But I'm here not as an early child educator my career has been Exclusively in special education, and I'm a late comer. I'm a late convert to to the early years And I'll tell you why I became a late convert So this is me at kindergarten half day I know what you're thinking clearly a child prodigy Actually that look of terror is well-founded because I just met my first nun a few minutes before that picture is taken But I've worked in the system. I thought this is being videotaped sorry sisters of mercy Again, I apologize again But I've worked in the system for 38 years that pushed for early identification and intervention in the hope that we're going to help children Catch up but speckhead sees early identification as somewhere around age nine or ten These kids start to surface around kindergarten a great one and the teachers as well, you know, let's see how they do Let's just watch and see how they go how they develop give them time and then they said well Yeah, maybe he does have a weakness Let's start a pre referral process of documenting some help and then they refer for an assessment And then they get an assessment after about a year wait list and by the time nine or even ten years of age The child is died. No sir identified with whatever and we start the process of helping that child catch up Well, I'm here to tell you that in 38 years. I've seen very few children catch up. Yes, some are yes We've gotten better at transitioning some of these students into and through post-secondary But for the most part speckhead is a one-way road once you come off that regular curriculum once you come out of the regular class and Start requiring individualized support. There's very few roads back to the to the to the very good curriculum So in about 2010 I met Jane Bertrand and we jokingly tell the story What happens when a special educator and an early child educator meet in the bar? One of the two will say very quickly. Oh my god, you were the sole threat to long-term employment for me And I became really fascinated with the research on the early years from the perspective of a special education teacher I was my my Paul on the road to the mascus moment meeting Jane Bertrand And I was involved at the time with a prep foundation Which is a philanthropic foundation in Newfoundland and partnered with the McCain Foundation to push out Better public policy around early the early years at that point the early years report came out in 2010 And Newfoundland had porous model of early years in the country and in about 2015 we We developed integrated governance of our early years and that was a huge game-changer Getting all the people in the same tent and forcing them to talk together and plan together was an absolute game-changer for us Then a couple years later. We announced full-day kindergarten huge backlash to that one when they came out We're going to ruin education by by forcing all those poor five-year-olds to be in school for a full day Huge outcry. I could not go to a cocktail party without being attacked And then the day after full-day kindergarten started everybody loved it Everyone was on the road to the mascus when that happens And then right after that about in 2017. I was appointed to the previous task force on improving educational outcomes Newfoundland struggles with his education model and the premier wanted a task force to look at a whole host of different things three of which were inclusive education Student mental health and the early years and I was given the easy three files to write other that Other that report came the overwhelming realization that if you want a conversation on improving any Outcome in education you have to start talking about the early years It has to be foundational to the conversations. We recommended junior kindergarten, which is about to be phased in we We recommended opening up the schools act to redefine the student to allow us to start to allow the neighborhood school to start offering before and after school after hours programming we Recognize that a community's biggest resource in meeting the needs of young families is the neighborhood school and Building on that infrastructure building on that capacity Strengthening the relationship between that school and those families will address the needs much more effectively They try to replicate duplicate and create other systems of care so So that task force and the research that I came across During the password got me really interested as a researcher into what is the exact nature of ECE in preventing special education So we came up with four research questions, which are here on the board Basically, can we prevent special education for some kids and for those kids who have an exceptionality? Can we lessen the amount of support they're going to require further down the road? And what what's the data say about that so we went into the data and across the province is looking for information So the first question is what's the context? Well, the two disciplines of ECE and spec ad have a remarkably similar Process, I mean we both look, you know, just demand for both There's both conversations around quality certainly in the the earlier sector Trichlin frameworks have become increasingly central to defining what is quality and applaud you on Launching yours today the rise of play-based pedagogy and the popularity of that what we're seeing in education is when When we introduced play Play in the kindergarten we're now seeing play creeping its way up into the higher grades We're seeing grade one grade two grade three teachers Saying but they can do that. Why can't we do it? And that's happening and of course the professionalization of both sectors continues to be a concern the difference with With the spec ad of course is that you and rights legislation Mandated the inclusion of all children, right? So we get universal access for spec ad kids on the human rights legislation Unless there are less than five years of age and it was an issue Well, that's too much. We've also but for the most part as I said, we remain awake to fail model But there's been a big shift in special education, which is really central to my argument The special education first started in the 60s in the 70s most of the children Receiving our supports were there because of intellectual disabilities physical disabilities genetic disabilities, etc due to poor maternal health and You know a lot of issues that we've since realized and and have successfully addressed And of course low socioeconomic status continues to dominate special ed now. However when you look across The vast majority of kids are in special education are there because of lags in literacy numeracy and writing language delays delays and emotional behavior problems When you look across Looking for the numbers. We see that about 13 percent 13 to 15 percent of the population Are enrolled of the school population are enrolled in special education 60% are there for those three areas. These are the areas that now are much more malleable to the benefits of early child education Looking across the country. We asked all the provinces for numbers We got numbers from most provinces We quickly discovered you can't compare the numbers in Canada because the provinces simply don't keep the same data They don't collect the same data in the same way the diagnostic criteria are radically different Some provinces are moving away from categorizing kids and have non categorical models some provinces have really strong categorical models and some provinces have categorical models and a Category for excuse me category for children who are not categorized. So when you start comparing numbers, it's a It's a dog's breakfast But if you look at BC that the number of Students in spec ed you have about 30 percent of your kids are there because of learning disabilities 23% are there because of behavior issues. I did not get speech language issues in my request I'm not sure if you record them under spec ed. I suspect not in Newfoundland. We're a much more familiar You see that those trends that we talked about a few minutes ago They're standing up across the problems is the vast majority are there for highly treatable areas so can we reduce Can easy reduce a spec ed Well, we have 60 years of longitude and a data on Early years and when you start looking at all of these studies you start seeing trends emerge You start seeing the same thing again and again and again The boosts are in literacy and math language social emotional skills Low SES kids are the most impacted Some of these studies actually commented to various degrees that it can lower spec ed cost And most of them as Craig alluded to this morning most of them talked about the cost benefits So the intersection the research is the intersection between our two disciplines the benefits of ECE are the exact same reasons Why kids are in spec ed right if we're boosting these kids then there's an impact down the road There's been great interest Ted Craig's not the only person who's interested in looking at these longer to know studies as a collective in the US in 2017 a group looked at 22 of these studies and what they found was that you can they said that you can reduce special education by at least 8% That you can improve grade retention by 8.29 percent and increase high school Graduation by over 12% because the very things that ECE focuses on are the things that Prevent or that causes kids to land in SES. What's important here is that they're looking at studies that are older Right, so the number the impacts that the amount lowering seems low 8% does not seem to be a lot I was a fortune, but in the next few slides. I'm going to start talking about some more modern studies Craig's Study was really interesting because They're ready for life study because he talks about the cost benefit and if you consider who's in special education Yes, you know if we invest more in the early years We can lower the cost of spec Ed, but to return an investment across these children's lives is profound There are few kids in spec Ed graduate very few kids go on to post secondary the impact of them financially is significant across their lifespan Couple weeks ago this presentation was done and lo and behold another group this time in Europe Start to look at the European longitudinal studies. They felt that ECE in Europe is much more a universal