Now we are going to see how to create question bands, question groups and assignments, MSQ and MCQ assignments here. First login with the course ID and go to the course dashboard. Go to Asserts. In Asserts, go to Questions. And for adding a multiple choice question, click the tab Add multiple choice. This is the page which you have seen when you click Add multiple choice question. And go to Rich Text. And type the question here. I am already having the questions here. I am just pasting the question. You can give the description here. First we are creating assignment for week 1. So I am giving as week 1, question 1. This is for your reference. To group it easier, you can name it as the assignment name or the week name. You can give it as week 1, question 1. Or else you can give as assignment 1, question 1 for your reference. I am giving it as week 1, question 1. And in Selection, select only one selection. This is for multiple choice question. If it is a multiple select question, you can choose the option, although multiple selections. First we are doing multiple choice questions. If you select this, you will be getting a radio button here. Here you can select only one answer. If you are selecting multiple select, you will be getting a check box here for selecting more than one or two answers. First, allow only one selection and give the answers here. In Rich Text, give the answers. If you have only three choices, delete one choice. If you have more than four choices, then click this Add a choice and add your choices. Select the answer here. Here the answer is first one, die. So I have selected this radio button. And if you want to see this course, you can check Assign scores to individual questions. Here you can see for the correct answer, it is defaultly taking it as one and for the wrong answer, it is zero. Please be sure that whether this is always one or zero. Or you can give negative marks to here. When we are creating a question group, we will be giving a weightage there. That weightage will get multiplied with the marks of this correct option. If you are giving one here and the weightage as two, then it will get multiplied. And it will give two points to each questions. So be sure when you are giving the marks and be planned before giving the marks. Otherwise the assignment get marks more than 100 or 200, then there will be an error. And the students will be writing mails to us. This is the way we are giving a multiple choice question. If it is a multiple select question, then there will be a radio button. You can check one or more answers in the check box here. To see the score, you will be seeing as 0.5, 0.5. It is defaultly assigning half marks to each answer since we have selected two answers. We will see what happens if we are selecting three answers. Then the marks will get split up into 0.33, 0.33 and 0.33. Otherwise you can change the marks here. This is for multiple select questions. Thus I have created a week one question one question. This is the one question which we have created here. And save this. If the assignment is having ten questions, you have to create each questions here one by one. All the ten questions like the same way. Again go to question, add the second question in the same format. And again go to question, add the third question in the same format. The questions we are adding will be displaying here. You can see week one as a question one. The question which we have created here. We can create one more question. So that we can see how to group this all questions in single assignments. We are creating a single single questions. If the assignment is having ten questions, we are creating each questions here. And we are grouping it in a question group so that all the ten questions will be displayed in a single assignment. Add multiple choice questions. In the next question we can use a mathematical type question. If you are having mathematical formula type question, we can use a latex format here. To insert item that will be a red colour box. Google goes builder component. Select the Google goes builder component. You will be seeing a drop down here. Here you can upload video, Google group or embedded core or anything. You can spreadsheet anything you can give here in the component type. If you are giving mathematical formula, select GCP mathematical formula. Then you will be giving this. You will be seeing this window. Mathematical formula takes. This is for latex format. Here you can give you a mathematical formula. I will symbol. This is the indication of latex mathematical formula type question. And I am giving the description as p2 week 1 question 2. We are going to see how we are going to prove this question. Question 1 and question 2 in a single assignment.  Here you can see a tab add question group. Go to add question group. Here in description I am giving week 1. This is for our reference. If you want to check the questions or change some question, we can use this description and easily identify the questions in each assignment. Then click the tab add a question. Here you can add the question from the drop down. Whatever questions we are created in the questions, we will be seeing this in the drop down. Now we have to add week 1 question 1 as first question. Giving the weightage as 1. This weightage will get multiplied with the marks given in the questions for correct answer. If you are giving 1 for correct answer and weightage as 1, then it will be 1 point. If you are giving weightage as 2, it will get multiplied with the marks and will be getting 2 points for this question. Then to add a second question, select the add question and select the next question from the drop down. Week 1 question 2. If you are having 10 or more questions in an assignment, we can add each questions in the questions and then group the questions in a single assignment using this question group. Giving the weightage as 1 for this question and save. Now we are going to see how we are going to add this question group in a go to the course dashboard and we will be having a tab add assessment. Click add assessment. Once you click the add assessment tab, you will be getting this page assessment entity. Here you can give the title for the assessment. I am giving it as assignment 1. You can select the parent unit under which unit the assignment is going to be displayed. I am giving it in the unit to assignment testing so that the assignment which we created will be displayed under this unit. Always keep this weightage inside the assignment as 1. Don't change this. When an assessment content go to register text. Go to insert item, select this. Go to insert Google ghost builder component, red color box. Then in the component type, select GCB question group. Then in question group, select the group which you have created. We have created a question group week 1 assignment. Whatever groups which we have created in the asset which will be displayed here in the dropdown, you can select the question groups. For your easy access, you can create all the assignment questions and question groups before itself and you can select the question group once you have created the assignment for each week. I am selecting week 1 assignment 1 and saving the option. You will be seeing this image group here. Click the check answer button. You can enable it if you are enabling this check answer button. Students can able to check the answer by clicking the check answers so that they will be changing their answers again and again. It is for only checking purpose. If you are disabling it, there will be no check answer button in the assignment. We have to give the submission due date here. Number of submission. Always keep this submit only once so that the students cannot able to submit the assignments again and again if you are selecting allow multiple submissions. Then we can submit more than one time. The marks will be calculated for the last submissions. MCQs are always automatic grading. If you are giving negative marking in the assignments, you can enable this negative marking. You can save the option. Status should be private unless you are going to publish the assignment. If you are going to publish the assignment for week 1, then you can make it as bubbly. We have created the assignment below. You need to assignment check this assignment to view the questions which we have created. See the question which we have created here for latex state questions. It will be displaying this mathematical formula since we have selected as latex. You can see this message. You may submit any number of times since we have selected allow multiple submissions. You can see the due date here. And I have given the weightage as 2 so it is taking as 2 points. Once the students submit the answer, there will be a message displaying like this. Thank you for taking the assignment check. Thus this is the way we are creating multiple choice questions and multiple select questions. And I am adding the questions in the assignment.


If you look at the goals together it's quite clear to see that there's a distinct overlap between each of the goals. For example if you take goal 2 which looks at addressing hunger, goal 6 which looks at access to safe water and goal 15 which is concerned with protecting terrestrial ecosystems and forests. Many tropical landscapes are going to be faced with these issues together and it's going to require a holistic approach to managing them. So certainly a landscape approach offers you that opportunity to address them holistically and if you don't there's a danger of focusing too much attention on one goal and that could be to the detriment of achieving the targets with another goal. For example if you can make great progress in boosting food production but this could be affecting your targets towards halting deforestation in that landscape. Primarily policy makers need to consider the impacts their policies will have across local, national and global scales. There's no point of creating policies to meet global targets if they're not cognisant of the effects the policies are likely to have at local, national scales. I'd say on top of that policy makers need to be aware of the impact of the policies they're making. So for example how a policy for one sector could impact the ability of another sector operating within the landscape. The signs are really encouraging. There's been a movement away from the Millennium Development Goals which really placed an onus on developing countries and meeting their targets. This document is definitely a whole lot more inclusive and there's been really strong commitments from both developed and developing nations. Yeah and in terms of the SDGs and landscape approaches there's been a big groundswell of support from everyone really asking for these calling for these more integrated and holistic approaches. The water sector, the agriculture sector, the energy sector they've all produced documents making calls asking for more integrated and holistic approaches but there's a lot of theory out there but we really haven't got anything concrete that has been put into practice as of yet. So there's a lot of potential for the landscape approach to meet these requirements from everybody but it's really time to put theory into practice and test to see if it's going to work.


