay? So the European Union exceeds 100% penetration, the US 110%, so there's more phones than people. And there are many nations, including big ones like India, that have more people with wireless access than with an electricity at home, which makes you wonder how they charge their phones. But never mind. And final data point, a smartphone today has more computing power than the entire aponga program that sends people to the moon. The expansion has been phenomenal, for instance, and very fast, for instance, in terms of internet access, wireless access has taken over from fixed access in just a few years. So in 10 years, we've gone from all the access was fixed to mostly 80% is mobile. So the future of the internet seems to be mobile. And using the air capacity breakdown I introduced with a small twist, we can gauge the performance that today's networks can deliver. So let's see. The efficiency on a 4G network is about 1B per second per hertz per cell. Every cell serves about 1,000 people. And the total amount of lights and spectrum, including 2G, 3G, 4G, and all operators is about 500 mHz, give or take. So you multiply these and you get about 500 kilobits per second for each of us. Now, most of the time, only a subset of us are active. So we actually get to enjoy a few megabits per second, which is a huge improvement over the 10 kilobits per second that was a peak rate 20 years ago. So we multiply that by about 1,000 in 20 years. In 4 generations. I couldn't possibly detail all the advances that have taken us from 1G to 4G. Let me just briefly touch on one that has been my main research focus since I finished my PhD. It's called MIMO. It stands for multiple input, multiple output. And it consists of vectorizing the transmissions. So rather than transmitting a single signal from a single antenna, we transmit a vector of signals from various antennas, say vector X. The vector of signals. And then, if at the receiver, we also have various antennas, what we observe can be construed as another vector, and it's called Y. And these vectors are related to a matrix called H here. So the ijth entry of this matrix H will be the specific channel between the i-th antenna here and the j-th antenna here. So by inverting this matrix, we can recover at the receiver or we transmit it at the other side. Of course, it's not so easy because the observations are noisy. This vector N represents the noise here. So you can just quite invert it. But with substantial signal processing, you can recover X from observing Y. That's what we do. This is MIMO in a nutshell, and it's already commercial. In fact, the smartphones you have in your pockets all have at least two internal antennas. And they are all receiving vector transmissions probably right now. So you know what we are with megabits per second for each of us on a good day, plus Wi-Fi on the hotspots. Do we need yet another generation? It's a good question, and apparently we do. Because the hunger for bitrate is relentless. Right now, it's growing at 57% a year, which means a factor of 10 every five years, a factor of 100 every 10 years, a factor of 1,000 every 15 years. It's mind-boggling. Right now, 2017, we're at about 11 exabytes a month worldwide, going to 16 next year. Remember, an exabyte is a million terabytes. So it's just, like I said, mind-boggling. Amounts of data that are being sent. So we do need another G apparently. And the research on 5G actually got momentum already four or five, even six years ago.  Which is now coming to an end as the target, the preliminary date of 2020 approaches. The idea is to have the first trials at the 2020 Olympics in Japan.  Not many research topics, I think, have this luxury.  In Europe we have something called the 5G public-private partnership, 5GPP, which has been funneling millions of euros into 5G research for some time now. So in 2014 I wrote a paper on 5G with colleagues from Samsung, Huawei, Nokia, and other universities, which has had substantial impact. The paper outlined the direction that 5G has taken. Which drives to the limit the three existing mechanisms that are indicated here. So MIMO becomes Massi MIMO, densification becomes ultra-densification, and the frontiers of usable spectrum get pushed aggressively. So let me briefly comment on these three research directions. So with Massi MIMO the idea is to go from today's tower-top deployments or base stations, on what we can house, say, dozen antennas or so and most, so we can vectorize but just in limited amounts, to having vast arrays deployed, let me see, here it is, vast arrays of antennas deployed along the roofs and even the facades of buildings, or maybe on billboards, each one with tens or possibly even hundreds of antennas, and camouflaged so they don't disturb the environment. This is the vision for Massi MIMO. The prototype is already out there. Here on top you can see a 64 antenna prototype built by Agatán Lucer, which is now Nokia. And below there's a 128 antenna design that came out of a European project. So Massi MIMO is one direction to equip big cells with these huge arrays. And