This is the 4th lecture and the topic is network theorems. In particular today we propose to talk about Thevenin and Norton. We started in a very simple manner in the last lecture stating the Thevenin theorem. We want to go today in a more comprehensive manner. Both of these theorems Thevenin and Norton have something to do with equivalence of networks. That is 2 networks N1 and N2, 2 networks N1 and N2 are said to be equivalent if their terminal behaviours are the same. Networks as you know terminal behaviour of a network is characterized by its voltage current relationship. If the voltage current relationships of 2 networks N1 and N2 at the terminals are the same then the networks are said to be equivalent. In particular Thevenin and Norton theorems have to do with 1 port equivalence. Equivalence of 1 port networks that is 1 port means the network contains only 2 terminals. Very simple 1 ports can be thought of like this. Let us say 2 resistances R1 and R2 in series then you know that this 1 port is equivalent to a single resistance of value R1 plus R2 agreed. On the other hand if I have 1 port in which 2 resistances are in parallel then you know that a single resistance is equivalent to this whose value is R1 parallel R2 is given by R1 R2 divided by R1 plus R2. These are examples of very simple equivalences. To take this further we know that if 2 inductors are in series then a single inductor whose value is equal to the sum of the 2 inductors is an equivalent network. If 2 capacitors are in series C1 and C2 then the equivalent network consists of a single capacitor of value C1 C2 over C1 plus C2. Capacitors add when they are connected in parallel alright. Now Thevenin and Norton theorems go beyond this. They say let us consider a network N which not only contains resistors, we are considering basically resistive networks, linear resistive networks along with DC sources. This is our consideration at the present moment. We are not admitting inductors and capacitors. Suppose we have a network N which not only contains resistors but also contains voltage sources and current sources alright. So we are considering a composite 1 port which contains resistors, voltage sources, current sources and these sources could be either independent or dependent. What we mean by dependent we will consider a little later but what we are considering is a 1 port network N which contains resistors and sources. Let us use a single term sources. Sources could be voltage or current, sources could be dependent or independent. The meaning of dependent sources as I said we will illustrate first then we shall go into the explanation. What is important is that you understand the concepts. Thevenin's theorem says that if there is a network N which is linear connected to another network, another network let us say N1 which could be either a linear or non-linear it does not matter. N1 is an arbitrary network which is also in 1 port and capital N is the 1 port which drives N1 that is capital N is the driving network and N1 is the driven network. This is driving and this is driven then as far as the current injected into N1 is concerned in so far as the load or the driven network is concerned the network N of the driving network can be replaced by an equivalent network and this equivalent network consists of a voltage source VT an ideal voltage source in series with a resistance RT. This is Thevenin's theorem. Thevenin's theorem says that if a linear network drives a load this load could be linear or non-linear it could be any combination of resistors and sources but the driving network has to be linear and the driving network in so far as the load is concerned in so far as the current injected into the load or the voltage appearing across the load terminals is concerned the driving network can be replaced by a very simple equivalent network which consists of a series connection of a voltage source VT and a resistance RT. The subscript capital T is for Thevenin is the first letter of Thevenin, T-H-E-V-E-N-I-N we shall we shall extend it to inductive and capacitive networks later but let us understand the concept with regard to with reference to a resisting network. We shall require slightly different techniques for networks containing inductors and capacitors which we shall consider later. Now to be able to understand this a little more in the perspective let us say that under the actual network connection let us say the load current is I L if I L is going then I L must come out also alright this current the current coming out must be I L let us say that the current is I L then Thevenin's theorem says that if this equivalent network is connected to the same network N1 then the current here will also be I L this is what equivalence means, equivalence means that the terminal behaviour is the same that is if this voltage is V L then this voltage shall also be V L this is what equivalence means alright. The interpretation of VT and RT are as follows you have taken the network N which contains resistors voltage sources and current sources and you want to find out it is equivalent you want to find out it is Thevenin equivalent VT plus minus and the Thevenin equivalent resistance RT VT is simply the voltage appearing at the terminal to the one port with the one port open circuited in other words no current the one port N does not drive any current under that condition whatever the voltage is is called VT so it is the VT is the open circuited voltage that is when it is not connected to any resistance the resistance is infinite between the 2 terminals the voltage that appears across this is the VT and RT is the ratio of VT to the current that flows when these 2 terminals are short circuited that is N the terminals are short circuited so this is ISC the short circuit current the ratio of the open circuit voltage to the short circuit current is RT this is one interpretation of RT the other interpretation is that RT is the resistance looking back into N RT is the resistance measured across this one port with the voltage sources short circuited that is voltage sources replaced by a short circuit and current sources current sources replaced by an open circuit that is like this that is you open the current sources and short the voltage sources inside N under that condition whatever resistance is measured across the port is RT this is the interpretation of RT and this is where the concept of dependent and independent sources arise let me make a formal definition a dependent source is 1 now we are talking of dependent and independent sources what I have said about short circuiting a voltage source an open circuiting a current source applies only to independent sources in finding RT dependent sources should not be touched dependent sources should remain intact question is what is a dependent source a dependent source is 1 whose voltage or current a source is either a voltage source or a current source a dependent voltage source is 1 whose voltage depends on some current or voltage at some other point in the circuit all right a dependent source is 1 whose voltage or current depends on some other voltage or current in the circuit that is the simple definition of a source a dependent source for example for example if I have let us say a voltage source VS in parallel with a resistance let us say R1 then we have another resistance R2 then I have let us say current source another resistance suppose this is my circuit where this current is I1 and this current source is let us say beta times I1 agreed beta times I1 then this current source is not an independent current source because the current generated by this beta I1 depends on the current at some other point in the circuit depends on the current through R1 you understand this this voltage source VS for example is an independent voltage source because it generates a voltage VS irrespective of what happens to the rest of the world it does not care whereas this current generator is not so independent its current the current generated by this source depends on another current at some other point in the circuit that is I1 you understand what you mean by dependent and independent sources a dependent source generates a voltage or current irrespective of what happens to the rest of the world a dependent source is not as free as this its current or voltage depends on some other current or voltage it is not necessary that a current source should depend on another current it could depend on another voltage as you can see here I can write I1 as VS by R1 and therefore I could write this as gamma VS where gamma is beta by R1 and therefore this current source could depend on either a voltage or a current similarly and a dependent voltage source could depend on either a voltage or a current and the important point that we are mentioning is that in finding RT the Thevenin equivalent resistance as I said it is the resistance looking back into N the network which you are trying to replace with the following modifications that is if you have a voltage source you short circuit this if you have an independent voltage source you short circuit this which means that physically you remove the source and put a short circuit if you have a current source independent current source you replace this by an open circuit so that what you really do is physically replace physically remove the current source whereas if you have a dependent voltage source dependent sources do not touch they are protected by a shield you do not touch them they remain as they are alright this point has to be borne in mind it is a most important point this is where most of the circuit analysis particularly by non-electrical engineers goes wrong and therefore