So, I'm going to try to get another journal page done. I have too many journals that are just partly done or less. I don't know. I'm also filming a vlog, so let's see if we can prop the phone up somewhere so that, you know, somebody who might be interested can see what I'm doing, except I'm just seeing my boobs at the moment. I don't think anybody wants to see that. I just really need to get that mount out. That's just the solution to that. I do own a tripod for my camera. I do need to learn how to use it a bit more. Anybody who asks, I got it on Amazon. It's where I get a lot of things. Amazon. It's one of these ones with bendy legs. Don't just look into my boobs. Let's just try to look at the table and not at the cleavage. There we go. Just to know. All right. So, I have a lot of journals I'm trying to finish, so I'm going to work in this little address book mini journal. I love these. I got these from Cindy Utter, and it has kind of a lot of pages in it, and I'm just going to do one page, but this is a really cute journal. I want to just leave out on my table and just do at random when I have the whim. She sent me a couple of these. I really like them, so anyway. A journal page a day in one of my journals. That's my goal or more. I did also get an order from my friend Mike Deakin. I bought a few things, including a couple of his stencils, so I think we're going to use this bubble one on here. He also always sends a little postcard, and thank you. And I don't normally do this, but this time I cut the little figures out of the postcard, and we're going to use those on here on this page, too. And I think we're going to use his postcard as inspiration. The background was really fun colors. And Mike, I'm sorry I cut your postcard apart. I'm sorry, but I'm not sorry. So he used really pretty, like, purples and greens and some old buttocks, so I think we're going to use this as inspiration. The first thing we're going to do is get some colors. I'm still trying to use up my craft paint, people, because I just have too much of it. It's a lot. Let's try using this one. Of course, I grabbed the one that's not open. I need a little bit of this blue color, a little bit of this purple color, just because I put a little bit of white on here. We're going to need the heat gun, but it's that way. This stencil brush, this one. I love this bubble stencil of Mike's. I will include his website in the description below where you can order his products. He has artwork, reprints, stencils. He does a lot of chipboard, like, wood and things. He has some really great stuff. Yeah, see, I got a little splodgy there, but I'm okay with that. Splodgy's a word, right? I had that on there because too much paint. See, when you only have a little bit, it works better. Yummy. Okay, so now we need the heat gun. Heat gun. I'll only use a little bit. It dries really quick, so that's an advantage. Now, this stencil has a couple of different size of dots on it, which I love. You hear that humming noise in the background? That's my washing machine, because I evidently forgot to close the laundry room door. It's been a weird day. I'm not using much paint, and this journal is really little, so things are drying very quickly. I have this gold rub-on. This is from Target Halloween last year. They were on clearance after the holiday, and I picked up one of them. It's pretty interesting stuff. They are gold. I don't know if they have them this year or not, but how cool is that? I think I want to... I'm just barely touching the brush to the paper, and I'm using a swirling motion and very little paint. I'm just blending the purple out a little bit with the white. It's very transparent, which is what I want. I don't want to cover up the rub-ons or the stenciling. I like that. We're going to put our girls on. I did cut them in half. They were together, so that I could put one on either side of the center binding. Just like that. We're going to use some Indigo Blue Super Thick Slap-It-On, which is glossy. I don't know if I want the whole thing glossy, but if I get some over on the rub-on, it's okay because they're gold, and it will not dull them down any. If you use a matte medium over something like those gold rub-ons, you have to worry about it dulling them down. Mike sells his postcards on his website. That's just a repeat of the same text message. I think it's probably my husband telling me he's on his way home, which means I need to finish this up and I need to go do the dishes. I'm going to take a clean scraper and push the figures into the Slap-It-On and also get rid of any excess at the same time. It's so cute. I'm going to zoom you in. How cute is that? Now, part of the postcard also had this little pocket watch on it, and the words thank you. I think I'm going to save those for something else. And a few other random scraps. I really love this postcard. Mike, if you made paper out of this, I'd probably need to buy the digital download because I really like it. Okay, I'm going to get a... I need a word or two. Let's see. I think we need a small quote to fit on there. And my quote box is super full. I see one that might work though. I like this one. This is by Deepak Chopra. The purpose of life is the expansion of happiness. Happiness is the goal of every other goal. So I'm going to cut each line of the quote apart carefully, hopefully remembering exactly what it's supposed to say and put it back together in some way that maybe makes sense to somebody. I don't know. It feels like Monday on Wednesday. I don't know. I'm going to need that super thick again. So each one I'm going to trim the ends off. So it's not too long. I'm going to put half of the quote on one page and half on the other. I don't know where this quote cut out came from, a magazine of some sort. I do save them, so I don't know. So there we go. Another journal page done. Really super quick, really super easy. I'm going to take the rest of this paint and I'm going to slap it on the page in another journal and prep another page in another journal. That's it for today. Don't forget to check out the video description for the link to Mike's website, my own links to my own Etsy shop, the tip jar where you can support my free content here on YouTube and over on Facebook. There's my happy mail address. There's a link called Linktree in the video description. If you go to Linktree, you will find it will take you to a list of every single place you can find me on the Internet. So I can't hide anymore. So there you go. Above all, go out and have a great day everybody. Do something nice for yourself because you deserve it and I'll see you later. Bye.