then ultra-densification is the second direction which would complement these big cells with lots and lots of very small cells. And terms such as picocel and now you are femtocel have been coined to refer to these tiny cells, which in a sense will be competing with Wi-Fi. The third direction in 5G has been to push different years of the usable spectrum. So remember that historically we haven't been able to use frequencies above 6 GHz because they don't propagate very well. Now with ultra-densification, well, we don't need the signals to travel very far because the transmitters and the receivers are going to be close by. So we actually can survive with these attenuations and there is reasonable hope that we may be able to tap frequencies up to 70, 80 or maybe even 90 GHz. The jury is still out on how effectively we can use these frequencies, but the expectations right now are very high. So we'll be broadening the amount of spectrum that we can use. Ok, that's in a nutshell what 5G is shaping up to be, macrocells with massimimol, plus lots and lots of more cells using a wider range of spectrum. Now looking beyond 5G, let me turn to my current research. Despite the great progress in performance, the structure of today's networks and even the structure of the upcoming 5G networks is really no very different from those we had 20 years ago. So the cell is still at the heart of everything. And there's an inherent problem with cells, which is interference. So when a base station sends a signal to a user, that signal does not only reach this user, as the nature of radio propagation, it reaches everybody. And for all the unintended users, this signal is interference that adds up to the noise. So keeping interference under control has been a favorite research topic for years, the problem that has kept lots and lots of people busy for a very long time. But when you think about it, what is really interference? Interference is actually a signal that's meant for someone in a cell, which is being received by someone else in another cell. So interference is determined by the cell structure, which is an artificial construct. So, perhaps the time has come when we should move past the concept of a cell, which has, of course, served us very well, but which might have run its course by now. So we should perhaps start viewing the network as what it is, which is just a set of base stations serving a set of users. And rather than have each base station serve only the users in its cell, we can have all the base stations jointly serving all the users. That can be done by applying the MIMO idea of vectorization across multiple base stations rather than individually at each one. And this is one of the premises of the ERC advanced grant that I'm running, the idea of having wireless networks without cells. Consider this two-cell toy example, where with a similar structure that is cross-interference between the two cells. So, each base station does not care for the signal being sent by the user on the other cell. That's just noise for this base station. Now, if we remove the cells, and we know that two base stations will work together, and join the code both signals, then both base stations care about both signals, and the interference now has become a useful signal.  Now, this looks easy when you have only two base stations, but when you consider a network with hundreds or thousands of base stations, it's impossible to jointly vectorize all the transmissions. So, one must carefully define local neighborhoods where each base station vectorizes its transmissions with a selected bunch of neighbors. Moreover, they should all be dynamic. So, we should have a particular vectorization structure at a given point, with base stations serving users in a certain way, and then, as people move around and the users come into the system, we should have a different arrangement, different vectorizations, and so on and so forth, okay? Without the rigidity of a predefined pattern of cells. This is certainly not easy, but now we have the computational power to phase it, and we have lots and lots of data being constantly gathered and reported by your smartphones, which can help the network assess the best course of action at each instant. That's something that I might assume, and I'm exploring under the event of the Maria M.S.2 program, in cooperation with Anders Johnson. So, we're playing with machine learning, which is a new tool for us, and we can credit this work and this cooperation with Anders to Maria M.S.2. This idea of getting rid of cells goes hand in hand with other currents of thought, chiefly the idea of deconstructing base stations, so just to take all the processors that reside physically at each base station right now and put them together into a cloud, okay? So, if we could do that, we would get something called a cloud radio access network, which is now a very fashionable concept. So, taking this idea to the limit, we could have the signal processing for the entire network on the cloud. And then the network structures, and then being pre-determined cells, would