So today it's moving down. I'm using a new camera stabilizer, which is what you're seeing here in this corner I don't know if I'm gonna keep it there. What is it? Is it this thing? Yeah, I think it's that thing It's just when I use wide-angle. So anyway, it's gonna be there. I might edit it out But anyways today is going to be a regular day in the life of a teacher vlog Who is getting ready for back to school? So I'm currently in my classroom. It is 11 o'clock. I have a meeting with my principal today at 1.30. It's just like a meet-and-greet kind of Meeting just what's going on here? I'm trying to figure this thing out Move Hello Asshole. Anyway, he is new to our school. He's actually not like totally new to the school because He taught at the school years ago And so he's not totally new to the school, but anyway, it's just a meet-and-greet because he's never really gotten to know The new staff that's here. So he's meeting with all of the new staff all of the staff Just to kind of get to know people and I really like that Not very many principles that I've ever worked for have like really taken the time to just meet with someone and like get To know them as a human and I think that's really good. It's really personal But anyways, I'm here today because I am doing a couple of different tasks a I want to have the room completely ready for me the teacher night Because or at least everything moved off of tables like all of this needs to be put away I have to be done with decorating today because On Monday today's Friday by the way on Monday is when we start Meetings district meetings and I'm probably not going to be in my classroom at all next week And then starting the 31st we will be here, but I'm assuming it'll all be like Staff meetings and so I probably won't have a ton of time to work here in my classroom So I want to just make sure everything is like completely put away. I don't necessarily have to be ready for meet the teacher night But I just want everything put away because I'm sure I'll have time before meet the teacher night to get everything ready I printed out my meet the teacher forms and So I'll just flash it front and back And it's just all the information that families will need at meet the teacher night. It's like my welcome letter And I'll probably print my quarter one Newsletter and staple it to this meet the teacher document So that's ready to go. I just have to make the copies And finish my quarter one newsletter and in my newsletter I like to include like what standards I'm covering the topics the kids are gonna be learning about The skills are gonna be learning and then just like Ways that parents can help their child succeed with what we're doing. So anyway So yeah, and then another thing that I'm working on See you can kind of see my meet the teacher document there. It was printed in black and white though So I'm not gonna get too excited for that and then I'm working on my safe schools trainings I'm working on my safe schools trainings because we have to have those done By a certain time and I just feel like I might as well do it while I'm like sitting here Working on like back-to-school stuff like I'm listening in the background and you know that kind of stuff So anyway, that's what I'm working on. I was gonna show you guys real quick I did complete a few projects over the last couple days that I didn't vlog I don't think I've logged for two days straight. So I'm just gonna show you what I did So I did all my cricket work yesterday Look at what we're learning learning target space space to write the standard and then I hung my because What else did I hang?  I ended up finding my seatbelts everyone words So I ended up just putting them back there and then I stuck miss Frizzle next to the bus I do need to change This like I need to put something over the top of it that represents our school Like maybe our mascot or something. I could do and then anyway, this is done What else I hung these two things back here. I need to put all the cricket stuff away. Oh, I made schedule cards and Printed our schedule. So I have the regular the regular day schedule and then the Friday schedule that way on Fridays I can just come over and change it I'll probably have it memorized within a few weeks, but for now, I'm just gonna keep it there So I made these on Canva and then just printed them in color I brought my colored printer in because it was just sitting in storage and I figured it would be better used here So that I can print stuff like this Here rather than at home, then I don't have to like run home and print stuff and then bring it back I really only use my printer for school stuff to print colored things So now I can just print them here. Anyway, these are all on magnets So that on Fridays I can change it around but you guys can pause the video here and see my schedule Yeah, and then What else did I do? I think I don't know if I showed hanging those I'm gonna make this wall like like a Community wall and it's gonna have like all things like community So like these are my favorite from the Miss R project little posters that are from her daily hypes Which I really like using and so these are like my favorite ones And so I'll refer to them quite often. What else did I do? I don't know I hung my tech posters over there. I pulled out a couple of bins I organized all of those and like had pulled all my little things out I don't know if I told you guys that I have to pull these down before the fire marshal comes But I'm gonna wait to do that Until after meet the teacher night Because I just think that they make the room look so cute. I might even wait until the fire marshal is supposed to come But I didn't say that And then I think that's it and I know my because is a little bit crooked, but I wanted to space it out So don't judge me. I'm gonna try to just not Focus on that I think that's everything that I did yesterday was really just a cricket day and then I worked on my meet the teacher stuff so I also laminated my Table cards. These are my table labels and then I'll be putting them in here. I don't know if Target sells these anymore I like totally bought like five or six packs of these back in the day when they sold them And so I haven't had to buy them for like years So anyway, I'm gonna cut these out and stuff them into here and then I will just simply stick One at the end of each table and arctica is gonna be back there this year Actually, I might make my TV like my carpet and arctica like so they come here and chill And then that is like volcano island or the arctic circle or something like that So anyway, I'm gonna get to work because I'm gonna leave today after I'm done with My meeting with my principal. Yeah, I have questions for him That way I can get everything kind of like out of the way and then yeah I'm just gonna make today a work day Good morning everyone. Happy Monday. Today is July 24th, and I am heading to my first district meetings Today is the first official day Contract day for new teachers to the district. So that includes me If you guys haven't been here for a while I just recently moved cities And so I am starting at a new district and it's actually The district that I graduated from So today all of my meetings are gonna be at my alma mater at my high school So that's kind of exciting. I get to like go back in and see how it's changed Which I'm pretty sure it's changed Hardly at all Like maybe some fresh paint, you know what I mean? So anyway, I'm excited for that I'm not excited to sit at meetings all day But the good news is is that our meetings go from eight to one And then from 130 to 330. We are at our sites. I don't know How many other people are new to my site? I think maybe one So I'm not sure what my principal has planned for us But we'll see so and then There's a I don't know if you guys know about it's called the I think it's I don't remember which bar it is but there's a bar down in the valley I want to say four peaks Yeah, four peaks does a like school supply pickup for teachers So I signed up to do that There's no four peaks here, but there is a bar called the founding fathers And they're actually partnering with four peaks and they're going to be able to do teacher supply pickup for teachers in this quad city area So yeah, that is on my Schedule today, I've got all the things I packed my I'm drinking a poppy this morning because my tummy is feeling a little Like just bloated and stuff But I've got my water. I've got my gallon I packed one snack because they are catering Chick-fil-A So I'm excited about that. I don't have to pack a lunch And then hopefully fingers crossed the last bit of the day I get to just kind of spend at school in my classroom and I can get some more like Planning and prepping done because what I really want to be able to do by the end of this week Is have the first two weeks of school completely planned prepped printed Everything done. I have all my meet the teacher stuff Done. I just need to make copies of that and then I just need to get those first couple days of school's worth of stuff printed and then I'm ready to rock and roll. So anyway, today's vlog will be Kind of jumping around a little bit. Well, I guess this is like day two of this vlog Because I did start it the other day but I will update you all as soon as I can and Yeah, wish me luck guys. So district meetings are officially over for the day Just got back to my classroom. It's about 115. I'm going to be working in here until about three My two goals are to finish the two safe schools training Lessons that I have get those certificates printed and then start working on my slides for the first two days And the first so I guess the first seven days of school is what I would like to begin with Um, only like my agenda slides and what I plan on doing. I probably won't Like put together specific slides yet aside from like meet the teacher because I want to just make sure that I Um, like include things that are specific to the school So I could even just start working on slides now and then just add them. So that's what I might do I guess my goal Okay I guess my goal Is to have the first seven days of school planned prepped printed and ready to go before this Friday So I'll be in here between one and three o'clock every day So that gives me quite a few hours to get all of that done Um, so I'm going to just sit down and get started um Yeah, so Great meetings. They were really