Okay. Morning everyone. I'm Xiaocheng Zhou, a Ph.D. student at the UC Riverside. I'm honored to be the first speaker in this year at the Linux Secure Summit. My talk is about my recent project, Cisco. The inside of Cisco is that we systematically measured 75 percent of Linux bugs from Sysbot and find out that a lot of minor bugs like wording or invalid pointer dereference, they can still have critical security impact and even lead to kernel compromise. A little bit background knowledge here. Our study focused on Linux kernel. So the most efficient way to find bugs is fuzzing. Fuzzing is the automatic process that tries to discover the software bugs by giving concrete test cases. The state of our father for Linux kernel is Syscaller. So recently the continuous fuzzing platform is taking more places of the bug discovery process. For example, Sysbot is the biggest continuous fuzzing platform targeting the Linux kernel. In the past four years, Sysbot had found more than 4,000 valid bugs. 3,000 of them had already been fixed and 1,000 of them is still pending for patch. Among the 3,000 fixed bugs, the biggest portion is the memory bug, including K-some bugs or KM-some bugs. There are like around 1,000 of them. The next biggest portion is a warning and info bug, so it reports some minor issues in the kernel. It's around 900 of them. And the third portion is the general protection fault and some invalid pointer dereference. It's around 500. So in some sense the general protection fault and some invalid pointer dereference, it might also belongs to the memory bug, but here we just separate them from the general memory bugs, like used after free or autobomb, we separate them. So the kernel bugs can be simply categorized into sanitizers or kernel assertion. Sanitizers seem to catch several specific type of bugs, like used after free or autobomb or double free. So we have kernel-adjust sanitizers. The title showing on C-spot is like K-sum, used after free read in some function. We also have K-sum captured the data response and KM-sum captured the uninitialized use or UB-sum defined behavior. Besides the kernel sanitizers, the kernel assertion is some sort of code that embedded in different kernel places to capture some abnormal behavior. For example, if a variable shouldn't be less than zero, so the developer can put a check to see if the variable is less than zero, then we can throw a warning. This is the meaning A type of bugs. They occupy around 75% of bugs from C-spot. Oh, so there's another strange category just called bug. This bug contains a lot of small type of bugs, like unable to handle kernel page or sleeping function or least entry not found. So yeah, it's just contained a lot of small type of bugs. And general protection for it is usually happened when you access the user space memory from kernel or you write to a read-only data, it will trigger general protection fault. Now let's take a look at the security impact of each type of bug. Memory write bug has severe security impact in terms of compromising the kernel. For example, by overwriting the UID GID attacker can achieve the local privilege escalation. Or if one can overwrite the function pointer, he or she might hijack the control flow, which is also considered as a top risky exploitable capability. Therefore, we think it's fair enough to claim that the memory write bug high risk bugs. And invalid free is another critical impact that may compromise the kernel. So if the object of freeing is controllable by the attacker, it can be easily converted to a user after free. So you can allocate the object in between the two free. So it's also high risk. Other than that, we have memory read bugs. The memory read bugs can leak kernel information like KSR offset or other kernel address. It's useful sometime, but they are not mandatory in kernel exploit. We also have some non-security bug, like warning info general protection fault and bug. They were non-security bugs. So we think the memory, the warning, the info general protection fault and the bug, they were low risk bugs, which means by using their capabilities relate to their bug type, like read, like invalid pointer dereference, we don't think they are strong enough to compromise the kernel. So we think they are low risk bug. Let's talk about the motivation of our project. The first is there are two million bugs to fix. These bugs continuously report two or three bugs every day, but sometime it took us weeks or even months to fix one. Besides the reason of the bug's complexity, we also find there is a prioritization of risk level in bug fixing process. For example, more serious bugs like zero day will be fixed as soon as possible. From the delay between bug found day and the first patch attempt day, we find memory write bug took relative less state than the memory read bug to fix or other non-security bugs. So therefore, we believe how people correctly understand the severity of a bug is necessary and important. Imagine a warning bug that can compromise the kernel, but somehow people mislabeled its severity and didn't patch it for a long time. The consequences could be terrible if a bad guy managed to exploit it. The next motivation is there's too many patch to port. The main line is the upstream kernel and the downstream kernel like Android, Ubuntu, Fedora, they will fork a long-term support version and create their own distributions. Usually the patches that were applied to the downtown support version will also apply to their corresponding distributions. Sometimes the distributions like Ubuntu may also cherry pick patches from the upstream kernel directly. However, the patch propagation is slow and inefficient. The maintainer may not know which patch are urgent and which one are unnecessary. For example, the CVE 2019-215, it was initially reported by C spot as UF read and fixed in Linux upstream in 52 days. Unfortunately, it took over a year for the patch to propagate to the downstream Android kernel because of lack of knowledge on its security impact. In fact, it's only until a bad actor were caught exploiting this vulnerability in the wild, then Google start to realize its severity and obtain a severe number. The reason is that the maintainer do not know the correct security impact of a bug. So we will see if a bug clearly shows a more critical impact like auto bound write, the patch will propagate to their distribution sooner than a bug does not show its security impact like wording. Therefore, because of misunderstanding the severity of a potential high risk bug, a downstream kernel may remain unpatched for quite a long time or even forever. So what is the specific problem Cisco want to solve? We prepare three questions. Are all seemingly low risk bugs actually low risk? Do bug reports always reveal the real impact of bugs? Interestingly, in our research, the answer turns out to be double no. And can we convert a seemingly low risk bug to high risk bug automatically? Yes, we can convert some low risk bug to high risk bug and even automatically. And the original bug report from C spot or other conventional kernel fathers sometimes incorrect or misleading. The goal of Cisco is to reveal the high risk impact of seemingly low risk bug. And Cisco does not aim to produce the end to end exploit automatically because this part of job has already been done by the following two works, Kuby and Fuse, they target both auto bound write and use after free bugs. Okay, let's jump to our insights. The first insight is the first impact of a bug that appears in the execution path. In this case is the wording here. Even though we can capture another two, but just let the fuzzing continued execution executing without stop. However, the conventional father does not do that because does not do that. They was just stopped execution, panic the kernel. This makes sense because the father only cares of bugs, no matter what bug it is, secure related or not. Because all bugs need to be fixed. So the very first impact only, the very first impact is good enough to say, hey, there's a bug, you have to fix it. But this methodology ignores the fact that lack of resource to fix all bugs before they got used by the bad guys. So correctly understanding all impacts of a bug definitely help us in the bug fixing process. However, the only impact of a bug on C spot is the one showing its bug title or the bug report like this. It literally showing no impact, like no details. And it will ignore the following impact behind the warning. So first of all, the first bug impact does not always show the most risky impact. Therefore, we may be misleaded by the bug title and ignore the potential high risk impact that just having a low risk bug title. Another problem is even we let the buzzing continue without stop. Sometimes it still won't catch the following impact behind. For example, the UF read and write here. The reason will be presented in the motivating example later. And so we knew that UF will be right and the inventive three are high risk bugs. We just talk about it. Now we consider the following three impacts are also high risk, the country flow hijacking, the arbitrary or constrained value write, arbitrary or constrained address write. However, these three impact cannot be detected by adding sanitizers or current assertions. Therefore, we call them follow up impact. We will talk about the reason why buzzing cannot detect these three follow up impact in the motivating example two. Okay. So this is the real case from CISBOT, the motivating example. But I simplified the source code. The root cause of this bug is because Cp hash is bigger than the length of the perfect array. So when the loop index I is bigger than the length of the perfect array, the EXTS, the EXTS here would be autobond. And because the EXTS is autobond, is autobond, the case on will capture the autobond read at 98. So when the EXTS tries to de-reference the data pointer action, so it will capture by the case on and report to the CISBOT as slap autobond read in the TCAF EXTS destroy function. So what if we let the buzzing continue instead of stop at the first bug impact? We will enter the function here, TCAF action destroy. It looks like we can find an impact N916 because of the action comes from the EXTS, which is autobond memory. So the action, its value can be arbitrary. Therefore N916, we write zero to an arbitrary memory address. So let's just call it arbitrary address write. So if we let the buzzing continue instead of stop, can we capture the arbitrary address write later N916? However, it's still unlikely for buzzing to find arbitrary address write, even we let the execution continue. There is two reasons. The first is N914. The array pointer actions comes from the autobond memory, so its value is unpredictable. If the pointer, so the EXTS is in the autobond memory, and the action comes from autobond memory, so its value is unpredictable. It could be invalid memory like 40 or a valid memory. So if it's an invalid memory address, it will panic the kernel directly. Even though the action is a valid memory address, as long as the action i is zero, it will still not enter the correct branch because its force, it will enter the false branch instead of the true branch. Beware the action comes from the autobond memory. Fuzzing