now become software-defined. The vectorizations could be software-defined. So, instead of having these hardware boxes that are today's base stations, we'd have software running on a data center somewhere. This would offer incredible elasticity because no resources would be unused or wasted. And especially because the upgrades would come in the form of software updates, rather than painful hardware replacements. So, going from 5G to 6G, when the time comes, would be not going from Windows 7 to Windows 8, as opposed to what happens today, which is a physical replacement of each of hundreds of thousands of base stations, okay? So, which is extremely expensive. So, it's a very attractive idea, this cloud radio access, but it has some caveats. One is that the data centers cannot be in remote places, like, say, Amazon has them. They have to be nearby for the device to be short. So, we need one of these data centers every, I'd say, at most 50 kilometers or so. And you'll see in a minute why the device is so important. But just to cover Catanguania, we'll take at least a dozen or so of these small clouds, so, Mocan clouds, we'll call them. Okay. So, this is the final section of the talk, where I'm going to outline things that I see in the horizon. So, it's a little more ill-defined. If we build the evolution of wireless communications from the viewpoint of the human senses, we've gone from transmitting just audio in the early days to now, nowadays, transmitting audio and video. And now, we started to think about transmitting also smell and touch. If you're curious about transmitting, I refer you to the website of this company, your notes, which is proposing devices to do just that. But here, let me focus on touch, which has more implications and it's now becoming possible thanks to haptic technology, which uses motion and pressure to recreate touch. This requires very short delays on the order of one millisecond or so, which is the time that it takes the brain to process físic en contacte. The end-to-end delay in one of the networks has come down substantially over time. It used to be as much as 100 milliseconds in 3G, even more. Today, in 4G, it's 20, sometimes 15 milliseconds. That's the round-trip delay. And in 5G, the target is about one millisecond, so that we can recreate touch at a distance. This is the target of the system, this is the reason that the data centers cannot be very far. These 50 kilometers I brought up have to do with the speed of light, and that's pretty much it. One millisecond speed of light, 50 kilometers at most. Now, if we succeed with this one millisecond delay, which is far from easy, we'll open the door to so-called tactile wireless networks with lots of exciting applications, especially in remote medicine. So, this could really be a game changer in healthcare. So, you can, for instance, imagine someone who has had an accident being taken to the hospital in an ambulance and having surgery in the ambulance, right, from a surgeon who is at the hospital. This could be possible, for instance. There's a lot of trials now on medical equipment being controlled remotely, and with one millisecond delays, you can actually recreate the touch at the other end. So, you can actually operate at a distance. So, that's very exciting. Another interesting issue in the horizon concerns the position of the smartphone as a dominant platform for wireless access. Nowadays, smartphones have become almost an extension of people's bodies, especially for youngsters. In extreme cases, literally, an extension of their bodies. But this privileged position of the smartphone may be coming to an end. New platforms are about to proliferate, and we may soon be transitioning to an ecosystem of communication devices that, rather than portable, are wearable. I'm talking about smartwatches, smartbands, helmets, eyeglasses, even shoes and clothes, say, jackets, such as this one, with lots of embedded antennas. My student, Jordi George, recently finished his thesis on the topic of wearable wireless devices, and we just cried the surface. There's a lot of things to be done in this space. We could even see contact nights as equipped with wireless capabilities, although this is probably further into the future. Keyboards and screens may become a thing of the past, progressively replaced by projections. So, on-skin projections and off-wall projections. So, this evolution is going to present major challenges for us, because these new platforms are very small devices with tiny batteries. So, we're going to have new constraints in terms of power consumption and complexity. The extreme of these will be in-body devices, say, monitoring sensors, direct delivery systems, medical robots on implants. The spectrum is already reserved worldwide for these devices, però moltes coses han de ser pensades abans que puguin ser viables d'un punt de comunicació. A l'altre extrem, tenim una altra màxima platforma, un car connectat, fins i tot el car self-driving, en què tenim grans batteries i molts processing-power. Les conseqüències, aquí, són drastically diferents. A