Okay, so today's lecture is going to be about a topic that is extremely dear to my heart. This is basically the thing that brought me all of my success to this day. So I'm extremely passionate about it, and these are the three components to having massive success in basically anything. So this is like a three-step formula that I came up with about five, six years ago, and it started as like this idea. I didn't actually know whether it was true or not, but I tested it, and fortunately, I was correct, and that small hypothesis that ended up being correct is pretty much the basis of all of my success. So I would like to start by giving you an analogy for three types of cars. So the three types of cars basically represent the three types of people, and imagine this like an onion where you peel a layer and then another layer. So 95% of the people are the cars that are driving on neutral.  So that's number one. Number two is people who are driving on first gear. So these are like people who are on neutral, that's like 90, maybe 95% of the population. That's probably your mom, your neighbors, your college teacher. Pretty much every person you know is driving on neutral. So they're just living their lives, not really doing anything special. Just sort of withering away, their health is slowly decreasing.  No many are depressed, many are overweight and dept. So you're basically looking at the human condition. That's like 90 to 95% of the population in our western civilized world. Now there's a second layer of people. These are people who are driving on what I like to call first gear. So these people are maybe like 5% of our society and that's first of all you guys if you're listening to this lecture. Because you're people who want to develop themselves, become better, you know you have goals, you have things you want to accomplish, you're reading books probably, maybe working out.  Now I'm very sorry to say but that is not true, that is an illusion. Because like 99% of people, probably 99.5% of people are missing the crucial ingredient that would put them on the full gear. So the analogy I use here is most people are driving on neutral so it's like they're either pedaling hard, they're working, they're trying to get their pension, they're watching TV and they think that complaining is doing something so they're putting out a lot of energy because people put out energy no matter what. So they're putting this energy but it doesn't amount to anything.  So these people just like they spend their energy on neutral, nothing is actually happening. Worse is that when you're too long on neutral, you're usually going to end up in a downslope which happens around age 30 or 40. So these people not only keep pumping the gas because they're working, they're in depth, they're fat, they hate their wives but they're also on a downslope so they're putting all this effort but they're on neutral so they're going back and they don't know why. That's 90 to 95% of the population people welcome to modern civilization. Now most of you guys I would guess roughly 95% of you guys so 95% of the 95% are driving on first gear so you're putting as much effort as the people on neutral but you're putting it in developing yourself which is nice you know you're reading books, you're working out you know you're doing stuff to progress but there's this illusion that you're actually progressing at one day, someday you're going to become successful you know but the only reason you feel like you're actually moving forward is because relatively to the people who are standing still or moving backwards, you're moving forward but that doesn't mean you're getting any closer to your dreams. You know if you drive in your car and the road is empty, you feel like you're driving fast but then if a Lamborghini passes by you like you're like okay so I was probably not driving that fast. So that's like 95% of the 95% which is pretty much most people in self-development.  I would say roughly 15%.  I would say roughly 15%. Look at your relationships, how better have you become socially?  So when you add up adding like 15%, 15%, 15% every year for like 20 years you would get an improvement of like I'm not sure about the number but I guess it's about 10 times. Now if I'm currently making like $4,000 and in 10 years from now or 20 years I'll be making like $40,000, that's nice but that's not nearly close to my potential because I know people who went from zero to like $100,000 a year a month within like a year or two and I know people who had a bad body like obese people who in two years became ripped. So why are you feeling you know it's good enough to improve by 15%, that's not good enough for me because I know I can do 15% a month, that's more realistic, that is your potential. So you could only improve by 15% but we will get to that later. So the last part of the population which is the 95%, the 5% of the 5% I think, that's like the billionaire entrepreneurs, the successful athletes, people who made it big writing books during real estate, you know the people who truly are exceptional and there's no jumps in life. I'm sorry, there's no sudden magical moment where your success is like suddenly appearing. I would not want that, that's like winning the lottery, I would not want to win the lottery, I mean if I would have won the lottery I would maybe took that million and put it aside or invested it but I would not want to choose to put my faith in a lottery. So what you're doing by improving by 15% every year and hoping to one day magically become a multi-millionaire or a famous athlete or a famous writer, you're basically relying on luck, on luck which frankly like one in a million gets. So these are not odds I would want to play on. So what you need to do is go to the next level which is driving on pool gear. So you're currently driving on first gear, that means you're pushing, you're pushing very hard, you're reading your books, you're working out, I'm honestly, I believe you that you're putting as much effort as you could but the people on neutral, I also believe that they're putting as much effort as they could but they're just driving the wrong vehicle just like you. So because you're progressing and they're not you think like okay so maybe I'm on the special scale, no no you're not, you're not because if your income is not increasing five times every year you're not doing something right and I'm not saying you could improve everything in your life like five times you know like the body and relationships and money but if there's one thing in your life that is important to you and you're not improving at least at least three, four, five times a year you're not gonna get anywhere man. So you need to get on that full gear and we're going to get to that right now because I will explain to you my three steps to getting from neutral to first gear and to full gear. So step one, finding your vision and drive.  So when you are driving your car you should have a destination so you know where you're going and it's exactly the same thing with your life. So if you don't have an extremely clear vision of where you want to go how are you supposed to get there? I mean you might get there by accident but I mean how many people have become millionaires by accident? You know and the guys who did probably lost it all like nine I think the statistics say that 90% of the people who become millionaires by the lottery not only lose it all within a year but they actually are in debt. So you need to have an extremely clear vision. What I would do to find my vision is try to get very present. So I would go into nature or into a place where I feel the most relaxed and lively and happy but not like excited like calm happy you know and what I would do then is I would think of what future situation can I imagine myself in where I have this feeling. So for me my best feeling my most positive feeling is victory accomplishment growth being comfortable in uncomfortable situations that's what really does it for me. So for me my vision is an empire it started as a like being a millionaire and then I'm like okay so I can do that so now it's like not challenging anymore then it's like okay I want to be a multimillionaire but then I realized like why settle for multimillion? I want to build an empire so for me my vision is to build an empire so I have a very clear compass in anything I'm doing that says are you going in the right direction it could be people I'm talking to the way I'm spending my time my day-to-day decisions how hard I'm working what I'm focusing on the questions I ask myself every day it's all coming from your vision because your vision and your values are basically what changes your direction of of movement so once you have a vision and you have a very clear vision I would begin pumping up my drive so if your vision is like your destination your drive I want you to imagine it like that famous story about a guy who wanted to be a millionaire and he met a guru that is a millionaire himself and asked him to teach him how to become a millionaire so the guru said I want to meet you at the beach tomorrow and I'll show you what you need to do to become a millionaire so that guy said okay let's do it so he came to the beach with his his best suit all like tucked up looking fantastic and his guru was standing inside the the beach like knee deep and he's like come here and the guy's like what do you mean come in the water and he's entering the water and he's like knee deep and he's like dude I'm wearing my suit what are you doing he's like come closer let's go deeper he takes him all the way until his like neck deep his suit is ruined and now the guru suddenly just grabs his head bam like shoves him in the water and he holds him there for like half a minute and the guy's like oh he's trying to break free and he's trying to break free and he's trying to break free like that's all he can think of like I gotta get through I gotta get free and then suddenly he like kicks him in the balls and he breaks free and he's like what the fuck did you have to do why did you do that and the guru says you see that drive you had right now when you want to succeed as bad as you wanted to breathe that's when you'll be successful when there's literally nothing that will stop you no excuse that will stop you that's the point where you'll be successful not a moment before so your drive is your fuel and if you don't have a drive where let's say you want to become a millionaire and it hurts you it literally pains you not to become a millionaire you will not become a millionaire nobody became a millionaire because it was a nice something nice that they wanted you know everybody is like oh it would be nice it's not fun okay becoming a millionaire becoming a top athlete becoming a famous something becoming successful truly truly successful at anything is not fun okay it has its fun moments but it's hard work it's a lot of risks it's not anything that any sane people would do you know steve job said success the secret behind it is that you have to really really really love it because anyone sane would give up so the clear your vision the stronger your drive will be if i just won like a million dollars that's not enough to drive me to do what it takes but if my family is in need and i need a million dollars to help them or if i really want that car i want that Lamborghini you know i'll do anything to have a Lamborghini you need to be super specific why you want to be successful what do you want to get and i don't care if it's materialistic that's fine that's perfectly fine fine so the stronger your drive and the hungry you are the more chances you have of being successful now this is like an exponential curve this isn't like