Thank you, Eric. For those of you who don't know me, nice to meet you. My name is Carolyn Hutter, and I'm the division director for the Division of Genome Sciences at NHGRI. And I want to start before I go into this. We are here, and this is in the context of the NHGRI Strategic Plan, but just stressing again that this is a trans agency meeting, and we have people here also from NSF and USDA. And so while we're most interested to hear some of your thoughts on what's the forefront of genomics for NHGRI, I think they would also be interested if you also want to share ideas on what you see as the forefront of genomics in the perspective of their agencies as well. So we're going to, you know, feel free to switch back and forth between those and don't say, oh, Carolyn's up there, I can only talk about what I think is relevant for NHGRI. We do want to sort of hear broadly. But as Eric said, I'm going to drill down for a minute just to give you a perspective of where we are. Eric showed you that timeline of the strategic planning. You know, we've been at this for, it seems like quite a while now, and you know, we aren't just at this, we want to hear your feedback. We have started to sort of bring some of our thoughts together. And we organized internally for the purpose of our strategic planning into five focus group areas as listed here on this slide. And highlighted in yellow, I highlighted the basic genomics and genomic technologies because I think that's sort of the focus group area that sort of most overlaps with areas of interest to this group, although obviously the genomics of data science does as well. And we can touch on that one in a little more detail if people want during the discussion part. Within the basic genomics and genome, and that just goes to highlight any time you put things in categories, you have perfect categorizations and we recognize that, but you have to organize in some way to sort of move things forward. So within the basic genomics and genomic technologies, we sort of have identified these key themes. And again, I'm not going to read all of these themes to you. I will leave this slide up for a minute if you want to read them yourself, that we really see as areas that we should be thinking of as we think about where should the field be going at the forefront of genomics and the areas of basic genomics and genomic technologies. And again, I've highlighted in yellow what I think is most relevant to this particular meeting, which is how do we think about using evolutionary and comparative genomic data to markedly advance understanding of genome function as NIH in the relationship in basic, from a basic genomics perspective and also in relationship to human health and disease. And diving in one more deep dive in on that particular point, what do we mean by that? I just want to say that my colleague Elise Feingold prepared this slide for a meeting we had in July. This isn't a summary of things we heard at this meeting, although I was in reviewing this reflecting that a lot of the things that we've been thinking about really do align with what I've heard over the last day and a half, which is, you know, we see value in taking advantage of conservation and variation both within and between traditional and non-traditional animal models. And obviously some of this data has been generated both by NHGRI and others at NIH and by others, but this whole siloed data, this is certainly something that I've heard multiple times, is inhibiting effective comparisons. And by that, what do we mean by the siloed data? We mean the differences in standards and ontologies and databases, et cetera. And we also don't have the tools or the tools that we have are currently insufficient to do what we really want to be doing in terms of comparing and visualizing the data. So what do we see this as needing? Well, we need to have genomic and functional data from diverse organisms. We need to have coordination and interoperability of data types. And this is a place where we do see NHGRI having an opportunity to take some of the leadership role. And we also want to have robust ways to represent inter- and intra-organismal genomic data to fully take advantage of that as a resource and again from our perspective to help us in our advancing our understanding of the biology of genomes and how that relates to human health and disease. So this is what we've heard and how we're sort of synthesizing around this. One of the other needs that we have heard through our strategic planning, but it's not sort of captured here because it's sort of captured in some of the other parts, but reflected in discussion today, I've heard over the last two days is things around training. And so we do recognize that also as a place where we should be thinking about how to move forward in our views of training and how to have a 2020 vision towards what we should be thinking about in our training programs and in training more broadly. I also thought before I sort of just kick it out to you guys to sort of get your input and thoughts is, you know, we do recognize that NHGRI does activities that facilitate genomics research, all genomics research including comparative genomics research, so that's why it's in the parentheses there, that include our investment and our continued investment in technology development and in methods development. As we move towards faster, cheaper and more accurate technologies that can advance human health and disease, they also advance a lot of other areas. As we think about novel and approaches that might be used in our setting as examples have come up today, they also can be used in other settings and we also recognize the value when we have a PAR about this in particular for novel approaches in comparative genomics that could then be used to help us understand our human, understanding of human health and disease. We also continue to value the importance of genomic resources, what are resources that we can create, what are resources that we can foster, and what are the analysis tools and platforms that we need to have with those resources. And we also continue to see our leadership role both as a leadership alone and our leadership in partnership with others to move things forward. My cousin makes fun of me every time I say this, but one of the things about being at NIH is we have a convening power, it's evidenced here today, as we bring people together and the conversations that you can have when you bring experts into the room, particularly people who don't talk to each other, as regularly I think is incredibly value. We can also take leadership in the setting and maintaining of standards and in promoting key principles in areas that we have. So this is an idea of where we currently are and some of our thinking of what we see as our role in areas that I think would be most relevant to this group. This is just a small part of everything we're thinking from our strategic planning, but the part I think to give you a step in to bite off and provide feedback. And so when I say provide feedback, we want to hear what are opportunities you think NHGRI should be pursuing in our role at the forefront of genomics over the next five to 10 years. What of those opportunities would benefit most from collaborative efforts? And what are we missing? Are there things that you would have thought I would have said that we're thinking about that I didn't mention that you want to make sure that we are thinking about? So those are the types of questions. I'll leave the question slide up for a minute. I'll probably bounce around on the slides a little bit as we talk, because I know I sort of went through some stuff quickly and people can process different slides at different points.  Eric. So on the third point there, what is missing? What I keep hearing, I'm saying this myself, but I hear a lot of people keep saying to each other and NHGRI is we need investment in developing high quality telometer, telometer, complete genomes. And in none of the bullet points I saw today, I saw that message there. It's in the top one. So hold. I guess I think that it needs to be safe because hold genome sequencing, I mean, you can find that in hundreds of papers. And somebody will tell you it ain't the whole genome. Yes. So I think it needs to be more explicitly stated then. Yes. And I should point out that coming to the front, actually, great, coming to join us in chairs so they can also help with this arm. Along with Eric, I'll let you each introduce yourselves once you have a seat. Go ahead, Elaine. Gently seat two. I'm Elise Feingold, NHGRI co-chair of the Basic Genomics and Genomic Technology Focus Group. I'm Bill Pavin, intramural researcher. And co-chair of the Basic Genomics and Genomic Technologies Working Group. I'm Elaine O. Strander. I'm the chief of the Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch at NHGRI and in the intramural program. And I'm co-chair of... We just renamed her, Genomics of Human Health and Disease. What chiefs? I'm Jennifer Troyer, and if you don't know me by now. And in the context of this discussion, she's a member of the Basic Genomics and Genomic Technologies Focus Group. So anyways, so yes. But we have heard that, and I agree it is an important thing to make sure that we keep hearing. Of course. So the other thing, as I'm wondering, how come Comparative Genomics is at meeting number 40? And does that reflect, sort of, is it on the lower spectrum of interest, everything that's being done, or just asking a candid question? Yeah. So I would say that you might be 40th in line, but if you ranked these events in terms of what the investment of us in them, you would not be 40th, right? So, you know, in terms of which of the events that... You know, Eric said we've had 40 strategic planning events. And those include one-hour discussion in the context of a larger meeting. It's a wide variety of events. And so I would say that if you sort of looked at that, I wouldn't put the time... You know, we had to have time to plan a meeting, and we just did a big meeting in January, and we weren't going to do another meeting the next month because we have staffing reasons around that. It doesn't mean the conversation didn't come... The topic actually came up in quite a bit of others. I mean, otherwise, actually, I mean, the fact that it's reflected in this synthetic theme is because it obviously came up multiple times. Just there wasn't a focused workshop on that. Actually, you were first because I did the first one at Cold Spring Harbor a year and a half ago, and I did it by myself, and so trust me, you were first. The other thing I was going to say is don't worry about that in terms of priority and order, because they haven't had the genomic medicine one yet. Yeah. Other comments or questions? Scott. I think it's implicit in all of these goals, but I don't see the word computational in here, and I just think that that's going to be a huge... Well, on that specific slide, but I just think... So which... Okay, anyway. Yes. Good, you're on it. Well, no, but I came to the slide not in a, oh, we're on it, but what are specific things that you want to make sure that we're on, and what are specific things that you think we should be thinking about? Yeah, I mean, I think what I've heard a lot at this workshop is infrastructure for comparing different species, for comparing phenotypes and genomes. It's hard to look for synthesis across species. And ideally, especially with comparative genomics, having that sort of phylogenetic framework so that we can really leverage a lot of the existing tools for studying biology on phylogenies, but also there's a lot of the new tools that are going to be coming along. We have to envision a time when we have, we're almost there now, but hundreds of genomes aligned, phenotypes, and I think, and we've talked a lot in the workshop about how many species are not amenable or easily amenable to experimentation, but my honest hunch is that even with that, just the comparative non-experimental approach will be able to make some very, very impressive headway on linking genotype to phenotype. But we don't have the infrastructure for that now. Yeah. If you dig in deeper, I'm not sure it's on the slide that you had shared that dug in more deeply in number four, but we definitely have talked about informatics and like specifically data visualization and just ways that we can do comparisons of data. So it's definitely something that we've thought about, at least at that level. So I've seen, Caroline, can you bring me a piece of paper and a pen so I can keep track? So I had Sophie, then Matt, then Lucia, then my glasses are failing me. Yes, in the back, literally this is Hans. Yes, okay. So while I'm writing that down, I also wanna plug for a minute that we are 