has no power to control the memory content in the autobond memory. So the father cannot determine what value the action could be. So the second reason is that even the father is really lucky to satisfy the check N914. Father captured nothing N916 if the action i is on a legitimate memory address. So like the action is in the EXTS, and the EXTS if it points to a legal memory, and we write zero to a legal memory, so everything is normal, nothing happened. The best scenario for the fuzzing is that the action happened to point to a to a illegal memory like autobond memory. Then the fuzzing can capture an autobond right at here. So as long as the action is pointing to a legal memory address, the fuzzing would capture nothing. It will just consider it's just a normal right. So eventually the fuzzing still failed to identify the arbitrary address right at N916. But if we are the attacker, it's easy for us to bypass the check N914, because the action comes from autobond memory. We can use hipspring to make it point to a valid memory address and with a long zero value in it to satisfy the check over here. Then we will find the arbitrary address right, because the hipspring we can literally control the entire EXTS which is autobond, and we will control the action. Therefore, we can put any data here. We will satisfy this check. And if we look further down, we can even find a function pointer. We can look, so we enter the action clean up function, and the A comes from the action I, and becomes a P here. And the P dereference loops, and the function pointer clean up. So if we look further down, we can even find the function pointer to reference N923, which gives us counter flow hijacking. And of course, by using the hipspring, we can also control the loops and the clean up, because they all come from the action, and the action comes from the autobond memory. But so far, all the further impacts, including the arbitrary address right, and the function pointer dereference, just they were found by human expert. We want it be automatically. Is there any automated solution that achieves the same results? So let's start from the problem itself. The first problem is the father has no power to control the content in the UF OB memory, but the human expert can't buy the hipspring. The father, and the father may be blocked by the kernel panic or unsatisfied constraint, for example, the one at my 14. But the human expert won't be blocked because by using hipspring, he or she can construct a dedicated action pointer to satisfy this check. So as long as there is a technique that allows program to determine the value in the OB or UF memory, it will find a correct one for the action. The technique is the symbolic execution. So symbolic execution is a program analysis technique that use symbolic value instead of concrete value during the program execution. So let's skip the technical details of the symbolic execution. Let's just say the symbolic execution can achieve the exact same goal of the hipspring here. We symbolize the entire OB memory, and the symbolic data will propagate to the action and the ops and then the cleanup. So if we want, we can solve the symbolic expression and we will have the concrete value for the entire OB memory, which is the EXTS here. We can have the concrete value for this, for the action, for the ops, for the cleanup. So basically, we will know what value to put on this memory will lead us to the function pointer dereference. So for example, the symbolic execution will tell us if we want to enter this branch, the true branch, the action must be a valid memory address, and the action I must not equal to zero. Otherwise, it will enter the false branch. So the symbolic execution will tell us this knowledge. This is for the motivating example. Let's talk about the modes of Cisco. We have two modes for the upstream open box, Cisco package static analysis and symbolic execution. For the fixed bug, Cisco package fuzzing static analysis and symbolic execution, excuse me. We will notice that only fixed bugs have the fuzzing process. This is because the fixed bugs have the patch, which we can use to eliminate the new bugs, because the fuzzing will tell us a bunch of new crash. And if we don't have the patch, we don't know which, if the new crash is still belongs to the same bug or just a totally new bug. We will talk about the detail later. The workflow for Cisco has three components, the vulnerable context exploration, hidden impact estimation, and the exploration validation. They both relate to fuzzing, static analysis, and symbolic execution. But here, we won't feed our talk in 40 minutes, so we ignore the static analysis part because it used to accelerate the symbolic execution. It's not mandatory. So we just keep the fuzzing and symbolic execution. So the fuzzing will try to find more new crash, or we can call it a new context. And each new context of the bug will feed to the symbolic execution. So the more context we find, the more chance our symbolic execution could convert it to a high-risk bug. We will talk about the fuzzing first. The main goal of our father is to find more buggy contexts that share the same root causes of the original bug. And we do not stop at the first impact. Like the original bug is the warning. So we do not stop at the warning. We let the father capture multiple impacts without stopping. So we may find the UF right behind the warning. And the strategy for our fuzzing is we use the original POC, the original POC from C-Spot. We use it as our input test cases and apply a conservative mutating strategy. For example, we do not, we do not enable all the system call. We enable like only system call in the corresponding module like network or like KVM. So now we have three, we have, we also find two double three. Let's see, we also find two double three crash. Now we will determine if the new crash still belongs to the same bug. Okay. This is the new context verification part. Now we have two buggy contexts. We will verify if they are, if they are not some new bugs. Therefore, we use a patch to eliminate the new impact. We first apply the patch to the vulnerable kernel to make it invulnerable to those original POC. It means the new patch belongs, if the POC of the new context, we try to rerun it on the invulnerable kernel. If it still triggers a new impact, which means it's a new bug, we will abandon it. So otherwise, if it's nothing been triggered, we consider it's still belong to the same bug, but it's a new context. We will keep this context. So this is how we verify the new context. And we will let father capture multiple bug impact along one execution path and pick up the most high risk one. In this case, it's a, it's a UF right here. And we also have impact feedback. We consider each new test case that trigger a new bug impact is interesting test case and the worst to mutate. So this is based on the code coverage feedback. Please note that code coverage feedback is not all the goal of our father because we want to, we want to trigger different context of the same bug, but the code coverage could sometime mislead us to some unrelated code region. So we have our impact feedback. Let's talk about the architecture of our symbol execution. Before we do a symbol execution, we will actually trigger the bug in Qemio. We set a breakpoint as a case on report to freeze the kernel. So we launched the anger and our symbol execution engine. We symbolize the UFOB memory by inspecting the case on report. We symbolize them. And we transfer the register's value from Qemio to the anger and dynamically pick up the memory content when we need it. Our symbol execution will verify the following five high risk impact. The UFOB write, we will check if the write, if the write2 address is in the range of the UFOB memory. We just got from over here. We know the UFOB memory, the range of it. So we will check if the write2 address is in that range. So it is, it will be the obuf write. For the invalid free, we will check if the arguments of the k3 is symbolic value. If it's symbolic value, which means it comes from the UFOB memory, which means it's contruable. We will consider it's invalid free. The control flow hijacking, we will check if the k2 address is symbolic. The arbitrary constraint value write, we will check the write, the value will be right to this address. So we check the value if it's symbolic. And does it have any constraints? If it has any constraint, it will be the constraint value write. Otherwise, it will be arbitrary value write.  It's the same theory, but we check the write2 address if it's symbolic. Okay, now the dataset of experiment from C spot. We pick up all the memory read bug and wording info and general protection for N bug. So they occupied around 75% bugs on C spot. After deduplicating and rule out the cases without a valid POC or the one don't target on the upstream kernel, we finally got around 1100 valid bugs. We conduct our experiment on such configuration. And we ran 3-hour kernel fileing and 4-hour symbolic execution. So this is the overall result. We totally have 147. Lowest bugs have been converted to highest bugs. So one high-risk bug could have multiple impacts. So this column is about how many high-risk bug we found and the rest are about each high-risk impact. We discovered 178 arbitrary address write and 654 arbitrary value write and the 51 counterflow hijacking, 8 invented 3. If we consider the counterflow hijacking as the most critical impact, we will see that not only those two type of bugs but also the general protection for bug, the wording, the info, they all have chance to have the counterflow hijacking. So to verify our finding, I manually pick up three cases with counterflow hijacking impact and manage to write exploit to target the vulnerable kernel. So for our finding, the finding alone discover 61 high-risk bug, which is 53 percent of high-risk bugs we find with 167 impact, which is 5 percent. All impacts found by finding only a UFO be write or invented free. This is because the follow-up impact cannot be detected by finding. And the average number of the impact for fixed section is 27.9 versus the open section is 16.9. This is because the open box does not go through the finding, so it has less context. And the buggy context in the fixed section is 1.37. Context in the open section is only one context. The simple execution, besides the 61 bugs that can only turn to high risk by finding alone, the rest 52 bugs in the fixed section, they can only turn to high risk by simple execution. And the simple execution discover 95 percent impact, including all the counterflow hijacking, arbitrary value write, arbitrary constraint value write, arbitrary constraint address write, 95 percent. Then we disclose our finding to the CVE maintainers, which received eight CVE assigned, and we noticed that some high-risk bugs were ignored by several vendors like Ubuntu, Fedora. After our CVE assigned, they find their kernel vulnerable to such bug, and they apply it, apply the patch immediately. And our paper will appear on usenic security 2022, and you can download our paper online if you find any interest. It should be available soon. Thank you for listening. Cisco is now open source and such GitHub repo. I'm ready to answer any questions.