you know your linear curve or like you get a bit more drive become a bit more successful a bit more drive a bit more successful no no no until like the top 10 20 percent unless you're like in terms of drive and motivation one of the top 10 20 percent you're gonna get shit think of the actors going to hollywood how much money how many actors in hollywood are actually successful maybe maybe maybe five percent because it's about the five percent who really want it hey robbie can i add something yeah sure in the navy seals because it's the top top special force in in the united states to root out all the weaklings and the guys who really really want to join they actually drown you in the water and that gets rid of like almost 80 percent of the people that don't you know don't want to get drowned because that's part of the requirement that you have to get drowned so and then i was reading an article yesterday they came up with a list of like how to make money within a certain amount of time and one of the articles said if i stole your kid and you have 30 days to make a million bucks what would you do like the amount the list was like crazy like people came up with like a bunch of stuff but now if you ask somebody like if i if you wanted to make a million dollars what would you do like the the answers was completely different from when they actually had like you know like a real motive and their kid being robbed from them was like one of the biggest factors so i guess like what you said it could be family or anything objective so it's just like the motivation part i would get someone to abduct your child like if you want to be a million like i'll kill your child you're like thank you yeah that's a great opportunity um actually that reminds me um you know there's the uh yakuza there's like the mafia in america and that's like uh you know it's a mafia it's a nice mafia it's not anything too big it's like a small organization but in japan uh the mafia is actually in the government it's literally part of the government and they're legally allowed to take money from businesses the mafia in japan now you might ask yourself what's the difference between the mafia in america and the mafia in japan now there could be many reasons but there's one thing that i think is a really good improbable correlation for why the mafia in japan is so successful that's because if you want to join the mafia in japan you have to cut your finger off to show them that you really want it so if you're in the mafia in japan i would not miss with you because that's a tough requirement you need to be one tough son of a bitch to cut your hand your finger off to become in an or to be in an organization so i'm asking you would you cut your finger off to become successful i'm not saying you have to do it but i'm saying you'll probably need to reach a point where you would do it if you want to be in the elite because the elite you know we have eight billion people here in the elite that's like maybe like five thousand people you're not born special you have you you're not you have maybe some set of skills but any skill we have i can find you someone who's better so what drives you apart is how far are you willing to go to make it happen so think about it okay so yeah uh basically my equation for drive how i measure drive because people say yeah i'm motivated it's important for me people like to talk people talk so much it makes me want to puke it's like yeah it's it's important yeah i care about it yeah yeah yeah yeah and then it comes to like the part where it's like time to shut up and take action and they don't do anything they don't do shit so some people their level of comfort is like putting a lot of money so they put a lot of money but they still don't take action and then some people take maybe a bit of action but they don't really want to do it they just do it to say i did it so i have a very specific way to measure drive and that is how much are you willing to sacrifice how far would you go to make it happen and i can tell you i would die for my goals i would literally die if if if that's not as much as you care about it that you would rather quit your let's say you have a shitty job and you want to do something special if you don't have enough drive to decide i'd rather be broke trying to make it happen than stay in my comfort zone it's never gonna happen dude i'm sorry i mean you might change your mind later and then do it but at your current situation you have a hundred percent chance of failure because there's the guy next door who wants it so much more he'll do whatever it takes and you will not be in you do not deserve to be then it would be a very cool world a very cool world if you would have the opportunity to beat the guy who would do anything so i'm very grateful people say the world is not fair it's super fair everybody gets exactly what they deserve and what they deserve is what they are willing to sacrifice always always hey robby yeah it's funny that you should say it like that that you would be willing to sacrifice your life in exchange for what you're wanting basically people with really shitty jobs they don't really view their life really so work so much worth anything and i believe the more that of a higher opinion you have of yourself the more likely you are to achieve these goals like you're saying your life is worth more to you know what i'm saying yeah i'm thinking of like uh you know gandhi um who else uh gandhi there's uh mandela yeah definitely mandela people who unwarsed that unwarsed that yeah and um and doctor doctor uh martin luther king people who basically sacrificed themselves for what they believed in now i would even give a bad example hitler it doesn't matter if your goals are good or bad it depends how much you want it how much you're willing to sacrifice exactly people will follow you when you're that passionate so my personal examples of sacrifice um when i was 18 years old like 16 i really wanted to be good with girls i was very shy introverted and just started going out every day so i moved into this apartment by myself not knowing how i'm going to pay the rent but i found a way and when uh the guy who's like my idol the best pickup artist in the world his name is julian blanc when he said that he's coming to israel me as an 18 year old i didn't have any money but i put down $3 000 which is the exact amount that i saved my whole life that's what my that my mother put for me my grandma i put it that's all the money i had i was that um passionate for to pay all of my money at that point and lose any chance of getting into a good school anything just for having a weekend with that guy um and the most recent example obviously would be my current mentor matt poxius which when i saw that he is a millionaire a real life millionaire that i'm talking to i said hey man how much is your like i just want to talk to you what do i need to do he said it's a thousand dollars for an hour it took me exactly five seconds to send him the money i did not ask when how what am i going to get he said a thousand dollars for an hour i gave him a thousand dollars and that's all i had and then when he offered me to join his program and that's also money that i now didn't have at all i took a fucking loan and not only that i took a loan for three months because i said it's gonna happen either i do it you know i have him i have a millionaire who's teaching me so either i'm gonna do it and become extremely successful or or or i'm gonna fail sink you know i'm gonna be in a lot of shit if it doesn't happen but i know something that you don't know which is that if i'm in a shitty situation in in like the worst possible like something really bad like i'm i'm in a twenty thousand dollar debt and in israel twenty thousand dollar debt is like fifty thousand for you guys and for a 21 year old that's a lot of money if i'm in a fifty thousand dollar debt and i fucked up i know something that you didn't know because i've had the previous experience with sacrificing and i know that even if i fuck up and drown i trust myself to find a way to sink to swim to get back up so if i was in a situation where literally i was in fifty dollar fifty thousand dollar debt because i failed i would still win because i now have to find a way to get fifty thousand dollars like that so i trust my brain to make it happen that's why i'm so confident taking these bold decisions and then i said you know what let's up the ante let's move to a seven hundred dollar a night hotel i'm not making any money but let's do it anyway because now i have to make that money not like uh three months on today and you know what took me exactly a week and a half to start making over a thousand dollars a day would you be able to do that without these sacrifices without the risk nope no no one can if you already had done it before you could because you already did it but if you have never done it sorry if you want to get if you're right here and you want to get this much right now you have to be willing to risk this much falling that low you want to take it slow take it slow but somebody out there wants it to happen faster so uh that guy will probably get there before you and you know whoever gets there first he gets like 80 percent of the loot that's the law of nature so question ravi because uh you kind of have like the same methodology as dampenia kind of because he's he was saying like what uh he was willing to spend more than he could afford for the best of the best so i i really want a Lamborghini they're uh they're about 220 thousand dollars here and i have not even close to that amount but i can do like a down payment would that be smart to do so that way when i you know like if i acquired it i have it in my procession but at the same time i know that i have to work my ass off in order to pay for it because the insurance alone is going to be two grand a month and the fact that i probably have to pay at least another probably another four grand just just for like the minimum two percent each month then probably a down payment of like 40 thousand dollars would you recommend that at all yeah absolutely absolutely you know why because you're gonna die in 60 years anyway when i have a cool story to tell i mean you don't have kids you don't have uh someone to take care of fuck it fuck it what what's the worst that can happen so you have the the the fucking Lamborghini you know you failed you failed you only made like one thousand dollar a day or no it's a lot less like to me these numbers are funny saying like you like you're like oh no i'll need to make more than 200 dollars a day come on man i make 60 dollars a day see so you need to quadruple your income basically which is a joke can i just jump in here a second yeah sure why don't you why don't you up the ante again and take a loan from a loan shark instead of a bank you mean like a million dollars because they'll kill you if you don't make the money yeah that's like literally kill you um foreign money it's not my uh i mean i will eventually have to but yeah i don't know if i feel for a shark if you what i'm saying is that if you have a Lamborghini first of all uh people are going to treat you different you're going to make huge deals it's um a fantastic tool for positioning yourself your perception of yourself will change imagine how you'll feel about yourself driving a Lamborghini i'm going to actually go friday to look at the Ferrari and Lamborghini um see what they got so i mean i mean again worst case scenario you don't have the money so you have to give it away and now you're in depth so anyway you have to make the money and i have a cool story about how you own the Lamborghini for a few months i mean who can say that yeah