Felly yn ydych yn roi'n mynd i metud, Well, look, why don't these 3,6 billion people, just band together, overthrow these 8 and share around their wealth between everyone and everything would be sorted? Now obviously, these 8 people and the capitalist class as a whole, have various ways and means of stopping this from happening, of maintaining the status quo. Mae'n defnyddio, mae'r dweud i'r rai yn gyfath, mae'n dda i'r ddaf yn llwyddiadol i'r cyhoedd yma, i'n ddulliannol i'r cyhoedd yma, ond mae'n ddweud. Ond oes ben yn ymddirionedd, mae'n ffordd o'r rai o'r ymddirionedd yn ei ddaf yn gweithio i'r llwyddiadol yn ei ddaf. Felly, mae'n ddaf yn gweithio i'r ymddirionedd yn ei ddweud, yna'n rai o'r llwyddiadol yn ei ddweud, Is roedd yna'n rhywbeth sydd o'n biasrwyddo ac roedd ystod yn f今日, nad oedd yn gweithio bydd y cyfron ac yn ymwybod arfer. Yn y wneud y byw yn ymwysig o'r ymwysig, ac mae'r ymwysig yn ymwysig o ffrif iawn o weld am yr hyn yn ymryddiadol. The Marxist approach to morality best is a little pamphlet by Leon Trotsky called Their Morals and Hours. In this he basically says, he explains the role, the function of morality in class society. He says, the ruling class forces its ends upon society and habituates it into considering all those means which contradict its ends as immoral. as immoral. That is the chief function of official morality. It pursues the idea of the greatest possible happiness not for the majority but for a small and ever-diminishing minority. Such a regime could not have endured for even a week through Foursalone. It needs the cement of official morality, but that's also good so far, and as Ben alluded to in the introduction, this cement is not indestructible. If we look at society, if we look at capitalism today, capitalism is in a deep, deep crisis. Capitalism is capable of overcoming these crises, but only by preparing the way further down the line for an even deeper crisis. If we look at the last big crisis which happened in 2008, that was solved in a certain sense by states across the world bailing out the banks, which meant, in effect, that all of this private debt that had been accumulated was turned into state debt. And the problem with debt, as I'm sure everyone in this room knows, is that eventually it needs to be paid back.  If you look at just figures for Britain, in the last 10 years, the average wage of working class people in Britain has reduced by £800. That's just the average figure. If you look at people in their 20s, the average wage of people in their 20s has reduced by £1,000 a year, and people in their 30s by more than £2,000 per year. So there it is. That's black and white. That's who's paid for the crisis. There's Trotsky as well who said that in a period of crisis, when the ruling class tries to restore equilibrium in one plane, so, in this case, the ruling class, through austerity, has tried to restore equilibrium in the economic plane. They only do that at the cost of causing instability in other planes, and that's what Ben has alluded to. Also, we can see it. If we just look at the world today, if we look at the political sphere, for example, you name a country pretty much, and the major parties in that country are suffering. In Germany, in Sweden, in France, in Italy, you can literally name pretty much any country, and the major historical parties there are suffering. Obviously Britain is one exception in that the Labour Party and the Conservative Party are still doing very well in the polls, but that is for very specific reasons in that both parties really have been taken over by what the media like to call populists. Anyway, that's another story. Again, you can see major institutions like the European Union are crumbling basically. I mean, sometimes you wonder what's going to happen first. Will Britain leave the European Union, or will the European Union crumble to bits? You can see the national question is rearing its head in country after country. People are questioning age-old bonds or very old relations. You've got a crisis of ideas. Ben himself will be talking on the crisis of liberalism tomorrow. You've got also a crisis of religion. Who would have thought, for example, that in Ireland there would be a vote to legalise abortion? I saw on the news as well that over 50% of people in Britain now consider themselves to be non-religious. So there's a crisis in all planes really, and one of those planes is the crisis of morality. You can just turn on the news these days, and you can open a newspaper, and you can see someone talking about the crisis of morality. There's also a podcast series on at the moment that I saw. It's by Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, who some of you might know. He's been in the news recently for criticising Jeremy Corbyn for supposed anti-Semitism. That's another story entirely. In this podcast he wonders whether within our culture is there a place for morality anymore. He defines morality as being what lifts us above the pursuit of self-interest and self-esteem. It's the things we do not just because they're good for me, but because they're good for us. At a national level it's about the values, virtues and ideals that bind us together as a society. I think that's quite a good illustration of the function that morality plays in class society from someone who's definitely not a Marxist. It binds people together, it binds contradictory classes together in order to justify the oppression and exploitation of the vast majority of people by the minority. Even so, this definition from Sacks is incomplete. He talks about good and bad as if they're unchanging concepts that are fixed in all of time. When we actually think about it, what actually is good and what's bad? I'm sure most people in this room would probably think that cannibalism is bad, for example. I hope so, otherwise they'll think I'll be making a quick exit. That's not always been the case. There's strong evidence to show that our ancestors practised cannibalism relatively regularly. You can almost imagine a banquet of cannibals in this time, where the plates are being passed around, and you get passed a big bowl and you're like, sorry, I don't eat human. They'd be completely amusement. People would be like, what are you talking about? It's natural to be human. It's human nature to be human. I think it would be a similar response to what a lot of Marxists get when we question the existence of private property in society today. It's not just cannibalism. I think most people here would think slavery is bad, for example. But if you were to go to ancient Rome or Greece, that idea would be completely nonsensical. Maybe not to the slaves, perhaps, but to good citizens. They would think that it can be completely mad if you questioned the existence of slavery, whether it was right or not. One person to actually question whether it was right to own slaves was Aristotle. I think it shows what a great thinker he was, actually, that he was capable of even asking this question, because when you think about it, his whole existence, the whole reason for him being able to sit around and think all day, depended on the existence of a class of people to do all of the work for him. So the very foundations of society back then depended on the existence of slave labour, and that basically influenced the morality of the time and meant that it was basically impossible for Aristotle to conclude anything else. We're also taught from birth that stealing is wrong. It's wrong to steal. But if you imagine a society where there's no such thing as private property, this kind of moral preset would be considered ridiculous as well. We don't just have to imagine that. It's not like some nice utopian communist society where there's no private property. You can just look at pre-class societies, as we all know. So there are different societies developed at different rates, and there were examples of people from societies where there was this conception of private property who encountered people where this wasn't the case. One example it was told about was Captain Cook, who was this explorer at the time of the British Empire, when he was exploring the Pacific Islands, he came across some individuals in Hawaii, and these people had no concept of private property, and they actually took one of his boats. So being the good British moral man, he went to punish these people, and he tried to arrest their king. In the end he ended up being killed by them. But what I think this shows is that there is no such thing as a super historical morality that exists outside of time and outside of space. Morality changes with the changing society, and it's influenced to a huge degree by the economic structure of society. But people might say, OK, fine. Morality changes to a certain degree, but aren't there some moral precepts? Aren't there some things that are just always wrong? Is it always wrong to kill, for example? Obviously we don't just walk around killing people all of the time. That's very true. There are certain moral precepts that we hold merely from being members of a common society. Actually if you delve a little bit deeper, these moral precepts have less of a hold in certain situations. So these precepts are actually quite limited and can be quite unstable. So if you take this example of killing, just as one example, obviously most people wouldn't ever dream of killing someone else. But if you came across an individual who was absolutely determined to murder you or your family or friend of yours, it's quite unlikely that you'd be wracked with self-doubt. You'd sit around a huge moral, should I act, shouldn't I? I don't think so. I think you'd act to the best of your ability to defend yourself, your friends or your family. The law recognises this with lesser punishment for people who murder and self-defence. Also if you look at the state is what punishes people for committing murder. The state itself will turn this precept 180 degrees if there's a war is declared.  But these moral precepts that are in existence in society are also limited by the fact that the society we live in is a class society. The moral obligations that we feel to others, I would say we feel all the more strongly the less universal they are. Trotsky gives the example of the solidarity that striking workers feel towards their fellow striking workers. The moral obligations that these workers feel towards each other would be far more strong than the generalised human solidarity that people feel to other humans purely on the basis of being human. Another reason why these moral precepts are limited is the fact that if there's a tense situation, if the class struggle begins to heat up, these moral precepts begin to be questioned. That's what I was saying earlier that this is I think what we're seeing today. There has been this huge radical rupture in 2008 which has caused, eventually consciousness has caught up with some delay. It has caused a widespread question of everything that exists among many people. It did remind me of a section from their morals and ours where there are some caveats because here Trotsky is talking about a period leading up to World War I so there are some differences. But in this pamphlet he says that in this period and the build up to World War I there was a huge upswing of the capitalist system and this enabled the ruling class to give certain concessions to the upper layers of the working class. This meant that democracy appeared solid and the relations between the classes softened at least outwardly. Thus certain elementary moral precepts and social relations were established along with the norms of democracy and the habits of class collaboration. The impression was created of an ever more free, more just and more humane society. The rising line of progress seemed infinite to common sense. I'd say we saw a similar process