you must remember this very carefully dependent sources cannot be touched they are barred yes independent current source or that is very simple a transistor output is behaves like an independent current source well we will come across circuits which can be considered as current generators alright electronic circuits basically it is not as simple as a battery yes yes that is independent but suppose it was 3 times V1 where V1 is somewhere else in the circuit then it would have been independent current source is not available in the laboratory in the laboratory what you get are batteries or the the mains current so the mains voltage so that these are all voltage sources fortunately or unfortunately the generators that one makes in practice are voltage generators that one can make current generators initially come across circuits in future when you deal with transistor circuits which behave as current generators we will consider them at a later point of time so the point that I have made is that the that one port a linear one port containing resistors and sources sources of two kinds current and voltage sources of two different characters dependent or independent can be replaced in so far as the driven network is concerned by an equivalent circuit consisting of a simple series connection of a voltage source and the resistance and we have called the voltage source as capital V subscript T and the equivalent resistance is capital R subscript T and capital V T is the open circuit voltage and to determine RT one can proceed in two ways that is one can find out the equivalent resistance by making some changes in the sources in the independent sources that is independent voltage sources have to be short circuited independent current sources have to be open dependent sources not to be touched to be left intact then you measure the equivalent resistance that is RT or the other thing that you can do is forget about touching any of the sources you simply find out the short circuit current then VT by ISC is RT all right now before we take an example to illustrate this I want you to understand the significance of RT in another way N can be connected to N the network which you are trying to replace by a given equivalent can be connected to let us say resistance RL mode now if N is equivalent to VT and in series RT then the current in the load in either a network should be the same if this current is IL then this current should also be equal to IL all right now if IL is 0 under what condition does that happen if RL is infinite that is if the network is open then if RL is infinity then you see the voltage VL let us say would be equal to simply the open circuit voltage which by definition is VT so VL is VT okay if RL is 0 that is if this is short circuited then the current in the original network is ISC and in the Thevenin equivalent what is the current it is VT divided by RT because RL is 0 and therefore RT is simply equal to VT divided by ISC all right this checks with our interpretation of RT RT can be measured in two ways you can either find out the short circuit current or you can find out the equivalent resistance looking into this to illustrate Thevenin's theorem if you have any questions I would like to answer them now before I take the example well the only constraint is it must pass a current it cannot it should not be open circuit that is all the constraint it could be linear it could be nonlinear it could contain resistors inductors capacitors I don't care but since we are considering direct current sources DC sources even if there is an inductor the inductor behaves as a short circuit if there is a capacitor the capacitor gives us open circuit so basically with DC sources under equilibrium condition it behaves as a resistive network we shall extend all these concepts to RLC networks in a at a later point of time but we would like to grasp this concept with resistive networks first any other question the example that we are about to do we have already done in the last lecture when we solved a network containing a voltage source and the current source we find out the currents in all the branches and so on the same example you take and we shall solve by applying Thevenin's theorem and it is not a trivial exercise so I would like you to follow the steps very carefully the circuit is the following we have a 50 volt source 50 volt source along with two resistances 12 ohm and 2 ohms a third resistance 5 ohm and the current generator of 3 amperes here then there is another resistance here of value 10 ohms this is my circuit and to make things a bit more complicated to make it look really complex let us find out the current through these 2 ohms and let us call this current as I now it is a same same exercise that we have taken to illustrate KCL KVL loop analysis and node analysis we want to solve it by applying Thevenin's theorem all right now the first thing we do is to find out the Thevenin equivalent we call these points as let us say A and B to find out Thevenin equivalent we would like to find out VT and RT to find VT we must open this up in other words our new circuit to find VT shall be like this 50 12 then A and B is an open then 5 ohm and you have a 10 ohms here in addition you have a current generator 3 ampere here what is VT VT is the voltage difference between A and B if you call this voltage is VA and this voltage is VB then VT is this difference with this polarity why this polarity because the current was assumed from left to right so this is the polarity if you connect a 2 ampere obviously the current will go from left to right is the point clear we are going to calculate now VT obviously VT as I said is equal to VA minus VB so let us find out what is VA you see that in calculating VA we have a current source here 3 ampere what can this current source do it can only drive a current through the 12 ohm here it cannot flow in any other direction this is the only freedom it is left to it and therefore it will cause a voltage drop across 12 ohm of 36 volts 3 times 12 36 with what polarity plus here and minus here right the polarity will be plus here and minus here and this battery is plus here and minus here so can you tell me what VA is VA is obviously 36 plus plus 50 or minus 50 plus minus plus minus 86 volt okay VA is 86 volt now I come to VB VB is the voltage across this 5 ohm resistance agreed and you see the configuration this can be done by inspection 50 volt is connected to a series combination of 10 ohms and 5 ohms so very simple voltage division takes place and it is 5 divided by 10 plus 5 times 50 this is point here 50 volt appears across a series connection of 10 ohms and 5 ohms remember this is open so the rest of the circuit does not interact with it at all so 10 ohms and 5 ohms what we are trying to find is the drop across 5 ohms and obviously voltage division R2 over R1 plus R2 multiplied by 50 this is fine clear how much is this 50 divided by 3 agreed and therefore and therefore VT our Thevenin equivalent is simply 86 minus 50 divided by 3 which is equal to 3 times 6 18 1 2 5 8 minus 50 divided by 3 is equal to 200 divided by 3 volt I beg your pardon 208 this is VT now we want to find out RT let us find out let us find RT by both ways both interpretations that is by finding the short circuit current and also by measuring the resistance equivalent resistance it turns out that the second approach namely finding out the equivalent resistance by killing sources that is by killing which sources independent sources independent sources that turns out to be easier as you shall see right away our circuit was 50 volt 12 then I beg your pardon I this would be a short circuit now that 2 ohm would be a short circuit you have a 3 ampere source here 3 ampere source then you have a 5 ohm and a 10 ohm here let me draw it again I was feeling lazy I have a 50 12 3 ampere and this place of 2 ohms which was open circuited for finding VT shall now be short circuited this is A this is B and this current is the current that we are interested in finding out ISC all right then I have the 5 ohm resistance and the this resistance is 10 all right I can find out ISC like this suppose I consider this current as I1 this current is I1 then ISC obviously shall be equal to 3 plus I1 by which law have we applied KSE alright we also have to have to know this current let us call this as I2 alright then how many unknowns are there 2 just 2 so let us express everything in terms of ISC and we write 2 loop equations alright 2 loop equations so the first loop is 50 12 5 agreed then I get 50 is equal to 12 I1 plus what is this current I2 plus ISC 5 I2 plus ISC and the other loop equation is this 10 and 12 obviously 10 I2 shall be equal to 12 I1 is that easy to see it is the same difference of potential either you apply KVL or you argue like this you got the same 2 point and therefore 10 I2 should be equal to 12 I1 now I will leave the algebra to you I have done the algebra and I leave the algebra to you I will only give you the final result what you do is you replace I1 by 3 minus ISC and solve from solve for ISC from these 2 equations I don't know a substitution or by Kremers method I don't care the final result is that ISC is equal to let us say I did it somewhere 208 divided by 46 ampere this is the final result my VT was equal to what is equal to how much 208 by 3 volts and therefore my RT shall be equal to what 46 by 3 46 by 3 ohms alright now if you ask me now what did we gain by given is there it didn't look like much simplified one because for ISC I have to solve 2 loop equations anyway isn't it it turns out that the other method instead of calculating ISC the other method is a better choice here that is finding out RT let