they have different broad set of kids in there in Enrolled and they wanted to see whether or not the findings the boosts that we're seeing in American studies holds up in the European context So 17 studies nine countries 1600 kids 60% of these studies only track to the end of elementary But what they found was the exact same thing that is being found in American studies that language literacy and math is the biggest boost and that there's no fade that these boosts do not date over time and They spoke to the need the policy implications of this They also spoke to the need for professional development to make sure this happens The largest longitudinal study is perhaps the epi data set which many of you are familiar Tevolution a whole bunch in the UK track 3000 students beginning in 1997 Huge data set that's still in existence. It's been extensively reported on and there's been a number of follow-up studies They came out of that and again They found that students with two years of high quality ECE had the gains that you see there language literacy Self-regulation social skills post-secondary participation on and on you've heard them all about now But the epicenter the episode study was significant because it was the first time they really spoke to the difference between Low quality ECE and high quality ECE They found that you know all kids benefit, but the boosts for kids with high quality is much more significant They also commented that and they looked at two years So there's a dose and quality a two-year dose and the high quality you get a big impact They also commented that kids who had additional ECE prior to age four had an even bigger bigger gap a bigger gain One of the follow-up studies on the epi debt data set was a study called the etson study the early years Transition and special needs they looked at kids with speck ed Issues and they compared the kids who did had your home stayed stay at home kids who had no Exposure to ECE with kids who had two years and the impact was significant 51% of kids of home kids were at risk for cognitive development Whereas 21% if they had two years experience 44% of home kids were at risk for reading compared to 23% 51% at risk for social struggles compared to 21% for those who had two years quality So a second in-depth look at the epi study Start to pick apart even further I should say that there was a third study done on the epi data set and attracted kids. This was into grade two But they the second study tracked the kids in the grade five And I didn't report that here because that's third study story That study looked to see what factors can predict special education needs And they came up with all kinds of things like birth weight mother's education level socioeconomic status of the home and and including in moment in the in the early years And I'm gonna come back to the etson study later In Ontario as we speak there is a longitudinal study going on that takes what we mean by quality up a notch So they are as you know, Ontario start to phase in The full day kindergarten and and junior kindergarten allowing a control group So Jan Peltier and her team start to track the kids who had the two years experience Compared to the kids who did not have them and she's trapped them through now to I think grade five Jane great five great six great six now Six hundred students very diverse groups of kids very you know, economic or very ethnically diverse and economically diverse and The other thing about the thing about taking quality up a notch is that These children are in the same classroom in a mixed ability group four and five year olds with a kindergarten teacher and a Trained early child educator who have a mandate to collaborate and they hold the kids for two years So at the end of those two years that Instructional team really knows the child and really knows their families What Jan found was that what Jan found up to in grade three full day kindergarten Significantly higher in all areas again same thing coming coming through also a high in number not Number knowledge and ready She also found a very important thing that these kids because they were in the school with wraparound services before and after school in the same site In there and she interviewed all the kids the kids who had the stable site Spent most of their time talking about play the kids who had to change sites Spent most of their time talking about who got them where? Right, they were in survival mode. They spent most of their day in coping mode around how I got there How I got there who brought me what who was late and spent very little time talking about play, right? Because they were in a stressed environment and Of course what we're fine is the ECE and full day kindergarten teachers are increasingly learning to be more collaborative so We were really interested in that in all of these studies say the same thing for the most part But we wanted to go back back to the epi data set Which is still in existence and back to to Peltier study and say dig deeper look You know for a take a closer look We asked a militia to take it right through the high school graduation Instead of asking which kids got referred we wanted to ask which kids are at risk for referral It's now with models of inclusion and with different policy and funding There's all kinds of hidden bias around whether or not a child will be referred if there's programs That carry extra money. There's going to be more children refer to it If you have a teacher or a program or school that is highly inclusive They're going to refer less kids to speck it So we wanted to measure which kids are at risk of special education needs if they are more than one standard deviation from the mean in a multiple the multiple domains and What we found was really interesting. I should say that these articles these two studies will be published shortly Epi went back and from birth to high school graduation the kids who had low quality early learning 36% reduction in cognitive risk at age five compared to those with high quality 45% reduction and It held right through all of the other multiple the other indicators as well 40% reduction in risk for cognitive risk by age 16 55% reduction in cognitive risk by the by age 16 Stir powerful numbers and if you listen to Craig like if these are high numbers take the lowest number and it's still very impressive right He he they tracked for social behavioral risk as well But there's a problem with how they measured social emotional risk in that they used teacher checklist And they found that they were very subjective and one of the things that was happening with the kids who had the highest risk for Behavioral issues they start to disappear as they moved into the higher grades They start to drop out right or be reassigned from the school But the epic data say is is was very very powerful malicious article on this will be released soon It is an appraising south it is in our report and is accessible as well So we asked Jan to do the same thing In Ontario John Peltier in Ontario go back and look at which kids are more than one standard deviation From the mean in self-regulation vocabulary in reading What she found was kids with half day kindergarten were three times more likely Than kids with the two years experience to be more than one standard deviation Right three years in self-regulation Self-regulation is huge in behavior management as you well know if a child can't regulate their behavior They are going to be a challenge in the school and they are going to be at profound risk for mental health issues one of the issues that we had in Newfoundland that came about with with Integrated governance was that we realized that we had it to start embedding social emotional learnings in our curriculum frameworks And start training our kindergarten teachers to do the same and we quickly realized wait now hold on Where are the early child educators? Why are we not focused on embedding social emotional learnings in the curriculum frameworks for the early early years and training our early Child educators if we do a good job on training them We don't need to train the primary and elementary ones near as much as Ted said this morning It's much easier to cause a problem before it manifests solve a problem before it manifests and try to address one after Vocabulary half-day kids were one and a half times more likely than full-day kids than the full-time kids to be more than one standard Deviation and reading they were twice as likely Stark numbers from very current ongoing studies So what we see to the answer to our first question really is that we have multiple evidence Multiple lines of evidence from multiple sources and the preemptive nature. In fact, we get an overwhelming message that we can Prevent special education. How much? Well, that depends on the wall way And the Ontario study I keep plugging the Ontario study that this study is Vital for us to keep tracking these kids to see the impact of such high quality ECE on on these kids development because well, you all know what's going on in Ontario and that's probably at risk of being cut So I'm constantly plugging that So let's move on to the second question. What about the kids who have exceptionalities and When we know that those kids, you know, what's the what's the impact for them if they are in early child education? Well first we asked looked across the country looking for numbers trying to quantify how many kids how inclusive the early year sector was and Same issue the provinces do not collect the same data at the same time the same way So comparing numbers is almost impossible Three Atlantic provinces collect the data in the same way because they work collaboratively coincidentally on Defining how to collect their data. So we know that you know about third of the kids in Newfoundland are in early child Regulated space, but very few of those children are there with Exceptionalities and that that stands up across the country many reasons for this many reasons for this Diagnostic nature of you know, many children aren't yet diagnosed some are in the process of being diagnosed Whole debate on whether or not we need to diagnose children is also there But we know from the international literature that you know OECD says about 25% of children with Exceptionalities have access to To early learning centers. We also know there's