so yeah i mean i mean i would go i would definitely go for it uh okay so so can we continue yeah cool um so the last sentence sort of sums it up very well you can only get as much as you're willing to sacrifice okay that is uh that is uh a very clear rule so next up uh build your work ethic so now you know you have that down you have the vision you have the drive now it's time to talk about work ethic so a strong work ethic is basically the difference between being successful or being a failure so it doesn't matter how much drive you have or um how well your vision is if you don't have a work ethic you know it's not going to happen because the work ethic is what separates the average person from you know Bill Gates or Warren Buffett uh a work ethic is like how committed are you to your work like how committed are you to being there every day putting the effort when you want to do it when you don't want to do it um so so work ethic is is not about working hard but it's about discipline and not letting your emotions dictate what's going to happen so um a person with a strong work ethic if he let's say wants to work out you know become like an athlete he will go every day to the gym you know he will eat the proper diet every day but a person without a good work ethic would always look for a shortcut and when you're busy looking for shortcuts somebody else is doing the work you should always keep that in mind that sentence when you're busy doing the sleeping doing the eating doing the um anything that's not related to your dream somebody else is getting there as you as you do like your thing you know so never be complacent this is a competition this is a competition it can only be so many one percenters in the world um so motivation gets you started work ethic keeps you going um motivation is is nice but um what we will really make it happen is consistency having good work ethic good habits because just having a good uh a motivation that's like relying on um that's like relying on the sun uh on the the weather being warm you know some days it's hot some days it's cold if you're reliant on like solar energy for example some days it's just cloudy and you're not going to move forward but when you have work ethic you're going to move forward like no matter what but at the days where you have both the work ethic and the motivation that's when you really fly these are the days you make like for sales or you know you break a new record so what you're essentially doing is very quiet it's like going every day to the gym it's very quiet you just you know walking to the gym doing your workouts and you're waiting for these days when you have that you know that spark and you just push like five times harder than you usually do so the gym is a very good um example of it because it's a very literal example of how someday you just come and you don't feel like it but you do it anyway and some days you come to the gym and you can just lift like a lot more like 20 more you know usually improve it by like 3 something like you just jump up you know to a new level so you have to be consistent you know and i would recommend you a book called the art of war ah sorry the opposite the war of art so the art of war is a book by Lao Tzu it's a a general it's one of probably the best books in history but the war of art that's like the opposite name that's about from a guy who's like a famous artist i think and he it's a really short book it's like a hundred pages and he just goes in depth about what he calls going pro so going pro is when you decide to do it no matter what and you can't go pro if you don't make the decision to do it every day no matter what so you can generally predict a person's potential by the work ethic so give me somebody with a good work ethic who's accomplished things before he has the credentials i'll trust that he'll probably make it happen again because if you just give him something else he's already done that effort before but give me someone who's like you know that guy who always starts things as things and never finishes you know he could come up with the best plan you know he's like hey man i know what i want to do with my life yeah it's this and and you talk to him like a month later and he's like oh i yeah i don't like it anymore of course you don't because you're relying on motivation you know you have to go pro do it every day if you want to like it that's the love so your work ethic is not something you do it is something it is who you are so people who are let's say have accomplished a great achievement in one area of their life they would have had to learn the tools and principles psychological motivation emotional to make big things happen which means that let's say a guy was obese and he made a full transformation in two years and now he's like super fit ripped i would give that guy a very good chance of being successful at anything basically let's say you want to be a millionaire i'm like okay he got from obese to to really uh ripped so not only neutral he actually got into like better shape than anyone else becoming a millionaire isn't much more different you know becoming good with girls come on more charismatic any any area of your life you know getting good at tennis it's like it's exactly the same process it's a different environment it's different rules but it's exactly the same process you know you just do it every day you keep learning you keep improving and if you did it in one place you'll probably do it in another place because it's the same principles of success which is being clear in your intentions not being dependent on outcome being present to the moment being consistent these are all things you sort of learn when you make a big things happen uh so your credentials are very important so if you've never accomplished anything big i would start with smaller goals and build up but if you know that you have a work ethic i would suggest going as far as possible so i know about myself for example that there's no amount of work that is too much for me i just finished yesterday a 25 hour work day that started like the previous day and it was 25 hours i slept one hour and now i'm here after like 18 hours of more work you know and i'm tired and my head hurts you know but i'm still here and when i finish this lecture i'm going to keep working you know so obviously that's not something i'm going to do for you know it's not like something i want to do long term but i've made the decision to do like a sprint so i'm sticking to my decision so it doesn't matter how tired i am i'm gonna do what i said i'm gonna do and that's the difference between somebody who's successful and somebody who quits um so when you deal with high level people and usually if you want to be successful at anything whether it be money fitness uh sports you have to deal with high level people either work for them have them work for you uh be partners with them they look for work ethic so anything less than a perfect work ethic they probably won't want to associate with you so if you have problem getting up in the morning getting on being exactly on time a few meanings and by the way khan or he actually put up like this beautiful uh picture which i actually believe in too that says like uh when you're early you're on time when you're on time you're late and when you're late you're fucking fired so i go by that i go by that rule and anybody who's late on me they're out there i will not work with them because i'm looking for someone who matches my level of ethic because having someone who is like late i view that as a mental weakness some sort of a retardation i would not work with someone below my level of work ethic why would i do that um so if you want to work with high level people make sure you have perfect work ethic because i think my work ethic is perfect at the moment because a work ethic is not something you can improve infinitely it's something that's like zero percent to a hundred percent zero percent means you'll never do what you say you're going to do and a hundred percent means you're always going to do what you said you're going to do so you can't go beyond a hundred percent maybe if you over deliver but that's uh that's about more about motivation so you should give your a very big focus on getting yourself to a hundred percent work ethic which means that there's zero percent chance that you'll be late to the meeting that you'll not do it because you don't have the energy uh anything like that and when you have a very perfect work ethic your brain will actually create motivation for you because let's say you decide you want to uh become ripped your brain knows from previous experience that anything you said you're going to do you actually do so your brain has proof that you can make it happen so it's no longer a fantasy or something you wish it's actually a goal and not only a goal something you know you're gonna it's gonna happen and since your brain knows it's gonna happen because it did it before it will give you all the motivation you need so it's not a struggle anymore it's actually fun okay so that wraps up building your work ethic that's like finding your vision and drive and building your work ethic these are the two steps that will put you in driving first gear first gear yeah but in order to go to full gear which is the secret ingredient you would have to recruit your mentor so that's the step that everybody gets wrong everyone gets that step wrong so it's no wonder that you know only one less than one percent of the people are successful because again this is not a coincidence this is a correlation only one percent of the people have mentors and work ethic and motivation and drive so the xeoam i put is declaring that you generally improve by 15 percent each year so when you don't have a mentor and i i really urge you to look back and actually see okay so last year yeah about 15 percent in money 15 percent in relationships 15 percent in fitness a year before yeah maybe even less but yeah about 15 percent but the question is whose 15 percent are you improving relative to when you have a mentor that's making a million dollars a month and you're making two thousand dollars a month and you're near that person and you're learning from him you'll improve 15 percent relative to that mentor so let's say that mentor is making a million dollars every year every month you should expect that within a year you'd be making about a hundred fifty thousand dollars a month that brings me to the 10x rule the 10 times rule of finding a mentor so when you want to find the mentor i would suggest finding a mentor who is not 10 times better than you but 10 times better than your vision so if your vision is to make a million dollars i would suggest that you find the mentor that makes 10 million dollars if your vision is to become in really good shape don't just find someone who's in good shape find a guy who's like an olympic athlete or ripped or ripped because again the question is whose 15 percent are you advancing on relatively now when you're looking for a mentor there is only one question that will determine whether you'll be able to get that mentor just let me just go back a minute one quick point i wanted to make is that when you have let's say a mentor that makes 10 million and you follow that person for oh sorry that's like the last point of it we'll get there later so so when you're looking for a mentor there's really one parameter that i use to measure whatever your chances of actually getting a mentor and that parameter is how much are you willing to sacrifice i don't know if it's cosmic rules if it's psychology if it's the mentor seeing something in you when you decide i will sacrifice anything to make this happen