in the run up to 2008. Now obviously there wasn't a huge upsurge of the capitalist system. I think generally there was among the majority of people at least a sense that at least tomorrow will be better than today. You know people weren't obviously living in luxury but they weren't being crushed to the extent that many people feel today. But as I said we are beginning to see those ideas shaken. This Trotsky again deals with in his pamphlet where he describes this breaking down of the old morality. The elementary moral precept seemed even more fragile than the democratic institutions and reformist illusions. Mendacity, slander, bribery, venality, coercion, murder grew to unprecedented dimensions. To a stunned simpleton all these vexations seemed a temporary result of war. Actually in manifestations of imperialist decline the decay of capitalism denotes the decay of contemporary society with its laws and its morals. As I said I think we are beginning to see the beginnings of that very same process. You can just look in countries such as Poland, Turkey and Hungary. In these countries you're seeing the retreats of liberal democracy in some senses. In country after country you're seeing so-called left wing governments come to power promising to end austerity and because they accept the limits of capitalism they go back on their programme and end up carrying out even worse austerity than before. In some countries you don't even need the election of left wing government. The government is just replaced by a technocratic government to carry out the dictates of the ruling class all the better. The one example in the recent period is Italy. What this I think shows is that the faith, the belief in democratic morality amongst the ruling class is beginning to be shaken. This will and is having an impact on the working class as a whole. I'm not sure if people saw this poll that was carried out. I think it was done by the European Union but I can't remember, maybe someone can correct me. But they asked people, would you join a large scale uprising against the government? They weren't exactly beating around the bush here. The answers, this is for between 18 and 34 year olds. These are the people who have suffered most basically from the crisis from austerity. The response of people in Greece was 67% of people said yes. I guess isn't so surprising given the impact of austerity in Greece. Even in Germany I think it's 37% of people said yes. So I think you are seeing there's a widespread questioning of the old bourgeois democratic norms. But I think the point that is not understood by liberals or guardian journalists and no sort of people was understood by Trotsky. He said that morality is a function of the class struggle. And democratic morality corresponds to the epoch of liberal and progressive capitalism. And he also said of that time. And again I think this is applicable in some ways but obviously with some caveats. He said that the sharpening of the class struggle in passing through its latest phase definitively and irrevocably destroyed this morality. That in its place came the morality of fascism on one side and on the other the morality of the proletarian revolution. So as I said I think a similar process is taking place. We are seeing a polarisation to the left and to the right where people under the impact of the crisis and seeing actually the kind of quite brutal and anti-democratic behaviour of the ruling class are concluding at a different extent that this old bourgeois democratic morality is wrong and they disagree with it. Now, the one big caveat is that I think there was Rob Sule gave a talk on this somewhat yesterday and there is a talk on this during this weekend but I should deal with it just because it is an important issue is that we are not I would say likely to see the coming to power of fascism in the near future which is the big difference from what Trotsky was saying. Fascism in order to come to power depends on a mass movement of the middle classes and peasantry which I mean Marx called the Petit Bourgeoisie. Now if you look at the peasantry which has been I mean basically doesn't really exist in Europe at least anyway. You also see many kind of independent shopkeepers as well. Many of them have been put out of business by the concentration of production of capitalism and many middle class professionals actually if you think about doctors, teachers, nurses, university professors many of these groups have actually been at the forefront of struggles in the recent period we are moving very much to the left. Also one of the key reasons is that there has been no major defeats of the working class in the recent period and in every case that fascism has come to power it has been off the back of a defeat of the working class. Even so what I do think we are seeing is that side by side there is a beginning of the rejection of the old morality by both working class people and the ruling class as a whole. Now one of the, you know I'm sure that most people if you're in this room will have heard of this that most viciously attacked by moralists but people who are called immoral most often are Marxists. More often than not the attack comes in various forms but usually on the question of means and ends. Usually Marxists we are told because we believe in this utopian impossible bright future of socialism or communism but because we believe in this we'll do absolutely anything to achieve it we'll resort to murder, we'll resort to gulags, we'll resort to all of these terrible things and so in the naive pursuits of the end of revolution we'll end up causing horrendous crimes look at the 100 million people who died in Russia and China and the rest of it they'll say. Now before answering this I think it is important sometimes to take a step back and think okay fine what system are you defending then? Now including in this included in this 100 million dead that is often quoted supposedly killed by communism they include people killed by famine or if we look at capitalism in 2018 we have over 3 million children starved to death at the same time we have 1.3 billion kilos of food wasted why does that happen? it's because it's not profitable to feed these kids I don't know as well if people have seen this story of where supermarkets or shops are legally required to dispose of food if it's passed itself by date now often this food is perfectly fine to eat but they have to dispose of it they put it in the bins and many people are desperate in Britain and so have been scavenging through these bins in order to find food and what have the supermarkets done? they've prosecuted these individuals for theft this is the kind of mad world we live in equally shelter which is a homeless charity in Britain they estimate and it can only be an estimation because these figures are quite hard to measure accurately but they estimate that a quarter of a million people are homeless in the UK at the same time as that we have 216,000 homes are left empty, have been left empty in the UK for more than six years why are these people housed because it's not profitable to house them? this is the system they defend they allow people to starve they allow people to be homeless because of the need to make a profit now they might answer at least people are free to starve and be homeless but at least people are free let's look at how working class people have actually treated in the system if you think in the developed west in the developed west we have these eight people who own half the world number eight in this list is Jeff Bezos he's the founder of Amazon he has various warehouses in the developed west which I was trying to say earlier and he employs working class people in these factories and he's come up with various great inventions this is the so-called innovation of capitalism he's come up with many great inventions in order to aid the working process so they've patented Amazon wheeled cages that they put their workers in not entirely sure how that helps with work it could have something to do with safety perhaps the workers in Amazon warehouses are under such stringent targets for moving products from one area of the warehouse to another that there are a lot of injuries caused so workers are in such a desperate situation that often they are forced to urinate in bottles to defecate in bags and this kind of huge pressures are said causes injuries so in the last year alone ambulances were called to Amazon warehouses over 600 times it's not just in the warehouses that other people suffer in the Amazon offices employees are able to anonymously rate other employees and the results from these ratings are taken into account when they decide who to sack it's like something out of Black Mirror really Amazon is not alone in this case there are plenty more examples I'm sure people have seen the example of sports direct in the UK where women are so terrified of taking time off that ambulances have been called because many people have given birth in toilets because they're so scared of taking time off so that's the system that these people who criticise us for defending, that's the system they defend anyway to actually deal with this question of means and ends now when we are deciding whether an action whether a particular action is moral or not we do have to have some sort of basis for deciding this right and if this basis isn't our own personal or social ends where do we, on what basis do we judge if something is moral or not if this criteria doesn't come from the material real world where does it come from it has to come from outside reality we have to conclude basically that morals, the idea of what is right and what is wrong that existed before humanity existed before the solar system existed before reality itself existed we're left with the conclusion that there has to be a God essentially now I've already dealt with this question of how there is no such thing really as eternal morals morals change with the development of society in many cases it's not just Marxists who agree with the idea that the end can justify the means Protsky gives the example of utilitarianism obviously not a Marxist philosophy it says that we should aim for a society that ensures the greatest possible happiness of the greatest possible number and Protsky points out what is this apart from agreeing with the maxim the ends can justify the means it would say that the ends any means are justified so long as they ensure the greatest possible happiness for the greatest possible number there are also more recent examples John Rawls for example if anyone is unlucky enough to study politics at university which I was cursed with you would have had to study this man who's a bit of a darling of the liberal philosophies at the moment anyway he said that he ignores all of the history of philosophy all of these different individuals who have said I've come up with the perfect society well luckily John Rawls like the Messiah coming down from above he has actually come up with the perfect society and the perfect society according to John Rawls would be run according to two principles the first of these principles overrides literally everything else which is that each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all and what is that apart from agreeing with the maxim that any means are justified provided they ensure the end of equal basic liberties for all and he does justify various things he justifies huge levels of inequality on the basis actually of you know we all have the equal right to basic liberty but some of us might just utilize it slightly differently but in practical life too the end always justifies the means you know war is always terrible always terrible until it's declared and then this end of I don't know between and country or you know eternal peace or whatever other kind of thing they pull