40, perhaps second in the row, having a series of webinars specifically around these genomic data science fields. So keep an eye on hashtag genomics 2020 and our website to get those because they'll be open to anyone who's interested and would be another opportunity to provide some more input and insight into this area. So you just touched on it, but data visualization was something that really came up now that we're talking about so many genomes and so many types of data that we wanna map to genomes. Yeah. Matt. I'm gonna venture a guess and say that you're on it, but to the 2.6 here, I think we need to think more broadly than just genomicists in our training efforts. We need to think about undergraduates and epidemiologists, medical doctors, other people. So it's not just the people in this room and our students and people we talk to, but it's a whole host of other people as well that are really important to bring into this system to speak our language. Yep, fully agree. Yes, I would like to bring up the silos effect again because that came up a lot of times, silos for data, for samples, high quality samples. So I have a small biorepository of one of the most endangered species in the apes in the planet, but I don't know how to share it. I will be happy to share it. I'm not connected to anybody. So is there a plan to have some collaborative, kind of funded, is there any plan to promote collaboration and make sure that people are connected? So what types of things do you think best promote collaboration? Communication and I don't know. I guess the easy one would be at a phase where people are kind of obliged to collaborate because everybody is provided a piece. I mean, the most productive collaborations are the one where everybody's needed is raised and overlapped, right? And so something like that, like, for example, all the samples that I collect is all not funded effort. It's been all opportunistic all time, 15 years of collection, but I'm still happy to share. It's just that it cannot go on forever and also it needs to be mutually beneficial. So I don't know, I'm just putting it out there. It would be nice to promote collaboration and help coordinating collaborations. Hans, and then back there. So I love the idea of all this strategic planning and I think it's great, but many of us in this room do not work on a human and mouse. So my question is, is how much influence will you have on other institutes where we think we have systems of value, but we're sort of given the impression that unless you work on a human and mouse, you know, it's not gonna happen. So I think this is actually a really important question. And I think one of the things, the ways that NHGRI has been successful in moving the community is having things that are successful. I mean, they prove themselves, right? And so if we're talking about making other, in several of the sessions we've talked about, what are the things that are needed to make these other emerging models tractable, accessible and usable, if those things are all in place and they suddenly become much more, they review well, because suddenly there's examples of ways in which this is working. So I think it's something as an entire community, we all have to work on both as reviewers being less skeptical of other systems, but also all of us making sure that those standards to ensure that these are going to be really productive and reproducible and again, we've talked about this a lot, right? And you're not being picked up on the mic. Oh, did anybody hear what I said? All right, but anyway, so it's this. Okay, so I think that, but I do think that it is incumbent on all of us to demonstrate the utility in ways that are then seen by the reviewers and then as reviewers to come in and be willing to open your mind to something that's not a mouse. Let me try to put a finer point on it. If I understood the question correctly, I think where we can be helpful is on anything genomic. So if you're gonna pitch a system to another institute in a particular disease area or a physiological area, the genomic elements of it, I think we can try to be helpful if asked. I doubt we can be very helpful to be able to say, oh, this is a good system for this, because we're not the experts about that disease area, that physiology area. So I think that's gonna have to be done by the scientific community, by you, by other colleagues and so forth. And maybe Elaine could speak to something as somebody who's been a leader in demonstrating that dogs are a good model for cancer. And I would imagine that your question is other types of diseases and other types of systems. But I don't think you're gonna see that argument be very strong out of any chart, which is not the expertise. But if they have questions about the genomic aspects of the system or what might be possible in the genomic, I think we can be helpful. That I know the Genetic Society of America has held some workshops where they brought in, they had meetings that were sort of across a number of model organisms. And then they also invited some NIH people from different institutes there. And so those kinds of things can be replicated further to really get the rest of the NIH excited about particular models, or in general the power of model organisms. I think there would be a lot of interest in that. So I would just comment that my lab, as I think most of you know, works on dogs and has for 25 years. And half of that was when I was in the extramural program in Seattle and half has been intramural here. And so the most successful strategies for getting funding for me and for people in my community from NIH have not just been to say, oh, okay, we have an animal or an organism or a subset of animals who get this disease that if we could find the genes would be informative in humans. That's only a small part of it. With it has to come a mechanism to get that data distributed to human geneticists. There has to be an embracing by human geneticists that they care about that approach, that it's gonna reveal things you can't find just by studying humans. And often that comes from the population structure that you know so much about and founders and so on that you have in your own organism system. And it really develops into sort of that next level, that next echelon, if you can incorporate new genomic technologies or approaches. So if you can look at what's been done in the human genome project and repurpose and elevate and say, look, one of the things about the human genome project is the trickle down effect that it's had across the tree of life. And I'm gonna give you an example of how applying this really helps us solve this problem that we care about everywhere from conservation to human health. So that's kind of a global approach is what my community certainly, but I was writing grants extra rarely found most successful and my understanding is what people continue to find most successful. And that's everything from finding genes to doing cell lines and therapies and pretty much the whole gamut in between. But you can't be using old technologies, right? You have to be embracing everything that you're hearing about at meetings like this and applying them to what it is you're studying. That's key. So I'm gonna come back to Eric and then I'll get the next set of hands. So my comment is on a similar line. It's a question and comment or a request, right? Really, my request is that for the vision of 2020 that NIH, GRI partner with other institutes like NSF and USDA here to actually not depend upon the investigators to pick out one or two species here or there to support, but make that initiative to do high quality, complete error-free telomere or telomer genomes representing species diversity, whether it's all vertebrates or beyond, to make that part of the mission because I don't think that's gonna come about by investigator initiative approaches. And so you only have to do it once, at least for one individual animal. And second to, I think there's a good justification for it for human health and the planet's health, which also affects human health. Otherwise, why are we holding a comparative genomics meeting funded, supported by NIH if you're gonna compare genomes, you might as well support the genomes you're gonna compare to help inform human disease and planet health. Great. I'm gonna expand a little bit on what Eric said and turn it around a little bit. What I said yesterday was comparative genomics is enabled by genomes to compare and the tools to compare them. And I think NHGRI's done a wonderful job on creating technologies to compare genomes and providing tools to compare the genomes. And where we're at now and we're all sitting here as saying there's a million and a half eukaryotic species out there. You know that now and it's actually possible. We have the technology to do it all if we wanted to. From NHGRI's perspective, I think the missing part is the genomes to compare and the strategies, having a national strategy or an NHGRI strategy beyond the things that kill you make you sick. Okay, as Eric said, there's lots of things in the environment that we're interested in and lots of other humans that you wanna sequence. So if NHGRI could be helpful in providing guidance to the community on what genomes, what areas of the eukaryotic tree, things that regenerate, I mean there are whole parts of the eukaryotic tree that are either unexplored or where we know there's fantastic biology where the organisms haven't been sequenced. We have 37 phyla out of 71 that have a representative organism, but that's only 52% at the phylum level. There's so much there that we don't know. And I think NHGRI can have a role, a major role in the strategy strategizing about where to go in the tree to help, which has direct impact on being able to understand the human genome.  And let's take that opportunity to think very broadly and have NHGRI engage in that strategic component of where do we go with comparative genomics in terms of the selection of organisms for the next steps. But Harris, don't you think that, and I haven't ever had discussions with anyone here about this, but it seems to me that one thing that would make that whole process easier would be to self-organize amongst ourselves and to say, okay, here are all the different ways. We see what all of us in the room do having potential impact, whether it is regeneration or disease or all the different ways that could impact human health and organize ourselves around that into some kind of working groups and then come out with what we would think are the top one or two for a variety of different reasons that should really be a focus. And I have no idea if any of these people agree with it, but I wouldn't put it on them to figure it out. Truthfully, it's not the world they live in. I think it'll be hard because it means if you say these are the one or two that should be the focus for regeneration studies, whether it's axolotl or whatever it else, but that means these 22 are not gonna be put forth to NHRI, that's gonna be hard. But are people willing to do that? I would, that would be the question I would be asking. Or not help us, but how do we help you? Right, and I'd be, yes, and I'd be thinking broader than single organisms. I would be thinking of whole branches of a tree or groups of organisms, especially within a genus or a family where you might have one member that regenerates and another member that doesn't of this very closely related tax on the community. If you leave it to the community, you have a whole lot of interest. This is a top-down and a bottom-up strategy that I'm suggesting because everybody has their favorite organisms and will lobby for their favorite group. There has to be a broader strategic. Well, NHGIA has the power of convening. That was what was said at the beginning. And so let's convene that discussion and begin to think about it because the potential is there to do everything, but you can't do everything, you can't do everything. And so what should we do next as a big strategy? Claudio, did you have your hand up or did I? I know Ted's next, but I just wanted to check. Okay, Ted? I'm Ted Morgan from the National Science Foundation and at the National Science Foundation I wear a couple of hats. I'm the chair of the Enabling Discovery through Genomic Tools working group which is focused on developing genetic manipulation in traditional non-model organisms that have communities that have been formed. In that capacity, so we have 35, 34, 35 awardees, a handful of which that are at this meeting who have come in with genomes and the need for functional genomic tools that when I've been participating in meetings like this and interagency committees, I've been happy to see a lot of our investments appear in talks from individuals who are at