veure una gran foto, anirem de moltes devices homogíneos, els smartphones, a diverses devices heterogíneos, so, we certainly have research challenges for years to come here, in terms of communications. Ok, so, my 40 minutes are up, so, let me finish by acknowledging the support of various institutions, the European Research Council, NICREA, in the public arena, and then also Intel Corporation, through the 5G University Research Program. I also wanna thank my students and POSDOX, both the current ones, I mentioned a couple of them, in relation to projects, i aquests que han vingut a altres llocs. I l'enclosc i deixo una cota de Marconi. Vaig fer aquest comentari en 1932, potser abans que va morir. I crec que, si pot veure com s'ha quedat, avui dia, serà prou. Gràcies. És cert. Vam just arreglar el tracte. Això és allò? Això és l'evolució. ¿Aquest comentari? I, si hi ha hagut problemes relacionats amb la comunicació que s'ha d'accedir al futur? Sí, és una bona qüestió. A vegades, em quedi les meves estudis, perquè no tenen sentit de por. No entenem la diferència entre megawatts i megawatts. Una cosa que ha passat a l'hora és que, quan les cels han tornat més i més, les cels han tornat més i més. Així, tots els phones han de fer un poble de por. Aquestes dies, els smartphones transmeten més de 100 megawatts, més o menys, perquè tenen control de la base. Aquestes són les seves amuntes de por. En principi, no hi ha problemes. I la tendència continuarà de tenir més i més por, perquè de les problemes de bateria, etcètera. Així, si posem això en context, l'aigua de microwave és blastant 800 morts, quan et cuinis alguna cosa. Així, el llibre a la porta de l'aigua de microwave és més que un poble de megawatts. Així, no hi ha problemes amb portables de devices. Aleshores, no hi ha una xifra del meu cervell l'endemà. Ha de fer molt amb temps, com amb por. Així, és l'aigua de por que m'ha matat. Així, l'exposició sporàtica a la por és també no molt malament. L'exposició sustain, l'exposició acumulatòria és el que passa. Ara, hi ha una altra qüestió, que és la base de stations. I el que passa aquí és que no volem tenir gran cobertura, però no volem la base de stations per a casa, que és un oximor, en el sentit, o una contradicció. Perquè per tenir un bon servei, necessitem una base de stations per a tu. Ok, això és el que fem. Una de les grans obstacles per a les netes densificades és zones de permets. És molt difícil fer permets per instal·lar base de stations, perquè no volen tenir-los. Ells volen els serveis i no volen l'equipament. Així, això és el més gran obstacle per a la densificació, és fer permets per instal·lar nova base de stations. És entendible. La base de stations ha de tenir més poder, unes tècniques de quants, a més. És still not a lot, però és entendible que no vols ser almenys a la nit. Però el poder és molt fàcil per a distància. Així que, si ets una altra vegada, és per cert que no és fàcil. Així, no hi ha gaire preocupació. Gràcies. Moltes gràcies, Toc. Vull saber, en additione, que els issues de la ciutat, els issues d'etica relacionats a aquest tipus de recerca, de la mobilitat, on estem a cada moment, què fem a cada moment. És una bona qüestió. Aquesta és una cosa que no hem de preocupar en el passat, però ara ho hem de fer, perquè, quan començarem a utilitzar data amb les devises, per fer decisions, potser ha de ser una qüestió. I ha de fer una anonimia, crec que. Però això és una cosa molt nova per a nosaltres, certament. Jo acho que parlem de ser que es fa una qüestió, essayer de fer una qüestió com una qüestió a la gent. Veig que both t'miyorco. I per Si et veuen en una qüestió de ràpid, s'ha de fer és un missatge molt important. Per ordre, però és a la qüestió de la teva ciutat, per donar una qüestió de sobre per a vosaltres. Per doneus, quan es fan una qüestió de les agraïments, pot ser una qüestió de la ciutat, que no es abaixin per a una qüestió, que et donin un integrating a lescies. I la qüestió de la ciutat, No, no. No, no, I don't have to get your permission to do it, yes. I can have a hard time thinking about evil things that can be done with the data. But then again, once you begin, things can happen that one hasn't thought about. I can hardly imagine anything bad that Tenguafonega could do knowing where we are. But maybe I might. A mi em sembla que la 5G és molt fòstima amb l'acord amb la comunicació. A la mateixa hora hi ha una gran trend d'IoT que té l'aplicació de les nens d'enıy, com l'Aura, el Forx, etc. Llavors hi ha una convergència entre les dues. A mi em sembla que, fins i tot per les nens d'enıy, amb les devises com les xarxes, poder tenir l'aplicació de l'aigua, les notificacions de pressa... com si tinguessis una aplicació tèpica en IoT. Això serà molt interessant. Veus la convergència, o serà més o menys diferents tecnologies per a diferents aplicacions? Sí, és una bona qüestió. En el passat hem tingut diferents networks per a aquestes coses. I crec que és el way to go. Però, fortuna, tinc la majoria aquí. La decisió ha estat per a integrar-hi tot. 5G també suporta IoT. Aquesta és la