really nice. They didn't like drag anything on tomorrow our agenda is about um subs subplans classroom instruction self evaluations HR benefits um ess or sped um and then That's it for tomorrow Um, so it should be a nice easy day again They're serving us lunch, which is really nice And everything about working in this district so far has been wonderful. So I'm really excited. I'm really happy Um, and I'm eager to get started with the school year um Here's how my room's looking Nothing really has changed. I really want to figure out how to get rid of I mean if I take you guys out of full screen, you can't see it But it's really annoying how it's there. But don't you love this stabilizer? Oh Knocked you out of whack It's pretty cool I just wish That this little Thing wasn't in my view, but that's okay. We'll do with it Good morning guys. So it is Friday July 28th And I am here at school. I don't have any meetings today at district level Today, they're talking about math curriculum And I don't teach math. So I don't have to go to those Um, but I have quite a few projects. I need to get done today Because on Monday begins the first day of school Um level meetings and there are lots of them Um, I did get my hands on the curriculum that I'm going to be Um having access to this year So for science, it'll be the McGraw-Hill Inspire Science Um curriculum if you've never heard of it, neither have I So it'll be new to me as well. Um, but from what I hear I will be getting student books Um, and the book is I mean, it's nice. It's a it's a textbook But it has a lot of investigations and like STEM related activities and stuff Um, and so I'll be using that in addition to mystery science because mystery science, I just I love it. Um, so And then I'll also trickle in some generation genius in there as well. Um And then for social studies, it's called TCI. I don't know what it stands for Um, I clicked around on it yesterday on the online component And from what I can tell it's really just like an interactive textbook Um online, I don't know if I'll get physical textbooks from that. Um, but I uh, I really didn't mind it. I mean, I'm only going to be doing social studies for like four to three weeks a quarter So, um, I think that'll be a nice way to Um To do it. Uh, it's really cool. It has like reading passages So they read a small section and then they do like an interactive activity Um with whatever this they read so like if it's on latitude longitude lines, there's an activity for that Um, and then it gives me reports on how they did So I can use that in conjunction with like the things I've used in the past and all the things I have Um, but as far as like curriculum goes it looks like it's pretty user friendly. So Uh, I'll be diving more into that on Monday and Tuesday next week because that's when my meetings for that are A couple things that I did while you were away for that really quick second. Um, I hung these words. This one says, um Key vocab and then this one says wonder wall. So I plan on doing what I always do with vocab and just listing the words here Um, and then under the wonder wall is where I will have students place like sticky notes for questions. They have um, or if I do any interactive like Board stuff like if I'm like, okay, write a sticky and then go put it up on the wonder wall This is where they will all go um, so I decided to kind of like split this board up into that and then um, I did get quite a few copies made and stickers made um I have binders that I need to unpack today. They all just look like this.  So I need to put all the stickers on these. Um And then I also printed the cover for their science binders, which I'm kind of struggling with because I'm not sure if we're going to end up using binders I did ask for them on supply list and I have every intention of using them as long as every kid brings one in um, we also asked for a red green and blue Sorry, there's a landscaper walking by Um folder with no prongs. So it has like the holes hole punches in them um, and so what I'm thinking is As long as every kid has a binder Then I can do that. Um And then depending on if the kids bring in the right colored folders We'll see so I'm going to have to like wait Engage it depending on what the what the students bring But at least for now they all are going to have a grade level binder and this is grade level wide My teammates also did this. Um, we all bought black binders And we all have black pencil pouches and we all have black take home folder So at least for now like until we get all of that sorted They can put all of their stuff just in that black binder And I like to pre-copy everything with holes Um that way they can stick it in their binder Um, so then what I might have to do is expand on this storage idea Because if they all are going to have binders I might have to store binders in here, which is fine But it just means I'm going to use more of these And just have a little bit more room kind of taken Another idea I had was to get rid of not get rid of but like Move these bins these these black and blue and purple bins and I can store And I can store notebooks and or binders in there like I could do a whole class of binders here A whole class of binders here and there and you know overflow. So we'll see how it goes I mean it really just depends like if every single kid Brings a binder then perfect. We'll use binders um But you know if they don't um, we put two binders on their list though So odds are most kids brought two binders And in the event that like enough of them brought two enough you didn't maybe we can give one to the other I don't know. We're gonna see how it goes. Um, but yeah, I'm just gonna wait I also put in some supplies into each Um box for the first couple days of school Just a couple crayons some sticky notes and pencils And I got really lucky because all my sticky notes actually match the color of the table. So not only can I do continents For like recognizing tables, but each table is a different color Um, so I can like color cord coordinate certain stuff So I like that So I have a lot of things to do today um A lot of it is just getting ready for the first days of school I'm pretty pretty much ready um, otherwise, so I made these to go on my I have science goggles or yeah goggles And I'm gonna put yes. I am ditching science on there And that's the hall pass. I just thought that's funny Um, I'm the first one here too. It's 7 30 And I think I'm gonna go Try to Snag the coffee machine While no one else is here Hey guys, so it is like 140 in the afternoon And I've gotten a lot of stuff done. Most of it is planning Um and prepping things. I'll just kind of show you and then Um Tell you where I'm gonna go with this next Okay, so I went ahead and printed out my first mystery science lesson materials I'm actually gonna be starting with one of their third grade. Um Lessons because it does support one of my fourth grade standards um This standard um Is pretty close to the fourth grade standard Um, and so what I'm gonna be doing Is using mystery science to springboard the unit and then following mystery science We will be using the inspire science Um Unit to follow this which is all about fossils environmental data And stuff like that so and then I am going to be starting out the year with doing some Activities from the science penguin. I really love her stuff. I don't use a ton of it But she does have a back to school like it's called I learned science and it has a ton of activities That kind of introduce students into the world of science It goes into like what tools are used to measure what tools are used to observe And then it finishes out with a um Claim evidence reasoning activity with skittles So it's just really to get the kids in the mood Or in the motions of science and getting to start with the jargon and stuff like that And then for my bulletin board in the hallway because I teach a writing block Each of us teaches our own homeroom writing We're going to be starting with a very easy Goal writing activity just to kind of get like a beginning writing sample So we'll be talking about um goals that we want to accomplish within the school year And the goals don't have to be limited to academics. They can be behavioral or social Because I think that a student who Is super Good with academics could have some social goals Or like a student who really struggles with behavior They might not need to focus mostly on academics but more on how they treat other people So it's cute.  I don't think we'll use them But I did find them in the storage room So I don't know we probably won't end up using them, but they're over here This is kind of like my table of All the things that I need to either copy or have copied And then what I've been doing for the last few hours is just going over The first mystery science Unit that I'm going to be teaching comparing it to my districts digs Which are the instructional guides and then I'm going to then Dig into my after Monday because Monday I get training on the science curriculum I'll actually dig into that and start planning What I'll do with that. I'm imagining this first mystery science unit is probably going to take Around two weeks. It's only Three lessons with one anchor And a performance task which involves writing which is perfect Because I'm going to be doing informational writing in science as well It's probably going to take about two weeks And I think our quarter is eight weeks long. So Um, that's kind of perfect. Um So, yeah, I'm just kind of working around I did a little cat nap on my chair This is like the best chair for this classroom because it leans all the way back and it has a foot stool or a foot rest And I totally just took like a 20 minute cat nap. So That was lovely I don't have a ton of other things. Oh, wait, I did do something else I also added all of my students onto their tech login papers Um, I would show you I guess I can show you What they look like without student information on them. So You just put their name And then their username and password And then I also put in their student email. Um, I'll be printing these on sticker paper And then I'll be putting them inside of their chromebook So that they always have their username and login on their chromebook. They're personal like the one they used Um, what else did I do? I was working on all of my Lesson slides. So this is week one. This isn't officially