Hello and welcome to the session in which we will discuss section 1231 assets. What are section 1231 assets? They are assets and they are business assets to be more specific. In other words, using business held for longer than one year. Now what is the idea? Why is it important to learn about those assets? Well, when you sell them, when you dispose of them, you are either going to have a gain or a loss. That's fine. Why is that important? Well, you have to characterize the gain or the loss. And the gain or the loss either can be characterized as capital gain, capital loss, or ordinary gain or ordinary loss. Well, what's special about section 1231 assets? Well, since these are business asset, Congress decide to give you an incentive to buy, replace your asset. When you buy an asset, when you buy an asset, you buy it from someone else who manufacture it. When you sell an asset, you sell it to someone else. And when you buy an asset, the assumption is you are increasing your business productivity. So they want to incentivize buying and selling assets for businesses. So as a result, if you have a gain on that sale, the gain could be potentially treated as long term capital gain. Why is that important? Because long term capital gain, they are treated at a lower tax rate. They have a preference treatment. If it's a loss, the loss is treated as an ordinary loss. And why is that good? Well, ordinary loss will do what will offset ordinary income. So simply put, if you have a gain, it's a potential long term capital gain, which is taxed at a lower rate. If it's a loss, it's an ordinary loss at offset your ordinary income. And as Hannah Montana would say, you're getting the best of both words. Now remember, if you have capital asset, capital asset, if you have losses, you can only deduct up to 3000 against your ordinary income. So now you can compare and contrast why section 1231 losses are important, because they can offset your ordinary income. The gains are potential long term capital gains. Now let's go ahead and start to talk a little bit more about 12 section 1231 assets, define them, talk about the details. Before we proceed any further, I have a public announcement about my company, farhatlectures.com. Farhat Accounting Lectures is a supplemental educational tool that's going to help you with your CPA exam preparation, as well as your accounting courses. My CPA material is aligned with your CPA review course such as Becker, Roger, Wiley, Gleam, Miles. My accounting courses are aligned with your accounting courses broken down by chapter and topics. My resources consist of lectures, multiple choice questions, true false questions, as well as exercises. Go ahead, start your free trial today, no obligation, no credit card required. So now let's talk about little bit more details about section 1231 assets. Those assets include real and personal property used in a trade or a business or for the production of income, including rental and health for the taxpayer more than one year. This is important. Now section 1231 asset, they break it into two subsection, one for personal property and we call it 1245 asset. If you don't know what personal property is, is furniture, desks, computers, vehicles, trucks. Those are section 1245 assets, which basically they are movable. In section 1250, there are real property and land. What are real property? Building. Building cannot be moved. Land cannot be moved. So what happened is we treat those two separate assets differently and both of these assets, they are used in business. That's one of the criteria of 1231 and the other criteria of 1231 is it's held more than one year. There's no such thing as short-term section 1231 assets. And you guys have no clue how many times I tricked my students into telling them we bought a vehicle for and we sold it eight months later. What is the tax consequences and they treated as section 1231. You can't. Yes, it's a business use, but it has to be held more than one year. In section 1231 does not include specifically inventory, property held primarily for sale of customers. Basically, that's what inventory is. That's ordinary asset, any patent, invention, model or design, whether or not patented, any secret formula or process, copyrights, literally, musical or artistic composition, any account receivable. Obviously, account receivable is the result of inventory notes receivable arising in the ordinary course of trade or a business. Those are ordinary assets. So how do we get to net capital gain or net capital losses for section 1231 assets? There are three steps in this process. I'm going to go over each step, explain each step separately, then we'll work a comprehensive example. Then we will look at the big picture again. Then we work a comprehensive example. So step one is you will look at your business casualty or theft losses of section 1231. So if you have an asset broken, a stalling, there is a disaster. First unit these out. Here's what's going to happen. The gains and losses from the disposition by casualty or theft are first netted against each other. So that's the first category you will net those to. If the result is a net gain, the net gain is treated as section 1231 gain. However, if the netting gained result and a loss, what is netting? You net them out. The gains minus the losses. The gains and the losses are not combined. So if you have a net gain, that's fine, net gain. If you have a net loss, you would say, okay, now I'm going to treat my gains and my losses separately. I don't, I don't combine them. If I have a net loss, if I have a net gain, I can combine them. So that's the first thing you need to know. And that's an important concept to remember. So let's take a look at example one. A taxpayer has casualty gain of 5,000, a theft loss of 2,000. What is the net? The net is a gain of 3,000. Can we net them? Yes, we can. We can net them and that's a potential, potentially treated as long term capital gain. You're going to see why I keep saying potentially. Let's, let's switch the scenario. Let's assume the taxpayer has a gain of two and a losses of five. Now what we do is we treat them separately because overall we have a net loss. The taxpayer have ordinary gain of 2,000, which in a separate bucket, an ordinary loss of 5,000, no netting because the overall is a net loss. Let's go to step two. Now we net section 1231, other gains and losses. Similar to step one, if the net result is a net gain, it's treated as section 1231 gain. However, if the, if the, if the result is a net loss, and this is again assets other than lost casualty and theft losses, then the gain in the losses are treated as ordinary gain and ordinary losses. Remember, ordinary losses are fully deductible against ordinary income. Okay, let's take a look at this example. Taxpayer B has a net casualty gain of 500. So this is the first category. In addition, B sells two section 1231 asset at a gain of 2,000 and a loss at four. So what's the net here? The net is plus 1600. Can I net them? And the answer is yes. So what do I have? I have a 500 casualty and theft gain of 500 in 1600. Overall, I have 12, 1231 a gain of 2,100. Let's take a look at step three. Now Congress is, is generous, but at some point they're going to say we're too generous. So in step three, that's why we said we kept saying potentially long-term capital gain. In step three, what we have to do is we have to look at something called the look back period. And what does that mean? It means if you have section 1231 gain, you just don't automatically say, yes, it's section 1231 gain. Therefore, I will treat it as a capital long-term capital gain. You would like to do that, but before you get to that final answer, you have to look back in the past five years, look back period and see if you had any ordinary losses from section 1231. If you do, those ordinary losses will come back and they will catch up with you and they will reduce your capital gain for this period. Let's look at the rules. Net section 1231 gain is treated as capital gain after depreciation recaptured in a five-year look back period. If during the last five years, a section 1231 loss was deducted against ordinary income, the equivalent of that loss, so you got to bring the loss and gets recaptured as ordinary income after the remaining gain is treated as capital gain. In other words, what we're saying is this. If the netting process of section 1231 gains and losses results in a gain, you got to stop, you got to have a look back period. The gain must be recharacterized as ordinary income to the extent you have to look back and recharacterize it of any unused net section 1231 losses over the five previous years. Any excess gain is treated as long-term capital gain. So before you say it's a long-term capital gain, you have to look back five years. If you have any ordinary losses from section 1231, they reduce your capital gain. The best way to illustrate this is to look at