biquetica, perquè aquests són molts diferents types de sistemes i ara han de coexistir. En IoT el problema no és l'amunt de data, sinó l'amunt de devices. Els devices senden molt de nit de data. S'hi senden reportes, mesuraments, temperatures, alarmes i altres. És molt poc de bits. Però molts, molts, molts devices. S'haurien de complir amb les xarxes de control, per exemple. És un diferent problema, però ens han de posar en contacte amb el mateix network. Hi ha diversos interessos de comerciació, de llibertat, d'enginyament. D'un enginyament de temps, ho seguiré separant, però han decidit integrar-los. S'haurien de ser unes. 5G també suporta IoT i smartphones i altres altres gadgets. És una xarxa. Ok, anem-hi a ser positius. S'haurien d'ajudar que hi hagi un job per molt de temps. Papers de llibertat i coses a fer. Anem-hi a posar-li en aquesta xarxa positiva. Ok. IoT, IoT gaire, Rafa. D'acord amb tu, què és l'estranya més tècnica per arribar a aquestes altres eficiencies? L'estranya més gran, és que els buscats de la manera més clara queailleurs ho han fet i el que és més clara, és que, per ara, només un setembre de la pròxima part que es queixi al mig d'aquí una xarxa i el que és més important és que es faci un costat. La capacitat per fer les companyies com més clars que el deixar que no pot serviria la mateixa Contacte. Un dia, i és un costat, un costat de molt més. un clau que és el que el processament ha fet. L'antena és un dom. Ells només tenen un converter, un amplificador, i ells tenen la informació raó, informació al clau, i llavors cranquen-ho. S'haurien de no aconseguir processar-ho com avui. El problema ara és l'amunt de data que va a aquestes cables que van al clau, que és molt gran. A vegades 100 MHz a vegades, una mica d'antena, potser 4 per d'antena, per a un número de bites per a digititzar els senyors, es pot fer un gigabit per segon per a l'amunt. Per tant, hi ha fibra-optics, que es pot fer en llocs on hi ha moltes fibra-optics. Barcelona pot suportar això. Hi ha fibra-optics a més d'aparements d'aquests dies, però hi ha d'anar a l'Africa i no hi ha res. A Barcelona hi ha diversions, entre Corea, Xina, Japó i totes aquestes places, que hi ha fibra a totes les places. I també partis d'Europa, per a les restes del món, on no hi ha l'infrastructure que suporta. I aquestes diversions és extenció. Però això és un lloc molt tècnica, i és un lloc d'informació i de teoria. Compressos, segons, hi ha moltes redundàncies en què hi ha d'observacions de diferents antenes, i les persones que treballen en això. Sobretot puc posar això al top de l'estat. Oh, el meu own estudiador, és molt d'entrada. Moltes gràcies per una bona taula. Aleshores, vaig vendre en les últimes 20 anys, ser en l'engineering de virus, i treballar en la propagació de model, i how to improve the... We trade all by analysing the signal, we receiving all the environment. So when we come to the idea of this cloud, so we have lots of data, we have so also you know this machine learning coming to almost all the area. Do you think is there any possibility, so we lose our job in the future for this machine learning or all the technique, because our job was to analyse these things, create algorithm, improve efficiency. So if machine learning can do better than us, why they need us. Yeah, no, I'm not worried about losing my job to machine learning yet. But this is an interesting debate. It's almost philosophical, right? It's the expert skills versus the... I mean, okay. He's the right guy to answer that question, right? Machine learning people. But... Or many other people here, better than me. But I would say that machine learning can do certain things very, very well, but nothing else. Like, you know, find patterns in data. Identify faces of people. It's amazing, actually, yeah? But, you know, a robot cannot fall the towel, right, Hector? And probably won't for a while, thank goodness. So there's still, I think, a lot of room for experts like us doing work that cannot be said, complemented, right? So I think this is a tool we have to use and you're trying to do that in your thesis to do certain things. And there is going to be better powerful. But I think that there's still a lot of things that we can do better in other ways. With other tools, like analyses or computer simulations. And that's it. So I didn't fully understand the world without cells idea. So to me what defines a cell is that this finite range of transmission. And what you were mentioning was a more like a moving cells with more efficient capabilities. But what do you mean by a world without cells? Yeah, so in a cell what happens is that as a user, your smartphone connects to the closest base station, right? That's actually what it does. It connects to the strongest base station, which is the closest one. And the rest of the signals that are received from other base stations are interference to you. So the point is to change all these and have all the base stations send signals that are meant for all the users at the same time, right? So you can vectorize. The problem is that it's a little hard to