studies out that show that children with Exceptionalities are a huge risk for being expelled from early learning centers Autism kids which I'm going to speak to in a second in particular kids with behavioral challenges are Often out as well all of the provinces have inclusive policies for the early years every one of them read those policies stellar policies practice is a different story and in large part because Extra needs means extra hands. It's a HR issue and it's a training issue that quickly emerges. It's not that they don't want these children there is a Accommodating them can be a challenge the federal bilateral agreements actually prioritizes making ECE More inclusive, right? So I call the early years as the last frontier of inclusive education is the last area that we really need to start doing research We need to start looking at practice not policy to make sure that these centers are increasingly accessible The early child education report 2017 that started in 2010 looking at Monitoring quality ECE across the country one of those benchmarks Calls for funding to be conditional and including children with special needs That benchmark has hardly moved since monitoring began It's met by only two provinces and it's partially met by three So the vast majority of the country has has not responded to that benchmark Reflecting what we already know the ECE sector is not that inclusive for children with special needs Yes, there are challenges. Yes, there are limitations Yes, it's hard work, but we know from all of the research on inclusive education in the primary Dominate by research in the primary grades. There's many many benefits for children for families for parents And for educators to have inclusive environments and the pros and the cons should balance out at the end of the day Yes, it's hard to work, but it's so important. We should be trying we should be moving towards it families in particular the financial strain on families young families with a child with exceptionalities is profound Profound especially they have a child with complex needs and it's maternal employment that gets to hit the hits Dad doesn't take their time off work. Mom has to take time off work Mom has to give up her job because she can't find placements for her kids and The impact of that is significant So this group there's growing research, you know for Continuity of learning here if we can establish homeschool relationships early for these children with complex needs There's a payoff down the road if we can get to know these families earn the families trust Establish communication with them. It's a lot easier when they come to the school system If teams are established early if you speak to these families now and look at their schedule There are a whole list of people who are involved in their lives and scheduling some nightmare And there's all kinds of relationships that change by the hour as a practitioner's change So we can afford it establish better interprofessional teams early on that tracks the kid as they move forward It will be easier when they hit the school system The irony is that many young many early child educators are increasingly doing a good job and documenting the needs of children What works what doesn't work how to support this family? They send that package on to the school and more often than not the school says, oh, God love you Thank you very much, but I'm gonna form my own opinion. I'm gonna wait and see right Let's give him some time and it's not looked at it's not reviewed Even even in my experience even professional support plans coming from speech therapists or red Sykes or physiotherapists That's not looked at in Newfoundland if they're followed by a speech language Therapist in the zero to five age range that therapist stops their work at the fifth birthday Transitions the child to a school based speech language pathologist Right and it all starts again with a new wait list and that's increasingly reflective across disciplines and across practices The bottom line here. I think is that if these children Can have supports identified in a place earlier when they land in kindergarten They're gonna have a radically different experience. We can be proactive around program planning and It's interesting the OECD and with integrated governance is a real opportunity for this to occur If they're all in one tent we can really good at transition planning We can be really good at sharing and program development and whatnot But OECD did a study on this in 2018 2017 and what we found was that integrated governance alone is no guarantee That collaboration is going to occur That happened in Newfoundland. We housed them in the same corner of the building But they didn't collaborate until the task force came along and made a whole series of recommendations that they had to start Collaborating and the difference is stark the difference in effectiveness is pronounced We need continuity of programs Continuity of policy training and pedagogy We need to start looking if we're if we're doing professional learning for early child educators or for kindergarten teachers We need we doing that collaboratively We need to get these people together and start trying training them collaboratively so they can start sharing their skill sets and That's part of reason why we need to keep the study in Ontario going So we took an in-depth look at autism without question kids with autism are the most challenging kids To program for young kids in the school system. They're resource heavy and they are fairly intensive We know that one in six children in Canada will develop or will have autism We know that rate is going up most school systems. This is no news. We live this every single day 56% of these children are diagnosed during the early years and 75% by the end of primary school so these kids are being identified during the very years. We're talking about right We also know that the Preferred the evidence-based interventions for these children are programs such as ABA and Jasper Which really focuses on developing the child's communication ability settling their Sensory needs and settling addressing their sensory needs and settling disruptive behaviors, right? That's the intention of those programs We look across the country. There is profound variation in the models of early support and access for For children with autism during the early years. We see families actually move provinces to access service Autism parents of autistic kids are become the most mobile families out there who literally have to hop Provinces trying to get different supports for the young kids These kids most of these kids in the K to 12 system or in the earlier system These are the kids who are sent home most often the school system will literally call and say come take him and The parents is like can't I'm working too bad. You have to come and take him, right? I rail against that I absolutely rail against that Sending a child with autism home is because of their behaviors is the exact same thing as your eye landing in the Emergency room and the doctor saying oh my god.  Go home get a bit better and then come back We cannot shirk our responsibility to meet the needs of these kids. It's complicated It's complicated. It requires additional resources. It requires additional training absolutely, but we cannot say Taking home. It's against the schools act No one has the authority except the minister to send the child home, right? If I'm an early learning program or from a grade 7 program, right? That's a pet peeve of mine We also know the financial impact of on these families and I say they're the special mothers And this is an area rich for research Supporting kids on the spectrum in the early-year centers is a huge area of critical importance. Let's look at we also look at mental health right Because mental health has become so topical Right, it's it's it's a great concern across the country and rightly so We see there's a rapid rise in student mental health concerns, but trends are difficult to identify It's difficult to quantify how much mental health is up Across the country because of data collection and one and also because DSM five diagnostic statistical manual five Completely redefined what it means, but for many of these much of the diagnostic criteria was radically changed about ten years ago So tracking Trends as difficult We did look at one point I looked at the pharmaceutical rates and that's where you see an increase the rates of Pharmaceuticals assigned or prescribed for mental health issues in young children. Those numbers are up Overall though, we know about 10 to 25 percent of young children are impacted at some point with and with a mental health issue Most of them go unaddressed for many reasons biggest one being access to service second biggest one being stigma And transitions raises this the stress of these children, we know that Jan Pellche show that in their Ontario study disrupted Disruptive or inconsistent unstable early-year programs is extremely stressful for children We know as well that the mental health of the early child educator is critical There are studies out of the show that as the stress level of the early child educator rises the stress level of the child rises right, there's a perfect correlation and We also know as Ted said this morning Once these maladaptive behaviors are unchanged. They are really difficult to redirect right so the big thing for me around the the mental health what the research says is that The three big boosts that come out of quality ECE is language Social skills and self-regulation those are the knock of the factors against mental health If a child has the ability to express themselves to talk about their feelings to understand and interact and converse with those around them if a child can form and maintain Relationships with peers and with others and interact in a socially appropriate way and if a child has the ability to Regulate their behaviors and emotions. They are at Significantly reduced risk for mental health issues Especially for children who are at most risk especially for the children who are raising chaotic homes around stable homes or impoverished I want to speak for a second on the importance of early curriculum frameworks and I mentioned I'm really pleased to see To see that you've just launched yours which I have a copy of which