an example. Adam, a C corporation, acquired machinery for its business use in 20x3. On February 15, 20x4 held it longer than a year. The machinery was sold at a gain of 50,000. Okay, so what is that gain? Well, this is a business use asset, potentially long-term capital gain. Now, back in 2020x2, Adam had a section 1231 loss. Adam was able to take an advantage of that. Well, guess what? Now, if you took advantage of that 1231 loss, and it's within the past five years, guess what? That $50,000 that you thought that's going to be capital gain, 15,000 of it will be treated as ordinary income. And what's the remain is 35. That's the long-term capital gain. So this is what we mean by the recapture. Adam should report an ordinary gain of 15 and a section 1231 gain of 35,000. Now, again, what's what is the benefit of this? This is basic, the 15,000 is based on your ordinary tax rate. Usually it should be, usually it's higher than your than capital gain, long-term capital gain, they have that tax preference 0, 10 and 15%. So let's summarize everything that we did thus far. The first thing we do is we net casualty gains and losses together from section 1231 assets. Again, those are business use capital asset. And we could have a gain. If we have a gain, we net the gain and we added the section 1231 gain. If we had a loss as a result of this step, losses and gains are treated separately. Gains are ordinary gains. Losses from section 1231 are deductible for AGI, which is ordinary losses. Other casualty losses are deductible from AGI. So that's that. Now, if we have a gain, we combine it with other section 1231 gains and losses. At this point, we could have a loss. If we have a loss, we go back to the net loss scenario. If we have a gain, we could have a potential section 1231 gain by using the look back period. The look back period will determine if we have to go back and catch up on anything, which is basically recapture any losses as ordinary income and anything remain as long term capital gain. Let's take a look at the first example. During year X1, a single taxpayer reported net casualty theft gain of 400. In addition, the taxpayer sold two assets at a loss of 1700 and again of 700. So if we notice from the casualty and theft, we have a 400 separate 1700 loss and 1700 loss and again of 700, we have this as a negative, a loss of 1000. So we have ordinary loss of 1000, ordinary income of 400. Overall, we have an ordinary loss, ordinary loss of 600 for year X1. Now, in year X2, the taxpayer reported casualty or theft gain of 200. In addition, the taxpayer sold two assets at a gain of 2100 and a loss of 700. So we have 2200 gains from the casualty or theft and we have from the other asset 1400, 1400 again. So together the net is 1600. So for year X2, how do we treat the 1600? Well, at face value, this will be long term, long term capital gain. However, since we took a 600 ordinary loss in the prior year, what's going to happen is 600, 600 of it will be ordinary income, 1000 of it will be long term capital gain. So this is the, we recharacterize 600 of it. So for the year X1, the taxpayer would report a loss of 600. The section 1231 loss is treated as ordinary loss. For year X2, a net gain of 1600 resulted, however, 600 of it is recharacterized as ordinary income and remaining is treated as long term capital gain. Let's take a look at another example. For the year, for the tax years, 20X1 to 20X4, I reported the following section 1231 results. Loss of 20,000 in X1, loss of 18,000 in X2, a gain of 10,000 in X3, a gain of 36,000 in X4. Determine the nature of net section 1231 gains for the years 20X3 and 20X4. Well, they're asking us for 20X3 and 20X4. When we look at 20X3 and we see that we have a $10,000 gain, potentially section 1231, but if we look, we look back, we see that that 10,000 will have to be recharacterized as ordinary income. Now, from this 18,000 or left width is 8,000 of net section 1231 in the loss period look back. In year 20X4, we have 36,000. Again, we have to do the same thing look back period. So of this 36,000, potentially long term capital gain, 8,000 of it will be recharacterized from year X2 and 20,000 of it will also be recharacterized from 20X1. As a result, if we take 28,000, 36 minus 8 minus 20, which is minus 28, we should have, if my math is right, 12,000. So 12,000 would be long term capital gain and the remaining will be treated as ordinary income. So in this question, Maggie has a total loss of 38,000 from the prior years. Therefore, the entire gain of 10,000 is ordinary income. In addition, 28,000 of the gain reported in 20X4 is treated as ordinary income while the remaining remaining, I guess the remaining is 8,000. The remaining 8,000 is treated as long term capital gain. So this is basically in a nutshell, the section 1231, whether you section 1231 asset, whether you are a CPA candidate studying for the CPA exam or an enrolled agent or an accounting student, it's very important that you understand this topic inside out. It's tested, you need to know it. Good luck, study hard. I'm always here to help you and stay safe.


Let me welcome Weenus Torvalds, the creator of Linux, and get welcome, welcome, welcome. Have a seat. Welcome old timer. Well, I mean, this day has started off well. First, you said that we have an insane speaker lineup, and I was like, who is he thinking about? Oh yeah, you know who I was thinking about. And now I'm yesterday's next. Well, you know what's old is new again. And, you know, we won't talk about it. I know you and I are very, very, as you know, very close in age. But I want to start by, you know, you've been doing this for what, 26 years now? 26 years. We're releasing the Linux kernel every three months or so now out of your house in Portland. Yes.  I'm working on that. There you go. Businessweek described you as the Henry Ford of the Information Age. You're in the Internet Hall of Fame. You won the Millennium Technology Prize, which is essentially the Nobel Prize of Computer Science. Have you ever thought about the fact that even though you're maybe yesterday's news, you're an important person in the world? I don't really, because to be honest, well, I do and I don't. So the part that I really am happy about is the fact that I know I do something meaningful. And I think everybody wants to do that, right? Everybody wants to feel like what they do matters. You don't want to just have a job. You want to do something that has an impact, right? Regardless of what you're into, whether you're into technology or anything else. And that's part of what really makes me happy to still do not quite the same thing, but still work on the same project 26 years later is that I feel like it's meaningful. At the same time, I literally work from my home office in my bathrobe.  I've long since gotten over the fact that, okay, the UPS guy comes and brings me a package from Amazon at 3 p.m. and I'm still in my bathrobe. Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. I'm just saying, I don't believe that. I thought we had a shower before noon policy at the Linux Foundation. That's why I don't go to the office anymore. Well, you wrote an entire book on this concept of having impact but then working for fun, right? You said over and over again that's the reason you got into Linux. That's why you continue to work on Linux. But you heard Christine saying, we need to pay developers. I agree with her to get them in. 90% or more, I think, of the people who work on Linux are all professional developers. Full time on that. Does that make it less fun, more fun? Is this sort of professionalization of open source good, bad? What do you think of that? I don't know if anybody actually read the book. But the premise of the book was that you kind of move on to fun. That you have to start with the survival. And if you don't have survival, you're not going to care about having fun, right? That's kind of the basis. And you're moving on to the point where once you've guaranteed survival, once you've guaranteed that you have this social connection to the world around you, you want to get to the point where the most motivating thing in your life is fun. I mean, it's different fun for different people. For me, it's the fun of a technical challenge, right? That to me is fun. It's not fun for everybody. Hopefully it is fun for most people in this audience, right? And one of the things I'm a big believer on is in order to have fun, you really don't want to worry about the whole daily survival thing. And admittedly, that was easier, I think, in Finland where I grew up, where education is free. So me taking basically eight years to get a master's degree and doing Linux for fun on the side was a lot easier than it would be here in the US, right? But to get to your actual question, the whole fact that you are employable in technology today is what allows you to then do fun projects because you know you can find a job which is not necessarily true in many other areas. And that allows you to do experimentation and work on projects that you might not otherwise be free to work on. And I think it's very important to have companies involved in open source. And it's actually one of the things I've been happiest about in the whole Linux community was how to some degree Linux came out of the free software movement and there was a lot of anti-commercial, and there still to some degree is, people who kind of do it because they hate companies. And I always felt that, no, that's not how you're supposed to work. I think you're supposed to do it because you enjoy your work, but you should not hate those companies that can actually help make your project better, can bring you all those users because users to any project are what really matter. Admittedly you can get users otherwise too. But at the end of the day, a lot of the people you want to reach need to have support, need to have all those nice finishing touches, the Q&A, the documentation, the things that a lot of technical people, certainly me, may not be that interested in. So I think we've succeeded in the kernel community in particular very well with this realization that it's not about the small guy against the companies.  