Hi, this is Chichu. Now what we're going to do in these set of videos is talk about trigonometry, and if you're interested in just doing simple trigonometric calculations and knowing what the basics of geometry is, and in 2007 I put a bunch of videos together for the language of mathematics in series one that explore some of the basic concepts of trigonometry and geometry and triangles and similar and congruent triangles and whatnot, right? Some of the basic concepts of trig ratios, but those videos sort of came at you sort of out of the blue. There wasn't any prep work in the introduction of why it is that we do study triangles. Okay, and that's what we're gonna do right now. We're gonna pick up the topic of trigonometry and we're going to start from the beginning and take it all the way up to basically talking about trig ratios, trig functions, graphing trig functions, and talking about trig identities a little bit. Okay. Now as for why we study triangles, the mathematics of triangles basically came about, I think it was I got third century or something like this. It came about as we talked about before in the first first set of videos. Basically us exploring the world around us, right? Astronomy had a huge part to play in this, but trigonometry is basically the concept of studying polynomials that have three angles, three sides, right, or shapes that have three sides and Triangles come into play in our everyday lives and a lot of different places, right? Architectural work, it comes into play in surveys. It comes into play in tripods, basically three. Tripod is the most stable sort of a structure that we can create when it comes to having one focal point, right? That's why most cameras, most video equipment, they're sitting on tripods or drum symbols, right? Drum equipment. So triangles come into play in our lives in a lot of different places. One of the places that I've used triangles, right angles triangles specifically, is to do some survey work where you know I'd be going out doing geophysics and I would have to lay out a grid and what I would do is use special right angle triangles specifically where you know the multiples are easy to calculate, right? Three, four, five and multiples of that, right? So you know we'd lay out a triangle or I would do it solo with you know two or three different tapes and stakes into the ground and basically with line of sight I would set up a grid which was extremely accurate. So that's one area that triangles come into play which is just every day type of thing and sort of different types of calculations, okay? But one of the main important areas where triangles come into play which is never really introduced in beginning level introduction to trigonometry when we start talking about triangles is because triangles are related to circles which is a weird concept to comprehend, right? And the reason why we study circles is because circles are the perfect cyclic function and cyclic functions for us are huge, right? It may be from the life cycle, may it be from the earth rotating around its axis, the earth rotating around the Sun, the Sun going around the galaxy, may it be the ties, may it be the female menstrual cycle, may it be the cycle of work, may it be it may be married of other things. So many things are dependent on a cyclic function and that is for me anyway, the main reason that we study triangles because triangles give us an understanding of how cyclic functions work and cyclic functions aside from every day type of life, they're actually embedded within nature, within light, within sound, within vibrations, right? All of that stuff is basically trigonometry and trig functions where we're graphing waves. That's why we really study triangles and write angles, triangles specifically. So what we're going to do right now is I have some grid paper here and some blank paper on this side. So what we're going to do is draw a circle on this grid paper and we're going to see how triangles are related to circles and why they allow us to analyze cyclic functions and help us to move around the cyclic function, okay? As far as drawing things go, I have a few different colors of pens and stuff. So what we're going to do is we're going to try to go with a brighter color for our triangles, sort of go lighter with the grid, our X and Y coordinate, because it's not enough for us to draw a circle. We need to do measurements. We need to be accurate with our calculations, right? And the way we become accurate with our calculations is we lay down a grid on top of any shapes, any geometric shapes that we work with and that's how coordinate geometry really came about, right? We would study shapes. For example, if you're driving a car, your car usually has four wheels, right? For the wheel to drive straight, you need to have all those tires exactly the same shape or wagon wheels or whatever it might be. And the only way for us to really create things that are identical is to put them on a grid system, is to put them on a coordinate system and do exact measurements. So what we're going to do is draw a grid and throw our circle on there and see how right angle triangles are related to circles, which are basically our ideal cyclic functions. Let's see what color should we use. Let's see how these things come out. Let's see if we can use a light green for this. Let's see how the light green turns. We'll use a blue. So the most important thing about a circle is its center, right? If we have the center of a circle and if we have this radius, that's basically a circle, right? We can recreate that circle anywhere we want, right? So what we're going to do is put a dot almost in the middle of this. Let's try to make it as center as possible. So what have we got? We've got one, two, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24. So we want 12. So one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, 12. So we're going to throw our center of the circle right here. And let's make it center according to the camera. So we're going to throw it right here. OK, that's the center of our circle. And what we're going to do is we're going to go out. Let's see, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. Let's go out nine squares on the axes. And then we'll sort of rough sketch draw in our circle, right? So one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. And one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. Trick is going to be to be able to draw a perfect circle as close as we can get.   So I guess those were the moments that I was technically insane or mathematically insane. I'm not sure if that's the case right now, but this is the way we're going to do it. So that's not the best circle, but it's something we can work with, right? Sort of a warp circle. Should we try it again? Let's try it again. Let's see if we can do better, right? So center one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve. And we're going to go one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. Now the problem with this is if you go diagonally it's nine squares, right? right? So we're gonna have to try to do this free hand.  So what I'm gonna do, I'm gonna bring a string. So what I'm gonna do is to try to draw this as accurately as possible. I want to grab some floss and we're just gonna use floss as our string to draw accurately. So let's try this again. Yeah? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. There's our circle or end points and what we're going to do is tie this up.  We've got our accurate point and what we're going to do is just hold this at the center and just go around, right? Pull it as accurate enough. That's not bad. So we're just gonna go over it and we'll keep our floss for circles that we're gonna create later, right? So this is our circle, this is the center, our origin and we have a radius of five squares or nine squares here, right? So what we're gonna do as well is let's throw a grid on here. Actually put a grid of black marker. Okay, let's see if we can, because well, no, no good. So let's put a grid of light green, coordinates of a light green on here and what we're gonna do is put an x-axis. Hopefully that comes out okay. Let's see if we can be accurate. We'll use a level. That's our y-axis and this is gonna be our x-axis. So we've got a coordinate system on here right now. That's our y-axis and that's gonna be our x-axis and a circle represents a perfect cyclic function and what a cyclic function is, it's something that repeats itself over a certain period of time or over certain distance. So something that constantly repeats, right? It does a full period and it comes and again and does it again and does it again and does it again, right? You can think of a clock, 12 hours, right? Goes into 12 hours and it kicks into p.m. I guess and it goes around again and it keeps going around and around and around, right? May it be the tides of the ocean based on the moon cycle, right? May it be the earth rotating around this axis. May it be sound waves coming at you because sound and light and vibrations, these are all cyclic functions. They're basically waves, right? Light travels as a wave. Sound definitely travels as a wave, right? The only reason you can hear me right now is because speakers are vibrating at a certain frequency and you're hearing me, right? And those are waves coming at you and waves are cyclic functions and I find I'm able to manipulate the period, the amplitude and I can lay one wave on top of another. Those are different types of sounds I can create, right? And the most basic must rudimentary cyclic function is a circle and what we do with circles, what we what we have to do with the circle is we have to understand how to move around it, right? We have to do an analysis of how do we move around this? We need to find exact points on a circle, right? So we'll call this our x-axis and we'll call this our y-axis and this is just a naming system that everybody goes with, something standardized that we all agreed upon, right? We agreed that the horizontal would be the x-axis and the vertical would be the y-axis. So let's do the rest of our drawings with a red and a blue color, okay? Now just imagine if we were on the circle and what you have to keep in mind is this is