Hello, this is LaptopMedia, and today, we will show you how to open the HP Probook 430 G8 and what's inside of it. This device is pretty easy to take apart. First, you need to undo 5 captive Philips head screws. Then, pry the bottom panel, starting from the back. Please remember, it would be of great help to us if you just hit the like button and subscribe to our channel. That would motivate us to make even more and better videos for you. Inside, we see a rather small 45 watt hours battery. However, it lasts for nearly 11 hours of web browsing, or more than 8 hours of video playback. To remove it, you have to undo 6 Philips head screws. Then, unplug the battery connector, and take it away from the chassis. When it comes to upgradeability, there are 2 Sodom slots. They allow for memory expansion up to 32GB in total. Storage-wise, there is 1 M2 PCI EX4 slot. Looking at the cooling, we see a single heat pipe, a rather small heat sink, and a fan of average size. If you'd like to see more disassembly videos of the latest notebooks we would highly appreciate if you hit the like button and subscribe to the channel.


I know a weak remove from Taylor being out of the mix now. What's that transition like with Ty coming in? And how do you feel like the whole line is now at the fivesome? Yeah, I'd say it's a little bit quieter. But I think that the group as a whole is just really, really close and meshes really well. Obviously losing a player like Taylor, you can't really replace him. And so, but I think Ty's done a really good job of coming in, being prepared and doing his job. Kayla?  I know miss some practice this week, but good to see you out there today. How are you feeling physically? I know that game against the Steelers, obviously a couple of guys getting banged up in that one. Yeah, obviously they're a physical team. We're a physical team. We kept saying it was a heavyweight fight. So, feeling good, ready to go for Sunday. Uh, Terry? Dennis, what is kind of the, you talked about Taylor being gone. What's kind of the adjustment now? Do you find yourself maybe more on the island a little bit and they rolled the tight end over onto the other side a little bit more maybe than they were initially just to protect the quarterback's blindside? You know, honestly, I haven't noticed any difference. Partially because, you know, art does a really good job of just, you know, we're going to play our style of ball. Ty, you know, stepped up the challenge, has been stepping up all season. Obviously, it's played quite a bit, you know, before Taylor's bigger injury. So, honestly, I couldn't tell you that answer. I haven't noticed any difference.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we are going to discuss the following question and the question says that a trader buys goods at 18% off on list price. He wants to get a profit of 20% after allowing a discount of 10%. At what percent above list price should he mark the goods? Before we start we shall review some of the formulas. We know profit is equal to selling price minus cost price. Also profit percent is equal to profit upon cost price into 100. This implies cost price into profit percent is equal to profit into 100. Now as profit is equal to selling price minus cost price, therefore this implies cost price into profit percent is equal to selling price minus cost price into 100 which implies selling price is equal to cost price into profit percent plus cost price into 100 upon 100 is equal to cost price into 100 plus profit percent upon 100. Also selling price is equal to 100 minus discount percent upon 100 into mark price. With this key idea we shall proceed with the solution. Let the list price be 100 dollars. The mark price be x percent more than the list price. List price is equal to 100 dollars. Mark price is equal to 100 plus x dollars. Now as the trader buys goods at 18% off on list price this implies cost price is equal to 100 minus 18% off 100 dollars which is equal to 100 minus 18 dollars that is equal to 82 dollars. Now as profit is equal to 20% selling price is equal to cost price into 100 plus profit percent upon 100. This implies selling price is equal to 100 plus 20 upon 100 into 82 dollars that is equal to 120 upon 100 into 82 dollars that is 492 upon 5 dollars. Now as mark price is equal to 100 plus x dollars and discount is equal to 10% we know selling price is equal to 100 minus discount percent upon 100 into mark price. This implies selling price is equal to 100 minus 10 upon 100 into 100 plus x dollars which is equal to 90 upon 100 into 100 plus x dollars which is equal to 9 into 100 plus x upon 10 dollars. Now as we calculated the selling price was 492 upon 5 dollars and here it is 9 into 100 plus x upon 10 dollars therefore 492 upon 5 is equal to 9 into 100 plus x upon 10 this implies 492 into 2 is equal to 9 into 100 plus x which implies 492 into 2 upon 9 is equal to 100 plus x that is 328 upon 3 is equal to 100 plus x which implies 109.33 is equal to 100 plus x that implies x is equal to 109.33 minus 100 which is equal to 9.33. Hence x is equal to 9.33% which is our answer. This completes our session. Hope you enjoyed the session.


So, this is something that tends to be overlooked, I guess, and, you know, it's worthwhile to know, I think, you know, especially on camera, is that, especially when we're talking about acids and bases, we use this term, protonation, or these terms like protonation, proton, proton transfer, things like that, fairly readily as chemistry instructor or whatever, but it's not really usually understood for a while by the student what that's talking about, because you guys think of a proton as this thing that's inside of the nucleus, okay? So, we just got to get that kind of thought straight, okay? So, when you have, well, when you have a hydrogen ad, right, let's draw a Lewis structure of hydrogen. So, that's a hydrogen atom, okay? Remember, the hydrogen atom is composed of, that's its one electron, right? And its mass number, or its mass is one Dalton or one ANU, right? So, it must have one nuclear particle, right? Either a proton or a neutron. Of course, it's got to have a balanced charge, so that particle must be a proton. Okay, is everybody cool with that, right? So, this thing doesn't have any neutrons, H1, that is, hydrogen alone, okay? So, if you wanted to do like that planetary model of an atom, right? You could say, hydrogen looks something like this, but it's electron there, proton there, right? Okay, if we wanted to make the hydrogen ion, right, we would take this electron and remove it. Is everybody okay with that, right? And what does that leave us with? Well, let's write that back up. So, we took that electron and took it off, right? So, we're just left with the nucleus of the hydrogen atom. Does that make sense? So, here we take that off and we call this H plus, right? But, this is really just a proton, okay? Is that okay with everybody? So, we were using this other symbol for proton earlier, P plus, like that. Stop using that, okay? Because, and start using this, okay? Because this is what you will see from now on when people talk about protons, okay? Protons are actually just hydrogen ions, positively charged hydrogen ions, okay? So, when we're talking about acids and bases, let's talk about, I mean, I have a problem today. Hold on to this. Let's talk about, like, the acid that's in vinegar, acetic acid, okay? So, the reaction that occurs, so this is what the acetic acid looks like, okay? Actually, I should draw it with Cs and Hs, since you guys don't know chemical structure yet. I'm still used to drawing a long line structure. But anyways, that's what acetic acid looks like. Carbon, three hydrogens, carbon, double bond into an oxygen, oxygen, hydrogen, okay? This hydrogen here, so acetic acid, right, is called acid because it's acidic, okay? Acids are things that, well, Bronsted-Lowry acid, which is what we're talking about. We'll talk about Lewis acid later. But Bronsted-Lowry acids are things that donate protons, okay, to other things. In fact, when you stick your hand in acid, right, or something like that, and it burns you, it's because there's protons being donated to your finger. That's the reaction that's going on. That's how you know there's a reaction going on, because you're feeling that burn, okay?  