out of their ars basically all of these things are used to justify the most barbaric means of war or another example for any Blair right politicians any and all means, cutting benefits, bombing Iraq literally anything you ask them to do all of them are justified provided it achieves the end of you know their careers basically also what Trotsky points out is that what we can't really have some sort of abstract division between on the one hand ends and on the other hand ends both in practical life and in social movements the means and the ends constantly spot places and he gives the example of a machine if you're building a machine then that machine is the end but once the machine is built then the machine itself becomes a means to further ends with creating further commodities or improving productivity or whatever else but also bourgeois democratic demands can be the end of a particular social movement but once this end is achieved once a parliament or whatever other bourgeois democratic demands they've achieved these ends then become means for further ends social demands or things like that so it's not useful to judge means and ends separately you have to judge them as a whole essentially and anyway one really good point that Trotsky makes is that even if you say the end justifies the means well that says absolutely nothing about what justifies the end I mean as I've said both anti-capitalists and pro-capitalists can agree with this maxim so it really tells you nothing so what for Marxists does justify the end well Trotsky says that something is justified if it leads to the increasing power of humanity over nature and to the abolition of the power of one person over another now does that mean that anything is permissible in order to achieve those ends and quite clearly not I would say so this end can only be achieved through a socialist revolution where the working class takes power and runs society themselves because what power over nature do we really have under capitalism and sure many of you saw the quite apocalyptic to be honest sawries about the state of the environment over the recent period and you know there was all of this stuff about let's all just be moral and turn the lights off after we've left the room and things like that when actually well you know it came out a little bit later at least I saw it a little bit later who are the real kind of what is the real reason for the state of the environment being what it is and that 71% of greenhouse gas emissions are the result of 100 companies so how do we sort out the environment it's by taking these 100 companies putting them under the democratic control of workers and running them not in the interest of profit in the interest of human need again also how do we get rid of the power of one human being over another when we live in a world where people like Jeff Bezos and others can essentially bribe countries in order to make them get rid of all of the labour laws possible by holding investment or whatever else yes and also so you know I'd say we do need socialist revolution in order to achieve this but who is the class or what is the class that we face in order to carry this out it's a class that has all of the wealth and all of the power and so how are we going to achieve this well in order to be successful that would mean that we would need the support of the majority the vast majority of the working class and so that means that this end of the socialist revolution it precludes by necessity basically all of our actions must be directed towards increasing the consciousness of the working class in its own power and strength and uniting the working class as one fighting force and that precludes by very definition we can't carry out any actions that set one part of the working class against another that attempts to make people happy without their active participation in achieving it that lowers working people's faith in their own power and organisation now you could come up with you could apply this to many different examples but one interesting kind of thing that Trotsky applies it to is the question of individual terror now he says our attitude to an individual assassin would probably be neutral if we knew nothing about them so on the one hand we might have some sympathy for example within assassin who in the brutal regime under the czar in Russia who out of their frustration assassinated a government official on the other hand we would probably abhor the actions of an individual fascist who murdered a socialist politician but it doesn't stop there for a Marxist we don't judge whether an action is moral or not purely on the subjective intentions of the person carrying out that action what for us matters in determining what is moral or what is not is that action effective or not does that act bring us closer to the goal of a socialist revolution or not and so Trotsky concludes about individual terrorism he says well actually no it doesn't bring us closer to a socialist revolution because what it does is it replaces the actions of the working class with the actions of one individual person and so it lowers the faith of working people in their own power basically but he then goes on to say that this could all change in a different context so for example in the context of a civil war in the context of the Spanish Civil War the murder of General Franco and one of his other generals the character of that action would change because rather than being individual terror it would be part of a collective struggle against fascism so what this shows I think is that for Marxists moral evaluations are very much tied to the question of revolutionary strategy and tactics they flow from the inner needs of the struggle so unfortunately like many questions there are no easy answers to this question we can't know in advance what is and what isn't permissible from the point of view of Marxist morality ultimately it would be the living experience of the movement with the guidance of theory that tells us what is and what isn't permissible and this question of theory is of paramount importance to be honest Marx said that the ruling ideas of any society the ideas of the ruling class and so we need to study Marxist theory which ultimately is the crystallised experience of the working class in struggle we need to learn from the experiences of the past in order and then apply these lessons to the moving and changing environment that we find ourselves in so what is moral to be a Marxist then finally got there because we do have a morality Marxists do have a morality and what I would say is that what is moral is to participate in a movement that can finally put an end to the want poverty and suffering that blights our world today our job sitting in this room today is not to carry out the revolution ourselves the liberation of the working class is the job of the working class at the end of the day but what history has shown is that whenever the working class has moved into action in order to change society what has been the lacking thing the lacking thing has never been the will of working class people to change society that's never been questioned what has been lacking time and time again is a leadership that can bring these crystallised experiences these lessons from the past and use them to guide the movement as a whole so you know I often get asked what can we do now to change society and what we can do now to change society is to build an organisation now so that once the working class do move into action they have a leadership that is worthy of them thanks


What's good Josh will Ross back again with another video spring and check out Tim wrestlers who worked through serious injuries by parts of unknown featuring a peak when they'll Much respect to any wrestler that's able to finish a match with an injury a serious injury. We've seen it With triple H triple H has been known for finishing matches with injuries We've seen it recently with Cody Rose wrestling with a torn peck Brutal in a hell in a cell match at that just insane and just insane in me man And anyone that's able to wrestle with an injury Kudos to you man respect to what you guys do in the ring and You know be able to endure all that intense pain just for entertainment So we're gonna check this out man appreciate all the love and support you guys have shown on the channel man Let's do this thing. Oh, this is a cheery subject Isn't it in times gone by it was much more acceptable after you get injured in the ring to keep on working brother though Nowadays thankfully that sort of mindset is much less common once you get injured. Just stop wrestling Stop it regardless though There have been some very notable instances in wrestling history of wrestlers working through severe Mankind make fully gotta put them in there, too. Don't try this at home I'm chapa peak when I'll from parts of unknown and this is ten wrestlers who worked through serious injuries Before we get into the list consider subscribing to the channel If you haven't already more of them and I'll be subscribe to them for for a minute now Like like lots of them loads just so many lists Subscribe number 10 Chris Jericho's broken arm in 1994 two years prior to his move to WCW Jericho spent some time working for Jim cornet smoky mountain wrestling where he worked as one half of the thrill seekers Tag team alongside compatriot Lance storm on August 5th 1994 at the Knoxville Coliseum in Tennessee Jericho was practicing spots prior to his and storms tag team Street fight contest against the heavenly bodies Tom Pritchard and Jimmy del Rey one of the spots He was practicing was a shooting star press off the top rope However, it did not go to plan with Jericho under rotating and attempting to break his fall with his right arm Only for it to snap like a twig under the force of the fall Jericho despite the horrific injury To call it a night and proceeded to the incredibly bloody Street bike contest Jericho also later suffered from a botched blade job that led him to lose a ton of blood claiming the reason was Medication being given to him following the arm break that just happened to also be blood thinners Jim cornet later claimed he simply bladed too hard with his weak left hand Either way, Jericho had a rough night and quite rightly vetoed the shooting star from his offense after this Oh my god, I did not know that only crap Jericho a tough SOP You're wrestling with a broken arm in a street fight match type I'm a little bro Once again, that's why I show nothing but respect to wrestlers, bro It doesn't matter what company you wrestle for I show respect to you because you're doing some things I can never and would never ever do Much respect John Cena's torn triceps Few wrestlers possess the superhuman healing abilities of John Cena famously bouncing back from a torn peck within a fraction of his estimated recovery Yeah, which is ridiculous 2008 this terminator like determination makes it no real surprise that he was willing to go into his summer slam 2013 WWE world champion While having a literal tennis ball sized lump sticking out of the back of his arm I forgot all about that surgery in order to give Brian the rub in the memorable main event Yeah, Cena was forced to wear an incredibly hefty elbow pad to help him through the pain However, given the match was over 26 minutes long This is a great match to phone it in producing a truly great contest That was crucial in beginning Brian's ascent towards mega stardom in late 2013 early I forgot he was in Estimated to be out for four to six months However, in typical scene of fashion he returned in just two months and eight days to appear At october 2013, which is insane. I don't know what he's made of He's not human and it's not even fair. How is that possible? I don't know Hiroshi Tanahashi's torn biceps the ace of new japan Hiroshi Tanahashi has