something that a lot of people make a mistake with, right? The grid is not our circle. The grid is a reference point, right? So when we say we want you to move around a circle or find yourself on a function, you can't go off the relation, right? You can't go off a function if you have a function. So what we do is let's assume we're standing right here, right? We're at the edge right at the corner here of the circle and hopefully that little guy comes out, right? It's supposed to be a little man standing here. So let's assume this is us, right? And we want to move around the circle. Now there are two ways, two main ways that we can find ourselves around the circle at any given location, right? Accurately. What I could tell you is I could tell you that I want you to move along the circle a certain distance at a certain angle from the center, right? That's one way I can tell you to go anywhere on the circle that I want you to go, right? So let's assume, you know, I wanted you to travel up to here, right? Up to this point. So now I want you to stand here. So you're going to go along until you get to this location. Now how am I going to get you to go to that location? The way I'm going to tell you to do this is is to move along the circle at a certain distance, at a certain angle, right? So let's throw a line here from the center to where you are right now. So what we have right now is you've traveled nine units, whatever the units might be. Each one of these squares is, you know, I haven't measured it. I don't know what each one of these squares is on the grid paper. It could be one kilometer. It could be one meter. It could be one mile. It could be a yard, whatever it is, right? So right now we know from the center of the circle to this point, this is called the radius, and this is equal to nine, right? Because we set up our circle with a radius of nine. And based on our grid, our coordinate system, we're going to call this location zero, zero, right? Just as a reference point, it's the easiest way to do this, right? We're going to call the center of the circle zero, zero. So that's one way of telling you to go here, but that becomes a little difficult because measuring the arc length of the circle is difficult. It's not an easy task. It's not just a straight line.  Where are we? A curve from here going all the way around. So if you were able to do that, I would tell you to go a certain angle theta here, right? And theta is just, I believe, is Greek alphabet that we use to represent the angles. You could call that anything you want. It doesn't have to be theta, but theta is a standard symbol that we use to represent the angles, right? Now, that's one way for you to get to here. Another way that I can get you to go to this location is by giving you, since we have an x, y coordinate system set up here, is by giving you a coordinate system, right? So I could say come to this location based on a certain x value and a certain y value, right? And we talked about how you move around the coordinate system in series one when we talked about, you know, just basic Cartesian coordinate system. And if you don't know how to move around the Cartesian coordinate system, it's a non-ASMR math video, but you might want to take a look at that, right? Basically, the way it works is this is our x axis, and x moves along like this. So we're going to go a certain x value here, right? And that's going to take us to this location, that's the x coordinate, and a certain y value here, right? That's our y value there, and that's our x value there. Now the way it works is this just becomes a right angle triangle, right?  I got to remember to draw the lines on this side, not go through, and that's what little thing we have right there, right? So what we got right now, so what we got right now, the length, the distance from this point to this point is just our y, right? This is how far we've traveled up to get to this location. So we can just call this the y distance, right? And the distance we've traveled from here to here is just our x coordinate, right? It's just the x distance. And this gives us our right angle triangle, and this is how triangles are related to circles, because what's going to happen right now is if you start moving around the circle, if you start moving around the circle anywhere on the circle, all that's going to happen is we're going to create a right angle triangle, right? That's the way we find ourselves around the circle, and that's the simplest, the quickest way for us to find out where we end up around the circle, right? So if you continue to move around the circle, let's put another guy here. Let's assume there's gravity here, so we're actually upside down here, and as soon as you come around here, you've gone one cycle, one period, right? And that's what we say when it comes to, you know, naming these things. If you go one complete cycle, that's one period. For a clock, you start the cycle here, and 12 gets you to the beginning, right? With the Cartesian coordinate system, with the circle, with the unit circle, it's been standardized with us starting here and on the positive x-axis and going counter-clockwise, okay? Now, so this is our circle and how it relates to the triangle, the right angle triangle, what we'll do, we'll draw another triangle here, and just so you see that nothing changes with this, right? So if we do this, then what we have here is another right angle triangle with the distance of y, and since this direction is negative for the x-value, the distance this way is going to be negative, right? I'm just going to call it x, or you can think about it as negative x if you want, and when we draw this other triangle, there's two different angles we can reference, right? We can reference it from the positive x-axis going this way, and we're going to call this theta 1, I guess, if that's theta, this is theta 1 taking us to the new location, or we can reference it based on this theta, I'm going to call this r, and the reason I'm going to call this r is not arbitrary, it's because the angle which is closest to the x-axis we refer to as the reference angle, right? So if we measure angles from the positive x-axis going counter-clockwise, we call those angles angles in standard position, right? So we're going to write this thing over here, right? So theta s, let's just put a little s down here, right? And we'll call this s1, and subscripts in mathematics are basically like last names, right? They give us more accurate understanding of what it is that we're talking about, right? Whatever your name is, I'm pretty sure there are a lot of other people with your name, your name plus your last name, that narrows it down to fewer people, right? That's what subscripts are in mathematics. When we write a symbol and then put a little thing at the bottom on another little thing at the bottom, all that is, is just us being more accurate with our terminology so we know exactly what it is that we're talking about, okay? So when you're moving around the circle, any angle that you measure from the positive x-axis going counter-clockwise to a length, and these are called the terminal arms, right? So this is called a terminal arm wherever you end up being, right? So if you're standing here, the line from the origin to where you are is called the terminal arm of the circle, right? Wherever you're going. So that's called terminal arm. So you can think of the terminal arm as where you are on the circle, okay? The angle coming off the positive x-axis going counter-clockwise is called the reference angle. It's called the angle in standard position, right? So theta, s, we're going to refer to angle, and now one of the other ways that we can figure out where we are, what the angle is to the terminal arm, is measure the angles from the measure, the angle closest to the x-axis, right? So what we do here is the angle in this quadrant, and this is four different quadrants that we have for the circle, right? This is quadrant one, quadrant two, quadrant three, and quadrant four, right? If we broke it up. So in here, the angle in standard position becomes the reference angle. In here, the angle in standard position is different than the reference angle, right? So the reference angle is just the angle closest to the x-axis, right? So theta is reference angle, and closest, closest to the x-axis, right? Axis. Angle in standard position is from positive x-axis counter-clockwise, right? So that's three words that we have to learn, right? In trigonometry, they're super important. There's one other word that you have to learn related to circles that's super important is coterminal angle, and coterminal angle is basically what other angle gets you to the terminal arm, to the terminal side, right? So when you're moving around the circle, from here, all the way around is 360 degrees, right? So angle in standard position comes off the positive x-axis and goes this way. 360 degrees, you're back to where you were, right? Now, if I say move in the opposite direction, start here and go clockwise, that's considered to be negative, right? So I could tell you to come to this terminal arm, to come to the side, okay, by telling you not to go this way, but to go this way, and that becomes a negative theta, right? It's like the x-axis, right? This way is positive, and this way is negative, right? Angles is the same thing. This way is positive, and this way is negative. So for us, there's multiple ways. There's actually an infinite number of angles which will get us to a certain terminal side, right? Terminal arm, if we had another triangle here. I could tell you to go from here, this way, positive direction with angle, and it gets you to this arm, or I could tell you to go this way, negative direction, it gets you to this arm. I could tell you to come here, and then go another 360, you end up at the same place, and then go another 360, you end up at the same place, right? And this goes an infinite number of times, right? Because it's a cyclic function, it continuously repeats, right? If you think of a wheel going around and around and around, it passes the same point multiple times, right? On your car, you have RPM reps per minute, right? Or whatever the terminology is. That's basically telling you