Most people will be able to tell you what salt is. A bunch of clear granules that we use to make our food taste better. Well, that's certainly true of table salt, sodium chloride, but did you know that salt actually refers to a very large family of compounds, many with quite different properties and uses to table salt? Let's start with what a salt is. It's an ionic compound made up of one or more positively charged cations and negatively charged anions. An ionic compound is electrically neutral. Watch this video if you'd like a refresher on this concept. The cation tends to be a metal, and in many common examples is one from group 1 or 2 of the periodic table. The anion is commonly a halide from group 7 or a member of group 6. Salt made like this are called inorganic salts, but this is not always the case. The ions can be polyatomic, that is made up of more than one atom. A common example of this would be ammonium salts. You might wonder if all salts are small transparent crystals just like table salt. Certainly not. Salts come in many different colours. Sodium chromate is yellow, potassium permanganate is purple and ion disulfide is shiny and metallic. In fact, it's a mineral commonly called fool's gold. Another common mistake is to think that all salts taste, well, salty. Again, this is wrong. Some taste bitter and some even taste sweet like lead diacetate. Unfortunately, it's also poisonous. Here's another more complicated salt with nitrogen in the cation. It's part of a family called the diazonium salts, which are all brightly coloured. Can you think what they might be used for? Pause and have a think, then resume. The answer is they're used for dye pigments to colour our clothes. If you ever get the chance to enjoy some fireworks, the bright colours you can see are produced by burning the salts of various metals. You might recall learning that an acid plus a base gives you a salt and water, and that's quite right for an inorganic salt. Here's the classic reaction for making sodium chloride. Hydrochloric acid plus sodium hydroxide equals sodium chloride and water. Here's the thing, though. Hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride are all water soluble and dissolve to form clear solutions. But the challenge is, can you think how you would monitor this reaction to make sure it is actually happening? Pause and have a think, then resume. Here's the answer. You would monitor the pH of the solution while you add the base gradually to the acid by titration. You could use an indicator like methyl orange. It's an orangey red colour in acidic solutions, but turns yellow when they are turned basic. The pH would start at around 1 to 2, as the acid is neutralised and the salt and water formed, it would start to rise. Once neutralised, the final step is to evaporate the water, leaving the salt crystals behind on the sides of your reaction vessel. Now, while this technique is good to know, we wouldn't ever have to create table salt this way in industry because nature does the chemistry for us, and sodium chloride can either be mined from the ground or evaporated from seawater. And don't think this is the only way of making salts either. They can also be formed by introducing a metal to an acid, as in this reaction, or by combining a metal and a non-metal, like a halogen, as in this reaction. All of these salts are soluble in water, but some salts are highly insoluble, and some are what we call sparingly soluble, meaning only a small amount can dissolve, and the rest stays as crystals. Salts made with sodium, potassium and ammonium cations, and those made with nitrate and ions are all water soluble. But most salts made with carbonate and ions are water insoluble. Salts dissolved in solution have an important property, the ability to conduct electricity, and we call them electrolytes.


Hey what's up folks! In this video, we're checking out Adafruit's new LED glasses. These awesome new specs are powered by the LED driver board that's got lots of built-in goodies. With the accelerometer, you can make motion-reactive projects like these fun googly eyes. With the PDM microphone, you can make audio-reactive projects like this spectrum visualizer. You can wirelessly change the color of the LEDs using the Bluefruit app for your mobile device. You can also type out text and send it over Bluetooth to change up the scrolling message. The LED driver board features the NRF 52840 which has native USB so it can work with either CircuitPython or Arduino. The panel has 116 RGB LEDs that form a grid for scrolling text and two LED rings that make this into a unique arrangement. A series of slits run across the PCB which allows you to see right through them so they won't block your vision when wearing them. I think this is really important especially if you want to do stuff while wearing them out. They come in four different designs that are sent out randomly so you'll get the wonder of not knowing which one you'll get. With CircuitPython support, you have access to all the great libraries for making all sorts of projects. You can check out the demo code and get inspired to change it up or write your own using the libraries for CircuitPython. Check out the learn guide on the Adafruit learning system to quickly get up and running. You can download the ready to go UF2 file from the guide and use the reset button to get into the bootloader mode. Then just drag and drop the file onto the USB drive to automatically flash the firmware. It's a really quick and easy way to get code running without having to install and set up an IDE. You can 3D print your own set of frames and attach it to the PCBs with hardware. The LED glasses driver board is secured to the frame with M2 screws and nuts. The LED panel is connected with the Stemma QT cable so there's no need to solder any wires. The hinges in the two arms are attached to the frame with long screws and a set of hex nuts. With these built-in nose pads, you can wear them more comfortably. For powering, you can use the USB battery bank for long lasting portability and ease of use. We hope you're inspired to check these out and start brainstorming how these could work in your next project. Thanks for watching and make sure to subscribe for more projects from Adafruit.


I'm glad you're all here because actually you're going to hear the poets of San Francisco. That is what this poets 11 is about. This is the, from all the districts of the city, you're going to hear the poetry of this town with all its variations from the political to the love dimensions and other aspects of social life. So I'm really pleased that you found your way here today. I'm going to call up the names of the district. We'll go by districts. I'll call up the three names and Byron has provided yes. The first poets are going to be called up. We'll be from district one. Each poet will read one of the three poems that they submitted. The three poems are of course published in the anthology. Before that I'd just like to mention a great thanks to Byron Spooner, Judy Bernhardt, Sarah Rosdale, Julianne Wen, and Wayne Schelabarga, who did that crazy illustration. Vis-a-vis the anthology. Okay, so let's begin. I'll call the names of the three poets from district one. They are Romeo, Alcala, Cruz, Kathleen McClung, and Susan Terence, and also because he's got another engagement earlier from another district, Dee Allen will read also with after the first three read in the first section. So would you come up please? Congratulations. Hi, hi, hi, hi. And Dee? Dee is not here? Okay, we'll begin with Romeo, Alcala, Cruz. Diary of Ferguson September 10, 2014. In response to the police with their tear gas, yes, yes, no, no, no. Only I was just trying to sate the anger of summer with rain. In response to the question, did Byron really started the whole commotion? Basically I stayed home all night without work. Who else is working nowadays after the shot down the factories at this Midwest town? Still waiting for the turnaround for the recession. Jobs are coming, they say. Jobs are wilting like grass I waited and waited, armed with prayers. At least I will get a runaway bullet from the Panicky police who are blessed with new work and salaries to keep this town from blacks and more impatient protesters. I've been watching television all day long. Enforced to spend the last remaining months after the after the late be off in this broken annex with my cousins, father, mother, sisters and another another couple, their son and their dogs. Nobody cares. After all the smoke and commotion and shooting. My cop, my wife keeps a video diary. The chronicle, the chronic call our hopes and dreams and post them on YouTube, hoping for some people at least to know. We are still barely surviving, but we cannot breathe. Barely. Thank you. Thank you very much, Jack. Thanks to tenant activists and rent control laws. I've had the pleasure of living in the same San Francisco apartment for over 20 years. And for most of those years, I've had the same mailman. My poem is titled Anticipators and it's dedicated to Edsel. Next spring or sooner Saturday delivery will end. Reduce to five our days to speak in passing, you and I of how our years speed by and how your shoulder bag grows thin hangs lighter now. How you anticipate new luxuries ahead. Pleasure reading at last Cervantes, Melville, Proust. No more reading zip codes through window envelopes, deliveries of birthday dollars, get well cards, unpaid gas bills, taxes. In July fog, we speak with awe of gulls, enormous crows on thin black wires above the blocks you've walked for years. And we agree. These flocks in recent years have multiplied have honed their skills in reading us and all we carry all we drop thin stuff, transfers, toothpicks, gum, deliveries from mouths or pockets straight to gutters, beaks.  Dear courier, you speak of daughters grown in cubicles reading sleek screens phoning across time zones delivering their news quick bursts of syllables adduce and then silence for weeks sometimes perhaps a thin dribble of lines emailed attention paid elsewhere. We nod we know deliveries wane cease as seasons alternate and years like crows fly past we carry on reading you bring the bundles to my door and speak of days to come days full of books that speak a language almost lost deep stillness then deep clarity a trance only reading calm hours will weave we each anticipate a lightning of load unhurrying of years time ripe for reverence deliveries within unpackaged vast special deliveries so to speak birthed by doorstep years reading and sorting the quotidian signed sealed. Thank you. Hi everybody. Nice to see you here. Thanks Jack. This poem is about a fellow performer a puppeteer who is from El Salvador. It's called El Quinto de comandante tomate the story of comandante tomate. So I wrote it in his words. I wrote the bus or train all by myself six years old. It's why I can never sit still. I've been everywhere by the time I was six only one of my family to boys school. It's why I'm still shy with girls always in the company of older boys prickly cacti I had to scale. My mother always said you must play with younger boys. You are growing up too quickly.  At eight they lured me to the house of ill repute. I told them I'd already been hope that would get me off the hook. But they were 14 eager to reinitiate an eight year old. They stuck to colonis in my hand. It became a black snake coffee candy. I thought of how to colonis would be fun for an entire week. Plastic cars mumbo gum rights to the city and new books. A bony finger pulled me into a room. I saw rivulets oceans. The woman began to undress. I shook mechanically in tears. The woman grabbed money from my hand.  