That's because of the same kind of thing. Anyways, the reaction that occurs here is, you could imagine, so anytime you have an acid, you're going to want to think of a base, too, okay, because it's an acid base. So, in this case, we'll just put water as our base. Or, let's not even do that right now. Let's just think of the acid as breaking apart. What you can think of is that the acid here, the combination here, or this whole molecule here, is a combination of two things. A hydrogen ion and everything else, okay? So, we could draw, like, an equilibrium arrow, like we have been in the past, and we'll just draw what we call the congealed base of the acid. So, what we want to think of is that the electrons that were tied up in this bond here have gone and moved over to there, okay? And that hydrogen will just say left, okay, by itself, okay? So, this whole side, right, is neutrally charged. So, this whole side has to be neutrally charged, okay? So, if this whole piece of the molecule here is a negative, then that hydrogen must be the hydrogen ion, right? Or a proton, we now call it, okay? We call it proton, okay? So, what we do, what we say is that this is acetic acid, it's an acid. Why? Because it donates a proton to things, okay? This remember is a proton. And when it donates its proton, the thing that's left, this thing here, we call the congealed base, okay? And we'll talk about acid-base reactions in a little bit, like when I was trying to put water up there, that's kind of an extension of what we're doing there. So, are there any questions on this stuff before I kill this video? Why didn't it donate more than the H? That's a good question. Why didn't it donate these ones? It's because only this one is acidic, okay? So, Hs or protons that are bonded to what we call heteroatoms, atoms that aren't carbon, okay, are acidic, okay? Usually acidic, if they're non-methods, okay? So, like, if you think about the acids, right? It's like sulfuric acid. Why is it acidic? Because it's structure, okay? This hydrogen and this hydrogen are both acidic, okay? So, notice it's bonded to what we call a heteroatom. Heteroatoms are any atoms that aren't, any non-methods that aren't carbon, okay? And boron, okay? So, boron's a weird one. So, watch out for that. Silicone, I guess. But it's usually oxygen, all of the halogens, like HCl, right? Water is weakly acidic, okay? Ammonia is very, very, very weakly acidic. You need to have a very strong base to be protonated. So, as you go further into the periodic table, you become more less acidic, I guess I should say. Okay? Not as acidic, okay? So, once you get to carbon, you can effectively say that, especially in this class, it's not going to be deprotonated, okay? Does that answer your question? I guess, so we could draw just a, you could think of HCl. So, another, so another type of acid would be like NH4+, right? So, this is the combination of, you know, well, let's see this one. Let's do another video with this one, okay? So, can I kill this video? We'll do another video with that one, and then we'll see if we have more questions.


Corporation App launched by 45 year-old two-year-old and launched by 64 years old unàn and It's too well with you, but it's hard to work. And we're not even working on your academic history. You can start here and truly go anywhere. Thank you.


It is kind of a good time to talk about finance, meme stocks, remember meme stocks, financial markets stocks, bonds, Fed and inflation because after all it is about a year since meme stocks just went berserk and crazy and since the what was it the fanboys over at Reddit thought they would take down a bunch of Wall Street institutions and bring down hedge funds and make a fortune and it didn't matter the companies made money or didn't make money as long as they I don't know as long as the meme guys bought them everything was good so it's a good time to evaluate what has happened was I right or were they right I eat with the people promoting GameStop and AMC and Affirm Holdings and a bunch of others in Virginia Galactic a bunch of others of these that made up the meme stock index I guess did they land up being right or not so we can look a little bit all this out of Wall Street bets coming out of Reddit so about a year ago this started I did a few shows on it I predicted that this would end badly and it's a good time to evaluate whether that actually has happened and it's amazing the extent to which there was hype also remember it wasn't just about making money it was about a revolution it was about taking down the man it was about destroying Wall Street I remember tweeting with some anti-establishment libertarians who thought yes this is going to bring down the system this is going to bring down big finance going to bring down Wall Street and this was exciting and you know they were enthralled with the nihilism of it all. Of the of the shattering and the destruction of everything of everything around us so yeah were they right did they win the big tech self-destruct was Wall Street eviscerated by the memesters or did they survive meme stocks stocks that were you know promoted as memes that were promoted on Reddit they were promoted on Wall Street bets they came to be known as Street but stocks there's actually an index of meme stocks that you can find and right it's just a it's just a question of how they were promoted how they were hyped these are stocks that late 2020 and early 2021 were hyped and small investors poured into them if you remember they used Robin Hood the broker Robin Hood then became one of the meme stocks when it went public and everybody just just rushed into it drove the price into the stratosphere and while some of us were saying get out sell sell now. Many of the people held on because they were believers and they they were they were in it to bring down the man. Well we can see how those stocks have done since then so meme stocks are hyped stocks stocks of companies that are being hyped and this was a big phenomena a big event at the exactly a year ago in January of last year. So I looked in investors this daily looked at the 25 largest meme stocks and looks how they've done from January 1 2021 so beginning of last year through basically today right through basically today how they done. Well the 25 meme stocks 25 meme stocks have over the last almost 13 months they've gone down 27% since the start of last year. Now it could be that if you go into 2020 before the first spike in meme stocks they're still up but from the beginning of January 1 2021 meme stocks are down 27%. Now if you had bought if you had bought just the S&P 500 like a diversified set of stocks right then that portfolio would be up more than 20%. The difference between down 27% and up 20% is huge huge a dollar invested in a in in a portfolio that's down 27% would be worth 73 cents a dollar invested in the S&P 500 would be worth more than $1.2 because there's also being dividends invested. So it would be worth $1.2 $1 and if you multiply that by 1000 that's a lot of money starts being significant money the difference starts being super significant. We can talk about proper investing. We can talk about sound investing rules and how to invest your money. Following and running and chasing meme stocks or any stocks is not the way to do it not the way to do it. Meme stocks being down right now is just one of many. We're seeing generally a dramatic increase in volatility in the stock market. We're seeing a lot of stock prices go down the NASDAQ which is kind of one of the exchanges the exchanges that primarily has or where most of the tech companies are listed. The NASDAQ is down this year over 13% it's down over 17% from its high the S&P 500 which is the broadest index is down 8.7% since the beginning of the year Tesla by the way just if you're curious Tesla is down 24% from its high so it's lost a quarter of its value from its high. And bitcoin bitcoin crypto crypto is down 27% this month in January and crypto is down more than 50% from its high so as I suggested over and over again over the last year a lot of these stocks were let's say expensive. Maybe bubbly but certainly expensive by the way the index of cryptos CMC 200 lots of indexes is just one of them is down 28.5% for the for the month year and I think well over 60% from its high so if you'd invested in bitcoin at the wrong time you'd have lost 50% of your money. Of course if you'd invested a long long time ago you've made a fortune in crypto thousands of percent in investing particularly in speculating contrast with investing. Timing is everything in investing it's not in speculating timing is everything you could be lucky and buy bitcoin at the right time and even though it's down 50% still be up huge. You could be unlucky and have bought bitcoin at the wrong time and now be out 50% of your money. Remember every time there's a transaction somebody's buying somebody's selling somebody bought bitcoin when it was at its peak somebody bought the Nasdaq at its peak they're down 17% or in the case of bitcoin 50%. But that's speculating investing and certainly if you're investing as part of a saving plan saving strategy. And investing does not depend or should not depend significantly on timing it's something you do regularly it's something you do steadily it's something you do for the long run. And it's not a place where you put all your eggs in one basket or in three baskets but where you diversify heavily. The Nasdaq is as we said the tech heavy index it's down 13% but I remember the Nasdaq being down over 50% 60% in you know after the dot-com bubble in 2000 to 2000 2001 the Nasdaq went down 60%. And it did not recover to its form of valuation you did not make your money back for 10 years basically until after the financial crisis.  