suffered many injuries in recent years carrying problems with his neck knees and elbow The latter of which he underwent surgery for in april 2019 However, one injury he decided to neglect surgery for despite being advised to was a rupture of the distal tendon in His right bicep. The injury was sustained during the ring of honor new japan crossover show war of the worlds in may 2017 According to the american academy of orthopedic surgeons surgery for a biceps tendon tear can be avoided providing the individual doesn't immediately need full arm function Professional wrestling That fits that criteria. Yeah Tanahashi would return to the ring little over a month after the injury at the dominion show on june 6th 2017 defeating tetsuya naito for a second iwgp intercontinental championship Tanahashi would not undergo surgery for the injury and instead work his usual schedule from june onwards He would later admit that this was a mistake But insisted he could not take the time off. What a nutter. Wow. Stop it. Hiroshi. Stop it Yeah, man. I'm all for you taking time off to heal your body, bro Because you only get one body Geez fin baller's torn labrum in the summer of 2016 the wwe was undergoing some serious changes Reverting back to a hard draft split for the first time since 2011 fin baller was picked fifth overall for raw from nxt And immediately thrusted into the main event scene Defeating roman reigns to earn a shot at becoming the inaugural wwe universal champion against seth rollins at summer slam 2016 The match was set to be baller's coronation and solidify him as the man for the new era of monday night During the match rollins at his often scary looking buckle bomb spot only this time He directed baller towards the barricade instead And that's where you got injured break his fall with his right arm only to land extremely awkwardly and tear his labrum as a result Baller like the trooper he is would immediately pop his shoulder back into place That's that's fucking insane the only world title so far of his wwe career Unfortunately, however baller would relinquish the strap the following night on raw never reaching the same heights in wwe again What a story that bro that injury derailed him so much. So that's why I like recently They had this interaction between Seth Rollins and fin baller I like that interaction when he talked about that because that pretty much killed his push it Killed his push like he was never the same again after that that events kind of just straight away from him after that number six kenny amegas vertigo and Everything similarly to tana hashi kenny amegas body had been suffering from a lot of wear and tear by 2021 Wrestling at such a frenetic hard hitting pace for years had left omega with many niggling issues Most scarily of all though was his bounce of vertigo that had affected him since facing kazoo churakada in the semifinals of the g1 in 2017 Amegas stated that following a drop kick that saw okada land on omega's temple on the follow-through Something had been misplaced in his neck that has been to problems with vertigo ever since as well as the vertigo Omega stated in an interview with fightful in june 2022 that the list of things that needed fixing in his body Was just too long making an even more remarkable that he worked almost the entirety of 2021 As a ewe world champion seriously hurt omega did eventually take nine months off after dropping his world title in order to heal and correct knee shoulder and abdominal injuries and undergo multiple surgeries to do so Just a shame that his comeback was derailed by saving larry the dog during brawl out. I suppose Yeah, man, I much respect to kenny omega I did hear reports that he had so many nagging injuries that he was just working through Some people are not fans of him. Obviously, y'all know Jim coordinates not a big fan of kenny omega, but once again I'm still gonna always show respect to someone that's willing to work Through all these nagging injuries just to entertain us, man five Kurt angles His neck issues. We all know that Kurt angle won olympic gold with a broken freaking neck However, given the notoriety of his first it's easy to forget that kurt would go on to suffer a further four That's right four more neck breaks over the course of his wwe career The first of these four would come at no way out 2003 I didn't even know that how sheldon benjamin and charlie haas I did not know that lesna and chris benoit in a three on two handicap tag match During the match lesna would irish whip angle into the turnbuckle hard Which resulted in angles neck whiplashing and breaking not only would angle finish the match But he would also postpone surgery in order to still compete in the wrestle mania Did I know that holy Angle would undergo surgery following mania But would be back winning the wwe title once again just four months later at vengeance 2003 Only for brock till once again break his neck with a chair shot a few months later.  I'm before shone michael's hernia.  I know it's gonna be tough, but you gotta chill.  It's your neck like I don't even know what to say to that. That's insane One of the most historically important injuries of all time came at royal rumble 1998 Where wwf champion shone michael's was defending his title against the undertaker in a casket match Coming on the same night as steve austin's second straight rumble win Plans were for michael's to retain and proceed into the mania main event program with austin and a wild mike tyson However, these plans were put in serious jeopardy when during the match taker would throw michael's over the top rope Clipping his lower back off the vehicle and parks on his way to the floor While people looking at the time the severity of the injury was not immediately evident However, michael's had in fact herniated two discs in his back and completely crushed a third michael's would wrestle on And pressing forward with the feud with austin going into mania 14 michael's would impressively compete in the mania main event in a 20 minute match But would appear visibly uncomfortable throughout tragically the injury would force michael's to retire during the peak of his powers For the match with austin. Thankfully though he would return in 2002 and have an even better eight-year run So it all worked out in the end That's insane, bro Of course, this was gonna be a list riding a wave of momentum sky-high following his incredible WWE return at wrestlemania 38 in dalis Following up one banger with set lines with another a month later at wrestlemania backlash with a third in the series Seemingly set to conclude the rivalry inside hell in a cell Unfortunately, however just prior to the event on june 6th It was being reported that kody had suffered a serious torn pectoral injury while working out Despite this the match wasn't changed or cooled off leading questions over the severity of kody's condition But oh boy Oh my god His entrance it was evident that he could barely lift his right arm at all But it was only when he removed his ring jacket that the damage was visible for everyone to see Words can't really do it justice. I mean just look at it. That is not what a peck, bro When we did our live stream reactions on the main page And he took off his coat and you saw that And all you heard Was the crowd just gasping like holy Like this is not fake.  It's supposed to be uncomfortable This is probably one of the most uncomfortable hell in a cell moments ever Because we knew he was in real pain and the discoloration of it let you know This was going to be a long night for him any time any time there was any type of Move done to that area of his body. We just winced in pain for him That's why I can't wait for him to come back as he's gonna get a Thunderous pop and be a ultra mega baby face because he literally went out there And gave us a great match with one arm Incredible pectoral or arm is supposed to look like it never gets any easier to see roads would somehow compete for nearly 25 minutes incredible the damage at the hands of ron's It truly was hard to watch but was honestly a star solidifying moment Mega star does having to miss the rest of the year as a result will look to return and pick up where he left Hopefully at the beginning of 2023 Triple H's torn quad and Two decades prior to rhodes's performance his self-proclaimed favorite wrestler sure thing kodi Benchmark for toughness in a wrestling ring During a tank team match putting triple h and steve oston against chris benoit and chris jericho on raw in may 2001 The game would suffer a gruesome torn quadricep while breaking up a walls of jericho on stone cold Even worse trips would then go on to receive the walls Just moments after with a truly insane thing to consider doing Hunter would somehow finish the match but would be out of action until january the following year as a result To even come back at all was remarkable as triple h detailed in his appearance on the talk is jericho podcast He was told that he may never wrestle again Remarkably less than a year from his torn quad return triple h had an even scarier injury Coming into the reverence chamber chamber at survivor series 2002 Hunter would fall victim to a five star frog splash from the top of the chamber pod from rob van dam However, a fault and I believe he tore his quad I believe he tore his uh His quad again, uh, I want to say Correct me if i'm wrong. Was it new year's revolution y'all dx versus rated rko He ended up tearing his quad during the match and still finished it correct me if i'm wrong I believe that's what happened as well execution saw rv d's knee land on triple h's throats upon landing Despite barely oh, and he tore his his peck uh during the brothers of destruction versus dx match He tore his peck then too jesus and could be completed the match soldiered on going until the final two of the match Just completing the matches with all these injuries is hospital as a ridiculous Due to the dangerous levels of swelling in his throat But thankfully his trachea was not torn and he was able to make a full return a few weeks later But jesus christ about triple h's you can't breathe don't wrestle At number one mc foley's Everything in king of the ring There can only really be one option for the top spot on this list. Yeah, it made sense Hell in a cell at king of the ring 1998 Beginning on top of just all over as soon as it started when take a through fully from the top All the way to the announce table below This wasn't any shane mc man wrestlemania 32 crash pad This was a legitimately insanely dangerous spot that would have ended the contest immediately for 99.99% of the roster Just not mc foley. Nope foley unbelievably would return to the summit of the cell Only to once again plummet to the floor this time chokeslammed to the ring below The impact caused some of foley's teeth to be lodged through his mouth famously being visible poking through his Despite suffering from a dislocated jaw and shoulder a concussion internal bleeding And puncture wounds from the two insane bumps.  He was told never to do that again No, while foley didn't quite take vince's advice to heart Yeah, he's getting too deaf to find numerous times afterwards It's easy to say that we would never see a performance quite like king of the ring Today ever again, and that's not really a bad thing. No No, bro, uh, mc foley deserves to be number one in that spot because We won't see that again. I don't want to see that again the dude literally Failed from the top of the sail to through the announce table to the seaman floor. No crash man got back up Climb the the structure again to only fall through the uh, the top of the sail I believe that wasn't supposed to happen The the cage opening and falling through he wasn't supposed to fall through that I think that's what reports were saying that wasn't supposed to happen.  I just He lost the match, but he won everybody over that will be one of the most It's actually one of the most replayed moments of all time in wrestling history It doesn't matter if you're a fan of wwe You cannot say you haven't seen this moment if you just watch wrestling. This is it's insanity Insanity This is why I always and forever will say I have much respect to wrestlers I may not like your booking decisions on how you're booked in certain situations But I will never sit up there in disregard what they do for our entertainment. So comment down below. Let me know what's your I guess the craziest wrestling spot you've ever seen That you know for a fact someone was injured right afterwards. Let me know down below about appreciate all love and support You guys shown on the channel road to a honey cave appreciate y'all kicking with me. See y'all next one. Peace


