Welcome, this is advanced reaction engineering course. Now, in this course we cover a lot of ground general applications of chemical reaction engineering to our requirements in chemical process industry and as well as in daily life and so on. So, what I would like to do in this session is just to give you an overall perspective of what I want to do in this lecture series of may be 30, 40 hours. So, let me just run through one by one just give you a feel for what is contained in each of these modules. So, let me get a beginning. So, we have begin with an introduction I mean the object here is to try and bring to your attention what we will do in this course of course and then what is the methodology that we will follow and you know how we plan to address various issues and how we will explain the principles through various examples and so on. So, the methodology we will try to adopt here is one of problem solving. So, that we learn how to derive the equations that describe a certain process and or certain idealization that we will look at and also show how it applies to different situations. So, that is the way we will go around in this course and if you I am sure all of you are familiar but see we will look at what I see as design equations for ideal reactors. Now, I mean in the sense that you know we have reaction equipment and that reaction equipment in which certain reaction takes place let us say A goes to B or A goes to B plus C whatever. So, what we need to know is you know how this particular material that is entering reaction vessel how would undergo reaction to what extent it will undergo reaction what are the parameters that will determine the extent to which the reaction would occur. And most importantly what is the size of the equipment that is required for a certain extent of reaction of course as our interest and in some cases you know we are not looking at simply continuous operation we are looking at batch operations in which case or interest is to find out what is the time that is required for a given extent of reaction and so on. And there are situations in which we are neither doing continuous nor doing batch we are doing something like semi continuous semi batch operations in which case you know our interest is to really understand how the process can be written down in terms of mathematics. So, that we can tell what might happen to the process and how we can intervene in a way. So, that the process can be made to move in the direction of our interest. So, the design equations for ideal reactors is essentially a way of trying to idealize what might be happening and so that our equations are able to approximate what might happen in real life. Just as an example I mean more of it you will see when you actually look at these just to put it in the perspective. Let us say you have an equipment like this and in which you know this reaction is occurring a flow is coming in and flow is going out. So, this is got a certain volume b reaction a goes to b or let us say a or a plus b going to c plus t. Now, you will recognize that a b c d you know a can be a gas and b can be a liquid you know it can be it can be same phases may be the same phases may be different products may have some of it may be a gas some of it. Now, the various kinds of situations that are likely. So, for each of these situations you know our equations must be able to appropriately take into account. So, we will look at simple situations as we go along we will modify and then take into account you know more variation that might occur in real life. So, the design equations if you are looking at design equations the object of design equation is to put down in simple terms how inputs and outputs or inputs initial and final can be related in terms of parameters that you and I understand recognize and so on. In the chemical engineering literature chemical process industry frequently we see what we call as tubular reactors. Now, tubular reactors are essentially pipes of various sizes and typically they contain a catalyst which is coming in and going out tubular reactors are common in the industry because they are easy to build. And then you know the flow fields can be easily understood can be measured place lot of techniques have been award over number of years to understand the fluid mechanics. And therefore, it is it is a common device which is employed in the industry. So, often we talk about plug flow in our tubular reactor design equations by plug flow I mean in the sense the reason why we sort of idealize situations like this is that they are easier to treat. And therefore, we are able to get equation that is able to quickly idealize what might might be otherwise difficult to understand and predict. So, we have a first principle understanding of what might happen by plug flow what is meant is that if you have a fluid element here it sort of gets in it sort of moves through the equipment it moves through the equipment and emerges. And there is another fluid element which comes and moves through the equipment and emerges. On other words what we are saying that if we recognize or idealize a flow through an equipment as plug flow it only means that these fluid elements pass without recognizing the existence of other fluid elements. Therefore, the time of residence of these fluid elements can be very precisely calculated and therefore, we are able to tell how long they have spent in the equipment. And therefore, we can tell what is the extent to which the reaction may have take