ports from each of the breakout groups. So we'll start with earthquake and then we'll do extreme heat and that'll be followed by flooding. Well, my first comment is, can we have the break first? And then we'll, no, no. So my other folks in please jump in at any moment if you want to add some comments. I think I'll start by with a comment that actually Michelle made and then reiterated at the end that one of the things that I think we've learned in the earthquakes perspective. Actually, let me step back a second, sorry, and just say just so that everybody in the room is in the same place. So the earthquake early warning effort in the US is something that's relatively recent. We started working on developing earthquake early warning delivery. It was two decades ago, that's still fairly recent as I think about it, but we now deliver alerts for all earthquakes greater than magnitude 4.5. And I think it's fair to say it's seen as being a successful effort. I shared a couple of quotes with the room, a quote from the then director of the earthquake hazard center of the USGS from the early 2000s, who told me that this is not gonna be possible. And even if it was possible, it wouldn't be useful to deliver earthquake early warning. And we can contrast that with right now, NEHERP, the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program is going through reauthorization in Congress. And last week, one of the congressional staffers working on that reauthorization told me that she thought it was probably the most successful part of NEHERP and certainly the most visible, which I don't think is actually true, but I'll take the credit. So the point is that we've gone fairly rapidly from a completely new concept to I think something that's been fairly successful. And so what have we learned through that process? And so to come to Michelle's comment, one of her comments was that one of the things that she thinks we've managed to do in a fairly good way is we've put a system in place and now we're actually stepping back and asking the question, are we actually doing a good job of delivering these messages? What do we need to change in order to do a better job of delivering the alerts? It's one thing to get those first messages out. It's another thing to actually go and ask the question, how do we make them the most impactful? And the example that she used is the one with maps. So we deliver a text message that says something along the lines of earthquake, shaking expected, drop cover and hold on. And there was a strong push to actually also provide a map so that people could see where was the area that was affected. But then the study that was done demonstrated that actually in the few seconds that you have to understand this message, it's not possible to actually understand what that is. So it's actually not the good thing to do. I hope I characterized that correctly. Approximately, she's giving me the... So that was, so that's perhaps one of the most important things is to pause and to step back and ask. We're actually delivering the messages in the right way. In terms of the questions, the technological challenges, one comment was that we deliver the alerts through multiple channels. We deliver it through Weer, we deliver it through apps. It's part of Android, it's delivered automatically, it's part of Android and it looks like it will very soon be part of Apple delivering these messages as well. And these multiple channels are important. There's a reason they all exist. They all offer something that's a little bit different and there's real value to providing multiple channels as a result of that. In terms of relating to the speed of onset, this is an interesting one. So in the case of earthquakes, we have a few seconds, maybe a few tens of seconds warning. And so we're very limited in what people can actually do with that amount of warning time. So of course, everybody would like to have more warning time, but from getting the message to people, giving people an action that they can do, it actually simplifies the problem because there really is only one thing that people can do for the most part, which is to drop, cover and hold on. So there's this interesting trade-off between this sort of lack of warning time and the simplicity of the message and potentially the ability to get people to take more effective action because it is a relatively simple message. Another comment was about using, I like this one a lot as well, using language and concepts that people understand. So I'm a seismologist, so I can tell you the only thing you should care about is the intensity of shaking. How many people in the room know what the intensity of shaking is? Yeah, I see two seismologists, three, four, okay. The point is, I think I was in the session, the point is people don't understand intensity. I mean, I forget who made the comment, but I can't tell you how many discussions have been amongst the seismology communities. The only thing that matters is intensity. People don't understand intensity. You can't just tell them it's going to be shaking intensity four. So what we need to do is we need to take that and we need to convert it into a language that means something to people using words that describe what they're about to experience instead. Let's see what else do I have here. Oh, yes, okay. And so then two more comments and I'll stop. Another one is about intermediaries and prior preparedness. So again, we only have a few seconds. So the training, any sort of education about earthquakes has to happen before the shaking occurs so people know what to expect. And so it's very important that we kind of engage with the right communities to deliver that kind of message, the education that's needed ahead of time. And the example that was given was the earthquake heroes movie, which is a movie that was put together by Skexel and California Earthquake Center to really explain to people what to expect in earthquakes and then to have wraparound events associated with that. So people can come, they can watch the movie, they can get their earthquake supplies and sort of becomes more of a community building experience to understand what to expect in the earthquakes. And then the final comment I'll make is about the agency responsible for delivering the alert. So that's the USGS. And the transition described by Sarah, the transition that the USGS has had to go through from the seismic network, it was a monitoring network. We've had a seismic network that was been a monitoring network for many, many, many years, right? Detecting earthquakes, reporting on the magnitude of earthquakes. Earthquake Early Warning was just an extension of that. We just did it a whole lot faster. But then, of course, there's the realization that it's not about monitoring, it's about delivering the alerts to people. So what we actually have is an alerting system that has a monitoring network behind it. And so that transition in thinking about where is the priority from just observing and detecting and characterizing the events to actually what's the message that we actually deliver to people. That's the transition that the USGS and all the rest of us involved in this project have had to go through. Okay. So that's the best I can do off the top of my head. Can I just quickly ask, do anybody else in the room want to add? No, we can do it. I have to, sorry. Thank you, Richard. All right, can everyone hear me? I have the pleasure of reporting out the Extreme Heat Breakout Group. And I'd first like to begin by discussing what us presenters talked about to help contextualize the discussion that we had. So Olia began by giving us an overview of Extreme Heat, how there's no standard definition unlike other hazards, millions are gonna experience heat and heat impacts and there is a distinct equity and vulnerability inherent in heat that we see also in other hazards like tropical cyclone. So how we communicate those risks differently is very important to consider when it comes to heat and also how heat warnings and alerts need to reach different populations. She mentioned her work on how we disseminate and get a heat alerts and warnings to people especially vulnerable populations and there are issues with people receiving that information. Peter talked about his work on risk perception and people's behaviors about heat. So a