What's up internet? We're almost two years into the pandemic and to be honest, the cabin fever drives me nuts sometimes. And I can't even see my friends' IRL. But if I can't travel or even see my friends' IRL, then at least I can make new friends online. So we reached out to some YouTubers in our region. You're going to meet the toolful of Malaysian PC building, learn the one insult you should never use on a Singaporean gamer, as well as the best explanation I've ever heard on how to tackle future-proofing. We'll round that out with someone who's actually met the line of Sebastian, of course, everybody's favorite LTT. Is he a nice guy in real life? Does he drop things as well when the camera is off? We'll find out. And finally, para sa ating mga OFWs, we also have someone from the Middle East talking about how the tech scene is there. But before all of those guys, you're going to meet our sponsor. Kailangan na kailangan na windows. Pero san ko hukuan ng legit windows? Daming options, daming prices. Aka nito. Udi na lang. May cdkeyovers.com. Madali lang ang order. Search for the software you need. Add to cart. Daan ka sa payment options nila. Wala pang 5 minutes finished. May legit, working CDK na para sa windows mo. Gamitin lang aming code para makakuhapan ng discounts. Kaya kung nagahalap ka ng legit, mura, at original software, check out CDKoffers.com. We do get a lot of traffic from the Philippines and I'm really grateful for that as well because it's all organic. What I do for my audience is like where every store, every prominent store knows my name. So I would ask my audience to tell the whichever store they go to that I sent them so that the store will take a little bit more care with my audience. Maybe a store, the sales person was being rude or something and they would text me. I would call the shop up and like, dude, what up? What's your problem? Pino players, they love to use the voice chat and they are super aggressive. Everyone, top lane, top lane. How are the gamers in Singapore? The people you meet online, if you play with a lot of Singapore players, are they toxic? Because Filipino players have that reputation. We're very vocal and we like to trash talk. How are SG players? Here's the thing. I think Singaporean haters, the toxic Singaporean gamers, they will really find the most, I don't know, the most insulting thing they can say. To stick it to you. They have a lot of brains, but they don't use it very well. That's the thing. There's a rule in Singapore, don't play mother. Don't play mother already. Don't play mother, don't play... Don't play mother. Oh, it's okay.  Okay.  Yes, yes. So, if someone accidentally mentions someone's mom, they're like, hey, don't play mother. That's across the line, yo. Yes, yes, yes. Okay. You can insult my ancestor, but not the mom. Not my mom. Because in the Philippines, we use that all the time. We have a particular expression that, you know, very... Yes, yes. Very offensive. I know that one. Yes, I know. You come across some Filipino players online. I play enough Dota to come across. Just to know that. Yes, yes. But okay, here's the thing. The thing I like about Filipino players is that y'all have a lot of passion. Y'all have a lot of passion in gaming. Sadee ka. My name is Suhtai Katima, also known as Katima Gaming on my YouTube channel. I'm a university lecturer here at Chiang Mai, Thailand. Like almost American English. Did you study there or...? No, not at all. I got this accent from the Philippines. From here. Yeah, from the Visayasri. I studied in Dumagete in Sileman for almost 10 years because in the early 2000s, K-12 was not adopted yet. So I took advantage of that by just taking four years in high school instead of six. The term we use is called OPUS. You have every time when people ask, OPUS, what's your OPUS? What was the original purpose of your computer? And you always have to think that don't forget that everything you use will always invalidate that original purpose. You have a phone, you say, oh, I just want to use it for school and communication. All of a sudden, two, three years later, you're using it for gaming and you're complaining it's not good enough. OPUS. I like that term. Is that the... This is the first time I've heard that term. It's prevalent in Thailand like a lot of people enthusiastically use that term. Yeah, because the term future proof, we don't... Since we don't use English anyways to use it with the slang, we try to just say the term is translated to positioning and OPUS, the original purpose of your computer. And if you tell them that set your original purpose higher than what you need now, you're going to position yourself to a longer... You stretch it out a little longer. You know, I don't know whether you know this, but in Malaysia, Filipinos are like... Not to say labeled, but they are known as the very nice people. Oh, it's... Yeah. It's like... Yeah, so I don't know whether you know that, but every time I say, oh, my God, they're so nice people. And yeah, I mean, I do have like few friends who were Filipinos when I was in college and they were extremely nice. They are the nicest people on planet Earth.  Just so you know. How is your correspondence with Lioness? I met him during an event for honor in France. Met him and yes, he came with slippers with the socks on. Into the event? Into the event. Thank you so Lioness. At his school, it was nice to talk to, but I feel like he's a very great person. And... But I think from a conversational point of view, I think someone like Anton will have a more deeper conversation with him because of the whole PC life.  So we were talking nantag and because his wife is Singaporean, so he's super close to us. So we were just talking about stuff like that. And yeah, so it was nice to talk to. And I also met that... Yeah, so yeah. So that's what I met. Is he like, you know, legitimately very overactive? Like, he's very energetic. I mean, like, like he's not always energetic in the videos anyway. You know how it goes like, ah, then it goes down. Then it goes, ah, bang goes. Yeah, just how he is. So, what do you see on the video is how exactly he is? Um, as a new FW, siyempre, looking by for other opportunities. So before, I worked in Africa as an IT... ITM platform. So dito, ngayon, lumipat ako dun after three years. So ngayon, five years na dito as an IT consultant. Where would you suggest?  Where would you suggest na ay shop? Parang, anong, parang Gilmore nila? Ah, okay, ya. Um, not really Gilmore. Kung familiar kayo, sir, dati sa cyber zone, sa SNR headset. Ah, ya. Dito sa Dubai, sa Al Ain Plaza. So, alershad trade, ay, po kamap lang. Yon, yung, may isang shop dun na, na PM nyo na lang, may isang shop dun na. Okay, yung, ah, moderate, pero kasi dun sa, Al Ain Plaza na yun, nandun lahat yung computer shops. Like kasi na, yun na, naranasan man yung, pabili, pumili nung PC parts dito, chaka, pumili nung PC parts dun. Ano yung pagkaiba? Like, is there any difference in the way, like, customers are, or the way the sale staff are, yun no, dito, compared yun? Dito, parang nagsagis, talaga sila nung mga, magandang author na pigs. Ngun kasi, experience ko dati, baka sakin lang naman, parang, medyo, pag sumagut yung tech representative dun sa Gilmore, parang, parang di naman yun yung, ano yung, parang, ah, napukunta dun sa medyo mahal na sa gestion. Okay. Nandun lahat yung, so lilypata ka nang shop, magahana pa napa ko. So, para sa, experience ko lang naman, sorry, di ko naman sinasabing lahat, pero, that's wrong. Big thanks to all the channels who participated, Kathima Gaming from Thailand, Mobhouse from Malaysia, Julian Tech from Singapore, Adam Lobo from Malaysia, and Alex PC Tech from the UAE. Please do check them out, their links are in the text description. All quality. To be honest, I really wanted to do this video because I think there's a lot of good tech coverage, both locally, as well as in our own backyard. Top of mind kasi yung mga big Western tech channels, but there's a lot of content quite close by that is quality and that should be encouraged and supported. Kasama na si Hardware Sugar dun, of course sana, but a lot of other great Asian YouTubers as well. If you think we should reach out to other channels, please say so in the comments and thanks for watching. And thank you to our top fans na afford na namin to kupuwa na to, and edyok lang. Thank you to Leah Magnaya, Ian Meru, Richard Ongkinko, ITX Addict, John Ruben Otsha, Christian Espinoza, and Rafael James. Thank you for supporting the channel.


In the LibreOffice community we often use the motto Free Office Suite, Fun Project, Fantastic People and it's important that our contributors have fun, especially when we get together at events, hackfests and the yearly LibreOffice conference. While all contributions are greatly appreciated, if you want to get more involved with the Document Foundation, the non-profit entity behind LibreOffice, you can join us as a member of the Board of Trustees. TDF members are based around the world and contribute time, effort and skills, whether on a voluntary or paid basis. All members are equal and as they come from a diverse set of backgrounds and locations, they provide the Document Foundation with a rich set of talent, experiences and ideas. As well as showing commitment to the goals of the Document Foundation and contributing time and effort, members can also vote for the Board of Directors. Because the Board handles strategic planning and funding allocation in the Document Foundation, this voting process is important. Members can vote for Directors they believe represent their interests and those of the project as a whole. And as a bonus, members get a LibreOffice.org email address as well. While many members are LibreOffice developers, all contributors are welcome to join, as Gabriele Ponzo from the Membership Committee explains. This is really a beautiful community, really inclusive. There are many, many tasks you could do, so this is not a community of only developers. And this is the most important thing because sometimes people are scared, you know, why should I join this community, meaning I'm not a developer for example, I'm not a computer user or a power user of a computer, but sometimes it is enough to translate some text for example, or make speeches, or videos, or what else, documentation. We have so many tasks you could be useful for and we are open to new ideas as well. So you could join the community just to say, hey, why don't we prepare a banner to show on the beaches for example? Why not? And we used to say, okay, so you're taking charge for that? There are many, many reasons to be a member of this community, which is really our happy community, to be honest. Really, we have fun. So probably we will say that the best reason is to have fun. So join us if you're actively involved in LibreOffice or the Document Liberation Project and plan to contribute for at least six months, visit tdf.io slash be a member. We look forward to meeting you.


