Personal Finance PowerPoint Presentation Diversification Prepare to get financially fit by practicing personal finance. Most of this information can be found at Investopedia Diversification, which you can find online. Take a look at the references, resources, continue your research from there. This by Troy Siegel updated April 21st, 2021. In prior presentations, we've been taking a look at investment goals, investment strategies, investment tools, and keeping those in mind we're now considering. What is diversification? Diversification is a risk management strategy that mixes a wide variety of investments within a portfolio. So we've all probably heard the term diversification. If we watch stock market channels, for example, they'll probably come up with all different kinds of words that basically mean the same thing as diversification because it is so central to most of our planning strategies for our investment goals and strategies in part used to mitigate risk while also hopefully attempting to receive the returns. As we think about our diversified portfolio, we will be considering our goals, our time horizon, our risk tolerance. A diversified portfolio contains a mix of distinct asset types and investment vehicles in an attempt to limit exposure to any single asset or risk. So clearly the idea being that if one market goes down for one set of assets, then hopefully it will not for the other, so we have basically a hedge against them. Note that this seems like a very straightforward concept and we hear it so many times that we just, we think it's like automatic, yeah, diversification. But when it actually happens, when time actually passes and the markets drop or something like that, we also, we often start to take actions that are not in coherence with the concept of diversification. So for example, if we see that equities have been doing quite well for a very long time, and we see say that bonds have not been doing much at all for a very long time, we often tend to want to then move into the equity so we can get a piece of those returns abandoning the concept of diversification and that gives us more exposures to a market dropping. So note that these concepts, although they're kind of mundane in that you've probably heard them quite often, there's still not things that many individual investors are able to do over the long-term as market conditions change, we tend to deviate from the diversification. So we wanna keep on drilling the core concepts, the fundamentals in our mind. So the rationale behind this technique is that a portfolio constructed of different kinds of assets will, on average, yield higher long-term returns and lower the risk of any individual holding or security. So again, as time passes, you might be saying, hey, equities are doing great and I've got all this money that's over here and the bonds, right? What is going on here? If I just put it all into the equities, then I might be better or vice versa just depending on the market conditions if market conditions are going down. But then of course, whenever those market conditions change which nobody really knows, no matter what they kind of, we hear on the pundits saying then we might not be positioned to deal with any kind of changes in the market. Whereas if you're diversified, you're basically saying, I know that I don't know. You've got the power of Socrates, right? Didn't he say, said something like, well, at least I know that I don't know what's going on. So I'm gonna be diversified. So portfolio holdings can be diversified not just across asset classes, but also within classes by investing in foreign markets as well as domestic markets. The idea is that the positive performance of one area of the portfolio will outweigh negative areas of another. And again, you might be saying, well, yeah, but I'm shooting myself in my own foot because if I was weighted in the portfolio that does well, I'd be making more money. But the problem is, you don't know which one's gonna do well forever. That's why you need the diversification which hopefully is gonna be the thing that saves you over the long term. So the basics of diversification, studies and mathematical models have shown that maintaining a well-diversified portfolio of 25 to 30 stock yields the most cost effective level of risk reduction. The investing in more securities generates further diversification benefits, albeit at drastically smaller rate. So then, so when you get into the idea of diversification, you might say, okay, how much diversification would be optimal? And you can think about what will give you the big benefits. And then of course you can tweak from that point forward where you might have further gains, but the gains will not be as big as the gains as the prior moves, right? Diversification strives to smooth out unsystematic risk events in a portfolio so the positive performance of some investments neutralizes the negative performance of the others. So obviously as the market goes up for one thing, the other thing might be going down. Or in other words, if there's a market crisis in one area, possibly the other area will hedge against it and not be exposed to that same problem. The benefits of diversification hold only if the securities in the portfolio are not perfectly correlated. That is they respond differently, often in opposite ways to market influences.  And you can think about this as like different companies, right? If one company goes down and they're integrated with the other company, possibly the other company supplying like farming or something of supplying the restaurant or something like that or the food producers or something, then of course those are highly correlated. And you would think that if there was a crisis, both of them could go down. Whereas if there's something that's opposite to that, then that would be the hedge. You want something that's not gonna be the correlated item. Diversification by asset class, fund managers and investors often diversify their investments across asset classes and determine what percentage of portfolio to allocate to each classes can include stocks, shares of equity in a publicly traded company, bonds, government and corporate fixed income debt instruments, real estate, land, building, natural resources, agriculture, livestock, water, mineral deposits, exchange, trade funds, ETFs, marketable basket of securities that follow an index, commodity or sector. Commodities, basic goods necessary for the production of other products. And then cash and short-term cash equivalents, that's the treasury bills, certificates of deposits, money market vehicles and other short-term low risk investments. So they will then diversify among investments within the assets classes, such as selecting stocks from various sectors that tend to have low return correlation or by choosing stocks with different market capitalization. In the case of bonds, investors can select from investment grade, corporate bonds, US Treasury bonds, stock and municipal bonds, high yield bonds and others. So foreign diversification. Investors can reap further diversification benefits by investing in foreign securities because they tend to be less closely correlated with domestic ones. So then we can go outside to the foreign investing, which can be a little bit more difficult given the structure of publicly traded companies and so on, for example, but it's becoming more and more doable, which is nice. So for example, forces depressing the US economy may not affect Japan's economy in the same way. So note that more and more people have been arguing that it's a global economy and we have been going more towards a global economy with these supply chains that actually run across the entire world and so on just in time kind of management strategies that are dependent upon those kinds of things. But recently with the whole COVID pandemic, it looks like more and more people are decoupling a bit from that whole global supply chain concept, given the fact that they're seeing that the risk of a disruption in that supply chain can be quite costly. So at this point, you might see a little bit less of that and therefore exposure to other areas could be exposure that's not correlated more and more so. In any case, therefore holding Japanese stocks gives an investor a small cushion of protection against losses during an American economic slowdown, diversification and the retail investor. So time and budget constraints can make it difficult for non-institutional investors, i.e. individuals to create an adequately diversified portfolio. So everybody's heard this concept of diversification. Again, the question really comes into well, how exactly do I diversify? It seems like a very complex kind of structure, how can I basically simplify this and put a system in place that would be appropriate for my individual investments. So this challenge is a key reason why mutual funds are so popular with retail investors. Clearly the concept of mutual funds that we've talked about in prior presentations, allowing us to pool money into a fund that then can be used to diversify in some way is a key component for most investors. Buying shares in a mutual fund offers an expensive way to diversify investments. While mutual funds provide diversification across various asset classes, exchange traded funds, ETFs afford investor access to narrow markets such as commodities and international plays that would ordinarily be difficult to access. An individual with a $100,000 portfolio can spread the investment among ETFs with no overlap. Disadvantages of diversification. So everything has its pros, it's got its cons. Reduced risk, a volatility buffer, the pluses of diversification are many. However, there are drawbacks too. The more holdings a portfolio has, the more time consuming it can be to manage. So obviously if this comes into, okay, how am I practically going to do this? If I'm gonna diversify on my own using individual stocks, that's gonna be quite a lot of time taken up. If I use mutual funds, that might be a little bit easier, but mutual funds can still be quite confusing depending on how I'm setting up the mutual funds. I might have a targeted mutual funds that basically does some of this diversification for me, which would be the most simplified kind of way to do it. It really depends upon your level of sufficacy in investing and what your particular goals are and how much you want to be kind of participating in adjusting what is going on. So and more expensive since buying and selling many different holdings incur more transaction fees and brokerage commissions. So most people can't just buy and sell individual stocks because if they're paying a broker for those individual transactions, it will be quite expensive oftentimes. More fundamentally, diversifications spreading out a strategy works both ways, lessening both the risk and the reward. So this is where people start to say, hey, I'm diversified, but this is horrible. I'm shooting myself in the foot. Equities are crushing it and I got like 30% of my portfolio in bonds which are doing nothing. And again, so that's the hard part because the diversification should be a strategy that over time will be most beneficial given the fact that at some point, especially if you're saving for the long-term like retirement, there will be ups and downs. So you would think that having a diversified portfolio would be good, but in the good times, you're going to be saying, I want my money in the equities where it's crushing it. And in the bad times, you would think I want my money in the safe place like bonds and so on. So I'm not losing money in the system as the stocks go down, but we can't guess those things, right? That's the point. We don't really know what's going to happen. So therefore we default to I just, I know, I don't know. So I diversify. So say you've invested 120,000 equally among six stocks and one stock doubles in value. Your original 20,000 stake is now with 40,000. You've made a lot. Sure, but not as much as if your entire 120,000 have been invested in that one company. So oftentimes when we see these gains, we're like, well, that's okay, but what if I had my whole 120,000 there? I'd be like way better off, right? But you didn't know that that was going to go up like that, right? So by protecting you on the downside diversification limits you on the upside, at least in the short term, over the long term diversify portfolios do tend to post higher returns. So pros and cons. So we've got pros reduces portfolio risk, hedges against market volatility, offers higher returns long term. What are on the con side limits gains in the short term time consuming to manage, encourage more transaction fees and commissions, diversification and smart beta. Smart beta strategies offer diversification by tracking underlying indices, but do not necessarily waste stocks according to their market cap. ETF managers further screen equity issues on fundamentals and rebalance portfolios according to objective analysis and not just company size. Well, smart beta portfolios are unmanaged. The primary goal becomes outperformance of the index itself. So now we get into this whole idea of how much management should you be paying for, for example, and or should you basically be reliant more on the indexes which are trying to measure kind of market performance more in general using basically averages. For example, as of March, 2019, the ice shares edge MSCI USA quality factor ETF holds 125 large and mid cap US stocks by focusing on return on equity, our OE debt to equity DE ratio and not solely market cap that ETF has returned 90.49% accumulatively since its inception in July, 2013, a similar investment in the S&P 500 index grew by 66.33%. Real world example, say an aggressive investor who can assume a higher level of risk wishes to construct a portfolio composed of Japanese equities, Australian bonds, and cotton futures. So he can purchase stakes in the ice shares MSCI Japan ETF, the Vanguard Australian Government Bond index ETF, and the IPATH Bloomberg Cotton sub index total return the ETF, for example, with this mix of ETF shares due to the specific qualifications of the targeted asset classes and the transparency of the holdings the investor ensures true diversification in their holding also with different correlations or responses to outside forces among the securities they can slightly lessen their risk exposure for related reading, see the importance of diversification.