final yet. Um, this is just the first two days I haven't really like gotten deep into it because I also have this class procedures activity or I guess slideshow on canva and then week two I have all of the slides loaded. These are the eye science from the science penguin Slides on there as well as the miss our project affirmations and daily hypes slides, which is what I like to use I'm hoping that my teammates will do these So that I can just do them with homeroom and that would really save me a lot of time With um academic blocks. So I'm going to chat with them about this Just as like a quick like five minute ad To their morning meeting. Um I just think it would be really beneficial if they say no, it's fine I'll just still use them for like a quick like five minute before the lesson starts every day Um, but yeah, so I have to make sure I have My win time fluency and then a writing. So I have a science block Um an intervention block and then a writing block that I'll be teaching every day And then or social studies too. So But yeah, I've been super busy. Um, just getting all that kind of stuff done a lot of it is just like computer work planning Things that I would be doing normally during like my mornings or preps At school or after school before contract hours are done So I feel really good. I'm up to like week three I have almost all the way through week three Slides done. So that's really nice. It makes me feel really good That I'll be ahead which means that during my preps probably during week one like the first two days I can really focus on like transportation and sorting supplies And then week two is completely planned and prepped and printed Um, I can spend that time focusing on planning for week four And then that way I'll be almost two weeks planned ahead, which is great And really the only thing that would happen is like maybe we don't finish a lesson on like say monday We start one and we don't finish it. We can just push everything to the next day And then everything is still copied and ready to go. I just have to adjust my slides. So I feel really good. It is almost two o'clock I am gonna leave here at 2 30 to pick up cash from summer camp It ends at three and I just kind of want to go home and like take a shower and relax a bit Um, and then tonight we're going out to dinner for scott's birthday.  Don't forget to follow me on my socials and I'll see you in the next video Bye guys


The younger generation getting into agriculture has become a rarity now. So after a couple of decades, how is this industry going to thrive? Because there are no takers for agriculture. Well, I don't think it is true. It is true in one level, in one sense, but it is not true in another sense. But it is not the case that people are leaving farming at the pace that people think they are leaving, because there is nothing else to do also. You don't have a government that is working to serve the interests of the people of this country. You know, we are seeing this because of this neoliberal ideology about economic policy. Hello and welcome to NewsClick. The farmers have been holding sustained and massive struggles for the past several years. The major demands include MSPs and loan waivers, which have been denied by the governments for the past several decades. To discuss about the importance of MSPs, the demand for a farm loan waiver and other alternative policies proposed by the farmers, we have with us Professor Vikas Ravel of the JNU. Welcome, sir. So to begin with, the farmers of different organizations have come together to lead a lot of struggles in the recent few years. So what is the alternative policy you propose or the demand to overcome this sort of crisis which has been pending for the past few years? You see, if you look at it, the immediate problems that the presentry faces, the agrarian crisis that the country is seeing, the biggest problem is of incomes. That farmers, when they work to produce a crop, they know how much it is going to cost them to produce the crop, but they do not know how much will the produce fetch them. Whether they will make any profit at all or the entire labor will just go in vain. There is so much uncertainty about it. So this is the biggest problem and the way the neoliberal policies have gone, the neoliberal attack on agriculture has been such that input costs have risen very sharply. Things that were provided by the governments, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, electricity, these are inputs that were provided at reasonable costs to farmers to make sure that agriculture remains remunerative. That has basically stopped. You know, the government has basically withdrawn the support from agriculture in such a way that farmers do not get very much income from what they produce. So there is a problem of low incomes and there is a problem of uncertainty of incomes. That has essentially created a situation where, on one hand, farmers are in distress. There is economic distress among farmers. Two, they are not able to, you know, really invest in agriculture and produce as much as they could be producing. So it is something that has also resulted in stagnation of agriculture. It has created misery among the peasantry and it has therefore sort of basically become a break on the entire economy. So that's the biggest problem that Indian agriculture is facing. Now, this doesn't have to be so. You know, we are seeing this because of this neoliberal ideology about economic policies and the whole neoliberal paradigm which is determining the nature of economic policies and how, in fact, farmers have been making those demands. They had this glorious struggle that lasted for 13 months against the farm laws which were essentially aimed at increased penetration of agribusiness companies. So to prevent that, farmers struggled very hard. But as part of that, they also had other demands. One of the biggest demands was of a statutory guarantee of the minimum support price. That farmer should get a guarantee that the minimum level of remuneration for the work that they do is ensured. That government will work to ensure that every farmer gets certain minimum income from what they do. Now, the conference discussed how this can be made possible, what are the alternative ways that this can be done. And the discussion centered around the need to, on the one hand, bring down cost of production by restoring the system of public subsidies and public support which result, which if ensured that farmers get inputs at reasonable prices. And on the other hand, creating facilities for storage, creating facilities for distribution in the public sector, among the, in the hands of the cooperatives and so on. So that's when necessary, if the prices fall, these agencies can step in to procure crops and produce from farmers and ensure that their incomes do not suffer. So these alternatives are possible. The question is that, you know, you don't have a government that is working to serve the interests of the people of this country. You don't have a government that's working to serve the interests of peasantry and workers of this country, but serves the interests of the big capital. So that is a problem. But if that political configuration changes, the policy alternatives are there. There are ways of ensuring that people have decent incomes. There are ways of ensuring that farm households, workers have decent incomes and that actually, that needs to be done. So you said that alternatives are possible. Besides the alternatives, the farmers are longing for a minimum support price for their producers for the past several years. Correct. Despite the submission of report by the Amazon and other commission and the JAR commission, a few decades back. Yes. The present dispensation is not at all considered granting the MSV for the major crops. So what is the importance of this MSV for the survival and the sustainability of the peasantry rights? You see, it's interesting. In 1964, JAR commission, which on the basis of recommendations of which the system of MSP was created, very categorically said that farmers have to be provided an assurance of a minimum price and that is crucial for agricultural development. That farmers and it said that government should have open-ended procurement at procurement centers and should create procurement center in far flung areas of the country where the problem of farmers not getting good prices is likely to be more severe. So it really gave a blueprint for what needs to be done. You see, in four, five decades since then, this has not been done. So you see, the point is that the understanding that assured remunerative prices are important for farmers has always been there. Okay, Swaminathan commission also talked about it. So, you know, it's been there in, you know, report after report of the government. Now, this needs to be done. Now, and this can be done. The point is that you need to have the conviction.  Now, just think of it this way. Even in other businesses, if you have any business, I mean, you, when you set up a business, when you invest in a business, you have some sense of what you will produce, how much you will produce, and at what price it would sell.  