us see let us see how that solves the problem what we have is 50, 12, A, B this is where we have to measure RT between A and B after killing the sources we will see how to kill them this is 5 this is 3 ampere and there is a 10 ohms here okay in the previous method what I did was I short circuited this and found out ISC the short circuit current now we shall argue like this that RT is the resistance between A and B with independent voltage sources short circuited so this is replaced by short circuit now and independent current sources open circuited so break this up remove this source physically what are you left with you are left with a 12 ohm in series with a parallel combination of 10 and 5 isn't that right what you have is 12 ohms then a 10 ohms here and a 5 ohms here this is the equivalent circuit you are measuring the resistance between these 2 points so RT is almost obtained by inspection it is 12 plus 10 parallel 5 which is 50 divided by 15 which is equal to 12 plus 10 by 3 which is 46 by 3 this is what we had obtained after a bit long calculation in the ISC method the short circuit current method nevertheless the short circuit current has its own importance as we shall see a little later now therefore our Thevenin equivalent circuit you remember our original problem was this 12, 2, 5, 3 ohms and 10 this was 50 volt we were trying to find out I this is my load and what I have found out is that my VT is 208 divided by 3 and RT is 46 by 3 this point is A and this point is B A and B this is my equivalent circuit then I connect the 2 ohm the current through 2 ohms must be the same as in the original circuit so what is the value of I? I is 4 amperes here that is correct and it checks it what we found out by loop analysis or load analysis this is a non-trivial application of Thevenin's theorem and I wanted you to know that even a complicated case like this where there is a voltage source there is a current source and it is a fairly complicated 1, 2, 3, 4 resistors can be solved by simple application of Thevenin's theorem. Now next I shall take another example which contains dependent sources and see how to apply Thevenin's theorem there and this example as we shall see later is a equivalent circuit for a transistor but just look at it the way I am drawing it now forget about what it represents we are interested in solving this problem there is a dependent current source beta I 1 in parallel with a resistance R 2 and this drives a load R L all right what we are interested in is let us say the current in R L if I know I R L if I know the current in R L then I of course know the voltage in R L all right this is what I used to find out I L by application of Thevenin's theorem to that part of the network which is to the left of the dotted line all right I wish to find out the Thevenin equivalent and for that the first thing I do is to find out V T all right I did not show I 1 I 1 is this current I 1 is this current thank you now the obviously beta I 1 is now a dependent source so let us see how we solve this problem the first thing to do is to find out the open circuit voltage let me draw the circuit again this is R 1 and this current is I 1 R 3 beta I 1 and there is a resistance R 2 this voltage is V T open circuit R L is disconnected this is the open circuit now to find out V T V T what are you going to apply there is a voltage source there is a current source and to complicate matters the current source is a dependent one it depends on another current at some part some other part of the circuit the simplest method why you can think of loop analysis mode analysis you can think of branch currents and loop currents and so on the simplest method obviously shall be mode analysis because there is only one voltage which is unknown and this voltage is this mode voltage after all these two are the same modes so all that you have to find out is V T so you write one KCL equation that is sum up all the currents that lead this mode V T obviously these are V T by R 2 this is the current through R 2 plus beta I 1 beta I 1 leaves this mode but what is I 1 I 1 is V S divided by R 1 so beta V S divided by R 1 all right plus V T plus the current through R 3 there are 3 currents that we have to take care of this one this one and this one these are the 3 currents leaving the node and the sum of them should be equal to 0 so the third current the current through R 3 is V T this potential minus V S divided by R 3 so V T minus V S divided by R 3 and this should be equal to 0 which immediately gets you what is V T if I use this symbol 1 by R equal to G capital G then V T can be written in one stroke that V T times G 2 plus G 3 shall be equal to V S I take them to the right hand side G 3 minus beta G 1 is that okay is it all right where I have used G I as equal to 1 over R I G I obviously is conductance what is the unit or Mohs M H O S all right the Americans prefer Mohs because Siemens was a German if Siemens was an American they just said Siemens and you study American text to Smith is an American text book so he writes Mohs minor differences but obviously you can see that V T is given by V S G 3 minus beta G 1 divided by G 2 plus G 3 all that you needed in solving this problem in finding out V T was KCL KVL and common sense which is the strongest tool of an engineer the other point other thing that has to be found out is is RT I shall find out RT by both methods and then you decide which one is simpler let us look at the circuit again what we have to do is V S then we have R 1 R 3 beta I 1 R 2 let us find out RT by direct measurement across these terminals looking back after killing the independent sources dependent sources should not be touched so what I do is I short circuit this that is the only thing that I have to do is not it this is the only independent source and killing it means that I short circuit this I do not touch I do not touch beta I 1 recall that this is I 1 now you see that as a result of shorting this what is I 1 I 1 becomes equal to 0 and therefore beta I 1 becomes equal to 0 which means that the current generator is not there all right so what is RT then it is a parallel combination of R 2 and R 3 because R 3 goes to short circuit R 1 is ineffective so it is simply R 2 R 3 divided by R 2 plus R 3 okay now let us see let us calculate it by the other method that is by calculating the short circuit current our circuit if you recall is V S then R 1 this is I 1 R 3 beta I 1 R 2 and I am going to short circuit this this is the current that I want to find out I SC all right if if this is short circuited if this is short circuited then obviously ineffective R 2 is ineffective no current in R 2 all right and therefore I SC shall consist of 2 components if you apply KCL now here then this current this current minus beta I 1 should be equal to I SC agreed if I apply KCL here this current now what is this current this voltage is V S what is this voltage 0 it is connected to the ground is not this voltage equal to 0 it is short circuited and therefore the drop across R 3 is simply V S therefore the current in R 3 is V S by R 3 minus beta what is I 1 I 1 is still V S divided by R 1 this should be equal to I SC that is I SC is equal to V S G 3 with the same terminology conductance minus beta G 1 this is I SC let us collect our our equations is there any question here this calculation all we did was common sense one application of KCL and the other is common sense nothing else we found out I SC let us let us write our equations again I SC is V S G 3 minus beta G 1 and what was V T V T was V S G 3 minus beta G 1 divided by G 2 plus G 3 and by definition R T shall be the ratio of the 2 what does the ratio give 1 over G 2 plus G 3 which is precisely equal to R 2 R 3 divided by R 2 plus R 3 so I have been able to find out the equivalent thevenin resistance by either method now it is for you to judge which one which method was better in this case which method was yes direct calculation well both of them are equally in the first one it was much easier well then it is a personal preference I do not like green colour some somebody else likes green colour so it is okay to me both of them are equally easy once you see what is going on once you see what is the game is then you can play the game according to the rules of the game alright and hope to win alright so these 2 fairly involved examples should convince you about effectiveness of Thevenin's theorem and along with Thevenin now yes there could be a dependent voltage source in the same example you will have to work it out beta I 1 means beta beta V S divided by R 1 and you will have to work it out alright let us look at this circuit it is not a it is not a bad question it is a it is a very good question what he says is R 1 I 1 R 3 and he says let this be a dependent voltage source beta I 1 instead of a dependent current source then we have an R 2 what did you want to calculate Thevenin resistance before that you also want to calculate V T open circuit voltage the open circuit voltage here obviously shall be equal to beta I 1 alright now if you want to calculate Thevenin resistance R T what you do is you short circuit this short circuit this so R 1 is ineffective R 1 is ineffective and if R 1 is ineffective then what is I 1 I 1 is 0 if I 1 is 0 then beta I 1 is 0 if beta I 1 is 0 what does it mean it means an open circuit or short circuit a voltage source if the voltage is 0 what does it mean no it is a short circuit there can exist a voltage across an open circuit but not across a short circuit so this is a short circuit so R T becomes identically equal to what are you talking of who said 0 who dares to say 0 I appreciate that courage because it is indeed 0 why because between