place based on the numbers that we have in our hand. So, plug flow is an idealized version of the reaction equipment that you will see in the process industry often called as tubular reactors. So, we will set up equations as we go along to describe what is called as plug flow reactors. Little earlier we said we talked about stirred vessels these are all stirred vessels. Now, stirred vessels cells can be batch equipment or can be a continuous equipment. Now, batch equipment means that you know there is a flow inside, but there is no flow out in the sense it is batch. There is no flow in. So, you start with a certain amount of fluid here and you process the fluid for a certain length of time and we set up equations that would describe what might be going on inside the equipment. On other words there is no inflow, there is no outflow. Therefore, whatever happens in the reaction is like it is sort of it is accounted for by the process or the reaction kinetics that is responsible for that reaction to take place. So, batch you will find batch equipments are generally quite common in small scale industry. If you go to paint industry, if you go to pharmaceutical industry or oil industry various kinds of industries whereas, you want to process them in small scale because the scale of operations are such that the demand is such that it only is amenable to small scales of operation or in places like pharmaceutical industry where purities and then quality etcetera are so stringent that you must be able to keep track of in which batch it was produced. So, that in case you want to recall the product at a later stage it might be possible to actually inform the dealers to recall the product in case it is found to be unsatisfactory for whatever reasons. So, pharmaceutical industry batch process are quite common. Now, it is a batch equipment is essentially a vessel which is got you know there is provision for inlet outlet, there is provision for entering inside and cleaning and so on. So, it is quite common of various sizes may be 10, 20, 5 to 10 kilo liters is typically the sizes you will see in the industry. There is something called CSTR which is quite common in chemical engineering literature which is called continuous third tank reactor which is it is an equipment like this where there is continuous input and there is a continuous output these valves are these are the valves. So, these are open so that there is continuous flow and continuous output. On other words what you are seeing here is that chemical reaction takes place as the flow comes in and goes out and since many of these reactions could be quite you know exothermic. There are coils which might be which might be carrying a cooling or heating fluid. So, as to ensure that the reaction conditions are able to be achieved because of this heating or cooling medium. So, the continuous third tank reactor is one very common device that you might see in laboratories in the universities and research labs and in the industry where the scales of operations are relatively larger not very large relatively larger. Now, continuous third tank reactors in the process industry the most common we might see in places for example, you will find that in polymer industry where you have to deal with very viscous situations you will find that third tank provides you a good amount of mixing and so on. So, that the heat transfer can be satisfactory. So, you will find continuous reaction equipment in polymer industry. There are several other situations where continuous reaction equipments are quite common because of the fact that it permits you to continuously input and output at the same time ensure that the temperatures and process conditions are kept uniform. So, CSTR and batch are the restored equipment that you will see in the process industry and the tubular reactors or plug flow devices that we call is quite common in the very large scale petroleum in other industries. So, for both these situations there are design equations which we call as ideal reactors. So, what is meant by ideal reactors by ideal we mean that the conditions in different parts the equipment in terms of temperature pressure concentrations are uniform. In other words the fluid as soon as it enters it is able to get itself mixed thoroughly. So, that the conditions inside the equipment is same as conditions that is leaving the equipment that is what is called as a continuous stirred tank reactor very popular in chemical engineering literature. So, when we when we said design equations for ideal reactors we will be looking at these two situations and set up equations that will describe how reactions take place in these two how reactions can be understood as they take place in these two kinds of equipments. Now, we find in our in our experience in process industry that a reaction does not go to completion for whatever reasons let us just give an example let us say you have a reaction equipment feed is coming in feed is going out. Now, we find that this is the reactor. So, this is what is called as the plug flow plug flow recycle reactor. Now, when would you engage a process of this nature we would engage process of this nature when we find that the products that come out of this reaction requires to be recycled. There would be situations that you will learn as you go along situations in which the products have to be recycled. They have to be recycled because you find that the products are able to facilitate the rate at which the reaction occurs this could be