I stepped out the door tried my tears waited in the hallway for the other boys. How was it they asked good good I said and you. I wanted to be outside in the air a Picasso a clown and astronaut. I read everything. I read flyers on the street. I read billboards. I read labels on foods. No words escape me. I learned English at seven in school the colors the numbers. My father bought me a book of colors. I learned it. I memorized it in three days. I lost it. I was overcome with sadness. My father beat me 12 colonis of $5 book a day's work and I had not finished coloring the colors yet. The science of military fascinated me. My teachers thought I was crazy. I idolized general Douglas MacArthur and Gregory Peck who played him. At 15 I joined the militia. We were young. No Polly spoke behind the ears. But we tried so hard to use a gun. My Gregory Peck fascination subsided. The pistol pulsed on its own had its own ambulances and mourners. It was dark and had teeth. A relative of the ghost of Hustesia judgment who were passed by you in the city growing to seven feet tall in front of you and just walk past walk into water and never drown even in the middle of the ocean or was the headless pre-sort was I was afraid to use a gun when new spirits would shoot out. I shot at my feet. I did puppetry in the city for children. It was the man who stole a sausage from the butcher but blamed it on a dog because everyone knows dogs love sausage. So the dog went to prison La Carcelle. But the kids knew really who stole the sausage and begged us to flee free El Perrito the little dog. They wanted to tear down the paper jail until the real culprit. A thin man with big mustache appeared admiring he stole the sausage because he was hungry and had no colonis in his pocket. Nobody invited us to the factories but we went the National Guard marching outside with long rifles. There was not enough fabric for many characters the bird La Pajrita with the prettiest voice in the countryside saying to the other seamstresses about not having enough colonis for tortillas salt, salt, frijoles and pan bread. The phantom a white love figure with black eyes took the Pajrita, the little bird from her factory for organizing a strike of seamstresses and broke her neck with his white hands. Scars became the other birds in the factory and flew at the throats of the guard. Sometimes I lose my voice. I never had any training. One year at the university till it closed. Militarized. Guard the phantoms. Students in hiding.  It is that introduction to death which is the true induction. Everything once in you washed out. Any blood in the veins dried and you have to reinvent your whole circulatory system. How the blood moving makes your fingers move. How your heart feels the rivers fear is the antidote fear is the medicine that makes you lean that makes you listen better than to any lesson in high school to a bullet cutting the air cleanly to someone walking behind you to your own breath afraid to come out. With this introduction it's easier to measure the speed of a new bullet how fast the belly can flop to the earth. On the two dogs if the dark one crossed your path bad luck we all had it everyone I knew even if we walked in the other direction I had to leave my boyhood friends now in the mountains or imprisoned everyone off the streets by dusk. I left my family my partner the fur animal puppets and the paharita. Two weeks ago my partner was captured. I imagine the wardia threw the puppets away or shot them. I am a printer now have two boys six and two they play with their plastic cars toy men no one is hurrying them to grow up but they see different spirits than the ones I bring them and the elder one wants to read everything and believes nothing. I'm D. Allen from district nine for at least one more day I'm going to be moving from San Francisco for good tomorrow I've been in this city for 12 years and it's been very good to me but all that comes to an end when I put everything that I own including the books including books that my work has appeared in into totes and boxes onto a moving van and all that is because district nine is undergoing further and I do mean further redevelopment and every single week I see like a like two or three u-haul vans per week in my neighborhood alone of just somebody just packing up their personal possessions and leaving the city because the real estate the regular rents have gone through the roof around here no thanks to entry of the information technology industry that mayor ed lee is invited into this town and I'm one of the casualties I have three poems published in this book I'm going to read you one of them on page 136 of poets 11 2015 this is an elegy to a poet who inspired me to pick up the pen and write my own work this is for a mary baraka this is called shining star I don't have too much time to just sitting around counting stars I have to be in another part of town to accomplish that alone hiking around a dark burnal hill with a flashlight I could see the stars above much better than I could in the mission's drastic urban change below one shining star is missing from the ebony sky the hole it left isn't untraceable I followed that star's brilliant shine for over 20 years caught by its halogen luminance that star inspired me to craft poems that kill wrestle cops and alleys make me feel and be me shake off to the best of my ability madness and dead skull songs transform my homespun writing into implements that splinter fire encourage me to keep keep throwing hard keep on punching and never let my enemies dodge once use my scrawl verses in a daily struggle that transcends class as my beautiful people would Africanize nose and arms half a centuries wanting sun to plenty in a vast land where he thens think fascism is civilization and luxury is an everyday comfortable ignorance in the slums projects and blue collar suburbs there's always a railroad made of hella human bones black ivory black ivory black ivory when the situation worsens lovers and warriors and their sons should unite and come out fighting its conditions even when the devil with the blue uniform a bad shows up in a hot harlem minute it's nation time it's nation time it's nation time one shining star is missing from the ebony sky the hole it left is untraceable that star disappeared joining shining stars of the past and the endless void a parallel sky of sorts like others that came before that's that star unique newark street kid beatnik kawada communist not anti-semitic anti-zionist more spirit than ghost born evryt leroy jones renamed blessed prince inspired me to pick up the pen and fill notebooks with words that still move the people that poem was called shining star on page 136 of poets 11 2015 i'm d allen you're the first thank you we'll continue now with the the second group district two william barton christie delahanti steven gray and we're going to also hear from someone who has to go to work yes it's sunday but you know uh and that's from district 11 katie wheeler dubin so welcome them all katie is where katie oh oh she's not here then this evening this day christie is not here all right hello this is called the mothership you were lost asking how you got to be so rusted crusty fat cold and moldy just at the age of 22 it was the freeways the varicose vein vipers that said you could learn coke at mcd's doling flesh or you could learn it somewhere else but find your own damn money and leave me alone and i found you in a supermarket aisle draped in leopard print tired painted face and you'd give in life ketchup bottle the baby boy sucked the bottle you never were taken out to dinner and now the boy is two or three you save the candlelight for vigils it's called a luxury apartment i live in an apartment with amenities and not so many enemies amen it is a luxury apartment for the following reasons it is quiet in the middle of the night and light is coming through the window in the morning i'm lining it with my privacy protected by the trees i have the luxury of living with a woman who is in love with me the luxury of books and periodicals and other information at my fingertips and no one breaking down the door to ask me questions i'm dialing up ethereal voices and emphatic sound effects my mind is floating on the sound waves in another room there is an apple and i have the luxury of living in a building full of waterfalls they're hot and cold a wood guitar a few rugs from the middle east an old arabian respect for running water a proximity to infinite dimensions like the constellations on the roof i am a few blocks from the ocean would you say a foghorn is luxurious or living with electric currents running through the building we are inhabiting the futurism of an Edison hot tea and honey in a humming typewriter with the leisure time afforded by the rent control i have opinions and the luxury of living in a country with the working constitution i'm luxuriating in the fact i'm not in jail and hardly ever have insomnia and winter never makes it here i have a glass of wine a loaf of bread and my erectile function for a happy ending thank you this is called my hunger poem please eat this cut of meat eat your fill your will of me your eyes such kind knives i ask you this so vulnerably my heart is a lion a labyrinth a liar i got matadors and griffin doors and sphinxes within it and depending on the time of day or shade of thunder's gray how the rain drums or how recently i've come my monsters and beasts spare their throats or their teeth or their tits my heart's a mosh pit red light solid sometimes too much salted grit other times so wired babe i'm a vampire searching for love in the internal organs of a morning dove bothered and hot displays can't stop mothered as it is in the belly of a screaming teapot make my stove groan until i moan growl perl or snarl from horrible to hum drum me a bat cave at dawn speak sweet words to me and i'll blossom so good i'll swoon a smoky wood a wolf cocked at dusk with her mouth full of blood other times at first light i fight raging the seas in the inner seas of my knees oh a cutting winds all these ego things i'm a bad bitch and i like to fuck and it's not a fucking problem though it makes my shadow long and wrong makes me draw dragons my hungry hot mouth that widens this far south i leave love notes in your layer because i care because loss is my nightmare i hope will grow as intertwined as stacks of lies or like slices of apple in a cheddar cheese crust pie i'm sorry for the love we've lost and the blood we've seared but fuck the fear i'm a woo you with finger tattoos and bed cover croons seduce you under the full moon ask you to kiss me in the street like a romantic geek please tinder my fire so tender please tender my tinder like wire so supple drink my butter it's tight my sauce is no bark just a bite get me smeared my wood ache disappeared wet my sauce deep in your beard this love like teetering ledges this katie bird dragon has soft wings with sharp edges this terrible gnashing this hunger our two worlds are crashing this world in jungle this place we are waking makes me shake in the taking your blood i am drinking it winds down my throat it as hot as it's snaking the stream we are making please eat this cut of meat eat your fill your will of me your eyes such kind knives you may break or cut or bruise me please so tenderly fry me eat me entirely now we'll now we're going to the third district the third district will feature Anne Leonard Jean Powell and Joe Pulikino that's uh i think the North Beach district yeah i'm not here jean this is a broadway hill bohos red and green parrots burst from senora de guadalupe's eucalypti at broadway tunnel hilltop flocking crazy zigzags across the sky in noisy fall apart come together above church school gates is shrieking crush of children bouncing laughter up up up hillside steps suffuses my descent past old flowing beard billy goat boho in shirtless cloud of funky sex musk pegging bickoo stick in path to sun his horny eyes attention all on my tank top breasts slows the moment but breaking in a sudden eclipse boho number two chinese twin pointed gray beard cloaked in bickoo muteness wearing black wrap shades pushes bicycle up handlebars tied with twin pink plastic bags powell street takeout on one side for aging mother found cans for quarters the other burying his burden home my eyes telescoping worn buildings cakewalk down either side of the street the slot broadway's long long skip and slip to sweep of bridge and bays hills crimped rise the keyhole sky