explain. You can vectorize the signals as they do any DSL, for instance, so that you receive only your share, right? And the rest of the interference avoids you, right? And I don't have a good picture for that, right? Except that maybe example, right? But when you vectorize well, right? There are 10 base stations sending signals and you observe a single signal and no interference, right? You do it right, right? It's just mathematics, right? It's essentially matrix algebra. You can vectorize properly so that you receive a clean signal with no interference. And vice versa, when you send your signal and everybody does at the same time, the base station joining can decode the signals and get all of them without interference. That's the idea. You could do that with cells, yes. You can imagine there are cells that cooperate somehow, right? In fact, people have thought about this already, right? Imagine that the cells are cooperating cells, right? That's one way to see it. Another way to see it is forget the cells, right? You have base stations because the cells really are artificial. They don't exist. There's no line on the ground saying, yep, end of the cell. No, it's based on powers. Hope that helps. Okay, so related to previous questions about machine learning and so on, but it's not machine learning. So you're trying in some sense to maximize bit rate or efficiency or the defiance or some function, okay? So the very sort of model-based approach is, let's try to set up the design space and let's try to optimize, okay, this, okay? And then look for some optimization for the space of designs. Well, here it looks that, so sometimes you bypass this by these regular cells or then moving something else. So this explicit optimization approach, have it been pursued or is it? We do, we do. A problem is that you could get into non-complex problems. In fact, even the two, I showed a baby example with two base stations and two users, that's a non-complex problem already. It's a correct one. No, no, the optimization, you can formulate the optimizations, they're very complicated, right? But, yeah, we optimize all the time. Sure, the problem is that we, so if I use machine learning, I don't know what I'm getting, I'm doing, right?  Yeah, yeah, yeah, sure. We're trying to do that now, we, it was all. I think some problems can be helped that way, yes. But not all. The last one, right? Yeah, yeah. So when you said that there was this decision of IOT to move it together with 5G, I'm curious about the decision process. So where is this decided? Yeah, there's a body that standardizes all the systems, right? So all these, you know, 2G, 3G, 4G, there's a forum called 3GPP, which actually should be 5GPP now, but it's still called 3GPP, which holds about 200 companies, including all the ones that you can imagine more. And they get together, they have meetings once a month and they standardize it. They produce all the standards, physically the standards, right? So that's why they debate patterns and technologies, directions, and all that stuff, right? And that's what it was decided. And it makes for a very complicated system. Okay, I think, is it short? Well, that you're not hindered by what you had before, right? So you have sort of, the idea is to have a clean slate and start from scratch. Some attempts to have sales cooperating have not worked very well because you're still bound by the sales structure to some extent. So maybe just, I mean, you could do that, right? And eventually you get to the same answer, right? You should get to the same answer, if you do it properly. But maybe just best to start from scratch and say, okay, now, in the old days, sales make sense because they simplify the program very much. But now we have so much computational power. Let's forget about it, let's see what we can do. We have transmitters and receivers and nothing else. And, you know, so much capacity to process signals and see what we can do. But like I said, if you do it right, you should get to the same answer both ways, yes. Okay, I have one last provocative question for Angelo. So you know that there are some wifi guys at the department, right? Really? So we don't use sales. 3G tried to beat wifi, but it couldn't. 4G, the same. It's going 5G to beat. Hopefully, it's about time. This has been very frustrating, actually, because wifi is a very poor design. But it's working. It's working, yes. Most of the people right now, it's using wifi. There is this saying that says, better is the enemy of good, right? So it's a very poor design, very simple. And it works very well over short distances. So every attempt to overrun it in hotspots has failed, right? And 5G will be another attempt, which may have failed again. What should happen, I think, is an integration, right? So 5G should stop worrying about hotspots, cover everything else, cover IoT well, cover short delays, cover the outdoors, and then integrate with wifi. So sort of declare defeat for hotspots and make a pact with wifi and join forces. That's what I propose. It sounds good. Okay, thank you. Okay, thank everybody.