to get this mentor you tend to get lucky and you get that mentor or let's say in general you decided i will sacrifice everything to get such a mentor you would get such a mentor because in life like anthony robin says there's your shoulds and there's your musts your shoulds sometimes happen and your musts always happen so if your must is i will get a mentor and that's why i'm always using the analogy i will kill myself to make it happen then there's you're really not leaving any other choice it's a matter of time so if your mentor like let's say you you came up to some guy and and he wants to uh you know you you ask him to mentor you and he sees even by one percent that you're not fully there you will not give anything you will probably not take you as his mentee because why would he there's only one thing your mentor can gain from you and that's hunger because the wolf on the top of the mountain can never be as hungry as the wolf that's climbing up your mentor is most likely much older much more experienced he's been through shit he's gotten his goals he's your he's a mentor that means he he has anything he could want so it's harder to get motivation when you have anything you could have wanted that's why someone like you are invaluable invaluable to a mentor so he's not doing you a favor you're actually doing him a favor because he needs you to keep that fire that drive we're talking about you know step number one your drive is like your fuel the hungry how hungry you are will determine your success that is also exact applying exactly the same to a billionaire only that he needs even more hunger because it's in smaller increments now you know when you want to become financially successful for you corner for example jumping from 60 dollars a day to 500 dollars a day which is a joke that's for you like the the whole world difference but give you i'll give you like a month before you'll get bored and you want more so imagine if you're making billions how like what drive could you have to make more money unless you become like a philanthropist and maybe then you're driving to help people but even then you need that young guy that underdog that wolf that is hungry for the for to get that food because he you know people they they're like sponges they transfer the the energies from each other so if you're that motivated that you'll do anything and your mentor is is is feeling that vibe you're actually giving him fuel and in return for you pumping fuel into his Lamborghini you know that's his vehicle of as a person is letting you drive his Lamborghini so how much are you willing to sacrifice it always comes back to this question work ethic that's bullshit you know if you're willing to sacrifice everything you're willing to sacrifice sleep you're willing to sacrifice comfort so like you know you'd give anything so work ethic is out the window and you're getting a mentor if you're willing to sacrifice anything to get a mentor this whole talk is out of the window because you'll get one it's this is no there's no other option and I don't know many people who go by that philosophy of there's no other option and they don't get what they want I don't remember many cases of that happening unless that person gave up so any risk you take to get a mentor that's my philosophy is a good risk if your mentor wants a thousand dollars just for an hour pay it you know wants you to move out move you ask you to whatever it could be any risk you think you can take to get that mentor will probably be the good decision because even if you fail you followed your heart you know you you expanded as a person so if Connor if you get that Lamborghini you just expanded so it doesn't matter the outcome because you as a person just could ruple your potential of success because you already did that you bought a fucking Lamborghini and maybe you lost it but but you still did it so now you're like oh so I can take bigger risks nothing will happen and and what did we talk about I can't find the the specific sentence but we talked about your success is a direct measurement of how much are you willing to sacrifice so if you're smarter because you know that this is all bullshit there's no real risk so now you bought the Lamborghini and you lost it but now you know it's a game like nothing will happen I just did it you know Donald Trump was billion dollars in depth in depth and now he's like a bit a multibillion it's like it's a game so I'm not saying do anything dangerous but I'm saying ask yourself what is dangerous what is like a limitation that will cause me to have like that will cause me to have like a less interesting life and what is truly dangerous and the amount of things that are truly dangerous especially when you don't have kids that that's really like five percent of the things you're thinking of doing finally the last topic I want to talk about is when to move on so your mentor I like to imagine it like having a bird's nest and you're like the small the tiny baby bird and he's helping you grow you're near a small cocoon you know when the question is like when is the time to move on so I would give two situations where it's really good to move on one of them is when you feel like you've surpassed what your mentor has to offer so let's say you know that in that cocoon you will make like a thousand dollars a day but you're like maybe maybe maybe your mentor is like you know because he's helping you maybe he's also taking from you so you know that if you just do what he does but on your own the rewards will be much bigger but you'll try to have to fly on your own now so that's a good time to I won't say leave as in never come back don't don't talk to him but as in leave that safety nest you know because you're all you're mature enough to fly on your own and that is also a decision that will make you much more stronger as a person to let go of that mentor it's not easy it's like letting go of a loved one it's like it's like sort of a death the other thing I would suggest is like my Tarzan analogy so you want to be like Tarzan you want to be like the NASCAR cars that are drafting you want to draft on your mentor now drafting that is like when a NASCAR when there's like a racing car and there's like a racing car behind it and the car behind the the one on the front actually doesn't get the air resistance because the front car gets all the air resistance for it so you're basically moving you know behind your that person but that's what allows you to accelerate because you're not experiencing the same resistance so you can actually use it to build momentum and actually pass that person so try to draft on your mentor like try to see how can you use that momentum that massive momentum that your mentor has you know by building a millionaire or a billionaire or whatever how can you draft on that and then take that speed and now getting back to the Tarzan analogy holding that branch you know swinging getting to the next branch and then letting that go and just jumping to the next branch and then to the next branch but never letting go until you have another one in hand so stay with your mentor until you either found a better mentor or you know you can do better on your own because it's like a kid you know a kid needs his parents but at a certain age if he sticks to that parent the relationship will be corrosive so that pretty pretty much sums up the guide which is called the three components of massive success in anything I believe it's quite clear that if you make these three things happen get a massive drive have a clear vision have a great work ethic and find your mentor then there's really I would say none no percent chance of failure like you have a hundred percent chance of success so thank you for being in the lecture and I will see you next time


Right there is fine. What's my youtube youtube.com slash Buona? Here's my socials YouTube.com slash Buona It's where most people know me from I've been on there since freaking forever, so I don't know what I'm gonna put out here I was gonna make some more buildings. I think probably some taller buildings Oklahoma. Oh my gosh, FAU. Oh Oh That's ugly. Let's find another game to watch on my phone while my tablet charges Probably when my tablet charges my phone's gonna be dead, so I gotta See Texas is at three. Okay Don't the 330 games supposed to start now? Yeah, Albany at Pittsburgh, Tennessee at West Virginia Central Michigan in Kentucky Appalachian State at Penn State Don't the Gators play it through there? Or is it a night game or a 730 that's well, that's cool 730 tonight. I Probably watched the Tennessee game. I won't see how they play or the Georgia game Yeah, let's do Tennessee West Virginia. That should be a decent game unless Tennessee sucks this year I don't know if they're good or not Buona's a sports nut. You know I Used to be much more of a sports nut than I am now. I Used to be all into the NBA. I used to be an NFL It's been college football college basketball These days. I don't not as much. He's even been the baseball Not as much as I used to be But this year I'm gonna get in the college football again because I kind of miss it NFL.  I'm curious what LeBron does at the Lakers. So Probably gonna watch that next year probably You subbed to my YouTube, but thank you man. I appreciate that There is a Minecraft playlist. I need to feature it on the main thing but I Have episode three up from the last time I played Minecraft I think we got a total of 16 episodes from the last time I played and we're gonna be posting this play through on On YouTube as well. So if you miss any of that, you can catch it on YouTube All that stuff gets cross posted up to YouTube in a 30-minute episode format that you can you can watch it on your own time You fast-forward pass all the boring parts Also have my monster on a playthrough as I have you know the Zelda playthrough that one that one that long though Octopath Traveler we got our monster under generations playthrough up there Gonna be adding Two-point hospital, hopefully When I do that today and his dirt goes so fast Let's get because hard work chat But it's worth it in the end Get this great area to build on Makes building a lot easier when you have to worry about the terrain. Let's go ahead eat a potato No, no, no, no, no cool out of dirt, but we got whoo-hoo. That's quite a bit of sandstone. I Must share.  