Well how do you know the dip is the end. How do you know the dip is the bottom. How do you know you don't buy in the dip when it goes down 10% and it's going to go down another 20%. How do you know when it's going to recover. How much it's going to recover. There are way way way too many amateur investors out there who don't really know what they're doing. Who have no clue what they're doing. Who play the stock market as if it as if it's a casino and as a consequence the house always wins. They suffer the consequences. I mean this meme stock is a good example. Who do you think has done better over the last year. The people who invested in meme stocks or the great big evil financial institution called Citadel that they were out to get and they were committed to destroying. Well Citadel has done amazing. Citadel has done amazing. Meme stock as we've seen lost a lot of money. Indeed a lot of NASDAQ stocks a lot of technology stocks have taken a beating. Moderna our my you know my vaccine of choice. Landon thank you. Appreciate it. My vaccine of choice Moderna is down 42% just since January 1st 42% you've lost 42% of your money. Now it's only $58 from the high from its peak. Somebody bought at the peak. It's down 70%. This is Moderna. Moderna couldn't do any wrong. But as it's clear that COVID is going away. Hopefully and that the vaccine is not very effective against army crown anyway. And that it's not going to be as easy to develop vaccines for all these other treatments they have in mind that the FDA is not going to be as easy on them as they would COVID. They're not going to give them emergency authorization. It's going to be long slug process. It's great. There's a huge amount of upside. But Moderna was priced as if it could do no wrong as if the world was laid out before it that it would print make huge quantities of money and now it's clear that that is not happening and reality is actually setting in and it's down a lot. Moderna has no other product except mRNA and it has no other product that generates revenue except for the COVID vaccine. So any profit that they get from the COVID vaccine is being poured in to creating other vaccines and other products mRNA products. So it's compared to Pfizer which is a big diversified company and has multiple sources of revenue. Moderna has just one and that source of revenue is probably going away. Netflix. Netflix. We all love Netflix. We all use Netflix. Netflix is a great company. But if you bought Netflix at the end of last year you were down 40 percent. And this just proves that there's a big difference between a good company and a good investment. If a good company is a good company but everybody knows it's a good company and everybody's pricing it as if it's the greatest company ever then you're not going to make particularly good returns. So Netflix has done 48 percent for its peak almost 50 percent and 39 percent just from the beginning of this year. Etsy. You know Etsy where you buy and sell outs and crafts down 50 55 percent from its peak 36 percent and you can go on and on. I mean technology in particular is just being crushed by what is going on. AMC one of those meme stocks down 50 percent GameStop just this is just the beginning of the month down 43 percent Rivian member Rivian. They make or they don't make yet. They haven't made anything but they're supposed to make electric trucks. They're down 40 percent. So stock market is down a lot. Now the index is not down that much because a lot of stocks are holding up. But technology particularly not big tech has been crushed really being crushed. It's you know there are a lot of tech investors people who invested huge amounts of money in Netflix and concentrated the investments in Tesla and other companies and maybe invested more recently didn't invest way back when he was cheap. They've lost a lot of money a lot of money over the last few weeks. Thank you for listening or watching the Iran book show. If you'd like to support the show we make it as easy as possible for you to trade with me. You get value from listening. You get value from watching. Show your appreciation. You can do that by going to Iran book show dot com slash support by going to Patreon subscribe star locals and just making a appropriate contribution on any one of those any one of those channels. Also if you'd like to see the Iran book show grow please consider sharing our content and of course subscribe press that little bell button right down there on YouTube so that you get announcement when we go live. And for those of you who already subscribers and those of you who already supporters of the show. Thank you. I very much appreciate it.


Personal finance practice problem using OneNote. Disability insurance payment calculation. Prepare to get financially fit by practice in personal finance. You're not required, but if you have access to OneNote, we'd like to follow along. We're in the icon on the left-hand side, practice problems tab in the 9040 disability insurance payment calculation tab. Also take a look at the immersive reader tool or practice problems oftentimes in the text area too. Same name, same number, but with transcripts. Transcripts that can be translated into multiple languages either listened to or read in them. Information on the left-hand side, we're imagining we have disability insurance and are filing a claim for disability insurance thinking about how much these benefits might be paid out will be. We're gonna imagine that our take-home pay is at 2,500. The disability insurance coverage replaces the percent of wages at 55%, and then there's a waiting period, a waiting period of four weeks before the disability insurance starts kicking in. So the weeks of missed work due to illness, we're gonna say our 14 weeks. So let's use this information to think about a calculation for our disability benefit payments. So we could do this a couple different ways. Well, we will do it a couple different ways. These are great problems to work in Excel, just to build these tables, to visualize these tables, to practice formatting your Excel worksheets. If you wanna follow them in Excel, we do have them in Excel as well. So we got the weeks of missed work at 14. We're gonna say the waiting period is four weeks. So it doesn't kick in until after the four weeks. So that means that obviously from a planning standpoint, we would like to have enough wages basically to cover a four-week period if we have our disability insurance. We would like to have like an emergency fund, hopefully, which can cover us for the four weeks and then the disability insurance is gonna kick in or at least the four weeks for an emergency fund would be good. So in any case, that means we have the weeks after the waiting period at 10, and then we've got the take-home pay per week at the 2,500. So now we've got the 2,500 for 10 weeks. So 10 times 2,500 would be $25,000. And then we've got the percent of coverage at 55%. And that would give us total for those 14 weeks of the 13,750. Now note that if you're working this in Excel, you might wanna set up your table to run different scenarios. And for example, if you had something that your missed work was less than four, say it was three, and you changed this number in your data set to three, then this number would be lower than this number and we wouldn't want this to go below zero. So you could use, say, a logic function, which is good practice in Excel to say if it's above, I wanna subtract out. If it's below, stop at zero. I won't go into the logic function here, but we could do it with an if function. So that's a good practice to do within Excel. You would also like to set it up so that if you changed your numbers on the left-hand side, you could practice setting up the worksheets so that they can then populate and calculate on the right-hand side. Another way you might look at it, you might say, okay, let's break it out on a week-by-week method. So you might say that percent of take-home pay, notice I'm gonna put a colon here to have a sub-calculation. I'm putting an indentation on the enter column. The take-home pay per week is 2,500. The percentage per week is gonna be the 55%. That would give us on the weekly pay 1,375. And then we've got the waiting period that we have to deal with as well as how many weeks we're gonna be out for. So the weeks after the waiting period, notice another sub-category with the colon. And then we have the indentation, weeks of missed work, 14. And then we have the waiting period at four. So that means 14 minus four, that gives us the 10 on the outer column. So notice the formatting of this is a little bit longer of a calculation, but it gives us that 1,375 on the week-by-week kind of calculation there, which could be advantages. We're gonna now multiply out the outer column and that will give us the same 13,750 as we see up top here. Once again, we could change this cell right here to say that if we had the missed work up top instead of 14, like three or two or something like that below the four, we want this number to basically be at zero.  And so those are good practice, great practice to do in Excel and work through your tables and practice your formatting.


There are two types of clip, the hair attachment clip and the clothes attachment clip. Both are attached to RONDO 2 in the same way. Remove the cover from the audio processor. Push the circular end of the leash into the matching groove at the bottom of the processor. Replace the cover, securing the leash in place. Clip to your hair or clothes.