Yeah, I mean it creates this positive feedback loop, right? You have to acknowledge both. I think the interesting thing is the combination of the intrinsic motivation, I think Harvard, Karim Lakhani at Harvard did a great study on this where peer review, the mastering of your craft, the joy of solving big technical problems combined by the ability for companies to, to your point, allow people to survive by paying them, creates this massive feedback loop that Linux certainly benefits from. I want to say on that point, so I often describe myself as the janitor of, I want you to judge me, right? That's how I describe you too. I shower before noon, okay? But, you know, one of our jobs is to be the supporting cast to help open up markets, you know, the auto sector, we talked about this last night at dinner. You know, today we're seeing Linux and production vehicles, we took seven years to work with automotive OEMs, they're tier one suppliers, they're then subsequent downstream suppliers to teach them how to participate in open source, to understand the licensing regimes, to allow their employees to jump in and participate. My question to you is, you know, we're doing all that stuff in the background. How does it impact, have you seen an impact? Is this, you know, really hitting the kernel community? Do you see better participation, better support for different hardware architectures? So one of the things I notice is we're having a lot easier time working with people who work at companies that are not necessarily part of the community. It used to be a huge problem with a lot of tech companies where we had educated technical people who really wanted to collaborate with us, but their companies would not allow them to work on open source projects. And when they did allow them, it was all quite often, not always, but most of the time it was do not use the company email address. Because companies used to not, they were worried about their employees being associated with a project that was not their project. And I think, it's not just Linux Foundation, but this whole, the last couple of decades, teaching companies that you can actually be participating in the process and teaching legal people inside companies who are basically taught from high school that their job is to cover the company's ass. Teaching those legal people that it's actually okay to have developers be involved in the process and actually put the company name there so that outside developers see that, hey, that company is actually doing something good, is a good thing. I think that's been one of the things that have changed. Let's say I do want to, I mean my reaction when you said it took us seven years to work with these auto manufacturers, that's actually a very common thing I've seen all over. Is that people think that Linux development is fast. And I mean we saw the numbers. Linux development at some level is very fast, but at the same time I notice it's over and over again that we take forever to do one particular thing, can take years and years of effort and a lot of people come into the project and they think, hey, they've heard all the hell, it happens yesterday. And I want to point out there's a lot of things on the technical side too where it took us seven years to get things working. So quite often you only see the end result when it's done and then it looks like, oh wow, yesterday it didn't work, now it works, these guys are good. But that kind of ignores the seven years before that it took to get something to that point where it's being used. Yeah. Let's talk about security a little bit. I talked about this Equifax hack and how it was a CVE in struts, but it's not the only one. We saw Heartbleed. We've seen in projects out there these CVEs can cause real havoc. And in terms of you're aware of the core infrastructure initiative and the work we're doing there, what are your thoughts on how we can improve if open source is the wellspring from which downstream all these products and services and so forth are made and then the salmon swim back upstream to re-deposit code. I'm losing the metaphor here, but you know what I'm talking about? How do we improve that wellspring from a security perspective? What are your thoughts? I'm one of those people who will tell everybody that the concept of absolute security does not exist. And even if we do a perfect job, which we try, but let's be honest, we'll always have bugs where we overlook some detail and a smart person comes in and say, hey, that's a bug that I can actually take advantage of. Even if we were to do a perfect job, there are all these projects that use the kernel and then even if they do a perfect job, somebody will deploy the end result wrongly and it's not secured despite all the work we did. So there is no such thing as perfect security or absolute security, but at the same time, I think people have gone so aware of the issue and most of the projects I'm aware of do... I'll talk about the kernel because that's what I obviously care about the most. We not only have all the infrastructure in place to do various checking, both statically and at runtime, but what I'm happiest about is I see all these tools to fuss inputs. It turns out random attacks is very powerful for finding various bugs and some of those bugs are security. When you have that infrastructure and I'm seeing a lot of projects use that infrastructure, it's getting to the point where you may not reach absolute security, but people who deploy the default models today are so much better off and they have so many layers of security that we're making obvious improvements and will we ever get to a perfect world? No. But I'm not actually worried. As a technical person, I'm always very impressed by some of the people who are attacking our code and sometimes I get the feeling that these smart people are doing really bad things, but I wish they were on our side because they are so smart and they could help us and that's where I actually want us to go, where we try to get as many of those smart people before they turn to the dark side and improve security that way by having a culture and having a lot of developers who care about security and encouraging the people who are interested in security to come to us instead of attacking us. In other words, get the POD1 learners early so that before they turn to the dark side... This is getting to be a bit too LA. The Linux Foundation is actually in the Lucas building, so we love Star Wars metaphors. Speaking of young people, one of the things that comes up all the time is how do we get the next generation of developers, I mean you heard Christine as well, into projects and I do see young developers in a lot of projects. Node.js is a great example, but the kernel, excuse a little bit older with all due respect, what's your perception in terms of how young people are coming in to the kernel? I actually think we're very good at that. We see a lot of the top level developers have been around for a long time and that does mean we're getting older, we're getting fatter, but we have a ton of new people. The kernel is kind of still an odd... Let me start over. In order to get into the kernel, you have to be interested in the kind of low level coding that a lot of people just aren't interested in. I don't think the kernel will ever be something that you would want to teach in a high school class just because it is still esoteric enough, device drivers actually knowing how a CPU works. It's fairly esoteric and you need a special kind of dedication to really even bother to care. At the same time, because it's so esoteric, the number of people who care may be a small percentage, but thanks to the internet