Going on everyone Sam here with late in sports car driven 23 tops Cosmic Chrome baseball hobby six box half case break number 31 pick your Team style read off the list of our names and our teams got Aaron K. Mariners Abhishek and with the Nationals Adam K. Diamondbacks Alexander s athletics Alan B Rangers Angela G. Rockies rays and Guardians Brian L with the Astros Brian K. Reds and twins Kerry S. Cardinals KOH blue J's Daniel C. Pirates Dustin M. Royals Jack T with the Phillies James D. White Sox Jason O. Red Sox Jeff M That's Jim B with the Tigers Jordan and Padres Kenny K. Cubs Mark S. Marlins Peter D. Angels Robert S. Brewers Taylor B with the Dodgers Tom C. Orioles Braves Yankees and Zach L with the Giants. Good luck everybody. Let's do it Blazers gone. Thank you, Ryan Aaron with the Celtics in 20 spots are coming in everybody Stefano with the T Wolves in 20 We are down to under 10 to go. I believe we are down to 9-11 9 and 11 everybody good stuff Can't believe Dylan didn't realize that game was in my it was was in Orlando, bro. What are you doing? Dylan didn't know that it was swapping soccer Well, what a novice what a novice There's Kyle Schwabber and Matthew Libertor Hudson with a spot in mosaic. He just took the Pistons Pistons off the board now in 20 blue Byron Buxton 299 and Cade Cavalli So we're down to 10 9 and 10 everybody Hoskins Turner Schwabber Hunter Brown There's to 199 Bryson Stott Aqua equinox congrats on that Phillies Launched an orbit is Stanton Gabriel Moreno Green Space Dust Max Scherzer to 75 Yeah, Chris. They it was wild and it was like a sea of maroon there too, dude There's all Florida State fans Peter Lonzo Kyle Schwabber Volpe Rookie Wow Brooks Lee up to AAA now for the twins Jeremy Pena sure you ran it by someone that you were allowed to have that Harris Riley Akunya Michael Toglia It's Harper Judge bets gonna do a dice roll on these as we have been again One two left three four middle five six right unless it's like a gold or lower We'll do its own random if that's the case And it's gonna be a six gonna go to the right. Let me go to the right That'll go with Mr. Mookie bets and the Dodgers see you could add that you love the Dodgers in this break But you blew it at the rushman You already missed out on the grocery hands, so you miss out on this break Now you're missing out on all the star clusters Christopher morale rookie probably gonna be at least one James Outman rookie in here, too That could have been yours and it is not Oh hoppy rookie Starling Marte refractor and Wilson chairs Let's just count all the cards Dylan could have got if he just you know decided to grow up and buy the Dodgers in this Akunya Parasa Cabrera Volpe Again could have been yours Tati's and Yoshida whoa she to fell one grissom DL hall No, that's what I'm saying, dude. I'm Chris trust me There's as well the Cabrera rookie auto for the Yanks nice one there Congrats, New York Very solid and an Ezekiel Duran as well again teams on sale for the remaining mosaic spots We also have a coupon that is alive Devers Kossus Brett Bady if you are opted into SMS There was a coupon that went out for all of y'all Cole Reagan's refractor Correa and a max Meyer Keith with some pristine spots Andrew with a collegiate spot Hudson with the Hornet talks and pelicans all in 19 Let's go Hudson Congrats and good stuff, buddy Nice little pick up for you there. That's down to six. I believe now Nets cabs clippers T-Wolves sixers and jazz dude the jazz still being available is insane to me That is insane if I wasn't breaking and I saw the jazz especially on sale and buying the jazz 100% not of course not guaranteeing anything, but The hype is there for that team for sure Logan Ohapi blue to 99 there you go angels Christian Javier There's Tati's The Yankees star clusters and more base Hoskins Turner Schwerber Grayson Rodriguez Chak Fung with the sixers were down to five Five to go everybody five to go teams are priced well black Eclipse Ryan Mountcastle to ten nice one there Orioles That's Baltimore. I was hoping that was a Dodger Zack Neto launch in orbit Francisco Alvarez Julian Mullins Austin Riley Joey Vado McLean rookie Peter Lonzo Alonzo Kirk Schwerber and Alex Thomas Harris Acunia and Riley Brandon Nemo Acunia Adley rookie who launched an orbit auto mark McGuire For the ease nice big Mac.  