Good evening aspirants, welcome to the Hindu News Analysis session by Shankar I.S. Academy. We will be discussing 5 news articles today, 2 articles will be from yesterday's newspaper and 3 articles will be from today's newspaper. So, without wasting much time, let's start today's discussion. Let us start today's discussion with this news article which appeared on Sunday's newspaper. The news article mentions that the women farmers in Himachal Pradesh have shifted to zero-budget natural farming. So, we will discuss about what is natural farming, what is zero-budget natural farming. The syllabus covered by this article is given here for your reference. So, now let us get into the article. First, to understand natural farming, let us know the basics about organic farming. The term organic farming means growing plants or rearing animals without the use of synthetic inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, etc. Rather, it depends on resources that are available either at farm or available locally. It uses organic waste and other biological materials along with beneficial bio fertilizers to release nutrients to crops. So, organic farming primarily aims at cultivation of the land and raising crops in such a way to keep the soil alive and in good health. This enables increased sustainable production in an eco-friendly pollution-free environment. So, organic farming has three primary advantages. That is, it is first safe, then it is ecologically sustainable, and more importantly, it is cost-effective. So, now having gained a basic understanding about organic farming, let us now take up natural farming. See, natural farming is also a type of organic farming. This natural farming is chemical-free farming that uses traditional methods of agriculture. Also, this natural farming is a diverse to farming system. It is a diverse to farming system because it integrates crops, trees, and livestock along with due concern to biological diversity. One of the methods under natural farming is zero-budget natural farming, which is what is discussed in this article. See, this zero-budget natural farming concept promotes organic farming without market-oriented inputs or non-farm inputs. That is, all the inputs that is required for farming is produced in the farm itself without nothing purchased from the market. The zero-budget natural farming also uses ecologically friendly techniques. So, simply zero-budget natural farming refers to farming practices that depend on the ecosystem rather than external inputs. This concept was promoted by Padmashti Subash Palekar. He is an expert on zero-budget natural farming. Therefore, zero-budget natural farming is sometimes also called as Subash Palekar natural farming. Now, we know what is zero-budget natural farming. So, moving on, we will focus on the main objectives of zero-budget natural farming. What this method of farming is really trying to accomplish. See, it has three main objectives. First is, it aims at making agriculture economically viable. Second objective is, it focuses on making agriculture as climate resilient as possible. Third main objective is, it focuses on the economy of farming activity. That is, it aims to make agrarian livelihoods profitable. We saw the three main objective of zero-budget natural farming. So overall, zero-budget natural farming is all about reducing cost of cultivation, enhancing farm yields, increasing farmer incomes, reducing risks and protect farming from adverse impact of climate change. Let me go over this one more time. The result that the zero-budget natural farming is aiming to achieve are reducing the cost of cultivation, enhancing the yield from the farms, increasing the farmer income, reducing the risk associated with the crops and protecting the farming activity from the adverse impacts of the climate change. So far, we have seen organic farming, natural farming, zero-budget natural farming, and the main objective that the zero-budget natural farming is aiming to achieve. So now, let us see four main pillars that the zero-budget natural farming is based on. The first pillar, it is called bija mitra or bija marudam. See, bija marudam is a treatment method that is used for seeds or any other planting material. See, what they do here is, they dip the seeds in a mixture or paste that is made up of neem leaves or neem pulp, tobacco and green chilies. Why this is done is that this process creates a microbial coating around the seeds and this microbial coating is effective in protecting young roots from fungus as well as soil and seed-borne diseases that commonly affect the plants. See, bija marudam, which is the first pillar, involves using locally available materials like that we already saw, that is neem leaves, neem pulp, tobacco and green chilies to protect the young seedlings. Okay, so moving on to the second pillar. The second pillar is bija mitra or bija marudam. Bija marudam actually means fermented microbial culture. This involves using cow dung, cow urine and jaggery along with pulse flour to improve the soil microbiome. See, why soil microbiome is focused here is, improving the soil microbiome will increase the fertility of the soil. Note here that only cow dung and cow urine from indigenous cows are used here. Okay, now moving on. See, this bija marudam provides nutrients and also acts as a catalytic agent that promotes activity of the microorganism in the soil. Catalytic here means it speeds up the microbial activity in the soil. It also increases ethworm activity. Further, this process helps to prevent fungal and bacterial plant diseases. Okay, this pillar mainly focuses on enriching the soil by ensuring high soil biological activity. So first pillar that is bija marudam focuses on increasing the resilience of the young seedling. And the second pillar that is bija marudam focuses on improving the soil fertility. Now moving on to the third pillar that is achadanna. Achadanna here means mulching. See, mulching is a process of covering the top soil with crop cover and crop residues such as decaying leaves, barks or compost. This is done to produce humus. Mulching has various advantages tied to it. See here, mulching process also conserves top soil. It helps increase water and retention capacity of the soil. It also helps in the growth of useful soil fauna. Again, it supplies the soil with essential nutrients and also helps in controlling the weeds. Okay, so first pillar focuses on increasing the resilience of the seeds. Second pillar mainly focuses on increasing the soil fertility. Third pillar mainly aims to conserve the top soil and aims to improve the water retention capacity of the soil. Okay, now moving on to the fourth pillar. The fourth pillar is vapasa. It mainly focuses on improving the soil aeration and soil moisture retention. So, chivamritham achadanna and vapasa when done right reduces the reliance on irrigation. Okay, when you look closely at the four pillars, you can see that all the resources are sourced from the farm itself. This is why this method is called zero-budget natural farming. Okay, also note here that in addition to these four pillars, zero-budget natural farming also prescribes a number of natural fungicides and pesticides made from locally available ingredients like neem leaves and chilies. Now, having discussed about the four pillars of zero-budget natural farming, let us now look at some of the benefits of zero-budget natural farming. The main benefit of zero-budget natural farming is it contributes to reduction in the cost of cultivation, which in turn improves the net income of the farmers. This also reduces dependency of the farmers on moneylenders for purchasing expensive items like high yield variety seeds, fertilizers and insecticides. Okay, this is the main advantage that the zero-budget natural farming is aiming for. The next benefit is it provides ecological services like enhancing soil fertility, improving the resilience of the crops to weather variability, and protecting the crop from pests. It also increases the crop output. Okay, finally, the zero-budget natural farming improves the health of the farming community as they won't be working with harmful synthetic fertilizers and insecticides anymore. Okay, these are the main benefits of the zero-budget natural farming. Overall, it tries to ensure environmental sustainability. Okay, so due to all these benefits, the women farmers in Himachal Pradesh are focusing on zero-budget natural farming. This shift was mainly caused by Himachal's state scheme called Prakriti Kethi Kushal Kishan Yojana. See, this scheme rigorously promoted zero-budget natural farming in Himachal Pradesh. See, under this scheme, women farmers are trained in zero-budget natural farming. Along with this, the farm produce is also delivered to the market under the scheme so that the farmers can get fair price on their crops. Also, as a part of the scheme, women farmers in the states also received training and they gradually shifted from traditional farming to non-chemical, low-cost zero-budget natural farming. The aim that the scheme is after is that the trained women farmers under the scheme, after getting comfortable with the technique and after gaining profits from the scheme, would in turn they will go on to implement this type of farming throughout the entire state. This in a way has empowered women because through training, they are gaining confidence and they are able to supplement their family income by practicing zero-budget natural farming. So, this news article is an example of the success of zero-budget natural farming which can be used as a case study in various aspects. It can be used in women empowerment aspect. It can also be used as a benefit of traditional farming method aspect. It is all up to you and how innovative you are. So, try to use this in your main senses. So, in this discussion, we started with organic farming, then we moved on to natural farming, then we saw about