lot of his work is associated with people's location and demographics and how that affects their risk perceptions and ultimately the extent to which they heed heat warnings and advice, finding that it does vary demographically as well as by location, more so by demographics than location and then moving in a little bit to the messaging. I discussed some work I'm doing about jargon of heat information and the technical language contained in the one way communication from experts to public and also some embedded assumptions we found about how experts communicate about heat that informing people about heat will lead to behavior change that at risk individuals are going to inherently know that they are vulnerable which will lead to their concern and that people generally understand the benefits of what they're supposed to do to protect themselves and some work I'm also doing again about the jargon and technical aspects and people's understanding of more scientific and weather service focused information like what is a heat advisory? What is heat illness? What does heat illness index feel like? So things like that. So one of the questions that is raised is that often experts don't know when they're communicating using jargon and how that might relate to a tropical cyclone context. I do, sorry, my notes are kind of jumbled but I'm just gonna go back really quickly and say what are some jargon terms from the tropical cyclone to help us contextualize this? Again, what is a tropical depression versus a tropical storm versus a hurricane versus a major hurricane versus a tropical cyclone? Do people understand those differences? Do they understand the hurricane watch warnings outlooks? So again, the use of do experts, forecasters, those, do they understand when they're using jargon? Are they aware and the answer is not usually because that is such an ingrained thing that they communicate using on an everyday basis to one another, they may not be aware when they are using it outside of that group and then it may not have the same meaning or definitions outside. There was also some questions regarding jargon and the emphasis of plain language but also we need to personalize and localize our risk. So it was asked, can we have consistent language with both of those goals in mind? And so some suggestions were offered in terms of giving context to our messaging. And also there was inconsistencies in the definitions, well, not inconsistencies but for heat in particular, how forecast offices issue their watches and warnings is going to be different depending on the location. There was some good discussion about the intermediaries between the different types of heat information. In particular, heat has a public health component that we don't usually see with other hazards. And we asked, what is the equivalent of tropical cyclone? Or there was talk that FEMA can help plan and coordinate but we don't see that public health component with other types of hazards. How much more time do we have? Okay, sorry. So last is our reporter from the flooding group. And I think that's Andrea. Hugh, are you able to put her up? It should be Amanda. Amanda? Yeah. Okay. Sorry. Andrea, please respond. No, Amanda, are you gonna put her up on the screen? Okay. Are we good? Almost, but yes, yes, we're good. Okay, so see if I can make sense of my notes from our rapid fire discussion but with flooding, it's obviously directly related to tropical cyclones. So hopefully the advances may be a little more straightforward to incorporate. We started off where Rachel discussed some of the scientific social science research that she's been doing related to riverine flood product interpretation. And then I gave an overview of some of the best practices adopted by the Weather Service as far as risk communications go for flooding and then talking about some of the new advances that we're working on within the Weather Service which include flood inundation mapping and then a flash flood severity index. So the first question that we actually got, we had a little bit of a discussion related to the FIM, the flood inundation mapping and the availability of that. And then pulling in discussions on when Google AI debuted FIM as well recently and there are many non-governmental tools to address flood concerns and whether or not that's gonna be incorporated within the water centers efforts. So we needed to have more communication and public and private sector, government sector pulling in to have buddy systems if you will. Climate Central Representative talked about their product flood vision as well. And then there was a discussion about how, with increased heat that's adding more water vapour to the system and specific discussions about the urban footprint being added to flood models to account for a higher rain totals in and around urban areas when it relates to tropical systems as well. And then there was discussion about obviously the hurricane threats and impacts product. Obviously it's gonna convey and the severity of four different major hazards including flooding rains but tornado surge and winds as well. And then moving into, we had a brief discussion about evacuation and with inland flooding being such a huge hazard for tropical cyclones how are we gonna address the issues with when and where and how to evacuate away from storm surge but then you may be evacuating into an inland flooding zone as well. So just more discussions on that. And then lastly talking about different sectors want different information. They have different needs for different partners and then including the timing of what they need talking about the media grams that you can look at but they're deterministic and they're model-based but how can we get data faster without pun intended maybe inundation of the forecasters by the data but typically the government is not at the forefront of technology advances. So it was really heavily suggested for a stronger partnerships with the government sector and private sector academia to have like a buddy system kind of betting the ones that are really good and partnering all of our efforts together and then representative from FEMA actually mentioned that they're piloting a study to partner with private sector to monitor evacuation so that public private sector partnership is already in the works. All right, thank you very much. I think we can applaud our speakers. Thank you.


Welcome to this lecture on digital communication using GNU radio. My name is Kumar Appaya and in this lecture we are going to look at some particular approaches to communicating without having to worry about frequency or phase offsets. We are going to look at the Costa's loop. The Costa's loop as you recall from class is an effective way for you to track the frequency offsets for PSK symbols. Remember in the case of PSK symbols, you can essentially take a power of the PSK symbols like QPSK, you can take the power of 4 and that allows you to estimate the frequency offset and then just successively ignore it or correct it. The other approach that we are going to look at is to use differential phase shift keying. In the case of differential phase shift keying, you encode information not in the PSK symbols themselves but in the transition between successive PSK symbols so that when you are, when you have frequency offsets then a conjugate of the one symbol with the previous essentially tries to minimize its impact. So these are some things that we will explore in GNU radio. Let us begin by just adding a random source. So control F for command F, say random source and let us also just increase our sampling rate to 1 9 2 0 0 0 and we will make the random source have bytes going from 0 through 4. Let us then get our constellation encoder, control F for command F we say C O N S T E and we will get the constellation object as well as a constellation encoder. Now connect these and the constellation encoder uses the object my C O N S T E and we will call this my const which is a standard QPSK constellation. Now we are going to model the impact of noise by just adding or by just adding an extra modulation over here. Let's just do one thing. Let's just do the up conversion control F for command F say interpolating FIR filter connect this will grab an RRC control F for command F and say RRC, RRC filter tabs will use the same approach that we did