that you're going around a certain number of times per second or per minute or whatever it is. So there's another term that we have to learn when it comes to circles is the angle, but coterminal angle. And coterminal means any other angle that gets you to the same location, okay? And what we're going to do, we're going to call that Theta C. So these are the four words that you really have to learn, because what we're going to do is start talking about the circle, but we're going to talk about the unit circle. And the unit circle basically standardizes things for us. Instead of giving us a radius of nine, what we're going to do, we're going to standardize that and just call the radius of one, okay? Because, well, one is easy to scale, right? So it's really just us making calculations easy for us and simple for us to do. And that's what we're going to talk about. So what we're going to do right now, now that we've talked about the terminology, and this is, again, words that you have to know, right? And if you want an example, let's do an example of this, right? Let's figure out what a certain angle is going to be and find out what the angle and standard position, the reference angle and the coterminal angle are for wherever we're going to end up, right? So let's say we're going to go to this location here where this guy is right now. So we're going to draw our triangle, or we won't draw our triangle. What we're going to do is we're going to draw our terminal, terminal arm, right? Which basically means we ended up there, right? So what we got is we've traveled to this, right? To this location here. We've moved around the circle from here and ended up here. Now, I don't have a protractor. I don't know what that angle is, but I'm going to estimate it. Now, the way you estimate, the way you can do an estimation, and we'll talk a lot more about this. So this is sort of like the introduction of us learning terminology, right? That's what we're mainly concerned about. We'll get into exact calculations in future little segments. So from here, let's assume we traveled to here, okay?  So if we're going in this direction, now we're going in this direction, right? We're in opposite ends. That's 180 degrees, a full circle is 360 degrees. And since this is divided into four quadrants, up to here, that's 90 degrees, obviously, right? These two lines, the coordinates are somewhat perpendicular.   If you go from here all the way to here, that's 390s, right? That's 270 degrees. And if you go 490s, that's 360 degrees. So this angle here, approximately, let's assume it's going to be 225 degrees, okay? So we're going to call this theta in standard position as 225 degrees. Now, the reference angle for this terminal arm is going to be the closest angle to the x-axis, right? And we don't care which axis, which part of the x-axis it is. It sort of acts like a magnet. It gets to the x-axis as quickly as possible. So the reference angle for this terminal arm is this guy right here, right? Because if you're here, you get stuck then towards the x-axis, right? So this is called the reference angle. And the way we figure that out is we go from here to here was 180. From here to here was 225. So all we've got to do is subtract the 180 and that gives us that, right? If we take this part away, 180 minus 225 gives us the reference angle here. And the reference angle here, theta r, is going to be 45 degrees, okay? That's the closest angle to the x-axis. We don't care if it's the positive x-axis or the negative x-axis. As far as coterminal angle goes, we can go this way, right? And this would be negative. So one coterminal angle, theta c, would be 360 minus 225. Let's just do the calculation here, right? 360 degrees minus 225, right? Five you can't take from zero. So that's five and 10. So that becomes five. This becomes three and that becomes one. So a hundred and negative 135 degrees ends at the same terminal arm, right? Ends here as well. So it gets you to the same location. So if you were standing here, if I told you to go negative 135 degrees, you would go this way, right? If I told you to go positive 135 degrees, you would probably end up somewhere here. So that would be the wrong direction. That would be the wrong arm we're trying to get to, right? So that's one coterminal angle. I could give you more. I could say, okay, we've got 225 here. Let's add another 360 to this and go all the way around because if you want to go around the circle to where you began, it's 360 degrees. So we can go 225 plus 360. Let's do another calculation. 260 plus 225. So that's going to be 58 and five. So 585 degrees gets you to this terminal arm, to this location. So we would have gone around here and then gone around again and that becomes 585 degrees and we can continuously do that. We could take negative 135 and subtract 360. And that, again, will end up at the same location, right? So that's sort of an infinite loop that we're talking about there and how that comes into play in different places where we'll talk a lot more about this when we start talking about trick functions when we start graphing trick functions. So that's sort of the way right angle trigonometry is really related to circles which are cyclic functions and that's how we find ourselves around a circle. And these are the terminologies. These are the terms that you really have to learn and you have to become extremely familiar with them because we're going to continuously reference them. So what we're going to do is take these guys down and create another circle but this time we're not going to label the radius as nine units, nine of these squares. I'm going to standardize this and I'm going to call this the radius one because we can easily work with one and we can scale it. And we're going to refer to that thing as the unit circle and that is where we're going to build our understanding of trigonometry. Okay, learn this terminology, think about this for a little bit as moving around the circle and I'll see you guys in the next video. Bye for now.


We're happy to have you back to think take Hawaii's human humane architecture, which we're broadcasting live once again, from the opposite ends of the world, me near Wurzburg, Germany, and you to Soto back in Honolulu, Hawaii. Yes, here I am with an airplane flying over making a lot of noise. Well, we're kind of glad they're fly again right. Yeah. So, but us all being a lockdowns more or less we're trying to project into the post pandemic production future. And this is our volume two of our TOD graciously gentrified Garrett's read and we're looking into a German town that has done urban densification in a way that we thought is worth sharing and maybe get some clues for how we could do that when we get the the heavy rail going and get developments around the particular train stations which is what one calls transit oriented development TOD. So let's go to the first slide and recap a little bit what we did last week. Well, we talked about this little town, which is located right at the end of or it's one town away from the end of the main train into Munich. And what they have done is redevelop their downtown. They've already finished one project and they're starting their other project is under construction. These to us seem very small and low rise but this isn't a small this isn't a very big town. So we're going to be looking at first of all the one that's already been completed, but more at the, what we can anticipate for the second one, which has an interesting background as to how it's been developed and which you just looked into and we'll find out about. And the one that's currently under construction with the cranes that we showed last time is called BG, BGZ. And here we're happy I was digging this out from somewhere fishing in the net that shows us they have terrorist lanais we're happy to see that we would like to see some of that in in Hawaii, because, as you always say here, I wouldn't be able to sit on that lanai right now, unless I have my heavy winter coat on. We don't have a 12 month summer, you know, endless summer we don't have that summer ended here. So let's go to the next slide, which is how we left last time and now we know we did more research that the building that this gentleman is sitting in and under is actually BGZ and the G in that basically stands for Co-op. So it's different than most of the developments in Honolulu, which are developer based and they try to make a profit and then walk away. The Ganasansha, the co-op is basically members based. So everyone basically chips in and becomes part of the client of the developer. But the project that has recently been completed we see in the distance there is a different one and that one we want to take a closer look and let's go to the next slide and walk around it and let's share observations. So what's on the ground floor. Okay, well this is interesting and we're going to see a map of what actually is in this particular place but on the ground what we would call the ground floor and one in Germany is called floor zero I presume is and this has three levels by the way, which we'll see in just a second, but we see here that there are commercial developments so there's retail there are people on the right buying flowers which are presumed is in front of the supermarket or the grocery store. And then there's a small restaurant in the center where the young adults males or teenagers think that they are impervious to anything so they're not wearing their masks because they don't think COVID could do anything to them. But as you pointed out the girl on the bicycle on the far left is wearing her mask so she is more sensible than they are. And the two older people on the right are also wearing masks and I think Germany is in a tighter lockdown now than it was when you took these photographs. Exactly, that's right that's correct. And what we see baby is not that shockingly new to us this is what the developers call. Oh we're doing mixed use right so we're doing retail on the ground floor and we're doing, you know, living on the floors above which actually isn't that innovative it's, you know, it's has been the model in many cultures including the European and then Americans inherited that when they were like on their wagon