Welcome back to Kids Fun Science. My name is Ken. Today's experiment is the all-morphed-up optical illusion coloring pages and STEM activity kit. So inside the kit you get 50 3D coloring pages, which is a lot of coloring pages. It's for ages 8 to 108, which pretty much covers everybody. It also comes with a cylinder mirror, and you can get that from Laser Classroom, which I'll have in the description where I got mine from. So when we open this up, we'll also see that it comes with a really cool activity guide, that pretty much, you know, there's a cylinder mirror. I'll show you how to put that together. And the activity guide is pretty cool because it really gives really nice instructions step by step on from setting it up and how you design your own morph up, you know, coloring pages for yourself. So it's a really well done activity guide. I really enjoyed it. And I'm going to show you a little bit on how to set it up. Here's the mirror. You pretty much just wet one end of the mirror, and then roll it up. And it's pretty impressive. No tape, and it sticks together. So it's very easy to take apart. And you're just using some liquid. So that was pretty, pretty awesome on whoever designed that one. And then I'm going to go into showing you how we do it and the science behind it. This is a super fun STEM activity that uses technology with the curved mirror and the science optics that perception and explore the art of distortion and the ability to play mathematical grid drawing techniques, right? So it develops 3d skills and supports engineering practices. So as you can see here, I've done my rainbow, and I put down my curved mirror and ta-da, it's un-morphed. But what is the 3d optical illusion? It's an anamorphic cylinder art. So anamorphic cylinder art is an optical illusion developed by artists back in the 1600s. It's a way to hide code messages in their artwork. So when the images are transferred to the special grid, then they're distorted in a special way, right? So they can be resolved only by looking as a reflection at the cylinder mirror, right? Pretty cool. So the best part of the skit is this grid that give you, right? So you can draw with the number and letter coordination on the grid. And for example, we draw a house here, like within their example, right? So you can see it's with a grid of a 2 up to the D. And then you use their special morph grid, which I'm going to show you right here.  And you kind of just morph it all the way over, following the grid on the left, the smaller square grid on the morph grid. And you're kind of doing your secret, decoded message, right, of making this house. But you're doing it on the morph grid. And then we're kind of kind of go opposite where we kind of un-morphed it before with the coloring pages. Now we're morphing this into our own creation, right? So this is kind of where you get really creative or your students get really creative, where they actually can make their own morph objects by just following the square grid onto the morph grid and touch up the chimney there. I forgot a little bit and end results. We look into our cylinder mirror and ta-da! There's the house. I hope you enjoyed this video and thanks for watching!


And again, you can mix and match your own oils based upon your hair and what your hair likes and what it takes hold to. Hi guys and welcome back to my channel. It's just Janine. Thank you guys so much for coming back and watching another one of my videos today. In today's video, I will be doing a DIY hot oil treatment. I'll be showing you guys some of the oils I'll be using for the video and why I chose these particular oils. So if you would like to see how I'll put this little concoction together, just keep watching. So we're going to start mixing all of our oils into a small glass bowl. Once all the oils are blended, I'm going to put it in an applicator bottle and you can choose any size that you want. So the first thing I'm going to do is grab a handful of the vitamin E capsules. I say about 10 capsules would be about enough. And I'm just going to pierce them and start to extract them in the bowl. As you can see, I'm purposely not measuring any of these ingredients. Mainly because I know my hair may take a different amount than someone else's hair, so I can't really say or give an exact amount because everybody's hair is different. Just eyeball it based upon what your hair needs. So after boiling some water, I'm now going to place my oils inside of a hot bath. And this will allow the ingredients to blend together and also to intensify. With the oils being heated, this will allow the pores in your scalp to open up and also your follicles to allow better absorption and penetration. So right now I'm going to start massaging the oil mixture into my scalp and get that blood circulation flowing. So I finished putting all the oil in my scalp and I just massaged it in just to kind of penetrate it and get it absorbed into my scalp as much as possible. But I'm going to get up onto the hair dryer for about 15 minutes, maybe 30 the most, just to penetrate the oil even more. Just to get it stimulating my hair follicles and get a stimulating circulation in my scalp, blood flow and everything. So I'm going to do that right now. But after I get done with that, I'm going to shampoo my hair because for those that have been following me and know, Sundays are my wash days. So this is kind of a pre-pep, pre-pep, pre-prep. This is a pre-prep before I actually start to wash my hair. I don't do hot oil treatments a lot. Very rarely do I feel like I need it. Today I just feel like I needed it and I want to just try of course some other oils and just make some things up just to see, you know, what my results will be. But after I get through with the hot oil treatment, I'm going to actually shampoo with a different shampoo this time. So the last time I did a wash routine, I used, I think, the Haasq shampoo. So today I'm going to try something different. Now I'm a big fan of design essentials. I love design essential products. So I said, let me look and see what they've got in their line. They got anything new. So I picked up the natural almond and avocado moisturizing detangling sulfate-free shampoo. And what I love about design essentials is they don't have any parabens or sulfates, no petroleum, no mineral oil. So, you know, a natural, pretty much natural, really great natural product for natural hair. And this oil is running down my back. So I'm going to have to get up on it. So I'm going to try this shampoo. This is my first time using it. This is the first time I will be using it. And I will definitely do a follow-up video just to let you know my thoughts and reviews about the design essentials almond and avocado moisturizing and detangling sulfate-free shampoo. Yeah. I really love what I said design essentials. And I have no issues or problems. It's always been good to my hair. So I have no issues or problems with design essentials. I'm really, really excited to try these products. They've never given me any problems with their products. Everything I've used has always worked well for my hair. So the great thing about these products is it says on both of these that it saves up to 30 minutes detangling time. So with the products that they have in here, it helps to minimize a lot of your own manual detangling. So this kind of helps to ease those curls and kinks and stuff so that way you can work the product through without having to really use a lot of your combing and detangling method.  So it's nice to know that there's a product that will do all of the detangling for the most part for you to kind of get the bulk of it out of the way so that way you can get into starting your wash and your conditioning routine. These products also offer all hair types. So if you're one, two, three, four. Yeah, I can't write one, two, three, four. Me is the mix between the three and a four, more so leaning on the four side for my hair. So this is really great. I'm just introducing them today, but I'm actually going to do a review on these after using them just to tell you my thoughts and my initial reaction of the experience with these two new products. So that's it for this video, guys. I hope you enjoyed it. I hope you enjoyed watching me make my own little DIY hot oil treatment so you can mix and match a lot of these oils just based upon your hair type and what your hair likes or what it doesn't like. You can kind of play around with it and make your own DIY hot oil treatment. So I'm going to be playing around with some other oils in the future the next time I do a hot oil treatment or even if I just want to just have just a nice daily oil to use on my scalp. So I'm going to be playing around with some different oils and I'll be bringing that to you guys and just showing you some different things of mixing and matching along the way.  Please comment and subscribe and don't forget to click that notification bell. It's Jess Janine. I will see you guys on the next video. Happy hair growing. Bye.