zero-budget natural farming, objectives of zero-budget natural farming, the four pillars of zero-budget natural farming and the benefit of zero-budget natural farming. And we also saw how zero-budget natural farming is helping women in the state of Himachal Pradesh. So, with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next article for our discussion. Now, let us take up this news article for our next discussion. See, this news article is about e-waste disposal. According to the article, Delhi is facing issues in e-waste disposal. This issue arises mainly due to the fact that e-waste collection, transportation, processing and recycling is dominated mainly by the informal sector in India. The sector is well networked but it is unregulated and unorganized. And as per the 2018 AsoCham report that is associated chamber of commerce and industries of India report, around 90 to 95% of e-waste is processed in the unorganized sector. This is a big issue. This is because the sector involves informal players like rag pickers. They collect the e-waste and most of the time they sell it to informal shops where the e-waste is refurbished and sold as second hand or informally it is recycled. This has two concerns associated with it. First is the concern over leakage of toxins into the environment. And the second concern is the concern regarding workers' safety and health. Though, as stated above, 90 to 95% of the e-waste management in India is done by the informal sector. Unfortunately, the e-waste management rules 2016, which is the existing Indian legislation regarding e-waste management does not recognize the role of informal sector. This is leading to serious issues. This has led to the demand of integrating the formal and informal sectors in e-waste management. So, in this context, let us briefly understand e-waste and some important provisions of e-waste management rules 2016. The syllabus covered by this article is highlighted below for your reference. First, what is e-waste? See, according to the e-waste management rules 2016, e-waste means electrical and electronic equipment as a whole or as in part that has been discarded as waste by the consumer. It also includes the electrical and electronic equipment rejected during manufacturing or during refurbishment or during repair processes. So, e-waste includes all form of waste products containing circuitry, electrical or electronic items as a manufacturing component that runs on either battery or power supply. So, it is a broad term that includes all items that contains electrical and electronic components with them. For example, general consumer electronics such as TV appliances, computers, laptops, tablets, mobile phones and also industrial grade electronics such as telecommunication systems, electronic machinery, etc. They all come under the purview of e-waste under e-waste management rules 2016. More importantly, e-waste is hazardous in nature. This is due to the presence of toxic substances in the product. The substances include heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyl and chromium. If we take the Indian scenario, according to the Global e-waste monitor 2020, India generated around 3,230 kilotons that is 30 to crore tons of e-waste in 2019 alone. It also states that India and Sri Lanka are the only two countries in southern Asia having an e-waste regulation. Just note that Global e-waste monitor is a collaborative effort of sustainable cycles program, which is co-hosted by many UN bodies. Also, some important facts that could be obtained from the 2021 report published by the Confederation of Indian Industries called e-waste management in India Circular Economy, that is the report name. See as per the report, India is now officially the world's third biggest e-waste generator. Particularly, India's e-waste generation has risen nearly 43% between 2018 and 2020. This is a very huge jump and with the rising middle class, this figure is only bound to increase in the future. Till now, we discussed about what constitutes e-waste according to the e-waste management rules 2016. We also saw about the role of informal sector in e-waste management and various data regarding e-waste management in India. Keeping these facts in mind, let us discuss about the important features of e-waste management rules 2016. See the primary objective of the e-waste management rules 2016 is to ensure environmentally sound management of e-waste. It also aims to ensure protection against adverse effect of inappropriate handling and mismanagement of e-waste. That is, it tries to protect both the environment and the people handling the e-waste. So for this purpose, important stakeholders in the industries such as manufacturers, producers, consumers, bulk consumers, collection centers, dealers, e-retailers, refurbishers, dismantlers, recyclers and producer responsibility organization all were brought together under the ambit of e-waste management rules 2016. Note that the rules applied to the electrical and electronic equipment and their components, consumables, spares and parts that are listed in the schedule one of the rules. Okay, so all these that is components, consumables, spares and parts that are listed in the schedule one of e-waste management rules is brought under the regulation. Okay, now let us go through some of the important provisions of the e-waste management rules. Firstly, it imposes extended producer responsibility, that is EPR. This extended producer responsibility entails a producer's responsibility for environmentally sound management of e-waste. This extended producer responsibility focuses on the responsibility of collection and channelization of e-waste on producers of electrical and electronic equipments. That is, people or organization involved in the production of electrical and electronic equipments must take care of its safe disposal and recycling. Extended producer responsibility also encompasses the responsibility of the producers at the post-consumer stage of a products recycle, which includes collection, transportation, storage, dismantling, recycling and disposal. So, as per extended producer responsibility, the producers of electrical and electronic equipment products should set up collection centers and inform the consumers on how the used electronic products can be returned to the collection centers. Under the extended producer responsibility, the rules list some take-back targets for the producers. That is, the producers are required to collect a certain percentage of their products sold in the previous financial year. The take-back targets raised from the modest 10% in 2017-18 to 70% from 2023 onwards. You can look at the give-waste take-back targets for the producers here. That is, in this table. Further, the rules also make it mandatory for individual producers to obtain EPR authorization. That is, extended producer responsibility authorization from the Central Pollution Control Board. Next, the rules prescribes deposit refund scheme to enhance the collection and channelization of E-waste. Under the scheme, that is, deposit refund scheme, the producer charges an additional amount as a deposit at the time of sale of electrical or electronic equipment. Then the producer returns this charge to the consumer along with interest when the end of the life electrical and electronic equipment is returned. This deposit refund scheme is introduced to incentivize recycling. Then the rules also specify procedure for storage of E-waste. As per that, every stakeholder may store the E-waste for a period of up to 180 days. Finally, the rules mandate the reduction in the use of hazardous substance while manufacturing electrical and electronic equipment and their components that are listed in the schedule one of the E-waste management rules 2016. And as per that, the product should not contain lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers beyond a prescribed concentration value. Okay, so all these pollutants like lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers should be kept under the prescribed concentration level. Okay, so these are some of the salient features of the E-waste management rules 2016. In this discussion, we saw about the role of the informal sector in E-waste management. And we also saw some important features of the E-waste management rules 2016, like extended producer responsibility, deposit refund scheme and E-waste take back targets. So with this, let us conclude this discussion and move on to the next news article discussion. Now for our next discussion, let us take up this open article. If you could remember, our external affairs minister visited the Central Asian region earlier this month. And this article is written in that background. As the title hints, this article talks about the bilateral relationship between India and the Central Asian region and the various initiatives taken in that regard. So this is the ultimate essence of the article. With this idea in mind, come let's approach this discussion. The syllabus covered by this open article is highlighted below for your reference. First, before going into the article, let us have a brief understanding on the Central Asian region and the caucus region, which is mentioned in the open article from a geographical perspective. See, Central Asia refers to the Central region of Asia, which extends from the Caspian Sea in the West to the borders of Western China in the East. So this Central Asia is bound by Russia to its north and to its south it is bounded by Iran, Afghanistan and China. Make a note of this point. The Central Asian region consists of former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. So when you take the Central Asia and the caucus region, it consists of five countries in the Central Asia, along with three other countries in the South Caucasus. And the three countries are Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. And I request here to take your atlas and