one reason or the products contain lot of energy like heat for example, it is a very high temperature. So, you have to make use of that energy for your process that could be another example. So, there could be several situations of course, another example could be that you know the reaction has not gone to completion therefore, you want to put a separator somewhere here and then separate the products and then recycle the unreacted products. So, there are various situations that you will encounter where recycle is required. Now, when recycle is required we need to set up our design equations which will take into account the effect of recycle the effect of the recycle on the size of the equipment number 1. Effect of recycle on the extent of reaction the various issues that we must consider when we prepare a recycle. It can be steady state it can be unsteady state because you know you might be encountering situations in which you also want to understand how long it takes for a certain process to reach steady state or you are interested in the unsteady state part of the process because you are starting of the process and you want to know how long it is taken to reach steady state. The various issues that might come up in a process that we would like to understand and then set up our mathematics. So, that we can actually tell how long it will be before the steady state is achieved. So, we need situations like this in process industry. So, we will set up equations that takes into account the effects of recycle. So, that we can set up our equations appropriately. I mean said this we want to look at plug flow recycle reactors. So, illustrations illustrative examples. Now, what we will when I say plug flow illustrative examples what I like to bring to attention to in such lectures is that we I mean what are the physical situations where you might want to do a recycle and how would that recycle benefit you in a process. Let us take an example say for example, a going to b let us say as an example where the reaction the reaction is auto catalytic is auto catalytic. What is meant by auto catalytic auto catalytic we mean that the reaction rate at which this reaction occurs is dependent on a it is also dependent on b. Now, when a reaction is auto catalytic which means that the rate at which the reaction moves really depends upon how much of product has been put into the system. So, clearly speaking unless you put product appropriately the reaction does not move. Now, if you look at the recycle recycle this recycle device provides a way by which you can put products back into the feed. So, auto catalytic reaction is a good example where recycle becomes very very important for the process to move forward. So, auto catalytic reactions require recycle and very clearly it do there might be an optimum recycle at which you must operate and. So, on which is important from the point of your process optimization all those features will have to be appropriately taken into account into a design equations plus it has to be appropriately explained it has to be appropriately explained when we look at illustrative examples. Now, I mean if you look at real life for example, what are the real life situations where we have to deal with auto catalytic reaction the finest example you will think of are biological reactions. Say for example, you have let us say you have you have a reaction I am just giving a small example you have C 6 H 12 O 6 this is glucose it is reacting with some cells let us say saccharomyces saccharomyces this is a fungi is a fungi which feeds on glucose under certain conditions of P H and temperature and oxygen tension and so on gives you alcohol it gives you alcohol and carbon dioxide. Now, you can see here is 3 C 2 H 5 O H and C O 2 you can balance this how many carbon is there you can balance is anyways not so critical right now. So, you have glucose giving you alcohol and water alcohol and carbon dioxide. Now, this particular reactions you will find that if unless you put in saccharomyces and get the appropriate conditions you will not be able to produce alcohol. So, what is being said is that. So, the presence of saccharomyces makes this reaction happen in that process more cells are formed. So, in principle in principle this cells can be harvested and then put back into the process that is one way or alternatively alternatively you find that as more and more cells are formed it is able to catalyze the reaction in the forward direction. So, autocatalyze is a good example in which you will find that the addition of the product which cells are a product to enhances the rate of forward reaction. Just look at some more examples of recycle reactors. Now, there is another situation that you would have seen in real life and some of you may have seen is if you go to a waste treatment plant. See if you I mean all over the world you will find that we produce a lot of let us say sewage which comes out of human settlements there could be a waste coming from dairy sensing which contains lot of waste material. So, typically what is done is that these materials is taken into a basin in which you put in oxygen you put in oxygen by aeration and then presence in the presence of oxygen and the sewage which contains organics like carbohydrates and things like that. The cells which is present in that environment grows and as a result you will find that the waste material gets consumed and then the water that comes out is relatively clean or this is called as waste treatment this