Alrighty, we have discovered some pretty exciting news that could be potentially coming to Vaughn as a city. Vaughn has released an early Vaughn destination master plan that they are presenting in a meeting today, October 13th. So, we got some details in here that I'm going to go over, trying to get them organized right now to the best of my ability, I love how I always do this, but nonetheless, there's an important quote in one of the documents that we found, and that is from Dwayne McMulkin, I hope I'm not pronouncing that or butchering that. He is a marketing director at Canada's Wonderland, and he is quoted saying that there is value in having the attractions industry on the board as opposed to an advisory committee. He added that in his experience sitting on a number of committees and boards, engagement from the members is greater in a board structure compared to advisory committees. So, I thought that was interesting, Canada's Wonderland or someone from Canada's Wonderland is commenting on having actual attractions represent the city and their destination master plan, so I think we could see something come of that because a lot of this document talks about how Vaughn has this really big plan and kind of how they're going to go about it. They want to use some public funding, but also find companies like Canada's Wonderland, Legoland, and Vaughn Mills to help co-run some of these attractions that they're planning, which brings me to a big portion of the video that I'm going to talk about near the end, but I definitely think Cedar Fair is going to be heavily involved in a couple of these projects, and I think it's pretty evident based off of some things. So, the mission statement is to champion Vaughn as a premier tourist, tourism destination through product development, marketing, and education, and strong collaboration with and support of operators. What that is essentially saying, operators is someone like Canada's Wonderland, Legoland, and Vaughn Mills. Those are operators. So, for example, the best way to describe it, let's say Vaughn wanted to build a hotel or sport facility or an indoor water park, they would seek out companies like Canada's Wonderland to manage them. They might co-fund them or completely fund them and just ask a company like Canada's Wonderland to manage them. Tourism assets and gaps, the existing tourism assets, they're not going to go over that, but tourism asset gaps is something that the city is focusing, adult focused entertainment, nightlife, sporting stadium, performance art center, convention center, transportation between assets. So, a huge one on here that really captures my attention, especially when it comes to Cedar Fair, is the sporting stadium or sports park, which you're going to see in this presentation. Cedar Fair specializes in that. Sports force over in Ohio, the Cedar Point Sports Force. I think that Cedar Fair might or potentially could want to manage something like that for the town of Vaughn. Depending on the direction they go with this sports facility, I definitely think Cedar Fair might want to co-manage that or manage it. It all depends on what the project ends up being. Again, these are early plans, but I definitely think anyone who has seen the presentations or been on the stockholders call. Cedar Fair is actively looking to develop adjacent land still, even after COVID or during COVID, I should say still, develop adjacent land to some of their parks. And I think that Canada's Wonderland is still going to be one of those parks that you're going to see things coming along the way in terms of adjacent land development. And a lot of this in this plan that Vaughn has really captures my attention. The two that really capture my attention is the indoor water park and the sports village. I definitely think that Cedar Fair would be highly interested in running those. We know that Cedar Fair is or has recently purchased water parks like Schlitter Vaughn because it can be open year round in Texas. And I think an indoor water park in the Vaughn area might capture Cedar Fair's attention. And that is going to be a co-run project currently on the plan. So I think what that means based off of what I was reading is Vaughn is looking to invest in an indoor water park that will be open year round as described. And they're looking for a operator that could run and own the land. So again, that definitely has Cedar Fair written all over it. It could have other companies as well. But the sports village is definitely something that I could see Cedar Fair having full intent to run and interest in because they have said that they do want to open up more. And Vaughn is definitely an area close to Toronto that Cedar Fair might see as a profitable opportunity. Again, I do want to stress that these are reaches. But I think that anyone who has listened to a stockholders call from Cedar Fair or their events, presentations, slides on their website knows that Cedar Fair is highly looking for and interested in sports villages and sports complexes along with water parks. So I definitely see those two being a huge draw. You might look at the boutique hotel and assume that could be Cedar Fair. I am not going to go down that route. I don't think Cedar Fair is going to build a boutique hotel unless that is co funded by the city. And that might be why their old hotel project has stayed on hold. But that is an extreme reach. I think the boutique hotel is actually going to end up being that hotel that is being planned actually near the park with the helipad on top and the glass look almost looking like a cruise ship. So I think that's what they mean. The first step of this plan, the boutique hotel is going to end up being that hotel. Nothing to do with Cedar Fair. But who knows? Again, this is all a reach. So I mean, on none of this could be Cedar Fair. One thing could be Cedar Fair or all of it could be Cedar Fair. Anyways, with that being said, I definitely think in indoor water park coming to Vaughn and the fact that Vaughn is interested in a year round indoor water park is very promising because that is one of the things that I have constantly said is missing from the Toronto market. So one being so close to Toronto and in York Region could really benefit York Region and Toronto as a whole as an activity to do year round. Canadians are always looking for something to do. The fact that Vaughn is also highly interested in becoming a tourist destination and a tourism city is really beneficial to a park like Canada's Wonderland. And maybe this is why Canada's Wonderland seems to be rapidly developing its park. We see attention in Whitewater Canyon Area. Action Theatre is on the list sometime soon. You have the Harmony Hall coming. You have some sort of front gate markers appearing and now you have Kingswood getting removed. This is a lot of attention and a lot of areas of kind of like interest for one international, sorry, one seasonal theme park. It's a lot in one season that's going on currently. So I definitely need to keep eyes open at Canada's Wonderland in terms of construction because there's a lot going on and I'm kind of curious as to where it's going to lead. And now that this meeting has leaked a day early about a meeting that's going to be I guess going on today when you watch this about the future of Vaughn, this is all really capturing my attention. Kingswood closing really aligns with this meeting and the hotel delay definitely has me interested as well. There's a couple things that have me kind of curious and I'm going to keep an eye on it and I'll keep you guys informed. So thank you so much for watching the video today. I just wanted to drop this bombshell news about Vaughn seeking an indoor water park and a sports village and how that correlates with Cedar Fair. Thanks so much for watching my video today guys. Hopefully you had an amazing Tuesday and hopefully you're having an amazing Wednesday. Stay strong. Keep swimming. You got this. We're almost at the weekend. Have a good one guys. Bye.


Okay, a little less than 10 minutes to go Let's see what I want to do right now. This hasn't this has a little bit to do with the presentation, but it Are some slides from the last presentation. Oh good. Okay. That's what I want to know. Thanks max I heard someone else was checking that earlier and Shiloh gave me a check and it works on coffee refresh. Yeah Okay, let me let me go to a Last time okay, this doesn't have to do with this one. Well it does okay, but this was the presentation I gave last time and or if not last time sometime before but It was about particle physics. Well, what does that have to do with what we're doing today? Well for one We're talking about forces. I When I was talking about particle force Excuse me particle physics. We're talking about different forces than we are today. Oh planets and larger in other words when you have a lot of Matter then gravity is The predominant force you can still have and we'll note you can still have electromagnetic forces because the earth for example as a magnetic field and most of the Sun planets moon not moons, but others have electric Electromagnetic fields so but gravity and electromagnetism are the ones which are predominant When you talk about large when I was talking about particle physics Electromagnetism was still there, but gravity played no part and we simply had basically the strong weak force So The last Here again, I haven't started the this presentation, but I'm trying to tie these in a little bit I was talking about the standard model of particle physics and these are all the little Species as they call them actually that's the popular term for particles we found but There's only a few of these that really Hang around for any length of time others may hang around for a millionth or Billionth of a second And we know that they're there and we know how they're related and such but The ones which actually if you think about it the universe has been around for a long time and Things have kind of chilled out other words out in space there if you measured the temperature out in space It's about three degrees Kelvin It must it was much hotter earlier and you used and the universe used to be populated with some of this stuff But right now you basically have this Yeah Charmed and strange quarks are different quarks. Yes And actually if you look down there on the bottom right here kind of got I'll start my Can't be chart. Yeah, in other words, it can't be both But if you look down on the bottom right what you see is a relative mass The quarks and the you and the deer are up and down quarks and those are the ones which are Around by the way, if you came in you're confused because you wanted to go see the one on earth and solar system It's okay. I haven't started yet. I'll start that one in five minutes I'm just tying in what I mentioned last time or the last presentation to this one But in the bottom right there you see the different kinds of quarks and what you have the different sizes represent the different weights And the amount of energy basically that you need to find them And so the up and down the little you and D are the ones that we are actual in normal matter That that we have so on the right on the left up on the top there. Yeah One that big was two downs not really they actually can change back and forth due to what's called chroma dynamics Or color in in this threat in the strong force. Yeah, I know boy It gets pretty weird, but I thought I'd show you this I got four minutes here And I'll start the presentation format But if you look up at the upper left, you've got the proton which actually has two ups and a down and then you've got the neutron which has an up and two downs and They actually like I said, they can they can change back and forth inside the Proton or the neutron now here again the protons and neutrons are inside a nucleus So you're looking at really really really small Area but there are other quarks and electrons don't have any that's right if you look at the little gray thing down there where it says Electron that's the approximate weight of an electron compared to the other ones But you've got bottom and top and strange and charm and up and down and And the electron can't be divided anymore It's it's an elementary particle the same way as the quarks are now the reason why this is important Is because if you look to the left on the bottom Yeah, I know but that's I'm trying to un-confuse it a little bit is that on the bottom left the Forces used to all be united also but in a gazillionth of a second and you actually have it down