I don't know The I play the last Saturday because of a sub goal. I don't know. I just People wanted me to still play it. I got a lot of positive response on YouTube from it based on like just the comments and the views You know my YouTube channel is kind of like dwindled from what it used to be But as soon as I put up a Minecraft video, it's like the activity kicked up again. I was like, wow So it makes sense to stream it again. I Didn't have an awful time last time I got through it. I lived I'm human So, you know, it's just make sense to stream it so I'm getting positive response And I mean the numbers are decent. It's not like I'm getting like warframe numbers or I'm not getting poor numbers from I'm getting decent numbers I don't know. I don't know if it'll be a sometimes game. We'll see That's why I'm doing it today to see how it goes And we got the server so it's not like if I stop playing, you know, all this stuff will still be here So if I take a break at me and besides I mean my wife gave me some feedback She says my Minecraft streams are really good and You know, she says she enjoys watching them and I take her opinion very seriously So and to me, you know burning out of Minecraft When you play for five four or five years straight, you know It's inevitable I Just I just played it way too much before Way too much. I'm talking every stream was Minecraft for years To where if I did stream Minecraft people were shocked What Why did not bring mine grabbed and it was like round the time I quit it was just there was this overload of just mods and I it's just It wasn't fun anymore Like all these heavily heavily heavily modded servers and I was just like this is not fun anymore It was all about just learning every mod pack and not actually playing the game, you know That is cold I'm gonna take it. So yeah, I mean, I mean we could do this once a week or so if everything goes well But I'm a variety streamer. So I'm all over the place I've been on a monster hunter binge lately like crazy monster hunter and I haven't got it on my system I'm still addicted like for goodness sake. I was playing path of exile last night and I was playing a monster hunter soundtrack It's like the next best thing It was a lot of little headaches with Minecraft too man, just the community running the community had his own stress Not really stressed it was just had his own responsibilities Which added up over time and I had a really good group of mods that kind of took that off my hands But initially it was really stressful. Oh man, I Had to learn how to delegate that stuff because it was just whitelists and Griefing and mods and servers and bugs Maps getting corrupted people threatening to sue Because their house is gone Hey If you guys ever ran a minecraft server, you know, I'm talking about it was just a it was just a lot more responsibility Which could add the stress to it the chicken suicide still hot sheets of this day That was people thought I was actually high or drunk that was just lack of sleep I was up at 5 a.m. That was a long that was probably like a 12 13 hour minecraft session That was going into 5 a.m. And I saw a chicken jumping lava and lost my mind. So that's what that was That was a really really long minecraft session, but there a clip of that sure I'll play it on stream I want if this Buona guy will Give me a copyright strike or not. I don't know probably my most popular Minecraft video next to me blowing up a mountain. This is probably the highest Yeah, 360p JTV days to the chicken Yep 379,000 views published August 3rd. Whoa. Okay. I didn't want to that published August 3rd 2010 Yep, that was suicide chicken So whenever you see somebody talk about suicide chicken, that's that video And my music stop and I'm out of dirt again the Tarzan one. Oh Gosh You just I mean I've tagged my stuff pretty good.  Oh, this TNT one. Oh Boy, yeah, this is a classic About to try to blow up this island Because this island insulted me. Oh, yeah, the slime video. Oh That was my underground base on creeper.  Thank you so much cloak baby. Sub baby. Hi. Yeah, baby Yes, baby lose weight Nine months of the road man. Thank you so much They're all of my wheat. I'm not eating that stuff It'll taste funny That pig that pig I built this on the bottom of the world by the way, this is the at the bottom of the level and It was a giant hole at the top and just random things would fall down. Whoa, Rita Just subscribe using twitch prime everybody show her some love in the chat. Thank you, Rita for that appreciate it awesome, awesomeness Thank you so much. You guys know about twitch prime.  Yeah, you come here. Do you own Amazon prime? You do Wow Did you know you could get a free subscription on twitch? How well I'm glad you asked Link your Amazon account to your twitch account. That's it. You're done Come back to twitch.tv slash one and get your free sub Thanks, and you're welcome Thank you so much Rita for that using that twitch prime token here Thank you so much. Everybody should read us some love in the chat So I'm talking about thank you so much for the support appreciate it use that anywhere you chose to use it here Why you got no enchantments because I Don't have any enchantments. I need to get some more diamond man I gotta go start another strip mine. I'm trying to do all this landscaping on the top level to beautify everything first You know me Move doggy. I'm trying the landscape.  Am I making the house right now? No, I'm just gathering dirt and I'm Moving that dirt over by my house I'm gonna be building more buildings, but I need to I'm just flattening out everything Yeah, this is the last little bit. I gotta do right here for now So I'm just moving dirt. Yeah, this is my little miniature town thing that I'm expanding What I've done today is I just made this tree farm over here That got made today that all this was like I Had to flatten all this out and add a bunch of dirt here as well So I've been moved pretty much been moving dirt all day and now I'm I'm like expanding this direction It's like I can build some more buildings. Oh And the cure talk you made this This is one of my emotes want a boy That boy the boy right there boy boy You can sub to my stream if you want to use that anywhere on twitch by the way Just saying we did it Okay, so this will Eventually, I'm gonna expand this out that direction and then I'll be able to build some some stuff There's a cut niffin a Wild conifin. I have a beef with you That's a lot of beef niffin That's quite a bit of beef. I Shall put it in my food stuffs. That is quite a bit of beef man. Oh, this is filled up So I don't want to put cobble on that one. Oh Boy anybody want some beds? I'm gonna put these out and one of these chests out here I got like beds for days. I put in this one. I like to keep one on me, too so the next task is to find or to start a strip mine and I'm gonna need to repair my tools and any diamonds. I Guess I should make some some iron stuff too. So let's make some iron tools real quick We'll make a couple picks a couple, you know a couple of everything because my diamond stuff's gonna break So let's see let's make two shovels These are all gonna be the tinker stuff Let's make two picks. I should be good. I don't need to access her sword Have you ever made an XP farm all many times I don't like doing it though. I Don't like doing it. I like just waiting for other for somebody else on the server to do it Use theirs. I've done it. It's just Build these towers and weird stuff over spawners and I Just don't like doing some people do though. All right. Do we have torches? We do let's put this up there put that in there Got some dirt left over. I had to keep one stack in here of cobble and I Guess one stack of dirt It'll take about 14 iron with me just because I need to remake some tools got some sticks probably need some wood and I'm gonna eat this either All right, I think this is good to go make a go start another Go start another Strip mine. I'm gonna just go in one of these mountains over here So what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna use blue Jello's massive amount of sandstone and we're gonna build a road From my home over to my strip mine, we're just gonna go into this mountain Hey, we got a friend over here when when All right. Thank you creeper appreciate that So I'm just gonna start building the road here We belong together And you know that I'm wrong Well messed up Although we've come to the end of The sandstone road Doing a layer by layer strip mine quarry or tunnels type one tunnels. I Always do tunnels. I do two by one by two tunnels I First dig down to diamond level then I just I just tunnel out. Oh My delicious food stuff


We're gonna sing a song that we've been doing at Radiant Kids. Who was at camp this past week? Yeah, here we go. All right. This song is called sky to the ground. So let's hit


Welcome to the Knuckleheads of Liberty. It's episode 200 and it seems to have just blown by, you know, kind of like all this COVID nonsense. And that's sort of tied into how we got to be doing what we're doing here. This show sprung out of COVID. Some of us were working on Libertarian Counterpoint. It's a long running show out of Sacramento. And we had an issue where our studio was shut down. And so we had to start figuring out how to do it remotely. And so we started this podcast and we didn't call it Knuckleheads of Liberty at first. We just called it. James, what did we call? It was Libertarian Counterpoint Podcast. It took a while before we realized what Knuckleheads we were and that's when we began the Knuckleheads of Liberty. I begged to differ. I thought we were patterned after the fantastic 1930 vintage motorcycle engine developed by Harley Davidson. Harley Davidson called the Knucklehead. We are still Knuckleheads though. Once we start showing behind the scenes content, we'll see how big of Knuckleheads we all really, really are. Fortunately, we always have bigger Knuckleheads to talk about on this show. They out Knucklehead the Knuckleheads. Yeah, there you go. But you know, one of the reasons we're doing this, and I guess we could all go around and kind of kick that topic around. But part of it is just the craziness, all of the infringements upon our liberties that we're all exposed to. And I think we're all just a bunch of normal guys who are all kind of like, wow, this is crazy. All the stuff that's been happening to us. I know that's kind of what's gotten me going. You know, you can't just sit on the sidelines anymore and hope that things are going to get better. Because they're clearly not. We've shown the whole GDP debt to GDP ratio, which is like scary levels. We've gone beyond World War II levels, which is just insane. It's over 100%. And our current administration sees no reason to stop now. Just keep going. So I think it's really scary things that we're looking at into the future. And kind of things that, you know, in a libertarian world, you know, where maybe, you know, some social things that might just be choice where we'd be okay if we saw our neighbor doing it as long as we're not forced to do it. A lot of us would be okay with it, but we're literally seeing scary social changes as well just force down our throat. So what do you guys think about this? Why are you guys doing this show? I will start and I tell you, I am doing this show. I want to spread the message of liberty. And everything that I do on this show comes from the very concept that is in one of our funding documents, the Declaration of Independence, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Now, at the end of the show, you will hear that expression. And you'll also hear what I have added. And now and forever, or now and for whatever. But you hear my ending. But the point is, though, we always and forever exactly is the ending. The point is, though, we must spread the word of liberty and we must spread the message of liberty. Jason, I'm sure you remember and James, I'm sure you remember. We started this thing in a studio just before the pandemic took off. It was, I think it was the last Thursday in February of 2020. And after that we were shut down. And one of you guys, I don't know which one of you guys came up with the idea, maybe we should go online and be pulling Tim. And we started, now we are 200 shows later. But the message of liberty is what's important. Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness always and forever. We must spread that message. We must keep on going very far, next 1000 shows. And I hope we do. Yeah, that's great, Leon. And that's good motivation right there to have for doing this. But I just thought ran across my mind. If we've done 200 shows, so we do once a week. That's 52 weeks in a year. Twice a week. Two shows a week. Oh, that's right. Even, even at, see, I'm a knucklehead. See, there you go. You're moving the point. Yeah, so we do 50, there's 52 weeks. We do two shows a week. That's 104 shows a year. So we've been doing this around two years. Yes, we have been. Two years. 2020. Fast time flies. Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness always.