That has to stop. And that's the reason why farmers are demanding a statutory guarantee of MSME. And the conference very clearly discussed a path, you know, that makes this possible. And that path goes through reversal of these neoliberal policies. These, look at the, what is happening to fertilizer in the recent last two years. There's been a huge crisis of fertilizers because we have followed neoliberal policies in the fertilizer sector. We have liberalized fertilizer pricing, deregulated fertilizer pricing, promoted the private sector, which has not made investment, but instead has relied on importing fertilizer. But now when you have a situation where the global supplies of fertilizer are short, you suddenly have a crisis. And this crisis is not just a minor crisis of shortage. You're talking of a, there's a particular time in the year, sowing season, when you need large quantities of fertilizer. If you don't get large quantities of fertilizer, you'll have, you'll have famine in this country. You'll have a massive problem of exacerbation of hunger and food insecurity. It's a strategic sector, okay? Now in that sector, you have compromised your sovereignty, you've compromised your self-sufficiency by privatizing the entire production process and by allowing private companies to import. And you now have a situation where they simply don't have enough to import. It's not available, the prices are too high. So even though government is now forced to bring back regulation, increase fertilizer subsidy, there is just not enough fertilizer for farmers. Now this is going to result in a massive problem of production in the country. This has been going on for the last two years and you know, the government is not bothered, they're just managing the headlines. Now the problem is that these are policies that can be reversed. You know, you can create a system where, and we've done it before, it can be done again. You can have a system in the public sector, in the cooperative sector, of production of fertilizers. That investment needs to be made. You need to make sure that the country is self-sufficient in supply of fertilizer so that nobody can dictate terms when it's sowing season for you. So you know, you need to basically reverse the neoliberal policies, make sure that farmers have an assurance of getting inputs at reasonable price and at that reasonable price, the crops that, the price that, the minimum price that their crop gets will be remunerative. It is only on that basis that farmers can be expected to, you know, keep investing and keep working and keep producing for the country. So that's, that can be done. So in the recent few years, government data itself admits that there are a lakhs of farmers who sell it. So this is, you know, though it existed even before 1991, the year when the neoliberal policies were implemented in our country, what is the role of these policies in increasing or accelerating this kind of a crisis in the economy? You see, so as I was saying, the problem is because these policies have made agriculture unprofitable, which then forces farmers to borrow. If you've invested in a crop and you're expecting to sell it at a certain price, but when the time comes, when you've harvested the crop, suddenly the price collapses and you can't even recover the cost that you have invested. Sometimes the situation is so bad that even the cost of harvesting you are produced and taking it to the market is not recovered. So you just abandon the crop in the field because it's not worth even harvesting. Things become so bad. Now in that situation, farmers are forced to borrow and these are times when no bank will lend money. You know, the rural, as part of the whole process of financial liberalization, the supply of credit to agriculture has also been curtailed. So you actually have a situation where you end up borrowing either from banks or you default, you are unable to repay your bank loans or you borrow from any lenders. Now all of this has resulted in a huge debt burden on the farmers and it is because of this that the farmers have been demanding for a debt waiver. It is... And then you have the problem of natural calamities. Suddenly there's a flood or a drought, it doesn't rain or a hail storm which results in crop losses. Now this entire sort of project of crop insurance has been handed over to private companies who are reluctant to give compensation to farmers. They are only interested in taking large handouts from government in the name of premium but they don't want to give compensation to farmers. So that results in a situation where farmers incur losses and end up becoming indicted. Now it is this huge debt burden which is the biggest cause of farmers committing suicide. Now there are two things that need to be done here. One is of course that as farmers have been demanding now for several years that there is a need for a debt waiver. That loans have to be waived. The farmers have... Those who have this huge debt, that debt waiver is needed. Now but that debt waiver is obviously only an immediate solution. It's a bandaid, it's a palliative that can be used for providing some immediate relief. But you also need to deal with the structural issues. You need to deal with the problem of why farmers get into indebtedness in the first place? Why do they become debt trapped in the first place? That also needs to be taken care for. So you need an immediate relief in the form of a debt waiver and you need to reverse the neoliberal policies to ensure that this problem doesn't keep reoccurring. The younger generation getting into agriculture has become a rarity now. So after a couple of decades, how is this industry going to thrive? Because there are no takers for agriculture. Well, I don't think it is true. It is true in one level, in one sense but it is not true in another sense. One is that farmers, people are not interested in farming because farming is not giving good incomes. But it is not the case that people are leaving farming at the pace that people think they are leaving because there is nothing else to do also. It is not as if that in non-agriculture, in other sectors of economy, there are a lot of good jobs being generated. There also the government is only thinking of making them sell pakodas. So it is not the case that non-agricultural economy is doing very well and people therefore are shifting out of agriculture for better jobs outside. Even that is not happening. So in fact, you have a situation where young people are forced to stay in agriculture in the misery that agriculture offers them. Despite the fact that agriculture is not giving incomes, agriculture cannot support such a large proportion of our population and therefore the need is... Now, there is a need for non-agricultural economy to grow and for decent jobs to be created outside agriculture so that some of these people can actually go and do other things. But that can also happen on the basis of incomes being generated in agriculture. Incomes have to be generated in agriculture so that these households have something to invest outside and do something else outside agriculture. But if agriculture does not generate incomes, how will they invest in doing anything? How will the diversification happen? So you have a catch-22 situation created because of this where agriculture becomes unremunerative and people who are dependent on agriculture cannot go out also and therefore there are more and more people actually dependent on agriculture while agriculture cannot support so much.


Hey, it's a Raspberry Pi. Yes, cases they're in and they're gothy. Okay, yeah. We know the photo was the white and red one, but you knew we weren't going to stock that. Black and clear one, because we were looking for a few Raspberry Pi five will not fit any other Raspberry Pi, only the Pi five as a built in fan using the new fan connector. That's fancy. It's got a little heat sink element, a passive one. I think if you pop out the fan, maybe you can use the active cooler, but it's a nice snap together case. It looks cool. It looks got a little rubber feet as well. And we, I think we even have some still in stock. Yeah, they're going to go fast. So, you know. Yeah, we'll like, we can't guarantee we'll have both the Pi fives in the case at the same time. So, I don't know. That's how it is. No one can guarantee that. Nobody can guarantee that. I do like the way we handle the Pi five sales because folks have told us that they have back orders, pre-orders from September from other places. They still haven't gotten yet, but they did get the ones they ordered from us. So, that's why we did it. Next up. Next up, a new edition of programming the Pico from Simon Monk's second edition. Now covers the Pico W, which is great. Simon Monk is a wonderful educator and writer, has written guides for us, has published multiple parts of the learning system. And we have lots of his kits and books. You can see some fantastic pages. We have a couple of previews of the book. You can also get it just about anywhere. We stock these types of books. Often folks are like, well, I don't really want to buy stuff from Amazon, but I do want this book. Maybe for maybe you'll stop. The authors. Yeah. That's how you get more books written. Okay, and next up. Next up, it's coming soon, but I'll probably be in stock for next week. But I thought a bunch of people might want to sign up for it. It's a Grove feather wing. So if you have a feather and you want to use Grove sensors from seed or other companies make sensors that are compatible, this board is very compact, but it has three analog Grove connectors, one UART and two I squared C, plus a STEM IQT.  So it's simple and expensive, but makes it mechanically easy to plug and play existing Grove sensors that you may have. Okay. It's coming soon.  All this year is the M.C.P. 3rd, 3421 18 bit analog digital converter with I squared C. This little chip from microchip is, it's a nice high precision analog digital converter. And I'm showing here, and you know, it was like, what is this? What are you seeing here? So this is a K type thermocouple wired directly up to the ADC. There's no op amp in bit in the middle. There's no special chip. It's just the analog digital converter reading 18 bit with the programmable gain that has a built in PGA, I think of eight time gain. And it can read a thermocouple and actually like get, you know, you can measure temperature from it and into the temperature conversion.  So it's like 10, you know, every least significant bit is one tenth of a degree. It's fairly fast. You get like three or four samples per second when you're dealing with 18 bit sample rates. Like I said, it has built in gain. It's I squared C. So it's like easy to use with, you know, almost any microcontroller or microcomputer. It's got the terminal block built in already.  There's only one I squared C address, but you know, that's okay. You could always use it with a GPA of expander. It's not that fast anyways, where it's four samples per second at the most precise readings. It's good from 3.3 or five volts. Inside it's got a built in 2.048 volts, 1% voltage reference. So it's like a very precise voltage reference. So the signal that you get can be differential, but just note that both sides of the differential signal have to be less than two volts. So it's really good for like wheat stone bridges and thermocouples and strain gauges, stuff like that. Not good for a potentiometer where you want a full like zero to BCC or zero to 3.3 volt input. This is for a precision reading of differential signals that's what's gonna shine. And with that is new products.