trains building their, their cities the women who ran the saloon lived upstairs so it's not such a new thing but it's good to reintroduce that for sure. And especially if you're providing the mercantile infrastructure so can people can walk down and walk their dinner or lunch up there instead of driving it so that's good. But as you indicated let's walk up there because there's more surprises up there so let's go to the next slide and this is your weekly German lesson because he took some closer look on these German signs here and what did you find. Well, the directional signs show that there are three levels and the ground, the level of underground, which is referred to as minus one, which again is a strange concept for us is parking on what we would say the ground level which is referred to here as zero we had as we just saw the retail and then on the floors above that, in addition to the housing, there also are a variety of tenants and those include the some offices of this town itself so there's some government offices there, there are some doctors in there and then there is a there's a bank, there's a people's bank as you said, and I can't remember what the other functions are but this is its offices but it's also government so it's not purely a commercial development. I think that we'll get into why that is because this was a redevelopment of the town itself so they needed to accommodate these other things in addition to just providing housing and retail and part. Yeah. No, absolutely. And it gives us a first clue it's actually the players involved actually must believe in the project that much that they actually move in. So there's the bank and the real estate part of the bank which I believe are financing some the project itself and maybe people renting or buying in there. There's even the city with a department of social and family services having moved in there. So that gives us a first clue that's a really participatory kind of process and project. And let's look into the into a closer on the next slide, because we're now up on that elevated plinth with that circulation we're looking we're seeing the crane for a GBZ two and we're seeing GBZ one just there in the middle of the picture. But now let's walk on that plinth and basically get to a surprise. Let's go to the next slide. And there's our surprise and I confirmed with you that this is not at ground level this is actually on what we would consider to be the first floor. And it's on the roof of the supermarket and the retail and the restaurant that we just saw in the previous or previous pictures a little bit ago. And this is a whole landscaped area, which is available for the residents and as well for the tenants as well the people are in the offices. So it's up on essentially the roof, and yet it gives you the feeling that you're on the ground because it's vegetated. Yeah, that looks very jungly by the way right. Yeah, for that purpose let's go back to Hawaii for one second which gets us to the next slide. Now that's not here. Doesn't it look like everything in Hawaii should be we got we got largely nice. This is actually facing south. So you got the overhang the shading you can basically live outdoors. And there was I was too shy to ask them didn't want to be a paparazzi but there was actually a Vietnamese immigrant family living on that ground floor and doing beautiful.  In a better Hawaii that that you know that most of what we unfortunately know from Hawaii that recently been developed which is all hermetic and invasive but this looks very tropical exotic. Once again these are nice are not usable at this moment of the year anymore. Yeah, so go to the next slide and look at it a little bit more in detail here. This is this is interesting you pointed out that these planter boxes that contain all this vegetation. First of all are equipped with benches, and that's something that we're familiar with here too but what is unfamiliar is and I was I confirm with you underneath these benches there are light sources so these function also as lighting for the outdoors. It's very cleverly inserted into the structures for to hold the plants and for people to sit on. So that's something that I we rarely would see here that I think it's very clever and it looks really nice to. Yeah, and if you would, if you would imagine that on 4th Street mall, and you're a funneuring there in the evening that would be certainly nice to see let's go to the next slide and while let's look at the backdrop of the jungle and you made some interesting observations maybe the next slide is already the better one to look at how you looked at that interesting layer of a threshold that is not so familiar to you right. Correct. So what we see here is this building has got sort of two levels of outdoor spaces for the people who live there. There are deeper line eyes like what we would be expecting here but there also is a sort of a shallow one, and to access that to get out to where that railing is and you can see this in the picture on the left. There are these unusual door slash window combinations which we do not have in the United States, the window that you can see open can tilt inwards at the top so that's for ventilation. But as Martin has described to me, you can also close it and open it with hinges like it's a door. So you've got a multi purpose use of this big pane of glass to be able to get out onto that very shallow small line eye if you choose to, or you can just close it off or you can open it up for ventilation, which is really versatile and something we should emulate here. Yeah. And next slide is looking at it again in a more elevational view holding the camera up and you see this interesting layering of these two shields almost of a threshold. The other one basically being the balustrades and the inner one being the thermal threshold that's composed and comprised of opaque panels because again we're in temperate climates. And that in Hawaii these might want to be vertical louvers that you can open and close, but here where it gets cold there's there's really sufficient insulation between that one. And then I go to the next slide which I went out to try to find a floor plan and shame on me I couldn't find one but I found this instead which is giving us a clue of because we're looking for the plan in order to judge is it for families is it for single and here you see like dinkies double income we don't see any kids so we have to assume there aren't any, but they're doing something that we think everyone should do in Honolulu basically eat and dine on their lanais. And if we go to the next slide, we see I found an earlier version and earlier rendering that actually saw the lanais being even more apparent, but apparently they were thinking more about the privacy issue and then they were pulling more opaque parts of that continuous Belastrate band over where there is a lanai so when you're sitting on the lanai you're not being looked at entirely you can hide some precious body parts basically behind that kind of Belastrate, which is the thing that's very familiar to me with these soon being back to the Waikiki Grand there's actually the lower part is opaque is concrete. And then you got horizontal steel guard rail. So when you're sitting on a lounge chair, you can look out, but no one can look at you very cleverly designed by Ernest Hara in that case. So let's go to the next slide and do credit to the dear colleague this is the architect Mr. Yeah, Baum. And the difference between the early version and the second one as that secretive soft edges, the corners and certain details of it and he seems to be into that as I found this other work here. But the next slide is more important because here the architecture is more boxy again that these is almost hard to believe is more stuff that he proposes for that still pretty small town of Garrett three. So he's continuing to think big and he's more urban densification and renewal development proposals. Let's go to the next slide and and and look into the project more in detail. We were saying you know what's really critical in Honolulu is like keeping yourself cool right we're looking behind you and you're was saying you know it's relatively cool now but it's starting to be winner so it's okay. But still you still got the jealousies open and I hear the birds singing and the dogs having fun hearing the birds right. So, in Germany it's either freaking cold as now or it can be really hot in Germany as well and for that.  You basically have retractable aluminum jealousy shading that are basically retracting in this even on the on the on the ground floor here in this horizontal dark line. And these verticals are basically the tracks where they where they run, and then you got vegetation in front of it, which is softening it and also helping to keep it to keep it cool. That being recognized somewhere in a in a very temperate climate we should have all that in the tropical climate for sure. Right. And next slide, as we should have what we see on this picture here right that that would be the standard in Honolulu. And I think one of the things that strikes me that's interesting is that there are exterior walkways in a cold climate. And as you pointed out if that's the case and you don't have an interior hallway to get access to apartments, then you've got to have the thermal barrier as you described it on the exterior where your front door is. And that means that to keep the cold out and the snow when it snows, you have to have the installation around your front door and all your way exterior windows because they're not protected by the exterior of the building, the way they would be in an interior hallway. Yeah, exactly. And I know from having walked it that before we got to the courtyard you actually go through the lobby, which has the staircase is the main staircase and the elevators. You basically have an access to your unit even your commercial unit, which this is not a residential one of a commercial unit you have your main access to them from that main basically foyer, but here. So this is extra this is extra benefit and I'm sure there's some doors so you can maybe sneak out of the back door when the meeting gets too crazy or you're late or something like that. And