we will call this RRC underscore tabs will set the gain to 4.9, sampling rate is SAMP rate 8000 is the symbol rate and we need SPS so let's create a variable control for command F type variable and the variable called SPS remember we always want 8000 symbols per second so we will say SAMP underscore rate double divide to make integer addition 8000 that gives us SPS and sets this. Now the tabs as RRC underscore tabs and we can make the interpolation SPS now we have our up converted function now we are going to add the carrier so we will just refine F C first control F for command F will say VARI variable will call this F C will make it 40000 and we are then going to get a signal source control F for command F will say signal get the signal source will call the signal source F C frequency amplitude of 1.414 because we want something close to root 2 where then go to multiply control F command F MULT will connect these finally we just need to take the real part over here so control F for command F will say COMPLEX complex to real and that gives us the real part and we have made our transmit signal the up converted signal now let's add a virtual sync over here so that we can continue at the bottom so control F for command F and VIRT will grab a virtual sync to connect this virtual sync over here call it up up converted we will grab a virtual source over here and call it down up converted so that we get the same sequence let's also add Gaussian noise over here so that we can analyze the impact of noise as well so control F for command F we will first create a range to control the variance of the noise we double click this and call the ID NOISE STD and let the default value be 0.01 let it go from 0 through 3 step 0.01 that sets up our noise standard deviation we will grab a noise source control F command F will say noise source and the noise source should be a real noise source double click it will make it float and then amplitude will be noise STD we will add the noise so control F and will say add grab the add operator make it float and finally we have our up converted noisy signal now we will repeat the same things that we were doing except that we will also add a frequency offset so we need to mix this with a cos mix this with a sign and then low pass filter except that we will add an extra frequency offset to those so let me just create a range first for that control F for command F will say range we will call the range delta underscore F and let it go from let's say minus let's say minus 20 Hertz to 20 Hertz should do I think that should do minus 20 Hertz to 20 Hertz now we need two signal sources to multiply and mix these so control F for command F S I G N we'll grab the signal source this will be our cosine source double click it make it float the frequency will be FC plus delta F that is the difference and we don't want offset or initial phase make them to 1.414 will control C and control V this to have a copy and we will call this one the sign and we will add a negative sign to account for the fact that we have to have a negative here so that the mixing occurs correctly we'll add multiply blocks we'll just copy this control C control V make this into a float connect this over here connect the signal over here copy this control C control V connect this over here connect this over here we need a pair of low pass filters controller for command F will say low W low pass filter to cut the two FC components so double click on this cutoff frequency will set to FC with a transition width of a thousand and this should be float to float copy paste control C control V and then we'll just connect it over here connect this to a complex block control F float to complex and then we need an appropriate delay and a decimating filter so let's actually do that so I'm going to add a delay controller for command F let's say range first so the QT GUI range I'm going to call this delay and as always we'll make an integer delay going from zero through SPS since from previous memory the delay was nine let's just set the default value to be nine because that's the delay of these filters so controller for command F we said delay grab this delay block set this delay to delay and finally we have a QT GUI constellation sync controller for command F CONST and the constellation sync is just going to come over here and we are now ready to execute this flow graph let's run this oh sorry I need to decimate as well I'm sorry before the constellation sync we need a decimating FIR filter so controller for command F decimating FIR filter let's just rotate this so that we get it nicely and this decimating FIR filter is going to have a decimation of SPS and the tabs are RRC tabs now this decimating FIR filter output can go to constellation sync controller for command F the constellation sync appears here we connect the filter output here and execute the flow graph and now you can see that the constellation appears very well now here is the problem if you add any sort of frequency offset delta F you see that there is a rotation and this rotation is actually harmful because it doesn't allow us to get back our symbols correctly in fact by changing this you sometimes don't even get it back when you go to zero because there's an extra phase and that is causing some issues so what are we going to do we are going to add a costa's loop in order to address this issue a costa's loop as you remember takes these symbols to the power of four and adjusts the frequency offset from there to compensate let's just do controller for command F and type C O S T A costa's loop now this costa's loop requires three parameters let's connect this connect this over here now we need the loop bandwidth we'll choose that as 2 pi by hundred so 6.28 divided by 100 and order in this case we are using QPSK so we'll set the order to be four now if you execute this flow graph even if you increase this you will sort of see that the costa's loop still is able to figure things out that is let's say that if you make it this is 0.3 0.5 and let's actually remove the effect of noise and let's make the zero the costa's loop is able to figure out the constellation points let's actually increase the number of samples to 10,000 random thousand so now let's also increase the number of constellation points now if you observe by adding this okay the reason for the lack of performance was because the step size was set to 1 over here so we'll change the delta of step size to 0.1 so that the frequency offset is reasonable so now if you execute this flow graph you have this constellation even if you start adding some amount of frequency offset you can see that the costa's loop is tracking it that is it's not rotating to verify that this is indeed the case let's actually view the rotated and derotated constellations both simultaneously we'll double click on the constellation sync we'll increase it to two inputs we'll connect the original constellation over the first and the rotated constellation at the second so now let's check our flow graph's performance you see that both are overlapping which is fine we now start adding the frequency offset the blue one rotates because of the fact that there is a frequency offset and the red one still is right there because the costa's loop is tracking your frequency and phase offsets effectively of course like we discussed in class there's a limitation on how far you can go that is if you keep increasing the frequency beyond if you keep increasing the frequency beyond the acceptable limits then like if you keep going like this you can see that the performance of the costa's loop starts diminishing because of the e power j 2 pi delta f times t and that adds an extra phase if you go further and further you will see that the point starts spreading around and your SNR essentially SNR limitation is come going to come to four you're gonna have a poorer performance than the original carrier recovery algorithm if you go very far then it loses the lock if you go like and if you add more noise you start to have performance degradation so overall the costa's loop does simplify the implementation significantly but it comes at a price and with some limitations and if you make the frequency offset too much for example let's go let's make it gradual it locks if you make it go too far then it really doesn't work it actually tries