I will be reading on the plane tomorrow on the way home And if I have any concerns, I'll email when I get home My guests without even opening the cover my guests be looking at curriculum frameworks across the country My guess is that it does not go deep enough around social emotional learnings And it does not go pragmatic enough around social emotional learnings that having cracked the cover report So this is just my guess because that's what's happening in other frameworks. We know that we need explicit social emotional learnings Embedded strongly in the curriculum. We need educators strongly trained on how to deliver that and a good response of teaching and We know that the training to meet those outcomes has to be ongoing and sustained and it has to be linked with the K-12 curriculum that that continuity of pedagogy and program is Absolutely essential for social emotional learning these kids need to be need to have the same skills reinforced over and over again as Play occurs in special education the way we teach social emotional learning is that we do role plays Right, so we sit down with an eight-year-old. Okay, Johnny. Let's role play The way early child educators teach social emotional learning is that they reinforce it as it happens When Johnny and Betty are having a conflict or when Johnny is having a struggle the early child educator uses that struggle to reinforce Right and to teach and if this continuity around training and and outcomes then it's a reinforced again and again and again And if it's done well during the early years the need to do it in the higher grades Starts to drop off. It's the kids develop the skills And if I'm wrong in your curriculum frameworks, and if you've done an exceptionally good job on social emotional learnings I will email and congratulate you Play-based pedagogy is also critical to the mental health of children because it reinforces the natural interactions of children as They happen as they interact with one another right It pushes out emotional regulation It pushes out physical development physical development is a big issue if there's any occupational therapists in the room You're gonna say yep. Yep. Yep for any minus an occupational therapist And she used to say she says five years ago Children used to skip into my room and it took me two days to teach them how to ride a bike now It takes me a week to teach them how to skip Because play has changed so much right the motor-developing children is not occurring and there's all kinds of Issues coming out that including sensory issues Play facilitates higher cognitive processes is great of creativity a desire to belong It's interesting to see the power of play in an element in an element primary school that just implemented full day kindergarten will play based The teachers literally looked into the classroom about oh my god. Thank God. I'm not teaching in there and Then a couple months later. They see all the kids coming from the playground with their leaves or the rocks or the trees laughing going back to do and I Want to do that. Why can't I take my kids out on the playground? Why can't why do I have to stay in? So where's we when full day kindergarten started the backlash was we're schoolifying early childcare But what we're discovering is that we're playing fine We're playifying education and the impact is significant and it's most significant in these issues so over the years you know that Free play has declined and mental health has increased. There is a correlation. There's a perfect correlation here So conclusions so again Multiple lines of evidence. We feel that children with special education needs who will always need support can have a radically easier Transition to school if we start earlier Families of these kids can have a radically different experience. We can form Stronger relationships with the ones who are most difficult to engage. We can earn their trust Right most most parents of special education kids will say it's always about Every September I have to go back to battle back to war for getting the supports of my child We should not need to do that. Don't we what we know? the early re-engaged the better and The impact is undeniable and mental health and behavior regulation So we started this With a need to create a shared lens to look you know at the early years from the perspective of both an early child Educator and a special educator. I think where we're ending up is the need for greater collaborative focus on inclusion Right, we need to look at at we need more research in many of these areas This is an area like the research in the early years and the research and special ed has been completely separate over the years We need to start bringing some of that together We need to start looking at practice portfolios IPPs individual plans following these kids through right business early child educator will tell you What works and what doesn't work kindergarten teacher should be listening to that and they should know it well in advance Professional learning as I mentioned earlier. We need to look at at Collaborative professional development between the two sectors and allowing them to train one another And policy that ensures inclusive education So the report that we did is available There's the URL all the references all that I didn't put the references here Just out of space on the slides, but all the studies all the research is there if you can't get it I'll email you a PDF and in November Maybe early December. We are releasing a special edition of an international scholarly journal Exceptional the education international is a very highly regarded special education journal We have convinced the authors to do a special edition and in that special edition I think we have nine Articles Ted Malouche courtier mine is there. There's one on mental health. There's one on autism It's one on documentation. There's one on transition plan So what we're doing we're really starting to try and join the two disciplines And there's no way to get special education academic scholars to start thinking of this than the published in their world, right? No, no, it's reads that world, but they read that world and Solidifying this in the in the literature. So both of these are accessible and I'm accessible Right, so that's my email address. I'd be more than happy to respond to emails Or for documents, I'm not sure how we are for time. I'm totally Okay, am I as perfect as Craig Alexander my people will be surprised to hear that Thank you


Do you have a crush and you're trying to figure out how to best tell them that you like them without sounding creepy? Well, here are some tips on how to show your crush you like them without sounding creepy number one hint that you like them first Do you talk to your crush? Or have you been watching them from afar in your class? They know you a bit maybe as an acquaintance, but you don't often speak to them before you jump right towards revealing That you like them you may want to hint at it first This is especially true if you don't know them all that well Try flirting with them a bit or increasing your eye contact as long as you're not creepily staring Maybe you can compliment them a few times while making eye contact and smiling if you've been texting them or talking through social media Try flirting a bit there before revealing how you feel about them This way they have a chance to think about how they feel about you as a potential romantic partner first Number two choose to tell them in a location. That's comfortable Still nervous try choosing a comfortable location to tell them You don't want to tell them in an overly crowded location where you have to yell for them to hear you. I like you Awkward well at least you let them know but try to choose a location that's comfortable to the both of you and Maybe one that's more private or away from close ears You'll both have an easier time talking and revealing such personal details such as your feelings for one another number three look to the positive and be respectful when telling your crush you want to be respectful during all parts of the Conversation beforehand don't dwell on what could go wrong Positive things can happen to try your best to stay confident Even if they don't feel the same way about you and if they do reject you be respectful and accept their decision and feelings Number four practice what you'll say and ask friends for their thoughts If you're still a bit nervous perhaps practice what you're going to say in advance in your mind Will you talk about how you've enjoyed spending time with them then reveal your feelings? Will you let them know you like them by asking them out on a date? You could also ask trusted friends for their thoughts as well. Hey, you never know your friend could be a wingman Number five be yourself when you tell them you don't want to try to be someone you're not when asking them Don't go for polar opposite personality when asking them out Don't be untruthful in order to appear more attractive.  It's not as important as you think While it can seem like an extremely major event letting your crush know you like them is something many people do and it's not always as Important as it may seem if they do say no You'll one day move on if they say yes, perhaps they like you as well You'll maybe realize it was worth telling them But not something to be so worried about they'll either want to go out with you or not either way You'll both continue on if you can take a deep breath Relax and simply tell them how you feel So will you ask your crush out? Let them know how you feel if you don't will you regret it? It's a good idea to be honest respectful and true to yourself We hope you enjoyed this video and if you did don't forget to click the like button Comment and share this video with a friend subscribe to psych2go and hit the notification bell icon for more content like this As always, thanks for watching


Welcome to the 2023 FEMMS Congress here in Hamburg. It's a wonderful being back in person. Nothing replaces human contact. I'm enjoying it immensely. I think there's a great selection of talks and topics covering all aspects of microbiology. Really, really interesting things. You never know what you're going to learn. This is the first time I've ever been to a FEMMS Congress. I've had a delightful time. I think I would give it as a habit.