That's the first auto one of these up. Well, there we go. Oakland will Smith That's cool Constance. Oh look another card you could have had that's Star clusters so far you are 0 for 2 on star clusters Alvarez green Devers Casas and Pascantino No, I know what you mean, and he's good too Corbin Carroll Yoshida stars of the night It's not like Mount castles like a slouch by any mean like Mount castles pretty good still stowers refractor of Simeon Jose Abreu They just have so much talent dude They're so good. They're like the Astros from like the mid 2000s They stunk for so many years. They got all these guys Shohei and now they're just gonna like Be nasty for like a decade Alec Bohm refractor and Zach Grant like I wish the Yankees would do that at some point like suck for five years And then have a decade of dominance Shang S with some spots Hudson with the jazz in 19 Jeffrey with the spurs in 20.   Could I have half the pack in one? One pack here Alvarez, Betty Alonzo Brandon Marsh You could still redeem yourself by buying a mosaic spot.  So Nope, you can't jazz already sold Hudson took the jazz so So you you blew it really you blew it and there's a 10% coupon that you still blew it on So you're just straight up blowing it Miguel Amaya So far, there's a Senga rookie refractor for the old uh old mess Oh, yeah That is trout and otani tautis Christian Costas Gunner Henderson rushman witton green. I really couldn't have picked anybody anybody more qualified It was somehow we landed on Donnie There's George Springer refractor anybody else Anybody I don't know. I would I don't know if I'd say anybody else Corbin Carroll There's Emmanuel Valdez nice one there to 199 for the Red Sox rookie. No, I wouldn't want him either No There's Michael Harris, Jose Altuve Definitely not moe Shay Langler's oh, what's that? Earth that's the first earth I've seen Ronald Acuna Jr Nice one there for the Braves on the earth Like I said, that is the first earth I have seen With my own two eyes in person is this one very nice. Congrats Braves Alvarez rookie Riley green rookie Astro star clusters Farah dj. La mayhew dj. La matthew I've launched an orbit of Harper O'Neill cruise Nucleus Trisha Mackenzie For the Guardians Henderson and ruchman and Tommy Edmund and Michael Harris On to the next. Yeah, I was gonna say that's the first I've seen First one I've seen of the earths. That's pretty sweet Trout Otani Logan Webb Cole Reagan's rookie for the Rangers nice one there He made his debut in this product as well for rookies. Cole Reagan's take it The fractor of Dan B Swanson Josh Young rookie as well Josh Chisholm, Ruchman Whit Green and Mark Vientus Altuve Alvarez Bregman Bryson Stop, Aqua Equinox 199, nice one there Phillies Jordan Groeschens Corey Lee Boba chef that's launched an orbit of Kyle Schwirberg Shohei base Trevor story supernova Jordan Alvarez nice one there again on the short print. Congrats Astros I think that was Brian. I don't think Brian took the astros in both this and the next one. It's good stuff, Brian And gunner rookie Same with that. Awesome. The recap Matt Olson, Paul Goldschmidt Forest Breaks looking pretty good tonight everybody. Thanks again Albert Poulos launched an orbit Palanku at DL Hall refractor rookie and base Morel rookie nuclear Schwarber Henderson Ruchman. Oh, you missed the Freddie Freeman base dude going way to go dude Way to go There's gunner extra terrestrial talent rookie Corey Seeger Mike trout extraterrestrial talent Yandee Diaz Stores Beatty Alvarez Alonzo CJ Abrams Michael Harris extra terrestrial talent Bryson Stop Kodai Senga Cole Reagan stars the night Harper and Irina Nelson. Oh, Hoppy rookie Oscar Coloss Nathaniel Lowe We've got another gold It's Nolan Gorman rookie gold Jordan Walker extra terrestrial talent. That's on that Cardinals nice one there a work That will work right there We got just 14s to go everybody four to go and number 19 nets calves clips and Timberwolves all very well priced Four to go everyone on mosaic. Let's get that sold out four to go On to the next one one second everybody. Yeah, nice one there for sure ET talent. That's Jayrod There's a bobby wit jr ET talent Pena wit Jayrod and Ahmed Rosaria Alvarez refractor and base Francisco Lindor Julian and base Jayran Nucleus Jorge Polanco refractor Starling Marte Matt Mervis rookie Bogart Sati Soto Tim Anderson Down goes Anderson Crohn's own Yoshida Thomas Carroll Moreno and a Drew Waters Matt McLean rookie Alonzo refractor of Stanton and Edwin Diaz And a blue Eloy Jimenez the 99 congrats on that white socks Nice one there little Eloy action Javier Asada Trey Turner extra terrestrial talent like Prado Tommy Henry That is a bobby wit launch and orbit will Benson We got the son of Mike trout. I swung there for the angels little son action Nick with the Timberwolves down to three Three to go on mosaic everybody three to go Three teams remain. That is it. That is all Kodai Senga Carrero Bichette and Simeon Alvarez Riley Greene seager young and Bryce Harper Nolan Gorman rookie launch and