these 2 points there exists a short circuit current is no compulsion to go any other way it will go through the short circuit that is indeed the Thevenin resistance alright okay so the problem becomes much not simplified if it is a controlled voltage source in dependent voltage source instead of dependent current in this situation not necessarily in every situation no in other situations it may be more complicated now along with Thevenin comes the name of Norton Norton was an American working in bell telephone laboratories and he enunciated a theorem which goes by his name Norton's theorem which is precisely the dual of Thevenin's theorem dual that means what Thevenin enunciated in terms of voltage Norton enunciated in terms of the current Thevenin's theorem says that the 1 port N is equivalent to a voltage source in series with a resistance Norton says that N can be replaced by a current source in parallel with a resistance alright current source I N in parallel with a resistance which Norton prefer to call a conductance G N alright and the interpretations of I N and G N you can very easily see that I N is nothing but I SC that is if you short circuit these 2 terminals the current that flows to the short circuit is I SC and you can also see that R N is nothing but what if you measure if you measure the resistance looking from here what resistance would you see 1 upon G N and therefore R N is simply equal to R T is this clear to you the Thevenin resistance the Norton resistance is the same as the Thevenin resistance you recall why is it so you recall that in finding out Thevenin equivalent we found out VOC which is V T we find out found out I SC and we found out R T as V T divided by I SC what we are doing in Norton is simply simply representing it in terms of I SC and an equivalent resistance alright suppose suppose I take I SC which is V T divided by R T in parallel with R T and find the Thevenin equivalent of this with the current source in parallel to resistance what is the open circuit voltage simply V T if this is kept open circuit then this current flows through R T so V T by R T multiplied by R T is V T and if you measure the resistance looking in this direction after killing the source only source it is simply R T so Norton Norton's theorem is simply another way of looking at the Thevenin equivalent alright what was considered as a voltage source by Thevenin is now being converted to current source so both of these problems that we solved also solves for Norton equivalent because we found out R T R T is the same in both in one of them it is a series resistance in Norton equivalent is a parallel resistance the source is I SC which we have to find for Thevenin equivalent also for Thevenin equivalent we found out V T and I SC question may be that if I if I do not find the short circuit current I know the Thevenin equivalent on all that you have to do is to find is to divide the open circuit voltage V T by the Thevenin resistance R T whichever way you find it does not matter and therefore whatever we have done for the two examples in finding out the Thevenin equivalent also solves for the Norton equivalent and this leads us to a more generalization in the case of a generalization in the case of sources that is if we have a source V which is not ideal which has a series resistance let us say R then it is a non-ideal voltage source this is equivalent to a non-ideal current source of current equal to V by R the short circuit current and a parallel resistance equal to R this is called source transformation a big name but a very simple application of Thevenin's theorem similarly if I have a current source I which is non-ideal that is it has a parallel resistance R then this is equivalent to a Thevenin equivalent a voltage source I times R in series with R you will see that this simple transformations the two transformations which go by the big name of source transformation shall be extremely useful in solving network problems without loop analysis without node analysis. In fact Thevenin and Norton applied judiciously can save the labour of network analysis however complicated it may be and we shall see some of the some examples next time is there any question all right the next time.


This study demonstrates that flubendazole, FLU, and anthelminthic drug can reduce the expression of PD-1 in immunocompet mice, leading to improved anticancer efficacy. Furthermore, this study suggests that FLU may be able to induce apoptosis in cancer cells by activating the AP-1 transcription factor. This article was authored by Uli, Ben Wu, M.D. Jaka Hossein, and others.


My name is Khalid, I'm a photographer and film maker from Abuja, Nigeria. My name is Minnet Lonti, I am a tech entrepreneur and I am a wikimedia from Cameroon. I live in Duala.


Hey Psych2goers, do you have a feeling that something is wrong in your relationship or in a potential partner? Something just seems off. Psychotherapist and sex therapist Delchina Piedogora noted in an article for himself that red flags in a relationship can be noticed first as simply feelings, her tip to pay attention to your body. What sensations are you feeling when you're deciding if something is a red flag? Is your heart rate increasing? Do you feel nervous in a negative way? She explained to self that it's enough to know that something doesn't feel right and needs to change. But what if there are some red flags you missed to help you out? Here are 5 relationship red flags that therapists often warn about. 1. They Criticize You, Sutterly or Passive Aggressively Does your date or partner subtly criticize you? Are they passive aggressive with you? Or maybe they aren't subtle at all? Criticizing a partner is a red flag. If you notice this early on, it's best to think again on if this person is right for you. 2. Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist at Choosing Therapy, Samara Kintero told Insider that this is a form of emotional abuse that can lead to feelings of anxiety and insecurity in the partnership.  And you sound so ridiculous when you try to be funny. Insider even mentioned a 2013 study published in the Journal of Violence and Victims. The study proposed that the effects of emotional abuse are just as detrimental as the effects of physical abuse. 2. They're Rude to Staff and Waiters How does your date treat waiters and staff? Pay attention on your next date at a restaurant. Reading Coach and Couples Counselor Dr. Gina Sinarigi explained to Self Magazine that how they treat service industry workers will give you some insight on their opinion on social structure. It can also show you their sense of entitlement and give you a look into how they treat others when they're in a position of power. If they're rude to them, then you now have a lot more info into what kind of person they really are. According to statistics, only a small percentage of you who watch our videos are actually subscribed. So if you haven't and at the end of the video you enjoy what you see, do consider subscribing. It would help a lot with YouTube's algorithm in promoting more of our mental health content. Thanks for being here. 3. They're Irresponsible and Immature Is your date or partner often irresponsible? Immature? Irresponsible partners may find themselves in many crises each day because of their actions or immaturity. According to psychiatrist Dr. Abigail Brenner in her Psychology Today article, small crises surrounding the way they live their daily life may take up a lot of time and energy. If so, there may be little time and energy left for you and your issues. These people may still be working on growing up. In other words, it may be hard to rely on them for almost anything. So while you may be there for them a lot of the time, they often won't be responsible enough or have much energy to give you the things you need in a relationship, possibly time and energy. 4. They describe every one of their exes as crazy.  Or maybe you've already discovered a few small lies from your date? Lying is a common relationship red flag. Therapists Samara Kintero explained in an article from Insider that we are all guilty of telling white lies. However, if you notice that your partner is consistently deceiving or getting caught in lies, it's a red flag. What's a relationship without trust anyway?  And if there are small lies, there could be big ones as well. 5. They don't communicate with you or express how they feel in the relationship. Do you notice that you're the only one effectively communicating in the relationship? Being honest and communicating early on will only benefit your relationship. Therapists Samara Kintero also mentioned to Insider that a healthy relationship provides a safe place for both partners to speak openly on their emotions without fear of judgment or criticism. While he mentioned passive aggressiveness before and harsh criticisms, these two can be signs of poor communication in a relationship. Communication is key people, so make sure both you and your partner are both expressing how you really feel in the relationship and talking about what you want and need from each other. If they're not communicating even after you've mentioned your concerns, this is likely another relationship red flag. If you've noticed many of these red flags, it's best to reconsider your relationship and not ignore the red flag warnings. So, did you notice any of these red flags in your relationship? In your partner or yourself? Feel free to share with us in the comments below. If you find this video helpful, don't forget to click the like button and share it with someone. Subscribe to Psych2Go and hit the notification bell for more content like this. As always, thanks for watching.