we can capture that. Because being open source means that people can play with Linux in the way they can't play with proprietary projects, we get I think a large percentage of the people who are interested in these kinds of low level problems. We have thousands of people, I mean new people, every single release. A lot of people will only do something small and maybe they notice that it was a bit too involved or maybe they only had one small thing they needed to fix. From a health perspective, the kernel has more developers than just about any other open source project out there. So I'm not worried about that. I've seen other projects that flounder to get new people and flounder to get the kind of mind share that people are aware of them to come into it, and the kernel is not in that situation. Certainly we need to help those ones if they're important to society. Speaking of young folks getting involved in Linux, I want to kind of close here by talking about a letter we received back in 2014. So a few years ago, almost four years ago now, from a sixth grader in Pennsylvania, Zachary Dupont. I don't know if you remember this. So as part of a class project, his class was asked to write a letter to their hero. And if you'll humor me, I would love to roll a quick video here showing Zach back in 2014. We had a family PC since about 2010. And in 2012, I heard of Linux, and I started experimenting with it a lot. I think my first distro was a Boon 2 12.04 that I tried out in VirtualBox. I don't know too much programming. I don't even know much programming, but I would still love to learn programming and even get a job. Maybe someday I could probably become a sysadmin in Linux. I could help people use Linux. It was a school project. Of course, I decided to send a letter to Linus Torvalds. He was my hero, and I was actually doubting I would actually be able to find out who I could send it to. Then I remembered how much I loved Linux and how much I wanted to meet Linus Torvalds. So I decided to send him a letter. All my other friends sent letters to more Hollywood or internet celebrities. But I doubt they actually got flown to a good place like this to meet them. Meeting Linus Torvalds was a great experience. Once the whole panel thing was done, he went out of the stage and went to my row. We shook hands and he signed my Linux Bible. He gave me a copy of his Just for Fun book with a signature, of course. I loved meeting Linus Torvalds. It was a great experience overall. I got to have so much goodies or swag. It made me think of all these things like my future is going to be great. And you know, I loved it. What a great story. So we just so happened to have Zach here with us today. We thought we'd revisit him a few years later. Zach, come on up on stage. Come on over, have a seat. Alright, where should I sit? Good to see you again. It's great to see you guys. It's also great to see you, Linus. Have a seat. Now, as you guys have probably noticed, my voice has definitely gotten lower. Since I was 12. But I'm really excited to be here. It's been such a great opportunity. And I've always wanted to see the West Coast, especially Los Angeles, the city of angels. I think that's what it was. That's right. That's right. So you are a high school sophomore this year. Yes, I am a high school sophomore. And you were accepted early into the computer networking and digital forensics program at the Delaware County Technical School. I've been doing some research on you. We've been monitoring you. Tell us how you decided to apply for that program. Well, I think what really motivated me to apply for that program is, I think one of my teachers gave me a little booklet.  And one of them popped up. There was another one that was like Apple systems and design. But that was more for like artistry. Creating flash animations and stuff like that. There was one that really stood out to me though. And that one was the computer networking and digital forensics. And really, and I've been in that class for quite a few days now. It's really good because you get to work hands on with computer hardware and software. And there's basically so much stuff to work with. And so far, I think it's one of the best classes I've ever taken. And I think it really makes high school a lot more fun. You know, a lot more than just your history and your math and your English. You know, it's definitely been such an enhancing experience in my education. And you had an internship with SAP this summer. And I want to ask you two questions. One, what advice do you have to lean its tour balls? What advice? Well... And the two, what do you want to do when you graduate? Let's start with number one. Any advice for lean its tour balls?  And I think in the 2010s, the popularity of Linux and open source is skyrocketing. And it skyrockets faster and faster each year. So no matter how popular it gets, just embrace it. Because the future is going to be centered a lot around technology. Just like back in whenever they first made the TV and the radio, that people just started getting obsessed with watching and listening to broadcasts. And I think this is sort of a new wave, except it's going to be even bigger. Because technology doesn't just impact entertainment. It impacts pretty much everything in our daily lives. And I just think that it's so amazing to be a part of this revolution. We are happy to have you. What do you want to do when you graduate? Have you given any thought to that? Well, I've given a lot of thought to that actually. And I want to make sure I go to a good, great college. And in that video from a few years ago, I said I wanted to be sort of a sysadmin or maybe even program. And I'm still kind of sticking to the sysadmin, wanting to be a sysadmin. And basically because I mean, I think I do pretty good as a developer given the proper education. But I mean, programming's nice. I actually do play around a lot in HTML despite the fact that I use WordPress on my website. But the fact is that sysadmin, you really get to work hands-on with technology in a business. And I don't know if it's going to be a large or small business in the future. But despite that, technology is really my passion. And a sysadmin job would really give me such a, it would give me a great platform to work my magic, you know? Any advice for him? You got any? Go back and forth. I'm really happy that people want to be sysadmins because they make my life so much easier. I agree. Exactly. It's my thought exactly. All right. Well, Zach, I want to thank you so much for coming down here. You are an honored member of our community. Linus, thanks for coming up. Everyone give these two a round of applause. Thank you. And you know, it really is important to empower this next generation. For those of you who don't know this, we have free childcare at all of our events. Bring your kids. Many of you have met my daughter many, many times. We also, this Sunday, let's show a photo. We had coding workshops. We had over 40 kids get together and learn how to code. And you know, this is your event. This is your community. Get involved. You can come. You can meet these kids. You can meet folks like Zach. You can share your knowledge. You're some of the best developers in the world. Let's start teaching this next generation. So thanks to both of you. Thank you.


My name is Jimmy, his name is Jake, and this is the Weekly Dumb Jake. How was your West Coast trip? Jimmy, we went to Arizona, the whole company's there, we're having a good time. A lot of drinks, a lot of other stuff. And then I cooled down by going to Vegas for a friend's bachelor party. So Poppy Gordo is feeling good. How are you doing? Where did you just scratch? I had like a cyst pimple over here.  