Okay, Retro Tech, this is when we look around and maybe look back to build a better future. Yeah, it's like it's time to have a but only backwards. So this is still Marchintosh, just for a couple more days and this is all Retro Mac stuff. And so this week, and you can check out these, this is the Apple II Plus. And do you have one of these? Do you have one of these? Oh man, I didn't have one at home, but we had them at school. Yeah. Yeah. Boy, did I type many Apple basic, sorry, Apple logo and PrintShop Pro. Well, it's a PrintShop Pro. It's a PrintShop Pro and I played a lot of Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego. It was like Carotica, that was one. Was it Carotica? Yeah, it was like a Karate. That's cool. Yeah. A lot of good games for the Apple II. Yeah. And so that was part of our retrospective. Yeah, you can tell this from a school because that's like that security, you know, son. Yeah. And then this is... My favorite. This is your favorite? My favorite. My favorite. It's the best. I could still, like I could actually probably still do a majority of my work on a Mac SE30. This was a bitchin' machine. This was a good machine. Yeah. Yeah. It was a 1630, right? I think that was the end of the 30. It stood for it. Expansion slot. Look at this. Yeah. Which you could connect an external large monitor. It had SCSI. Go back. Go back to the ports. Okay. Yeah, the expansion slot. You had the discontroller, SCSI, modem, ADB, keyboard mouse. You could connect to the internet with this. Yeah, so this was 1989. It came out January of 1989 and then all the way to October. Built in? Yeah. And this was the fastest model with the original black and white compact style. That's right. It was really good. Yeah. Yeah, and you could get internal hard drive, I think. And up to 128 megabytes of RAM. Which is like even, like, it's a lot for what this is. Yeah. And a 1.4. What was the speed? I don't remember the megahertz was. That was like 40 megahertz. Yeah, this thing was cool. And, you know, the other thing that it was kind of known for was it was used to publish. I think there was a magazine, a specific or newspaper, specifically like they did it all on one of these machines. Yeah. No, you have this. You could connect a radius portrait. Yeah. Remember those? This monitor weighed like 80,000 pounds. But you could rotate it from portrait to landscape. It was amazing. Yeah. Yeah. I remember my dad had one for his, when he did his writing. And then it passed down to me. And then I remember like in my high school we did, we ran Quark Express on it. And that's how we did the high school newsletter. We did Page, maybe it was PageMaker. We did PageLayout again on this portrait display. 60 megahertz. And then next up. So we have a poster from Susan Kare. And I wanted to make an observation. Yeah. Because it's Marchentash and everything. And you always hear about Mac and design and Jonathan Ivy. And from back in the old Mac days, you hear about Guy Kawasaki. Yeah. But you don't really hear about Susan Kare. And she's responsible for the entire, she's a creative director during this Mac time and then also at Next. Yeah. And great icons. Yeah. Fantastic icons. And artists doing these things. But these are like the iconic things of computer science, computer history. And so I dug up and it was like, it's like a mini ad with her in it. And then a little five minute interview with her on Computer Chronicles. Because, you know, it's Women's History Month. And also you, when you think about like Apple, you know, there's only like two or three names. And it's usually not hers. So I thought, well, maybe we can, you know, remind folks or maybe they don't even know like where did these cool icons come? Like who made that floppy icon? Like a lot of things that we kind of take for granted. There was someone who designed these. So I was going to play those. And then we'll do Python on hardware after this. Move. If you're an artist and you're skilled with media, this is a new medium that offers great control turning off. There's a thousand little dots in half an inch. And you have the capacity either real or magnified to turn off and on each one of those dots. So in a screen that's fairly big or a piece of paper, eight and a half by 11, you've just got so many scads of dots. There's nothing really that you can't present on that screen.  It says print and it prints. And you can actually billmate it so you can watch on the screen the whole document gradually being printed and follow your progress. It's pretty nifty. Certainly I think one of the best experiences is seeing a person who's never used a Lisa before or a Mac before, even never used a computer before. It is possible, easily possible to teach most people to use one of these computers in about 20 minutes. And a lot of that is because you can explain what an icon means and a person can remember it easily. So we certainly use Lisa as a jumping off point and making some refinements and additions for some new features. What you see now is the image, the icon that you get when you just plug Mac in and turn it on. It prompts you with a picture of the diskette. So you're saying, I need something. So that all you do is, it only fits in one way so there's no way you can break it or make a mistake. You just pop it in. You get an image of a content Mac so you know that everything is okay. And you're welcomed. It's just so that the person using Mac gets information all the time visually so nothing has to be translated.  