there that the amount of energy present and Basically how hot it was and then the how long it was since the Big Bang you had a breakout of the forces They essentially froze out think of phases where if it's really really hot You've got plasma and then as you get further plasma meaning the atoms themselves The electrons are off of them and then as you get a gas you've got Atoms that are bouncing around but they're bouncing around too much to be together and then as they Get cooler they turn into a liquid and then the liquids turn into a solid when they get Closer together and there's some all that stuff like that. Well, it's actually the forces were like that Okay, I have two minutes before I do the actual presentation So if you've come to the presentation on the earth and solar system, it's here. This is it. I'm just explaining last time by the way, I was recommending that you Go to midnight okay for this presentation and then so here's a little bit more of what what actually was around during the early part of the Hey, I joined the early part of me, but then I can't see your face. I know for some reason my faces I don't know. I haven't looked there, but for some reason don't look at the face. Look at the slides I don't know why. Oh It's too dark. Oh, that's true. Okay. I thought I had a kind of lit up, but that's fine So any case this is an interesting slide. I've got one minute to the regular presentation But this is kind of interesting because all of the elements Except at the very beginning of the Big Bang were formed in stars Okay, so hydrogen helium You've got We're around fairly early, but if you look at this one all of these were formed in other words It shows hydrogen helium up. Okay. It's now time to start the new one So I'm going to go to that one but right after here But if you look up at the top there You'll see on the far upper left far upper right that hydrogen helium started during the Big Bang But it but cosmic rays and small stars and supernovae and all that stuff like that Everything that we know there Oh really Okay Okay, so now I'm going to go back to Start this presentation, but I thought I'd show you that the one I gave last time was related to this one so We're here. Thank you all for coming I see we've got a great audience some new people. I think as well as some people who have We've known forever almost and As I was saying this is going to be a presentation on The earth and the solar system and it's not it. It's much more exciting than it sounds so I'd like to also thank Jess for Some ambiance there with a little solar system over to my right or your left and to the space show of Atlantis and some astronauts floating around watching us That are very much enough Okay, so let's take a look then at Our presentation today. I think you'll find it rather interesting Okay, when I studied the earth and the solar system a long time ago, you know, it was it didn't seem kind of like Okay, there's this big Sun and there's these little planets and everything else is space and oh, yeah There's some asteroids and that was about it And I thought that was interesting because we're on one of the little third rocks from the Sun But yeah dust and gas and stuff, but I didn't know about the dust and gas till later But I'm going to show you much more unless you've kept up with this topic I think you'll be rather amazed as to just the solar system itself. What's going on Okay, so the first thing is like why Okay That what I'm going to be talking about is stuff that's not on earth It's probably not part of your life or the life of most people Why do we spend billions to go out and check it out? What what does it have to do with now and me and you and anything But on the other hand, if you're a good scientist, perhaps George Mallory Who was last seen by the way, if you don't know, uh, George Mallory Mount Everest was officially climbed in 1953 Lisa from evidence But George Mallory may have been the first person to climb Mount Everest back in 1924. He was last seen Only about 800 he and his partner were last seen on the 800 feet from the top His body was found In around 1990 something I think Yeah, because they're there, okay, so But let's take a look so in other words the first thing I want to start out with is when we talk about Out there the solar system and and beyond it's kind of a Psychological thing not just a physical or physical thing is that exploring other worlds sparks our imaginations from Marco Polo represented over on the left and of course long before that to works of fiction Like lord of the rings or star trek discovery or but hopefully you get the same feeling When you see the little perseverance rover other ones on Mars right now the same sense of Even if I can't go there, uh, I can Be excited from other people's Because we yeah, well syzygy now you put on a point there in other words why And that's why I'm saying this is kind of a psychological thing too. Is it uh resources to exploit? Uh, or is it something to well? Yeah, but half kidding is is also half not kidding and you're correct so Yeah, exactly colonize all that stuff. So if you look at this it kind of reveals us and our place Depending on what country you're in and other things you might look at the one on the left You know if you're in the u.s. Or not And you might have a certain feeling about that.  Is it going to be a competition? Or is it while ua e hang on a second because you are yet ua e because ua e has a orbiter uh called hope orbiting mars Right now and i'll get and i'll get to that but absolutely in other words, who knows So but we have to kind of think is it going to be star wars competition? First come first serve grab what you can or is it going to be star trek a alliance of people out exploring and not messing with What we find out there as far as first contact and stuff if you know the Prime director of the united federation of the planet. Well, we can't even find a united federation of nations yet So that's that'll be interesting. Okay, and then if we do find life Are we going to Look at it like, you know et if you've seen the movie it's Another species exciting we can learn from them or are we Expecting that everything will just eat us or subjugate us you know Certainly our history has been poor in that respect in other words when we found america Part of it we didn't even know that we killed off most of people do to just bugs Diseases which they'd never seen and then the other part was not too pretty either generally but You don't have to okay. You don't have to betray your age out there, but I remember Does anyone remember the picture up in the upper right? Yes, we all stuck with our primate ancestry and I'm finding the older I get the more you study animal psychology and animal behavior you understand People better picture of up in the upper right is a picture of The moon and that little part of it earth rise over the moon anybody actually remembers that I remembered well this is apollo 8 in december of 1968 And Yeah, the blue marble exactly. Okay, and this was outstanding because all of a sudden as they Rounded this sterile looking moon You had this bright blue dot rise over the moon And it gave everybody just like the first view of the earth it gave everybody kind of a pause At what they were looking at And going oh my goodness everything i've ever known everybody our whole world is on that tiny little form And that was a very spaceship earth that absolutely it was a very powerful moment and it actually by the way that picture and the moment itself gave rise to earth day to environmental Awareness Other things I mean not not it is alone or whole earth catalog. Yep. I still got those Somewhere locked away. Okay, but if you want to get practical about all of this is Space exploration has also given us new science. Yeah, there is no planet b. There's no plan b. There's no planet b I've never heard of it. That's cool. I've never heard of this planet b like plan b. That's cool There's no plan to be right now But there better be because I'll tell you about here in a minute Okay, so it also has created new science and technology everything you see there Has come out of the space program lasik surgery the little remote thermometers, which you may have Experiences during the pandemic Computers in in in many ways Plan 9 transit. Yeah If anybody remembers that movie lots of hokey boobies. I'll get to that too artificial limbs space blankets and rumble strips firefighting equipment aircraft de-icing solar panels panels the speedo Swimsuit frozen food. I mean not swimsuits necessarily, but the speedo one in particular How yeah, everything. I mean it's hard. I have one slider Well, I say not tame believe it or not. I look some of this up not velcro not tame But some of the other but because tang it actually did around. Yeah, I did too. I thought it was also But I had I look some of this up to make sure I Before I show you stuff. I like to look it up to make sure that i'm correct now the european union Or eso america's european space organizations such or agency has its own missions, but this is the one I Saw from nasa and essentially, you know, we're driven to esa We're driven to explore the unknown To challenge our boundaries and in return we have benefits for society. We address fundamental questions about ourselves and where we are expand technologies new industries And it's basically curiosity and exploration are vital to the human soul The boldly go where no One has gone before The the first star trek and then start the next generation. Yeah, no one Okay But the next kind of Leap there is getting there If you yeah, exactly start right next generation Fix that one. Okay. So how do you actually get there? Now we get to the physical part is Not just the psychological part, but the physical part is If you like hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy, I mean, that's what that was written for right? Okay 42 I think is it 42 or 42? okay, so If you shoot think about it if you shoot a high powered rifle into the air Um, and hopefully you stand out of the way It's not straight up because people are killed by bullets coming down because bullets come down at 150 miles an hour Be sure to go Straight into the air about how far up does it go anybody know? High-powered rifle. Okay. It only goes about 10,000 feet So to get off the earth You need to be going A lot faster than a bullet Well, as mentioning high-powered rifle, which I think it's 1500 Meters per second or something Um, I don't yeah, it depends on the rifle But I but I looked it up and it goes about 10,000 feet into the air and then comes down 150 miles an hour And hopefully you're not underneath it exactly, okay, so Getting there also has the kind of the psychological thing is that at the very beginning we thought of the heavens as The heavens in other words, uh, they were static They weren't around to mess with they were perfect circles perfect orbs Port hens anything that actually changed up there You could Anything that actually changed was something that was alarming If you had a comet if you had a meteor if you had any of that kind of stuff like that Um, and then when Galileo and others, um, got a telescope They basically said, oh no, wait a second. It's not perfect The moon has mountains the um sun has spots the Jupiter has moons Saturn has rings They're other worlds. They're imperfect. Maybe we want to know more about it Maybe we can visit them one day. So people were thinking about that. So just the realms of the gods They were thinking that oh my Yeah, google map Okay, now also the stuff of the imagination from Early times jules verne's there was um platonic shapes exactly perfect spheres perfect orbits all of that Um epicycles whatever you needed to do to make them not to make them perfect, but you know Uh, whether books or movies or whatever you've got Um Imagination runs wild about what these other worlds might look like or be like So actually getting off the ground. We first had to get off the ground and that came So the first thing was blues and in the 1700s The mcgolfie brothers in paris they're up on the upper left Um, of course, they just like everything else. They returned into a war war tool like on the bottom left in the civil war But balloons are still used for atmospheric research But of course as as in the upper right But then that's just the atmosphere by the way the atmosphere I learned I was looking it up Is the atmosphere is is basically defined as in other words the Where is space and where is the atmosphere as a hundred kilometers up or about 62 miles? And that that's considered the uh edge of space Well, actually, yes, uh barricade venus hand the moon titan Although that wasn't a balloon, but you're right venus took about two hours to get to the surface And it survives Now but the first actual craft into space in other words to get beyond the atmosphere was a v2 rocket In 1944 that actually got up into space. Of course it came down Because it wasn't going fast enough And it wasn't necessarily at the right angle, but Two hours to get to the edge of the surface No two hours for the balloon to descend through the clouds of venus to get to the surface of venus I may not have said that correctly the same thing on the Titan it took about an hour or something like that to get down to the in a parachute down to The surface of time. Okay, so what are the issues in space? Here again, you want to see the pictures of all this good of all these places, but First of all, we need to kind of study the What we what is involved in getting there. Well, there's a lot of challenge Um Yes, that's true. Okay, there's a lot of challenges with with space exploration. One is getting off the earth as I mentioned and getting back Okay, I remember that you're up there now.  