I'm Saïd Chaudhry. I work in the Sheridan Libraries at Johns Hopkins, and I'm joined here by Yap Yeratz. I hope I got that right. Who is a research associate at the Center for Editing Lives and Letters at the University College of London. We are both involved in a project called the Archaeology of Reading that we'd like to talk to you about today. The principal investigator for this is Earl Havens, who is part of my colleagues in the Sheridan Libraries. And we have two of the world's preeminent scholars who are the leads for this project, Tony Grafton at Princeton University, and Lisa Jardine from the University College of London, who sadly has recently passed away, but was a very influential part of conceptualizing and moving this project forward. We're going to take a slightly different approach. So I think sometimes when you hear these project updates, what you basically see is the end result. You see some sort of website, some sort of interface that shows what's happened. And we do have that. We can show you that at the end of the Q&A if you wish. But we're taking a different approach of trying to show you how we got to where we are today. And so that's why we're taking that name of the Archaeology of Reading, which is really a study of the history of the reading practices and so on, and thinking about the archaeology of how we built the infrastructure that supports this particular project. And I use infrastructure with a small eye because we're not building something that's national or global in scale, per se, but rather something at a project and an institutional level. But we think that's part of a bigger picture, part of a broader network of infrastructure and connectivity. If you heard Cliffs' remarks earlier today, if you attended Herbert Bondisampal's session earlier today, you heard both of them talking about operating its scale. And Herbert, in particular, moving away from this idea of a repository-centric view of the world to a web-centric view. So not that you have some content, you put it into a database or repository, and then you build some interface. But rather that you treat and prepare the content in a way so that it can be accessed and used in lots of different services, through lots of different services and applications, including ones that you may not even anticipate. So that's the story that we're in some sense going to try and convey. And infrastructure is typically thought of as technology, but it also includes humans, and that's very much the story we want to talk about as the people part of this. So, very quickly, the archaeology of reading, you can see the URL for the project website right there, is a project that's been funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation for two years. So if you really think of this as the first phase of at least two phases of the project. The partners include Johns Hopkins University, the University College London, and Princeton University. And each of them is bringing both a scholarly and a technology capacity to the project. The scholarly goal relates to understanding the history of reading practices, and Yop will be telling you more about that. And then I will be telling you a little bit about the technology goal of building the infrastructure and describing that in greater detail. But I do think it's important that Yop go first, because even while I think the story of the infrastructure is particularly interesting, it's still done towards supporting scholarship, towards supporting teaching, research, learning, and publications and so on. So I'll turn it over to Yop first, who will tell you about the scholarly parts, and then I'll come back. Right, so basically what we're doing in this project in a nutshell is we are developing a tool which consists of a viewer, which contains the digitized images of 12 books annotated by Gabriel Harvey, as well as the digital transcriptions of all of Harvey's annotations, which will be fully searchable. Well to start with the corpus, the 12 books, and Gabriel Harvey himself. Gabriel Harvey was born around 1550, we don't know exactly in what year. He was born in Severn Walden, a small market town close to Cambridge. He did his BA in MA at the University of Cambridge at Christ College. He finished his studies as a civic lawyer. But his civic career really wasn't that important, and luckily for us what he did do, he annotated many of his books. It's quite a large library, although we don't know exactly how many books he owned. To date we have, we know that around 200 of his books have survived. And the 12 books that we chose for our corpus are books which deal with a variety of topics. Probably the main book is Livy's History of Rome. There are several books which deal with warfare and strategy, and Machiavelli's Art of War. And then we have interestingly two copies of Castellona's Book of the Corce, both in Italian and English language. So it will be interesting to see the differences in the way in which he annotated those books. About the annotations themselves, as you can see he has two images there. He wrote loads and loads of marginal notes, not only in the margins of the page, but also in the printed text. He underlined the words in the printed text as well. He had a variety of marks which he employed such as plus signs, equals signs, dashes and slashes. And he also had interestingly a set of symbols, astrological symbols, which he used to mark up pages in the book and indeed parts of the printed text. As you can see, if you look at the left image in the upper left corner, you see a circle with a dot in it, which is the sign of the sun, which represents a king or kingship. Another symbol which he frequently used was the March symbol, which denotes war and warfare. Our project is very much the fruit really of quite a recent historiographical development, which can be summarized as a movement away from the reader towards the history of reading. So normally, marginal notes were used to probe into the mind of the reader to unearth the innermost feelings of the reader and of the annotator. However, in 1990, Lisa Jardine and Tony Grafton published a seminal article studied for action how Gabriel Harvey read his Livy. In this article they argued that Harvey did not read Livy just for the sake of reading, but his reading had a really practical purpose for it. They showed that Harvey, in the capacity of a professional reader, that read the book together with Philip Sidney in order to prepare Sidney for his diplomatic missions on the continent. However, after the publication of this article, there have been many other of these kind of case studies, how X read his or her Y, but really a study which addressed a larger question of the history of reading practices has not been produced. Interestingly, our project, although we in the first phase worked with Harvey in the second phase with John Dee, so with known identifiable annotators, the project is not about Harvey. We do not want to do this project in order to add to the biographical record of Harvey himself. Rather, Harvey, as Lisa Jardine phrased it, is seen as an operator. He started reading and writing in one book, moved to another book in which he referred yet to other books. So how can we follow Harvey and how can we follow in his footstep and in his intellectual pathways? Harvey then is more seen as a neutral vehicle through which we can address the history of reading. Well, based on these developments, some scholarly goals were formulated. One thing we need to do is move away from just the marginal notes as the privileged, some sort of the highest form of annotation towards an XML schema which we have developed, which can capture all the different forms of annotation. Interestingly, when we started doing this and when we started generating these transcriptions, it became clear that one of the things why a study of the history of reading has been so difficult is because of the size of the data. We have now generated all transcriptions and we have used more than 102,000 tags, only the underlined tag which captures the underscored words in the printed text, containing more than 220,000 words alone. So the scholar really needs to have some tools in order to help him understand reading practices on this scale. Another thing we needed to do is in order to discern patterns, we need to provide a way of examining these different forms of annotation in conjunction with one another. It's not enough just to do a simple string search, for instance, in his marginal notes, but we also have to relate the marginal notes to the printed text, for instance, looking for key concepts which appear in the printed text and in the marginal notes as well. Another important thing is to make it possible to follow Harvey through his books. As I mentioned, often in his marginal notes, he referred to other books but also in his books themselves, he referred to other pages in the book he was reading in. So we need to enable the user to follow Harvey through his books and to make these kind of links possible. In order to do so and in order to capture the annotations, we make use of XML. One of the advances of XML, of course, is that it's flexible to formulate and design our own categories in which we could put the data. Another benefit was that Cell had experience in working with XML from previous projects. When we started with this, we did a survey of the existing schemas and of course the text encoding initiative, the TEI schema standard, is very well known. It has been widely praised for its comprehensiveness and is able to do what they want to do, namely generating electronic digital editions of printed books. However, its comprehensiveness is at the same time also its liability. TEI is fairly top-heavy and indeed the manual of the latest version of TEI, TEI 5, amounts to several hundred of pages. More important for us though, TEI focuses on printed books whereas we focus on annotated books and objects which sit between manuscripts on the one hand and printed books on the other hand. TEI therefore is not really able to deal with annotations, manuscript annotations in printed books very well. Some of the elements of TEI, they show where in the printed books you can find annotations but we want to capture much more information such as the people, the books and the geographical locations Harvey's mentioning his marginal notes. Therefore we decided not to use TEI but