Things are happening. You've replaced the salt timer. We're moving into the 80s. So what do we have now? So what we have now is an image on the screen of the diskette that we put in the slot. And it can be with the mouse, it can be moved. And it's already showing you the name of that disk. Right. And it's also highlighted in the sense that it's inverted so that Mac knows that you want to do something to this diskette and your choices of what you might want to do are listed in hidden menus that operate a little bit like window shades when you move your cursor, right, that are choices. We could find out something about this diskette or we can just open it or we could eject it. But if we open it, just say open immediately you get what we call a window that displays graphically and in words what is contained on the diskette and the machine. So you can see there's a picture of a hand painting which symbolizes a paint program and a handwriting for the word processor and a couple of memos that were already written. Some folders, if say you want to store a document or two in a folder it's analogous to life. You just put the piece of paper in the folder. Now you've got something to go to control panel here. Show me what that is. Always available to you are a number of desk accessories. So you move the cursor to control panel, let go of the mouse button. So this which looks a little bit like a dashboard lets you fine tune the system in a number of ways to your comfort level or just your personal preferences. The computer will work no matter what setting. So here's a little volume control. You can see the speaker. Every now and then you hear a beep with Mac when you turn it on or sometimes during applications. If you're at home by yourself and you're listening to the stereo you might want to know that you'll always hear those beeps. If you're a student working in the library you can move it so that just the bar will flash so there's no noise at all. Some of the other features let you adjust keyboard repeat rate or a menu flash or the amount of time between double clicks which might vary with the age of the person. Pop the control panel away by just clicking on it. Notepad lets you while you're working in any application as well as just this what we call the finder which is like a directory where you can be able to grab the keyboard and write a note to yourself. Remember to read page 12 and you could say put this away or you could move it over. You can go to page two where it says another note one left for oneself. Flip to page three. Up to eight pages of notes that could help you in your work or just remind you of social events. One of the items was Scrapbook. Scrapbook lets you keep literally up to 256. You're only limited by how much memory you have free pictures or messages or documents always available for the terms we use are cutting and pasting. So say to open a word processor application you could click on Mac right and say open. Write to a document which automatically launches the application. Same procedure which is why it's easy to use. Loading the word processor and to the specific document that we can use an old little bit of sample text. This is how the word processor appears to you. A ruler lets you set formats which is certainly familiar object. You want to go from single to double space. Just click on the wider image if you want. And you can justify or center. We're not going to have time actually but you could have pulled up pictures from MacPaint from the Scrapbook and then insert them into the document. Paste them in just by saying paste from the minute. If you want to change a word to be bold, just say bold. Change font to something like old English.


Prominent indigents of Ibiraland in Kogi state have played their traditional ruler, the Ohinoi of Ibiraland, Dr. Addo Ibrahim, for allegedly disrespecting the office of the president, Mohamadu Buhari, and Kogi state governor Yahya Belu, saying monarchs must respect constituted authority and should not play guard. They alleged that the monarch had snubbed Buhari and Belu when the former visited Kogi on Thursday, December 29, 2022 to inaugurate some landmark projects executed by the current administration in the state. The indigents noted with disappointment how the current Ohinoi had allegedly consistently assumed the position of a permanent antagonist to the current government in the state by words and actions stressing that the monarch had totally derailed from the purviews of the assigned roles of his office by taking sides in politics in his words and deeds instead of being neutral and playing father to all as a traditional ruler. The Ibiral leaders made their positions public in a statement on Monday titled, Ohinoi's Query is Perfectly in Order, co-signed by the Isao Z. Salami, OFR, Ohio Tenete of Ibiraland and President, Nigerian Institute of Industrial Security and His Royal Highness Salihu Abdulahi, at Jimasi Iduyere of Huakba, Ibira and Secretary, Ibira People's Human Rights Defense, Okene.


Thank you shurn pick artist pick artist Let's go man Let's go boys, let's go boys. Let's go boys. Come on All right boys game number five number one. Let's get it. I don't know what I'm playing. Let's get it I want to get a little more open that kids Man, I knew that was gonna happen.  It's just couldn't slide right there Man, just couldn't too close to the line man.  Jesus Christ Come on, dude, like we gotta do better than that.  Oh, that's pick six blunt. That's a pick six Alright, come on. We're good. Just a guest throw an absolute guest throw right there.  Good job Warren moon. Good fine. Come on. That's big Three right there. Oh my god. Oh my god, you can't play you can't put a better spot than that You just can't thank you shurn pick artist pick artist Come on shurn Let's go man.  Oh my god. Oh my god Come on, man.        Yeah, I'm putting my carry on conservative right now. Look at us running the ball It might be my time. It might be my time boys. It might be my time. I Should have ran to that though.  It's all I wanted to do right there I really was playing safe right there. I almost ran the ball. I almost just ran the ball right there So man, we're so baggy right now, man. We're sticking right now.  Come on D.  I'm Bobby Schwaggs. Man. I love that defense I loved it.  All right base base on side That's my go-to. I don't know for sure, but base on side hands team failed me once this year I'm cool with base on side right now. Nice catch Jerry Rice.  I won $2,000 bucks. No, I didn't no way.  I won two grand