is called waste treatment. Now, you will find that that sewage let us say sewage contains carbohydrate. So, you are putting oxygen. So, this gets oxidized. So, it becomes carbon dioxide and water and the cells that are present in the water produce more cells. So, this is another example this is another example where the the the whole reaction goes forward only if there are cells and the cells produce more cells and the effect of the cells is to further enhance the reaction. On other words this is another very good example of auto catalytic reactions. Now, whether you use devices we can use various types of devices we can use devices which is called stirred tanks which is called these are all stirred tanks. We can use stirred tanks as devices for doing this process or you can do recycle devices like what I have said. In both cases the principles are that the product which is cell enhances the rate at which the reaction occurs this is what we are trying to say. So, plug flow recycle devices or recycles in general are very common in process industry and we need equations to take care of how to deal with recycles in real life and that is what we will do in these kinds of lectures. Now, we often find if I mean I mean it is not very unusual that in chemical process there are many many reactions that occur there are many many reactions that occur. And we have to deal with what is called as multiple reaction multiple multiple reactions mean what do you mean by multiple reactions. What we want to say here is that suppose let us say I am just as an example I write a plus b going to c plus d this is single reaction.   What is being said here is that you have written a plus b equal to c plus d as a reaction this can also be written as c plus d minus of a minus of b equal to 0. I mean it is what is being said is that if you have a chemical reaction each can write it as an algebraic equation it is convenient or if you have many many reactions occurring as I have said here alpha 1 1 a 1 to alpha 1 1 a n as this is one reaction there are p such reactions. So, reaction there are p reactions here. Now, the important point when there are large number of reactions are happening. So, we also like to know I mean how to manage how to understand very large number of reactions. Now, therefore, we need a systematic procedure by which we are able to deal with very large number of reactions. So, that we can account for them we can find out what is what is happening in the reactions and so on. So, there is general technique which is used to understand how many reactions are independent you know independence of reactions is an idea which has come in because of the fact that there are many many reactions are happening. Once we recognize what is called the independence of reactions we can also understand that if there are many many reactions how many of them are independent how many of them are dependent and so on. Just illustrate this let me just illustrate this what I am saying say for example, you have a reaction a going to b and the reaction b going to a what is meant by this we are saying that this reaction a to b is and this is actually a reversible reaction. That means reaction go in the forward direction and go in the reverse direction. So, which means when we are conducting a reaction a going to b in principle in principle perhaps both the rate process are occurring both the rate process are occurring what we see is that the reaction seems to go from a to b because one rate process faster than the other. Therefore, the net in the net you see that the reaction is going for in one direction and there are techniques I mean you would have learnt or you will learn as you go along by which you can actually measure the rate process in both directions.  Therefore, in principle all these are possible to be measured. So, but the fact of interest to us is that if there are there is a going to b and b going to a how many of these reactions are independent is a question that we frequently will ask ourselves. Now, it is common sense by looking at it we can say that you know if you just take one sample of suppose this reaction is occurring in an equipment like this a going to b b going to see if you just take a sample of a and of this of this material and analyze for a. If you analyze for a start in a 0 as the total moles and then we determine what is the moles at any other time. So, once you know this difference once you know this difference you can tell what is the amount of b that has been formed because that is coming from stoichiometry. And other words what we trying to say is that if you know the independence of reactions you can tell what is the composition of the system. So, what is what is generally suggested in multiple or in what is called as reaction networks is that we determine the number of independent reactions we just determine number of independent reactions. Once we know the number of independent reactions we can tell the composition of the system fully because that is what will determine the composition of the system. And as you go along we will use these general methods to deal with multiple reactions and you will find as you go along particularly in biology when huge number of reactions are occurring. You will find extremely useful to deal with use these techniques because it makes a very convenient and there are computational methods available. So, by which we can deal with them very effectively. Now having said this let me sort of draw attention to some very very interesting situations that we might encounter.  