the key slides down the slot tumblr spin my hand is on the key arc of gray's hit fovea centralis macula lutea the key in the keyhole it's me i see telescope down the slot opening opening walking projecting film strip of cellular light bodies pasted to face front a box of light lit from circuits of somewhere creating creating from tunnel to bay face full of broadway eye full of being bronze filigree tunnel mouse river of sound school buses taxis motorcycles coming up through me campo hk greasy spoon sip bar and lounge red lights green lights ocean pearl restaurants gray foam sidewalk scrub brushes punctuating traffic great min trading lucky star discount we do see dough casino billboard hot slots gushing crazy sevens floating ben franklin's uphill and down hk anaheer and beauty bling bling cosmetics pet central tv bi we all go dosy dough broadway dim sum ping you in projects in a lazy reel the sam wong hotel big alz the condor crosswalk to crosswalk and garden of eden flashing neon taste of paradise millions and billions kaleidoscopic human peddling brief cloud of oyster sauce a flourage all graffiti vegetable trucks from here to shanghai redwall of double decker of fire engine howl deep horn blasts all doing the street corner dosy dough diesel engines huffing crossing broadway forever the hum of creation seeing it all flying out of time not even seeking yet picked up by serpent's tail carried in a flick of movement yes the outflowing in convergence fusing mo movement with the moment light shooting onto the big nerve fiber screen i'm creating it creating it seagulls drifting distant deeply planted bridge feet port of oakland crane towers white dazzle lineup behemoth trojan horses of trade waiting tide flats in formation looming black mount diablita tit tugboat fireboat tuna boat sail boats crinkle of blue satin diamond ship glitter sea spew resting yet not contained it's a god's eye scene and now forming recoa lessing walking down the loping twist and curve i find myself the only as she begoo ever to skip and trip the slot and ruminating road riding dharma boys scribbling she devils and tantric sex sex goddesses a plenty yet i find nary a bikuni none and down at the dock on the bay seagulls hover low and screech and scree at happy couples babies jump ups arms flapping screeching louder yet louder squeeze as china seaman with old transistor lean smoking grooving to tinny hong kong disco and all now grooving at the dock on the bay lapping container ship waves rhythmic sea slapping and i say yes yes it is me the only as she begoo ever casting self upon posies page the only one so named yes i am broadway hill bow ho number three thank you good afternoon i wrote this poem in celebration of a friend's marriage and as you'll hear it evokes the much storied wedding feast where water was turned into wine the poem is called miracles of the vine what astonishes everyone most at the wedding is that the best is saved for last the host knowing there is nothing left in the cellar smiles coyly at his stewards apparent sleight of hand an abulient with this impossible wine he savers his guests delight this bouquet of the miracle of hospitality some guests relishing a quick fixed to turn the dance lighter the tempo quicker the singing more boisterous in the coupling less discreet barely taste the new wine's whole richness and lose the longer more surprising finish others though seeing the stunning ferment of a supple mind creating accelerating the ordinary into the uncommon do not appreciate the subtle hints of pineapple mango and soft oak they do not notice the magic of this rich lush miracle of nature's lovely balanced labor roots drawing water from soil vines extending to sunlight growing flesh of fruit sweetness finally turned to spirit it happens every season day by day miracles in ordinary appearances in every vine every taste the miracles we savor taking so long becoming so common barely seeing them happen at all what astonishes me most about you is you're living at the edge of miracle creating the best out of a long late harvest making it last miracles of the vine complex and full-bodied poor slowly thank you bravo okay now now we go to district four that oh and i should say by the way those who uh who are not here will either have another engagement or they're out of town they will receive of course their their uh the copies of their of the anthology we'll hear next from gloria kealy robert levette smith and matthew montay do you have them here yes yes is gloria here gloria is not here is matthew montay here also he is not here terrible terrible terrible oh terrible terrible well here's someone who believes in community bravo bravo here you go my friend you got it okay okay you are robert robert levette well i would have been delighted to be here in any case but as it appears i'm the only person from district four who made it i'm especially happy to be here okay now i thought a lot about which of the three poems to do and i think this one's maybe the most fun uh i'm sure there are some people out there who do go to the free concerts at stern grove yep thought so this is about one of those it's called she's not there taking the stage at stern grove the zombies not the somnambulant corpses that dominate movies and television these days but the iconic british rock group graying and crinkled but still vibrant cullen blundstone's creepy tenor soaring over a rumbling base on the sides of the ravine under the trees the crowd all t-shirts and sunscreen applaud's old favorites teller no time of the season the air's dense hot the medicinal treacle of eucalyptus battling the cloying of cannabis for a moment it's possible to imagine the summer of love risen from its flowery grave and i wonder who was playing here then but the illusion lingers only briefly dissipating like a vaguely pleasant dream years sift through slanting light like pollen like the husks of last season's seeds she's not there none of us are thank you very much we'll continue with district five and district five is lin barnes alice chou and judith yamamoto thank you dear thank you all right we'll begin with lin thank you friends thank you jack nice to see all of you this poem is called bijou of new orleans bijou meaning something small delicate and exquisitely wrought and it's a poem for ruby bridges on her 60th birthday on september 8th 2014 bijou of norleans at six she walks past fears sibling hate her shoulders high as if there might be something invisible lifting them in her white dress with a matching bow shoes socks radiant against her chocolate skin she beams self-possession beyond her age every day for a year beginning in 1960 dress suited federal marshals with yellow armbands escort her to a new orleans school where all the other parents have withdrawn their children where she is now the lone student they tell her not to look at anyone in the crowd around her jeering and they lead her past a white wall splattered with hurled tomatoes with the first graders guileless determination she walks america past that white wall into a penetrating look at the slur scrawled next to her fresh-faced innocence cockroaches and mice come to feast on her abandoned lunches until her boston teacher mrs barber henry eats with her every day after this discovery this hint of a silent deeper disturbance sleeping in the basement of her courage they learn together care for one another all that year even as mobs outside their school's walls shout obscenities at them they travel from separate worlds unite to form the unbreakable bond that comes from facing danger on a battlefield in comradeship with a fellow human these two black and white facets of reality's diamond cut through the steel bars of an imprisoning culture this child is immortalized with startling tenderness in norman rockwell's painting that president obama hangs on a wall inside the west wing of the white house the problem we all live with rockwell called it when he offered it as the cover of a 1963 look magazine it is 50 years later when the first african-american president greets this woman who entering her seventh year of life helped cut away briars of hate clear the trail he took to the oval office the mythology of heaven is festooned with gold streets and shiny pearl white gates while here on blue green earth we're blessed with incandescent arc-like visions of tiny sturdy ruby bridges this year in asia minor this year in asia minor in an inland sea the water rises a woman goes on taking what she can carry flight beginning on a night without moonlight rain uncertain and the distortion of that last tree the black sea fills luck hangs on the fall of a veil a woman turned away or allowed to go on a child hidden the hour irregular unsteady in the low call of darkness at those checkpoints where we wait there is always a risk our disguises falling into disbelief the passage to the aegean sea opens a woman walks now in the shadows of the oldest stone beasts a u.s. destroyer deploys from norfolk we cannot separate all of these parts we cannot make them come together we no longer know who we were thank you next we're going to hear from district six sylvie al-sivar jay passer and savadi theaton let's welcome them jay jay is not here jay passer okay sylvie this poem is for my mother listo mother who cleaned the coffee machine with vinaigre and didn't bother to give it a rinse before brewing a 12 cup pot which out of want or forgetfulness you just keep warming mother who always began our phone conversations oh how you you okay a formality you didn't really understand never leaving room for me to answer having too much to say about esa hija de puta or the neighbor teniendo otro bebé or las babaridades de la propiedad mother who so often disappeared across the street to have your coffee on the porch with Nancy stealing breaths of cigarettes you knew you'd never get back mother who sat on a rock in the front yard sucking mango seeds having eaten every right bit of flesh we watched you our eyes asking for what we'd never get when you had your satisfaction you tossed the seed to us like the waiting dogs we were and we'd know on that soft stone we'd scrape your desire satisfied into our own mouths it always got caught in our baby teeth but we learned how to pick it out by watching you use toothpicks mother who shouted for us try me las al though it was two steps in the cupboard right beside you maybe you wanted salt maybe you wanted a daughter to watch you cutting fat from thighs and bones adding cumin and soy sauce and adobe seasoning maybe you wanted her to see how you never used a measuring cup or a spoon maybe you just wanted a body in the room while you sang spanish pop songs off-key and the radio played too loud digame otro canción de amor digame otro canción de dolor mother who forced us to sit in the front row at church kneeling standing praying for 45 minutes of faked faith to pass quickly and these pews turning to each other for peace be with you and handshakes i remember reaching for you wondering how you came to have such soft hands mother who for as long as i can remember went days without a bath without much reason dark hair darkening under the weight of greece making its own parts that didn't seem to move even when you touched them i wondered why you didn't mind to seem the night smell you carried into the kitchen on your breath calling out to us cafe listo mother who went baths became as painful as the constant ache underneath your fingernails stop taking them more than a person should but you were not a person so much as a series of strange side effects that kept you constantly pressing your nails into the skin that hurt underneath them as if to hold them together as if pressing hurt against hurt could make it disappear mother who refused to stop cooking though the heat of the stove made you wince you sat in a chair to stir the stew a solitary front row pew to honor what you could hold on to cumin soy sauce lentejas no measuring spoons things that reminded you how it felt to be you mother who grew hysteria and roses lilies of the valley and bleeding hearts mother who planted