browse through this area. Look at what the country's borders and the areas such as rivers, mountains, etc to help you in the Mac making aspect. Okay, so moving on by now, I hope you have an understanding on the region and the countries about which we are going to discuss today. So now let's move into the analysis part. See, as we know the disintegration of the Soviet Union led to the formation of the independent republics in Central Asia, following that India aligned its ties with the region by providing financial aid and by establishing diplomatic relationships. For example, we signed the strategic partnership agreements with Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan for stimulating defense cooperation and trade relations. Likewise, we had a policy named Connect Central Asia Policy and it aimed that is the Connect Central Asia policy aimed at enhancing India's political, economic, historical and cultural connections with the region. And when things were going well, India's efforts were hurdled by Pakistan's lack of willingness to allow India to pass through its territory. Okay, I hope you guys can remember the stalled gas pipeline projects like IPI and TAPI. India again trade its hand by trying to develop Chabahar port in Iran to bypass Pakistan and have a direct contact with Central Asia through Iran. But this project is also dragging for a long time due to US pressure. And this provided to be a good time for China, which took advantage of this situation and unveiled its controversial Belt and Road Initiative in Kazakhstan. These are the issues in the connectivity part in the region that is between India and the Central Asian regions. Okay, no moving forward. As I said earlier, our external office minister visited the region earlier this month. And this is his third visit within a span of four months. Now let's very briefly see the various initiatives that were taken by our minister on behalf of India during his visit to promote bilateral ties with the Central Asian region. See, during his visit in Kazakhstan, representing India, our external affairs minister extended a credit line of $200 million. This was done for the purpose of supporting development projects. Along with that, he also signed a memorandum of understanding for high impact community development projects in the country, that is, Kyrgyzstan. Following Kyrgyzstan, our minister visited Nur-Sultan, the capital of Kazakhstan. And then he attended the sixth foreign minister's conference on interaction and confidence building measure in Asia. Note here that during this particular conference, our minister spoke about the China's Belt and Road Initiative and the various methods adopted by China to promote the Belt and Road Initiative. And he clearly highlighted the point that even though the greater connectivity was essential for the promotion of the regional stability, still, it cannot be pursued for parochial interest. Parochial, meaning narrow minded or selfish attitude. Okay, along with his views on Belt and Road Initiative, our minister also confronted Pakistan for supporting cross border terrorism in the conference, that is, conference on interaction and confidence building measure in Asia. Okay, known from there, that is from Kazakhstan, he moved to Armenia. And note that our present external affairs minister, Mr. Jay Shankar, has become the first Indian external affairs minister to visit Armenia. And during his visit in Armenia, there were talks on enhancing trade and cultural exchanges to boost bilateral relations. And he also supported a peaceful solution to the conflict that is happening between Azerbaijan and Armenia. See, we are aware of the present situation in Afghanistan. I mean, after United States under the Joe Biden administration withdrew from Afghanistan, the region has once again fallen into the hands of the Taliban. And these developments have not only created new geostrategic and geoeconomic concerns for the Central Asian region, but it also created challenges for India's regional and bilateral ties with Central Asia and the Caucasus region. This is because as we saw earlier, Afghanistan is positioned at the south of the Central Asian region. So only by crossing Afghanistan, we can connect with the Central Asian region. Also, the present supremacy of the Taliban has also brought to light the weakness of various region coalitions, say like the tough Shanghai Cooperation Organization. This is because if you could remember the SEO that is Shanghai Cooperation Organization was created in response to the threats of terrorism that sprang from Afghanistan. But when you closely analyze, not much was done in that regard. Instead, as pointed out by the author, most member countries used it for their own regional, geostrategic and security interest, not for common good. Due to these factors, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization failed to collectively respond to the Afghan crisis. And its failure was evident when the Central Asian leaders met again in Turkmenistan to voice their concern over the Afghan situation wherein they discussed about the presence of Central Asian terror groups within Afghanistan and along its borders. So to conclude, know that the Central Asian countries are always keen to have India as a partner, since they seek to diversify their strategic ties. This was evident when they admitted India into the Ask About Agreement. So what is Ask About Agreement? See, this agreement allowed India access to connectivity networks and natural resources with both Central Asia and Eurasia for trade and commercial interactions. Moving on, India is also aware of the raising anti-Chinese sentiments within the region and the security threats that is coming from Taliban. So this problem is bringing together New Delhi and Central Asia. So due to their common problems, they are planning to reimagine their engagement, that is India and the Central Asian countries. Though India is at advantageous position right now, India cannot afford to lose any time in its engagement with the region. So we must take more efforts to create a lasting tie with the region. These are all the aspects that are discussed in the OPAD article. Now with this, let's wind up our discussion and move on to the next news article. Now look at this news article. This article basically reports about the seaweed culture which is being promoted across the country. Note here that seaweed culture or seaweed cultivation and cage aquaculture are the new age techniques which are being promoted under the Pradhan Mandiri Matsya Sampath Yojana. So on this line, many steps are being taken to identify places for establishing such production units. And for your information, the Pradhan Mandiri Matsya Sampath Yojana, which is mentioned above is an umbrella scheme with two separate components, namely a central sector scheme and a centrally sponsored scheme. This scheme is designed to address the critical gaps in the fish production and productivity along with improving quality technology, modernization and strengthening the value chain of the fishery sector. This scheme also helps to ensure fishermen's welfare. The main targets of Pradhan Mandiri Matsya Sampath Yojana includes doubling the income of fishers and fish farmers. And the second main target is to reduce the post harvest losses in the fishery sector from the current level of 20 to 25% to about 10%. So this is the crux of the news article. So now based on this context, let us learn some important points related to seaweed. First of all, know that seaweed is a common name which is used for referring to the countless species of marine plants. Okay, note that seaweeds are found not only in the ocean, but also in the rivers, lakes and other water bodies also. And these seaweeds exist in variety of sizes. For example, some seaweeds like pyrtoplanktons are microscopic, whereas some are enormous like the jain kelps, which grow like huge underwater forests. However, most of the seaweeds are medium sized. And these seaweeds come in very many number of colors like red, green, brown, black, etc. If you take a walk along the beach, you can find these seaweeds randomly washed up along the shoreline. Okay, so coming to the types of seaweeds that are found in India, the seaweed species that are found in India include capypicus, alvarezi, gracilaria, edulis, gleedaila, acerosa, sargasm, SPP, and tubinaria, SPP. These species are used for the commercial cultivation of seaweeds in India. See the practice of cultivation and harvesting of seaweeds for commercial purpose is known as seaweed farming. So by now, we have a basic understanding on seaweeds. So now let's move on to see the significance of these seaweeds. At present, seaweeds are used in human foods, cosmetics, fertilizers, and even in the extraction of industrial gums and chemicals. See, since seaweed is fully packed with vitamins, minerals, and fibers, and it also tastes really good, it is used in various cuisines, mainly it is seen as a delicacy in Asian countries. Okay, you guys know about the Japanese traditional food sushi, right? This is nothing but vinegared rice along with fermented fish, which is wrapped in seaweed. See, even now nutritionists in India are promoting seaweed as a superfood as well, because of its dense vitamins, minerals, and fiber content. Okay, along with the above mentioned application, the seaweed is used in the manufacturing of organic fertilizers also. See, the seaweed also finds some application in medical fields because it contains anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial agents. And certain seaweeds in fact possess powerful cancer fighting agents that researchers hope will eventually provide effective in the treatment of malignant tumors and leukemia in people. So these are some of the important applications of seaweed. See, ecologically also seaweed helps to sequester millions of tons of CO2 every year. This helps us in the abatement