NIGMS and other places. And I would also highlight to the point earlier that I understand the issue in terms of coming into NIH and if you don't work on a mouse or a human and how you justify that, but NIGMS, I have the agenda right in front of me here, on September 12th is holding a workshop on the research organism landscape choosing the best organism for your scientific question which will be video cast just like this one and in the individuals who are participating. So I'm participating as the chair of the Edge Working Group but there's a number of individuals who work on non-model systems that will be participating in that. And so it's processed, but I definitely have heard from my colleagues in the federal government that there is a lot of interesting biology that NIH is aware of that has happened in outside of a mouse and a human. Yeah. Thank you, Ted. I'll put my questions back up to the group. Make my follow-up perhaps a little bit with that because we actually do participate, have a participating project in the Edge and one thought perhaps is if, for example, if NSF puts some invests or puts some efforts into identify some key species because of interesting phenotypes and so forth, several which may be of relevance to human health, those might become really important targets for genome completion and high quality. So it's as if the two communities, both in terms of the community of researchers and also the funding agencies were to talk more and learn more about what are the organisms that have been funded, resources that have been created and what are the counterpart that could really push this thing forward. That might be a play a role in terms of which organisms to identify. And the truth is, this broad community here, there's a limited number of organisms for which any research has been done and maybe it might be reasonable targets to have high quality genomes for all those organisms for which there has been research, which is a small fraction of the whole biodiversity. So that's just one way perhaps to think about targeting organisms for genomic resources. Donald and then, I got a blocked, Eleanor, is that? Okay, Donald and then Eleanor, huh? And then Emma, sorry, Emma. Donald Manahan National Science Foundation, I wonder if we could beyond the organisms one would work on, could we just come back to the comments you made about a strategy for training. We spent, of course at the NSF, we spent a great deal of time talking about education and training. I was wondering if we could open that up for a general comment. We certainly have spent two days here where there was all debates about silos and need for cross-training and bringing in engineers and computational biologists, et cetera, et cetera. But if we sort of, whether that training should be focused on established investigators, of course, all the way down to new post-doc grad students, just don't mind spending some time on that because obviously if 20 years, I've been in science 30 years, if 20 years from now we're still saying we have the wrong training programs in place, you know where we will stand and all the limitations. Yeah, and so I am gonna take, I'm gonna follow up on Donald to, I think to say that what we wanna do is reach out, is ask this question to you guys. From a perspective, we do always hear the more training, how do we get more by all the data science connection and then you'll say you'll have something like our, someone we'll see and sure the next generation of genomics are trained in data science and then people are like, but you also need to make sure the data science people are trained in genomics, et cetera. And we have been starting to do some experiments and Eric's been supportive of this, of considering different aspects of our training from the, you know, the pre-doc level through training opportunities for more experienced researchers. So what are, you know, what are the things that people think are really missing in the current training landscape or the current ways that particularly, you know, training programs that we might be funding have? What are changes that you think could really impact and move the needle on this having a 2020 genomics trained group in the back? So I have a lesson I've learned from my high school students, which is that they're very good at interacting with data and using resources that are out there already and putting things together and kind of hacking things together so they're not computer scientists and they are not biologists even yet, but yet for some reason they can put these things together and I think that's really a theme that we need to promote is reusable tools that can be interconnected that don't require, you know, whoever designed them and developed them can put them into a package or a way that they can be used and interoperable. I think that's really the next generation is learning how to hack things together. I'd say a major limitation is the number of slots on training grants. We get 450 applicants to our program per year. We take maybe 12 students and we've got 4,000 faculty so there's a dearth of students and a lot of opportunity there if we could just take more of them. But they've been squeezed over the last like five years. Eleanor, and this doesn't count towards your question if you're responding specifically towards training. I was not letting you respond specifically towards training, but I will say that anything that can influence, it can move the people from the computational world into the research world is going to be really valuable because those are often the students that end up being the most effective is when they have some, they have a computer science background but then have an opportunity to actually identify the ones that are, have a kind of creative process planner in thinking. Yeah, great. So I want to take one or two more comments specific to training and then I'll come back to you for a year. I would sort of, I go Eleanor's comment except for I would say in my own career having a T32 at Stanford for vets who want to do PhDs, bringing us out of our silos so having people that not only have a cross disciplinary competition background but have a very cross disciplinary clinical background can see connections with other people can't and so encouraging more getting people out of their silos whatever that silo might be and encouraging those trainees to jump into a different silo like in whatever combination that is is very, very powerful. So more of that. Great. Eric and then is that Sue? Yeah. Yeah, my observation of something about training is that a lot of folks who generated some nice good assembly algorithms or the lot of some of the ones that we use what I find is that they've been very well trained as computer scientists but they're not so much aware of the biology as I would like. And I think that has led to some of the problems we see in assembly algorithms like separating haplotypes and so forth. And so I think having computer scientists train more heavily in the biology of genomics is really what's gonna help move this field forward. Sue and then I'll move us on. Yeah, my comment is really very similar to the last two and in our discussion group what came up is what seems to be missing is the integrative person who has the computer science experience but also the biological knowledge to be able to make these inferences in a way that's relevant. Scott and Sophie, and then I really will move on. Again, addressing just the issue of scale. I mean, I think funding individual trainees is very important but it's not gonna be as impactful as if tools can be disseminated and much broader to many other people. And so one format which I haven't seen much of personally is sort of the workshop format where graduate students, postdocs, tenure track faculty, whatever, researchers are coming together to learn a set of tools. I mean, there's a lot of steps in the pipeline to genomic information that literally can only be done by two or three centers in the world. Whole genome alignments and multi-species alignments laying over different kinds of data but those are also kinds of tools that could be disseminated quite widely in more of a workshop type format. And so I think it's something that should be explored. Yeah. I just wanna address one problem with bringing computational people into biology is frankly the salaries.  Joel wants to Google and he's making five times what he would make if he stayed in bioinformatics. Yeah. And so it's a huge problem. And then also it's this problem, we are at an institution where we have both bioanus and bioinformatics people working side by side and there's this huge disparity. Yeah. Okay, so we're gonna do Eleanor and Emma and then I am gonna have to call us to an end but we will be around afterwards as well if people have other thoughts. Go ahead Eleanor. Yeah, so there was one thing I was kind of interested in the context of the goals for Genomics 2020 is the... So in a lot of the work that we're doing now we have a comparative project we wanna do in something like behavior where we actually wanna set up a collaboration with all the people that are doing this very large genomic studies in humans and intersect it with behavioral studies in other species. And that kind of ends up putting us in a little bit of a weird between place because if we go to the place that's funding the human brain stuff one of the people we wanna collaborate with they don't understand the idea of a natural model organism. They get really freaked out by the idea that psychiatric disease in humans might be anything like behavior in another species but at NHGRI is kind of this kind of this sense that you don't wanna be specific to a particular disease because then you should be going to the other institution. And so you kind of end up with no real place to go to get that work funded. When you're actually adding a lot of value now to a genomic study that has already had a lot of money put into it and you're just kind of taking advantage of it and getting it to adding that extra kind of level of information. Yeah, thank you. And Emma? So I was thinking you're talking about NHGRI being at the forefront and then that being disseminated to all the other institutes where it can be applied to various medical applications. And I was wondering, we haven't talked here so we've talked a lot about implementing CRISPR and doing functional genomics but I wondered about synthesizing the human chromosome, synthesizing synthetic chromosomes and maybe that's 10 years plus plan but I wasn't sure. I mean GP rights, they have a plan for this. They're looking for funding. I'm wondering what NHGRI thinks its role in doing that is because that's a transforming technology potentially that would allow oligosynthesis at a longer level which is really important for the medical community testing GWAS hits but also for the comparative genomics field asking how's the ancient piece of DNA work another organism. And I was surprised that we haven't discussed it at this meeting and I know we discussed it briefly at another meeting but I'd like to hear what people think about that. Yeah, so Elise do you wanna take it? I'll go back to the slides of the five points. So six points, so number five. It's actually out of the forward. I saw synthetic nucleotides. It's actually one of the only technologies that we actually pulled out as a separate grand theme that we've heard and that we really do see synthetic genomics as very transformative that would really enable wide number of studies and be very broadly applicable. So Bill, do you want anything to that? Well, I'm just gonna say that that's something that NHGRI is good at is getting the cost down of technology. So it would fit in that same line of advances that we've done for sequencing. So we've gone over on our time but it was a great discussion so I took a little moderators prerogative to do so. But I just did, I kept wanting to come back to this slide because I know that this is just part of the discussion and we do really wanna do this. I've been really loving the great hashtag you know the great genomics 2020 like the genomics 2020 discussion that I've been following on Twitter. And so you can do that in the context of a meeting like this but you can also at some point, we monitor that and we also monitor this email. So if you have some thoughts that you wanna bring forward and have us think about as we think about our strategic planning, please do use these as ways to get in touch with us. You can also email me or any of us at a time if you just Google Carolyn Hutter it's the first thing that comes up and we're always really happy to hear people's input and thoughts. This has been incredibly helpful but we hope to also be continuing the discussion. So thank you everybody.