That was that's a big issue It's not one to be taken lightly if you've ever seen the movie gravity. It's it's rather fascinating There's there's some issues with that movie But it's a very fascinating movie There's also distances now if you want to imagine you could see the little solar system Yes, it is space wise I lived in japan for three years and it's rather fascinating how the japanese people deal with Space and personal space and and in some cases having none and that kind of stuff So if you look at the little solar system model over to uh your left my right You will see The planets rotating around them. By the way, that's not to scale at capsule hotels. Absolutely in tokyo and stuff And i'm certain other places Yeah, okay, so any case Those are not to scale and they're not they representative But then that has certainly to scale or distance wise So how do you imagine the solar system if I were to create the solar system here? in the second Excuse me inside the circle region if you remember the I'm trying to remember the name of the region that had it Had a model like this, but essentially if the sun Is about the size of a person in this case. Let's say a Smaller person 1.4 meters in diameter If everything was shrunk a billion times, that's the size of the sun the earth would be a great 150 meters away That is we actually could do that Here on the island With a pea-sized moon that's only 15 Inches or 0.4 meters away from it Jupiter would be a large great for 750 meters away now there might The one of the regions in second life is only 250 meters So it's like three other Sims away and then you can read the other one seven is an orange And Neptune's four and a half kilometers away. So the planets are a long way away Thank you Okay, oh and hang on a second. I need to go back and explain also space is hostile to life and machines right now That little helicopter on mars even it's on mars And yet it's still having to survive the Nighttime temperatures which can easily fall into Minus a hundred something in space essentially if you were right there in this picture You on the sun side it would be plus 250 on them on your The backside of you would be minus 250 and of course there's no air There's there's nothing humans require a lot of care we we need Uh, it doesn't matter in this case because it's uh It's hot and it's cold. Okay. I was trying to think of you know, which one I think it's about exactly But really doesn't matter in this case. Okay, so Yeah, we need water. We need pressure we need oxygen we need a lot of stuff that We don't have in space unless we carry with us and it's uh A lot of coffee. We need coffee. Yes. Okay. Uh, let's take a look then at voyages and discoveries. This is the Nice fun part picture wise. Ah that one without the sun There is nothing as far as um life or even Gravity to keep everything together. Uh, that's a real picture from 2012 And can we get get second life on Mars? Okay. Yeah Okay, so uh, it is and that is a solar prominence now. You don't want to be In other words, if you're going to be looking at that, it's good to look at it in back direction and not be in the direction uh Yeah, lag would be incredible Uh 15 minutes something like that. Okay, so you don't want to be on the receiving end of that kernel prominence there mass ejection of particles going at 2 million Miles an hour out into space Because that would be very bad for the earth and uh communications the whole bit Let's take a look a little bit at the sun Is essentially if we were to say the sun itself is kind of Okay, kind of star right in the middle It's about middle aged It's not terribly big. It's not terribly small. It is 90 brighter than most other stars If you look at all this because a lot of stars are A lot redder A lot smaller So it's a fairly decent star In in what's called the main sequence meaning it's been pretty much like it has for about 4.6 billion years but unfortunately for you guys out there the reason why we need to find planet b is It's getting hotter It was about 30 dimmer when the earth formed And in 600 million years and now it's been 600 million years Since multicellular life for cambria Here and Unfortunately in 600 million years The sun will be hot enough that will actually disrupt the cycle of Formation of carbon dioxide And it will disrupt photosynthesis meaning life will end on earth in 600 million years. Everybody's going Okay, but you know, we're not going to be around Like I said multicellular organisms formed 600 million years ago At its core if you look at it it's essentially Yeah, if you essentially a It's not really a hydrogen bomb because it's actually a little hotter inside a hydrogen bomb, but it's 29 million degrees It's a billion times the pressure and that's enough to have nuclear fusion and so about 4 million tons of the sun is converted to energy every second And it radiates out And so there's really a tension between gravity which is trying to squash this thing into essentially a White a supernova a white dwarf the supernova goes But basically squash this thing and then make it go boom Um, oh, okay um Yeah, okay, I may have gotten the I'll have to check on the on the It's hot and it's hot enough for It basically to be plasma um, in other words electrons are not attached to the atoms and you got Okay So what will happen to the sun by the way is that in About five billion years it will because it will have used up most of its hydrogen and then it will get Turned into a red giant And it will then go get bigger and bigger and bigger and it will swallow up mercury venous and almost out to earth By then of course, you know, there's no life in 600 million years on earth Anyway, the seas will boil earth will be a very Not so great place to uh, yeah, and when we talk about degrees we're really talking Temperature has to do with how particles are moving around and so the corona Is not nearly as It's it's very tenuous Meaning it's not very dense, but the particles are really moving around Okay, so let's take a look also then at the sun is that some of our first spacecraft like pioneered others Went up there to look at the sun because the sun is so important to what's going on here at earth and One thing that happens is of course that we can see Ever since our Galileo times is that we've got sunspots. Well, the reason we have sunspots Is because the interior of the sun rotates four times as fast as the exterior Yep, uh parker solar probe is coming up just a moment And uh, it actually disrupts the magnetic field The north south poles reverse every 22 years In other words, instead of there being a 11 year cycle. It's really a 22 year cycle and That creates these these loops In the magnetic field which then create particles that go out there and sometimes it It ejects particles. It's really a mess. You wouldn't want to be too near the the sun And here's some other spacecraft that have been out there Here's some newer spacecraft or more recent spacecraft that have been out there looking at the sun because it Does if you had one of those coronal ejections come out this way, we would want to know before it got here and so we have a little bit of time to warn everybody because essentially it can do a real number on satellites and Communications and everything else The parker Solar probe as somebody mentioned will actually be flying through the corona at the end of its Mission right now. It's currently out there And then we also had Genesis Return to solar wind sample solar wind is what's coming out from it's the particles that are coming out from The sun we'll learn more about here that in a minute when we take a look at the earth Okay mercury this is a false color picture of mercury basically showing the topographic features False shape too. Oh Yeah, I guess it's kind of egg shaped in here. I should what should I do? Let's see. I'll bet you if I Let me see if I do this No, that's worse. Hang on a second Is that better a little bit? Okay, yeah We don't we don't want it looking like an egg Um, that's that's still kind of eggy looking but uh, it's better than it was Okay, so mercury Thanks for letting me know Okay, so mercury. I thought I was just looking at a weird angle. Okay, so mercury there that's that's what It looks like with at least some false color in there topographical features. Um, we've only had two Yeah, except mercury couldn't do that because it's pretty solid It's actually it ends very dense, but it's not the densest planet in the It is Uh, and we'll take a look at that when I get to asteroids. We'll take a look at the reason why It is, um, but actually the earth is the densest planet, which is is very interesting Why it is, um, but we've only had two probes go to mercury because it's really hard to get there You have to carry a lot of fuel To get there now mercury is only about a third the size of the earth and about a third of the distance and it does have an egg shake orbit or a very, um Uh, elliptical type orbit which varies from 47 to 70 million Kilometers from the sun But it's locked into Gravitational with the sun. So essentially It has even though it has a 59 earth day rotation.  Okay, so but one of the interesting things we found about Mercury is it has water ice. In fact, we're finding that there's water ice everywhere Uh, that's one of the big things. Yeah, no Um, it in the areas which kind of never get heated. It's got water ice Um, and we're finding that that there's in fact one of the latest things And I think last october november is that we're finding that there's water ice everywhere on the moon On our own moon earth's moon because not just, um At the poles where it was first discovered Okay, and then you can also and so you can see now. There's only been one craft to orbit mercury Yeah, there are gone and and hang hang loose We're gonna get there. We just got to go further out on the solar system Okay, there is venus um And uh venus here again topographically, but venus is a lot more interesting Than mercury anyway mercury's got lots of craters and stuff and it kind of looks, you know Like the moon it's craters. Okay. Yeah, isn't that cool? I like that But venus has volcanoes and lava and stuff like that and we've even there's a new Uh, uh probe that's been funded to go down to the surface of venus venus pretty much is a The only people that have been down to the the surface are um Submit union and they had 16 missions 10 of which Um got to the surface now there in mind. It's really hard to Do this back in the early days. I mean the first Mission to the moon missed the moon by Three moon rings Same thing the first one here on venus missed it by quite a bit, but they got better and better At getting them well, there's a thought about terraforming and It's but the first thing you're gonna have to get over is that there's a lot of pressure That that in fact actually that's kind of what venus looks like not now venus is almost the size of the earth I think it's about 85 percent the size of the earth what it really looks like is One of the pictures were sent is up for the upper right Which believe it or not looks a lot like On the planet titan except it's this is 850 degrees fahrenheit And whether that's fahrenheit or centigrade that's above the melting point of lead So you're talking about really really hot Uh 90 atmospheres sulfuric acid carbon dioxide 225 mile an hour winds very hostile to anything and everything and so Uh You're gonna have to do a lot of work to terraform venus Now on the other hand venus Has been thought that it at one time was not too dissimilar from the earth but essentially it had a runaway greenhouse effect and That's what caused what's happened today or at least, you know, it's been like this for billions of years Uh There's a picture of what uh From a radar standpoint or what it might look like there and there's been some of the more recent Trips to Well, it could be it's a little close Um, the sun would be better impressive. You'd have to wear, uh, what uv 1000 or something, right? So any case you've got some Yeah, let's let's work on earth. So it isn't a future venus. I think that idea. Let's work on preserving our own planet We don't have a planet b yet. Uh, yeah, I thought max might Have it up. Yeah, that one. Uh, yeah, it's no wonder. Yeah, okay. So any case the venus, uh, express orbiter Was up there for quite some time Looking at things there's been lots of flybys and then the orbiter from Uh, japan, which is there now. In fact, it's the only ship that's there currently working on venus orbiting venus Okay, good old earth here planet a Now if we look at earth, what are some before I do the next slide? What are some of the things that make earth unique?  