instead create our own bespoke schema. The development of the schema started in the Cell HQ in London and you can see there's a whiteboard. My colleague Matt Simons and I, we started drafting a schema but from then on the development of the schema was very much an iterative process. We sent the schema over to a colleague at DRCC at Johns Hopkins and we explained why we want to capture certain data and why we want to capture it in a certain way and they commented on the schema and explained their preferences to us as well. After several of these interesting conversations we came up with a version of the schema which was deemed ready and from then onwards we started generating these subscriptions. Alongside the creation of the schema was the creation of a transcribers manual. This manual on the one hand is some sort of a log which explains why certain decisions regarding the schema were made and also explains the concept and the ideas that underpin the schema and on the other side the manual is indeed the manual for the transcribers explaining the schema, explaining the way in which the text should be used or in order to create a standardized data set. All of this means that it was not a client-provider relationship. It was not a bunch of over-enthusiastic scholars who cooked up some nice ideas and at some point went to the technology people and said, look, can you build us this? From the answer it has always been a really collaborative effort joining scholars, techies as we call them in the office and librarians as well in order to create a really robust foundation on which the rest of the project rests. Having said that, the development and further process of developing is explained by Ced. Thank you, Jaap. Most of you probably don't know that I'm actually an engineer by training even though I've been working in the library for many years and my advisor in graduate school had an interesting view of engineering. He used to call it a liberal art and I asked him what he meant by that and he said engineering is about people, processes and products and the workflows that connect them. And if you only think about the technology or the math or the so on you're missing the entire liberal arts aspect of engineering. And I think that this is the way we have approached this particular project. In many ways people jump immediately to the product side of development of these kinds of activities or projects and I think that it wouldn't be at all unusual to basically take this kind of activity and say give us some use cases and then we will extract requirements and then we will build an interface that sits on top of your repository or database. And I would say use cases are about translation of understanding and what I think this kind of engineering approach is about shared understanding. So one of the stories I like to talk about is Lisa Jardine. We have these regular Skype phone conversations and she was participating in one of them and talking about her research and why she cares so much about these books and what she tries to learn. And I said you know I'm really sorry I have a meeting to go to in just a few minutes but I'll listen for as long as I can. But I ended up listening to all of it. I listened to everything she said and I was late to my meeting and she apologized. She said I'm really sorry I know you had this meeting and I've kept you for too long. I said please don't apologize. Please don't apologize for sharing your story and please don't apologize for sharing with such passion because that's ultimately what we're trying to capture here. So it really is this process of trust and understanding in a shared kind of manner. Yop showed you that whiteboard. I think if you're a technology person I mean this in the most loving way. The best way to engage a technologist is write something within pointy brackets on a whiteboard. You've got us. If you're willing to sit down and go through that kind of process then there's engagement, there's shared understanding. Let me give you one example. Harvey is an operator so Yop gave you the scholarly reason for why they're comfortable with looking at Harvey in this first phase and why there are 12 books. One of the most interesting conversations that took place early on was again technologists and scholars in the room raging debate about whether this would be enough number of books whether we should go beyond Harvey and I'm completely lost. There are words like post-so-graphical. I think that was the word. To this day I don't even know what that means but I'm trying to keep up the conversation and then after about an hour or so I basically say I have a naive question for you. Can you tell me if you take these 12 books and you take Harvey as a reader do you think you're going to capture the universe of symbols and annotations and underlines and so on? And they said we probably will. And I said then from a technology perspective I'm done. That's what I need to know because you've defined the possible set of transcriptions, markups and so on that we will need. So this kind of understanding comes about when you have this people, processes, products and the workflows that connect between them. So what happens at the end of this is typically you get these what I'll call public results. You get this digitized corpus of books. So we can now look at those images. We have physical images. We have transcriptions and so on. We have the markup of all the physical annotations that you see in this book. We have these two viewers that are IIIF compliant. Again, if you heard Cliff's comments earlier, there's something called the International Image Interoperability Framework or IIIF that is about interoperability of sharing and accessing images. So it basically manifests itself in two APIs. One is an image API that allows you to deploy an image server and the other is a presentation API that allows you to actually show these images as a set of canvases and so on. We have a layered infrastructure that supports this. At the bottom of that layer is the storage. This is where the bits actually reside. On top of that is an archive layer. And that layer is where the validation of the content, the management of the content, the integrity checking of the content takes place. It's at this third layer where these APIs are implemented. So we have this IIIF image API and presentation API implemented in a generic enough way that we ought to be able to swap out image servers. We ought to be able to swap out the viewers themselves. And then the very top layer is the website, that bookwheel.org where you will go and see the content and then ultimately see these viewers. So these are the kinds of things you typically see. Now the use cases, as Yop mentioned, we did develop a set of use cases, we didn't do it at the very beginning of the project. We did it roughly six months into the project because we needed to build that kind of shared understanding and that shared capacity to work with each other. And then the use cases were developed at that stage. And they built upon use cases that we had from a previous project called the Ramon de la Rose Digital Library. So this is a set of digitized French medieval manuscripts that also have annotations. And we had a clear postdoc develop a set of use cases for that project that we shared with this project team and said, can you build from these? Can you adopt some of them? Can you modify them and so on? So in some sense we can't get both of those project teams together but we can again share that understanding or translate that understanding between the use cases. And we did ask the scholars to do this and they did in an incredible way. These are very rich detailed use cases. It's not a couple of sentences. They actually follow a very specific template that we've used for a lot of our other software development activities and they talk about preconditions and pathways and assumptions and so on. So this is a very serious time commitment on the part of the scholars that we've been working with. Now these are some of the results that you probably typically wouldn't see because they sit on the infrastructure side of this project but they are equally important and in some ways they're at the heart of why we think this project can be a model for others to think about. There is a data model that describes the content that we've produced and a precursor to IIIF is something called shared canvas. In our view we think shared canvas is very much the data model and IIIF is a protocol for implementing that data model. Now why should you care about data models? So one of the things that you will think about with this repository centric view is metadata, sharing of metadata and I think that's really great and it's important but it's a certain kind of interoperability. If you share your metadata it's really more about discovery and searching and knowing something exists but if I actually want to use your data if I want to process it, run analytics against it and so on metadata is probably not enough. I need to be able to look at your data model and compare it to mine and see if there are commonalities or bridges or places where we can make those connections and so the W3C now has a working group on annotations and they have a draft data model and one of the things we intend to do is compare our data model to theirs to see where there are commonalities, overlaps or modifications that we will need to make and I suspect by doing it at that level we'll have a much better chance of being actually able to use the data from each other's projects not just discover that they exist. As Yop mentioned we have this XML schema that was developed in this iterative process in many ways that is an expression of the collaboration between the scholars and the technologists and it allowed us to create the RDF or express a lot of these transcriptions and comments and so on in an RDF format, link data if you want to call it that that is at the foundation of what we're trying to do. I'd mentioned this other project the Ramon de La Rose Digital Library this was built some years ago and started in the mid-90s and we basically used shared canvas that precursor to IIIF to create an interface for that particular project the lead scholar for that effort and the postdoc that I had talked about Tamsen Rose Steele and Steve Nichols being the medievalist had said we want to update this particular digital