its best but fails as a final example let us inspect how differential phase shift keying can perform we will create a simplistic example by just constructing the basic elements needed to understand this let's first make our sampling rate 192 000 okay let's save this no radio and you call this DPSK 4 yes let us first get a random source ctrl f for command f we'll say random source now this random source is a byte that goes from 0 to 4 and let's get a constellation object in the constellation encoder constellation object will place below constellation encoder will place here so now we'll double click this constellation object we'll call it my const and we'll call this my console that it uses that constellation now we will assume that this is differentially encoded even though it probably isn't but let's just assume that the output is differentially encoded temporarily ctrl f we'll get throttle now let's add a bit of noise so I'll say ctrl f I'll say range and we're going to just call this noise sdd going from 0 to 3 step 0.1 let us also get a delta f to just add a frequency offset so ctrl f we'll say range again and we'll make a delta f to model the frequency offset and this frequency offset let's say goes from minus 10 to let's say default value 0 goes from minus 10 to 10 step 0.1 and then we're going to add noise and we're going to add a rotation so ctrl f for command f we'll say add first and we'll say connect this we will grab noise source ctrl f command f we'll say noise we'll grab the noise source and then we will add a multiplier so that we can introduce the frequency offset rotation and the frequency offset we can produce by using a signal source ctrl f for command f we'll say signal source and this signal source we will make sure that the frequency is delta underscore f now we have this constellation and we will also do a differential decoding of this and view both so as to control f for command f and say differential so differential phaser this will take successive samples and just perform the neck you know one conjugate the other which is the differential decoder basically and then we will grab a constellation sync say nst and view both of these so the first one is this one let's double click this constellation sync and make it two inputs the first one is the original constellation with the rotation the second one is a differential phaser let us make sure that this is noise std now let us execute the flow graph now you will see even with a bit of noise let's say yeah that you have these one two three four five six seven eight of the constellation points these are the differential decoded because remember the phase difference is pi by two pi by you know pi by two times two pi by two times three and pi by two times four so these are differentially encoded and that is where that is the key to understanding that you know you are you are these should be robust to a little bit of frequency offsets let's check so now let's increase the frequency offset it's just verify what is happening so the frequency over here is delta f and we're multiplying this this should be connected over here of course we're multiplying we're now doing a frequency offset let's add some noise and if you perform frequency offset you can see that the constellation is rotating but the red one is not rotating the reason is because the red one is differentially decoded let us actually just increase the number of points by a factor of 10 and if you execute it with noise you will see that this constellation rotates while the other one doesn't and for slow rotations the differential decoding will work pretty well as the rotation speed increases you are going to become somewhat susceptible to noise and that becomes a problem so in this manner you can see that because you're doing differential detection the red one is more robust and not does not have the propensity to rotate for especially for small frequency offsets in this lecture we have seen some techniques to not have to use a PLL or to a great degree that is let's not track the frequency but let's just use a costar's loop to essentially track the frequency but one limitation with the costar's loop as I mentioned earlier is that it works only under some scenarios and for PSK constellations and not otherwise similarly differential phase shift keying makes use of of the fact that you can embed information in transition between the successive symbols phases and that to an extent diminishes the effect of frequency and phase offsets however in the presence of noise it is less robust than a coherent detection strategy where you use a phase lock loop to lock and track the frequency the reason is because if the frequency offsets essentially affect your decision regions that is in the case of differential phase shift keying with four symbols if it takes you slightly away then you are less robust to noise because of the fact that you are not really estimating the carrier just hoping that it doesn't take you away these are some aspects that you have seen in the series of lectures and in the next sequence of lectures we're going to now look at the next impairment that is how the medium or the channel affects your performance how distortions introduced by the medium can be tracked and corrected thank you


As Ravens fans, this season has been filled with a lot, a whole lot of bad news because this guy and that guy and this guy and that guy and the list goes on about who was getting injured next. And there was that popular saying that it was next man up, but we were almost starting to feel like at one point like we ain't gonna have no men left. But now things seem to be turning around and in a major way and the biggest part about this announcement to me in my eyes in my opinion is that the passing game without Rashad Bateman, the passing game without Miles Boykin, the passing game without those two has actually been going pretty well. I know yesterday was rough for Hollywood he had the three very very very very very bad drops, but besides that overall the passing game has been going pretty good. So I want you to just imagine, just really imagine, really just think about it, think about the possibility of when a Rashad Bateman comes back, when a Miles Boykin comes back, Devin Duvenay still there, James Proshay still there, and obviously Hollywood and Sammy Watkins. The passing game, it has been opened up a lot, a lot. And Hollywood has been, Sammy Watkins has been very beneficial to Hollywood and to actually have a receiver that teams respect opposite of you and of course still have Mark Andrews as well. So everybody's not on you and Hollywood has been getting open like crazy, like crazy. So just imagine now, you got Hollywood, you got Sammy Watkins, you got Mark Andrews, they've been opening up the game for each other, but then you add a Rashad Bateman to that, then you add a Miles Boykin to that. And then soon enough you add a Nick Boyle to that too, well he's more so for the running game but he doesn't even make some clutch catches now. But it just, it's nice to see. So when John Harbaugh said it today, he said it's so nonchalantly too, and he knows we've been waiting for this news, he knows we've been asking for this news, and I see it like every single video, man what's going on with Rashad Bateman, any updates on Rashad Bateman, what's happening with Rashad Bateman?  But with him saying that both Rashad Bateman and Miles Boykin were going to be practicing this week, it was just, it was beautiful, because this is what we've been waiting on. This is some news that we've just been so anxiously waiting to hear, that the Ravens first round, cause the Ravens, I know there were some Ravens fans that were like, man, every time we draft a receiver in the first round, they get hurt. What's going on man? Are we cursed? No, but not. It just been unfortunate circumstances, that's it.  