marigolds at boppy's grave always returning to collect the seeds in the same white envelope year after year after year mother who's now buried beside him no year engraved to mark your end because none of your children knew how or where to get that number set in stone how to mark the day and year we became children without parents forever and ever amen mother who knew how to love children when they didn't know they were children when they played viejito with a scrunched up face pressing against your laughter your tenderness which never seemed to live past three years old mother who over salted dinner because you could no longer taste and so it was all too late discovered this is why your tongue had ulcered why tiny cuts felt like giant rips why nothing tasted good why nothing stayed inside for long mother who bore the pain not on your fragile skin or inside your nearly arthritic bones but in the shame that would have clung to your hair if baldness was not another side effect you wore the kind of shame that waged so heavy on your tongue it turned all your wants dame digame oye listo to silence mother who began to say i love you before hanging up the phone not as a feeling i understood so much as the truth of a life lived in the absence of actions that match the words mother who invited me to ecuador para ver su vida who laughed and laughed con mis primos y su madre con sus hermanas and memories coming alive as i watched you laugh as i've never seen you laugh as if joy was the only thing that lived inside your skin mother who understood abuelita's faces she cried holding my hands sobbing and sobbing because she thought she'd never see me again her dementia mistaking me for you because i was in her house that was your house and i have your name forever and ever amen thank you thank you and thank you for being here on such a lovely day and to show my gratitude i would like to read a poem kindness kindness you do not need to see the bottom to know the lake is full you do not need to count the stars to know there is no limit to the world distracted through the day by our fears and loves and sorrows we are a part of that which has no center the thread that quilts our lives together an overflow of kindness surrounds us from the day we are born set adrift on a breathable sea of light and air powered by the tides of the sun and endowed with seamless growth and sleeps repair our share in life is kindness it is kindness that we share whether we breathe it in or breathe it out we walk through time united by this kith or kin we are all the same kind and if we wish to tithe the lot that we receive we need to be reminded to endure and forbear to not be eaten by our anger or diminished by our despair thank you okay in district seven kenny jenna chin alice rogoff toshi wa jizu and with kenny we'll read a poem about cuba victoria makinyana will read it then in spanish after he reads it in in uh in english okay here's the book that's yours hi in 2012 uh we took a family people to people vacation to cuba after the uh planet friendly planet tour we were asked to write our impressions of cuba i wrote it and i thought when poets speak will governments listen so this is called cuba my forgotten love i went on a vacation during an august to moon i met her on the shores of la habana i looked into her eyes and saw her beauty and diversity i looked into her heart and felt her love and friendliness after a round of mojitos i i asked her her name my name is cuba memories of defiant love and clashing futures spilled so much bitterness into the sea until the ebb and flow of the waves washed the herd away i looked into her eyes again and saw a longing i looked into her heart again and saw the scars of the embargo and the impoverishment her worn in agua dress barely concealed the vestiges i asked do you not recognize me cuba's distant gazed turned to me mine our love and passion turned so vengeful years of resentment has made me so wary your exceptionalism your heavy hand your schemes to subvert my historic revolution i was more fearful of your suitor but i know that there is no other now cuba stared silently into my eyes i am independent but the blockade is cruel i dream of a world where we we will be one human family cuba looked as beautiful as the day i left her luscious black hair swirling against green hills and white beaches i i've missed you even though we have become so different i want to love you again i am rich with funds enterprise technology and know-how you are rich in community values health and resourcefulness let me love you again let us forgive our past misdeeds and regrets let us learn to love anew and to earn our blessings let us grow together a better tomorrow cuba's eyes moistened on the bright shores all the bright on the bright shores of la habana that night the bright moon framed the visage of our embrace as we as we kissed after 54 years of separation i'm pleased and honored to have translated kent's poem into spanish cuba mi amor olvidado bajo una luna de agosto de vacaciones fui en las orillas de la habana yo la conocí al inquirir en sus ojos su belleza y diversidad vi y en su corazón su amor y simpatía sentí tras una ronda de mojitos su nombre la pregunté me llamo cuba recuerdos de amores desafiantes y por venir eschocantes derramaron tanta amargura en el mar hasta que el flujo y reflujo de las olas acabaron lavando su dolor inquiri otra vez en sus ojos y algo adelante vi de nuevo en su corazón inquiri las cicatrices del embargo y en pobrecimiento vi su vestido desgarrado por el agua apenas podía sus vestigios esconder yo le pregunté es que no me reconoces a mí la mirada de la distante de cuba volteó a ver mis ojos nuestro amor y pasión se volvieron vengativos los años de resentimiento me han hecho tan cauda tu excepcionalismo tu mano pesada tus intrigas en trastornar mi histórica revolución tenía más miedo de tu pretendiente pero ahora sé que ya no hay otro cuba me miró silenciosamente a los ojos soy independiente pero el bloqueo es cruel sueño con un mundo donde seamos una sola familia humana cuba se veía tan bonita como el día en que partí su exquisito cabello negro y girando contra los cerros verdes y playas blancas yo te extrañado aunque nosotros nos hemos vuelto diferentes quisiera amarte otra vez yo soy rico con fondos empresas tecnología y conocimiento tú eres rica en cuanto a comunidad sanidad e ingeniosidad déjame amarte otra vez perdonemos nuestros antiguos delitos y remordimientos aprendamos a amar de nuevo y merecer nuestras bendiciones cultivemos juntos un futuro mejor los ojos de cuba se humedicieron en las orillas de la vana aquella noche la luna brillante marcó el semblante de nuestro abrazo mientras nos besamos tras 50 años de separación thank you jack and thank you the library sumi abedin i am going to two fulsome street the gap headquarters down near the bay a large square building dominating the block i hurry to get to the rally to ask the gap to sign the fire and building safety agreement sumi abedin a garment worker from bangladesh stands in front of inert pretend corpses shrouded in white sheets her face a map of sadness she jumped from a factory building on fire so her parents could identify her dead body so she would be more than ash or flame charred bones and tissue a face a name a daughter arriving on the sidewalk whole but deceased yet she opened her eyes to the sunlight to the smoke to the fire she asks i keep thinking will there be more fires more collapses more ash and burns more nightmares more sorrow konichiwa good afternoon first i'd like to thank jack hershman and the friends of san francisco public library jack is amazing with his energy humanity and passion for poetry i am grateful for his generosity and continuing efforts for our communities basslet in the far corner of the schoolyard they assemble after school a gang of boys in military style uniforms girls in sailor blouses and pleated skirts the jury appears on this judgment day the prisoner's crime she's poor and dirty she snatched persimmons from the principal's garden stole money from the offer tree box at the temple family of beggars under the bridge a whore of a mother and a couple of bastard kids the girl stands in front of the crowd her neck and legs dusky with grime hair matted and unruly eyes crazed with fear and hate children closing on the condemned running the gauntlet thief beggar ugly bitch whore toss her around among them dazed and helpless she flails her arms the executioner beats her down to the ground you die the mob shouts in unison roused die die die one witness looks down at her sprawled at their feet hesitates for a moment then joined the chanting die you homeless bastard the girl squats on the ground her skirt unfurled like a shield she shuts her eyes to the world sound of crashing water a stream running down the dirt path oh no she's pissing pissing like a horse the yellow streak separates the crowd they scatter run in the deserted schoolyard maple leaves rustle in the wind her knees bruised and naked she wipes her nose with a sleeve and stands up alone in an ocean of orange sunset don't worry at all thank you all right gene all right uh gene powell has arrived from district three so she will be reading with district now we're up to district eight and that's benjamin infinitary mercilee jenkins and steven copel please and gene powell please come up here you go there you go there you go all right thank you oh watch it watch it you all right no that was free okay so we're going with uh your first yes benjamin infinitary hello i'd like to thank jack and the friends of the library and all of you for coming thank you why i fell in love with you your intensity is equal to arkamedi's death ray the subjects of your focus undulate like roman boats on the mediterranean they tack to avoid you but you position your gaze with such precision your light finds a direct line delivering heat and fire you flash moments of listening brilliance top two percent stuff you're a grizzled detective experienced in gathering facts asking strong follow-up questions attempting to discern motive you hear the message under my noise parse the elusive words discover my obsessiveness and anxiety your sense of smell so in tune with your surroundings it conjures memories of my childhood the suffrete and laundry soap and sugary smell of my grandmother's hugs the damp hot air joining me during card games on my grandfather's porch on august nights in new england you are accommodating to all tastes and preferences understanding that so much of life exists on a continuum you are a magician at mixing and matching ingredients discovering the alchemy that makes everyone's palate celebrate i know you think i'm stingy with your touch and you're right i am but only because the power in your touch commands respect it must be delayed then cherished your look when i'm interacting with others when you think i don't notice you you watch my doubts keep me silent how i hold my body weak at the lower back and shoulders you note the fidgeting of my fingers in these moments the calm of your eyes the barest hint of a smile reminds me of your love but i see there's more something pressing you you wait until we're alone in the car where i'm free from embarrassment but also unable to escape to deliver the message i most need to hear step up your game you tell me there's an angel inside of you you've shown it to me now show it to everyone thank you okay hello thanks for coming it's good to be here and thank you jack the poem that i'm going to read was inspired by a npr radio report that i read and also a photograph that i saw several years ago it's called dolphin report the experimenters are proud of their discovery dolphins not only have a unique whistle a sound a song they can recognize the signature sound of any dolphin they have ever known the experimenters arrive at their at this conclusion by playing recordings of dolphins to dolphins in captivity who were at one time in close proximity they monitor the dolphins reactions swimming more quickly around their enclosure repeatedly responding to the calls with their own songs