I am coming to work at 6 o'clock in the morning and winding up at 2pm with my signature recorded every evening as proof for my utterance. We feel sad in this situation because there are lot of struggles in this job. Our salary is not sufficient for us. Public is just using us when they want to and don't pay any attention to our needs at other times. After that they are treating us like a trash. It's quite heart wrenching for us all. We have worked in times of all kinds of disasters. Our demand is for a permanent job and a fixed salary. All my family members are at home and I am the only person coming to work. In case I am infected by the coronavirus there is nobody to take care of me. I need a permanent job confirmation that is the only solution for me. If you look at the surroundings there are a lot of IT companies and big shopping malls. There are a lot of people doing housekeeping work in these areas. Due to the present situation a lot of these people have gotten affected. As a result it has become a struggle for women as we have extra pressure to take care of our children, held us and differently able and I have to share food even without having anything for ourselves. So women are starving in this situation. I am getting more phone calls these days from several women where one woman is asking for money to run her family or she is saying she is contemplating suicide. Another woman has four members in her family and an aged father. They are not able to offer any food and are begging for tea powder and sugar at the least. Women in such situations are facing more pressure. In India the overall subject of working women itself has a huge lack of research and survey and with whatever minimal data we have got we can see that from 2005 to about 2008 in close to about a decade or 10 years there is a huge decline of working women. So in 2005 Indian working women were about 36%. The contribution to the working women percentage was about 36%. And by the end of 2018 the study shows that we have come down with a 10% decline to about 26%. So this has been a worrying factor for a long period in India. There is no comprehensive data on working women at all in India. So we might have vague information pulled out from other researchers or surveys like the National Sample Survey Organization, Employment and Unemployment Survey, NSSO, EUS, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD and other such similar surveys done by the government or other organizations. We are pulling out data only from these and through this data of which has both male and the female working population information. From this we derive to determine the actual data on the working women. So we derive the female labour force participation from these kind of data. We also derive the gender gap in the labour force participation rate also from these kind of data. Apart from this, there are no clear comprehensive concentric data on women working women or the sectors they are into or the problems faced by them or what do you say, wage issues or safety issues. There are no clear separate surveys or researches concentrated on women. But most of the available data are pulled from these particular surveys or senses. International labour organization points out a very important point, which is that globally we have about 50% of the population, which is women, of the whole population. 50% of the population is contributed by women, whereas 30% of that population is on the workforce. So while 30% of that is on the workforce, but still in the overall working hours calculation, women still contribute about 60% of working hours. You should be able to understand the unfair or the injustice from this, but still they only gain about 10% of the income, even though the contribution is overall in a predominantly higher rate, they still get only about 10% of the income. So and of that, only 1% of the women hold the land property. So this is the global structure which has been contributed by the international labour organization in 2007. I'm not sure about how long it has changed or the pattern has changed. So what are the reasons contributing to this decline in women in the workforce are basically lack of education. We still are in a system where women are not actually provided proper education. We have a lot of other social and class related problems and in particular women have huge problems in accessing education. Our livelihood has been affected badly in this lockdown. We are having meals two times a day. Government hasn't tried to help us in any way. At the same time, we don't have offer of ration cards with us also. We are expecting help only from the government side. A lot of unorganized sectors have been working. Women workers welfare schemes, only a few of them have been registered. The probability of getting money has become less. There is a proper solution from anybody in the government. People like us cannot help others because of the trust factor as we are in the lockdown and can't look into each other's face. There is also no assurance that help will reach the needy. With such situations, we try to help at least a thousand people during this lockdown. So in a way, humanity still does exist. But this is not enough. Tamil Nadu government has to discuss with all political parties and take quick action based on the war fund as well. This is our suggestion.


Ngāi, iafrātama, iau kaidekka padē, seitne piai ia kotexan iipoko takaorenau tā. Maikai iakiaa rungu, iau kaidekka pa intestines, iau kaidekka, iau taiki pa eitiname saka tei. Iau pa kaidekka iepoko� milo, iau kotexan iame kaidekka. kodex prosesu. I started my way up. I did residue assessments and then I worked my way through management and with my experience I slowly moved into the CCPR side of things there in the early 2000s and have been a member ever since there. I've really enjoyed it. I've also actually spent a bit of time at the kodex committee on vet drugs as well. My happiest moments in kodex is the enduring friendships with everyone at kodex at the CCPR. It is like one big family. Yes, there are some disagreements at times but everyone gets on and wants to move in the same direction so friendships has really been an important part of this whole area. Well, I think one of my biggest challenges was actually having to present or chair a session at the plenary and I really appreciated the hard work and how much time and effort goes into chairing a CCPR or any other kodex committee meeting. So I was rather nervous about doing that chairing but it went well so I'm pleased I did that experience. Kodex needs to keep up with what's happening in the future and do not be left behind. It's very important that they stay aware of what's happening around there and adapt as required to keep ahead of things there. I think it's very important they keep on communicating the importance of food safety and fair trade in a whole range of areas. Without it I think there will be a poorer place from a food safety perspective. The next generation of people I think is really important to get them involved in the kodex process there. Otherwise the disconnect that will occur for future generations. I think there are programs we could do perhaps at the universities and I such like to get people involved but again as communication and getting it out there to that younger generation is really, really important.