Okay, thank you, thank you for having us here. It's great to see so much people here. Short introduction, so we are both software engineers working at IBM, Germany. This is our picture of our lab, it's kind of, it sets its roots in mainframe, like everything in IBM. Linux on the mainframe started this Skunk work project there, and now it's missions from Quantum to Cloud. So, and we are working on IBM Cloud Code Engine, and this is where we're here, it's kind of a, it's based on Knative and provides a simple user experience on top of Knative and several other open source products that we are using. So we're providing kind of running your, enabling your containers in the cloud easily. We've also a batch experience. We're using Tecton to deploy source code into the cloud. So for example, if you know it from Cloud Foundry, we provide a kind of a similar push experience for your source code for your projects. So this is kind of a glimpse in the user interface, so the easy path is just you type your name of your application, you type your container, press create, and your service is running and you can access it secured via HTTPS in the cloud. I think for this audience, the second thing is probably kind of interesting. You can get a cube config using the command shown above, so you can select your project, you're getting a cube config, and then you can use the usual tools you're using. So for example, you can then KN service create and you can run your application in the cloud easily. And for all that, you don't have to care about your clusters at all, you don't see it. You just get this experience by getting your namespace where you can run things on. Code Engine started a while ago when GA in 2020 went better in 2020. NGA early 21. And I think we're using now connected things a longer time since 011 and now on 016, so we made a long journey with it. And same as for Istio, as you can see, which you use as a service mesh, started also with 1.5 an hour on 0.15. And at the moment, we are also working with some here with the community on getting a Candidate Confirmance certification running. So since Code Engine is running globally, I think now in nine data centers, it runs a world with lots of users, lots of services. We have seen that this use case is kind of special, so you don't see lots of blocks or documentation how to run it in a kind of this high number of services. So the documentation of running things multi-tenant is kind of sparse, so we want to try to tell something about the things we learned in running both as aspects, the multi-tenant aspect and the scaling to the lots of services and share that with the community and what you might can learn on running for those. So I will cover the first part, which is using Knative in a multi-tenant way. So sharing one cluster with lots of users and avoiding that they interfere with each other too much and better not see the other person's services and data. I will talk about three aspects why we did this. First is encryption. We have some network isolation and also we have to care about the resources we share. I will start with the encryption. We decided to use MTLS encryption provided by our service Magistio for all connections, for example, from the service to the activator, from the activator to the single service so that the traffic is secured inside the clusters and separate from each other. And though Istio is a Knative, it has a number of measures you can choose from. When we started there we had to make a decision because we decided that every customer project has its own certificate and at that point of time at least it narrowed down our choice of service measures and we decided to do one. This was Istio supporting that configuration. So we have to configure our gateway configuration. You see here for one of our services, the one service as an example, we see each of the projects which is a namespace in Kubernetes language gets its own certificate. We're using let's encrypt there in the gateway file. So we have this slide here with this teacher and this is kind of the lessons learned. We learned on the way and we went forward to share. So there's a lot of service measures around your requirements, sometimes limited to a very low number in our case, at least at this point of time, to one. And interestingly, look at this definition. So if you have this gateway file and we have for each namespace we're supporting we have one of those sections in. At least it somehow gets one of our limitations we have in the classroom because this file, because each of these entries repeats the cipher suites and the TLS information gets bigger and bigger with each service and at some point of time it will extend the limits of, for example, HCD entry size that you're allowed to do. Luckily for us with one is the 115 Envoy gets same defaults so we don't have to repeat, we have to reach it much less things but these are the things you have to look on also that your YAML files didn't grow too much and you are not able to store them anymore. Network, of course we have, we put network policies in place to shield namespaces from each other so one customer cannot talk to, for example to ports and services in other namespace. This looked good at the first glance but then we looked on local connected services and found out that this whole concept didn't work anymore because this kind of course, namespace is cluster local but not namespace local. This was kind of okay as long as you only provided public accessible services so there was this public pass anyhow you can access it but we also provide private access part to services from the customers VPC and then it gets a real problem that you connect something you're not allowed to do and we worked around that I'll show you, actually out of band of Connecticut from Istio by putting filters into Envoy which it's a simplified code here adds a secret to each outgoing Connecticut local call and when we receive that call in the same namespace we check that this added secret is fitting the namespace that it originated from and of course you make sure that this is not handed out to the customer and we overwrite it so it's a quiz. So lessons learned using network policy is good but not enough. Last thing I think just skip over the time of course we have to if we hand out resources we have to make sure that one customer cannot take the whole cluster so we're limiting the number of apps you can provide the number of revisions because revisions each service resources IP addresses in the end which are limited so we have to limit things and make sure that the customers play well with each other but you will have some flexibility there to react to customer demands The last thing we had to do is kind of where to massage the things that were created I think a good thing to explain is the image pool policy so of course the best for us and for the speed would be if you could take the image as it's on the cluster you don't have to do any outside call to registry but use that image but it's actually a better security problem because the customer another customer on the cluster could kind of guess the name of the image of another customer and there would be no authentication and could just use that image so we massage every image pool policy to always which is not as bad as it sounds because it doesn't actually pull that image if it's already there but only does the authentication part with the registry and there's work going on in the community to enhance that part so there's some security checks on the image pool this is driven by the IBM OSS folks and let's skip over that also I think taints and tolerations we also have to somehow control so lessons learned image pool policy if not present is fast but a security problem good thing is always what we really use is the connective really provides a fine-grained control by this capability settings you can do which helps us a lot controlling some aspects of connective and with that I'm through the market end part now I will take the scaling section thank you Martin maybe questions to that part first of all thank you for the insights that you gave us one question more high-level question would this be also possible for any connective installation so like the recipe how to set up network policies and also this extra envoy filter this something that would be helpful for the community because I'm asking whether it might make sense to add this to the documentation or what a blog post around that yes definitely it would make sense I think we have some blog posts out in the world about the setup not sure whether we cover these network policies already but it might be a good thing to do because this is asking also we get often and it would be super awesome if we find some solution about that you're welcome okay thank you Martin so after we've secured our tenants and they are isolated from each other the next thing we will want to do is to actually scale up so I want to give you some insights on what we do what we change in the connective configuration or how we configure connective to scale to the level we are currently at which is multiple thousand services per cluster and the things I want to talk about are basically three the cold start time so as you've seen we are using Istio as a service mesh which comes with overhead on top and we want to get that down as much as possible and also some particular configuration information for connective and the special section for connective plus Istio what you may need to be mindful of when you use Istio with connective and how to get the cluster to a sufficient size so for the cold start time there are basically two things with Istio we can obviously pre-pull all sidecar images out of band to basically pre-warm all nodes we have so that the image does not the sidecar images for Istio proxy and Q-proxy which we need do not need to be pre-pulled extra on each node when scaling up but that's actually not the bigger overhead the second part is the mesh tuning so most of the overhead when scaling up with running with Istio is getting the service information to all parts when scaling up and this will be most of the overhead you have when scaling up a service from zero to one instance and this is where you can basically Istio in a way which I come to in the separate section at the end on what you need to look out for we also experimented with Istio in a traditional way so that the Istio proxy which runs as a sidecar is configuring the IP tables as a networking layer and basically run it against performance tested against the Istio CNI plugin with no noticeable difference in start and cold start time the only thing that mattered in the end was the mesh tuning with getting the push the discovery information for the services as quickly as possible to the activator that is in the path and to the service endpoint this is the lesson there of the minor overhead of the actual sidecar image pooling both images are pulled and you can see and even if you do use the CNI plugin and configure the IP tables not in the actual in-it container of a spawned CNI application or CNI service it does not matter in the end for the cold start time what matters is the Istio state synchronization that needs to happen so the Istio control plane needs to get the information what the activator needs to know and the receiving end needs to actually be able to get that in time and set it up otherwise you will see a lot of errors when scaling up or scaling down so from a pure canative perspective we deactivate the HPA for the activator why? we saw that when we have the activator HPA enabled what will happen is dynamically if it's necessary the activator instances will spin up or down depending on need and what will then happen is the activator service will be changed and the endpoints for all services in the cluster will be changed which means Istio needs to pick up all that information and send it out again which is a huge pain that we need to avoid at all costs that's why we have for our clusters basically a static configuration for the activator at least to limit the scaling or the changing of the activator service as much as possible so to not overwhelm our cluster with Istio service synchronization information the second thing is you see there we are using proxy mode so we have the activator for all services in our cluster always in path it will never be taken out because that again will trigger Istio to need to push more information and the one thing Istio currently only does it only pushes state of the world information not a delta so even if one service in your cluster changes it will not send one service if that service is visible by other services it will send every cluster every information to that service which is a lot of information then we added an HA setup for all the Knative components so that we have run multiple and different availability zones to be HA with the that's not currently in the current Knative defaults then another thing to maybe be mindful of the queue sidecar size is defaulted in Knative and when you have as Martin told multiple tenants that have different resource quotas and can adjust those or request for adjust this might have an impact on the cluster if you don't pin it to something specific or make it tied to the size of the service itself then the Kubernetes API calls that the controller does there are two things the one is you need to increase if you want to scale the QPS and burst they are set pretty low and you should increase it to a sufficient amount and what's currently not possible is the controller we give them with our patching more worker threads and we currently have an issue open for discussion if that should be included in Knative because the controller will get a pretty big queue when rethinking and that might be might cause some hiccup in service provisioning times and revision creation in addition to that we don't want to only autoscale pods or autoscale Knative services for our customers we are also using a standard cluster autoscale with a provisioning feature on top of it to basically order nodes ahead of time based on workload demand we anticipate and then pre-warm all those nodes that we can get Knative services on that up as quickly as possible and these are basically as summarized again the lessons learned we had we want to avoid the state syncing for Knative that's based on the activator instances change then we increase the API limits and one future item is we notice that Knative is doing a lot of API calls and we notice at least some of them seem to be unnecessary for example we have an issue you will see it in the references section if you want to discuss or take part in the discussion where Knative tries to update all the deployments in the cluster when rethinking even though nothing changes and all that takes time and if you have constant monitoring on your cluster you will see those three things basically as increases in a lot of cold start time and provisioning times coming to the Istio section I think what was it Knative 1.4 that supported mesh mode so we don't want to or we don't have port addressability so we always run with mesh mode enabled to basically stop from the defaulting