circling searching long elegant noses sliding up against the glass imagine you hear the voice of a lost friend that distinct timber of a loved one who's been missing perhaps now found but there's no one there it's just an experiment the experimenters do not interpret the impact of their procedures but the dolphins do a potty a pod of these large body beautiful swimmers witnessed the deep water horizons disaster leaping in air as one to see the ocean on fire what did they report there is a curious species here lives on land but can swim only recognizes one song i want to say thanks to all of you for showing up for sticking around for the good stuff yet to come all that music fox and foxy trod on over when the music swings music downside up measures syncopated wild enough for mad hatters hell bent on the chase tie for second place next numb from necking with a dumb waiter who opens the gate to rumberousers in loose trousers up all night and to those down on their luck who hit the hay in by the day rooms band stands easy bends suits stretches its first swing set notes spilling around couples loco with motion bases and sacks pick up the beat toss it to couple 21 that's lois and clark on the low down from terry town who step on it feel their feet absorb the heat they fly the floor not there anymore piano keys unlock wish boxes from which dancers spin and grin those musicians from tonight's rubber band hitting highs all night according to the blonde lanky lounge lizard who's saving her notes usually bundled twenties for some goofy gag or gamey gig that pays big bucks though wily jinny grin runs this show out of cell 69 bookings managed by matilda master of arts and potty mouth darts who waltz is around on tiptoes jockeying for lead inside position on every ballroom floor in baltimore thanks for listening good afternoon and thank you all for being here except for the official camera i'm going to ask that other cameras be turned off and cell phones as well thank you this is called word storm saturday night adventure in the blinding rain gk telephones from vallejo wants me to hear him feature and wants to hear my new poem during open mic but it's vallejo so what can i do cable car ride and ferry boat trip and then a long walk am i up for this one time i had asked gk whether he liked living there with his current love and whether it was a good place for me to move no effing way he said i mean no effing way there is no effing way you should ever effing move to effing vallejo effing ever do you effing hear me gk like to make a point and in case you're wondering about my use of that term when i was a child and said a bad word my mouth was washed out with fells naphtha laundry soap and so i still can't say that word in public so sorry the magic day arrived when gk was being featured in vallejo but it was pouring rain pouring felines and canines with dolphins thrown in the raindrops had gills i gathered my good luck charms in a spiritual huddle and off the gang of us went in the wet and windy downpour anything for poetry anything at all my london fog umbrella had suffered near fatal damage in the last rainstorm caught in a burst of hail outside the old sears robux store on masonic but it still had a few minutes of service remaining so my battered umbrella and i forged a path through the rain from cable car to ferry boat in record time that tough little ferry rocked and rolled all the way to vallejo while i downed multiple glasses of wine to keep my courage dry my cantankerous poet friend was celebrating a birthday in a town he hated but in a tiny coffee house he loved just a few blocks from the pier and i promised to be there suddenly i was on stage during open mic with a parcel of musicians while it rained outside like there was no tomorrow i read aloud my new poem about romantic love in a menstrual storm feeling wonderfully grand for a rain soaked saturday night gk roared with delight there it was sex talk rough cider poetry in the raw joys of menstruation foot stomping jazz pesky raindrops carats of wine and my birthday friend laughing as though he were back in new york and free of vallejo forever thank you okay at uh now for district nine well you heard d allen earlier we have miriam mula and callos suarez miriam mula and callos suarez miriam here you go callos is not here what okay all right so then go ahead miriam thank you jack and friends of the library and all the poets in san francisco who create the atmosphere for this america in present tense and there's a historical note to this the reference in this poem is to the workman's circle which with similar organizations not only helped forge the unions but put in place for their members those benefits and rights while they fought to legislate them for all workers america in present tense the past is present jefferson crafting from ideas and thought both his house and the shape of a nation lincoln pausing a midwar and opposition to send words of hope to a widow to the survivors to the future my great grandparents selling everything but clothes and memories taking ship to become strangers in a foreign-tongued future for life for their children's education and their children using that schooling and the dream to fight unfeeling greed for a living wage laboring late under the lamp light studying meeting to shape what people working in union could do win the right to vacations and build a country camp to enjoy them combine to pay doctors for members hurt and sick create a safe haven for those who live to retire other heritages tell other ancestral tales and the richness and strength of this land includes this generation now stooping in the hot fields living the tales their lawyer and teacher grandchildren will tell let us embrace the strength the courage the selflessness the risk of being unpopular denounced defamed insulted scorned as those before us were to deserve what we have inherited enough to pass it on okay we are we're now going into this two more districts district 10 is Anita Audina Cruz Rebecca Fugate and Raven Singh Mekta would you come forward please no one is here none of them are here right now yeah bravo bravo bravo who is that Anita hello good afternoon ladies and gentlemen I'm so happy to be here and be part of the point 11 2014 I'm so thankful to Jack for being very generous and the San Francisco public library my my poem is inspired by one of my clients I'm a tax preparer here in San Francisco who just lost her apartment from Ellis Act so this the title of this poem is Ellis Act in San Francisco California 120 days I'm still angry at the fog that curls and hangs above the rooftop of my apartment like a ghost at the past of this Victorian house morning ache I feel the angry turn of my landlord is still is looking for me anyway oblique to get me out this contract hardened encrusted banister I stayed at this apartment for a hundred months ink stains time prints on all letters calendar bills and even the last sticky notes these tilted chairs I cling to climb the rocks letters and all the yawning firescapes the landlord silence frightens me most there is something behind the smoke alarms even the cockroaches knew something is coming up the burden I carry pushing my baggage outgrown garbage to another place his silence should have warned me through the years the look brute knives during his last visit I know my rights I said trying to tie up loose ends looking for some conversation for sentiment for memory and unclutter the tables and the closets I kept a child in my room I said I cannot leave him behind my only hope my only life are you deaf in both ears I asked him hearing the cries of the abandoned child no sound he replied as I locked the door and closed the windows my child is still screaming in my mind thank you so much and the last district jenet kevano alelia amabel the cashier new weed and you've already heard katie willa dubin so let's welcome the two my dear okay jenet kevano thank you i'm very glad to be here thank you all for persevering all the way to district 11 and thank you jack and friends of the library i'm going to read a poem that i wrote a couple of years ago when my father was dying and i felt like the whole world needed to stop and let me deal with that and it didn't this poem is called after the diagnosis so it turns out one day is not so different from the last calla lilies turn brown at the edges milk sours in the sink snails suck holes out of strawberries in the garden dusk colors the city streets with its auburn melancholy yesterday the man in the apartment on the corner planned to live forever today he is dying oh not like we are all dying inch by inch dealing out loose change on lattes and other people's pain hamstrung and grocery lines with carts full of organic hot dogs and hormone free milk counting back the morning as we watched the old woman in front fumble with her checkbook in the apartment he is dying by miles eyes stripped to bear breath short and shorter blue feet and purple hands with broken strands of music in his ears still there is laundry to be folded and potatoes to be mashed with his daughter the man gathers words like cockleshells lashes stories together into a raft they draw the evening out and out no matter tomorrow comes crashing through the door without permission hello everyone i'd like to add my thanks for staying to the end of this of this event it's been so wonderful to hear everyone read and be a part of this group of people in this room right now who are brought together by proximity and by poetry this poem is called november when i try to recreate the late nights they are nothing but sober mornings in disguise maybe because it is not october this now is the month of stomachs bears and hedgehogs make ready to sleep across the tundra expanse of hunger in this way there is control if not over time then over the effect of time in a black planner i map the hours and assign purpose to each in increments of one or two comfort resides in clear delineations the october pages are almost untouched a marker of abandon starting the day we met after i charted hours again as for other lesser months always the small and stupid things awaken memory is it mine or his or is it absolved from belonging he appeared at the door still unsteady from nighttime activity i stole a book for you he said a gray grain volume from the university library unlikely to be missed until several novembers from now an american studies phd candidate seeks the 1941 issues of mankin's american mercury concerned with the cultural milieu of world war two era american intellectuals and when he reaches the shelf in three east he will find space enough for a gray green volume i hope he will understand one reaches fullness only after the feeling of interminable emptiness for bears and hedgehogs there is the fullness and then there is the devouring november the month of stomachs stands a poor and useless imitator of october the month of appetites in return i gave him a poem in a stolen envelope birds were waking yet it was not a late night but the mere ghost of one like ours in a black planner defined and then erased what i wrote for you i said i didn't mean it only the part about late nights he said quit being so critical i really liked it when there is no hunger what are we left to fill when there is no hunger what do we become and what becomes of us hunger is becoming in bears and hedgehogs but only when they rise for months long sleep after having chewed slowly on energy reserves they wake to a spring morning the world shaken of snow ready to be complete again thank you all uh let me just say that it's been a great pleasure and honor to read all the wonderful poetry some of which you've heard and others the other ones you i hope you'll read in the volume of the poets 11 anthology of this year what you have heard today is actually the poetry of the city of san francisco i tried to be in choosing the work as diverse as this city is with its dimensions and strands of social and political struggle that are continually going on and you'll hear that in any future poets 11 events that will take place so thank you very much i'm very glad that you were all here