It's been about a month. I scratched that. It's unpoppable. Oh, stay tuned. I don't think it's a pimple. Stay tuned for the end of this. I've grown a rock in my face. Spring training was fun. Check out all the content. And baseball vet. Blitzball game of the century last night. Make sure you go check that out on the warehouse games. It's the good stuff. Jake and I versus Trev and Vinny Rotino. It's the tops. Speaking of real sports, what did you just say about baseball? Jimmy, real sports. We have real sports today. There's a March Madness. We got there. We're kind of baseball people. Jim, everybody's signing the baseball chaos. We talked about look out for your shoulders. Trevor Story. Correa. Kenley Jansen. None to the Yankees. None to the Yankees. Not a none to the Yankees. Sister Nadine was my favorite none ever. Okay. I miss her. Yeah. I mean, good for the Red Sox and Story and the twins and Correa. Bad for the twins. Did Correa for one year you don't win? He opts out. He's gone. What are you doing? Tough. Sorry to all our twins and Trevor. Just a jealous Yankees fan. No. Not jealous. What do you think we're jealous? I think we're jealous for all the talented players going to the other teams. Enough with the sports. Good for baseball. Jimmy, here's an almost a breakdown. This is one of your personal videos. Yeah. This is actually a video of my nephew. Yeah. In. You guys were in Costa Rica. Costa Rica. He's ziplining my nephew. Ziplining and runs into a sloth. No. Almost a breakdown. I got bad news, Jake. We're being lied to here. The video's cool. He's on a zipline. Zipline's cool. I fell off one that I hung up myself when I was 14 in the woods in Connecticut. So I've kind of been scared of them. But this is a professional one. So they say. This was a little risky for us coming in. There was a chance we were not going to like this video. All of a sudden he runs into a sloth. I don't like this video. They're hiding what happened. The video cuts. They don't show how the sloth gets off the zipline. And I suspect big time. You don't post this video. You think. Intentionally cut out the moments. You think we had a sloth toss. I just don't know. I just don't think you can cut it out. So that's my. I'm breaking down this video. Kid runs into the sloth. Dialogue's pretty good. He says it's a sloth. Yeah. Torguide says yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Sure is good. I just clocked it straight in the face. I just clocked it straight in the face. I really like the owners. It was Flavio Ramo's shout out ad for a go.adventure park. So seven people went on that cable. There was no sloth on it. And within 30 seconds a sloth got on the cable. Which makes me think he's running them too close together. 30 seconds didn't seem like a big enough interval. And how'd the sloth get off the zipline. You have to show it in the video. Jim it says neither the child nor the sloth was hurt. I think they're saying like we didn't hurt the sloth but it fell to its death or something like that. All right Pete Mr. Sloth. So what's going on with March Madness? Jim the sweet 16 Gonzaga, Arkansas, Texas, Duke, North Carolina, UCLA, Purdue, St. Peter's, Arizona, Houston, Michigan, Villanova, Kansas, Providence, Iowa State, Miami. I was going to bet on St. Peter's to cover this morning but I forgot. It's like 12 and a half. Like they're going to cover that. They're going to cover that. It's March Madness. St. Peter's is the story of the tournament. Kind of cool. We drive by there regularly. Yes, yes, yes. Did you hear the coach? Yes, yes, yes. Yes, yes, yes. Did you hear the coach was like oh you Jersey strong. Like everyone, a big Jersey guy. And he was like I'm from New York but uh cool. His press conferences have been electric. The last time a new Jersey team went to the sweet 16. His school? Seaton Hall? Seaton Hall. He uh his press conferences. The first game they won they were like you know coach you seem pretty cool throughout it all. And he goes yeah it's basketball.  Go St. Peter should we go there? Throw eggs at the building? No. Have them throw eggs at us? Yes. Yes, yes, yes, yes. Egg dodge. I do that. I get it with an egg once. Didn't like it. Don't. I keep doing that. I did that twice now. It made me laugh both times. March is mad. So is uh Jake's pubes right now which is why he's going to trim them up.  Yeah. Yep. My pubes don't need to trim. See? Manscaped lawnmower 4.0. Speaking of somewhere you shouldn't shave your pubes. It looks like we're going to school. An assistant principal fired after reading a children's book to class. Yeah so as I know this story the assistant principal kind of got sprung a zoom meeting with kids upon him. They're like hey can you watch these kids over zoom real quick. Just hanging out with them. They're second grade students. Which is tough.  Remember our principal in high school? Super red face. Yes. Like as red as the face can get. Like I have a red skin tone to my face. Yeah.  Which is a good principal look if we're being honest. The book was titled I need a new butt. And the cover of it looks like a children's book. Yeah. Pause. I'm not finding a PDF of this book. Why does the kid need a new butt? I kind of like need to read this book. The assistant principal I grabbed one of my favorite books that I had nearby. I read it to them. It's a funny silly book. This is a kid's YouTube where she reads the book. So why is he getting fired? It's a kid's book. I need a new butt. Ah. Why does the kid need a new butt? It looks like this is a Dr. Sue's ripoff but instead of green eggs and hams it's I need a new butt. So he's like a green butt, a blue butt. I don't know why he needs a new butt. Dog for sale. I need a new body. Selling his dog. All right. I mean the kid's selling his dog for five bucks to buy himself a new butt. I'm kind of. Don't show me that. Maybe he should be fired.  Sorry assistant principal. You're fired. I stand with Mississippi. He stands with Mississippi. Mesh shipper. One more time. Mesh shipper. All right. One more time. Mesh shipper. I had an employee of the week song but I totally forgotten it. It's the employee of the week. That's a cool instrument. It's the employee of the week. That's one of the original instruments. It's the employee of the week. That's great. Mine's a little dainty with this hand. Yeah. Jim this seemed like a layup. We haven't discussed this yet but Trader Joe's. Trader Joe's is the employee of the week and it's not even debatable. For those that are not in the know. Joe's McFly got four guys traded. Messed up. Took pictures with four players and they all got traded. He's one of the most powerful men in baseball. It's like Manfred Borus won A1B and then Trader Joe's. Good job Joe's. Good job by Trader Joe's. Getting people traded. And he's got a lot of people like you know they didn't get traded in the off season but they're still able to get traded once this season and trade deadline comes. Like J-Ram watch out. Sessa watch out. And Trader Joe's called the Blitzball game last night. That was the weekly time. Today's episode was brought to you by ManScaped. It is time to take care of your downstairs.  Save big by going to manscaped.com and for 20% off and free shipping use the code dumb20. That's code dumb20 at manscaped.com. It's time to get wet and clean with your new manscaped shower routine. Where are you at with sloths? I don't because they're not a full row. It's like bacon for me. It's like when bacon jumped the shark and was like bacon and everything. That's how sloths are like Kristen Bell. Now Kristen Bell was big in the sloth she cried. You know what my wife loves sloths so maybe that's why. Like we have a sloth pillow. We have a sloth stuffed animal. Oh so you're kind of in the sloth game. Well no my house is. It's like they're gross. Disgusting and they do nothing.


Good afternoon everybody, I'm Tommy O'Brien, coming to you live from TFNN, 2 p.m. Eastern Time on Friday. Two hours left to go in the trading week and we got markets in positive territory, highs of the day right now, S&Ps up 33 points at 2813, you get the Dow up 200 points, 23,533, NASDAQ up 120, trading at 87.19. We'll start things off, we're gonna start it off and jump over to the VIX, that pulling back a bit, quite a cascade, 3689 in that volatility index, lows for the week. Jumping over to the charts, we'll start things off with the Dow, not quite back up to where we were at 9.30 a.m. this morning, but right next to that level, 23,528, we were as low as about 23,304 at 11 a.m. There's your NASDAQ 100 making new highs for the day, 87.17 right now, looking at the June contract, June S&Ps also at session highs as well, 2811, we were as high right at 8.45 as 2810, so just above that price level. There's your crude oil chart bouncing around between about $16 and $18 for the last couple of days, a little bit of stability in that crude market, trading at 17.21. Gold contract pulling back a bit, but since about just prior to noon from 17.27, we're up about $13 in the price of gold and the Euro-US dollar trading just under 108 at 107.93. In terms of other stories out there going on, Verizon out with their earnings, $1.26 a share above analysts' estimates of $1.22 revenue for the wireless carrier falling 1.6% to a staggering, check out that number, $31.6 billion from a year ago, and AT&T, their CEO to step down, COO. He's gonna take over and to check out those two shares this morning with action on both of them. There's your Verizon chart off about 8.10% on their earnings numbers and AT&T, pretty muted response for their CEO stepping away when he had originally as recent as February said that he was gonna stay on through at least this year, but man, a lot has changed over the last two months from February through April. Checking in on some of the other fang stocks, Amazon shares up about a 10% so far. We like to include Microsoft in that bunch, up almost a full percent.  Stay tuned folks. Dave White, he's back with the Power Trading Hour live from two till three, Tom O'Brien live from three till four, two hours left to go, markets, S&Ps up about 1%. Stay tuned folks. Dave White coming up right now.