orbit it's Paul Goldschmidt Brian Reynolds and last pack of box five We've got Bayo Riley a nucleus of Tommy Edmond for the Cardinals and Taylor Ward Last box. Oh the break everybody. Good luck here Alvarez Soto ruchman wit and uh Pena Ruchman wit green and a Gunner Henderson rookie Manuel Valdez Wander and CJ Abrams Bady Alvarez Alonso Ryan Nelson Stars of the night Miguel Vargas rookie for the Dodgers. He missed out on that there too Dylan and a Clayton Kershaw base So way to go buddy. Way to go. Way to play him there Riley Greene rookie Stuart Reeves goal jazz chiseled Nice one there to 50. That's going to the Marlins Jordan Groeschans Otto Josh young rookie Caesar picking up the Hornets and the Cavaliers Cavs in 19 Hornets and 20 Let's go buddy. Thank you Caesar Filled my needs for the jazz What would you do if jazz chisel became a Detroit Tiger Spencer? You would you would lose your mind for an uh prince or uh jordan alvarez, excuse me other alvarez Justin Verlander refractor mark vientos Kate Cavali, Ruchman Henderson. I'm at Rosario Nice mark. Let's go buddy. Hell yeah, dude, Francisco Alvarez Third goal jazz today. I know honestly geez Sosa that's Gorman extra-terrestrial town of bobby witt and drew waters Dude freeze to death. Yeah, that's fair. Uh matt mclean green space dust yord on alvarez to 75 Nice one there. Congrats on that. Houston oscar colas Yeah, it's a 199 yord on alvarez for the old houston astros base Second alvarez in the box. I think yeah, that's a number. That's weird Guerrero trey mancini trey mancini is a cub still doesn't look right Uh, alchube alvarez bregman and base house stores trout otani charlie blackman Trout super cosmic just got pulled nice Hell yeah, Juan soto and will benson Matter of time on that one senga shay mclean a hand refractor matt mervis rookie That's actually pretty cool to be honest spencer base and base All right quick recap first off mark c Just picked up the rockets and 20 rockets are off the board kendo with the cardinals and tim with the athletics Quick recap here. We had supernova of yordan The son of trout earth akunya to 199 brison stott yordan alvarez a manual valdez brison stott again That was odd Blues to 99 eloy buxton o hoppy green to 75 yordan and scherzer gold jordan walker to 50 gold jazz gold coal regans To 10 is ryan mountcastle black eclipse That is oswaldo cabrera rookie auto and a mark mcguire launch an orbit auto. That's sweet man That'll do it for the break everybody. Thanks again for the fill up next is the last cosmic half case of the day


Let's talk about governance and policymaking this time. Governance and policymaking in the Federal Republic of Germany. So most of my discussion will be confined to the Western part of Germany. When the Federal Republic was formed, 1949, the goal of the Republic was to work towards reunification. And when a unified Germany was blocked, the idea of a unified Germany was blocked, everything was feeling a little bit of transitional. So the ultimate goal of reunification was there, and let's wait until the reunification to use a constitution. So a halfway house between a constitution and nothing was a compromise called an institution called Grundgesetz, which means basic law. So instead of a constitution, the Germans adopted what's called the basic law. But later on, it got regime-like, it got institutionalized. It's the constitution. It's the functional equivalent of a constitution. In a way, it is a constitution. It is the constitution of the Federal Republic. And even after reunification, the tradition continued. It was supposed to be transitional, but still with the annexation of the Fife Lander to Western, like Federal Republic of Germany, they kept using the term Grundgesetz, a basic law as the constitution of the enlarged, reunified Federal Republic of Germany. And the second goal is, or has been, as it is ingrained in the Constitution work to ensure lasting democratic order. So the memories of the experiences of World War II was fresh, so we have to work toward ensuring lasting democratic order. So the idea of never again. We don't want to go back to those days. We have to avoid the failure what led us to, or within the Weimar Republic, what led us to Hitler. So the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic, let's learn our lessons. Let's learn our lessons. Let's lesson draw or draw some lessons. Why did we have this? Because we had this, we had Hitler rising, because we had emergency powers allowing centralization of authority. So the fact that the Weimar Republic institutionalized emergency powers, so the Chancellor could declare emergency powers, suspending democratic rights, civil