Okay, hello everyone. I apologize for not being able to attend, but thanks for giving me the opportunity to talk anyways and so I'm going to move away from the sea ice and actually look a bit more at the land ice, the two polar ice sheets and the context here, of course, is the interest in the global, the contribution to global sea level rise. I'll be focusing mainly on what the observational records show us of the recent past and what's shown here is a table from the IMBI group to that have attempted to reconcile an estimate of different contributions to sea level rise and Greenland and at ACPICA shown here the encircled portion the equivalent sea level rise contribution from 92 to 2008 here on the left side, but then you can see an increase on the thousands onward from 0.6 millimeter per year to 0.8 millimeter per year. Clearly those numbers are still fragile, but there is certainly is a context of what is happening and I'm going to show a little bit of both ice sheets So this panel, the left panel here shows flow velocities in and ACPICA these have been obtained from interferometric synthetic aperture radar and see these very large two ice shelves here, the runner ice shelf and the rust ice shelf and you have very large flow speeds exceeding three kilometers per year here in the western Arctic sector, the Amlundson sea embayment also shown in this panel are mass loss, which is still estimated from flux gate methods. You see these very large mass loss in bigotons per year again in the western Arctic sector, but you see muted mass loss here over the east and ACPICA The right panel shows ice shelf or thickening, ice shelf is the portion of the Arctic ice sheet that is already floating on water and you see again very large thinning rates here in eastern ACPICA and either no thinning or slightly thickening rates here in some parts of the eastern Arctic sector Similar story told for Greenland The top right panel shows you mass loss as import from satellite grab-teak base mission. This is mass loss between 2003 and 2011 You see these very large mass loss rates near the marine margins here from the southeast Greenland In fact, the signal that the time is propagated from the southeast into the west and the northeast Greenland Slight mass gains are seen in the, sorry, in the Greenland interior In the bottom left panel here shows the cumulative mass normality in Greenland from 2002 to 2014 and you see clearly this downward trend and potentially even an acceleration The acceleration, true, I've confirmed, would mean that Greenland is now contributing to more than a quarter of sea level rise and the cumulative freshwater anomaly, although overall the fresh water fluxes from Green are still comparatively small compared to Arctic interior variability. You start over the period to accumulate a significant amount of freshwater from Greenland The bottom right panel again shows surface height changes So very different measure, but again see these very large thickened rates in the southeast and again west and northwest Greenland So both ice sheets they have in common is that you see these large change rates Especially ice sheet and shelf thinning, increased mass loss, increased flow speeds You see these at the at their marine margins and The observed changes, the time scales of the changes are From these observations are seasonal to decadal And so the question is why bother in the context of decadal climate variability? We always had this notion that ice sheets are sort of these small slowly moving elephants that Don't do much decadal time scales. We took it forward for longer periods But in fact these satellite observations and other observations indicate that There's very large changes that are happening and for which decadal climate variability may actually be an important contributor and These large-scale climate coarsings may trigger small-scale processes that Might amplify these observed ice sheet changes These are surface melting, submarine melting, carving or weakening of the shear margins and the questions are What are the major goals of these changes? These are the dynamical Responses, experiments of the ice sheets. This has been one of the major unknowns in IPCC AR4 and I would say still for AR5 Atmospheric ocean circulation changes or top graphic controls So I'm going to focus really here on climate variability because that's the context for this workshop and We'll look look at Antarctica to get certain Celsius here So Antarctica large parts of significant parts are green-based You see the top right panel as a cross-section through parts of the Western Arctic ice sheets here And it would be a modern day and you see that the Western Arctic ice sheet is grounded Well below sea level up sometimes exceeding 1,000 meter below sea level What's also the case is see this bottom left here from Pritchard et al plotted the bottom temperature of the ocean adjacent to the ice sheet where you see insert parts with large continental shelves See here the Waddell Sea, the Ross Where the ocean interior is far removed from these large ice shelves in contrast that This is here like the almonds and sea and vehement where these warmer waters and in some sense the parts of the ACC the southern branch of the ACC Can get very very close to continental shelf Here in this area in other areas for example the the peninsula So this is an interesting interesting barrier to the potential mechanism that brings warm water up on the continental shelf and Into these ice shelf cavity and the vicinity of grounding ice and under the ice shelf So it's the right panel here shows us such a schematic for a bio from my Christian truth 2010 Zooming in to Amps and sea and vehement and Pine Island Glacier, which is Exhibited some of the largest change We've observed in Antarctica You see the top right panel shows the temperature Sort of off an offshore of the of the continental shelf very warm So computer deep waters that are Trying to get onto the shelf into this cavity and Pine Island is on the on the right Bottom corner here and the bathymetry is shown also in the bottom panel here shows you that There is The warm waters may be able to reach the tablet through two distinct tracks in the system So observations hydrographic observations have been taken in the almonds and sea and vehement for example 2009 and 2012 and From the paper deteriorate how they show the the potential temperature profile along the sections here the top 2009 the bottom panel for 2012 and what is noticeable is that in There's a very important change in thermocline depth between 2009 and 2012 period Which means that in 2009 and shallow thermocline There was a potential watch of the circle for the deep water to enter the cavity compared to the situation in 2012 and It turns out now that this thermocline depth variability Is determined by arms and sea and vehement wind anomalies, which in turn it seems are modulated by linear 3.4 teleconnections and To show this in one tail You see here on the on the right New panel type series of surface wind anomalies the unfiltered anomalies are Black curve you see here and little filters overlaying here is the is the red curve and also show Surface temperature anomalies in the new 3.4 box green and the middle panel shows the results when the knock is for in the region of interest here in the almonds and sea and vehement again and the bottom panel What appears to be the Teleconnections that click Surface temperature novelties to what's happening in the almonds and sea vehement similar stuff patients has been made by Show these very important potential influence between as the anomalies here in the tropics and in the high latitudes See bottom panel correlation in the new Foreindex wind anomaly that exceed 0.5 in again the region that is To be the almonds the in bed So an interesting sort of biometric focusing of what's happening in the almonds and sea vehement This was other business as well Spends at our explorers model base studies the impact of shifting southerly Southern hemisphere west elites and specifically they consider the shift by order of four degrees southward and also increasing in the amplitude of these wind strengths notes sort of an important impact on the eggman pumping The content in fact what they see is weakening of the near shore at eggman pumping So weakened postal cards, which in their models that the the kids a near shore pumping Will basically bring warmer water that is otherwise sort of Subdued to the continental that to the Antarctic slope front Broad streets now you're too higher to the surface and in the context of what we're looking at This is that more of that water might be able to enter those those ice shelf cavity a bit more explorative helmet our Investing it the potential for potentially large changes the wed-alcy and filter the runner ice shelf conducting So a couple of climate model simulations of the 20th century they They do notice a bit of similar mechanisms, but Additionally, another mechanism is to reduce the ice cover which changes more the near the near first-order Windfield and that changes wide ranges in the coastal current and brings much more water In and under the filthy the runner ice shelf then then we can see today So there's three mechanisms all sort of really climate forcing related that that we would sort of discuss in the context of climate variability that But might play a very important role in getting an understanding of what the polar ice sheets are doing now moving on to agreement again to some Processes that we see here This is a schematic here shown is the sort of the inflow of warm sail and Atlantic water of sub-tropical origins to the Nordic seats and into me and to the sub-polar gyre What we have been observing is that there's since the midnight 90s More warm and salty waters of sub-tropical origins have reached margins of green Ice sheets the agreement map was actually superimposed are and thinning rates derived from Laser altimetry from the ice set mission. This is from Pritchard at all And so just to your subject of very familiar with changes in the sub-polar gyre It'll be a big tea for example this study by academic and Ryan's 2004 2009 Updates and there's a more recent updates as well. Look at this in the cut of altimetric changes so More weakest the surface height in the sub-polar gyre, which is Related to weakening of the sub-polar gyre the slowdown and warming again is So far there's a mechanism to bring warm more warm water in in the vicinity of the Greenland ice sheet, but we also should not forget in the surface changes in top of meaning I should have also been important the right panel here is from box at our 2013 that shows changes in surface at a genomic is all the greenland These are nominees related to 1951 to 1980 So these anomalies show very large changes again since the since the 1990s and they would do is to bring Unprecedented surface melting in Greenland and so we have two two drivers of We have two drivers Can then prove they can precipitate these changes the one are sub surface water forms of water that reach the the Greenland ice sheets who these now fjords get in contact with the terminus positions But also surface milk water that That's basically our drains to the base of ice sheet and then provide a large runoff and the importance of these Mechanisms is shown in trend in translating them into melt rates and melting Provide of course by by warmer subsurface waters, but they could so be Idiated by these fresh water it would has runoff that provide a strong freshwater source and through some dynamics can find Melt at the at the base of the ice sheet by So so in that sense these two related but different processes Can enhance melting terminus positions enhance calving and through this to be thermodynamic effect can have a dynamic Impact on on ice sheet. We should we should not forget that oh that surface as well as women is important contributor to to the overall mass change and the surface ice sheets here the top right panel is and reassessment of the balance between contribution of