So my name is Dan Smith. I work at Red Hat. I'm Belmiro Moraita. I work at CERN and we're gonna talk about scaling Nova with Cells V2. So I'll start out with some a couple of slides from my Boston Cells presentation just to kind of level-set architecture. Historically in Nova this is kind of what your deployment looks like. You've got some API nodes on the left which your users interact with. You've got a whole pile of compute nodes on the right and they intersect at the database in the message queue. And depending on how large your deployment is the database in the message queue become single point of failure and a point of contention for APIs accessing the database as well as talking to the compute nodes. So in the past Nova has helped to solve this with something we called Cells which we now call Cells V1.  And we would attach them to a database in the message queue that was really just for that chunk of compute. Reducing the amount of work and data that each one of those had to store. But because it was kind of a bolt on to regular Nova we still had to have this unified database that we put in front of the APIs. And the API nodes don't really know about this sharding and so they need to look at a unified database. So we had this component which was called the Nova Cells service that basically looked at all of these fragmented databases and composed the unified view into the top level database that the API could then use to expose to users. And the whole point of this was to provide a single pane of glass, a single appearance of a single deployment in front of basically chunked up pieces of Nova. And so the problem here was that there are several problems but one is that this router, this extra little piece basically had to implement every single feature that we had in Nova. It did it with separate code and a separate code path. And so obviously we started with some delta of features that weren't supported by this separate router and over time that only grew because people would implement a feature for Nova but they wouldn't implement it for Nova Cells as well since it had to be completely separate and so that gap just kept growing. The other problem here is that this proved to be quite lossy. It required a lot of manual human care and feeding to keep this running, to keep the databases synchronized to fix up issues when it didn't synchronize something it was supposed to as well as to hand synchronize things that it just assumed that you were going to synchronize for it. So we moved to this newer desired architecture which we now call Cells V2 which was similar. We keep the API nodes, we keep the compute nodes segregated the way we want them but instead of kind of building this glue to lie to the API nodes that were just looking at one Nova, we decided we would teach the API nodes about the sharding so that they natively could look at each of those databases and know that it wasn't just one database being glued together by this lossy cell service. So in V2, this is kind of what your services look like. You've got a top layer of services, your control services, you got your API nodes, your scheduler, it talks to placement. Those services all have kind of a global view of the whole deployment and they know how to talk to the pieces. There's still a database at the top but it's not the database that we had in V1. So it's not an aggregated view of everything. All of the data in the deployment all squashed into one thing. It's really just data that is global to the deployment so flavors and things like that as well as some mapping information to know where an instance was whether it was in this cell or that cell. And then down below you've got what we now call the Cells which used to just be the Nova database. And here you've got compute services obviously because the whole point is to shard this out. You've got some conductors down here as well to do some of the task offloading for these things. And then you've got the main database and the main message queue for all of these compute nodes. This is where the instances live and the API knows how to talk down to each of these. So design and development tenants for V1 having come from V2, having come from V1 we had kind of some things that we wanted to accomplish with V2. So one probably the most important one is that V2 should not be an opt-in different code path. You shouldn't have a Nova deployment that either is cells or isn't cells and runs different code depending. That's the whole point of redoing it really. Full upstream testing which we definitely did not have with V1. We had some testing eventually but it was extremely minor and obviously moving to this unified way of doing things means that we could get this upstream testing. And we wanted to not have cells be visible to API users meaning the whole point of this was to provide a unified single pane of glass in front of a Nova deployment. We didn't want to push the burden onto the users to need to know that all of these pieces were separate. We wanted to get rid of that replicating service. So a big problem with that was either not replicating data in both places or replicating it and keeping it in sync. So the point here was to decide for each piece of data that Nova keeps track of, is that a global thing or does that live in the cells? And of course, aim for no only supported without cells kind of features. So I said the feature gap with V1 was large. It grew over time. We also had some features that technically worked in V1 but behaved differently. Weren't atomic if you were in V1. User obviously has no visibility into that. So we're trying to avoid having any of those kind of things that behave differently. Obviously, the point here is for performance to scale Nova. So we wanted to optimize this cross cell type of behavior, specifically instance operations are the most important ones because that's what users are doing and that needed to remain efficient. And we said that we would introduce caching and fault tolerance and kind of additional things on top of that to solve hot spots and performance issues when we got there. Try to not pre-optimize but let people deploy it in their environment and find what the issues were and we would take care of it when we got to that point. So obviously, this is a huge challenge. The goal here was that we had two camps of users that were running Nova in different pieces of Nova and we were trying to get them all onto a unified set of code, a unified architecture. We had people for which cells V1 was never going to be a thing. It was too complex. The feature Delta was a problem. They didn't have the manpower to do all of the hand care and feeding and constantly patching things up. And on the other side, we had people for which cells V1 was necessary. They needed it for the scale. They were willing to not have some of the features. They were willing to dedicate staff to kind of keep it running. So obviously, it's a challenge to get those two very conflicting ways of doing things on a single set of code. We had to be able to provide a transition for those people. So nobody was going to throw their deployment away and move to a completely different way of doing things. So we had to come up with a way to get regular operators operating in this kind of mode but without additional run time requirements for extra things they have to do. And obviously, we had cells V1 operators that had huge deployments and they were willing to put up the layout of the staff to keep things running or whatever, but they've built this big deployment and they just can't obviously throw it away. So that was obviously a challenge but even still with refactoring all of these internals of NOVA to get to this point, we had to do this over the course of many years but without just freezing NOVA. So lots of other things were happening inside NOVA while this was going on. When we started this API microversions weren't even a thing, placement wasn't a thing. These are all other big things that have happened in NOVA in parallel to all of this refactoring which was a huge challenge to not have it all fall on the floor but also provide a path for people to get from pre-cells to cells V2 without having to throw anything away. And of course, the world changed underneath us while we were doing this. We started this with a kind of very conventional rock space initiated way of thinking of a public cloud region was a huge deployment in a data center and the cells split was really just for scale and now we've got people talking about deploying 70 clouds across, sorry I'm not giving away the, but lots of people, lots of cells geographically distributed. That wasn't a thing that we really were thinking about and all this edge stuff with people talking about very small deployments but across a WAN link and things like that. So all of this was going on in the background while we were trying to affect this change. So how to go? I think mostly good. We introduced bugs and code churn obviously because this is such a major undertaking. I think we made it through most of that stuff. We came up with solutions for all the things that we found. We had some maybe rocky, not rocky, capital R, but some bumpy releases where things happened and people deployed and we realized that there were things that needed to be accounted for. But overall, I think we've made it through the really difficult bit. Regular operators have a little bit more that they have to do mostly in the setup phase but not really operationally, which was the goal. Existing Cells V1 users had a big transition to have huge deployments, lots of cells, lots of data and it obviously is a lot of work to reshape the cloud on top of this new architecture. We had a lot of challenges where people built a cloud on Cells V1 and kind of digested some of the quirks of that architecture into the expectations or the way they handle things. And obviously V2 was a very different architecture with things living in different places. And so there was definitely some bumps in the road there, but I think we made it through. I think another really good thing that came out of this was some of the cleanups and stricter rules about where we put data and NOVA and how we classify it and how we talk to it and when we talk about it. I think that in addition to being able to do this split for scale, I think there's some non-scale things like federated NOVA that we've kind of classified these bits of data and put them into buckets, which means that we can talk about them a little bit more abstractly, which I think was an unintended but good side effect that came out of this. So, Status and Rocky, fully developed, tested in mainstream NOVA. Anybody that's running a recent release is running Cells whether you like it or not. You might have only one, but that was the goal, was to get everybody there. And we made it. We have pretty good multi-cell performance. We've spent a lot of time optimizing those instance operations, like I said, that are very important for kind of the front line of what your users are going to hit. We still have some admin type operations that are a little bit more naive, but those are within the control of the operator, so hopefully a little bit less important and on the road to being fixed. We have a few remaining functions that still don't quite work exactly perfectly in Cells V2. So it's an extremely small subset. There's work arounds for most of them, and we're kind of punting a little bit to solve those in the right way instead of trying to come up with a collugy way of resolving those. Like I said, performance is pretty good now. It's been rapidly improving over the last several cycles. Each of the last, like, three cycles, people have done serious performance testing and come with numbers, hot spots, and we've addressed a lot of