Want to learn about stocks, cryptocurrencies, NFTs, and the metaverse? Join RichTV.io. You're hosted the most. You're born rich from RichTV Live. And you can join our ecosystem at RichTV.io, an ecosystem built by investors, for investors just like you. Today, we're talking about our top 10 world-famous stocks for September 2022. And my crystal ball says we've got some big winners. We got some value stocks. We got some dividend stocks. We got some growth stocks. And we got some risky growth stocks in this list. Let's make sure you guys get a chance to win big. It's time to get rich with rich. All you got to do, smash that like button, comment down below, share the video everywhere, and subscribe if you're live. Exclusively here on RichTV. Let's take a look now at our top 10 stocks for September 2022. All right, here's our top 10 stocks for September 2022. And in number 10, Canadian National Resources. Now, CNQ, huge, huge, huge, huge company with a nice dividend yield. 4.17% dividend yield. We love the dividend yield. Look at the chart here. It hit $5.50 in 2020, hit $68 in early this year. And we're sitting right now at $55.92. Very, very strong-looking chart, very bullish-looking chart. Obviously, you want to try to get it on a dip, but this is a quality company. You need to put on your radar, put on your watch list to pay you a nice dividend. These are the types of plays that I've been talking about that are going to do really, really well in this type of market environment. These $50 to $100 stocks that have a dividend that people are looking for safety. And this is one of the places, CNQ, my number 10 pick for September 2022. Now, in number nine, CAE. CAE, Inc. is my number nine pick. You can see they've been as low as 980. And I always like to mark up the charts. I don't do it on every chart, but I like to mark up the charts as much as possible just to make it really simple for everyone to see. But you can see here it's been as low as, you know, $8 been as high as 34. And we're sitting right now kind of in the middle at 1851. So I still see some upside there. There could be a little bit of downside, but it looks pretty safe in this, in this environment. And it's a company I think that has some potential. So put on your radar, put on your watch list. CAE on the New York Stock Exchange, my number nine pick for September 2022. Now, in number eight, the company that's a big company that's had an amazing run, despite the fact that the market has been pretty tough. Qualcomm. Qualcomm is a huge name, quality name, another dividend stock. We really are looking for value in this market environment. Growth has been punished, but value has in some cases held up pretty strong. In some cases it's flourished, especially if you're in the oil and gas sector. But you can see here the trend is really strong on Qualcomm. That's why we're going to bring it to your attention. Put it on your radar, put on your watch list, our number eight pick for September, September 2022 with a dividend, a yield of 2.26% for Qualcomm, our number eight pick, our number seven pick. And we're trying to look for quality companies with dividends. This is a small dividend yield of 1.63%, but we like that. And it's trans-alta. Big names, but not trading at a big price here. Okay, been as high as, let's see here, in the last year, been as high as $11 right now, kind of close to the bottom, right? So pretty close to the bottom. And it has a dividend. So value company close to a bottom has a dividend. So a little bit of upside there to go from $9 to, you know, 11 or 12, which is it's yearly high, another 20 to 30% upside here. So you get the 20 to 30% upside plus the dividend. It's near a bottom. It's pretty safe and it's a big company. Put them on your radar, put them on your watch list, our number seven pick for September 2022. And number six, this is one that's being talked about a lot in our community. And I'm a big fan of Bitcoin miners and hut eight mining Bitcoin and crypto miners. You need someone to do the mining of the crypto. You can see here it's been much higher around $16 been a little bit lower at around like the dollar range. Right now, currently at $2 and the upside is enormous. There's a huge gap to fill here. And for this gap to fill, you're going to make a massive multiple and we love making a multiple here at Rich TV Live. And we feel like the market is setting up for that right now. So hut our number six pick for September 2022. And in number five, it's another growth story, a bigger company, but has been on a dip so you could see snowflake. So snowflake is a very interesting one. It's been as high as $405 been as low as 110 currently sitting in 182. So kind of making this U shaped recovery. And I always like to mark the high high and I like to mark the low low. And then I like to figure out where we are on the chart. And you can clearly see that we're near the lower part of this U shaped recovery. So I think that there's a huge gap to fill here. And there's some money to be made. You know, I clearly think there's some money to be made here on snowflake. You can see it's starting to recover. And for it to go back to 200, 300, 400 could be a multiple here. So put snowflake on your radar on your watch list are number five pick for September 2022. Now in number four, the Carlisle group, big names. These are the names that I'm really looking at right now. The biggest names in the world at low prices. I mean, this is what we look for as investors. You look for quality names at low prices. You can see the Carlisle group has had its ups and downs been very volatile like everybody else in this market environment. It's been as low as $13 a couple of years ago, just recently hit $59. So in last year hit $59 and it currently sitting right around 33. So I think there's some upside here. Pretty safe company could be a little bit of downside where you might be able to pick it up a little cheaper. But there's also a nice gap to fill for this to go back to, you know, all time highs, which it hit just last year. So I feel like there's a big trend here, trending up. This looks like a nice classic dip. It does have a dividend yield of 3.48%. So another dividend stock, a nice dividend yield at a reasonable price with some opportunity for some upside. So I think Carlisle group's a good one to look at. Put on your radar, put on your watch list would be quality name to own at 3.48%. Now remember, Rich TV Live is strictly for information and education purposes. Please do your due diligence, do your research before you invest in anything we talk about or discuss here on Rich TV Live. Our next pick, our number three pick, Dollar General. This is a company that's just been such a beast amongst the entire global pandemic and it hasn't even missed a beat. It's just consistently had a few pullbacks and then gone higher and higher and higher. A beautiful trend line. I mean, as good as I've seen and look at that thing.   And I mean, look at that chart. So absolute monster, Dollar General, DG, put on your radar, put on your watch list. There are a number three pick for September 2022. Now number two, Cura Leaf. Now cannabis stocks have been destroyed. This is the Canadian symbol, C-U-R-A. In America, it's C-U-R-L-F. Okay, Cura Leaf Holdings. Now this is a company I think everyone needs to put on their radar and put on their watch list. Cannabis has been absolutely decimated. So I'm trying to look for the best of the bunch. And this is one that has some incredible upside on the next bull market for cannabis whenever it happens. Hasn't happened a long time. I feel like there's a big gap to fill here. So that's why I feel like we need to definitely put Cura on our radar, put on our watch list. I think that the gap to fill could be enormous here.  So love to know what you think here for Cura Leaf, C-U-R-L-F in America, C-U-R-A in Canada. I know cannabis is very, very risky. This is a very risky play, but it could yield a multiple if cannabis heats up because it at some point needs to because it's been absolutely decimated. And in number one, another one that is extremely risky, very, very volatile. But I think it has some interesting upside in dough with oil and gas being very, very strong this year during this really tough economic environment. This is a company I think that everyone can make a lot of money with, but it's extremely risky. Almost like a meme oil and gas play. You can see it's been as low as 260, been as high as an unbelievable $88 and currently at $88. So, you know, it's gone up and down. It could go lower, but I think the upside is tremendous. And see how you see it was huge green, then came down with red. And it seems like it's starting to come back now with green. So it's just starting to kind of make its recovery. So this could be a good sign of what's to come here. And if oil and gas continues to surge, we may see Indo surge with it. So it's up 6% today. Another one that trades very violently. Remember, everything we talk about is for information and education purposes. Do your own due diligence, do your own research. But this is one I think that has a chance to be very, very special in this type of market environment. And if oil and gas continues to surge, we may see Indo follow it and it might make you multiple. It's not one that I would hold, but I would trade it. And if it goes back to five bucks, I'd probably buy it. And if it rips up to $10, $20, I would sell and take my profits. That's how I trade Indo. What do you guys think? If you're not winning, you're probably not watching. All of these picks will be put on richTV.io, our ecosystem built by investors, for investors where you're going to learn how to trade stocks, cryptocurrencies, NFTs, real estate, gold, metaverse and so much more. Get all the news, get all the analysis. You can put in the picks, Indo. And you'll see we don't have an Indo chat yet, but we will create one after this video. Every time we create a top 10, we create a chat room and then we put it on richTV.io. There's Indonesian energy, so we do have it there. You can add it to your watch list on our ecosystem and see all of their key data. And once this video is posted, we will then create a group chat where you can keep up to date on everything, Indo and all the other picks that we've given you today. Absolutely free. If you're not winning, you're probably not watching. We bring you the winners. We bring you the news. We're bringing the analysis, CEO interviews. And we bring you two first. You're hosted the most, you're more rich from richTV. And I'm out. Peace. Now make sure you subscribe if you're live. Hit that like if you like these videos. I'll see you soon. Bye.