what's called the Discharge, this is the the ice discharge of carbon and the surface mass volume secret just runoff changes and You see that what the earlier parts of these this philandium we have a slight domination of the of the of the discharge since recent years a surface balance seems to be a dominant driver and Fike it out have pointed out that with increased thinning of the green and ice sheets We will have larger variability in the surface mass balance just because of the more more parts of the Area of green will be the ablation zone of the ice sheet We are going now also to work Centennial reconstruction of what has happened in the ice sheet to try to Again make a connection between some of the chains that we see the in margins at this Margins and those two such fine indices as the North Atlantic oscillations and with this I Loot so I would argue again and others in our community that decadal variability is relevant for the problem of ice sheet changes in the context of understanding recent changes and also predicting potential future contribution to global sea level rise Also mechanisms despite of what showed you will remain rather uncertain and so this so a lot of this is sort of evidential But one of the major problems that we have the observations are very sparse They're challenging to obtain especially into context of process studies at these very difficult to access interfaces And obviously the types there is a way to short in duration to say anything about really variability in the true sense of what is being discussed The detail process understand is required to unravel the link between climatic forcings and the major response And what we actually do need is both small-scale difficulties to unravel some of these processes But then also long to monitor at the marine margins to actually get a very good record that is relevant for climate studies and so I See that this is a fundamentally multi-disciplinary and international challenge and challenge for which Climate Dynamics and Clive are have a role to play Thank you for your attention Thank you Patrick and thank you for waking up so very early to give that presentation in Texas sure Okay, are there any questions for for Patrick? Okay, hold we're waiting for some questions from the audience here. Okay, so in the previous talk This is Paul here. There was a discussion of impact of Cloud processes on on Greenland and I guess that plays into the role of the surface mass balance that you raised right at the end and so What do you see any sort of? Could you synthesize any challenges for us to discuss in the afternoon about how we could better coordinate those studies of Say cloud processes and focus on I guess you need to say focus on Greenland itself as a starting point. Yeah, I Think so Yeah, I think so because the so of course a lot of attention is paid to ice sheet ocean interactions but I hope to convince you that actually what's happening on the surface of Greenland is a very important contributor in terms of a buoyancy source that might amplify the melting at these terminated positions and So there are some attempts now to develop some process studies process understanding through a detailed observations and you know try to you know cause and effects and in that sense I think clouds as far as I can see it's it's not perhaps being discussed in the context of such a modern monitoring system and So I think that basically exchange that extends this chain of Mechanisms that we perhaps need to understand to order, you know to translate what's happening at the surface of the ice sheet or the atmosphere It's a bit of a not quite an answer But I think it would be important for process understanding to link this to the climate variability over Greenland to runoff which is very very difficult to measure at the terminus position and subsequent melting at the terminus Okay, thanks. Are there any other comments or questions? All right, thanks very much Patrick. Well, thank you Yeah


Our next speaker is Michael Washington from That's a strong following From Atlanta, Georgia Not not so hot on Atlanta in this crowd She is a PhD student in mathematics education. Her speech title is the miscalculation of us or us She'll tell you in a second Please come to the stage Think back to that college math exam. You know the ones you have been anticipating for days now And then as soon as you got in front of you is as if everything that you studied is gone as your foot starts tapping To the speed of your thoughts You think about the last week when you hesitated to ask that question in class and now your heart is beating with regret breaths Getting heavier hands getting sweatier, but even the most basic concepts is one plus one are slipping from your mind Filling all of this as signs that you and math just do not work together And this is the last time you're gonna let it get the best of you Yet, what if I told you that you were misinterpreting all of those physiological Signs the sweaty hands and the running thoughts and that you were not the problem in that situation But there was something bigger going on But that the problem was actually math Now I have a question for all of you and I want you to shout your answers out for me like seriously shout your answers out to me What makes a good math student think college age? What do you tell someone they have to do to be successful in math? study Practice what was that one? Office hours. Yes. Yes. So you all have taken a math class before right because the mantra you have to embrace and math is that practice makes perfect When I was growing up and how I really got into math was that every summer I used to go to a public library and get a math textbook and just do problems because I enjoyed it that much Meaning that I was always prepared the next year always having it on my mind And these are things I used to tell my students do additional problems learn new methods Go to office hours or go to another trusted source YouTube But most importantly You have to be prepared when things go bad because they do in math I've experienced it myself in my courses. They can go bad So you have to have some perseverance and grit just to stick through it and mathematicians like myself We usually really love these math centered approaches I mean, this is really how you get into the beauty of mathematics from the Interview like the way we're intertwined in our global and our economy to the furthest edges of our galaxies There's so much for us to explore through the lens of mathematics but as a math instructor and as a lifelong math student Something about these math centered approaches, which I really do like most or sometimes But they've always raised a red flag for me I mean think about it. If you have a student who is sweaty and having a tapping foot Why do we just keep throwing more math more math more math at them almost like some type of shock therapy? Just repeatedly exposing them to a trigger to an already stressful situation More than 50% of Americans have been affected by some type of math induced anxiety I know I have all the way down from going to a restaurant is trying to write a tip on a receipt Even to do your taxes, but don't forget those are coming out real fast But there are people out here who are having fear and apprehension whenever they see numbers and symbols To really hear what I'm saying. I want y'all to think about your commute this morning Or maybe on a day where you may have a foggy windshield If you were to keep driving at that very moment and do nothing else to that windshield Not very likely you'll make it anywhere safe But there are some tools you can use to make it just a little bit easier the frosted back of your hands cleared off real quick Now I want y'all to think about this same foggy windshield as the mind of a student stressed out in a math course How could they possibly focus on those polynomials derivatives or theorems with all of that stress and anxiety fogging their minds Then there are other students where they will always have more than just fog They may have added layers of racism bias Stereotypes all on top of their mind in the math class didn't have to put extra labor in just to clear The fog just to even get a peek at the math Our colleges and universities mimic the racial tension of our society I Do a lot of research on black students experiences and undergraduate math courses and y'all from the articles I've read from the scholars and professionals. I've taught to and even my own experience as a black college student There's a lot of misplaced self-blame whenever something goes wrong in a math classroom at a university Students are being constantly reminded about some deficit-based measures black-white achievement gap not enough black students in STEM Every time they walk into a math classroom thinking when something goes wrong that they're the problem But not the decades of institutional racism Not the mathematics that has been a gatekeeper in our community where those who are considered good at math are given more social economic opportunities They're thinking that the problem is them. I promise you all No matter how much math we keep throwing at students how many K through 12 reforms new YouTube videos are catchphrases if we keep Putting the math before the students well-being an accident is bound to happen The mathematics classroom instantly becomes a dangerous place for everyone inside and Outside the classroom just like driving your car with a foggy windshield is a dangerous situation for everyone on and off the road And now we're at a very important junction here for students because they have some decisions to make after all these experiences They can either just stay in math do what they have to do the way it is right now and stick it through They could Maybe choose a different method to get to it. It might take longer. It might be a higher cost, but what else can I do? or another option one of my favorites is Choosing their selves and their sanity and Something that's not not going to make them have to choose between their well-being and math in order to identify the sources of an equity We have to apply the appropriate solutions the math center approaches are amazing And I mean those are the approaches I grew up with and how I'm here before you now as a mathematician But they're not enough on their own. We have to offer something else for students Because we're putting the math above their well-being when in mathematics being successful It's just as much about your ability to problem-solve and get a right answer as it is to be and feel recognized as a capable math doer So I want you all to consider something math is objective one plus one usually two Won't get into but it's objective But the culture around it is not We have to be careful in blurring the lines between the objectivity of mathematics and the culture around it that guides How we teach and learn it because that's where I'm seeing a lot of problems So dream with me for a second If the math center approaches are causing the stress anxiety and we keep throwing the math like shock therapy And it's not working out There has to be another solution out there that we compare with it that can work for more than just a select few in math courses and What if that solution is within? Student-centered approaches now these are approaches I'm talking about that recognize and normalize one's humanity within the classroom This is a classroom where if a student is having a hard time You don't belittle them for not knowing something you've been studying for decades These are the classrooms where We're not using the chapters of a book to guide the pace of a course But we're actually putting the students learning back on the forefront And that's what guides the learning in the flow of the course because at the end of the day That's who really matters and when I talk about math-centered approaches I am kind of including teacher-centered approaches But I only do that because at the end of the day the student is always the focal point And if anything is getting in their way to learn then that problem has to be moved and When we can give students that push to start key So that they can walk into a math classroom and not have to worry about the stress and anxiety in all the worlds and equities Only then can they safely get to their math destination Like MLK. I have huge dreams for mathematics So I just want to show y'all some recommendations if you would like to learn more about these approaches Or you could talk to me afterwards, but here's this a snippet The mathematics classroom that I dream of is Written within the pages and the stories of abolitionist teaching in Dr. Bettina Love's book. We want to do more than survive The max mathematics classroom that I dream of is Within the inspiring messages and activities within the black girl magic box that goes out to thousands of black girls across the country every month The mathematics classroom that I dream of is Within the voices and the stories that are being healed through the math therapy podcast When I think about college mathematics I think about Professors being able to notice when a student has the weight of the world and equities on their shoulders Or just have simply having a bad day and can tap into their humanity to connect to that student and Understand that their presence in that classroom is their commitment to learning From all the years I've been with math and I really have loved it. I Still have always dreamed of a mathematics where Everyone has the opportunity to explore it see the beauty of it or not But that decision is not based off of a false sense of ability that decision has something more to do with the top of their foot and The beat of their heart That for as long as you are breathing We can do anything you can do anything Even math thank you