behavior that was present where first Knative tried to go directly to the port and then defaulted back to the cluster IP so we're running with mesh mode and as already mentioned the proxy mode we run in so the activator is always in path to avoid resings on Knative and Istio size if that's not present what we saw when scaling up further and further is basically 503s a lot of them if you take the activator back in path when it was out again the activator needs to have service information for that service it's going to be in path 4 and if that's not present at that time Knative switches the endpoint but Istio did not send the correct information yet the user will see 503s on there and we want to avoid that another thing is this is just the standard of Knative artifacts when we have a service a configuration basically a root and the root routes traffic to different revisions and when we have revisions what will be created by Knative are two services two cube services a public one and a private one and they always look like that it's not configurable and this is for an active revision and at least part of that is always necessary what will also happen is if you have users that create multiple revisions create a new revision use traffic management you will have multiple revisions and more importantly sometimes you get to non-active revisions there are defaults where they are retained for some amount of time or you can pin it to a maximum but for non-active revision Knative keeps all artifacts in place there is a deployment, there is a replica set, there is a port outer scalar there is a serverless service and there are those two cube services Istio does not know that those are not active and that those are not rootable Istio will send those informations with every push even though this is not necessary so to come to the last part we want to reduce Istio mesh synchronization because that takes up a huge amount of CPU and causes all the delays in code start time and for that as just saw the Knative garbage collection we also limited it to maximum one non-active revision per customer so the app or the Knative service can only have one non-active revision this gives each user some kind of safety net to go back if anything goes wrong but it prevents us from having all those services lying around that are not actively rooted because we don't want to send that information out and Istio supports basically a lot of features we want to concentrate on two and this is the mesh debounce where you can specify amounts of time on how often Istio pushes and how to aggregate pushes so that you don't overwhelm all your receivers in the cluster because the Istio control plan does nothing else but push and the receivers have to actually handle network so the Istio control plan will likely win and overwhelm the receivers with a lot of pushes and we want to avoid those at all cost and that's the summary of that to limit the Knative garbage collection or at least if you're scaling the cluster be mindful when running with Istio what the impact of having non-active revisions will be and to keep an eye on Istio settings especially for debounce, debounce after means every push will be delayed by that amount of time that will have a direct impact on provisioning time on revision creation and debounce much as how long to keep aggregating pushes until you finally send it out and as a future Istio does have something in plan to support delta the pushes that Envoy already supports to get rid of all this unnecessary synchronization effort yeah short outlook from our side for Knative means we want to support custom domains we currently do but not via Knative and we want to switch to the Knative support of custom domains we also want to support the proxy protocol together with Istio for enhanced auditability and we want to adopt the delta pushes once available and with that I want to thank the rest of our team and especially our open technology and developer advocacy team that is doing most of our contributions to Knative you all know Max, Paul and Angelo we are mostly from the operation side and we want to thank the rest of the community for all their contributions and to highlight from all the components you've seen in the beginning that Martin showed you Knative is the center part and you saw the size was it's basically the center piece everything together with Istio and the upgrade experience and the stability for Knative is good it's better than most of the other components we use and I want to thank the community for that thank you it warms my heart to hear that there are questions do we have time for... I have a question have you experienced any size limitations besides those that you have seen like for example a maximum number of services that you can deploy on a single cluster I'm asking because for example IP tables have a size limit and if you say that a lot of services are not used anymore they all still populate these these kind of data and I wonder whether you have seen some ceiling with respect to the number of objects that you can deploy on a single cluster actually I think we didn't hit a hard limit somewhere yet I think we knew the nearest thing actually was this gateway configuration we knew that at some point of time it will force us to do something on the database side to restore it I think our experience is that we have an ongoing fight with the service mesh to get the data around and connected to that is also this marshalling of this information center around it's astonishingly CPU and memory intensive so you have to also cater for that so your default sizes will not be enough if you hit it but I think we don't have any hard numbers where the end is I was just going to say a great presentation I just had two questions so with the limits with Istio there I guess how do you guys handle rollouts and upgrades to Istio potentially still running thousands of workloads that could be in flight when you have to do the rollout of those the second thing is with the chatter of Istio with XDS so obviously you've had to fine tune that would that chatter be reduced significantly with ambient mesh when that comes out that capability rather than running sidecars everywhere so I guess just those two questions Upgrade experience so we do upgrade the whole cluster in flight when it's working we have to XPSI Massage Istio installation to not delete some important things so you have to be careful what you're doing there I think we are able to update the whole cluster in flight so no downtime for that ambient mesh is the thing I think we will look in because it's exactly I think not for this sync problem but for the resources used in the cluster there are much less sidecars that you have to care for and so it would be in the end less expensive to run the whole system but the ambient mesh even with that the control plane still stays the same if not using delta and it still needs to send all that information so it will maybe help but probably not solve all of the problems we see so far those are quick questions so you mentioned that a lot of your work is focused on reducing what Istio is pushing out and reducing the number of activation sync what sort of tradeoff are you making by doing that is there some part of the experience of using Knative that you lose by trying to prevent Istio from sending out all that data so it can hit the cold start time you need to find a balance between cold start time and creating new revision or updating your service because those times will take a hit if you try to reduce what Istio needs to sync so depending on how many services you have in your cluster what rate of changes or how many services are provisioned per minute per second and how many cold starts you have you need to find a balance but yeah there will be a tradeoff made if I can add one more bit to that they turned off a bunch of the auto scaling and things that are efficiency gains to avoid Istio stealing all of that back by having to do an XDS sync so they turned off auto scaling on the activator and they turned off taking the activator out of the path when you get a big when you get a service that's getting a thousand requests per second or something like that the activator will still be so I'd say that resource efficiency in some cases they've had to sacrifice in order to exactly that's the trade we're making that we have this cost us of course to have these resources available to handle the traffic we have and the information we have and the marshalling we do so this is the cost we pay one more question in terms of advice of running this large cluster are you running one single large cluster with all the customers in one region or are you sharding and having multiple clusters maybe some advice for people that want to run at this scale actually we have a sharding solution behind but of course to reduce the over head having a control plane management component on that we try to use the clusters we have as much as possible so this is still a thing to get the smallest possible effective running those clusters but we have a sharding concept to kind of adapt to growth and customer numbers that we have thank you, thank you so much


What's going on, everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards. Drippin' 22, Panini impeccable football hobby. Three bucks, full case break, number 76, pick your team stop. Read up a list of our names on our teams. Abraham F. Browns, Brett S. Ram Seahawks, Carlos F. Broncos Chargers, Chad B. Bangles, Chris B. with the Jags, Christopher S. Colts. Corey T. Cardinals, Bills, Lyons, Texans, Edward P. Dolphins-Packers. Isuki M. with the Vikings, Eric P. Giants, George M. Panthers, James F. Steelers, Jared G. Eagles, Jean-Philip W. with the Niners, John T. Titans, J.R.L. with the Bears, Lenny N. with the Falcons and Jets, Lindsay H. with the Patriots, Matt P. with the Saints, Matthew P. with the Ravens Chiefs, Matthew's first break on stream, good luck, dude. Miguel M. Cowboys, Nathan A. Raiders, Todd G. with the Bucks, and Travis M. Football team. Good luck, everybody. Let's do something impeccable. If we do pull the bar before the last... I mean, we'll just save the bar. It'll be the last card we do, so... See who we got.  That'd be awesome. Bar card does feel like it is in the right place, so step in the right direction as always. Quarter-roll Patterson to 50, to Kyle Pitts to 75. One of the Panthers. First card is a Matt Corral, 51 out of 99, RPA, three-collar. Nice one there, Caroline. Next up, going to the Detroit Lions. That is going to be Malcolm Rodriguez, seven out of 35. Nice low number at Malcolm, starting linebacker in Detroit. We've got a Super Bilalto. That is going to be Jeff Saturday. Nice one there for the Colts. Congrats, Indy. Jeff Saturday, coaching legend. Cool one here, Donny's boy. It's going to be four of ten, Weapon X, Brian Dawkins. Inscribe, God bless. Yeah, buddy. Weapon X. Nice one there. Nice beat-off going to Philly. That's cool. God bless. And RPA is going to be eight of ten, Matt Corral. Partial, logo, and helmet. There you go, Caroline. I'm putting up two Corrals in one box. Not too bad. Golden Corral. Oh, we need to pull a gold Matt Corral, so you can take a golden Corral. And what's it called in Prism? That needs to happen. That needs to happen. That is pretty cool. More than I need air to breathe, that needs to happen. A little bit dramatic.  It didn't already. Jesus, dude. What a good case so far. Ooh, I think I see a bonker. That is 275, Kyler Murray. It's a good one. Yes, it is going to be Magged. Matt Jones to 25. And there's an R thick one here. Spoiler for Jim. Stefan Diggs, nice one there, 43 of 75. Here you go, Matthew. Congrats, buddy. We got an Isaiah, likely 17 of 35 coming your way. Very cool. He's likely going to be a good draft. No, he's actually pretty solid. He's going to be like tight end two in that system now, which is good. We've got a Donald Driver, one of 25 Super Bowl champion auto for Green Bay. So they can't pay Mark Andrews. No, they already paid him. Nice one there. We've got, so that's missed it a little bit there. Funny guy. We've got Cooper Cup, immense patch autos. Going to the Rams. Nice one there, Rams. I'm just saying you're like, well, you can't pay Mark Andrews. Funny guy. Comedian. Nice one here. I think this is, this is going to Matthew again, right? Yeah, Matthew. How about a Marcus Allen, 12 of 15. That's pretty cool. On-card Jersey Auto for the Kansas City Chiefs. Very cool. That's awesome, dude. I just player worn as well. Elegance. Mr. Marcus Allen. Very cool. There you go, Matthew. Congrats, my friend. First break mojo right there. Both of your teams got something. And nice one here. Let's go into the Falcons. We got London on the track. Six of 10. Logo helmet, RPA, Drake London. There we go, Atlanta. Congrats. Going to Lenny N. There we go, Lenny. Congrats. Awesome hit for you, buddy. We'll get that into a mag for you, my friend. Awesome. Drake London. That's a good one. It's here. It's your own fault, Vaughn. I think you like the schticks. That's why you stick around. Yeah, he's covering up how much he likes. Yeah, I know. Devonte Adams to 75. Micah Parsons to 50. Did well here, Matthew. We got another Raven. This is going to be JK all day. 13 out of 15 on the letter patch. Ice one there. Congrats, Matthew. JK Dobbins. Patch Auto. Sam's getting so jealous. I am. I'm always jealous pulling Ravens, you know that. There's a Devonte Wyatt. 4 out of 99 for the Packers. We've got Donnie's boy, the AJ Brown. 5 of 25. Canvas creations for the Eagles. It's like five minutes ago. Sorry, Joshua. Let's go, Matthew. We've got a nice one here. Rookie Landscape is going to be Reese Hall. 39 of 99. That's nice. That's nasty. People have probably gone through that. It's very true. Okay. It's going to Edward P. We got Super Bowl Auto. Aaron Rodgers. 5 of 5. Boom. Pretty crazy. What a case, man. What a case. Let's go. Congrats, Edward. Got Aaron Rodgers and the Donald Driver. Super Bowl Autos, which is pretty cool. Big time, A.A. Ron. It's actually a really good combo for having Aaron Rodgers and the Donald Drivers. And the Driver. That's very true. Both Super Bowl. Very true. I know. It's the same Super Bowl that they wanted. It's the same Super Bowl that Super Bowl Autos. That's pretty sweet. And 62 of 75. Taekwon Thornton. Jersey Helmets Auto for the Patriots. Nice one there in New England. And we've got our bar card still. Parents are at home yet. Let's go, Elon. Here we go. Nice one here. It's going to be A.J.Mo. Jameson Williams. Two of 25 rookie bar for the Lions. There we go. Detroit going to Corey T. Literally, Elon. Literally. Let's do a recap. Fantastic break here. Great case. Taekwon Thornton. Brees Hall. A.J. Brown. Devonte Wyatt. J.K. Dobbins. Marcus Allen. Cooper Cupp. Donald Driver. Isaiah Likely. Matt Corral. Brian Dawkins. Jeff Saturday. Matt Corral. Malcolm Rodriguez. Magged Cards. We had a Drake London. Six of 10 on the Logo Helmet RPI. We had Jameson Williams on the bar. Got you, Elon. And five of five, Aaron Rodgers. A-A-Ron Rodgers. Super Bowl Auto. Really nice. That'll do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for the film. Next up, 10 Box Tuesday.