Let us estimate the population parameters using 2 different methods. The first one involves the use of moments. First I will give a brief description on the method. It may sound or it may seem a bit abstract. I will demonstrate the techniques using some standard examples. So what I request you to do is to first listen to the procedure and then see how the parameters are being estimated using the moments method and then you do it yourself and see whether you get the same answer and if there are some difficulties in the middle, you can rewind and listen to the steps again. So the first procedure is to write down the expression for the moments of the mass distribution or the density function. The mass distribution function applies to discrete random variables and the density function applies to continuous random variables. So you have to write down the expressions for the moments of the mass distribution function or the density function. So we term it as the distribution moment or the population moment. What we are trying to do here is first write down the expression for the population moment and then equate it with the sample moment. We have already come across the moments of the population and we will be defining what is meant by the moment of the sample. When you write down the moment corresponding to the population, it is obviously going to be a function of the unknown population parameters. So we have unknowns on one hand. We have to relate it to the knowns and equate them in a suitable fashion and then estimate the parameters. What do we know? We have a sample with us. So we equate the moments of the sample with the moments of the population and get the population parameters. So the concept is pretty simple. So when you write down the moments of the population, the expressions are functions of unknown population parameters. The next step is equate the moments developed above with the moments of the sample. As of now, we are not exactly clear what is meant by the moment of the sample. We may not even be remembering the moments of the population. But please wait, we will be coming to them shortly. So we have let us say 2 parameters which are to be estimated from the population. Then we need to write down 2 moment equations. So that we have 2 equations in 2 unknowns which may be solved. The first step is to write down the expression for the moments of the mass distribution function or the density function. So we know that the moments, the ordinary moments and the central moments are defined in terms of expectations. For example, the mean of the population was written down as expected value of x. The standard deviation or variance sigma squared was written down as expected value of x-mu whole squared. So here we are talking about moments and they are defining the population mean and the population variance. The first moment of a population is given by E of x which is nothing but mu. This is an ordinary moment which is taken about 0. The second moment about 0 would be E of x squared. We know that E of x-mu whole squared is equal to sigma squared. But we saw in the first example set that E of x squared can be written down as mu squared plus sigma squared. If you had forgotten, you may kindly refer to the first example set to see indeed so. The population or the distribution moments will be functions of unknown population parameters theta 1, theta 2 and so on. So we have to write down that many number of moment equations first. So that we have the same number of equations as that of the unknown population parameters. The main difficulty is sometimes the moment equations may have a combination of these parameters okay. They may not be explicit. As I said earlier, we have to equate the moments written as above for the population with the moments of the sample. The samples kth moments are calculated as depending upon the k value in the moment equation, we have x1 to the power of k, x2 to the power of k so on to xn to the power of k. So these are all summed over the n random variables chosen in the sample. Please note that we are using the sample to find the moment. So we can equate the moments written as above with the moments of the sample. Let us take k is equal to 1. The first moment of the population was expected value of x which was x bar and that is related to the first moment of the sample which is given by 1 by n, sigma i is equal to 1 to n, x1 plus x2 plus so on to xn. I will make a small correction here. The subscript has popped out right. So we see that x1 to the power of 1 plus x2 to the power of 1 plus so on to xn to the power of 1, i is equal to 1 to n into 1 by n is equal to x bar. So the sample mean is a moment estimator of the population mean. Very interesting. Mu hat is equal to x bar. What we then do is we still have not estimated the population variance sigma squared. We write down the second moment. The samples second moment is calculated as 1 by n sigma i is equal to 1 to n, x1 squared plus x2 squared plus so on to xn squared. So this is the samples second moment. This may be equated to the distributions second moment expected value of x squared. The expected value of x squared we saw just a moment back as mu squared plus sigma squared. Hence we can equate the samples second moment with expected value of x squared and express it in terms of the parameters to be estimated which is mu hat squared plus sigma hat squared. So I have just given you the procedure. So as a general rule if there are m unknown parameters that are required to be estimated from a population we can write down the first m moment estimators of this distribution and they are written down as theta 1 hat, theta 2 hat so on to theta m hat. These m moment estimators are equated with the first m moments of the sample. Then we somehow solve the m equations to get the unknown parameters. Let us demonstrate this with a simple example. Here we have a random sample comprising of x1, x2 so on to xn. The populations parameters are mu and sigma squared. Based on the random sample we have to estimate the parameters mu and sigma squared. We may be tempted to write immediately that the sample mean x bar is equal to mu hat which is the estimated population mean and we may also be tempted to write down the sample variance s squared is equal to sigma hat squared okay. We saw that the sample mean and the sample variance are unbiased estimators of the population mean and the population variance. But we are now going to see the moment method and let us see whether the 2 assumptions we made namely mu hat is equal to x bar and sigma hat squared is equal to s squared whether these 2 assumptions are indeed correct. Better not to make any assumption beforehand without proper verification. So the expected value of x the random variable x will be given by x1 plus x2 plus so on to xn divided by n. I will just put the subscripts back in place. So expected value of x is equal to mu which is equal to sigma xi by n and that was equated to the first population moment x bar and we indeed have mu hat is equal to x bar. The estimated population mean is equal to the sample mean. Now we write down this second moment of the population e of x squared and that is equal to mu squared plus sigma squared. Here we have 1 by n sigma i equals 1 to n x1 squared plus x2 squared plus so on to xn squared. Here we are just putting k is equal to 2 because we are dealing with the second moment. That is expressed concisely as 1 by n into sigma i is equal to 1 to n xi squared. Now we write down 1 by n sigma i is equal to 1 to n xi squared in the following way. We are doing some mathematical jugglery to get to the final answer okay. So this can be written as 1 by n sigma i is equal to 1 to n xi minus x bar squared plus x bar squared okay. So just verify this, it is not difficult. The summation applies only for the term xi minus x bar squared. So essentially we have written 1 by n sigma i is equal to 1 to n xi squared in terms of this quantity plus x bar squared okay. The proof is pretty straight forward. So we will be looking at this rather simple derivation. I hope you were also interested or curious enough to work it out by yourself. These are standard derivations commonly encountered in this field of analysis. So what we are trying to say here is 1 by n i equals 1 to n xi squared may be written as the sum of these 2 terms. And how is it possible? What we do is we expand it. We take 1 by n outside sigma i is equal to 1 to n xi squared minus 2 xi x bar plus x bar squared plus x squared which is outside the brackets. Here this can be written as again 1 by n. We take the summation now inside sigma xi squared minus this 2 and x bar are constants. So they may be taken outside the summation sign. So you have 2x bar sigma i is equal to 1 to n xi plus n x bar squared. So you get 1 by n into sigma xi squared minus 2x bar into n x bar because we know that x bar is equal to sigma i is equal to 1 to n xi by n. Therefore, sigma xi i is equal to 1 to n is n x bar. So this is written as n x bar. So you have minus 2x bar into n x bar and that becomes minus 2n x bar squared. Here you are summing the x bar squared term n times. So this becomes n x bar squared. So this becomes minus 2n x bar squared plus n x bar squared. Again you have x bar squared here. I have dropped the indices of the summation i is equal to 1 to n i is equal to 1 to n. That may be added. So crossing the t's and dotting the i's we have added the indices. We have 1 by n sigma i is equal to 1 to n xi squared minus n x bar squared plus x bar squared. And so this becomes x bar squared. There is also plus x bar squared minus x bar squared and plus x bar squared will cancel out and you are left with 1 by n i is equal to 1 to n xi squared. So this is where we started and this is where we have ended. The point is I am saying that this is equivalent to this particular expression. So with this background we