Suppose you have a reaction let us say n o 2 minus giving you n h 4 plus. So, n o 2 minus giving you n o 3 minus. So, n o 2 minus reacting with n h 4 plus giving you n o 3 minus.  And then you could also have a situation that n h 4 plus which is formed in reaction 1 goes for cell synthesis. How does it happen? This ammonium nitrate is actually incorporated into the cells due to it is reactions that happen in the soil environment. Of course, you could also have a situation that the carbohydrates gets oxidized to give you carbon dioxide and water plus energy. So, the context here is something like this. I mean this in this planet we produce close to about 2 billion tons of grains to feed the population of the world. And all this comes from about 1300 million hectares of cultivated land in different parts of the world. India included and the cultivated land in India is something like out of total land area of about 180 or 200 million hectares is the total crop area in this country. So, in the sense that if you want to understand what is happening in soil environment, we can understand this by looking at these 5 reactions. Now, we can do experiments to find out what happens to n o 2 minus n o 3 minus n h 4 plus and then carbohydrate can be measured appropriately. On other words, we can do a small experiment to find out how these nutrients n o 2 minus n o 3 minus n h 4 plus and then carbohydrate is actually channeled into various pathways through simple experiments.  Essentially what we are trying to say here is that here are just 5 reactions. And these 5 reactions are able to tell us how you are producing various cells, it can be food crops are in around the world. So, through some simple experiments, I mean in the kind of power that these experiments have on is enormous as you can see, you can do these experiments and find out how the nitrogen that we add that we add to soil and how they are related to production of food crops and how the carbohydrate that might be present in the soil environment is used for the production of food crops. You see these kinds of inter linkages we can understand by doing some simple experiments in multiple reactions using a soil environment in a laboratory, it do not have to go into the field. And you will find that you are able to get results which are able to explain what happens in different parts of the world. Giving you a feel for how fairly simple experiments done in a laboratory, which does not cost you a lot. It give you an insight into very very complex happenings in agriculture, plantations, plantation crops in the world and so on. So, that is the power of trying to understand multiple reactions in soil of which we will look at some examples to illustrate how we can get insights into fairly complicated situations using fairly simple techniques. Next we will try to look at is what we call as catalyst deactivation. Now, the context to looking at catalyst deactivation is that if you look at our process industry or process industry many of them require catalyst for the reactions to take place. I mean we know of ammonia synthesis of which Haber won a Nobel Prize in 1915 for the development and for the discovery of the synthesis catalyst of course, lot of improvements have come since then. And there are in fact catalyst is the center of many many important processes which make life so easy for us today compared to what it was may be 100 years ago. So, but catalyst undergo deactivation fundamentals of deactivation is a chemistry that we must know so that we can prevent it we can improve upon it and so on. But from the point of view of chemical engineers who run processes what is important is that we would like to know what is the kinetics of catalyst deactivation at what rate they can deactivate. So, that we have some way for understanding how long our catalyst will last in the process environment so that we can replace them alternatively we can regenerate them appropriately. So, the whole process of catalyst deactivation requires you to find out methods by which we can understand the kinetics of deactivation kinetics. So, we must know the kinetics of deactivation I mean for which we must do measurements and even if you do measurements you see what is important is that we must know how to use those measurements to derive and to get the kinetic information of our interest. So, what is important in catalyst deactivation is to be able to develop our mathematics to represent what is going on in the process so that we can get the information of our interest. So, in these lectures and catalyst deactivation what we will try to emphasize and give you methods is to how do we conduct our experiments. So, that we can get data in a form that we can use to extract the deactivation kinetics from our experiments. So, this is what is the content of the catalyst deactivation that we will do in these lectures. Now, if you know if I say that catalyst deactivation kinetics is given by an equation of this form equation of this form some function of concentrations and so on. So, our important thing is to recognize that what is the value of m what is this function which is depends which determines the deactivation kinetics. So, that when we write the rate at which the catalyst deactivates by this we are able to convert this and appropriately integrate this into our design in the reactor design. So, that we are able to understand how this process under catalyst deactivation will run. So, that we