Check it check it check it. It's a unique house issue boy E ceo and I'm here with the lovely amazing outstanding official miss Jamaica What's going on? None? You know my day will walk on but y'all don't forget to like subscribe follow us on all social media platforms Make sure you make it there and About tongue-tied man, you know hey man when you when you special at this like myself You know I'm saying you don't you'd never miss don't miss a never break Ain't no pressure ever gonna do anything cuz my the steps of a good man is all about a lord Hey, man, check it man. We don't boss. I want to one today y'all We got a special special treat for you guys man Y'all got to check this one out man sit down get you a cup of coffee or coca-cola or Sprite or or some water Cuz this might be a good one man D garden Frank's is here man And he has a lot of info that he gonna provide us with today man this guy right here man. He's been Military he wrote books. He's done a play just a Litany of things man, and I'm so honored to have you on boss talk one or one. What a boss is taught Man, let's get to it. So I like to go back and dig deep down as a child growing up because our audience don't know who Gordon Frank's is So let me know where were you born and raised? Little town outside of Detroit. Okay, or here on Michigan. Okay 30,000 people This crime Michigan back then because when I think about Michigan right now People thought about people talk about how you know the gangs the Violence all of that sort of things and that's Detroit even back then. Oh, no, that's not so much. Oh, that's Detroit Okay, so it didn't affect your small town. That's close. Mm-hmm. What was it like growing up there? I Don't like really for lack of a better word. Yeah, and it was my ratio. That's what I was wondering more blacks more white we want to Grade school was predominantly black, but okay after that we matriculated into junior high It was predominantly white. Wow. Yeah, how far is that from Saginaw and all those are quite away We are 50 miles northeast of Detroit. Okay. Okay. Michigan is the map. Mm-hmm. We are right here. Okay I'm out a quarter mile from Canada. Okay. I see where you at Definitely my son went up there and was working a way up there by Canada So he had to be pretty close and I was like, man I seen him up there with a boy of my friends that got a trucking company and I just that's how when I first started saying Dang Canada right there. Yeah, I didn't realize that. Were you raised? Which your mom and dad in the household? Yes Okay, and you're how many siblings do y'all have do you have five of us on my mother's side? Gang of us on my daddy's daddy was a rolling stone. Yes, he was But he was in the household. No That my daddy was in the household, but my father was not. Oh, okay. That's you. So did you know your father? Yes, okay, but he was just not around did you spend time with him? Yes, okay So he was very very instrumental in your upbringing. Yeah kind of like I said, I had a daddy So that's there all the time all your life How old were you when your father left? Oh my mother and father were never married, okay?   Yeah, okay. That's cool. Wow You know when I looked when I started looking down at that history road, I you went to the military early on. Yeah, I Was doing things I shouldn't have been doing and What was you doing? Yeah, what were you doing? Everything what do could a man because this was this was this was the 70s 60s What could you do in the 60s? That was so bad back then the things that they did back then now They've legalized. So what some of it and how are you at this time when you're talking about you were doing things He wasn't supposed to be doing I was 17 18 19, okay What were you doing drugs? Oh, you was doing drugs You selling drugs selling drugs back then What was the drug of choice? Yeah, because heroin heroin. That's we talking to Frank Lucas before Before yeah, that's even before Frank Lucas probably I think was this before because that would be it no I'm not this was during that time called Frank Lucas went over there and he brought drugs back on the plane So this was during that time Was that something when I think about the Frank Lucas story? Is that something that you could fathom that one could bring drugs from with through the military back to the u.s Certainly, I did it you did it How give me a breakdown on how you would get drugs from over there and they had the drugs over there Did they had coca leaves? Uh, no, what was I mean? What did not it wasn't cocaine. It was heroin. I messed that up So, how did you get it back? well Mac in the day when you took Polaroid pictures, okay, you would peel it and Put it inside of it on a harder Mac, okay, well, you would take the drugs and Put them in a plastic bag Some type of plastic and they take two of those backs and stick them together and Just right on them. Oh, you couldn't never admit and they just went on in but that was I wasn't doing it Not in a grand scale. Yeah, cuz you it couldn't have been that like when I know if on the movie Frank Lucas They was putting it in the caskets Inside of the caskets. They was out Literally that this had to be somebody was deeply embedded inside of how they transported the bodies back over to the US And it had it to where they had this thing Designed Where you could you could put say keys of heroin well in the casket when I when I came back to the United States They told us don't bring anything back because You've been over here a year You go back home and get caught with some drugs and guess what you're going to jail. Correct. So when I got off the plane That was it. No, no, no custom. No, nothing and I could have had a body in my duffel bag They wouldn't even know and that was only because you're military. They didn't really care, right? They trusted y'all I don't really think about But they scared us enough right that we didn't want to didn't want to know But the reason why people would go overseas to go try to do that because they would get it cheaper Or they got a better connect or what was it? It was a better drug. It's a better drug over there We were smoking it Just put it in a cigarette and smoke it Really so y'all wouldn't inject in it What did it do to you when you smoked it got you high? It's the same thing as if you did inject it Yeah, well not not as intense not as I got you. I got you. I Make you not out. Okay. So you get over there and now you get on those on that How hard is it for you to? Stop doing it Because you were on it for how long how long were you addicted to it for?  I went to rehab. It was a it was an ongoing process I went to a veterans rehab inpatient for 58 days and the program lasted from months to Think supposedly six months to nine months And they they kicked me out after why I wasn't doing what I supposed to be But I learned something there. What did you learn? I Had a beautiful woman by the name of currently the weather spoon they give you all this information.   No dope thing. Mm-hmm and I knew Then this was just a phase I was going through and then I went to jail. I Had been weaning myself off and then when I went to jail. I stayed jail seven months On a 20 count secret indictment. So that helps you kick it. Yeah, after I I didn't have any withdrawal You didn't have any I've never met nobody who's never had withdraws like everybody. I thought you always have withdraws Maybe you do but I have been weaning myself weaning yourself off. Okay, got it and after I got out. That's like wow The physical that's the easy part. Mm-hmm. Here's the mental Because I heard somebody I've met someone who but this is I think they were on crack though But they kicked it but they said it's a hard thing every day because you walk in passage like you can smell it and It it just it messes with them every day, but every day they got to tell themselves. No, I'm not doing it Drugs were easy for me. Okay. Once I stopped. I relapsed once But I had had enough when you get enough you just because of depression. Why did you relapse? I started getting money again pocketfuls of money and Thinking I can handle it. Mm-hmm I'm on just new a little and I'm not going to let myself Get back to where I was and that's just People feel like because I know even younger kids nowadays I'm not gonna say that they're on Heroin or crack or anything like that. But because nowadays we've been weed is a drug anything that all to your every day Thinking and they feel like okay. I can function Regular on any sort of drugs. Do you believe that to be true? Taking any sort of drug Well Personally just me. I don't consider marijuana a drug you know This is something the Lord hath made mm-hmm. You ain't got to do nothing to it and so I know people that smoke weed every day and they function perfectly well Yeah, got it Wow We y'all y'all you trying to figure out what that we do. I'm just asking well It's not bad if a person is Able to maintain and not see mentally a lot of people can't maintain with or without the dang drugs And they get a little something on it Get beyond buying and can they get buying and can losing because it was a loser before they started cuz they won't change The way they do things, you know what I mean the hardest drug for me to overcome Nicotine Wow freely I had to get hypnotized does that work That's $35.  