They were like, oh man, last time with Rashad Bateman, he ended up getting hurt. That didn't work out with Hollywood, he ended up getting hurt, it worked out, but he still ended up getting hurt, but he played week one, so it's a little different. Then they were like, oh, we're Rashad Bateman now, another first round wide receiver. He got hurt and he's missing time. So it's, it's fine. It's fine. And you know what? It's funny, because timing is certainly everything. John Harbaugh, John Harbaugh knows we be watching him, and he knows we be listening to what he be saying, and he knows that, even though my memory shot, some stuff that we remember, we can remember a little bit. So we try to remember the most important things. But with John Harbaugh, we know that his, whenever he spoke about injury, it wasn't always so accurate. And again, that's, that's, that was the beginning of the end for Bashar Perryman with the Ravens. I really do feel like, and of course it was the on field stuff too. But when Harbaugh spoke about his injury, he just, he put this extra enormous amount of pressure on him, on Bashar Perryman. And he, he set an expectation for fans like, okay, he's week to week. All right, we're straight. He's week to week. He'll be back soon. That's what Harbaugh said. But then when he missed the rest of the year, it was like, oh, come on, Harbaugh. But anyway, Harbaugh, when he spoke about Bashar Bateman, when he first had the surgery, he was like, hey, he'll be back in September. I think he should be back in September. And a lot of us were like, September, groin injury. Now, if he is, okay, cool, we ain't gonna complain. But September, yeah, I don't know all, I don't know about that one. But guess what? Harbaugh could end up being right at the same time with a lot of us all right too. Because I didn't expect him to play in September. But Harbaugh said, hey, he'll be back in September. And with him practicing this week, tomorrow is Tuesday, and that's September 28th. Wednesday is September 29th, and Thursday is September 30th. Raven's game isn't until Sunday, October 3rd. So technically, he'll be back in September. He just won't play in September. So Harbaugh, you got this one. Funny little word play there, but you got it. So kudos to John Harbaugh for calling him. He let us know. He told us and he was technically right. But all of us who said that we didn't expect Bashar Bateman to play in September, we were right as well. But it's nice that he'll be back. And like I talked about before, just how open the passing game has been with just Hollywood and Sammy Watkins, it's going to be nice to serve Bashar Bateman in there too. So he and they're not just going to throw him out there. All right, you are out there all the time now. They're going to ease him back. Well, the expectation is that they ease him back in. So he should he should help take this passing game to another level. And then with Miles Boykin, same thing. And with Miles Boykin, I really hope that this year when he does get opportunity, I hope that I thought that he is given opportunity. I hope that he really is given opportunity because that's been something that I feel like has been holding him back. Now, every receiver ain't going to go off for 100 yards every game. It's not the expectation. Because I mean, even we see right now, Ravens have only had a few receivers. Tyler Wallace hasn't really been out there at all. But it's been Hollywood and Watkins, DuVernay and Pro Shade. They haven't really been involved much. DuVernay has been out there a lot. He's been blocking and whatnot. He got the touchdown yesterday, but he hasn't really been involved much as a receiver. So with Miles Boykin, it'll be hard. It'll be hard. But it's important that he make the most of whatever opportunity he gets. And one thing about Miles Boykin that you got to respect, despite the lack of opportunities, despite a lot of fans just talking down on him, despite all of that, you never hit this man say nothing negative. You never hit this man complain.  I can't stand that. Never, not once. Never. So shout out to Miles Boykin for that. And Miles Boykin, he can add another element, like I said, to the passing game, but also to the running game, too. Because now Ravens are getting back their biggest receiver and their best blocking wide receiver. So the running game, it's been up and down. It's been up and down. But when you start to get guys like this back who have a huge impact on a running game, it can only get better. It can only get better. So these are some big returns this week, a practice. And hopefully they can come off of I.R. this week, both of them. That's the news that we really want to hear. But until then, we'll just keep on waiting it out and seeing how it goes. The Ravens, they do have spots available for them because they have not been at a 53-man roster all year. They were like at 51, then they were 49 or something like that, but they haven't been at a 53-man roster. So they got spots ready and available once they do activate those guys. So we'll see how practice goes. We'll see what their health is after this week of practice or during this week of practice. And if the Ravens feel like they're ready to go, boom, they can be activated because they are eligible. But just because they practice this week, it is not a guarantee that they're activated off of injured reserves. So that's just something to keep in mind. It's not a guarantee. If they practice in full though this week, and it's not like it's not all limited practice, if they like practice in full, then the expectation would be that they be activated. But again, it's not set in stone. So we'll just wait it out and see how it goes. Anyway, Team Keep It Clean, appreciate y'all. I love y'all. And just like Bateman and Boykin no longer all, I'm out.


I have my stuff. I am not a perfect human being. I'm packed. I'm far from it. And certainly after my divorce, I was an incredibly fallible human being. I needed someone to love me so I can feel good about myself. I was operating what I always say on my videos because the vast majority of humans at least here in the United States are suckling on the nipple of I need you to love me so I can feel good about myself. I need you to call me morning and night so I'm feel safe. By the way, there's nothing wrong with that but it's also a two-lane street in relationship too. It's not a demand. These are mutual requests to meet each other's needs. But sadly, we're rather selfish and I am guilty of everything I share in most every one of my videos.


While COVID-19 continues to disrupt physical classroom engagement in the education sector, the Ministry of Education is continuing efforts to enable online learning through the distribution of smart devices. The recipients of the latest laptop donation are members of the Empress Eve Agro Security Central's Ease Arastopherian Women's Farming Organization. Minister for Education, Innovation, Generations and Sustainable Development, Honourable Dr. Gilbert highlighted the importance of supporting women, especially during a pandemic. One of the things that COVID-19 has unearthed is the vulnerability, the heightened vulnerability of women and girls, especially during a pandemic. In fact, many of them are engaged in the informal sector, many are young entrepreneurs, and this particular group of ladies from Ease have among them, fisherfolk and farmers. They are also single mothers. Honourable Dr. Gilbert said the donation to Ease is a perfect intersection of the work done under her portfolio. When we speak of sustainable development, we also speak of sustainable livelihoods. And that is why, thanks to the Engender Project, through the kindness and benevolence of our partners such as UN Women and our friends in Canada, we were able to mobilize some resources to intervene in the lives of our women who found themselves further marginalized because they had lost their jobs because of COVID or had encountered additional economic hardship. The leader of Ease, Danny James expressed gratitude for the minister's continued support. I would like to first thank the minister for receiving us, for listening to us, for assisting us, because from inception, when I first put the group together after COVID, we went to the minister and she was very, very instrumental in receiving us, wanting to assist us and coming in today. She has showed us she is on board with us and we do appreciate and we give thanks for the donation which we know will help and benefit our children in doing online schooling, online learning in these times, in these COVID times now. Once again, Madam Minister, we want to thank you. Coming from the group, we want to thank you immensely. The Engender Project, UN Women and Canadian Allies to the Governmental Inclusion, all partnered on the initiative.