can appropriately tune the process to take care of this deactivation and ensure that we produce product products at the rate at which we design we have design that plan for. So, the object of this particular this set of lectures is to determine this function. So, that we are able to go forward and use this information for our design operation and control of processes involving catalysts. Now, this is the related issue which we must bear in mind. So, what I call here as a process evaluation process evaluation under catalyst deactivation. Now, what we would try to learn here is that say let us for example, let us say let us say we have a we have a reactor and then let us say it goes through a separator products come out and then the unreacted goes back and this is the most common that we will see in the process industry is a reactor there is a separator.  Now, what we will see in a process is that as this catalyst there is a catalyst here catalyst here catalyst which deactivates this is deactivates. So, what you would expect as this deactivates the amount of product that you will produce here will keep on decreasing and clearly which means the amount of product that formed here is decreasing and therefore, what you are going to get here is also will decrease. Now, this separator has been designed to process a certain amount of the product. Now, as this keeps decreasing you will find that this material this separator is not working to your design. So, it is suboptimal and therefore, your process is not satisfactory. Now, clearly when you design this reaction equipment we have to anticipate what is the deactivation we have to anticipate we have to anticipate the effects of this deactivation a is the activity and appropriately design your process which means you would have which means that if you are rate at which component a that is formed let us say this is some this is the activity which is changing some other function c. So, this effect this effect you should account for in the design. So, that with time with time as this catalyst activity keeps on decreasing there might be must be a process tuning that you will do or process adjustments that you will do which will ensure that the catalyst even though if it deactivates the product that comes out here does not change with time. So, that in other words there are strategies by which we can run processes despite the fact that there is deactivation and it is these strategies that we will learn in these lectures. And we will illustrate these through examples where you can actually I mean use these principles to understand how we can run these processes. We pointed out that commercial processes like deactivating catalyst we need to continuously adjust the process conditions. So, that the quantity of material that is produced here per unit time etcetera is in variant with time. So, that we are able to produce these products. So, essentially these are all time dependent kind of operations. So, time dependent time dependent operations we just now pointed out that catalyst deactivation is an example of time dependent operation. And we also said that there are strategies by which we can manage the time dependent operations by appropriate adjustment of the process conditions. So, that the output does not see a time dependence you see these are the kinds. Now, there is another set of situations in real life where actually there is time dependence. That means we accept the fact that there is time dependence. And we want to be able to understand those time dependence mathematically. So, that we can set up our equations we have all the numbers in front of us. Therefore, you know how the time dependence actually happens how we take that into account in our. So, time dependent operations are one you have a batch process a batch process. What is a batch process you have a reaction happening here. And then you have put in at 0 time at time t equal to 0 you have started with some C A naught and C B naught and so on. And your product A plus B goes to C plus D. Therefore, this tells you how long you must run this process. So, that you can get your products. So, that is one in fairly elementary example of time dependent operation. There is a more involved time dependent operation is that you have let us say a reactor which is producing a product. Now, this particular reactor we have to there is a start up the start up of this. So, start up what is meant by start up you have a reaction you have a reactor which you want starting now. And you want to know how long it takes to reach steady state and so on. Therefore, this during the start up up to reaching steady state there is some time gap involved. What is the time line and how do we understand that time line and how do we ensure that during the process of starting up to the point it reaches steady state everything is very safe nothing goes out of control. So, start up of a plant start up of a reactor is an issue which is time dependent. So, the effects of time must be appropriately accounted in appropriately incorporated in the mathematics. So, that we know how the evolution of the composition of the system is dependent on system parameters etcetera. So, time dependence start up is a very good example of time dependent operations. And for that matter all start ups you know it is not just chemical reactor alone you will find that any start up that you have to deal with you will have to deal with time dependence. And therefore, your mathematics should take into account all the