Okay, hello everybody. Thank you for coming. We've gathered three of us who have experienced with high resolution display walls. These have been sort of a new thing in libraries over the last three or four years. And so we thought we'd get some of the early adopters out to talk about what they've seen with these facilities. So I'll hand it off to, we're all gonna start off and start talking about our facilities, and then we'll go into sort of a deeper presentation from each of us. So I'm Josh Boyer, I'm the head of user experience at NCA North Carolina State University Libraries. I'm gonna tell you about one of our facilities at NC State. So this is the Hunt Library. This is one of our, now one of our two main libraries. And inside the Hunt Library is the Teaching and Visualization Lab. And it looks like this. So the lab, along with the library, opened in 2013. So we're coming up on third birthday. What's in the lab is 10 projectors that project a Windows server around the room. So three sides of the room, 270 degrees. It's 94 feet wide, seven feet tall, 16,000 pixels across. So it's very, somebody compared it to the view from a welder's helmet. So it's very, very interesting aspect ratio. So you can connect laptops to the screen as well as using the Windows server. And the controls, usually it's a wireless keyboard. There's also an AMX touch panel that drives some of the room. Our staff, our building services staff, set up chairs and tables for each use of the room in different configurations. Here's a typical, here's the lab in action and a typical use case. And the way the access policy for the lab is faculty and grad students can request reservations. So now I'm gonna turn it over to Patrick. And so this is my space here. I'm Patrick Ratchett, I'm from Brown University and this is the three-year-old digital scholarship lab. And basically these are sort of the main elements of the room that I sort of like essentialized out. Got furniture, you've got the display wall, seven by 16, basically 12, 1920 by 1080 monitors, LCD monitors on the wall acting together. Video switcher, two PCs on portable carts and a video conferencing unit. I'm gonna focus on basically the left three. Elements, the flexible furniture, super important. It's the best technology of the room, it's the flexible furniture on wheels. There's the display wall and you've got around the room 14 different inputs, you can plug in HDMI or VGA and then those get routed through to a video switcher and the point of the video switcher is to take those inputs and then put them onto different regions of the wall. And that's in a nutshell the essence of the technology. And there's a shot of the wall in action. Okay, I'm John Brose, I'm the research data visualization coordinator at the University of Calgary and this is our visualization studio. We opened up in July, 2012. We started getting researchers in there. And we have 35 million pixels, ours is run by 15 projectors. We have a variety of inputs, 10 video inputs. The primary way that the wall is used is through the motion keyboard. We don't have touch unfortunately, but we do have a touch table with surround sound and we have sort of a smaller room, just 20 feet by 20 feet. The room is soundproof. Similarly, we also just limit bookings to grad students, staff and faculty. And they get in with the university ID card so that makes it easier for them to come and go as they need. They book this using my email and we're already set up around sort of a low barrier to use. So it runs windows, it runs like your normal desktop just for the really big screen. So that means researchers can come in, show them how to turn on and off and within sort of 10 minutes they're up and going. The other data plugged in and away they go. So this came to be as part of our new digital library. We really wanted the space to support researchers using sort of cutting edge research abilities. And at the same time as we were building the library, they were working on a campus research plan. Part of that plan was seven research platforms. And so when we were thinking about these high resolution display walls that really played well into supporting synthesis visualization as well as analytics and simulation. So it really played into the university's platforms and sort of gave us a nice way to support researchers. We kind of saw four primary uses. We figured people would come in and do analysis on their data. They'd present to groups, they'd host events there as well as do some sort of small group teaching and education. And so we've seen fairly good usage of the weekdays. It was turned off about 50% of weekdays. Someone was in the studio and now we're up a little bit north of 60% of weekdays. So we're getting fairly decent usage. But kind of over the first couple of years, like our main idea was that people would come in and do analysis and it was gonna be a lot of national science and big data stuff. But we noticed really quite quickly that we're actually getting a lot of humanists in looking at paintings, looking at manuscripts, a lot of pictures. And so we were kind of interested in, what was the draw and what were we thinking something different, what was going on. So we did a study, we've just published that, looking at how researchers are using it and why they're using it. And so for the study, what it was, it was a qualitative study. We brought in 14 different researchers. Over half of them are profs, rest of them are grad students. They're from multiple disciplines. They're from humanities, engineering, art, science. So all over campus. And we had to bring in their own data. Some of them had already been in the studio and so they didn't spend too long looking at it because they'd been there before. Some of them were brand new and so they brought in their data and looked at it in there for the first time. And we let them sort of explore for 30 minutes to an hour depending on how much they were finding when they sort of got tired of it. And sort of our big thing that really excited us is there was lots of discovery and insight just from looking at their data on the wall.  There was different marks found with manuscripts. There was an artist who had these 360 panoramas and he was finding little artifacts in there that he hadn't noticed when he was fixing the images the first time. And so he was headed back to his office to go and fix those up as soon as he was done with us. And this urban platter with the building, there's a sort of nice quote there that just having that building out of a sense of scale, let them actually see that a lot of his predictions were stuck in shadows. And so he was rethinking the design of this building because we actually saw it and realized that he hadn't achieved his objectives. And so that discovery was great. Now, and a lot of these were actually people who were in there for the first time. So they were finding these new things that were helping them in the work. Out of the interviews, we kind of found four different themes for the benefits of this high resolution displays. One is just an immersion. So there was a couple of different facets to the immersion, just the space of having that big a screen to spread your material out on was quite helpful. The fact that we had this isolated room that was kind of dark that could spend a lot of time in was great because then they could actually no dig into that research. And then what we call double immersion is just being able to get their heads into the data and feeling like they're living in that data. So they're really sort of internalizing it, making it part of their mental model. For observation strategies, these are just sort of the ways that people were using it to see new things. They were finding common sources, putting up things, looking for commonalities. They were examining traces. So like looking at high resolution, looking at the fine details and picking out things like a scribes handwriting style on a manuscript. So things like that. Comparing details, just being able to lay out multiple copies and compare and contrast what's different. And also being able to take different data types, spread them out and look at them all at the same time. So having that map, having their image, your text file, all that good stuff and being able to work with it all in one place. Lots of certain benefits to collaboration. You actually have the resolution and the space to take a group of people and not do that with no laptop hunch where four people are huddling in front of one laptop. So they could share things with the groups. They could see enough detail that everyone could be looking at something different. And then also bring in experts and be able to verify things. We got this really great quote. You take a data set, have multiple people looking at it and then go through all the records and really do that double check on their data. And it sort of bypasses that offline where you're sending tens, if not hundreds of emails back and forth to figure out what's going on. You can get all these people in the same room looking at the data set in detail.  