I tried to get somebody hypnotize me once it didn't work I did I went to 22 hours, I think went to a hour Holiday and we went in How long did it take? 15 minutes and you were hypnotized the session lasts for two hours and you talk and you go through all of this and He says, okay, I'm gonna put you in a trance And I'm like, yeah, right? So I listen to what he said You know your eyes will become I couldn't open them Wow, so After what are you talking to yourself in your head at this time? I'm listening to what he said my girlfriend A woman at the time she went with me. She was doing it because I was doing it And she almost fell out to chair next to me. I didn't see it, but the guy told me he's gonna stop anyway We went through it. He said I'm gonna count to three When you wake up everything in your life will be the same except you will not smoke one two three You never had a urge to smoke so one out to dinner that night and After dinner After you eat you get that urge to smoke afterwards, right? Never got it. I was like wow And that was in 1992 That's be y'all smokers needs to go try that. Okay, okay, can I tell people here? But just make more if you want to because my woman now man After a while, she was like, I'm just smoking at work and then I'm just smoking the car and away from home. So it didn't work on her No, and I'm gonna smoke out in the patio and then in the hallway then just in the bathroom But see she didn't want to quit. She's just doing it cuz I did all right Yeah, sweet Melanie. So I wonder I wonder why it worked on her I mean are you and then work on one because so you have to want it for it to work on it to work Got it. Wow so you at some point You become a guy who is a man who knows how to deal with women cry quite well I Seen the pictures in the book. Okay When did you get into pimping? well To be honest, I read the book iceberg slam back in the ice. He told us the same thing didn't he mm-hmm and When I read that book, I knew this is this is me this is me and I did both the nab them and you know Turned out a One of my high school sweethearts turned out.  Yeah. No, she wanted to make money. So But there are other ways to make money she's in high school. I was out but go get a job Chrysler's General Motors and for all of my why before 90 days, I wasn't built for the factory I wouldn't go to work. I got it.  So When you got into it was how was the like how was it was it illegal back during that time like to where they was Because this ain't nothing new this been going on since the beginning of time So what was the what was the because now they they got all kind of stuff. They label it as right? What's the most popular and they know? Human trafficking that's the way they name it and nothing changes and you could detest it is because you older than me and you Been you on why they label it human trafficking. You're not taking them out of state me cause mm-hmm it's a way mm-hmm Or it's a society to lock Man up. Yeah I just was trying to understand like what was the what was the process of charging you during that time? What did they consider prostitution? Probably or how would they word it? How would they incriminate you like I said? I had a 20 count secret enlightenment five different women 20 20 counts. Yeah five different women and And the charges were pandering that's what they labeled it as and was it a serious thing at that point?  Scooby-Doo was my partner and me delicious. Do you know delicious? Scooby-Doo and delicious, right? and If they said yes, then they quizzed them more You know one girl they said I sold her with a glass and She came to jail to see me. She died in Detroit. She came to jail to see me And I was like What is this about a glass? She said, I don't know. What didn't people talk about? She said Adam and the chair a Dog chain or a golf club. I wouldn't understand but we didn't know what kind of glass we're talking about So she said well what you want me to do today get ghost And that's what she did. She never signed any paper. None of them may never signed any papers against me And when it came down to it And the case fell apart All of them well all 20 okay all 20 counts. Yeah one one one one of them was for rape I mean we're great.  Yes. How did how was a trumpinetta? Well, here's the thing the year before that I Had a woman and I met her in a bar and She got with me put her to work and after a couple months she left and So I was I had gone back to college and I was walking down the street and I saw A police car. Well, I saw on my car. I said them look like police Wonder who they're going to get. Yes. Well, they came straight to me you Arrested me put me in the back of the car and we're going down Florida Avenue remake a left Downtown as you make it right and I'm wondering where they're taking me to and they're taking me to a juvenile facility And I'm what is going on they tell me this girl Was a juvenile and I'm trying to tell them that I know I'll deal with you when I was I don't have any You know some man do I don't that's the no-no That's when nobody's kids and I told them and told them and told them and I had to spend money get my woman along because they charged her to How old was the juvenile they did was trying to say that you had raped oh she was 19 19 so But it's a 19 a Jew I thought it was 18 and under they were saying she was 16 Oh, they were saying she was 16. Yes, and I was trying to tell them that woman is not no 16 But anyway had to go to court I had to get a lawyer I got my woman a lawyer and we get in there and They dropped the charge. Hmm. Yeah, the reason they dropped the charge. They found out She was no juvenile. Wow. So that same case the next year They left off the statutory rape and just charged me We're right. We're right You know if it was right, it would have been the rape from the Guinea up. It wasn't it was But I ended up being there. So you be 20 counts. Yeah, and once we're on a secret indictment on a secret indictment So every girl never signed no papers none of that and none of them were mad at me None of them was mad at you matter of fact one girl was on the I was in the third floor at the jail And she was on the second floor and we would send kites. Okay, she would put money in my account So how long what like like when you had these girls, how many girls did you have up to at one time? To be honest, I don't know maybe Five or six five or six you they all stay in the same house with you. No, where did they live? Had different houses. I had Apartment I had condos. I had houses Wow, so and During this time, when did you get shot was this later on or during that time? Yeah, we're getting ready. So you went way. Oh, it's way on down After that I got shot in 19 after the jail like I spent seven months in jail and My mother always listen to your mama.  So I did and I got into it with a friend of mine My his woman Was was this just a this a relationship now. It's got nothing to do with pimp it Nothing at all nothing and you didn't took your home boys gal. No Well, why would why why would you get mad at you about it? Cuz I hit her and I hit him side of head. Why? with a Boomstick you hit her with a broomstick Boomstick over her nose. Why broke her nose. No, I broke the broomstick. He broke the broomstick Well, she had a knife. What's your knife? Yeah, I get it and I know That she would use it So I just went upstairs and we were living together You know her and him yes, but he she was coming after you with a butcher knife. Yeah, why? well The week before that She was doing sure. Well, he had two women. Mm-hmm and the one Me and her was cool, but the other girl Me and her wasn't that cool. No, wait a minute. You said it. Well, they both stand there No, so the one that wasn't staying there is the one that wasn't cool with you No, she was the one that was there was okay my mother Told me I couldn't burn no incense in her house.  He said well, hey man, I got an extra bedroom. You can have it. Okay, so okay cool Well, then like I said his other woman. She She just Didn't like you right so one night Friday night We sitting around having some drinks and I tell him and he said Why don't you like him? and she said because You didn't ask me if he could live here if he could live here. This is in my name and Proud to say well, hey, it might be in your name, but this is my joint He's welcome here. Okay, so I go upstairs to the bathroom. I come back down and She has taken a drink and poured it out in the sink And I tell him man see that this one I'm talking about when I said that I'm sitting down She leaps over the coffee table and she got long for it. She's trying to stretch me up and everything so I can't stay here. I left so Some days went by and I moved in with a friend of mine and I could see my old apartment and I Went over I made sure there was nobody there. I had a key. I went in to get my stuff And I'm moving out So I'm talking to a friend of mine and she comes through the door and I'm watching her she goes into the kitchen and gets a you know, butch a knife out the door Said you know, I tell my buddies a man, you know, I had enough of this.   