liberties, this led us to catastrophe. And secondly, political parties, the political system was highly fragmented. And with a fragmented political system, we had ultimate instability. Fragmentation, many parties not being able to agree on top of this instability, or produced instability. And this led to the government seizing emergency powers. So breaking legislative deadlock. Legislative deadlocks were frequent 1930s, late 1920s, well, all 1920s, all throughout 1920s, early 1930s. So breaking legislative deadlock is very important. So we have to keep our system stable. So we have to have such a system that it's less fragmented, that it is solid, that is based on cooperation, collaboration, no more stalemates, no more gridlocks, and that there wouldn't be overly strong executive, and that there wouldn't be the option of emergency powers. So extraordinary circumstances brought catastrophes. So we have to be very careful with respect to how we form our new governing template, i.e. the Grundgesetz, the basic law. So the solutions were that let's have a system, a democratic system based on rule of law, a federal system in which we have, in a way, check some balances. So there is no one centralized power. Power is diffused to the Lander, the 11 Lander of the time, plus the five now 16, and that let's have a social state. And that there would be, as I said, a rule of law accompanying a democratic political system. How do we do this? Let's have federalism, but not only federalism, but also a weaker presidency, weaker executive, so that there would be no possibility of arbitrary power. So weaker presidency, federalism as, in a way, providing checks and balances to or into the system so that there wouldn't be possibilities of resorting to arbitrary power. And second institution is constructive vote of no confidence. So that is an important element of the system of Grundgesetz, of basic law. I'll explain this further, but perhaps it may be a good time to talk about this. We haven't talked about the German political system, but what it means is that we've seen some systems, we've seen three political systems up until now, in case of a vote of no confidence, in case a government is threatened, the chancellor is to be dismissed or removed from office. The Grundgesetz ensures, or wishes to ensure, that a new government is in place, and it would replace the outgoing government almost immediately, almost simultaneously. So if a government is to be removed, there has to be change of guards in the sense that the next government has to be ready to be approved. So the dismissal and approval, it's within 48 hours. And dismissal is the process of dismissal, a removal is not completed unless the new government comes to power. So in rare cases of this, there has to be a constructive vote of no confidence, so no confidence, a vote on no confidence, but it has to be constructive in the sense that it allows the next government to basically start governing. So the Bundestag, the legislature may vote on this, but it's a consecutive dual vote in effect because a removal or a dismissal happens only with, only when it accompanies a coming into office, a successor comes into office. Okay, why do we talk about all this? Why did the Germans have designed, devised this system? Because of instability, fragmentation, and also fears of fragmentation, fears of instability, and also fears of executives' arbitrary control. As you can see, it's supposed to be a system, stable system, defragmented or unfragmented system. What are the basic principles of the Grundgesetz? One basic principle is federalism, which in a way inhibits, which is supposed to inhibit centralized power at the national level. But when you look at it this way, this is not a departure or a rupture from the past. Remember, it's in a way a return to pre-1870s. Remember the map of German lands, German Empire and German Empire. Remember we talked, I showed you, that there are principalities, kingdoms, city-states. So the idea of federalism had been there, subsidiarity had been there, okay? All these principles, decentralized ways of governing, had been there before 1870s, before unification of Germany under Bismarck. This is no alien. So the idea of federal ways of doing things, organizing your political system, is no alien to German lands. And methods to prevent party fragmentation. One is that there is a national threshold of 5%. This is 5% of the vote for seats in the Bundestag. So there's a national threshold at the federal level. Intervals for elections are set for four years, almost written on stone. So there's no snap elections, there won't be snap elections. The chancellor or even the president