library as well and we said we can do that for you but what we'd rather not do is build you a new interface we'd rather update the content so in essence what we did is we made the rose data IIIF compliant and there's another set of manuscripts that we have access to from someone called Christine de Pizon and we've made that IIIF compliant so now all of that content can be accessed by the same set of viewers or the same set of services and we don't have to keep building new interfaces for all of these different kinds of content so it's not about updating the front view it's about updating the processing of the data that underlight sort of in the back end if you will we have detailed statistics about the work of this project so if you're familiar with agile software development there's this concept of velocity how much you produce in any particular sprint or fixed period of time while we didn't quite get quite that far we are in fact looking at when did the scholars make a lot more progress where were their bottlenecks what were some of the constraints what were some of the things that worked really well so in essence in the future when we work on more content or other teams start to work on similar content we may be able to say to them if you take this kind of approach it will actually help you in terms of moving down this path and just recently last week we have a data release so if you go to the website and you go to the downloads page you can actually access to a bunch of data that we have produced and these data are about the books themselves they're about the kinds of symbols that we found the frequency of those symbols distribution of those symbols all sorts of data about the content itself things that we think are interesting things that we have produced spreadsheets and charts and so on but you can use them you can come along and produce your own views put your own lenses onto that data and in fact I would encourage you to do so so let me come back to this Mars symbol that Yap had mentioned earlier and for me this is a very clear cut case of the difference between these two approaches that I'm describing I think if we took that let's put the content somewhere and build an interface and work off use cases we would have ended up with a website or a viewer where you could page through and see all the Mars symbols and I think that's very helpful and I think that's very useful and I think an expert someone like Tony Grafton or Yap or so on would be able to take that and go into a classroom and say here you go I'm going to scroll through and show you these pages with the Mars symbols and we can talk about what the possible implications may be by taking the approach we did what we will be able to do is generate a virtual book of all the pages with Mars symbols so it will grab from different books and reassemble them into a virtual book that is just the Mars symbol will that be useful? I don't know but the question is we can do it and we have experts who can look at that and start to say look Harvey seemed to use the Mars symbol always in this case or he never used it in that case or it's around this particular word those are the kinds of interesting questions that we didn't think about at the beginning of the project we didn't build use cases around those but we can ask them now because of this approach that we've taken I think the key is to be able to take the data that you're given deconstruct it and reconstruct it in interesting ways and I'd like to propose a new metric for success of these projects that we work on that is that somebody comes along and uses your data in an unanticipated way without asking you for it there doesn't need to be this pairwise conversation about this is the really particular way we did this where we built a shim or a connector that allows us to work with your application or so on it needs to be actionable enough that they can point to it and whatever machine mechanism they're using can access the data and it would be fantastic if they did so in ways we didn't think about because that team would prove that they've actually come up with new ways of using the data in ways that even though we have assembled a tremendous scholarly team we know there are other people who have interesting ideas we know undergrads they want to try different things and so on and the key is that the data are in that kind of format and they're available for this kind of processing so with that I will just end with a few acknowledgments we of course are very grateful to the Mellon Foundation for their generous support each of our institutions is actually put forward significant support as well there's a page on the website about the archaeologists themselves so you can see all the people involved including our advisory board and we have plenty of time for comments or questions and I'm sure Yop and I would be happy to hear your feedback, thank you


Wakisha. Tengisha. Elgeza. Ramu. Asi wa kники za kwa ware. Apoloji. O k rahatu. Sekritari. Doktatutu. Matiangi. Waz. Netinibur. Waaz unabutu. Bitu hasi yutu anfu. Zena. Engajment. Asu. Asa komplimanshi. Asu. Fikas. Mika. Bi. Pasi. Pa. Pa. Pa. Paa. Me. Paa. Paa. Paa. Paa. Kwa na. Paa. Secretary General of the ITU and your team distinguished delegates, Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, it is with great honour that I address this August gathering today on behalf of my country. Allow me on behalf of my delegation from Kenya to thank the government and the people of United Arab Emirates for the warm welcome and hospitality we continue to enjoy since our arrival in this spectacular city of Dubai. Mr. Chairman, let me also take this opportunity to offer you my delegations congratulations for your election as chair of the conference. I also wish to acknowledge the hard work of the ITU secretariat in preparing for this conference. Our special thanks go to Dr. Hamadun Ture for his foresight during his eight years at the helm of ITU, as well as Mr. Brahimasun Sanu for his passion in the leadership demonstrated in the development sector for the last four years leading to this conference. My country looks forward to the fruitful discussion and we expect that Dubai declaration will help all of us deliver the dream of broadband to Kenyans. I mean to the world, sorry. Excellencies, this conference is happening at the time when we are experiencing unprecedented growth in ICTs world over. The widespread diffusion of internet, mobile telephony, broadband networks all demonstrate how pervasive this technology has become, but how precisely does ICT affect economic growth and efficiency of firms? More importantly, what are the requisite conditions in making ICTs more effective in enhancing growth and productivity? In my view, these are fundamental questions that this conference should address. Distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, you will agree with me that ICT has become an integral part of people's lives. However, despite the increased use of ICTs, especially in service sectors such as wholesale trade, finance and business services, many countries, particularly those in the developing world, are still experiencing numerous challenges that hamber them from fully embracing this technology. It is therefore imperative that we look at how to further improve understanding of the ways in which ICT affects economic performance as well as the factors that influence the potential impacts of ICT on social economic growth of countries. It is with this in mind that my government recognizes ICTs as one of the key drivers in Kenya's vision 2030 blueprint. Because of my government's commitment, along with joint collaboration with the private sector and the local community, today the ICT contributes to a great deal to Kenya's GDP. Through innovations, our young people are transforming their lives by creating meaningful employment for many jobs seeking graduates. The mobile money transfer is equally another major revolution in the lives of Kenyans in our times. It is equally an area that has become a source of employment and east transactions for small and medium enterprises. Mobile telephony has empowered rural populations to undertake various financial and commercial transactions by means of low-end mobile devices using mobile services. In order to boost connectivity, my government has put in place a broadband strategy. This strategy is aimed at incentivizing infrastructure rollout in unsaved and served areas and to support capacity building. We are in research that the strategy will extract innovations that can also stimulate the demand and uptake of ICTs in all parts of the country. I wish to mention here that it is not all rosy as there is much more to be pursued. Despite the achievements I have outlined my country, I have outlined my country still has challenges to overcome in order to fully realize the potential of ICT in socio-economic development. At this juncture, let on my behalf of my country, a proud ITU for the support it has accorded my country through various ICT initiatives such as the development of cybersecurity framework, the establishment of the National Computer Instant Response Team Coordination Center among others. Kenya is convinced that there is much more we can achieve by providing an equivocal support to ITU in order for it to achieve its obligations and objectives to the membership. Kenya remains committed to the ideals of the union and it is in this respect that we present to you our intention to continue to serve for another term in the kanso and the radio regulations board of this prestigious body. My country, as your trusted partner in ITU, humbly requests you for your support at the elections during the Upcoming Plant Potentiary Conference in Busan. We will continue giving our unrelended support to the ITU fraternity, sharing lessons learned from our successes and challenges as well as exchanging experiences that will enrich our work into the future with ICTs. Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, we thank members of the ITU for giving us the opportunity to exercise this partnership in various capacities in different organs of governance at the ITU. Let us work together and build a legacy of prosperity and positive change in our people through the ICTs. With these remarks, may I wish this conference fruitful deliberations. Thank you. Thank you.


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