You got to pull that line You got to get the rotary dial phone that was stuck to the wall sometime You gotta drag that through the house. This a different time. You did the time you think you got a cell phone now Yeah, no, she this is a party line or Private line y'all got a phone on the wall. Yeah, two phones two phones on the wall No, one one in the kitchen one in the living room, but you got to drag that line. How far would that line go? See what I'm saying can go in the room with it. So I heard her, you know moving furniture and everything and I didn't care I grabbed all my stuff up put it in a sheet and I left out there like a hobo with my clothes and stuff on my back and Contacted him and trying to contact him. We didn't look up. So the next week Friday night Me and my partner that I had and moved in with We going to the liquor store And we gonna get some liquor so I come out the liquor store and I see his car at this bar And I said I'm gonna go in and talk to my man. He's the man. They're crazy. They're going there I got this but me my man ain't grown up together. We had we grew up together We lived in the same house. Yeah, but you don't need his old lady in the nose Yeah, but now We had grown up together Until the fourth grade we lived in a four-family flat Fourth grade he moved two weeks later. I moved down the street from where he had moved to We stayed together until he went in the army and went to Vietnam when we were 17 So when I say we had like brothers like mothers And I went into the bar and he was shooting pool and I said hey Shoot which he told me I'm shooting by myself. Okay, so I waited the way that he finished the game So I'm leaning up against the proof table. I'm totally I don't have my guard up. This is my dog And he asked me what happened I told him he said well, yeah, I understand that he said But why did you try to break into my bedroom door? Oh, she added extra Unmean those to me she had barricaded the door and then jumped out the window dang She's scared she went in for a life You get hit with a broomstick you do some things when you get across your day That didn't happen I wouldn't do that. He wasn't mad about me He was mad about me because I tried to break into his bedroom, right? So I took my eye off him. He swung at me and missed And I said let me get out of here.  He came out Came out right here and what it broke the sea and broke the skull They broke the skull in the back, but it didn't have enough strength to break the skin so they took me to the hospital and I Want them to take the bullet out first of all I wake up and I'm looking at the stars.  It was messed up right couldn't hear you couldn't hear so she went over the door So I laid down and then she had artificial turf on her grass for the grass on her Porch mm-hmm, so I laid there on the artificial grass and then some people came up and Knocked on the door and stepped over me. Mm-hmm And I dropped and stepped on me one and I was like I get I'm beat on the door They won't let me in so that I run down the street and I knock on another door and break the window And the woman came downstairs with shotgun and her daughter said mom that's indeed don't shoot and so I Could hear amulets is around they call it came and picked me up and took me to the hospital He was in one one room and I was in the other And it's so funny. I had to go to the bathroom and it wouldn't let me go Wouldn't let me go. I'm saying yeah, because he was right there. No, no Everybody that came in it's like hey this guy's got a bullet in his head come and feel it And I'm like what take it out. Listen. No, we're not gonna take it out. So it's still there. Oh, no they said we're gonna send you to Detroit and Have them do it shock tommy unit Mm-hmm, and it took them about an hour to come and get me you could have driven in the car You know, we're waiting on the helicopter. Don't you want to ride in the helicopter? Like maybe I didn't know if I never seen on the helicopter and they're loud and noisy they stink So they wouldn't let me go to the bathroom. So I'm pissed there. I pissed all over everything. Mm-hmm So finally the helicopter comes and the pilot says to me. They wanted to put a catheter in Like what's that? So no, please please please So I tell the pilot listen here man. I promise you I'm not being on my He said you promise I said yeah Okay got on there and They took me to the hospital and took it out. I spent on 20 22 days in the hospital Do you still have that bullet? Did they give you the money? No, they didn't give it to me There's people be keeping bullets as souvenirs. Yeah, I've kept a few for my buddies. Have you seen have you seen that man again? Yes matter of fact, we are like I said, it was so y'all reconciling y'all friends again Yeah, I covered all that in the book. Yeah, because my my daddy came to my mom and him was divorced and my daddy came to town and I had been home and You ready I knew what he was talking about So we went down his mother's house. He was him and a girl split up. He stayed with his mother and I'm one hand and mama hugged me and everything talked about us and then he came downstairs and my dad said you Trying to kill each other and we said, yeah, and that was it Wow So how was the conversations after that doctor Amanda shot you in the head?  Well, you know what?  She said he thinks that you still Want to do something to him and she told him He's not like that and he listened to her and Like I said to this day we Pulled my kids call him uncle. Wow. His kids call me uncle. Wow That's right. He should have never it should have never happened But all over a woman every time yeah every time but do you think that if you didn't stab him? He wouldn't have shot you. Yeah, but like you you probably well, I don't know. I can't say that Like I say I was had been drinking Then I bet I did Survival mode Let's talk about this assault on the police officer. Oh, yeah I Had just got a new a new place down near on 13th and mass while the track is on 14th Street and I Wasn't feeling well, so instead of going home. I went to This other spot Well, I'm in the bed and the girl didn't know I was there. She bought a date to the joint and She saw me in the bed, so she closed the door.    Yeah, they was punching him more names So they gave me a soft on the police officer for that and I end up meeting it. You end up beating that too. You know all these cases. I never had a trial Okay, not one every time That's and that's something else because at the end of the day Your reputation exceeded you. So how was it like you did you not just stay in the same neighborhood? Because if you couldn't stay with all these felonies with all these assault charges all this stuff you was doing you had a reputation Yes, well, yeah, I understand I was in DC, but I also I was on the East Coast That's why I didn't like California you go 500 miles from say San Francisco He had Bakersfield Salinas, but you're still in the same legal jurisdiction but you go From DC I could go I could hit Baltimore Atlantic City my favorite New York City Philadelphia and Boston All within 500 miles each other. So I was up and down the right The West Coast is the left coast East Coast is the right coast. Yeah, that's right. Yeah, I agree with you I got you. Let me let me ask you this man. You had a bunch of cars when I looked through the book What's your what's the one of the favorite cars that you own? car on 57 Fleetwood Cadillac Yeah, that's a big body. Yeah me. Yeah, I had that I got rid of it in 2014 Wow, so you had that many years. Yeah, how much did it go for? The city took it. Oh the city took it. Yeah, you know, I Just gave it away. Yeah, that's what happened Something was wrong with it and I didn't have the money to fix that so I had I had horses so I took it out where I kept my horses at and parked it and man We's grew up all up under and everything so finally I Get enough money to fix it and I bring it home. I got it parked and the city said it was a Pleasant no, I'm right.  Yeah And I wasn't worth the problem. No, and I just bought a boat.  