cannot call for a snap elections. So we know that the last elections, the next elections is upcoming in 2017, minus 4, 2013, minus 4, 2009, minus 4, 2005. So the intervals are set like written on stone, like seriously determined. And we've been having elections like that in the post-World War II era. Constructive vote of no confidence, once again, unless a successor is guaranteed to have a vote of confidence, there won't be a vote of no confidence to the outgoing government or cabinet. So outgoing has to be accompanied by an incoming. So successor has to be there in place. We all see and we all vote for it for us to be able to send the outgoing government. This was the case in 1982. Excuse me, when CDU leader Helmut Kohl formed the government after the outgoing coalition of SPD and CDU, which we shall be talking about later. The chancellor has increased powers. So over time this has been strengthening, vis-a-vis the president. There has also been strengthening of the executive, even in Germany, which is so wary of increased or of the possibility of having arbitrary power. And presidents do not have emergency powers. So this is against the Third Reich in a way, in contrast to the Weimar Republic. No emergency powers in the sense that we have, for example France, we don't have the same institutional apparatus in Germany as we have elsewhere. What does the German government system look like? It's a federal system with 16 lenders. Each of these 16 lenders have parliaments. I got this from your textbook, by the way. So they all have their own parliaments. They all have their governments. And we have a system of parliamentary democracy. So we don't have a parliamentary system. I'm sorry, a presidential system. Although we have a president, it's the passive wing of the executive. So we have the federal chancellor, the functionally equivalent of what we have in Britain or in France as the premier, the prime minister, the chancellor who forms his or her cabinet. We have the Bundestag directly elected with the public or through the public. The public directly elects Bundestag and the public directly elects in these 16 lenders, the parliaments. We have the Bundesrat, which represents members sent by the 16-lander governments. And when the 16-lander governments elect or send members of the Bundesrat, and we have the Bundestag and the land governments, their representatives, they form the federal convention which elects the federal president. So it's the Bundesrat, members of the Bundesrat and the 16-lander governments. So the lower house in the parliament, the federal parliament and the land-lander parliaments, they form the federal convention and elect the federal president. So it's a system of parliamentary democracy which means effectively the executive dominating the legislature because we've talked about this before, executive dominating, de facto dominating the legislature. This is the case because we have the Bundestag, the parliament out of which we have the cabinet. And the cabinet has to enjoy confidence in the parliament as long as the executive, the cabinet enjoys confidence of the parliament. It stays in power. As long as it does so, it will be able to dominate the parliamentary agenda. Is that clear? So de facto, the executive will be dominating the legislature. And in this case, there is some kind of a fusion of powers as opposed to the principle of separation of powers because you have the executive dominating the legislature. That means that these two powers are in a way fused. Is this clear? Okay. Oh, you had a question? Okay, that's a good question because I didn't explain it well. I will explain this further later on. But Bundestag is the lower house of the German parliament. Bundesrat is the upper house of the parliament. Okay, so it's a bi-cameral two-chamber parliament. The Bundestag is, whenever we refer to the parliament, we refer to the Bundestag. And the Bundestag is the upper chamber in the parliament, which is, I mean, their members are elected in two different ways, which we shall talk about a bit later. The executive, when we look at the system, there's a division between the chancellor, which is the head of government, and the president, which is the head of, or who is the head of the state. There is a very clear distinction between rights and responsibilities among these two executives. The president has a weaker ceremonial and therefore not political role. He is the head of the state. He is elected for five years by the Federal Convention. Okay, so he's chosen by the Federal Convention and in general is supposed to provide continuity in case of crisis. So as you can see, the system inserted the