those, which is cool. Fault tolerance is still naive, but there's a lot of work going on in Rocky to make that a lot better. So what's next? Cross-cell migrations was never a thing that V1 was really ever going to have on its radar, but it's a possibility in V2, which is cool. So this is further eliminating any sort of artificial restrictions that exist with you having your deployment split up like this, which is cool. Like I said, fault tolerance improvements, handling a down-cell and the API is still being able to provide as much data as possible, as well as some issues around quotas and making sure that that calculation happens properly when Cells are down, but plenty of room here still to kind of make incremental improvement for performance and fault tolerance. And one of the things that's nice about this new architecture is that the scheduler and placement have a global view of all of the hosts. And so while that presents a little bit of a scaling problem, it presents a nice ability to be able to do smarter placement and things like affinity guarantees in placement with a high-level view of the cloud, which is cool. So thanks. So, hello. So what I'm going to do is to talk about our experience running Cells V2 during the last six months. But first, a little bit of context about what CERN is and what we do. CERN is the European Organization for Nuclear Research. The main goal of CERN is to do fundamental research, especially in the particle physics field. If you are wondering what is this picture, so this is the Large Hadron Collider LHC. It's the biggest particle accelerator in the world. It's a ring with 27 kilometers. All of this is 100 meters in the ground. It crosses two borders in the France and Switzerland. And this big blue pipe that you are seeing there is basically a huge magnet, a superconducting magnet. And to operate, it needs to be cooled down to minus 271 degrees Celsius. So a lot of liquid helium to cool this down. And inside, there are two smaller pipes that is where the beams of particles travel and they are accelerated to very close to the speed of light. These beams travel in opposite directions and then they collide inside huge detectors that are also 100 meters in the ground. And when they collide, you can see all the bunch of particles. What these detectors do is basically taking pictures. They are big digital cameras, but they take 40 million pictures per second. This produces up to one petabyte of raw data every second. Of course, you cannot store all of that. So they are filtering and what we store is just a few gigabytes per second. And then all this data needs to be analyzed and most of them is analyzed in our certain clouds that runs on top of OpenStack. So this is one dashboard that gives you an overview about the size of our clouds. So we have around 3,500 users, more than 4,000 projects, around 36,000 virtual machines running, more than 9,000 nodes. Hypervisors was more than 1,000 bare metal nodes for Ironic. In terms of course, we have around 300,000 cores. If you saw previous presentations from CERN, the number of available cores actually went down. This is not because we removed capacity nodes from the cloud. It was because the recent issues like L1TF that we needed to disable SMT in the bigger part of our clouds. So that's why we see these decrease of number of cores and you see these overcommit and the cores used. Just for you to know. So cells at CERN. We are running cells basically from the beginning of the CERN clouds since 2013. So why we need cells? Why we are using cells? There are several points. First, we wanted to have only one end point that we offer to our users. We have two data centers, one that is in Geneva, Switzerland, the other that is in Budapest, Hungary. And we did, at that point, we didn't want to have two different regions or even two different end points to offer this to our users. We wanted this to be completely transparent. And cells actually allow us this. So we started with only two cells, one in the data center in Geneva, the other in Budapest. Availability, resilience. So if you have cells, basically what it allows you to do is to split your infrastructure, question your infrastructure in small sets of nodes. And this allows you to scale your new infrastructure. In our case, each cell has around 200 nodes. We have a lot of them. We have at this point 73 cells. And basically they can act as failure domains. So because a cell is more or less isolated, you have the compute nodes, you have the control plane. And if that control plane fails, only a small part of your infrastructure is affected. And depends what kind of workloads is there, could be a high priority or not for you to actually to intervene. One nice feature that with cells, in this case I'm talking about cells V1, this was 2013, is that we could dedicate workloads projects to specific cells. So we have different hardware types, hardware is bought for different projects. So we could actually dedicate cells Nova to move to create all the instances from this project in that particular cell. And we also separate other types for cells, because it's easy to organize the pre-kate hardware. And it's actually very easy then to introduce and evaluate new configurations in Nova, because almost cells are more or less isolated, means that if we want to introduce a new configuration option and test it at scale, we don't deploy this in the entire clouds, we do this per cell. So we introduce the new configurations in few cells, evaluate scale, how it performs, and then we can roll out these two more cells, eventually to all the clouds. So a lot of advantages but a lot of disadvantages as well. It was an operational nightmare, as I call it here. The main reason is it was not really maintained upstream. Why? Not a lot of deployments were using cells. I only knew a few of them, only big clouds were using cells. Also there were a lot of functionality that was missing. Simple things like aggregate support, server groups, security groups if you're running Nova network. All of that was not available if you're using cells v1. So what these deployments that were using cells started to do was to do patches, basically, to have this functionality. And we start having different patches to solve a different problem. This was actually very hard then to move this code upstream because of lack of testing for cells at that time. So we end up solving the same problem in different ways and adding the specifics of each deployment. So as you can imagine, up a grade in this situation it was very, very challenging because you needed to make sure that all your patches will work in the next Nova version that was not done considering that. Other architectural aspect of the cells v1 was that the bees were synced. There was a top cell DB and then all the Nova cells DBs and they were synced. And sometimes that failed and DBs were out of sync. So our journey to cells v2 we started in 2013. Only two cells at the time, few under nodes in the G release. We upgraded and all releases between Grizzly to Newton. And at Newton we start thinking what we need really to upgrade to cells v2. Pyke was the first release that allowed multi-cell deployment with cells v2. So at that time we did a lot of work to upgrade to Akata and then after a few weeks we upgrade to Queens with the cells v2. We did upgrade and migration at the same time. At that time this was April this year. We add 70 cells, more or less the nodes that we have today. This was very challenging if you want to know more about how we did this upgrade and this migration. I did a talk last summer describing this. But what this is about today is cells v2 and our experience with it. So why we are so excited about cells v2? First of all we start using all the code from upstream. We've reduced a lot the number of patches that we have for very simple functionality. To a flavor, for example, that was not available on cells v1. All the nova deployments now use cells. I think it was started in Newton. Every deployment needed to move to cells. So almost everyone now is using cells. We are not in the black hole anymore. This joke is not because we are at CERN. Finally we have the full feature set that we can use. We have the promise of saying dbs because there is no synchronization anymore between the top and cell dbs. Actually this concept doesn't exist anymore. And actually you could now with cells v2 do rolling upgrades that in the past with cells v1 was not possible. Basically we needed to shut down the entire cloud, do the upgrade and then pry a little bit and turn everything on and see if it was working. So we are so excited with cells v2 all these advantages that we move, if you notice, we move very fast to cells v2. Of course we knew that being one of the first, I think we were one of the biggest clouds moving to cells v2, we probably will find some issues doing this but we were willing to take this risk and actually help in community and work on that. Of course as you can guess we identified few issues at scale that basically only if you are running thousands of nodes and several large number of cells you will notice this but because of the work of all Nova team, it was debugged and most of it is already fixed in Rocky and most of them are also back ported to Queens. So what I'm going to do next is to show some issues that we discover in our cloud after the migration to cells v2. I have these dramatic titles but just to grab your attention. So hot databases. You can see those flames so what this is about. In cells v1 we had this top cell database and all the Nova API calls were basically querying that database meaning that all the Nova databases forced the cells, each cell as one database, were not doing much. Basically very very little was basically only the synchronization. So in our deployment and all cells v1 deployments we had a very performant db, top level db basically to observe all the requests, all the queries from the APIs. We were aware that the pattern with cells v1 changed so now with cells v2 when you do a novel list or a novel boot what happens is the APIs need to go through all the Nova databases in the cells. Even if we were aware of this we over estimate the impact that scale. So what happened is when we upgrade to or migrated to cells v2 we saw a huge increase of load in our cells db's and they were not copying well with this. So simple operations if you're using cells v2 like novel list the request goes to all the cells db's and if you have a lot of them actually needs to query, do a lot of queries and at the beginning in Queens these operations were sequential. So you start adding time and time this was also taking some time to the request to finish. All of these actually it's already fixed in Rocky. I don't remember if it was back parted to Queens. These graphs that I have there this one is the most interesting one. This is the some metrics from one of our cells database and this one represents the number of connections and this is when we migrated from cells v1 to cells v2. That one is before the upgrade and you can see when we enabled the APIs to only a few users. So basically initially it was not doing nothing and that then the number of connections increased enormously. But we are not expecting this. We knew that this will increase but this much we weren't aware. So basically we needed to change our database configuration, how we set up our databases to support of this. So be aware if you are moving to cells v2. Most of this actually it's fixed in Rocky because now Nova instead of going through all the cells only selects the cells where your project is instances. So it's much it's improved a lot. Another dramatic title, DB down, cloud down. So what this is about. So basically this is more or less the previous issue. So if you do a simple