Hi everyone, happy Tuesday, Joe for Jazby's casebreaks.com coming at you with 2016-17, Panini Select Soccer. It's a three box, random country break number four. The next one, as you can see by my paint skills here, next one's up already if you wanna run this back. Big thanks all of these folks for getting into the action. One spot gets you two, and there are 32 countries that we have here, no combos it looks like. Let's roll it, let's randomize each list two and a five, seven times each. One, two, and seventh and final time. After seven, we've got Josh, down to Josh. Seven times for the countries, six and seven and final time. After seven, we've got the Courtois, down to Russia. All right, so Josh with the Ivory Coast and Poland, Stephen with the Netherlands, Brian with Argentina, Josh with the Ukraine, Miguel with Northern Ireland, Brian with Montenegro, Miguel with Turkey, Tony with Germany, Nick with Romania, Brian with Croatia, Brian also has Mexico, Josh, you have the United States, Hungary, Italy, Uruguay, Iceland, Tony with Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina for Josh, France, Sweden, Tony with Spain, Josh with Brazil, Brian with Slovenia, Tony with Colombia, Stephen with Ireland, Josh with Austria and Wales, Nick with England, Josh with Portugal, Brian with Chile and Josh with Russia. So let's get all that on one screen. Let's sort by column B, by country, alphabetically. And we're going by this checklist right here. So if you have like, Angel Di Maria, right? And it's Paris Saint-Germain gear. He'll go to Argentina and I think that makes sense, right? All right, so we're in a positive video. I'm gonna go run and grab the boxes and leave a little bit of a trade window open when we come back, we will have the break and see if there's any trade, just stick around. All right, welcome back, folks. No trades. These are the final three boxes of this particular case and then the next three boxes will be from a fresh case. Just gonna run this back. I'd be more than happy to make that happen. All right, remember we marked these RC for random countries so you know they're from the same case. One autograph, two memorabilia cards, Kerr box on average. Good luck, soccer fans. Oh, Brandon Richards, did you make enough for the rest of us? A barbecue sandwich and a corn dog. You made a corn dog? A good handmade corn dog is pretty underrated, I think. I know Disneyland has a little, at the top of Main Street, I think. Disneyland California will have a red kind of cart that makes hand-dipped corn dogs. Pretty, pretty good, if I do say so myself. All right, we've got Daniel Sturridge, former Liverpool man, Daniel Sturridge. This goes to England, this'll be for Nick. We've got Beppe, Marcus Rashford, Pulsar, and we've got Mats Hummels, piece of his shirt. They call them shirts out there. In the England land, 22S75, there's Gareth Bale. Right, right, right, the end of the entire package right here is not a uniform but a kit. So that's your goalie shirt as a part of your kit. There's Ruslan Rotan to $1.99, so I do that check. They're in Eduardo Vargas. Gareth Bale goes to Wales, by the way, that's for Josh. Ukraine, I think maybe also Josh. Yes, Germany, that Mats Hummels goes to Tony Barkey who has the Germans. There's Mats Hummels again, die cut to $2.49. Messi. And Miguel Ayun to $2.99. For L3, that goes to Ryan Croft with Mexico. Little Messi, of course. Argentina, that'll be for Brian Croft. They're pointy edges of the die cut. There's Robin van Persie, ooh, and a silver Jared Piquet, nice national pride, RVP. That's Jared Piquet, Mr. Shakira. There's Massimo Ambrosini for Zazzuri. That's for Italy, Josh, with the Italians. Historical signatures. What era is, I'm not sure what era he's from, but he's historic. And there's CR7, Portugal. That will be for Josh. Renato Sanchez to $99. And Chicharito back there, next one. It's Massimo, not Massimo, Massimo.  Box two of three, let's see what we got. Angolocante, we got Alvaro Morata for Spain, silver. Going to Tony with Espana. It's Philip Coutinho, who would be funny if he ends up back in a Liverpool shirt. Maybe it is, not numbered though, little shirt. That's red, that's to $199, Ben Davies for Wales. And we got Shea Given, two-color shirt, goalkeeper shirt, going to Ireland. Steve Green with Ireland, that's appropriate. And 18 out of 75, we got Maxi Rodriguez and Enzo Perez, double team memorabilia. Nice, that Argentinian sky blue for Brian Croft. There's Musa Dembele, we got William Carvalho, 17 out of 60, lime green die cut for Portugal. Josh with Portugal. And there's Brille and Bolo, skies the limit, Switzerland. It's gonna go to, goes to nobody. All randomizes to one person to break. Fuenas Mori for Argentina's silver. And we got a gold, oh, that's me a lot lower number. Antoine Griezmann for France, Le Bleu. Going to Josh. Barça now after a long stint with Atletico Madrida. And there's Giancarlo Ento Nioni, I think is how you would go about that. Brandon Richards, what do we got here? Translation, pronunciation guide, go. That's for Josh, Forza Zuri, 132 out of 199. Zahel Di Maria, Ryan Hates as I nailed it, nice. Brandon Richards, probably in the middle of his delicious barbecue sandwich. No answer from him. I've got barbecue all over my fingers, can't type. Delicious, delicious barbecue. What I miss, he says, don't get barbecue sauce on the keyboard, Brandon. It's just me getting this Italian name correctly.  Results may vary. Now the barbecue sandwich that Brandon Richards was enjoying, that thing was gone in two seconds. Took you longer to wash your hands. Last box, ladies and gentlemen, good luck. We've got another Swiss player, Juredan Shakiti, Liverpool player currently. This guy is a limit for him. Although they're saying that he's probably, he's not getting too much time in the squads. Ooh, nice, Christiano Ronaldo. So he may be transferred, Shakirin. That'll be for Portugal, of course, that will go to Josh. There's Giovanni Dos Santos to 99 for L3. And Kirk Zuma, 158 to 199, emerging star signatures. That'll be for Le Bleu. Josh with France. Sergio Ramos, everyone's favorite, Sergio Ramos. What is Sergio Ramos? Soccer fans, what Sergio Ramos, like what athlete would he be compared to?  Do people consider Dremont a dirty player? It's kind of like a endemic ensue, maybe? Like really good, like really talented, but every once in a while you're just like, did he really just go in for a two-footed tackle right there?  There's Douglas Costa for Brazil. Kind of like an enforcer, I guess. Who was that one cornerback who would always get under the skin of wide receivers? And I think one time he got Andre Johnson and they were in a tussle. And Andre Johnson is normally, if you remember him, a pretty chill receiver. Someone will know in the chat. The name's escaping me right now. I'm in my head's in soccer mode right now. There's Abel Hernandez. Yeah, Cortland Finnegan, right? That's the name I'm thinking of. Yeah, thanks Ryan H and Greg. Yeah, Cortland Finnegan, Ramos is, although I think Ramos is probably better at his position than Cortland Finnegan is at his position, but in terms of an irritant, that's what Sergio Ramos reminds me of. You know, there's Ector Herrera, T299, and there's Andre Piero, another one for Italy, and it'll be for Josh. Yeah, a keep to leave, stop snatching at Crabtree's chain. And there's Robert Lewandowski, to 149. For Poland, that'll be for Josh. And there's Ector Herrera again. For L3, it's a nice tie-dye. It clearly must be like an away jersey or a third kit or something like that. 20 out of 30 on that one. Maybe part of a patch somewhere, maybe. I don't know where that would be. It might probably be part of a row in a way jersey or something like that. Mexico, it'll be Brian Croft. Nice tie-dye. There's Robbie Keane. And Emmanuel Giaccherini. All right, folks, there were a couple of Switzerland cards here, so let's get that to somebody. Everyone has a shot at it, from Brian down to Josh. Let's roll it, let's randomize it, name on top. After seven, we'll get those two extra Switzerland cards. One, two, three, and seventh and final time. After seven, it'll be Josh. He certainly had the odds. He'll get those two extra Switzerland cards. And there you have it, ladies and gentlemen, that was random country break number four of 1617 Panini Select Soccer. Big soccer fan, so I'd love to do another one of these. We've got another three boxes coming from a fresh case if we run this back tonight. So there you go. Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye-bye.