it is Tuesday, two o'clock-ish, therefore we're live-ish. Well, we're more than ish. We're live. We're fully, fully live.  And that's what the distraction is today. It is a ball that spits out treats. So if you hear the rattling, that's what it is.  And we're gonna make some art work. What's up, Swamper? How are you? How's the weather, where y'all are? Hey, Sandy, I have something to send to you that I've been meaning to send to you since we went to Colorado. Nam na, sup. So I have been refurbing, oops, sorry, I've been refurbing a lot of pieces with you guys lately, because I feel like if I have a piece that hasn't sold in, I don't know, here lately at pieces that I've had for over a year. And so if they're just not moving, if I've had them in a couple of fire sales and nothing's happened to them, it's time to redo them. And so we're going to redo this one. It is so old, in fact, that it is actually on a canvas. We haven't poured on canvases in so long. What's up, JJ? And so I really liked the flow of yesterday's piece before I put all the color on it. I'm going to show you guys how yesterday turned out. All of the color is not for everybody, but all of the effects are definitely for everybody. These floating flecks of the old gold from color passion. It's amazing the under flecks from where it just didn't float up. This like super beautiful shifted look because we have translucent, playing with our top cells, more of the flecking. I love it. I don't know if Martin Green, was it Martin Green that messaged me yesterday about purchasing this piece? I haven't checked my email to see if he messaged me. But yesterday's piece was also kind of rehabbing artwork, redoing something to it in order to make it more attractive for people to want to purchase. So the same kind of thing is going to be happening today. And I went ahead and mixed up my stone coat art coat best in the biz. If you're interested in some stone coat art coat for yourself, it has the most halls UV protection that you can get on the market. And it's got, I can't notice a smell, but obviously have a well ventilated space. Everyone should be pouring in well ventilated spaces or have proper PPE, which actually I should probably recommend everybody have proper PPE, but you won't be able to hear me if I have a full Darth Vader mask on. So I don't do that for my live feeds. And usually you can get it from my shop, but I'm out. So you can get it from stone coat countertops.com and use the code Y a l l all caps, no punctuation for a super awesome discount. I can't remember if it's 10, 13 or 15%, but it's one of those. And when you use it, it helps our channel. So this piece is very old, as I mentioned, and I want to kind of turn it into something similar to the geode that, nope. Now the piece looked yesterday before I added all the colors. It was kind of geodesk. It had that kind of like flow to it. I want to do that to this, but keep all these beautiful large cells showing if that all possible.  And I'm going to need some of the gold, not too much. I have a purple sapphire I want to add for a pop of color and some whites and not much left over, but just in case. We have a little bit left. Thank you JJ for the link. Chase, how are you doing? How are things? Did you survive the storm? Well, obviously, since you're messaging me, did you write it out or did you abscond? Did you leave town?  So I'm going to be using the old gold because it is beautiful and does all the awesome effects. It's my opinion that old gold does better. Any metallic, actually any mica, any mica does better if you overload them. So that's what I'm going to do. Such a yummy gold. And I have plenty of it in stock. See that puff of pigment that just went out? That is why I mostly use paste. But I don't have any 007 and that's the only other gold I have that will do that. Sandy is are those translucent spray paints? Words? Are they like acrylic based or are they like enamel based? And this is one of the newest colors I have. It is very popular right now with countertops and artsy people alike. It is Ebony Luster from Color Passion. It is a deep gun medley black, but with like a chestnutty goldy brown interference to it. It's quite lovely. But it is Ebony Luster.  And they mix in so effortlessly. You can just almost see that chestnutty warm sheen. Hi, Lori, how are you doing? We are wonderful. Okay, so now I'm going to add some of the aqua mixed with blue lagoon tint. I don't want too much. I'm really hoping I don't put too much. But since I took the dropper off, I can't control myself and I always add too much. Doesn't this make you want to just hop in an ocean like right now yesterday? Right now. Also, Chase, love the boots that you posted. You're like super awesome new rain booties. Hi, Cloudy Art, how are you today? They're enamel based. Then they should sit on the top and disperse if you hit them with alcohol and they won't get kind of like gritty. Those spray paints. Okay, so now I'm going to use the purple bling it sparkle. This one is in a violet. It's got purple in it. So I figured purple. Then again, I did not. I'm going to put this in the blue so it has some sparkle. Very minimal. Beautiful, subtle sparkle. Okay, this is going to be white. So many is a top cell white. Yes, happy in the ocean. It's 110 heat index. It is last I checked here in Dallas. It is only like 113 heat index. I think the other day we had a feels like temperature of something like 118 or something like that. It was completely ridiculous. So this is the passion top cell whites. Hey, Paula. I reshipped your order Paula. I couldn't catch the other parcel before it went out. It's cold in the UK. I would love to visit the UK, but I don't feel like anyone who's never experienced Texas heat. I don't think it would be a fair swap, unless you've tried it before cloudy. So this color is purple sapphire. It's my absolute favorite purple. It's got like a very warm color to it. And this is a dry paste. So you can see that the texture is different. It looks like wet coffee grounds. And when you mix it into your resin, it doesn't huff up at you because it's got a binder already on it. That's made for resin. How beautiful is that color? How beautiful is this color? My favorite color in terms of purples by far. And these dry pastes are even ones that you can mix into alcohol and spritz it over top of a piece if you wanted to. A lot of people do that like they do with the Micas. Create some amazing effects. Not being able to plan to. Well, let me know when you hit up this side of the country. Also, I would love to visit the UK. We were planning on doing it before lockdown, but you know, reasons. Hey, Clara. Hope you're feeling well. Okay, so I'm going to do the black first. I'm going to do larger black bands for them most part. And just like yesterday, I'm going to kind of put them where I want them to be before moving on is my opinion that you will waste less resin if you are kind of mindful about how you lay out your resin. So for example, I'm spreading my resin out like this. And in my head, I will have to use less resin for full coverage because when you pour resin out, it's going to pour out depending on the viscosity of your resin and your ambient temperature. It's going to pour out at about a fourth inch, but it's going to self level at an eighth inch. So ultimately, you're going to pour on way more resin onto your surface than is going to actually stay on it unless you're doing a tape dam. In which case, this does not apply. So the little money saving tip for anyone that's interested. I think now I'm going to add the translucent blue. This is the color session aqua tint mixed with blue lagoon also from color session, the tint and has just the slightest bit of resin arts violet sparkle mixed in. And I'm using this over the cells that I want to make sure come through. Don't want to lose these because they're beautiful. Now I don't really have a risk of these guys getting lost. I mean, there's always a risk, but less so if you kind of pre mask them off with a translucent transparent or even just a clear. So now I'm going to add some blue through here as well. But I need to add some white. This is the part in pouring where you just kind of have to trust the process because it can look so sloppy. I'm realizing that my this is not level. It's domed because I put my cups under the soft canvas instead of the rigid rim. So hopefully I'll get less travel now. This area is just solid gold essentially didn't look particularly attractive. So I'm just going to cover that with some whites. And then I'm going to edge this up as well. I'm just going to push a wave of the color into whatever colors next to it. For example, here I'm pushing a wave of white into the ebony luster. And by doing that, I don't get any of the black onto my finger. And I still get to kind of design where the color goes. Design, decide. It works. It's okay. So I also want to put some of the under gold down, which arguably I should have done before the translucent, but I was just so excited to get that down. That's okay. I'm also going to use the gold to make some of the other lines make sense. Like this, maybe a thicker band here. Just using it as a connector because it's going to be the brightest color on my palette. So odds are your eyes are going to follow either the brightest color or the darkest color. It's never going to follow the translucent, at least not in the first bit. It may eventually that fill in. I'm just going to turn this upside down right here. So these are our reusable stir sticks. You just wipe them off after each use. And they're ready to go for the next one. Don't just wipe them off with your hands, wipe them off with like an alcohol rag, which I don't have handy in the second. Okay, I was kind of worried at first when I was picking a palette for this piece that the purple and black and gold together would kind of read Halloweeny. But then again, we're kind of coming up on October. So it's fine. I transfer some of this to down here. I feel like half the battle of a good art piece is getting the colors where you want it. And then the other half is trying to manipulate those colors into doing what you had in your head. A lot of the times it doesn't work out how you have it in your head.  