know also that e of x squared is equal to mu squared plus sigma squared and i is equal to 1 to n which is the second sample moment that is equal to 1 by n sigma is equal to 1 to n xi minus x bar whole squared plus x bar squared. But we recently found out that mu hat squared is equal to x bar squared. So this x bar squared will cancel out with this mu hat squared leaving sigma hat squared to be equal to this. So mu hat squared plus sigma squared is equal to 1 by n sigma is equal to 1 to n xi minus x bar whole squared plus x bar squared. And we know that mu hat squared is nothing but x bar squared that is from our first sample moment equated to the population first moment result. So once this cancels out we are left with sigma hat squared is equal to 1 by n sigma is equal to 1 to n xi minus x bar whole squared. A very interesting result sum of the square of the deviations from the sample mean divided by n. But we know by now that it should not be n but rather than n-1 if we were to take the sample variance. But we are using n here from the method of moments. So from the above and using mu hat squared is equal to x bar squared we get sigma hat squared is equal to 1 by n sigma is equal to 1 to n xi minus x bar whole squared. This becomes a biased estimator for the population variance sigma squared. If we had used 1 by n-1 sigma i equals 1 to n xi minus x bar whole squared then we would have got the unbiased estimator 1 by n-1 sigma i equals 1 to n xi minus x bar whole squared is equal to s squared which is the sample variance. And the sample variance based on n-1 in the denominator represents the unbiased estimator of the population variance sigma squared. On the other hand the method of moments led us to the expression 1 by n sigma i equals 1 to n xi minus x bar whole squared as the estimate of the population variance as the estimator of the population variance. Obviously this becomes then a biased estimator. But even though it is a biased estimator if you take a sufficiently large sample size the difference between n and n-1 will become small and so we do not really have to worry about the bias in the estimator. So again we see the merits of having a large sample size. Now we will go to the next technique, the method of maximum likelihood. You may feel that I have left the method of moments a bit too abruptly but we will be shortly doing an example set where both the method of moments and the method of maximum likelihood will be demonstrated using suitable examples. The first step is to define the maximum likelihood function. Let us do this with the single parameter. Assume that even if there are two parameters in the population the first parameter is unknown and the second parameter is known. It is a fictitious case but this is mainly meant for demonstration purposes. Then we will take the more general case involving two unknown parameters. So let us represent the probability density function in terms of the variables theta and f of x theta that is the probability density function. So we will take a random sample and once their values are known, the moment you have taken a random sample you are going to do the measurements. That is the purpose of taking the random sample. A sample is available to you and you are going to take the height, weight or their marks in a particular subject or if it is a specimen from an industrial production unit you may be subjecting the specimens you have drawn as sample to certain test compressive strength and strain limit and things like that. So you are going to denote them as small x1, x2 to xn. The small x values denote the values taken by random variable x1, random variable x2 so on to random variable xn. The random variable is denoted by capital X and the value taken by the random variable is denoted by small x. Now we define the likelihood function of the sample to be L of theta, L of function of theta where theta is the single unknown parameter as the product of f of x1, theta into f of x2, theta so on to f of xn, theta. So what we are doing here is in the probability density function we are plugging in the random variable value. Let it be not a number but we will put it in a more general case okay even though x1, x2 and so on have up to xn have taken values. We are putting it in a general case and finally we can substitute the values there okay. So as of now let it be generally x1, x2 so on to xn. So the likelihood function L of theta is equal to f of x1, theta f of x2, theta and so on to f of xn, theta okay. Do not be in a hurry to plug in the actual values of the random samples here. Now this is a function and as the name maximum likelihood implies what we are trying to do here is to maximize this particular function okay. So we have f of x1, theta into f of x2, theta so on to f of xn, theta. That function will be differentiated with respect to the unknown parameter theta okay. We want to find that parameter theta which will maximize this likelihood function. So we are not going to differentiate with respect to x, which x you will use x1 or x2 or so on to xn. No, you are going to maximize the function with respect to a parameter theta and so you have to differentiate it with respect to the parameter theta okay. Many of us are very used to maximizing a function or minimizing a function by differentiating that function with respect to x. So we may be tempted to do the same thing here but we have to actually differentiate it with respect to the unknown parameter or parameters theta okay. There can be more than one parameter and when you are having more than one parameter you have to partially differentiate the likelihood function with respect to each of the unknown parameters. But let us not be in a hurry. We will come to that a bit later. First let us take the simple case involving a single parameter and we will differentiate the likelihood function with respect to this parameter. So the density function f of x, mu equals 1 by root 2 pi sigma exponential-x-mu whole squared by 2 sigma squared represents the very commonly very frequently encountered normal distribution okay. Now we are putting mu because we assume sigma squared to be known and we take only mu to be the unknown parameter which is to be estimated. So this is for demonstration purposes. In several classes from now on we will also be assuming that sigma squared is somehow known to us. This is a kind of an artificial construct because mu and sigma squared are both unknown. Sigma squared represents the spread, spread about what? Spread about mu. So if you do not know mu, how will you find out the spread? Anyway for the time being we will assume that the sigma squared is known to us and mu is unknown for the purpose of demonstration right. Now what we can do is we can define the maximum likelihood function in terms of mu. What we do is we have taken a random sample of size n and we plug in x1 here for the first random variable value then we plug in x2, we plug in x3 so on to xn. So we will be having n such functions. When you multiply all these functions f x1, mu into f x2, mu into so on to f of xn, mu. So this can be represented compactly by 1 by 2 pi sigma squared to the power of n by 2. This 2 came because of the square root. We are writing 2 pi square root of 2 pi sigma as square root of 2 pi sigma squared and when it is multiplied n times we get 1 by 2 pi sigma squared to the power of n by 2. The exponential term is again very interesting. 1 by 2 sigma squared is common. When you are multiplying exponential terms the argument gets added up and so here you are going to have i is equal to 1 to n xi-mu whole squared. So we can differentiate this function directly with respect to mu because mu is the unknown parameter or to make life easier for us we can take the natural logarithm of this particular equation. We take the natural log on both sides. So we get L of mu is equal to 1 by 2 pi sigma squared to the power of n by 2 exponential-1 by 2 sigma squared sigma is equal to 1 xi-mu whole squared. This is the likelihood function. After you have taken the natural log you will get n by 2 into ln of 1 by 2 pi sigma squared and then you will have ln of e power minus this term. ln of e power any term is equal to that term itself. ln e power p is equal to p ln e which is equal to p. So that would be equivalent to or rather equal to minus 1 by 2 sigma squared sigma is equal to 1 to n xi-mu whole squared. So this is where we are getting the logarithm of the maximum likelihood function. Now we have to differentiate it with respect to the unknown parameter mu and equate it to 0. To indeed see whether the solution we find leads to a maximum value of L we have to take the second derivative of the maximum likelihood function. We have to indeed verify. We have to verify that the root we obtain by solving this equation leads to a maximum value of L. For that we know from calculus that the second derivative should be negative okay but we will not be doing that. We will leave that as an exercise and we will take only the first derivative. Since we are having a function which is depending on a single parameter instead of writing dou L by dou mu we should actually write it as dL by d mu. So I will just make that correction here. So instead of dou L by dou mu we are writing it as dL by d mu because there is only one parameter and the differentiation of the constant will become 0 and then when you differentiate this with respect to mu you will get, you are having a negative coefficient to mu. So you will get 2 xi-mu that minus will cancel out with this minus the 2 will cancel out with this 2 and then the differentiation of mu will lead to 1. So finally you will get the 2 by 2 the minus has become plus because you are having minus of minus and then sigma i is equal to 1 to n xi-mu is equal to 0. Sigma squared is a constant the 2 will cancel out you can take sigma squared out because it is a constant and