you also see the just described additional aluminum jealousy shading. So we can assume that this orientation might actually not be south where the overhang would shade. But it might be face either tricky west or east where we know the sun is so low so no overhang would would would help you so they recognize that. So once you got the setting sun actually we know that and we will see it in a couple of pictures here, the sun is low, and we'll basically bake you behind that glass so they just added that so it's like a no brainer to say, by climatic performance and we remember that from one of the construction sign banners that there were prodding themselves the bgz developments of environmentally friendliness and so obviously this project was doing that as well. But you are covered from the rain for sure and whenever it snows you got to do some snow shoving. But again that facade would be just applicable as it is for Hawaii right and would work just fine all year round you can walk in the dry whenever it rains which it does at times and you're going to stay cool behind so it's kind of surprising to say shocking that something that is designed for such a different climate would work just as well and you of course you wouldn't have to make this fixed glazing in Hawaii where we say you know maybe maybe less glazing so this the threshold could be could be more tropical but basically the principles could be applied just as well to Hawaii. So let's go to the next slide and look at it even closer because unfortunately in more commercial developments, the closer you get the less interesting it gets and the more trashy the architecture gets. And a good architecture has always been the case and will always be the case the opposite case that the closer you get the finer it gets and here again the the bell straight guard rail where they were intending to have that steel profile run, you know, run across in exactly the same that made them basically not child that that steel which is quite an effort you know that's but that's intentional so again the project wants to be as good as it is as a whole in its bits and pieces and let's look at more example of that and the next one was surprising you too. Right. Yeah, this is the railing that goes down to this is the stairway and the railing of the stairway that goes down to the parking level which is underground. And what you pointed out which I didn't even see till you said it is that there's again lighting on the bottom incorporated into the railing itself. And the lighting is provided by that little strip of lights, which means you don't have to have separate lights which means it's all part of the integrated thing that you used to get downstairs to get to your car. I thought that was very clever and it's also smart because that's where you need the light you need the light down where your feet are so that you can see where you're walking to get downstairs and upstairs safely. And when we step back we see that situation here when we go to the next slide. And we see that situation more and again. This is something that probably you know you would have to argue with, as far as as you said as far as maintenance with the custodians with a developer saying oh is this really working with a code people because this is just pure glass right. This is butt joint this is structural glazing. So this is really top notch and kind of high end. And, and they were believing that must have been believing that's the way to go and so there's some really high standard of detailing and quality. We also what you pointed out which I did not see when I first looked at this picture. It is protected on the top by a sheet of glass so there isn't a separate structure for a canopy or a roof. You walk down and you've got a glass roof over you so essentially you're descending in through a glass box that's up at sidewalk level to get down to where you are getting to your car. Exactly. And speaking of that let's get to the next slide which is our European pying twingo mobile here on the way to drive back home. And it's once again stepping back and and seeing that new project from a distance again well, I have to admit, you know, even though I'm kind of an expert and and an informed and interested citizen. I guess I have to say, probably the least, but even I was suspicious, you know, of like this kind of out of scale development and but all things considered what we walk through looking at it from all angles. It makes a lot of sense.  And so what we see cut off on the on the left is when we go to the next slide is that town hall that we introduced there's a beer garden, you know that interested you for various reasons of that partying basement. Mostly that tradition that German tradition and, and there's very fine attention to detail to that building for sure historically with these wooden shutters with your favorite uranium, you know planner boxes and a little tower there. But then next slide. Again, kind of evolving which we talk about a lot. If you have a tradition a good tradition you should evolve that. And today we have bigger issues and housing is one of the biggest issues we're facing worldwide for sure and you on a little and here as well. So it's catering to that. So you can see the same philosophy the same mentality, basically transformed into into a new era into a new time. I think we found out the secret behind why this worked out so well and that's the next slide. Right. And who are these people. This, this, this was particularly interesting to me this is a father and son, who are the brains and the developers of these two projects right in the center of this little town. And the important thing is that they are residents themselves they live there they own the property, but this was not purely at least to me it doesn't seem like it wasn't purely for profit. They had more altruistic beneficial motives for the people who live there, and because their residences they are invested in it too. So it's quite a different situation than a developer buying or leasing a piece of property building the biggest tallest building they possibly can to maximize all of their profit, and then just walking away. And that's what we see a lot of in Honolulu. We don't see that level of commitment we see somebody who wants to essentially, as I said maximize the profit that they can make off a piece of land. And that was not purely what was happening here in these two this two phase project that we're looking at right now. Yeah, and that's definitely something to recommend. Once the rail will go through Kali for example right rather than buying these pieces of land from some local people buying them out and then doing what you just described. Now you find ways of clever innovative financing and project developments to basically make the traditional owners, the developers of the project, and that way it seems like a good recipe for success that then it works out because they're involved, and they want to make sure, you know and built with pride for their community. And, you know, getting to the end of the show getting to the next slide which reminds us of some similarities again we're seeing the Malka in the back and the sunset you see a lot of green. But this is that location over there in the very at Germany, but let's go back to Honolulu and back in the days when the first sprawling out started to sell the next slide. And this is one of the first episodes of the Y 5 oh we're analyzing and researching. And these are a particular interest because you're once again, not just a professional observer of that but also a personal eyewitness of this. Right. Exactly. This is particularly interesting episode and it's from level if I vote first or second season, and it's about a developer and spot somebody who's protesting against attract suburban tracked homes being built. The picture in the lower left is Steve McGarrett the protagonist of the series visiting the guy who was the developer in his home. And I actually watched that being filmed back then in 1968 because it was shot at a house that's just a few houses away from where I am right now my family home. And in that particular picture Steve and the developer looking out over Honolulu which is at that point being developed with lots of high rises and they can see a building in the distance with a crane on top of it. So this is exactly what we're just talking about right here in the situation in this little town in Germany development, protest against development etc and you pointed out that when this GBZ got started there. There were people who objected to it and thought it was too big, and it was going to be overshadowing them which of course I find laughable because it's only what seven stories you said or not even that being fine. That's not very big building. Certainly not by standards in Honolulu it's not. Absolutely not. So getting into the end of the show and I go to the next slide, second to last, lots to learn from we thought and also the emerging generation who I took there out on an XP day and they found it rather interesting and took some clues for their current studio project which is addressing similar issues of trying to make a living in dwelling and back in Honolulu increasingly challenging and last slide here is phasing out. Again, we've been talking to my Umi and John Hara about out West because they've been building West Wow, you age out there. And we've been talking about that developments like primitive or one could do something similar as this project has been doing for Garrett's Reed, but it could do it. It should do it differently because here it's still Garrett's read and we got a lot of, you know, wall architecture next to the project which we wouldn't need in back in Honolulu right this could be way more easy breezy than I vegetation with a 12 month growing cycle more more aggressively incorporated. So again, some more food for thought for potential transit development, your dog is cheering the end of the show. That's right. They're saying it's time to end the show. So I think Jay wants to adopt that for all the shows that the dock is the clock the alarm clock. So, with that, thank you all and look forward to see you again for another episode of our human human architecture. Bye bye.