I feel like I need to do something maybe like this. We'll see how that works out. Thank you, Claire, for adding the colors that we're using today. If you're interested, you can get them from my website, artistildet.com. Now I'm putting some of this translucent blue over some of the gold that we have, because it's going to allow for this unique kind of float up of some of the gold flecks. If you were here for the beginning of this video, you saw a piece that I had done yesterday where the flecks floated up in this. I'm kind of just seeing if I can recreate that look. Because it was a half accident, half accident. I feel like that's accurate-ish. Okay, okay, okay. Let me just let Bowie down. His dad's home and he wants to go say hello. It's amazing. He comes home like right in the middle of the live every time. Lori, thank you so much for watching for so long. I hope I've been able to help you or, yeah, help you. I hope I've been able to help you with your art journey. Let me know if you need anything. Thank you so much for watching.  We'll go tell him.  Did your husky talk? Especially if she's jealous? So I'm going to add kind of the same amount I did last time, but since I have less resin in this cup, it's going to be a darker color because with transparent tints, you can add as much color as you like, and it'll still be translucent, but it'll change kind of the hue of the color. So I'm just going to fill this bit in. So once we have all these colors down, we'll be able to manipulate it and turn it into an actualized or realized art piece. I'm trying not to use the same finger when I move colors around. So at this point, I have a white finger and a blue finger. Now my pinky is the ebony finger. All right, now we have full cover. We almost have full coverage. Okay, now we have full coverage. We can start manipulating the design. Let me wipe my hands off real quick. So do you guys have any questions about anything? This channel and others inspired me to do resin art class for my 50th in January been hooked ever since. That's so awesome. Happy belated 50th. I'd like to see the blue into the clear resin but don't mix it fully then for people to see maybe streaks and forks. You can definitely definitely do that. If I had any resin left, I would show you but there's always tomorrow for me to show you. All right, I still have some little dry bits. I'm just gonna touch those and close them in. Essentially, you just have to break the surface tension and then the resin will do the rest. I knew as an artist but not to YouTube. Thank you, Alicia.  You can see the flex of the old gold are starting to rise. We haven't even done anything to you. I always see the low spots when I give you guys a flyover. So you can still see these awesome cells. We covered those so that they're not going to get lost. So it's like an octopus tentacle. Oh, thank you so much, Lori. I really appreciate you saying that. Look at the size of those. Those are like dime sized. Okay, so now the manipulation can come up. So I'm gonna get some swiping paper and have a little bit of resin left in my cups that I can use to do whatever after we get this part done. So I'm gonna swipe on here just to kind of blend some of these edges and the ebony black that we're using, ebony luster. It has kind of a brown undertone. So when we go next to this white, it's gonna read a secondary color that's kind of brown. But I feel like if you know that before you put it on a piece of artwork, then it's okay. Some colors when they're diluted have just a secondary color. And for this one, it's a brown. I'm also gonna give some kind of scalloped motion. So you can see that kind of brown hue coming up right here. And where the white's coming back over it. It just gives that soft gradient between those two colors. I'm going to do a few more of those.  It's very expensive. It is the back of my FedEx shipping labels. If you guys sent me a note on your next order through me at artist-to-leth.com. If you get any of these colors or any other colors, let me know you want some swiping paper and I will take care of it and send you some free ones. Okay, so now I'm going to go along and do a few more swipes to blend in some colors. So I'm going to lay the paper. I'm gonna lay the paper horizontally and take my time pulling everything. When you just showed swipe of the ebony, the gold underneath, it is pretty right. The gold cells or gold somewhere other other than these cells. Okay, so I'm going to let about a pencil width of pigment pick up on my paper and take my time swiping so that everything moves along. If you go too fast, it's gonna skip, which is still a cute look, but not so much what we're going for in this piece. Now this area is a little bit more blended. So I'm gonna kind of do a swipe back over here. And to do this, I'm gonna kind of swipe in motion instead of letting it pick up because that's gonna create a stop. I'm gonna just come in in motion. Lovely. Okay, now this bit needs to be blended out. And on this one, I think I'm gonna try to pull some of the purple down across the white and into the ebony. So I'm gonna use this swiping paper to create that effect. So I'm gonna come and bring the design all the way in.  Hard part is not getting lost behind your hand. I don't want to pick up too much of that gold because it will take over. Just trust me. It is a scene stealer. I feel like I need a skinny white line right here that I can swipe into the purple. But I'm gonna let it relax there for a minute first. And since I'm working on a 16 by 20, and I can't really reach over it and keep you guys in frame, I just turn the piece around. And the classes that I teach, I find a lot of times people don't realize that your life is easier if you can reach everything without stressing. Now I'm not gonna do the boob dip. I'm not gonna get my shirt sticky. Smarter not harder. Yeah. Clara, is that heat gun attachment that like hook the hook one? Okay, I'm gonna swipe some of this purple and black into the blue. But I'm gonna try to do this delicately because I don't want to cover all of these cells we have going on right here. I'm gonna try to bring some white along for the ride as well. And I make it a wispy type design. The cool thing about doing stuff like that is you end up picking up a little bit of color that you kind of didn't even notice and it'll deposit in other areas. So I didn't really mean to stretch this all the way down and pick up purple here and then deposit purple and black here. But it's so faint. I can't even okay, there it goes. I love that subtlety. I feel like a lot of times with artwork, people want like a big like super big wow factor. And people often underestimate how wow factor subtlety is. A lot of my favorite things in my artwork are the subtle that I kind of did, maybe probably didn't even notice the first time I looked at the piece, but then later on like third observation, notice it, just mean. So I want to work on this area, but I don't want to mess up these gold lines here. What you would do is not put these gold lines to later if you don't want them messed up with a swipe, or you got to have to be very specific and trail off your swipe. So we're going to swipe and trail off to the corner. We're going to pull it. And then last thing we have intact is this little corner bit. And then we're going to trail the tail into this space here in between the two golds. I'm gonna pick up a little bit of this purple as well. Because why not? All right, so we're going to start our trail. Gradual. So now it makes sense. And we didn't interrupt our flow. What's up TG? So you picked up a lot of that color and brought it down. And this was accidental picking up some of this. But I'd like how it looks. And just subtly brought it in through this design of the gold. Now we have to match up the rest of that area because this isn't really that nice. I think it would be if I can just get this part of the white to trail in and match up with the rest of it. I could just draw a white line into it. But then you're going to have a hard stop somewhere because I don't want to actually fill in the black in between the two golds. So just like we did a second ago, I'm going to take another piece of swiping paper. I only use swiping paper one time. And we're just going to do the same thing. And I'm going to trail it down onto this corner and match it up. In theory, sometimes resin is going to resin and there's nothing to do about it. But hopefully we can avoid that. Alright, we're gonna start the tail. Loving it. I hope you're having an amazing day TG. Claire does have amazing videos. I definitely highly recommend. Alright, I'm trying to figure out what else I should do