concerns that will that will that will determine the time dependence of your process. Let us let us just take an example to illustrate what I am saying. So, what happens suppose you have a CSTR see you have a reaction taking place a reaction is taking place. Now, I mean this is an example it does not mean that it happens in daily life or in industry, but it is something that helps us to understand how mathematics in help us to get a feel for what happens. And mathematics in help us to tell how we can prevent many of the difficulties we might typically face if you do not formulate your problem in mathematical terms. For example, this is an instance of a stirred tank it is called CSTR. Now, we start the CSTR with an initial condition C a i this is the initial condition C a i equal to some value I will call this C a i equal to some value C a naught. Now, you will realize by formulating the mathematics that if you choose the C a i appropriately carefully then the start up the start up time. What is meant by start up time the time that is required for the process to reach steady state start up time is the time that is required time required to reach steady state reach steady state. Now, if this time required to reach steady state is very large you see then clearly you see you are not the process is not doing anything useful for you and then whatever you produce is unsatisfactory it has to be recycled anyway. So, it is a cost that you are earnestly incurring. So, if you can keep this time very small it is very advantages and your mathematics will tell you how to do it. So, these are the advantages of being able to formulate your problem mathematically because lot of the answers that you would learn through experimental through trial and error it will come to you without having to go through those trial and error and save time save cost plus huge insight into what is going on in the process. You see that is something that gives you a great confidence of how to deal with otherwise difficult situations. This confidence is what makes it important in running processes designing processes managing crisis managing safety issues and so on. So, this is the important part that we will try to illustrate through an example to say how start up and how the initial state that you can choose. So, that we can keep the start up time as small as possible. Now, what we have tried to do in the in these lectures of 7, 8 lectures is to set up the basic basic foundations of for dealing with chemical reactions and then setting up the equation that are required to explain what is going on. See we have so far talked about situations where the system has been assumed to be at constant temperature. That means you are really not accounted for effects of temperature in the process. Now, I mean I am sure you all recognize this that a chemical reaction typically releases heat or requires heat. So, adding heat or removing heat are two important situations that we all have to account for. So, adding and removing heat is crucial to managing chemical reaction.  I mean it is not that you know about. Suppose, you are looking at a power plant in which you are burning coal to make steam as an example. I mean coal combustion is a very well studied chemical reaction releases a huge amount of energy which we use to make steam and then the steam is used for turning turbines and making electricity and so on. Now, the important thing is that the rate at which the coal is burning and the rate at which the steam water the going through the tube is able to pick up that heat and then convert it into steam you have to match the two connect. So, the rate of combustion must be equal to the rate of the rate of production of steam. So, that design these are the kinds of design features that we have to look into when we are looking at chemical reactions. So, energy balance. So, what we are saying now is that energy balance energy balance is crucial for reactor design crucial to reactor design which means we must take into account whatever energy is going into the process. So, the energy is coming out of the process and the energy that we are putting into the process might be in the form of internal energy. Well, energy that is coming out of the process might be in the form of sensible heat. So, we have to see how the energy of internal energy or enthalpy as we call say is actually used in the process and therefore, we have to see how heat is generated because of chemical reaction. How heat coming out of the chemical reaction can be appropriately channeled into the process and so on. So, energy balance is crucial to understanding how reactions will take place. So, our reactor design actually requires not just understanding of material balances of which we have talked about so far, but requires an understanding of how material and energy balance are connected are related. So, we have to write the energy balance and see how material balance is energy balance are related and deal with both material and energy balance together in the design of reactors involving heat effects. These are instances where there are huge chemical energy that is released because of reactions or required to conduct the reaction. In both cases we have to transfer heat through an appropriate device in the reaction equipment. So, energy balance is crucial to our process. Now, energy balance can be in stirred vessels. Now, stirred vessels we pointed out we had a stirred vessel like this and we said we have a coil into which putting a cooling or a