One of the things we learned early on is that in order to make any program work, and I think this is probably a true threat, is that it's like creating a course syllabus for a university course or any course, which is you have to make sure you don't try to do too much. You want to mix some breadth and depth, and those are really difficult things to do. But it's also important that the elements of the program relate to one another. So if we do something early in the program, it's nice if it can come back, whether it's a skill, let's talk about reading this document, and now revisit reading this document at a later time. Well, that's how we've done oral history really effectively in our program. We've trained teachers in how they might use extant oral histories on the web, stuff that's in at the American Folklife Center that's widely available. There are a plethora of oral history collections and audio collections you can find in a variety of places. So we give them a sense of that, and actually the way we do this is with slave narratives. We have them read and listen to slave narratives, and then we interrogate them as historical documents. Well, we do that, and then we've created an oral history project where our teachers go out and then become interviewers in the context of a larger project. And that makes them into historians, and they do a great job. We've had a lot of trial and error in doing that. One of the things that's worked really well, though, is that it takes a lot of work on our part. We have to create the project, and what we do is then ask the teachers to help us create the project. Even though we have the outlines created, we ask them to fill in the questions, and they're often, if we give them readings and background information, able to do that. And then we schedule interviews as part of our two-week summer workshop, and they go out and they do that. We have the interviewers actually come to us, the subjects I should say, and we set the subjects up with our teachers as interviewers. And then we have the teachers do some logging of them, which isn't the same as transcribing, it's less intensive, it's a minute-by-minute log. So that's what we've done, and then we take that material and pair it with some other primary source materials we've collected in a local collection. And the teachers can create lesson innovations around that.


J.E.S. Health Health, oh! The Jell-O program starring Jack Benny with Mary Livingston and Phil Harris in his orchestra. The orchestra opens a program with Latin Quarter from Gold Diggers in Paris. Every woman knows there's something mighty satisfying in being not only a good cook, but a thrifty cook as well. And you'll find Jell-O is a big help in planning thrifty meals. It costs only a few cents a package and one package serves the average family generously. Jell-O makes a perfect dessert, appetizing, attractive, delicious. Or it brings you that extra-rich fruit flavor, a flavor that's deep and luscious and satisfying. Strawberry, raspberry, cherry, orange, lemon, and lime, all six flavors are crammed with this extra-rich goodness that makes Jell-O a hit with the whole family every time. It's so good to eat you can serve it several times a week. And it's so economical you can afford to serve it just as often as you like. Be sure to get genuine Jell-O. Don't accept any substitutes for Jell-O's grand extra-rich fruit flavor. Look for the big red letters on the box. They spell Jell-O. Latin Quarter played by the orchestra. Now, ladies and gentlemen, this being our next to the last broadcast of the season, we bring you a little man who had a busy year, Jack Benny. Thank you very much. Well, again, this is Jack Benny talking, and Don, you're right. I'm just about worn out. Naturally, week after week with radio and pictures, it takes a lot out of you. Well, at that, Jack, for a man who works as hard as you do, you're in excellent shape. How do you hold up so well? Where do you get all that energy? Well, I'll tell you, Don, with Popeye, it's spinach. But with me, it just comes natural. Of course, I do have an egg mall now and then, you know? Oh, but no kidding, Jack. It's really amazing how you keep in such good condition. Oh, it is, Don. It is. Well, only this morning, when I was shaving, I looked right square in the mirror and I said to myself, Jack Benny, how do you do it? How do you do it? I'll tell you, it's unbelievable. Yes, it is, Jack, but I must repeat, you look marvelous. Thanks, Don. Thanks. Say, Jack. Yes, Phil. You know, that's a pretty bad sign when you start talking to yourself. Well, I wasn't really talking to myself. I was just thinking out loud. Don't you ever think out loud, Phil? Not around here, you'd fire me. Now, wait a minute. This is a free country and a free program. Nobody has to be afraid to speak their minds around here. Well, they don't? No. Well, in that case, Jack, you look lousy. Now, don't you chime in, Harris. After the carousing around you've done, you don't look so hot yourself. I don't know about that. Well, only this morning, when I was shaving, I looked right square in the mirror and said to myself, Phil, Harris, you're cute. I'll bet you looked cute first thing in the morning. I do after I take the curlers out of my hair. Listen, Phil, any man that would put curlers in his hair before going to bed, well, what do you think of that, Don? Don't look at me. I wear a chin strap. Well, you could use one. Hey, Phil, do you wear a chin strap, too? That ain't a sunbond that I sleep in. Well, that kills me. What you fellas won't do to look beautiful. Hello, Jack. Oh, hello, Mary. They very want to hear something Phil sleep with curlers in his hair, and Don wears a chin strap. Isn't that awful? It certainly is. Even if I weren't handsome, I'd never go that far. Of course not. Tell them about that argument you had with your laundry man yesterday. There was no argument. What wasn't, Mary? Mary, if you tell them, I'll fix you. Come on, Mary, what was the argument with the laundry man? Well, Jack was mad because they ripped the lace off his shorts. That wasn't lace. They were just frayed at the bottom. What were they frayed of? Well, just to think of answering that makes me ill. Anyway, I don't go around trying to beautify myself like those two guys. Oh, no. I saw you in the barber shop this morning under a mud pack. A mud pack? Yeah. Well, that was just a sample. The barber was trying to sell me a piece of property. I hope he had better luck than the boot black.  Well, I had on black shoes and white socks, and I wanted them to stay that way. Oh, hello, Kenny. Hello, Jack. Oh, boy, am I all in? I tell you, I'm exhausted. Wow.  Now come in again. OK. Hello, Kenny. Hello, Jack. Am I all in? I tell you, I'm exhausted. All right, Kenny, you didn't have to fall down. Now get up.  What from, singing a song once a week? Well, don't forget, I have to take bowels when it's over. Oh, I suppose that's a lot of work. Well, now on, Kenny, when you sing your song, just eliminate the bowels. Not me. I'm a ham. You're certainly getting to be, and it's not nice.  You should talk. You're so hammy.  Well, they're large, if that's what you mean. I've always been told I have very big and expressive eyes. In fact, I often use a soup bowl for an eye cup. I really do, huh? No, I do. I do. I think you have lovely eyelashes, too. Thanks, Phil, but there are nothing now. You should have seen the long eyelashes I had when I was a kid. How long were they? How long? They used to call me cow catcher. That's how long. Oh, I was the envy of the whole neighborhood. You know, Jack, it's too bad you haven't got those long eyelashes now. Why?  Yes, I could. Of course, every time I'd wink, I'd tip my hat. You know what I'm talking about? Isn't that a silly routine? No kidding. I don't think I'm so bad looking myself. No, you're not, Jenny. In fact, you're quite attractive. I'll say. Why, only this morning, when I was here, I looked right square in the mirror, and I said to myself, hey, baby, there's no getting around it. You're the nut. All right. But you know, fellas, I think we ought to stop. I think we ought to stop all this bragging. Oh, no, not that I've had my inning, Jack. I think I'm handsome, too. You do, Don? Why, yes. Only this morning, I looked right square in the mirror, and said to myself, Don Wilson, why don't you run down to your nearest grocer and buy a package of jello. It comes in six delicious flavors, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, orange, lemon, and lime. And did you do it, Don? I didn't have to. My pantry was full of it. Well, then sing, Kenny, while we're in such a happy mood. Wait a minute. Come in. Mr. Benny? Yes? Don't you think I have beautiful eyes? Why? Just an old potato. Goodbye. Oh, I'd like to mash him. Sing, please. The Glow. A whisper sung by Kenny Baker. And Kenny, stop bowing. No wonder you're exhausted there. Well, I got some new suspenders on, and I want to break him in. Oh. Well, anyway, Kenny, your song was very good. And you know, folks, that's the last time this season you'll hear Kenny Baker sing. He's flying to New York tonight, right after the broadcast. And Wednesday, he sails for England, where he's going to make a very important picture for Alexander Korda. What's it going to be, Kenny? I'm going to play the leading role in the macaddo. Well, well. Oh, that's well, Kenny. Congratulations. That's marvelous, the macaddo. I know you'll be great in it, Kenny. I hope so. Say, Jack, what's a macaddo? Spine is going to play the macaddo and don't know what it is. Well, what is it? Well, Mary, a macaddo is a sort of a, well, it's a kind of a. Is it like an avocado? Not exactly, Kenny. A macaddo is a, well, it's a precious stone. I know that much. Jack, Jack, macaddo is the title for the emperor of Japan. That's it, that's it. The emperor, a man that wears precious stones. You didn't say that at all. You said a macaddo was a precious stone. I did not. I said the macaddo was a man that wears precious stones in his crown. And I'll leave it to anyone that wants to work on this program next year if I didn't. Well, that settles. If I'd have saved my money, it wouldn't be. Oh, you saved your money, Harris. You always talk about spending, but you've got the first dollar you ever earned from me. That's blood money. I always save that. Now listen, Phil, blood money, nothing. Nobody here has any