with this piece that isn't going to ruin it. Knowing when to stop is something that is probably one of the hardest things to learn. As an artist, no matter what medium you work with, I feel like it's it's hard to know. Because you always have it in your head, like if I just do this one other thing, it may bring out this or but just one other thing, it may look like this. And it's it's so so difficult. Agreed, cloudy. Claire definitely has first class work. So I feel like I'm going to add some gold here and gold here. But I want to I want to something right here. I'm not sure what I'm missing or needing or wanting on this end. I don't know if it was that. But I'll put some of this darker blue down. And I think I'm going to put some of the darker blue down right here. I don't typically do that many small lines except for at the very end. Because if you do a whole bunch of thin lines, the piece is going to look busy. And just dramatic in the wrong ways. Whereas if you put thicker bands and then accent them at the end with thinner lines, then it looks a lot more calm. And sometimes a lot of times most of the time, if you've got too much busy action, it makes the viewer kind of uneasy because there's so much going on. So if you kind of cool it, calm down a little bit, and just add all the fun little lines later, then your piece is going to have a more cohesive flow to it. And it's not going to overwhelm your viewers. That's just my opinion. Art is subjective to each their own and none of it is wrong. I'm just telling you what I've come to observe or and or appreciate and notice. So it's just me. Okay, so I'm going to add gold over here. Just to add kind of balance because the center was very gold heavy and the rest was not. And I think it's good. I've already got cells coming up. I think Stone Code has amended their formula again. Don't quote me on that. I don't know. I don't work for Stone Code. I'm just a friend and a fan. But for a long time, I was having the hardest time getting any cells to populate when using Stone Code. And now it looks like they've kind of doubled back on their recipe to something that's a little bit more cell friendly. So I'm going to show you got cells coming to work here. And here, and they're starting to pop up here. I will point out, though, that the areas where my cells are presenting are all where I have the color passion pigments. Those are base cells, except for the top cell. Even if it doesn't say base cell, for example, the ebony is a base cell paste. And when it is under other colors, it'll give you larger cells. But also the top cell does cells well. I'm not seeing them in any areas where my base cells aren't present. Even here over the blues, that is top cell color passion. So I really like about this piece that you can still see the areas that I liked the big cells from the first pour. But it's also now completely different design wise. It is now, oops, sorry, very linear ish horizontal instead of that swirly pattern. What's that Jerry break up the white space perhaps blue or purple. This band. So I will add a line to it. I'm not going to add too much because kind of like what I was saying a second ago is the bigger spaces kind of give your eyes a rest. And since I have larger bands of black, I want to have some bands of something that isn't to balance. So I don't think I'm going to add. I think I'm going to add just a band of the ebony just through this top area. Because this is ebony heavy down here. And there's only kind of a little bit up here. So for balance sake, definitely, definitely agree Miss Sherry. I don't have that much left. So we're just going to bring it right along that edge. I almost feel like I should put a gold through here. But I'm not gonna. I don't want to add too much. I mean, Genevieve always love that name. So I think that we have a painting for today. Something that's really cool about this color passion. Sherry, just a touch of gold or just a touch is all that we needed. If you add heat to it, you can make it float more. I don't know if you saw that big move, but I'll add some more heat right here. So with heat, you can make all of the gold particles kind of float more to the surface if you really like that flecked look, where it's kind of coming out like this, little floating bits. I wouldn't add too much heat though, because you can scorch your resin. And that is near gonna look nor smell good. So don't get crazy with the heat. So thank you, Jerry. It's too hot in Florida. Well, I would love to come swim in a Southwest Florida ocean. So I'm just gonna add a thin band of the gold up here. I don't even think I'm gonna come all the way through. So I'm gonna show you guys how to put a color down that you don't want all the way across. As you know, you always start applying a line or pour off the piece so that you don't have that little burp, that big chunk of resin or color pigment or whatever that comes out first when you first start to pour something where gravity catches all of the liquid and gives it that raindrop. So you can't really do that if you are stopping halfway or partially through the piece. So that's another time where knowing how to swipe and trail it off by using just the corner comes in handy. So I'm gonna just swipe up along the edge all the way down and then I'm gonna trail just the corner. I'm gonna use this to kind of push the gold into one line since it kind of doubled up on me.  That way, there isn't a definite stop because when there's a hard stop, a blunt stop, it's distracting to the eye. But now there's a point. And so that it adds to the look without detracting from the look. Hope that makes sense. How hot is it in Texas? If I cracked an egg, it would cook in less than what it would on my stove top. If I just cracked it on, let's say the hood of a car. So it's pretty flippin warm. Love how this turned out. I hope you guys do too. I know the color scheme is not for everyone. But I think that it's lovely and it's got great colors. It's got great movement and it's got the cells coming up, but not too much. So you don't want to overwhelm anybody. If you guys are interested in this or any other piece you've seen me create on this channel, I have some listed on our website artisttilldeath.com under completed fine arts. And then you can also send me a message through our website. There's a like a text form comes straight to my phone if you want to get in touch with me. This is what we did yesterday. Kind of similar. It gave me inspiration for days. Because I really liked this floating sporadic, old gold from color passion. And these stretched. I'm pretty sure this is what's happening. Okay, hear me out. This is eScience. I don't have actual science for this. I have no idea. Also, I love these flecks.  Actually, bless you probably would work under an opaque as well. Okay, so this look, I can see that there are pink cells here. And so what I'm pretty sure this is one of those under painted lines that I had. So this is all white. This all of this used to be white. And then there was pink next to it that rolled over and pushed this line of white over here. And I'm pretty sure that what this is is cells that are under the pink tint that just got stretched. Because I had it off. Just slightly off level. And so it's pushed the floating white, the top cell. But it was since it the white is under the pink. And it's stretched. I'm quite sure that these are just under cells, which I love. So we've got them over here as well. So I know it's not the pink specifically. It is the tense with a top cell paste under them. But isn't that like wispy looks so nice? I'm gonna do a whole piece. I feel like if you were going to do an aurora borealis. This is the technique to go with. Just my opinion. I haven't done it yet. But I'm gonna. So I hope you all have enjoyed this video. You've learned something or entertained, educated, or otherwise informed of something that maybe you didn't know before, or just want to try now. And if you want the colors I use today, Clara has so kindly listed them in the chat box, but I will go over them. Bling it violet sparkle, color passion top cell white, color obsession blue lagoon with color obsession aqua, color passion ebony luster. That's a top cell white and purple sapphire by resin arts. Old gold from color passion. Whoo, mouthful. Anyways, we will be back here live tomorrow. If you would like to join us again, we go live at 6pm central most days, except for on Tuesdays at that 2pm, which is why we're here right now today. We will be on our k3 channel tonight, supporting a friend of ours at 7pm central, and we'll be back here tomorrow at 6pm central. So if you have any questions, concerns, want to ask me about anything, reach out to me on my website. I do all art here. Most times it's resin, sometimes it isn't. But if you guys have any requests, leave them for me down in the description box. Thank you for watching. Sitting through me babble on about what I'm painting today. It means so much to me for you guys to just watch, let alone purchase from my very small business. Be kind to one another because you never know what someone's going through. Remember, we do the cat. So you don't have to. I will see you guys tomorrow in the next video. Till then, where's my puppies? He's my tired boy. He's my boy boy. And big girl. What are you doing Foxy? You guys are amazing. We'll see you guys a little. See you guys tomorrow. Bye. Bye. Say bye my babes. Did you babes say bye? Say bye. Okay.