For all your NRG innovation product needs, make sure you check out driveenerg.com. That's D-R-I-V-E-N-R-G.com. What's up everybody, I'm Evil Rabbit here on Forza Horizon 3 staring at my carbon Kevlar Corvette drift car. So I've been wanting to get back into Horizon 3 so what better way to do it than take out my 711 horsepower Corvette drift car and drift the Goliath. Figured I haven't drifted the Goliath before, I know I've drifted the map before, but why not run the Goliath circuit, no traffic, good weather, and see how much we can drift, how long we can drift if we can drift the whole thing. You know what better way to get back into Horizon 3 drifting than to basically punish myself with non-stop drifting so we're going to head right into that, we're going to get a Goliath race set up, believe I have one not set up, the wheel can turned on. So it's set up for the event here, and exhibition, edits, current car, Chevy, Goliath, and then race settings, we're going to do one lap, early afternoon clear, time progression fixed, confirm, and I know there's going to be other cars, but I'm not really going to worry about them. So other cars on the track, not too worried about them, so we're just going to create it one lap, and we are going to get set. So drifting the Goliath, I know there's going to be other cars in here, I'm not too worried about them, I'll probably let them go, and then I will start drifting sideways after I have a sip of my Corona here. I don't condone drinking and drifting, we're going to throw this over here so I don't knock it over. We got our handbrake set up, Log 6 G920, energy innovation 350 wheel, energy innovation bucket seat, we may actually be able to beat these guys, sideways maybe, probably not. We're going to find out, easy winning, I know, so let's go, I might be able to beat them. Drifting, we're definitely going to try, probably not though, once we get off this dirt, we're going to start setting it, and we'll set it now. I've never really actually tried drifting the Goliath circuit, I know I've drifted the map before, tried too many ways, but I figured why not try and drift the actual Goliath circuit, instead I'm not worried about position right now, we're just here to get the skids going, try and stay on course as much as we can, I mean if we can beat them then that's even better, but I just want to get off this dirt, this car is not really good on dirt, there we go, now that we are off the dirt, we can race our way up to some turns, get a little airborne through there, oh crap, I was worried I was going to hit that, I thought we were going to hit the palm tree, somehow we saved that, we are on 900 degrees of rotation, so this is pretty interesting, and I haven't been on ours in three in a while, so don't hit the tree, I'm going to try to keep this as clean as possible, so I do apologize if my drifting is a little lax right now in here, it's been a while since I've been on Horizon 3, but what better way to come back than connect ourselves in a Goliath drifting session, probably should have tuned these gears a little bit better, and we're dead, I didn't want to kill ourselves and we're dead, so this Goliath Drift session not starting off the best, but it is fun to be back here in Horizon 3, and I threw that a little bit harder than I wanted to, so not how I wanted to turn out, but I am only human, so, and I haven't been on Horizon 3, I'm doing a lot of Force of Seven and Assetto, so you have to bear with me a little bit on this, physics a lot different, I do like these little high speed sections, it would go right on the edge, almost zero steered that turn too, I always go off that bridge in Goliath or something, I don't know why, it's like my kryptonite is that section, probably could choose a different car, but I figured this car would be pretty good for some of the high-speed stuff, and it's handling really well, I haven't driven this car much, so definitely, definitely a different, different thing, trying to link this as much as I can, this car handles so nice at higher speeds, so definitely chose a good car for this, definitely coming into a nice SE section that we're gonna have to deal with, adjust my mic a little bit, I have the power to kick it out, nope, the downshift to fourth, so I know we're gonna get to go through one of the drift sections in this Goliath race, but we're dead, so we die twice, luckily I don't believe I have some damage on, it's only cosmetic because otherwise this would be a very bad time, but this Corvette does have a lot of speed and a lot of lateral grip and a lot of wheel spin, it's very good in low-speed sections too, but I feel like once we get out of these high-speed drift sections, my drifting will be a lot better, I guess, go, using all the road, doesn't like to just clutch kick at this high rate of speed, so that's why I gotta yank the handbrake a little bit, I don't think we're gonna do a sixth gear entry, you might though, I thought I could cheat that with the ebrake, we did kind of cheat it a little bit, but we're still a, it's a long way to go, there's a lot of drifting though, and this is definitely gonna be a very high-speed turn if I can get it right, tap on the flag, just a flag tap, that was straight 90, this car can not catch itself like that all the time, I thought I was actually gonna lose it, wrong button, but we didn't, we don't have mirrors, well we don't really need mirrors at cars, I think this is gonna be that little bridge jump, I haven't driven this Goliath circuit ever, 200 miles an hour, are we gonna be doing a 200 mile an hour handbrake, I think we are, this is gonna be sketchy, we're gonna try and do a 200 mile an hour handbrake into this S section, this is gonna be pretty sketchy, but we should be good, oh we're gonna be doing 200 mile an hour entry into this one, we got a force of thought though, we got distracted by force of thought, apparently we're getting achievements, now we're getting into some of the drifting sections, the achievements kind of distracted me a little bit, I kind of lost my focus, I was trying to see what the achievements were, I'm gonna have to go back and check what achievements these were because I really couldn't pay attention, oh that was nice, try not to grab the handbrake with that one, this is gonna turn out bad, maybe not somehow manage to save that one, I have no idea how, hope we're good, that's some rotation that this car cannot do, so abusing myself back into force of horizon 3, definitely gonna be doing a lot more in horizon 3, definitely misses, gonna get some slides with some old friends, who I used to get doors with here in horizon 3, as well as we're gonna probably do some force of thons and stuff that I do miss doing the force of thons in horizon 3, we got it, what did we, we're getting all of these