trouble getting their money out of me. I pay off, don't I, Mary? Yeah, like bank night in Glasgow. I was just trying to be funny. John, have I ever been late with your check? Oh, you haven't, Jack. I always get it on time. There you are. Of course, I'm bigger than you are. Your left leg is bigger than I am. But anyway, that has nothing to do with it. Jack always puts my salary under three walnut shells, but I never guess the right one. All right, Kenny. I was going to let you win next time, but now I won. Well, I think there's something fishy about the whole thing. Never mind that. Now tell us about your trip, Kenny. What boat are you sailing on? The Normandy. Oh, the Normandy. See, I made a round trip on that boat last year, and it was very deluxe. They even have neck rests on the portholes there. What state room have you got? Room 280 on Sea Deck. 280 on Sea Deck. Why I had that room. See, now there's a coincidence. You're going to Europe on the same boat, the same deck, and the same room. It's the same ocean, too. Yes, it is. And Kenny, as long as you've got the same state room, I wish you'd do me a favor. I left my washcloth in the bathroom there. Will you pick it up for me? Oh, sure, Jack. But how I know it's your washcloth. Got patches on it. That's a lie. Maybe. It's in good condition. Anyway, I hope you'll have a swell trip, Kenny, and that your picture in England will be a grand success. Thanks, Jack. And now, ladies and gentlemen, we have a special treat for you. This being Father's Day, we have prepared an original. Come in, Andy. I mean, come in. Why, Andy, divine of all people. Some surprise. Well, how's the old mayor of Van Nye? OK, Buck. I got everything running smooth and under control. That's good. You know, Andy, I was beginning to think you were a high hat nut. You haven't shown up in a couple of weeks. Well, I've been pretty busy at the city hall. And besides that, I just put on a big beauty contest. Oh, a beauty contest? Well, there are a lot of pretty girls out in the valley in there. Yep. And you know, Buck, during the contest, Paul got slapped three times. Your Paul got slapped, eh? Was he one of the judges? No, he was just standing there. Oh. So he was acting up again. Where was your maw at the time? She was third from the end, Miss Pasadena. Well, there's certainly a lot of excitement being a mayor. Oh, say, by the way, Andy, Andy, Kenny won't be here next Sunday. He's leaving for England. Well, doggone, that's a surprise. Say, Kenny, can I take your place in next week? Sure, Andy, glad to have you. Hold on there. I got something to say about that. I'm afraid we can't use you, Andy. Your voice isn't that good. Oh, now, wait a minute, Buck. Did you ever hear me hit a high C? Only when you're talking. But I think we can manage next Sunday without a solo from you. And now, folks, getting back to our play, as I started to announce this being Father's Day, tonight we are going to present an original drama entitled Back Home in Indiana, or Clem Benny's Children. Now, I will play the part of Clem Benny, the father, and Mary Livingston will be my loving, loyal wife. We've been married nine under 40 years, and she still feels the same about me as the day we were married. You said it, boy. All right, Sadamo, and wait for the play. Anyway, Mary will be my wife. Phil Harris will be my oldest son. And Kenny. I'm going to be the Mikado. Not in this, you're not. You're going to be my youngest son. We also have a married daughter. And as we're short of actresses, Andy Devine will play. Now, wait a minute, Buck. Remember the dignity of my office. Well, we've got to have a girl, Andy. I can't have all sons. This house will look like the Elks Club. Shucks, I don't want to be a girl.  Now, let's see. Announce my part, Jack. No, Don, I'm not going to tell anybody what it is. I want it to be a surprise. Gee, I can hardly wait. Control yourself, Don. Now, this play will go on immediately after the next number. Hit it, Phil. Hold it. Come in. Mr. Benny. Yes? Was I in here a little while ago? Yes, you were. You were an old potato. Well, I'm boiled now. Kenny, can't you take him to England with you? Play. We're from the mob in Scotland, plaid by Phil Harris and his orchestra. Do you hear that, Phil? Scotland plaid. I said plaid instead of plaid. I'll forget it if you will. Now, I thought that was clever, didn't you, Mary? Well, Jack, as long as you ask me personally, I thought that. Now for our play. Clem Benny's Children. The locale is the thriving little town of number two breakfast, Indiana. It is Father's Day. As the scene opens, we find Clem and his wife, Mariah, seated in the parlor of their broken down farmhouse. Curtain. Music. Dum, dum, deem. Yeah, da, da, deem. Dog gone, Mariah. Churri is hot today, ain't it? Yeah, Clem is a sizzler. The hens ain't laid nothing but three minute eggs for a week. I don't mind that so much, but I was milking the cow last night and scalded myself. We sure could do with a little rain around these parts. I'll say we could. We had an awful dry spell around here. I was out in the pasture this morning and found poor camels. Was there any shriners on them? No, they left town. But I think it's going to rain pretty soon. How do you know? I just got a buzz from my rheumatism. Say more, I wonder what's keeping the children. They ought to be here by now. Don't be impatient, Clem. Remember, they've got a long ways to come. That's right, but I haven't seen them for years and I'm mighty anxious. By the way, how many children have we got now? Well, let's see. There's Phillip, our oldest boy. He's a musician. A musician? Hmm. If he's a musician, Stakowski is a fuller brushman. That Phillip is about as musical as a bagpipe with asthma. I don't know how that would be. I never had the bagpipe. No, but with your asthma and my snoring, the bedroom sounds like an airport. Who else is coming, Ma? Well, there's our youngest son, Kenneth. He's a movie actor out in Hollywood. Oh, and the flickers, eh? That boy is just plain dumb. How did he get to be an actor? What else do you need? I resent that. Who else is coming home, Ma? Well, there's our daughter, Petunia. Oh, yes, little Petunia. Doesn't seem possible. She's been married two years. Well, it's during nights of all our children to come home on Father's Day. Wish they'd hurry and get here. Say, that must be one of our kids at the door now. Must be. The wolf went to Atlantic City for the weekend. I don't blame him in this heat. Come in. Hello, Ma. Hello, Paul. Happy Father's Day. Philip, my boy. Welcome home, my son. Here, Paul, I bought you a present. It's a combination safety razor and fountain pen. Thanks, son. I'll sit right down and write myself a lather. What's he doing, Philip, still playing in an orchestra? Oh, I've got a band of my own now. Curly Harris and his fugitives from a music lesson. Well, well. And you want to know something, Paul? I'm on the radio, too. Well, well, making any money? No, I'm working for a chiseler.  I wish Kenneth and Petunia would get here. I'm hungry. I could go for a nice, thick steak. Well, you chew it with. He ain't got no teeth. Don't eat any. I've got sharp gums. Well, Philip, before I forget it, I want to thank you for that old suit of clothes you sent me last month. Oh, did you like it? No, but there was a bottle of gin in the hip pocket. That wasn't gin that was rubbing alcohol. I should have guessed that. I had the DTs and the snakes were massaging each other. Well, let's go in and eat. I can't wait any longer. Lassie, the Kenneth and Petunia. Could be the landlord coming for the ranch. I'd better hurry up a little. I might have to vamp him. Well, this suspense is terrible. Come in. Why, Kenneth? Come in, my boy. Come in. Hello, Mater. Hello, Governor. Happy Pater's Day. Pater's Day, the Brats go on Hollywood. Well, Mother, how about a maternal kiss for your offspring? You hear that, Maure? He wants a kiss. Come near me, I'll slug him. Don't blame you. Go on, son.   Yes, Father. The cinema's beckoned and I have heated its call. Why, you little. Hold on, Maure. Don't throw him out. We'll get him a present. Come clean, son. What did you bring me for Father's Day? A crevette. That's crevette. Well, open up the package. Here it is. A crevette. I don't see nothing there but a necktie. Well, lift it up. It must be underneath. Why, Father, a crevette and a necktie are the same thing.  You didn't do so well with it either. Quiet, Maure. Oh, by the way, Kenneth, this is your brother Phil. How do you do? Glad to know you.  Come on, let's eat. My stomach's emptier than a theater when Fred Allen was playing Bordeville. Oh, some hillbilly goes around selling toothpaste. Is it any good? Don't know. Never ate any. Hee, hee, hee, hee, hee. Well, come on, kids. Let's go and chase the goat out of the dining room. Say, that must be Petunia now. Come in. My daughter. Hiya, Ma, hiya, Pa. Well, well, our own little Petunia, sweet and pretty as ever. Oh, gosh, Pa. Ain't you going to give your daddy a kiss? Not if I can get out of it. But I want to kiss Ma, though. Get the Petunia. I'll take a rain check. Well, daughter, did you bring me something for Father's Day? Sure did, Pa. Here it is, right in this basket. Where? Right here.  OK. Well, I'll be sweet. Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha!  I never thought you'd be a mother. Neither did I. He sure is a cute little rascal. What's his name? Donald. Oh, hello, Donald. Goo, goo, goo. Hey, Mariah, look at our little grandson. Isn't he a cute baby? Some baby's got an inner tube for a teething ring. He sure has. Well, now that we're all here, let's go in and eat. Come on along, Petunia. I'm Starve. Oh, wait a minute, Pa. I want to go upstairs and shave. I'll shave later. Let's go in the dining room. Hey, wait! Did you hear that, Petunia? The baby said something. Why, those are the first words he's ever spoken. I'm sure Gladdy can talk. So am I. I'm sitting on a safety fin. Oh, the poor thing. Come here to grandpa.   Question, who likes chocolate ice cream? Answer, why, just about everybody. And now you can have perfect homemade chocolate ice cream, smooth, creamy, rich with chocolate, the kind you've always wanted to make. And here's the easy way to have it. 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Ask your grocer for jello freezing mix. We're a little late, so good night, folks. This is an actual broadcasting company.