Good morning cyber traders Happy Thursday everybody on this May 23rd. How's everybody doing good to see you all? All right, good to see you Ken. Good morning to you. All right, Mike Jean Frank. Good to see you Bonito Andrea Lewis good to see you Jeff everyone. Hopefully everybody's getting ready for the Memorial Day weekend Looks like Pretty crappy day here in New York. It's gonna be raining all day So I expect it to be an exciting one But I don't know about tomorrow because it looks like it looks like it's going to be a really nice weekend I think a lot of people are getting out a lot of stuff going on regarding about today I mean everybody saw what happened yesterday. Um, I tell you the truth. I kind of I got out of all my swing trades Um after after um, seeing what happened with president trump and the democrats, uh, you know that the The whole infrastructure plan failed You know and then seeing what's happened with china You know, I wish I sold earlier when when uh, when that whole thing happened with china But you got to remember as being a professional day trader You learn how to swing trade and you learn how to option trade because it's happened over the course of the day You see what's happening with tesla too. Yes. I mean, there's a lot of there's a lot of um Negativity and you know angry people out there. So I we need some good news to come out So I think you're gonna probably gonna get a little bit of sell-off going on regarding about the market so anyway, um regarding about trading Listen, I just want a good deal. You know what I mean? So You could always, you know, there's an old saying in trading You know, you could always buy cheaper, you know, you if you love the stock at 50 If you could buy it at 30 you'd be drooling at your mouth.  We're the third party and we just And and no matter who's there or whatever, we're always going to still be here We're always going to be here. So we just need to capitalize on it. And if it's not just that, um, it could be You know catastrophes I mean tensions of you know, I was talking about what happened. I ran yesterday with the war I mean a lot of these military stocks might pick up But let me tell you one thing that's going on today. Also, there is a lot of earnings coming out today Tons of earnings. I mean, I was just looking at my my report over here. We got close to Geez, we've got 47 companies that are reporting today Uh, bj is reported best buy, you know, a name everyone knows Uh, hula packer after the close Uh, decker outdoor shoes Um, geez, I can go down the list US technologies is going to be doing Into it. I mean raw stores. They're just it's just endless I mean a lot a lot of companies coming out with earnings today. So and then obviously, uh, when you go into next week You mean you're not going to have as many but you know, it looks like um tomorrow you have eight, you know It's typical friday, you know, and I'll think I don't know what people think about coming out earnings On the day before the day before one of the busiest, uh, most popular holidays of the year But overall there's a couple of stocks that are moving. We're going to check them all out But uh, but before we uh, get to our our execution system guys, just remember phase two lesson one does start today and tomorrow Remember the most important thing about your education your cyber trade university Is we're not here to teach how to make money. We're here to stop teaching you losing money And you got to be in those classes that that are coming up and then um, and then also I am going to be on investor inspiration today with a multi speaker and event some of the best masterminds of trading So if you guys I have gotten that link, you know, we do it at 11 o'clock Which is the best time to do your homework and take your classes So we'll see you then and then and then don't forget I would be doing phase three next week But don't forget for some people I know and not everybody's here from the united states Market is closed on monday for the remembrance of our great veterans And uh, you know, let's give our veterans a round of applause too, you know, let's thank them for all their their service I always like to wait until friday to do it, but you know what it's never too, uh, never too early to thank them for their hard work I know we have a lot of people here that uh, our veterans too. All right, so let's get to our execution system see what's going on And uh, see what's happening to market first of all is a big big list that's going on right here Not the greatest um as in pre-market goes, you know as in seeing a lot of stocks I mean there are a lot of stocks that are moving but you know, but regarding about yesterday Let me just touch upon that We had the s the pstg that moved pretty nice yesterday Great short. I mean we had a lot of good shorts yesterday Just very easy winners stock went from 17 down to 15 You know, once again, you could see nine 30 to 10 30 pretty much you're done. Listen. Remember I told you about Swing trading Okay, if you if you just saw this over the course of the day at 24 and you're down to 20 You're still hoping it's going to come back. Well, you know what you wake up next morning. And this is what happens to you So pstg, you know, it was a got crushed from the night before and sure enough it Kicked in here, but it looks like it's got some poor levels around 14 But I don't think anybody wants to hear about after the effect Pcoa that was another one. That was a great short yesterday too. That one just got decimated too That thing just had a nasty shake right at the open at nine and then from line 30 boom Especially going to the close was pretty good It went from like almost 580 all the way down to 530 very nice slow mover Se another one a nice little early mover. You could see it stock gapped up C's actually that did pretty well. All right, so that's what you guys missed yesterday Now, let's go over and talk about what's going on this morning the o b l n Benia is already bringing it up. Yes. I mean that thing is just getting killed killed From I mean, here's a stock that we traded yesterday with a big run You know what want to hold overnight look what ends up happening started exactly where it started yesterday Look at the chart. Look at the orders just getting destroyed So it looks like it's probably going to go back down to about 45 cents from where it looks like it Unfortunately too bad.  Look at level three. You got 5000 chair by sellers 10 000 chair sellers You know, obviously that's making a resistance where it's testing right now That one looks pretty pretty interesting wb Something a little bit more on the expensive side, which you know, I'm not always a fan of but here you have a stock That took a big hit from 75 down to 51 now She's down to 45 once again. You want to hold over nights? You don't see the day trade This is what ends up happening to you. It looks like it's breaking 52 week low. I don't know about you guys I don't see any buyers on the bid. Oh, I see his sellers not a lot a lot of small tier sizes So, you know, that's why one of the reasons why we're not a big fan of trading something like that But it's always good to learn. Here's another one spitting image of wb. Here's another one c in a sienna Look at that one.  It'll be very very careful trading the s ina What else we got on this list end tap? end tap same thing end tap got to basically uh Got destroyed after hours obviously looks like an earnings announcement, but she's starting to come up a little bit But uh, you got some support levels right here.  Let remember less risk more reward bj's had earnings Looks like bj's doing pretty decent right now, but it really hasn't gone anywhere. You know, we made a lot of money on bj's on the On on the ipo when it went public and then good thing we got out of it because it ran all the way down to 20 It somehow they came out this stupid Secondary offering and just crushed the stock at like 24 was at 22 or something like that But um, it looks like she's holding pretty good right here. I don't know probably I would scratch It doesn't look like really a big remember bj is not really a day trade. It's more of a swing trade Nets this one also That's got a nice little move right here. Nice little cheap little stock up 38 400 000 shares 12 000 share buyers No, really big sellers pretty nice little stock right there right up our alley avp another one that you guys saw earlier But looks like she's starting to make a little bit of reversal right here Had a really good after hours obviously an earnings announcement and now starting to back off right here I don't I might want to scratch it 22 million shares traded. Wow. I have a lot of shares an avp lb l brands Gapped up pretty big after hours on the you know, I guess on that earnings announcement now starting to back off up 8% You know stock took a little bit of a hit Up a 38 dollar stock looks like it's holding there. I don't know thing that gets me nervous about this Remember everybody remember we talked about this. I said this yesterday You got to focus on the fit you got to focus in phase one class when we talk about Tratable and non-tradable because remember just because you like the company doesn't mean you can get out of it Remember you didn't make any money until you sell the stock Pwt and tier size has a lot to do it and this one probably looks like the little bit of the better ones out of them all You know it is it is an etf But you could see it is trending up nice and slowly. It's going up nicely there About a nice little trend remember etf. You got to be a phase two trader stock trades a lot of vine Look at that 100,000 share buyer is 67,000 shares. I mean this thing just trades some crazy crazy volume So, um, gotta be really careful when it comes to that Move that over. Yep 145,000 share by who'd help does that? All right, anything I'm missing that I did not call out kind explains why the stock's going up with that big buyer on the bid Look at that see that right there Uh, can vip is getting bought. Is that what it is? The um avp is getting bought All right. Well, I don't know what the price is so if it's getting bought Usually maybe they didn't come up with the price shift, but it looks like it's looks like it's going to be where where it's at Uh, ben says the nv the n Uh up four cents. I think about cents five seven million shares traded already.  First of all, I don't know We do not trade penny stocks here at cyber trade university. Okay There's several reasons first of all if we traded a penny stock, you wouldn't have level three quotes number two, you know, um Does it you know Is there anything wrong with it? We're trading a stock that's under like a dollar or whatever it is Listen, we see stocks like this move up three four hundred percent. You're not like investing in it.  Wrong What they'll rather do is oh, but I could trade the options, you know And once again Four man playing a rich man's game and those are the people we want to compete against unfortunately No disrespect to anyone but listen. It's a game. We get paid for it. I don't get paid to lose Right. We don't get paid to lose. So anyway, good luck everyone happy trading and Don't forget class today phase two All right, and then we got uh, uh phase two is going to be starting got the lesson start today I'll be doing phase three on wednesday and then I would also be on the Multi speaker event on investment inspiration and then we remember the market is closed on monday So in the meantime, if we don't see you in class, we'll see you back at um, We'll see you back at 2 30 for the afternoon meeting see if it's fine. What moves then all right everybody Good luck today. Happy trading. See you in class