You're looking at this thing. What are you? What do you think? I've been there. Yeah. In fact, you are here. Okay. So what are some unique things if somebody looked at this either remotely or We're close enough to see it like this. Uh, what are some? Things about earth that are different from the other planets green Yeah, for the most part some of it's green. It's um actually kind of blue and got lots of clouds and stuff. It's got oxygen. In other words, 70% 71% of it is water But there are a lot of green parts. There's water This is the only one that we know of that actually has liquid water everywhere. Okay Most of the other ones have in fact, actually most of the planets have water, but it's Very cold out in space and it's not liquid On the surface. It's under ice Or encapsuled in the rocks itself. In fact, that's what they I'll skip ahead real quick in thought to Mars is they think now that Mars did have oceans, but essentially the water didn't go anywhere. It's in the rocks Okay There you go. Okay. That's a good way of putting it surface is infested with self-replicating chemistry. Absolutely Okay, so let's take a look at some of the things that make Earth unique is one it's a water planet. Okay continental drift is that kind of all drift has been going on for quite some time a couple billion years and Or at least a billion and it's for reformed the land and made mountains and erosion and lots of things that have helped To create the world that we are in now Up on the upper right, you'll actually see when we talk about oxygen at one time. There wasn't oxygen and it wasn't until oxygen Until organisms created oxygen as a byproduct That you had oxygen and then you had These iron belts and lots of stuff Go on but oxygen levels have been hence the cognitive exposure. Yep, and then Option levels have been a lot higher. They've been a lot lower And that's the red line is where they are now same thing with carbon dioxide carbon dioxide has been A lot higher than this right now, but then you wouldn't want to live at the time when there was a lot of carbon dioxide Yes, you're correct proposed by In 1912 and a lot of people kind of laughed at him or And then until they go. Oh later in the 50s 60s 70s going, ooh, uh, maybe he's right Okay, but carbon dioxide right now is is high as it's been in the last 30 or 40 million years Yeah, hi oxygen great insects or giant insects all that good stuff like that so So oxygen it's a densest planet It's got now one of the things by the way is it's got a moon stabilized inclination This is really important to life We're only inclined By 23 and a half degrees right now and that's only and the reason why is is the moon And the moon has helped us to do this some of the other planets that have flipped over and done All kinds of inclinations During their history and that would play real havoc on life Okay, some of the earlier Spaceshots basically went up and looked at our Magnetic field actually if you look at it It it's called the van on radiation belt and essentially what you've got. Yep. The fingernail growing speed is Actually continental the continents drift at a speed of the rate of your fingernail depending on where you are some are faster some are slower Thank you. Okay, but then I should down then Alan radiation belt By the way, any astrophysicists outside, which are these if you look at the area There's a there's an orange area and a green and then a blue area and of course, they're not those colors But what is positive and what is negative? And then the aurors are formed at the poles there as the electromagnetic field Interacts with the atmosphere and charges it and then forms Ions in the atmosphere It's also the only non-planet as somebody mentioned that it's invested where life and The biosphere interacts with the planet Oh, thank you. I hope so That's the that's how you can Pay attention. I mean, that's how you can keep interested without my drowning on Okay, but one of the things about earth that's that's kind of weird is that There's a lot of little objects around it. We may not have we may not have a lot of moons but we definitely have a lot of little Objects floating around in fact, there's 29,000 objects larger than your hand 670,000 objects larger than a centimeter and gazillions of objects that are smaller and A lot of these are satellites most of them don't work and Yeah, a lot of little moonlets And so actually, you know the International Space Station, which is the next slide here Well, no, it's not. I gotta say this one and then I'll come back to that The International Space Station, which is the only one up there right now China had one earlier and there has been once Russia like with the solid stuff is And they think they can go to about 2030 with this International Space Station But it actually has to move Yeah, international. Absolutely. It has to and other astronauts have been up there from other countries and so the International Space Station Has to actually move two or three times a year to avoid some of those little particles, by the way Now looking at the particles Is one of the things is the reason we found this little thing If it's pronounced anyone I went to the University of Hawaii Hawaii is Hawaiian is an easy language to pronounce So you basically pronounce it by letter. So it's Oh mua mua Yeah, oh mua mua meaning Not visitor. It's there's an under name for Okay, in any case, it's the first known visitor from another solar system Okay, then we know of obviously there's been and the reason why they found it was Because we want to know Well scout excellent. That's yeah, that's what it means Um, okay, so we want to know Not only our own satellites, but we want to know anything else that may Get to earth or near earth and I'll show you that it's kind of actually scary how many objects Come near earth or have the potential to come near earth The moon well when we say the moon that's kind of Earth-centric Yeah, as a matter of fact bearing on and I'll get to that here a bit But it stopped to be actually a piece of nitrogen ice from a planet similar to Pluto that got Probably in a collision or something from another solar system Or already have hit the earth absolutely And connell drift has erased a lot of them except for the bigger or more recent craters Okay, space was large. Well, you're right and that's good. Okay earth-centric When we say the moon because actually there are over 200 moons in the solar system that we know of I'm gonna Briefly show the ones in circles really quick But we've got and I also put the size of mercury and Pluto there since they're not considered moons And also cirrus if that's how it's pronounced there In the top is considered a dwarf planet now And it's the largest object in the asteroid belt. Okay, let's Take a look at that. So when we say moon You have to say well what moon. Okay, great. Well the earth's smooth No, actually it does it looks blue because of the the water and stuff Um Well, let's take a look because actually some of them do look different colors and such So that's that's a very good question there. Charlotte. So let's take a look at what Uh, we have out there because I'm going to show you Some of things so let's take a look. Okay, earth's moon. Let's let's take a look at it Is earth's moon was thought to be um Earth it's only about a quarter of the size of the earth And yeah, the earth really is blue. Those are Yeah, I I think so too except for on the back of it In other words, if you're looking at the night side, okay, so any case earth is the moon is thought to be From a collision of an object about the size of mars Way way way way back in the early days of the solar system And there's yeah there. Okay, and if you look at the bottom right This is based on actually looking at moon rock analysis back in around 2016 and they're going wow, there's some isotopic There's some evidence here About the core of the earth the moon and about why the earth is the Densis and about the core material from thea sinking into the earth's core and the moon having similar isotopic Consistency stuff and all kinds of cool things and basically they think if you look at the lagrangian points l5 l4 Of the earth Is there is that there's a thought that there used to be A another little mars-sized planet there um, which by the way with the definition of planets makes Would have made the earth not a planet a dwarf like Pluto but whatever long ago it Spiraled in and hit the moon and or hit the earth and some people say it hit Kind of obliquely some people said hit head on and any case it formed the moon It they also formed another little body, which is not out there and either hit the back of the moon And went together or they recently found that there's something Following mars Which suspiciously has the same sort of composition as our own moon And so they're thinking that's possible. That was something that's discovered last year Okay, so let me continue on What will happen to the tides? Well, the interesting thing Chris is that moon is actually Retreating at about a centimeter is it a centimeter? per year from The earth it's great. We know that because there are laser stations set up on the moon And you can see that and so, uh, oh, okay It's okay. You're right is where the gravity of the moon and the earth balance out Um, that's yes, that's correct. The other thing the other interesting thing is that when you have two objects together They don't just gravitationally. They don't just decide. Okay. I'm going to be the one that everything all of us It depends on their maps. So actually the moon is big enough that the The Center of gravity between them is just inside the crust of the earth So the earth actually wobbles a little bit as the moon goes around. It's kind of interesting Yeah, uh, wow lots of lots of cool comments here. Okay wobble effect Okay, but you may not know that there's been a lot of missions to the moon. In other words, it's not just the us Or even the soviets or whatever, but but everything even even luxembourg believe it or not had a a role in helping missions to the moon and But the last people on the moon were back in 1972 Although that's going to be changing in this decade If everything goes right, okay Let's take a look 70 missions have been in the last five years Not actually the moon didn't obviously It's there's tides. Like I said It helps the moon the earth from It's it's inclination from deviating too far from 23 and a half degrees That sort of thing. There's also 33 missions planned to the moon Here's some of the more recent ones as we know china landed a lander on the far side of the moon That's the first thing Dead and had a little rover and it took a picture as you can see right there.  