achievements, so apparently I'm just completing the force of thon as I'm talking about doing the force of thons and getting stuff, I didn't even look at the force of thons work, so we're completing the force of thon while just having a fun time drifting, that was nice, that was nice section to see if we can make this, and there's another one, so these are just rare achievements, these aren't even like I don't think these are force of thon achievements, I'm just racking in achievements and I didn't even think, well, so this is an achievement episode for sure, we're gonna hit that wall, that was not just a tap, so we get a lot of achievements forcing ourselves back into drifting here in horizon 3, having a lot of fun doing it, thought I was gonna shoot that, just a little Goliath drift session, we've died twice, we've hit a lot of walls, but it hasn't been that bad, I mean, my drifting hasn't been too horrible, I wanted to run the sidewalk line, but kind of got screwed up there, so we are still good, but we are almost done with this Goliath, we get a little bit more to go, and some more turns to make, but we are pretty much done, I don't know how many more drifty turns there are, like I said, I haven't done anything in a Goliath race in forever, some massive oversteer, understeer, sorry, I mean we're not too far off them, but we are really far off them, sort of mile an hour entry, straightened up, that turn always comes up and gets me, even when I'm trying to race the Goliath, we have a curb line, we have a tree tap, it wouldn't be better if I would have stayed on the road, but at least we got a tree tap, and it was a tree that I actually could give, so I hope you guys enjoyed this episode here on Forza Horizon 3, I will be doing more Horizon 3, getting back into drifting and racing, and doing Forza in such a Horizon 3, as well as the normal Forza 7, I am looking possibly to do a 4mm drift build on a supercar here in the near future with that Ferrari at Road Atlanta this weekend, so Road Atlanta Pro 2 is qualifying in such as today, we got all the pro event and everything going on this weekend, definitely watching Road Atlanta as well as getting myself prepped for Road Atlanta Round 2 of the USDA, hoping to get a good qualifying and maybe qualify in for the events, so hopefully that will happen and hopefully I can get, you know, tag a decent qualifying run and get into the Heads Ahead Battles, don't hit that, it will be nice, Road Atlanta is a fun course in making some minor changes to the ESD8 Camaro that Road's expert, so livery and everything is the same, but I've changed the wheels up, weight, power and such, tire grip levels, so we are definitely changing a lot on that car a little bit to get it ready for Road Atlanta, so look forward to seeing Road Atlanta content coming to the channel, as well as other content coming soon, I'm getting, this is a lot of drifting, I totally forgot how tired your arms get with doing drifting in a Goliath, I don't think I've ever really drifted a full Goliath, but we're gonna hit the old ladies house, nope, we're gonna hit the train, so I think that's pretty much gonna do it here for this episode here on Forza Horizon 3, I've made a shamble of this car, this car would be completely destroyed if this is real, alright be dead, three times over, but as you guys know you guys can follow me on Facebook, Twitch, Twitter and Instagram, all of which are found in the description box below, not enough power, I really wish I had more power, kind of want to bring out the the Hunicorn and rip the Hunicorn through a Goliath, all-wheel drive slides, if you guys want to see the Hunicorn on the Goliath, let me know down in the comment section down below, I may actually do it just for fun, but 1200 horsepower all-wheel drive Hunicorn and Goliath sound like a good time, so until next time guys, thank you guys for watching, I'm EvilRabbit and we're about to go on the beach, just a tap and I'm out


T. F. N. N. Headline news update. Good afternoon, folks. Steve Rhodes coming to you live from the shores of sunny Delray Beach, Florida. This year, 2 p.m. Update and currently we have a mixed bag out here. That mix goes like this. The Dow is up 381 points, a little over 1% S&P 4 tenths or 17 points. NASDAQ 100 is off 1% 133 points. Russell's up 1% 18 points. Somebody's up 11 points. That's three tenths. Tranny's up a little over 2% 332 points to the upside. Gold's off 4 bucks. Silver down 13 pennies. Lights recruit is up 65 cents. Natural gas back 23 cents. And it's the Dow that we're going to begin focusing in on. Why is that? Well, if we take a look at the index ETF, the DIA, we can see that price is trading right into resistance. Is this the end of the move? I don't know what I can share with you. It's also trading into a swing point. And that's a swing point from the trading session of March 29th. And that swing point has volume of 4.71 million shares. It's two o'clock and it's already at 3.2. So it does look like the Dow diamonds are going to have the volume. And that says if we see a close above 35371, you're going to have a confirmed A to B equal CD to the upside out there. That would give you an initial price projection of 370202. That is not where price will stop or that is not likely where price would stop. What do you mean, Stevo? If you look at the retracement here, the B to C leg, it's a 41% retracement. If in fact we get a close above 35371 with volume, that is a strong move up there and says that likely this does more than a one to one A to B equal CD. So your targets would be 380 and 391 inside of the Dow diamonds. Of course, that gets us back to new all-time highs out there. So the Dow diamonds really are the thing to be watching today, or at least one of the things to be watching today. If we go take a quick peek at our indices out here with the next 30 seconds, you'll see if there's any signals that they are providing to us. Well, we can begin by taking a look at the Dow. It's above its green oscillator and change line takes out that swing point, and it takes out the 35431 level. Now this is the Dow cash index out here. That would be another confirmation of an A to B equal CD to the upside. The S&P is above its green oscillator and change line suggests moving 4603. The NASDAQ 100 is struggling. Suggesting wants to go back and retest the lows. Russell 2000 wants to go back and test the 2150 area. The semis look like they want to continue to move higher out there, but it's a red oscillator and change line, so it's not as certain. The Dow transports looks like they want to continue to move higher. New York Stock Exchange should go target 6932. Folks, stay tuned. Your favorite polar bears up next. Have a wonderful Wednesday. I look forward to seeing you tomorrow on terrific Thursday. 1 o'clock sharp. Take care.