presidency as a caretaker. So continuity in times of crisis. And the Federal Convention, the Bundestag, members of the Bundestag, 630 members of the Bundestag, plus an equal number of delegates from state legislatures, land parliaments. Okay, another 630 something delegates. They make up the almost 1,300 member Federal Convention. Joachim Kaouk is the current president since 2012, 2012. So the Federal Convention will be convening next year to be choosing the federal president. The chancellor elected by majority of the Bundestag, leader of the party with the majority of seats in the Bundestag, the usual regular way. There are limits and power of the chancellor because the Bundesrat must ratify all legislation that the Bundestag passes. The executive, the active wing of the executive, the chancellor and her cabinet may dominate the legislature. But that's not the end of the story because whatever the legislature passes has to be passed, I mean, I'm sorry, whatever the lower house of the legislature passes, has to be passed in the upper house. So whatever the Bundestag passes has to be passed by the Bundesrat. Please. We don't call that a veto, but it has legislative power. So yes, so they can block legislation. Veto is generally, we use the term veto for the executive. That's why I hesitate to say veto, but blocking power. Angela Merkel had been the chancellor for more than 10 years. We hear she's running again in 2017 and that the chances are that she will be leading the country for another four years. So all legislation to be implemented has to be passed by the Bundesrat too. Bureaucracy and policymaking. Well, Germany has always been endowed with a powerful and meritocratic bureaucracy protected, insulated from political pressure, highly proficient, very efficient by German standards. And policy implementation, however, takes place at the land level. Federal level, bureaucracy, designs, help design, help inform. But implementation takes place at the land level. I'll talk about this a bit later on. Semi-public institutions. We have strong state or centralized, I'm sorry, state had been discredited in the 1940s when the founding fathers were writing up, drafting the Grundgesetz. So federalism is very important. The excesses of Nazism and because the Americans were involved in writing up the constitution, drafting the constitution, the importance of private sector as opposed to a centralized state had been important in the writing process of the Grundgesetz. This country, this political economy is also run by democratic corporatism, as I have given examples, as I've tried to explain to you, which is rooted in medieval guilds. Remember we talked about city-states in medieval times? Craftsmen, tradesmen, guilds were important in economic organization. So negotiating, bargaining, consulting, cooperating were very important instruments dating back to medieval guilds. These are inclusionary systems of interest intermediation guilds have been. So in a way democratic corporatism combines representation, interest representation, policy making, but also implementation. So implementing policies, implementing whatever has been decided is through this tripartite system of bargaining, negotiation, cooperation, consultation and all that. And one, there are institutions of workers' participation. Unions are very important, have historically been important, especially in post-World War II era in the Federal Republic. Codetermination is an important institution here. Workers have a voice, they get voice opportunities in processes of collective bargaining. They sit on boards of directors of large firms. So they co-determine certain policies, they co-determine the fates, the life, the future of institutions. This has been changing over time, but this has been an institutionalized way of interest intermediation, representation and implementation as was the case or has been the case in the past. And works councils, we talked about this, they represent workers inside the firm. They address shop floor grievances, firm level affairs. They also voice all kinds of interests at the firm level. So this is, as you can see, what also Leipart models as consensual style, consensual model of governing, model of democracy. As opposed to majoritarian models. As you can see, it's a networked society, chambers of industry, chambers of commerce are very important, works councils are important, unions are important, business associations are important, both at the land level. In fact, even research is organized. I am part of the Turkish delegation to Horizon 2020, which is the research institution of the European Union. I tend to see that, yes, there is, we make