To take a group of students who aren't used to your data set and look at patterns and data they're not used to and get that sort of overview of what's going on. And also for those big work processes where you have many different stages, you can have all the stages on the screen at the same time and talk about them. And so kind of our nice quote for that was, there's a prof, he's been working with this data for decades, he's used to zooming in and out, he knows what it looks like, he can get it all into his head but his students aren't there yet. And yeah, they can't take the time to learn but this space sort of leapfrogs them ahead. So they're not, so that education just happens so much quicker. Ah, so out of the study has a couple takeaways. One is that, you know, while size is great, you need the resolution too, otherwise you can't get the most people working on different things. You know, we really ate a discovery and it's improving people's processes for doing their work. And also we have an observational tool here. It's like a microscope or a magnified glass. It's a different way to do observations with digital materials. And so that was really helpful. A couple takeaways, you know, this is working. We have researchers who are actively interested in using the space. You know, we're getting a good amount of usage. Going forward, sort of two areas where we'd like to sort of step things up for next phases would be in, you know, getting better collaboration. You know, right now we have that mouse and keyboard. So that single point of input would be great to go to touch or gesture some other modality for input. And then education. You know, we're in this 20 by 20 room that pretty much eliminates all our undergraduate classes. And so it's really a few smaller classes and graduate classes that can make use of the space that way. One last thing I want to sort of advertise is that we're doing a survey of these visualization spaces. And so expect to see that out through ALA lists coming up in the next couple months. So. So this is my instance of the large scale display. One thing to note about these displays is that they are, don't come through on these slides, is that they are beautiful. You come here and aesthetically they're just, they're fabulous looking. They are different when you're with them. They feel different intuitively. But one thing I just want to mention, put out there right away, and John alluded to this, is that a display wall is not just a display wall, there is a context to it. And that context determines in some ways what technology we're dealing with here. Yes, it's a large display wall, but the context sets a lot of the sort of the, the role of what this technology is. So for instance, yes, it's a display wall, but any technology is interaction between people and the technology, right? That's really what the technology is about. And in this case, with something that's as large as a display wall, the physical location of people relative to the display wall is very important. How it's, how it is related to your perspective. And that is largely determined in many ways by what space it exists in, right? So John mentioned that the space that they're in has a certain, has certain implications for what you can and cannot do. My space, we also have a room around our space. Not many display walls don't have a room around them. And again, that frames it in a very particular way. So this is an eight by 12 meter room. And then there is of course furniture in the space. And that has a big impact on how people use and regard a display wall. So something to keep in mind as you're planning these display wall technologies, all of these things are part of the technology. So for instance, this is immediately adjacent to my space, the DSL. It's an old school 90s cutting edge presentation space, fixed furniture. You can see that the way that people are forced to sit makes a certain social space around the large scale display. And also just like this, I don't know why I include this slide because I have one right here.  So there's an implication there, built into the technology about how you're going to interact with the display, okay? So again, we're back to the DSL, you can see I pulled out a bit here, you can get a sense of the space. It's a big space, it's not huge, but it is enclosed and can house a class. You know, you can pack 50 people in, I think Fire Code says 50 max, okay? But you know, a class of 20, 25, even 30 is fairly comfortable there at table. So again, that frames a certain kind of activity around it. It also has a window that was, and it's placed fairly centrally within the library, first floor of the library. It has a window, again, it shapes the way that you regard the technology to know that it's part, there's a continuity with the outside main part of the library, okay? So that's sort of my spiel about context. So even though it is this flexible space with flexible furniture, you can still do traditional presentations in it. In fact, a lot of it is done this way. So in this case, the DSL is not being used in a particularly innovative way, but there is the option for doing, we saw the slide before, a different kind of activity. You can see the furniture has been moved to create a different social space. We'll talk about what's on the screen later. And the wall does not have to occupy front and center, right? You can see that in fact the center of this, the attention of activity in this is on the table.  That's the center of what they're dealing with in these small breakouts. The wall is taking a secondary role for some contextual, conceptual materials. But you know, let's face it, it is the elephant in the room. And more often than not, this is the kind of thing that goes on. And I just noticed things again. It's at eye level, right? NCSU has some gorgeous displays that are way up high. Very different kind of interaction. Very different functional purpose of having a display wall when it's up high in a public space as opposed to eye level within a classroom context. So and you can see this would not work with a projected screen, at least not a rear projected screen. You get shadows everywhere and you know, you just can't approach it physically the same way. So this really, this configuration encourages people to get up close in groups. Again, contrast to that, right? Very different sort of social space, very different functional use of a large scale display. So a display wall is not just a display wall, but also there are different modalities. Now I'm moving from the context to actually what you have on the screen. And I was really just building off of John's study and just sort of taking some of the ideas of like the different functional ways of using these display walls. So obviously you can have a display mode in which you display one big high resolution image. And that's an obvious use for things like presentations, workshops, here you have a workshop going on. I think that's a, you can't see it, but it's a database diagram. It's very good at that, but hardly sort of like fundamentally different. These kinds of sort of satellite images is a moon or lunar landscape, but GIS works really well because you can both get in, see details close, you can move in close, see the details, but you don't lose the context. You can step back and see the larger context of your data. So that is simulated on small screens with pinching and zooming, right? But here you pinch and zoom by physically approaching and stepping back. And so it's good for that. So if you have something you wanna look at close, like a map is a good example, but not lose the sort of the larger context. These display walls are very effective for that. This is a manuscript, again, for this is a class that was run in which they were translating of Latin American manuscripts and the ability to blow it up and see difficult texts. It's important. This is kind of an interesting example. It's a single image. It's from the old, I think it's been taken out of commission, but the old Google Docs draw program, the class is all working together on this document in the middle individually on their classes. So they're collaborating, but they have a single document up there. So even though it's a single document, you can still sometimes use that for collaborative purposes. I think we're moving into something that's perhaps a little bit more interesting in terms of unusual uses or unique uses to a display wall, the ability to show many, many artifacts that are perhaps smaller, but you can show hundreds at a time without losing the detail to make them sort of, you can still get enough detail to have it useful data, but step back and still get hundreds on the wall at the same time. This has very useful purposes for research. This is an example of archeologists working, they bring back digital objects from the field and they get, how do they sort them? Hundreds, hundreds of these digital objects, but they have to be sorted and selected for publication or what have you. This display wall was great because they could work together and quickly scan many of these at a time, whereas on a much smaller screen, it would be much harder. This is an example with a document. Pages came into the library, they were out of order, they had to sort them. This was a great sort of like platform for doing that kind of work. And in both cases, it was great. Lightbox, you know, Adobe Creative Suite works out of the box great on display walls and really supports this kind of fairly fundamental scholarly workflow. So anyone who's interested in that, I highly recommend that, it would just work beautifully. So that was many similar artifacts displayed simultaneously, sort of small multiples. What if you have multiple distinct artifacts? There you get more of a dashboard effect. So this is a very, very simple but very powerful thing. You know, in the middle of class, they want to, Prof wants to show up a video in a PowerPoint or something like that or some sort of like detail and context or just the ability to throw multiple artifacts up on the screen at the same time. Very useful in a presentation context. You see that, this is a lecture that's going on. You know, it seems almost trivial but on the other hand it's very powerful and it's a very simple use of it that finds a lot of use. It's much easier than positioning windows, you know, or something like that within a single desktop. This is in the context of a conference. You can bring in people by hangouts and then still have room for contextual materials. So, and you can also build up these sort of research dashboards. This is a work I did with an English professor. We were looking at, we started with actually catalog data which you can see in this, we're