operation like novel list, Nova goes through the cells DBs to complete the request. Novel list needs to go to DBs where your project is instances to give you a result. Because we are not in cells v2 duplicating this information so that's why Nova needs to go to these cells DBs. And of course if one of these DBs is down, Nova cannot give you an answer because doesn't know how many instances, which instances are running in that cell. So it will fail. The problem is if you have a lot of cells, it's almost certain that some DBs will be down, something will happen eventually. Considering the cells v2 architecture, so there is no perfect solution to handle this issue. Actually Nova team recommends that you have a full tolerant solution for your databases, which is reasonable. In our case it is not very feasible considering the number of mysql instances that we have. Currently we are running 73 cells if we need to manage clusters or even a replication of each database. It's an operational overhead. So we are trying to, with few compromises, get Nova not to fail when a DB is down. So there is this spec how to handle a cell down. Everything is described there. Please go through the spec. But basically the main idea is if a DB goes down, Nova, if you do a novel list, Nova should give you, if it doesn't have all the information, at least should give you the minimal information or some information about your instances, everything that it notes. And actually Nova knows some things that are stored in the top, in the Nova API database, like the UID. And for most of people, at least for us, that is a good enough solution or a good enough compromise. Another thing is scheduling. So we came from the sales V1 world. So doing that, sales V1 has not only one scheduling level, but two scheduling levels. So first, in sales V1, if you are trying to put a new instance, the first scheduler will select the best cell for your request, based in filters that you defined or the mapping that you have. And then the local scheduler in the cell will select the best node based in the filters that you enabled. This concept doesn't exist anymore in Nova, this two level scheduler. So now everything is global using placement, meaning that things that we are used to, like having special configuration for the schedulers in particular cells, those things are not possible at this point in sales V2. For example, the PCI pass through filter that in the past was only enabled in one cell because it's the cell where we have GPUs. Now it needs to be enabled in all the schedulers globally, just because we have few nodes with GPUs. And of course, this has some overhead in the scheduling time of all the instances. We are discussing this with Nova team to improve this thing, for example. Other was we do this mapping between cells and projects. And the placement initially and Nova scheduler, they were not aware of this. So actually this was very hard to achieve with cells V2. But for Rocky, Nova team implemented this feature, the request filter that allows to do this mapping using aggregates and placement aggregates for not only for projects, but also for availability zones. Of course, this work was done in Rocky. Of course, we backport everything to Queens and we start using it by the way. And actually works very well. Pretty good. And what it actually allows us is to filter the number of requests from placement. So previously, if we are trying to put an instance in our clouds, the scheduler will ask placement for location candidates and we will get a bunch of nodes. The default is 1000, which is a lot then for the scheduler to go through. With this filtering, basically placement now is only giving the nodes for that particular cell because the mapping or for that particular availability zone that the user requested. However, in our case, if a user tries to create an instance in availability zone A, for example, placement can send up to 800 compute nodes or location candidates for that VM, which is still a lot for the scheduler to cycle through. There is this feature or this configuration option, the max placement results that we set to a very low number. Actually, it's 10 what we have and this improved a lot the scheduler performance because then placement only gives 10 results. However, it builds some issues. For example, if you try to limigrate an instance with the final target, these requests needs to go through the scheduler and then schedule your last placement. And if that node that you defined is not in the set of nodes that the placement gives, in this case in our case 10, the request will fail. This is already fixed in Stein, I think. I think it will be it's back porting to Rocky. It was the same for rebuild. And other minor things, if you are running a call for a long, long time and running the archival instances, you will have these orphan request packs and instance mappings that there is nothing at Novenau that removes it. So in our case, we have thousands and thousands of entries in the database with this. So we need to find out a good solution to the little of this. Slow availability zones, if you have a availability zone list goes through all aggregates and through all the services. And if you have huge aggregates, this could take a lot of time. And that is particular noticeable in our horizon because then the drop box to select the availability zone is not available. So users complain. The scheduling time, we notice this because we run cells V1. It's in our case higher than in cells V2 than in cells V1. We need to make an effort to look deeper into this. We are trying to help. And don't expect always a consistent state from a databases that is five years old, especially the running cells V1. We notice this, for example, in this simple operation, delete and aggregate those that fails because Nova is not able to find the service in the cell database. And yeah, this is not consistent. But Nova should not be, shouldn't block in these kind of operations. As you can see, these were, well, few issues, but they are already fixed in Rocky. Most of them backported to Queens. Thanks to very good communication and collaboration. I think it was very good. So we are continuing this trend to upgrade very fast Nova to the latest release. So two weeks ago, we just upgraded Nova to Rocky. So even if this is not really related with cells V2, it is a little bit because it's our first upgrade using cells V2. I wanted to tell you our experience on this. So in the past, upgrading Nova with cells V1 required months of work, planning, making sure that all our internal patch will work with the new release. It was a heavy operation. The upgrade itself could take up to one entire day with the APIs on time because at that time, we needed to upgrade all the nodes in the entire cloud because this RPC versioning in cells V1 was not really we didn't trust it. Sometimes it was working for some operations, but most of them will fail. So we needed to upgrade everything. It was a very heavy operation. This time with cells V2, we did upgrade to Rocky with only one hour of API downtime. And because we were conservative, we really wanted to do this. It was our first time upgrading with cells V2. So we want to do it slowly. We upgraded the control plane and then we let the compute nodes upgrade themselves during the next 24 hours. So what is our control plane? It's VMs running in the infrastructure itself. So each VM has four visual CPUs, like gigs of RAM, nothing special. For the APIs, we have 16 VMs, only running Nova API, then 10 VMs running Nova Conductor, plus Nova Shedmore, and another 10 VMs running Nova Placement API. And keep in mind this number because for the next slide this is important. So 10 Nova Placement APIs for the entire infrastructure. And then we have 73 cell controllers. When we upgraded to Queens and migrated to cells V2, we had 70. Actually, during these six months, we actually had more three cells around 600 new nodes into the infrastructure. So all of this was upgraded during this one hour downtime. Of course, we did the DB sync the day before, work upgrades, and we set the upgrade levels compute to auto. So everything was working fine. We set the compute nodes to upgrade during the next 24 hours in our automated system. And this is not related to cells V2 at all. This is a scaling issue. But it's very interesting. So the compute nodes start to upgrade to the rocket release, and in your left, what you can see is the number of placement requests before the upgrade. So before 8 a.m. And then after when the compute nodes start to upgrade. And that was the normal world for us in Queens, less than or 1.5 million requests. And then when the compute nodes start to upgrade to rocky, you see the number of requests to placement to increase a lot. In this one, what you see is the time that each request takes in placement. So compute nodes start to upgrade and you see that the request time of course goes up. We also have graphs about the CPU load of the nodes. It goes to 100%. These were these 10 nodes that I mentioned in the Nova Placement API. And you can guess when we add more capacity to placement infrastructure, because then the request time goes down. This was around 8 a.m. and the next day when we arrived to the office. And then the requests continue to grow because it was not finished the upgrade in all the compute nodes. So basically now we are running instead of 10, 30 placement nodes to observe all these load. And we have been discussing this with Nova team, placement team to see if we can improve this placement now. It's very shatty. Of course, during that period we had an impact in the VM scheduling because placement was very slow. Another issue that we hit with the upgrade with Rocky, to Rocky, that is not selfie too related. It was Nova compute that we have with the ironic driver enable because all these new placement requests takes a lot of time to go to the full cycle through all the instances that this Nova compute is managing. So in our case, we have one Nova compute for more than 1,000 bare metal instances and this takes a lot of time so Nova reports these services as not available. And basically after we look into these issues Nova now is working fine. So I think the main message of this presentation or at least of my part is that CERN cloud is running Nova Rocky with sales V2 which is pretty awesome. Of course, we found some issues in Queens. This was expected. Most of them are already fixed with all the collaboration with the Nova team. Thanks a lot. Sales V2 works at scale. We have 73 cells more than 9,000 nodes. It works fine at that scale. Of course, they are improvements in performance and we are being worked on them. No more code and craft for us like in sales V1 to have basic functionality. Everything is there and much easier upgrade. So thanks all Nova team for this. Thank you. So I think we have some questions. Sure. Hey. I can't get over the mic so I'll just speak loud. So is the lesson learned on those? Yes, it will overwork. So basically that is the idea that I'm saying this year. The number of the placement requests increases a lot so be prepared for that. Depends on the size of your cloud. If you have a small cloud you will not know this, right? Any more questions, please? You need to speak to the mic otherwise I cannot hear. Sorry. My question was how do you address the networking aspects, port creation, deletion when you use sales? Do you also do split out the networking side? So the cell concept is only a Nova concept. Neutron is not aware of sales at all. So for us, Neutron, it's a global service. So it'll be great if you could split the load in Neutron per cell but at this point it's not possible. Support creation and deletion is not sell aware at all. Is there another? Okay. Thank you all. Thank you.