decisions with the federal research institutions, but there are research organizations at different land level. I meet, for example, sometimes with the Bavarian Institute or institution for research. So each and every land has their own institutionalized regimes of governance which involve all kinds of networks. So chambers of industry, chambers of commerce, unions, parties, they're all organized at the land level too. This, in a way, attests to the networked character of German society. So these semi-public institutions are important. With respect to military and the police, as you can imagine, Prussian history till 1945, powerful, centralized, aggressive military. So the military had been placed under tight control, very tight controls in the Grand Gazette, under tight legal as well as treaty control, so international treaties. So defense only in Europe. So they can defend German lands in Europe or they have to be working with NATO. So the German military cannot step outside of Germany unless treaties allow. Unless international community allows it. But there's also universal conscription. But it may involve not only military but also civilian duties. The police is organized at the land level on a land basis. They're supposed to protect human and civil rights too. Judiciary, we have an independent judiciary which is an active administrator in the system. Active administrative law rather than arbiter only. So courts are important. They define, interpret the meaning of law. So court decisions are important. For example, Turkey and Federal Republic of Germany because of the association agreement of 1960s between Turkey and then the European Economic Community, there had been visa issues. Turkish citizens are exposed to, I mean, they are supposed to obtain a visa before entering into Germany. But even court decisions at the land level or at the city level may provide grounds for bringing a case against the German government. So courts are very important in Germany in not only implementing decisions but also defining, understanding, interpreting legislation. That's also very important. We have three significant courts. The Federal High Court, which is the Court of Appeal. From lower courts, the system of lower courts, criminal as well as civil courts, I'm sorry. So Federal High Court is one important Court of Appeal. The Special Constitutional Court, which is relegated, I mean, jurisdiction of which, competencies of which are relegated to matters related to basic law. And administrative courts, such as the Labour Court, such as the Social Security Court, such as the Finance Courts, this, that and the other, which in a way provide checks on arbitrary powers of the bureaucracy. So this is the court system. Once again, it's an independent system. Yes, I did mention that it looks like a fusion of powers. But by fusion of powers, I mean de facto executives domination of the legislature. But we do have a very strong and jealously guarded independent court system. So the judiciary is another check on the system. Federalism and subnational governance or government. We have now 16 Lander, which has, each of which has considerable autonomy. Each has their own land ta, their own regional assemblies, land level assemblies, land level parliaments. They have their own governments. The elections generally do not coincide, elections at the land level generally do not coincide with elections at the federal level. We have in Germany an interesting model of federalism, which is sometimes referred to as marble cake federalism. This is in other times referred to as cooperative federalism. Anyone who's eaten a marble cake, mosaic pasta. So as you can see, it's really mingled, elements are really mingled. The land Lander, the land level is the local level, the municipal, the city level. There each of these subnational units have a say in the system, not only in designing laws and legislations, but also in implementing laws and legislations. Therefore, it's a system of mixing of powers. It's a system of mixing of resources. It's a system of mixing programs among different levels of governance, multiple levels of governance. So federal, regional land, I mean, and local governments. And the Lander are responsible for policy implementation that have been decided at the national, i.e. federal level. It's a marble cake federalism as opposed to layer cake federalism. Marble cake is mixed and mingled and interwoven. Close cooperation is needed. That's why it's called cooperative federalism. Layer cake federalism is another system, as we see in the US. It's a dual, excuse me, dual tier system, or sometimes it's referred to as dual federalism. There are tensions