So it's not surprising Same thing with israel There's also a craft called test which goes out by the moon and then swings back by earth Well Yes, yeah, that's due to yeah, it's due to Earth and not the moon in this case. Okay, so let's take a look at some of the elements. I'm running a tiny bit Long today Because there's a lot of comments and and these are kind of interesting. So I'm going to not speak to it But I'm going to kind of make sure that I'm not too far over an hour Okay, so jupiter's largest moons if you look at this if you look at them the the moon Compared to ganymede Jupiter's largest moons are actually bigger than our moon And ganymede and Europa are thought to have The galamand moons absolutely the ones which Galileo saw the four bigger moons and so uh Human romance. Yes. Okay, so Saltwater oceans are thought to be on Europa and ganymede and of course Europa We actually have something called the Europa clipper which is supposed to go out to Uh, Europa and check it out Jupiter also protects the earth Uh, I'll show you that here in just a second Io, of course, is the first one that we actually saw active volcano zone sulfur volcanoes and we've actually And there's geysers on Europa. We've actually had a spacecraft through them. Well, the oceans are not only alkaline Um, but they you're you're correct. In other words the little their Yeah, that's uh 2010 Uh, is what you're the which movie you're talking about Okay, and then Callisto is the size of a mercury Okay Titan is the largest move very interesting Is it it's the only one with a dense atmosphere and we've landed on it and if you actually watch the videos It's it's superb Um Well, there were actually four books in that series from 2001 space house in 2010 down 61 3000 Is the the four books involved? Okay, so in any case we've actually landed there was a little Uh spacecraft that um, yep, uh, and there's little spacecraft that went down to um and landed on Titan and with a parachute and what did they find they found Rocks made of ice mountains made of ice running methane rivers and lakes and there's even been some Thought about putting a little yeah a little submarine there to to check out there the lakes But it's the only one that we know of that has running It's not water because it's too cold, but it basically it has rivers and lakes and Mountains and it very exciting. Uh, it's all methane. Yep, uh, but there's no oxygen. So it's not like an adult or anything And it's very cold You gotta have heat, you know fire is fire triangle means you gotta have heat Uh and oxygen and the fuel source. Yeah Yeah scopes of service. It looks a lot like earth Uh or mars Okay, here's some not so exciting moons. Although they're kind of cool because in some cases they've kind of been Wacked hard and put back together Uh, these are little smaller ones, but Saturn has those are Saturn's moons Uh, well, there's no oxygen. So it's not going to do anything plus. It's way way too cold to support a fire like that um Like zippo Triton excuse me Is actually quite large the our moon is in back to show you the size of some of these ones and triton is big enough that They it actually rotates in the opposite direction that newt naptoon does so they think about it well, these are all gods of goddesses associated with Um, the planet names. Okay, they think the trite may have been captured from thank you Um captured from the kuiper belt Okay mars we haven't even gotten to mars yet, but we all well we haven't gotten to mars but uh spacecraft had Now in the early days, uh, what you have here is a map from 1962 mars And even then we thought there were canals or something on mars. Well, it wasn't until mariner Went by mars and everybody got really disappointed because they go It looks like the moon It's just craters Where are the martians? There's no canals Yeah, I know it was really disappointing. Uh, of course, we know that mars is exciting And by the way, the the idea of it having canal is a misinterpretation of an italian. It's canaling means channels not canals as a um It's uh It means channels not like, you know man-made Canals Okay, so here's some spacecraft. There's 49 missions to mars about half of them. I haven't made it Eight are operational right now. There's seven planned for the next five years Here's some of the ones that recently somebody mentioned niter arab emirates.  Uh, the rover is supposed to go down to mars in june Insight is one of the more recent ones and the it's exploring mars interior Although it's having problems right now with uh charging it up. It's got a lot of dust on it um It's got a lot of dust on it and they're afraid. Uh, you know, it's got a charge up to keep going and then perseverance has both the rover and Honor which is supposed to take off possibly next week. They just have to check it out It did do a spin test yesterday Okay, and here's perseverance what perseverance is looking is going to do is perseverance is looking for signs of life uh on mars and so Uh, what you what it actually did was it landed kind of a safe place in this big jezero crater And it's going to go over to that delta which they know is a river delta or at least it looks everything like a river delta and the little helicopter is going to help it go off and Uh, it's got 23 cameras on it and all kinds of cool stuff and we're looking forward to it. Um The martian yes So we're looking forward to the flight plan. Yeah, it was originally earlier, but they need to they're doing some work on the Uh flight software They know the thing actually, you know spins Uh, it just that they don't want it to go up and then crash that would be bad So they you know, they're working on that Okay, so we know mars is not a Uninteresting world.  It's got the biggest, um person here, which by the way was the name was presented by I think a sixth or eighth grade student They had a contest and that was the name that they chose. Yeah And so, uh, it's got one of the biggest it's got the biggest, uh canyon That we know, uh, it and it had seas Very long ago. They think that the uh, they found some, um Lakes with water ice near the poles, but um They think that the water like I said earlier has not disappeared It simply has gone into the rocks, which means that there's probably water That you can get now if you have water you can get oxygen and hydrogen and all kinds of good stuff like that Okay, let's take a look at asteroids and comets. I am going to go over a little bit I'm going to try to keep it within the next 15 minutes here because we're now at out the astra But I don't want to go too fast um Okay, the seven planets were formed some time ago when a supernova exploded and kind of Got things to mush together And if you look at the bottom right, that's actually a planetary disk from uh the torus uh consolation that Um, you can actually see so we're not it's not just a conjecture. We've actually seen Okay, I won't speed up too fast It's gonna be because this is interesting stuff. Okay, but you can actually see there's there's what's called a sit line Which the planet's inside there like mercury This is another star that we see this but basically the planet's inside a sit line The only thing that they're going to be able to have on them is metals like mercury. Okay If it's formed beyond the sit line, then you have Carbon like methane and carbon oxides and stuff the frost slide is where everything's going to be frozen But in in the kind of goldilocks thing between the set line and the frost line you could find an earth In other words, like liquid water and and such like that Mars is just a little bit too far out for the water to be liquid, but like I said at one time it probably had oceans But it's very fascinating Jupiter and Saturn and this is kind of an odd thing Jupiter and Saturn they haven't just stayed where they are What they've done is they formed further out They kind of migrated toward the sun Jupiter kind of got to where Mars is right now And kind of took up a lot of the material there. Otherwise Mars would be much bigger. That's why Mars is so small Well, they have to move much faster close to speed of light for time to speed up Okay, and then Jupiter and Saturn then became gravitationally bound started moving outward the asteroid belt Formed instead of a planet it formed because Jupiter basically prevented it from coalescing and became Planet there could also be ejected planets. That's right Yeah Mars Actually, the sun was not to spot it just that the Mars did have oceans and then it got colder because it couldn't keep the heat in Okay, you know like a ray A radio activity In the center Okay, the asteroid belt like I said formed because Jupiter Didn't allow a planet to form there and then Mars was deprived of building materials and then the comets Were formed further out Yeah, exactly the interactions with jipper. There's also something called the late heavy bombardment Which explains a lot about meteors hitting the moon and earth and all that stuff But lately it's been somewhat of a discredited theory Okay, asteroids and comets. Here's the scary part We know of 20 000 near earth asteroids and 100 comets which could hit the earth Okay Yeah, long long time ago Long before we have to worry about life or anything else even if life formed two billion years ago This is long time ago. Okay the As I mentioned that the moon one We found that it was partly everything. Yeah long long time ago, but basically It's out of the plane of the solar system. Most of most of these it's kind of a flat disc and it rotates around Or revolves around the Sun But this thing one of the reasons we knew it was yeah, it came from another solar system And it kind of came in at an angle that we go. Wow. This is formed around here And like I said, it's kind of uh, we we now are pretty sure it's nitrogenized sliced from a planet like blue Okay, what would you say asteroids here again when I was in school long ago? Well actually There didn't school much of my life But I think but uh when I was in secondary school or before they were talking about, you know, the asteroids are between Mars and Earth Well, that's not entirely true The main asteroid belt is between Mars and Jupiter But there are other asteroids. They're what are called the trojans and the greeks There's actually a spacecraft. I'm gonna go out and check some check these out uh around on the Lagrangian points between Oh, yeah, that yes, absolutely littered or broken up planets and also planets of different form um The trojans are in the lagrangian points of jupiter and there's a lot of them and there's also ones called the builders And they even think that Earth may have a little something following it That is a bunch of particles that haven't quite come together Yes, the lagrangian points of jupiter is over around the Sun Yeah, they they do they they travel in the same orbit as Jupiter. It's just that they kind of got stuck there from the gravitational standpoint Okay, so the asteroids are not very big The biggest one Thank you I hope it's not too long. I hear again and I don't want to rush, but uh, I will keep it in Within a decent amount of time Is serious is a serious Is the largest it actually takes up a quarter of the mass of the asteroid belt and it has a briny ocean under its surface We know that because the dawn spacecraft uh, which um actually There absolutely. Yeah, there's lots of yeah, Japan's actually been pretty busy with uh spacecraft I mentioned one around the moon moon also is that uh or mars i think or moon but Dawn spacecraft actually it's the first spacecraft to actually orbit to Bodies and serious investor the two biggest ones in the asteroid belt and it went and and looked at serious and it found a briny ocean under the surface and Remember that the object that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs was about Ten times as small as some of these objects. So these are pretty good size objects also uh, the in fact the one from japan if you remember it sent back samples and the little spacecraft landed in Australia they picked it up and it's got samples of syria of a of one of the asteroids not serious But one of them. Yeah, and they're and they're looking at it. That'll be the first time Ever that we've seen stuff like that and then there's another uh mission that is also going to recover a sample And it but it's still going until 2023. Okay So most exciting how about comets? Well, we've actually looked at comets for some time, but if you'll remember there was an exciting mission It went to the rosetta one went to this big peanut or duck shaped comet and Actually landed although it actually bounced because it would only Wait as much as a piece of paper basically and it landed and it was supposed to put these spikes into the comet and it Didn't the spikes didn't work so it kind of bounced and then went under a big cliff and Uh But we found it in other words A while later didn't signal again pretty cool Actually that sort of stuff. Okay jupiter. Let's take a look at jupiter jupiter. Is it outstanding? It's the biggest planet, of course About 10 times the diameter of the earth And there's been lots of stuff go to jupiter There's