you are left with sigma i is equal to 1 to n xi-mu is equal to 0. So you have to essentially solve for mu. When you indeed do that mu when it is summed n times will become n mu and this will become sigma xi. So mu will be nothing but sigma xi divided by n and that becomes the sample mean which we generalize as mu hat is equal to x bar. So the sample mean is an estimator of the population parameter mu hat. Now let us look at the population described by the normal curve and we are now being general by saying that neither mu nor sigma squared are known to us. Here we stop with the first sample moment because we had only one parameter to estimate. We assumed that sigma squared was already known to us. Now let us go to the second example where we have 2 parameters to be estimated and that is given by f of x mu sigma squared 1 by root 2 pi sigma exponential-x-mu whole squared by 2 sigma squared. What we then do is we take the random sample form the values x1, x2 so on to xn then we put l of mu sigma squared in terms of the product of the distribution functions expression. So you have 1 by root 2 pi sigma into e power-xi-mu whole squared by 2 sigma squared multiplied from i is equal to 1 the first sample to i is equal to n the last sample. So you are just multiplying it and this is the product sign. Just as you had the summation sign sigma we are having the product sign here. So when you take the product again this will become 1 by 2 pi sigma squared whole to the power of n by 2 and then you have to multiply the exponential terms n times and then the arguments will be added up. Again you will have ln of l is equal to n by 2 ln of 1 by 2 pi sigma squared-1 by 2 sigma squared sigma is equal to 1 to in xi-mu whole squared. Remember that we have 2 parameters sigma squared and mu and these 2 are unknown. So we are having an expression with 2 unknown variables sigma squared and mu. So this ln of l should be partially differentiated with respect to both mu to give the first expression and then sigma squared to give the second expression. So this is the expression we have to partially differentiate. We get 1 by l dou l by dou mu is equal to 0. Now we apply the partial differentiation sign because there are 2 parameters to differentiate with and we are first we are differentiating with respect to mu. 1 by l dou l by dou mu is equal to this term and the next expression is slightly a bit more cumbersome.  Remember you are differentiating with respect to sigma squared directly. So you have to take sigma squared as a particular variable. Do not think in terms of sigma. Think in terms of sigma squared. If that is confusing to you, put sigma squared is equal to p. So you will get this particular term. If you want to expand it, n is anyway a constant. You can write n by 2 into ln of 1 minus ln of 2 pi sigma squared. The only important term as far as the differentiation is concerned is ln sigma squared. So when you have ln of sigma squared and you differentiate it with respect to sigma squared, you will get 1 by sigma squared and this n by 2 is outside. So you will get after differentiation minus n by 2 into 1 by sigma squared. Similarly, you will have once a dust settles down here, you are differentiating 1 by sigma squared with respect to sigma squared. It is differentiating 1 by x with respect to x. You know that the differentiation of 1 by x with respect to x will lead to minus 1 by x squared. So differentiation of 1 by sigma squared with respect to sigma squared will lead to minus 1 by sigma to the power of 4. So that minus and minus will get combined to become plus and when you differentiate with respect to sigma squared, you will get 1, you will get plus 1 by 2 sigma to the power of 4 into sigma i is equal to 1 to n xi minus mu whole squared. From these 2 equations, we find that mu hat is equal to x bar and sigma hat squared is equal to 1 by n sigma i is equal to 1 to n xi minus x bar whole squared. So again we are having a biased estimator. We are using the sample and we are taking the sum of the square of the deviations of the sample random variables from the mean and dividing it by n, not n-1, we are doing n. So this expression is rather n-1 s squared by n, okay. This expression is n-1 s squared by n and hence this particular expression leads to a bias in the estimation of sigma hat squared in the estimation of the population variance. So what are the properties of the maximum likelihood estimators? When the sample size is large and theta hat is the maximum likelihood estimator of theta, then theta hat is an approximately unbiased estimator for theta, okay. And the variance for theta hat is nearly as small as the variance that could be obtained with any other situation. These 2 properties imply that the maximum likelihood estimator is approximately an minimum variance unbiased estimator. And it also tells us, we are not looking into the proof that another important property is theta hat has an approximate normal distribution. So this concludes our presentation on maximum likelihood estimation. We have learnt it. It is a very interesting and useful thing to know. We, however, will not be really using this further in our discussions but it is a very interesting thing to be aware of. It is also important to know that the properties of the sample we are taking should lead to an unbiased estimation of the population parameter. So in our inferential statistics, we are going to use the sample mean, sample variance very frequently and it is essential that we understand what their properties are. So this discussion really helped us. We also saw that if instead of using 1 by n-1 in the denominator for sample variance, if we had used n that would have led to a biased estimation of the population variance which is not really very good especially in the case of small samples. From now on, we are going more into the analysis of samples. We are going to work with samples. We are going to not work with x that much. We are going to consider x bar instead of x more and more, treat x bar as a single entity rather than a collection of n random variables. Even though that is undisputable, we are now going to deal with x bar as a single entity rather than x and we are also going to discuss another important and interesting topic. We have discussed about the point estimation so far. Now we will be talking about the interval estimation for the population parameters. All these things will lead to useful techniques or procedures that are essential in the design of experiments and analysis of experimental data. So we will wind up now and we will be looking at interval estimation shortly. We will also be doing a few problems to drive home the concepts we have studied so far. Thank you.


Welcome to the Thargoid Report, I'm Commander Burr. This is a distillation of the excellent weekly thread from Burton Simmons on Reddit for finer details on the why and the what of the Thargoids activity then do give that post a look, I've linked it below. If you find this information useful and enjoy our content then please consider giving the video a thumbs up and hit the subscribe button to make sure you see all our future videos. The following stations were attacked by Thargoids this week and are currently on fire and subject to ongoing rescue operations. As well as evacuating civilians from these stations you can also help delivering food, water, basic medicines and natural fabrics to the affected stations. If you are going into a burning station bring all the heat sinks, links to my previous videos on this subject are below. If you're looking to attack Thargoids then scout vessel infestations are being reported by the Eagle Eye Sensor Network in the following systems. Cirque Tomez, Hariji, Lokipi, Jataya, Shoki Yain and Veja Deng. If you are engaging in anti-thargoid scout combat operations you don't necessarily need specialized equipment but the entry-level anti-zeno weaponry requires no unlocking and it really helps. The scout class vessels also count as elite ranked ships so this is an excellent way to level up your combat rank. For the more hardcore combat zone encounters the following systems are under Thargoid incursion right now and will have combat zones that offer both scouts and larger Thargoid vessels. The background simulation handling this has been a bit wobbly this week so I'd double check these targets with a source like the AXI Discord as it's possible it may change. For the scouts and the death daisies I'd recommend decontamination limpets are added to your standard arsenal and you might want to think about taking shed loads of heat sinks as well the cone sector critters will struggle to track you when you're cold. With the assistance of the AXI Discord all the systems I've listed this week are now presented in priority order and if you're looking to wing up with other commanders then I've provided links below to the AXI, the Hive and the Hand. Between them these organizations have all platforms covered. They're a really friendly bunch and whatever your level of competence they'll help you fight bugs. Wherever you go commanders remember pick your fights with care. You can also get involved with Operation Ida and help get previously damaged stations back online. Ida coordinate the rebuilding efforts for the wider Galactic community and will have you covered on where to go and what to bring with you. All you need is a Galactic map and a few cargo racks. They're also linked below. That's it for now thank you so much for making it this far you can also find us on Twitter, Patreon, Discord and Instagram links to all those are in the description below and we'll be back later this week with more videos until then. O7 commanders may all your hyperdictions be brief and don't let the pesky pansies give you nightmares. I very much look forward to seeing you next time.


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