between the state and the federal level. Here we do not have tensions in that respect. There is the state level and the federal level competences are clearly demarcated against one another. They're clearly marked. And there is divided sovereignty here. Here we do not have divided sovereignty because sovereignty is so interwoven. It's like a marble cake in that respect. It's not a two-layered cake federalism. In the divided sovereignty system or the dual federal system or the layer cake federalism system, state governments exercise powers without the interference of the federal level. So the federal level cannot be encroaching upon, bearing down upon the state levels. But here we have an interwoven, intermingled system.  So at the federal level, the executive is responsible for policymaking, especially in times of single-party governments. We have many coalitions in German history. We'll talk about that next time. So especially in single-party governments, we have the executive de facto controlling the legislative agenda. So policymaking is with the chancellor and the cabinet. Corporatists or neo-corpitists, democratic corporatists, there is all kinds of consultation. It's largely consensus-based. So policymaking and processes, and it's largely informal. So as you can see, the idea of federalism, the idea of network society, the idea of cooperation, consensus-seeking had been marking post-World War II German history. And it has been very important. I learned from a German professor, as I participated in a conference last week in Berlin, that Germany, there wasn't a culture of negotiation right in the immediate aftermath of World War II. Don't forget, this all happened, the war happened, because of gridlocks, stalemates, non-cooperative behavior. But Germany built, or Germans built, this culture of cooperation, consultation, and intermediation. That was also interesting to learn. I thought, Germans, I was under the impression that Germans had always been prone to cooperation consultation, corporatist ways of consensus-seeking. But apparently, it dawned on me that it wasn't like this before, right? What brought Hitler to power was fragmentation itself, but that this was actively cultivated by actors. In the post-World War II period. So that was what I learned here recently, and I wanted to share that with you. Okay, I'll see you next class on Friday at 9.40. I'll see you. Bye.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we discussed the following question which says solve 2 upon 3 into 5x minus 1 whole minus 2x minus 1 plus x upon 3 whole is equal to x upon 3 plus 4 upon 3. Let's proceed with the solution now. The equation given to us is 2 upon 3 into 5x minus 1 whole minus 2x minus 1 plus x upon 3 whole is equal to x upon 3 plus 4 upon 3. This is a linear equation in variable x and we need to find the value for x for this equation. To start with first we will open the brackets.    Now we will take all the terms containing x on one side and all the constant terms on the other side. So we transpose all the x terms from the right hand side to the left hand side that is we have just 1x term x upon 3 we transpose this to the left hand side and we transpose all the constant terms from the left hand side to the right hand side.   Now from here we have 3 in the denominator 3 1 times is 3 so 10x into 1 is 10x minus 3 into 2x 6x is equal to here also 3 in the denominator 3 1 times is 3 1 into 4 is 4 plus 3 1 times is 3 and 2 into 1 is 2 minus 3 1 times is 3 and 1 into 1 is 1. So from here we get 4x upon 3 is equal to 5 upon 3. Now this 3 and 3 gets cancelled and we have x is equal to 5 upon 4. So our final answer is x equal to 5 upon 4. This completes the session hope you have understood the solution for this question.


A 14-year-old girl, simply identified as Jumoke, was on Saturday, allegedly killed by a stray bullet during a clash between security agents and the Odoa Republic agitators in Ojota, Lagos. The police public relations officer of the command in the state, C.P.O.L.U.M.U.I.U.A. at Dejubi denied the report in a statement, saying the police did not fire a single live bullet at Ojota rally. An eyewitness told the news agency of Nigeria that the body of the girl was found in front of No. 428 Ikorodu Road, close to the Ojota motor park. Meanwhile, the police spokesman C.S.P.A. Dejubi said in a statement that the police did not kill the young girl. While the commissioner of police in Lagos, Hakimo Dumosu, was a briefing journalist at the venue. The C.P.O.L.U.M.U.I.U.A. appealed to them to be civil, warning that the group did not notify the police of their planned protest and that therefore the rally could not hold.