been a span that have gone to the outer planets only three beyond saturn though But we've had some outstanding missions. In fact, junos they're now in orbit since 2016 uh Galileo Um Was the first to orbit and then we had ones go by even Earlier than that and they've had particularly juno and other ones that had some outstanding Well, what makes the colors very good question and it's organic molecules and also interactions with uh, yeah beager Yeah, it's cool. Ah, and there there's some if you look up the if you actually go over to the nasa jpl side And you look at you could see all the pictures. There's some really cool uh, but Yeah, the red spot for example is is a 400 mile an hour hurricane that's larger than the earth It exists in first centuries. You can actually see the moon and its shadow there um Organic meaning carbon, but jupiter has a lot of Carbon days now. I may I may even do a little presentation on some of the stuff we found out there as far as organic But organic means carbon That doesn't mean life, but it means it can mean that um Yeah Okay, so jupiter rotates only about at 10 hours. I mean the earth rotates at 20 first So if this rotates really really fast, well, it it probably wouldn't be life In other words, if we're going to find life, we're going to find it on Europa or someplace um in other words where there's actual A saline seas that are liquid. Okay, organic need or one of those. Okay, so jupiter rotates in about 10 hours Which produces 900 mile an hour here again. Sorry. It's not in metric Uh, but it's fast near the poles And then there's organic materials that create the colors and by the way, they've recently Conjectured is as this material descends Into jupiter in other words falls. There's no Surface of jupiter. So it just continues falling. There's a core But it just gets higher and higher pressure and it's enough to create diamonds So think of this Is is a rain of diamonds into the core of jupiter From the organic material at the Outer part it's kind of a very interesting idea. Okay, it's got the strongest magnetic field and it also has lightning We see one of the first space casts a lightning on the opposite side Okay, Saturn You can also see auroras up there just like the auroras on earth there Um, yeah, actually I like that symphony the one where the planets I used to use that for planetarium presentations Yeah, Saturn is gorgeous. Everybody's always thought it was and we found that The Cassini mission in particular Found that the rings were very very complicated And they were wondering whether they're old or young. Well, they're quite young And they also think that it perhaps in only a hundred thousand years the rings might go away Everybody go, uh, uh, okay, but There's other rings and they'll probably have some more rings going on. There's also, um A very weird storm group of storm systems. Yep. Uh, lots of things actually on rings a little bit Okay, let's take a look at Saturn If you see a tiny little earth up there by the the name Saturn, that's approximately the right, um, size Yep, and as far as rings and you'll see that What Saturn Saturn is actually light it can actually float if you had a big enough ocean To float it on it's compared to, you know, the rocky little planet Rings are very popular in space. Yep. So in other words, if you see Uh, the rings are too, there's not enough massive to For Mastina for Saturn to even notice.  I love the comments. Okay Uranus, by the way, only school kids pronounce this Uranus Yeah, it can be pronounced both ways, but basically space scientists pronounce it Uranus Um whatever Okay, so Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that's gone out that way. Yes, the sun does shine But the sun would be not much more than a star Out about here. In other words, a bright star By the way, yeah, and slavus is a very fascinating moon. I May have had it earlier, but it's pretty far out Um, now one of the distinctive things is this speaking of inclination or tilt is Uranus is almost Up and down. In other words, if we look at it, we're going to be seeing the poles Uh, so it actually takes 42 years as it goes around the the sun for there to be a day and night on Uranus And you could see the size of the earth as comparison. Now the pictures from Here are not as quite it is an amazing view and this is kind of and and you can see lightning and stuff And this is slightly false color to magnify the look to it. In other words, some of these look a little bit more like that That's Neptune Voyager here again is the only one that goes there But you can see is the core is probably a little rocky core and then mostly water, ammonia, methane Hydrogen helium very very very cold out in in there What I said earlier on this one was essentially that instead of Like the earth pretty much rotating On the plane of the solar system is essentially it rotates almost opposite of that So it's you see the rings we would see the rings like this rather than Otherwise, so we don't know a whole lot about these because there's only one Spacecraft that's gone by it a while ago And it went by really fast like, you know 75,000 miles now And so we if we want to know more about these we're gonna have to go out there. Well Now this one here and and you'll notice with the time is they were not far from the edge of the Solar system and I'm not far from the edge of my Presentation so yeah, exactly So if you'll bear with me here a few more minutes is Pluto was a real surprise The new horizon spacecraft went out there. We expected to see well, we don't know, you know It's kind of small and not much effect is smaller than some of the moons and when we went out there We go. Oh my goodness. This is outstanding for one. What do you don't see? You don't see a lot of craters Uh discovered we did it. Okay Uh or maybe by Mickey Mouse Blue dog. Okay. So it's you don't see a lot of craters out there meaning that the surface actually Uh is rejuvenated. This is a dynamic planet. How could it possibly be there? As far out as it is, I mean we're only talking about the surface being Not that I don't know how many degrees Kelvin but really really um far out and so We think that what's happening is it's got a solid core like some of the other rocky tech ones But it's got liquid water. Perhaps ice water liquid water with nitrogen ice cells which are active If you look at some of those cells down the bottom right, this could very well be the Arctic with the Pingos and so solid. Yeah solid nitrogen on the surface ice water Mountains like on the moon Titan around Saturn. This is a Yeah, very cold, but this is exciting. This is uh incredible fine people were terribly excited about the about um Yeah, no land shifting, but in other words, you're not going to have magnetic fields and etc etc What kind of old drift and all that but what you do have is a dynamic surface Much like on some of the moons that around uh Jupiter and Saturn. Very cool. Okay now if we go beyond Pluto we have and I'm all stunned If we go beyond Pluto if you look at it and you see where the over on the far on the bottom Left you have the Sun the asteroid belt now if you kind of push that there into the center of the other one Pluto has a very odd orbit in red and There's a whole bunch of stuff out there in what's called the kuiper belt and one of them the new horizons spacecraft actually went by that ultimately one there Yes, Pluto has five moons We didn't know that until the spacecraft went out there But it has five moons one and then Sharon um Okay, so we actually it actually saw that little Thing that's actually two little kind of mushy ice thingies that have been smushed together very Gently and traveled together Yeah, and so uh, that's by far the farthest object that we've seen Okay, so now well how far out have we actually seen Is that if you look at it the sun if you look at the entire thing as a blue line The sun itself is moving through the solar system But it's got the solar wind going out that are a million miles an hour and it slows down Until it gets to what's called the termination shock just like a shock wave like a sound wave And then there's the heliopause and now you're out in outer space So the reason the Voyager 2 actually knew this is if you look at the graph You'll see that it could sense that it was out beyond the solar system that you would Have more cosmic rays and less of the radiation coming from the sun And so it actually has escaped the solar system, which is most cool That was there are also other spacecraft We've got new horizons now that is out at 50 AU in other words 50 times the Distance from the earth to the sun. You've got the pioneers. You've got voyagers all going on in different directions Yes, it actually is very fascinating and I'm almost done Yes, the you're you're correct the Oort cloud Is a good actually a good distance to the next star speaking of which How do we know that other places have planets? Well This is actually If I were showing you this is a powerpoint slide This is a video that you can actually see and as the moon Sharon goes around Pluto The center of gravity is actually outside of Pluto So when you look at it Pluto actually wobbles just like the actually the sun does too The center of gravity for Jupiter and the sun is is Just outside the surface of the sun And so you can actually see By the wobble or the dimming of the star that they have other planets Well, how many have we found as of the end of january? There's 4340 planets, which we found Near the solar system and not outstanding the nearest earth like one is Guess where The nearest earth one is Like planet that we found is fortunately The nearest star Proxima Centauri Yeah cloud actually does cloud and when you're talking about that you may only be talking about a handful of atoms In a you know cubic centimeter or something, but in other words, it's not exactly Uh, there's a milky way milky way is a and I think this is the next slide slash last slide is The milky way is a barn spiral. We didn't know is barn Uh, and there's the closest stars and what the an alpha centauri is actually a three star system It's the star at about 4.1 light years away and what they actually think you're doing serious The people that have money are there's a billionaire funding this thing Is they're thinking of making these tiny little sales that have a chip on and you get a gazillion of these and you Put a laser behind them and you can actually speed them up to 20 percent of the speed of life and you can get to Alpha centauri in only 20 years And then there's a million of them and they do sensing and maybe take a little picture and do stuff like that So literally if somebody finds a thing in 20 years, we could be looking at the closest earth lights planet Which is like I said, this is our alfalfa centauri and I think if my slides will there, okay and that's my That And I said there, okay That's my presentation for today. Thank you It's fun putting together. I really like this stuff. This is uh, as you could tell Ever since I was a kid It's rather amazing if you actually look up it can be kind of scary because all you can have is between you and nothing is just some tenuous nitrogen and oxygen and Other atoms up there. That's the only thing That exists between us and that void out there Although now of course, we know it's not like it's a big bunch of radiation coming out of the sun and that kind of stuff avoid the void Oh, thank you That's fun. And I love the comments Spirited bunch today. Thank you Sorry to go. Oh, I did want to mention for the people who are in asia I'm gonna I'm gonna have less to I'm gonna have less of demands Let's say in may and beyond and I'm going to try to hold some of these presentations earlier, you know four or five hours earlier if possible Because I know for people in asia that this is What 2 a.m. 2 30 a.m. Or something No, what we'll do is we'll have yeah, hopefully people will be able to attend whatever but I want to make it Um 3 30 oh my goodness. I'm sorry. I'm I could never stay up that late. I'm a morning person But I appreciate everybody who's able to do that Yeah, and we need to correct that a bit. We're talking about how to do that. Oh interesting Oh, thank you. I'm doing this and coming to the presentations or giving one just makes my day makes my week Oh, good. I'm hoping it kept you awake. I'm not sure I would have been awake. It's too uh Early, okay for anyone that has to leave take care. Thank you very much for coming Um, I do believe this will be uh online get some sleep Watch the stars stars are very relaxing.  Thanks for coming