of climate change. And finally, since India is pushing hard to produce biofuels to reduce dependence on imported petroleum, when the seaweeds are properly used, they can be used to produce bioethanol at about 6.6 billion liters annually. That is the huge potential of biofuels that India alone can produce 6.6 billion liters of bioethanol every year. This will help us reduce our dependence on imported petroleum. Seeing the importance of seaweed, the government has launched a new mission called seaweed mission. See, this seaweed mission is established using three pillars. First is establishing a model demonstration form along India's coastal areas. Okay, the second pillar is establishment of a seaweed nursery. The third and the final pillar is establishment of a seaweed cluster with proper value chain and a well-developed supply chain. These are some of the important features of the seaweed mission. See, in this article, we saw about seaweeds, their types, their colors, their sizes, and the places where they could be found. And we also saw some of their application. And finally, we also saw some important points regarding seaweed mission that is launched by the government. So with these points in mind, let us wind up this news discussion and take up the last and the final news article that we will be discussing today. This is the last article that we are going to discuss today. See, this news article talks about the impact of asteroid and comet collision on the earth atmosphere evolution. See, recent research has studied the frequency of asteroid and comet collision. As per the study, the collision rate was higher. The collision happened every 15 million years. This is 10 times higher than the current models. And it contradicts the earlier findings of lower collision rate. The research also found that the collision of large asteroids or comets of more than 9 kilometer wide even altered the chemistry of earth's earlier atmosphere. According to researchers, such impacts created an oxygen sink. These findings even aligned with the great oxidation event. So what is this great oxidation event? Let us find that out. See the great oxidation event marks the race or the increase of oxygen in the early earth's atmosphere. We know that oxygen in the form of molecular oxygen that is O2 is produced by plants. The oxygen in molecular form is vital for all animals. And today, that is in the present day atmosphere, oxygen is thankfully abundant both in earth's atmosphere and in the earth's oceans. But in the early period of earth's existence, oxygen was relatively scarce. And this great oxidation event led to the abundance of oxygen on earth's atmosphere. The event that is the great oxidation event is estimated to have happened between 2.5 to 2.3 billion years ago. This great oxidation event resultant in the appearance of free oxygen in the earth's atmosphere. See the trigger that led to the increase of free oxygen is still being researched. And like I said, this news article mentions that the asteroid collision led to the creation of an oxygen sink.  So the asteroid strike in turn delayed the time when oxygen started accumulating in the atmosphere. Now coming back to the great oxidation event. One commonly agreed trigger that led to the great oxidation event was the evolution of cyanobacteria. See cyanobacteria or blue-green algae, as we all know, is one of the earth's oldest organism. They are still present in our oceans and even they are found in earth's hot springs. These cyanobacteria produced oxygen and this oxygen led to the evolution of other multicellular organisms. See according to evolutionary biologists, this multicellularity is linked to the race in oxygen and therefore it played a significant role for life on earth as it is today. So cyanobacteria are said to have played a key role in the emergence of organisms that breathe oxygen which includes humans as well. So this process of oxygenation that is race in level of free oxygen began in the ocean and later in the earth's atmosphere because of cyanobacteria that is blue-green algae. This accumulation of free oxygen is what is referred to as great oxidation event. Therefore the great oxidation event is one of the most significant claimant events in earth's history because it led to the evolution of earth's atmosphere. Here we should know two important facts. The first is, according to scientists, oxygen probably accumulated in earth's ocean well before in the atmosphere. That is, it's ocean started accumulating oxygen before oxygen could enter into atmosphere. See, this is because research has found that even before great oxidation event, there was minor amount of oxygen present in small areas of earth's ancient shallow oceans. The second important fact is oxygen started accumulating in the atmosphere only after the great oxidation event that is around 2.4 billion years ago. See, this event changed the earth's atmosphere from weakly reducing to the present-day oxidizing atmosphere. So, due to the great oxidation event, earth transitioned from oxygen-poor to an oxygen-rich atmosphere. So, in this discussion, we saw what is great oxidation event, when it happened, the role of cyanobacteria in great oxidation event and we also saw how the asteroid impact created an oxygen sink, which delayed the oxygen accumulation process in the atmosphere. So, with this, let us conclude this discussion. And now, let us take up the practice problems questions for today. We have five problems practice questions today. Let's take them one by one. So, this is the first question. Consider the following pairs with reference to the zero-budget natural forming. The first pair is Vapasa and the purpose given is conservation of topsoil. The second pair is Bijumrhythm and the purpose is treatment of seeds. The third pair is Jivamrhythm and the purpose is enhancement of soil microbiome. So, they are asking for the correctly matched pair. See, the correct option here is option B that is 2 and 3 only. This is because Vapasa is done to enhance the soil aeration and water retention and not conservation of topsoil. Actually, conservation of topsoil is done through mulching, which is called achadana according to the zero-budget natural forming. So, the correct option is option B, 2 and 3 only. Moving on to the second practice problems question. So, this is a previous year question. The question is, in India, extended producer responsibility was introduced as an important feature in which of the following. Four options are given. The correct option is option C, the e-waste management and handling rules 2011. Actually, in the discussion we saw e-waste management rules 2016. This rules also had extended producer responsibility. But the first time the extended producer responsibility was introduced was in the e-waste management and handling rules 2011. So, take note of that. Now, moving on to the third question. The question is, the e-waste management rules 2016 prescribe reduction in the use of which of the following hazardous substance in the manufacturing of electrical and electronic equipments. The substance is given are mercury, cadmium, barium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated bifinates. See here, the correct option is option C, 1, 2, 4 and 5 only. See, this is because the question is regarding e-waste management rules 2016 and that too the hazardous substances which is mandated to be reduced according to the e-waste management rules 2016. The substance that is mandated to be reduced are lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. This list doesn't include barium. So, here is an additional information for you. The lead and cadmium are used in circuit boards in electrical and electronic equipments. The lead oxide and cadmium is used in the monitors of cathode ray tubes. Mercury is used in switches and flat screen monitors. Cadmium is also used in computer batteries. Polycarbonated biphenyls are used in older capacitors and transformers which are used in the IC chips and brominated flame retardants are used on printed circuit boards. Okay. Barium is also used in computers. See, barium is used in computers in the front panel of cathode ray tube to protect users from radiation. But this barium is not mandated to be controlled by the e-waste management rules 2016. So, again the correct option is option C 1, 2, 4 and 5 only. Now moving on to the fourth question. The question is, in which among the following fields the seaweeds find applications? The applications given are cuisine, cosmetics, fertilizers, industrial gums and chemicals. From our discussion, we can clearly infer that all the statements are all the applications given here are correct because while discussing the applications of seaweed we saw about all these applications and since all the five applications given here are correct, the correct answer will be option D 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Now moving on to the last practice praline's question. The question is, with reference to great oxidation event, consider the following statements. It marks the raise of oxygen in Mars's atmosphere. The second statement is, cyanobacteria is linked to the occurrence of great oxidation event. They are asking us to find the incorrect statements. See the first statement is incorrect because the great oxidation event is about the raise of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, not Mars's atmosphere. So the first statement is incorrect. The second statement is, in fact, correct. Cynobacteria is linked to the occurrence of great oxidation event. So since they are asking us to find the incorrect statement, the correct option will be option A 1 only. The main question is displayed here. Please write the answer and post it in the comment session so that I can evaluate. And if you like this discussion, please like, comment and share it with your friends and do subscribe to Shankarai's Academy YouTube channel. Thank you.