Well, tell us about yeah I was gonna say tell me about the book that you wrote Dillinger and a young blood. I wrote that book second Back in the day I'm talking to the 30s. Mmm My family owned a rooming house on one side apartments and on the other side Was the main house and It was an after-hours and I Wouldn't spend some quite a bit and I never could figure out what that smell was in the house And then when I finally became old enough to go into a bar That was the smell I was smelling it's my it smelled like a bar and My grandmother and my great aunt they owned that and they ran it Black people could not live and stay in hotels. Mm-hmm. So when you went to a city You would find out where the rooming houses were and that's where you would go my family owned it and This guy Herbert young blood hadn't been there to get alcohol during prohibition Prohibition people were making math or gin, but we live so close to Canada and hop in the boat and you can be in Canada and get you to real stuff. Mm-hmm. So when they Don't have the jail That's where they had it after they robbed a couple of banks. Hmm. Well, I was a kid I had a tricycle and Mother genie is my cousin, but because of my age different. He was my uncle genie I used to ride my tricycle in the back of his limousine In the back of his limousine back in his limousine and it was a big hump You know, he had a big hump on the floor back in the day And I would ride from the door to that hump hit that hump and he would push me back I would ride me around the neighborhood Wow, and we used to hear the stories and I'm out this big-time gangster that was killed there and I was fascinated by it You know and this gangster because I heard you told the story Is that the same one we see in the movies and we read about well John Dillinger, right? Is that the same one? Yes. He was the first Western no, no, he was the first public enemy number one so named by J. Edgar Hoover, right he Was in Tucson, Arizona and his hotel Room call on fire while he was gone and they gave firemen 50 bucks to go in and get their luggage Which was all the guns? Well, the police put two and two together found out it was John Dillinger and put him on a plane by the plane back to Illinois Excuse me Indiana To face charges for bank robbery And Mr. Herbert Youngblood was a black man that Had a thing with a small night. He was a whittler and he was in jail for murder now the first time he had been a prison he had been a prison for Securities fraud There's only one known picture of him. I think I showed that If you didn't know he was his mugshot, he was in a three-piece suit Yeah, and he really didn't do what they say to anybody went to prison for two years and he got out Prohibition is over and he was gamma. He was a gambler account cards And he went to a card game. He was the only black guy there and caught him cheating and and He attempted to leave and they wanted to strip him.  He said well, I could but it's not gonna fool anybody so he carved the gun and Dillinger put some shoe polish on it and in black and That's what they stuck into a guard side and he thought it was a real thing So he opened up and they got machine guns and everything escaped from jail and Went to Idaho arrived at bank a couple days later. They arrived at another bank in Iowa and And I think I think it was 1.6 million in today's money Then they doubled back to Chicago or from Chicago they Had it to Michigan why Wow, and you can find all that in this book. Yes. Yeah, but they like I said, oh they they they Somebody told that they were in town police didn't believe it. They didn't send enough people out and the undershore of Saw the guy in the store part and Grabbed a 38 out of his waistband and Dude went to the small of his back with a 45 and Shot the undershore and killed him. Hmm. And then there was a big shootout and Talk is that my uncle genie shot him in the back now. I had to tell you about my uncle genie.  Yeah, but anywhere else. He was he was white and his parents was both black or no No, I'm gonna picture. I've sent the email to you. Yeah Yeah, his mother was very life-complicated his father was white. Okay. Yeah, and They did it for the money I asked my aunt years later, how much money was found right? And she said Of course, that's the quickest way and I'm a genius and he had to leave town He left town Because Dillinger was a popular exact guy And he was afraid for his life for his life and he left in the 30s And he didn't come back until the 50s. Like I said, I was riding my bike in the back of his limo I wouldn't came back at all. Well, he figured it won over. Dillinger was dead or so he thought, you know and he used to walk around the neighborhood with cowboy hats on and denim jackets and a Couple of 44s on his waist. Mm-hmm. Like in the movies. Yeah, like cowboys. Wow But they were replicas for real. Mm-hmm. What he would do is he would switch them out for the real thing So I'm scared. Yeah, you never know But somebody might catch you that day when you have that replica on. Yeah. Well, hey, I can say he was down in the hood so Wow, I just looking at all those pictures, man, your style changed so much over the years, man You didn't you didn't change styles or you have to cause of the times everything must change everything But how easy work was it for you to adopt to the change? It was hard Yeah, you know, I Did the math I went from I had been all over the United States a West coast dog me I said get no money after plus I still had a condo that was paying rent for and Came back and Ended up in Toronto. Mm-hmm. And I caught a case in Toronto and Finally after I beat that case I had two two sons I had two different women and They were at my mother's and no I had one with me I had the baby with me.  Mm-hmm And I thought about it.  And anything that I could possibly do I would be repeating myself. So you know what I Got out the game So that's the reason why you got out the game. Yeah, I was tired Mm-hmm. So I would consider you a lady's man because all the things that you've been through and so forth I if I I would love for you to describe What would be a Perfect date with you Perfect date with me. Yeah. What at what's time watch time? Okay, tell me two times tell me a perfect date when you were probably in your say 30s God, I'm not gonna say 20s and a perfect date now. Okay perfect day in my 30s I Didn't date mm-hmm. I had woman women So you don't even take working woman on dates. Oh, yeah, we would go we would go out sometimes we would go out Alone sometimes we would go out as a family. I was wondering I was like, man, they'd like to date, too Okay, now a perfect date Netflix Man, I just I like to ask these questions like which one was the best You know the best the most loyal girl that you ever had for us when you had them working on that track Loyal that wasn't gonna run off and I had I've had one for seven years This was the one. No, she won the one but she stayed with me for seven years. She was the one Yeah, seven years seven years is a long stretch. Yeah, and nobody peeled you for she stayed eventually. She left. Yeah She but you kept along as you could. Yeah Do do pimps ever fall in love with their every home I ever had I was in love with In love with them, that's right. Every hole you ever Explain that to me explain the love and extent of love Well, there's different levels. Mm-hmm. Well for woman love me enough to give me some money. I love her back Just that simple. Would you have ever married one? Yeah, I did marry matter of fact. I married a home. You did I don't just a married. Well, I don't story six days You say married to the over six days six days Listen, I'll tell you why I married her My younger brother was married All my partners was married.  Well at the time She was she was headed to the army when I caught her And she's supposed to go into the army on money And uh, and you recruited her she said, yeah, she said if you can keep me till money Uh, I'll stay with you So She called the case I think sorry. I didn't get her in jail until Monday Shake Man Well, I'll tell you what man the the ladies man the book is here Dillinger young bloods wooden gun Hey, man. Listen man. Thank you so much for coming on the show man. What's the website? How can people get this book? How can they get either one of these books? That's on amazon dot com Oh, that was on just a ladies man. It's there And ladies the s is a dollar sign, right? Yeah. No, no, I just oh you just did that for the book I was just checking. Yeah. Well, man. Thank you for coming on the show man. Say man. Listen. We love you Nothing, but a tag and I come back because you know, it's a whole You got a lot of stories You can come back every time.   I couldn't speak the language. I didn't have no girlfriend. Yeah, I bought something Did that make you feel bad of anyone? Hell no, it did why?  Why don't I care about where the motherfucker's lying? So you had about that cool gel over there. Everybody was buying it Everybody was because I've met some other Ex-military. I remember this guy. He has aged orange. He hadn't gotten that But he even used to even after military He would take frequent trips to taiwan. Yeah all the time. We call them skibby runs Yeah, we would go they would pick us up in the morning at flight deck and would fly us to yuban yuban, thailand and um top us off And we Could do whatever we want as long as we were back at the flight deck by six o'clock And she because he said that's the cheapest you could get but it was good I was it was it was it was a release How many how many of military people probably left babies over there? Who knows? I wonder sometimes Whether or not I be you know a few a few of the guys Not marines, but I knew a few guys in the army that married women From over the back. Okay. Yeah, because those type of women from over there. They say that are more submissive Yeah So that's the reason why they would do that Is that true? Well, they are submissive.  Yeah, good women everywhere. That's right. Yeah, everybody everybody whole ain't going That is you know, I'm saying check it man. Hey, man It's been another great segment of boss talk one-on-one. What a boss is thought and we out