Hey, this is Brett and this 2021 Ram 3500 Crew Cab Long Box Dual Re-Wheel Bighorn Level 1 Night Edition is stock number 13806Z. I am here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, you're new and used heavy-duty truck and Ram headquarters. This 2021 Ram 3500 has the 6.7 liter Cummins diesel engine. It's paired up with the 6-speed 68 RFE automatic transmission. This truck has been fully safety to and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change, all the fluids have been checked and topped off. And it is 100% ready to go. Max towing capacity on this one is 19,704 pounds. And the max payload is 5,573 pounds, found those on Ram's tow guide website. I'll link that in the description below. That being said, I'm going to go all the way around in this video inside underneath. Start it up and take a look under the hood to give you the most accurate representation of the vehicle possible. Bright white clear coats of color. I shoot all my videos in 4K. And if you like the video, you can subscribe to my YouTube channel, which is youtube.com slash summit auto. Click the bell notifications to get updates on the videos I do each and every day as well as having access. One of the largest catalogs of vehicle and truck walk-arounds on YouTube. The Night Edition gives you the painted black and polished aluminum wheels. It has Nexon Rodion LT285, I'm sorry, LT235 ADR17 tires. In the front, they look like they have probably about 60 to 70% of the tread left, maybe even a little bit more. Frame and body is exceptionally clean on this truck. This is a one owner clean title history, clean car facts out of Oklahoma. The Night Edition also gives you the blacked out headlight bezels and the painted front and rear bumpers. No denser dings on that front bumper. It has the front bumper parking sensors and factory fog lights. You also get the gloss black grille with that Night Edition. The hood is in fantastic condition on this truck. You can see any denser dings on there and it does have the cab lights up top. Passengers side front fender is in really nice shape too. And the passengers side front wheel, no major scuffs or scrapes on there. Looks really good. As you go down this side of this 2021 Ram 3500, take note of how clean that body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. I take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by, just cannot make the trip down. But you're still interested in purchasing the truck, you can see the vehicle, hear the vehicle and have confidence in what you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. If this video helps you make that buying decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video, that it was helpful, that Brett sent you. The dually tub is in really nice shape, didn't see any rock chips or anything on there. Back wheels are in excellent condition as well, no scuffs or scrapes. And the back tires have just as much tread as front tires, I'd say probably even a little bit more. Frame and underbody is exceptionally clean once again back here and it has all the remaining factory exhausts. So it hasn't been altered in any way. And the whole underbody is in really nice shape. What you'd expect from a one owner truck out of Oklahoma. Nice painted step bars on there. And this dually tub, I didn't see any dents or dings, really nice condition coming around to the back. Rear bumpers in pretty nice shape, did want to disclose one thing. There is a couple of little dings on that rear bumper, but good to note that it does not affect the performance of the truck. Full towing package, which includes receiver hitch four pin and seven pin wiring note that you get the blacked out big horn ram. And four by four logos on that tailgate. That tailgate is in really nice shape, no dents or dings on there. And it does come with a back flip fold up tonneau cover. That looks like that's a really nice condition as well. This comes with a B&W, the Patriot 18,000 pound fifth wheel. Beds in really nice shape, you do get seven pin wiring back here. And the tailgate is in nice shape on the back as well. That shuts nice and solidly coming around the driver side just as clean as that passenger side. No major dents or dings on that dually tub. Four fold disclosure, this back wheel is just as nice as the rest. And down the rest of this side of the truck, doors and cab all look fantastic. I didn't see any dents, I didn't see any dings. It does have the heated fold up tail mirrors built in directional signals, they fold up like so. They also fold in like that. Inside the big horn level one package gives you the dark charcoal and black cloth interior. You get the bucket seats in the front. Smells very clean inside this truck. Does come with the power driver seat, lumbar, factory, all weather formats, auto headlamps and power pedals. All our windows lock some mirrors, you get the cloth bolster and the wood grain trim on the doors. And these mirrors do power fold in. I always like showing both sides so that you know both sides are working properly. Take a quick look at the back seats. They are just as clean as front seats, no rips or tears back here. It does have the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may have. Fixed glass rear window. Seats are in fantastic condition. It does have a load floor, which is nice. If you've got muddy boots of tools, put them on there, you're not going to get your seats dirty. Also if you've got pets, put both sides down, they get a nice flat place to lay.  Storage underneath there, you get in-floor storage in the floor with removable bins for easy clean. You can put ice and drinks in there. And it's like you have too many coolers wherever you go. Or if you're not in Wisconsin, just extra storage space. Side current airbags, child safety locks on the back doors and the inside end bottoms of the doors are all in fantastic condition. You get the even sticker right there. And then the tire and loading information sticker. We'll hop inside, check out the miles, the radio, and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior. See this one has 15,467 miles. You do get fuel economy, vehicle, and a digital speedometer on there. Instrument cluster is very nice and clean. Comes with the leather wrapped heated steering wheel, cruise controls and gear selector on the right. Bluetooth and information center controls on the left. Does have the audio controls on the back of the steering wheel. Comes with the six speed 68 RFE automatic transmission. The optional tap shift is now on the steering wheel. Push button start, push button four wheel drive. You do get the 8.4. This is still the 4C radio. So I'm sorry, the 12 inch 4C radio, my bad. You do get AM FM and Sirius XM radio capabilities on here. This one also has the factory navigation system. There's highway 41. So you can see that is working nicely. You have your climate controls here.  You can see that is working nicely. Then for your backup cam, you can zoom in on your receiver hitch to get hooked up to your boat camper trailer the first time every time. And then you have all your different apps on here, including your controls. You have projection manager, you can project your cell phone to the screen. And you have your off road pages, which are pretty sweet as well. I did miss speak a little bit before this does not have a heated steering wheel. I thought I saw that as that was loading. So just a normal steering wheel, not a heated steering wheel. This one has latitude, longitude, altitude with the off road pages. And you can see the steering angle right there. If I turn the steering wheel, that changes as well as having your transfer case of it's too high for high or for low. You have your accessory gauges on there and pitch and roll. And once again, have your controls right there.  You also have a 115 volt 400 watt plug-in down there. Keyless entry with remote start. Get your sliding coin holder and cup holders. Passengers side, floor mat and seat are in excellent condition. I don't think this truck's ever been smoked in. Headliner is a nice shape. You get the speakers in the ceiling. And you also get map lights, assistant SOS buttons, auto dimming mirror and your home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems. We'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up, no check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like this. Thank you for checking out the video. It does have power pedals as well. And hopefully from this HD video, you've been able to verify the quality, condition, options and cleanliness of this truck all the way around inside and out. All the lights are working very nicely. And under the hood, you have a 6.7 liter Cummins diesel engine. The engine bay is very clean. Runs very smooth. Once again, this truck has been fully-safetyed and inspected by Ulr Silver Shop. Has a fresh coil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And it is 100% ready to go. There's the emission sticker. And I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint. I'd ship this one to California, Texas, New York. Back to Oklahoma, Arizona, you name it. Whoever's going to get it's going to love it. It's in really, really nice shape. And to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 550 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, half-tons, three-quarter-tons, one-tons. You name it, we got to go to that website right there. SummitAuto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle. All at SummitAuto.com. And if you'd like to check out more HD videos, you can go to YouTube.com. Slash Summit Auto. Click the bell notifications. You'll get updates on the videos I do each and every day. As well as having access to one of the largest catalogs of vehicle walk-arounds on YouTube as well as trucks. In fact, in a second you'll see a link to subscribe to my YouTube channel on the upper left. A link to more Ram 3500 truck videos I've done in the upper right. A link to this vehicle on our website on the lower left. And a link to one of our latest YouTube videos on the lower right. Click those checks out. We're super excited to help you with this Ultra Clean 2021 Ram 3500 Crew Cab Longbox Stool Reveal Big Horn Level 1 Night Edition in bright white clear coat. Thanks for checking out the video. Hit the like, subscribe, and share on the YouTube channel. I really appreciate it. Thanks again.