fine document right here, looking at the catalog data and then also investigating some of the holdings represented in the catalog data and sort of pulling them up in various views. And here's a visualization actually of subject headings that we were encountering here. And we, I put together this dashboard so that when we would meet for an hour or two, there would be this dashboard of information that we could view in relation to one another. So this, again, this accelerates or enhances sort of research processes just the way you're digging around in data. It can be very useful. And this really relies on the fact that it's a, both big and high resolution obviously. This would become mud if it were typical projectings to me. And we're starting to do some experiments. This is something I'm working with an Arrarium which is an archive of plant specimens, historical plant specimens. And you can see we're building up sort of a more of an exhibition dashboard but because it's big as well as high resolution, it allows you to do visualization using images from the archive which is housed in our digital archive but also pull in some link data from here. So there's space to bring in lots of contextual information. You're not just limited by a smaller space in which you perhaps would be able to see this. So this idea of bringing in dashboards of information has a lot of potential with display walls. And that's another shot of it. And then because the DSL, I think the DSL sort of one of its more unique aspects is this switcher that allows you to plug in different things and bring them all up at the same time. You know, this is fantastic in the teaching context and this has been, you know, small group work. If you're running a classic workshop, you can have the groups working individually but also have something, say, like an outline for the day, like here. Just being able to, the professor, to be able to watch what's going on in small groups but also students can do peer review and see what else is going on. Here's an example of half the class is watching what's going on and the other half of the class is working and their laptops are plugged in and is being put tripped in and put up on the wall. So I'm gonna, this is a very brief reference to the fact that some really interesting pedagogical practices have emerged in the DSL. I'm gonna zip through this because I'm already over time but interaction is important. We haven't done a ton of work around this but clearly, you know, doing keyboard and mouse with the display wall up there is awkward. It's not a natural interface for display walls. We need to develop better interfaces for this kind of stuff. And we're starting to experiment but I think, and lots of people are. So final reality check. I haven't talked about sort of like on the ground what it's like to run a lab with a display wall. That can come out in the questions if you like but just a quick note to say that there are easy things and there are hard things and I'm sort of giving you a greatest hits. Makes it sound like it's all success all the time but it's hard to get innovation happening. It involves people modifying their workflows, their practices, the way they think about things. So traditional uses come easier. It's a lot easier to get people to throw up as a PowerPoint than it is to rethink the way they teach a class. So innovation is harder. Innovation, having said that, innovation in teaching has, we've found, there's been a lot of innovation in teaching and it comes relatively easily compared to innovation in people's research and that's probably a subject for another kind of talk. And I think John alluded to this. The humanities have been much more forthcoming in terms of jumping on board with their visual artifacts than the sciences, the scientists have been hard to get in. And throughout all this, I think you need to have people there to really push this along and make interesting things happen. So at North Carolina State, this is some of our goals from a strategic plan and so we built a lot of visualization resources. I'm gonna, as I mentioned before, I'm gonna talk about the teaching and visualization lab at Hunt Library. It's actually one of eight of our visualization resources. So before we go to the teaching and visualization lab, let me just give you a quick tour of the other seven. Notice that the ones I've showed you so far, these are all rooms. These are all rooms where you close the door. This is not. So before we go into the lab, let me just tell you who has used the rooms. So not the public display walls, but the actual rooms. I know you can't read this, so I'm gonna read it for you. This is the college, this is by college. So this is engineering. This is humanities, social sciences, design, the business school, education, et cetera. One of the interesting things here about humanities and social sciences, lots of us here today have talked about those customers. What's kind of interesting for them to end up in second place is that Hunt Library is nowhere near them. Hunt Library is located right out, these engineers, most of them can walk out their building and walk to Hunt Library. These people are nowhere near and they're number two. Within engineering, the break down is computer science, electrical and computer engineering, mechanical and aerospace, et cetera. So these are our usual customers. So the reservations we take are from faculty and graduate students, so a little bit more on the faculty side as well as graduate students and then the few other people who've made really compelling cases that made us say yes. So I borrowed this slide from John who broke down the uses this way and that's been true for us as well. And as Patrick was saying, the teaching and events uses come easier whereas some of the analysis and research is just harder to get and requires a little bit more outreach on our part. So with that said though, I'm gonna show you two examples of their more kind of research and they highlight these themes that John mentioned already. So the first use I'm gonna show you, this is a really terrible 2D, really blurry video. So you're having the lamest experience anyone's ever had looking at this. This is the research of a PhD candidate in electrical and computer engineering. His name is Syed Hussein. So you're supposed to view this in the lab with 3D glasses. So that's another aspect of the lab is that it does have 3D capabilities which we're just starting to explore and mostly through this graduate student. So let me tell you what he told us about his research. He says, my research is related to stereoscopic rendering of natural phenomena such as rain and snow in computer graphics. Before using the lab I was generating stereo output using anaglyphs. The anaglyphs though an inexpensive means of viewing and stereo did not preserve color and suffered from image leakage from one eye into the other, also known as ghosting that caused viewers to get headaches. The lab solved my problems by switching to active shutter display. The 270 degree stereo display gives users an immersive feel which they were unable to observe before. The color fidelity is preserved and the images look bright and sharp. He is working in the lab regularly and this is something else he said. The second use case I wanna show this is Dr. Helena Matashieva. She's a professor in marine, earth and atmospheric sciences and she teaches a graduate course in multi-dimensional geospatial modeling. So she brings her graduate students to the lab and they view their data with grass GIS software at a scale they were unable to do before. And their projects range from their modeling erosion at a particular site and they're also looking at the impacts of mountain top removal coal mining in West Virginia. So it allowed the students to see details in their data that were not apparent on their desktop computers. One of the students said my data is one meter resolution so I can really appreciate this. So few lessons learned from three years of having visualization walls. So one is relates to complexity on both on the technical infrastructure side and the user interface. We aired on the side of complexity and that has been a barrier. And so this is a picture of a room that we built in DH Hill Library or other main library in 2014. So one year after Hunt Library. And this room is simpler. I don't mean to say that it's debt simple. Nothing we have approaches what John said about you walk in and 10 minutes later you're good to go. We don't have that. But this is simpler because we're learning some lessons about trying to keep it a little bit simpler. This slide, take my word for it. This is visualization on its finest. What I had to show you was a webpage that described a particular project. So a particular project that my colleague Mike Nut who's here in the room and seven other of our colleagues worked on. And so it was this picture of Mike and all these other people. And that was to highlight that the labor involved in making all this work is really not to be underestimated. That particular project having eight staff all work on one that's a little bit unusual but it is not to be underestimated. Another lesson that we've learned. Events that use our visualization walls have been really interesting and have taught us some events management lessons. So this is the I Pearl Immersion Theater. It's in a nook off the second floor of Hunt Library. And this is a professor using the wall to show photos of his research. And he's lecturing to a group of folks so far so good. And then when you zoom out, you realize that we like 90 people showed up for this. And so they're just standing in the middle of the main walkway of the library. And so we have had wonderful events and the visualization walls have inspired these really interesting uses that have been unpredictable, noisy and really wonderful as well. So that's our presentation and we welcome questions.