heating fluid. Now, this coil instead of putting a coil we might put a jacket. Let us see that is also as good as through which you can circulate a fluid and then take out the fluid. So, there could be various ways by which we can put energy in and take energy out and, but important point is that your equation your mathematical description must appropriately account for energy going in. So, that we energy going in in which form it is going in then typically goes in the form of enthalpy energy that comes out may be of the form of sensible heat and so on. So, we have to appropriately take that into account. So, that if there is huge amount of heat release appropriately it can be removed through a devices that we can design and incorporate into the system. So, energy balance stirred vessels energy balance for plug flow vessels. So, let us just appreciate how when there is a stirred vessel the removal of energy is relatively simple. Because of the fact that it is stirred and therefore, heat transfer coefficients are quite satisfactory we are able to remove the heat or add heat more effectively. When it is a plug flow vessel in the sense that we have a vessel like this when the flow inside is a gas or a liquid they have to be removed only through an external heat exchange. And here the situations are far more involved and the designs have to be proper and in more importantly our equations must adequately represent how these exchanges occur and what are the heat transfer coefficients involved and so on which we will take into account when we write our energy balance. We will explain more of the things as we go along. Thank you.


How would you describe Rizzo's 13 pitch plate appearance in the first and what kind of a tone maybe to the set for you guys? Yeah, I mean that's it's a great at bat It's one of those early on that you're hoping can kind of manifest itself there and and You know either lead to a really long inning or or a big inning But I also think it it It allowed him first and foremost to see a ton of pitches and and see everything he had and then obviously eventually later on It's the Homer, but You know they were able to get out of it with a double play the next next pitch But it was you know, it's one of those at bats that gets the crowd going early on and You know, that's one of the things he's known for is and one of the things we love about him is He's another one of those guys that makes it difficult and you know the more we can do that as a group You know the better better will be offensively Go next to Justin Shackle There are seven series what made it a last eight. What kind of momentum do you feel the team's building in the face of a verse to be right now? Excuse me Yeah, I mean yes, we've we've we've certainly faced our share and it's all part of it and But I think I think everyone I think the good thing about it is we've had a lot of people Really contributing, you know, whether it's the starting pitching the bullpen You know guys up and down the lineup the guys obviously we've brought in at the deadline a lot of people are contributing dust winning games But the bottom line is we just got to keep our nose down and keep keep after we got a tough team coming in tomorrow for a big series and And we just got to you know Keep grinding away. No, we've got a tough road ahead of us, but looking forward to it And I think all the guys are too Mark finds and double-digit go ahead go ahead Justin You have double-digit runs and back-to-back nice. What do you what have you seen from the lineup last tonight? Well, I mean, I think it's the weight of our lineup starting to pay some dividends I think we're a little bit fortunate enough We had we had some bounces go our way offensively that allowed us to really pile on but I think if you look at our lineup now and and you know, there's some balance there and I Really do feel like our best offensive days are still ahead of us as this group continues to gel together and But definitely nice when when those big numbers have been a little bit of a challenge for us this year to throw a back-to-back double digits hopefully as a sign of of just Them continuing to build


I have a sense that I don't hear the Holy Spirit guiding me. When I'm teaching or working, I clearly feel that it speaks through me. It's so that I hear it and then I say it, it just speaks. But it doesn't talk to me. When there's nobody else to who I speak, I don't hear it. I don't get it. And that's what makes me so desperate sometimes and frustrated. So how can I do that? Yeah, it's just through practice.  There was something inside that just knew that wherever it was pointing, it was pointing to the truth. I could feel that. I mean, I actually had students, when I had students back in the 1990s, that would say things to me like, David, haven't you ever just had a moment when you just thought, what if this book is the biggest hoax ever? The most sophisticated hoax or whatever and everything. Haven't you really sincerely thought, and I would just look at him and I would go, what? And they would say, well, he certainly must have had a moment. And I'd say, no. There was such a strong, strong knowingness that, you know, not that the book was the truth, but that it was pointing so directly to the truth. So that's a huge experience right there. And then at the beginning, I did read the book for, as I said, about eight hours a day for two and a half years because it was like, I was like drifting out in the ocean and somebody threw me a life raft. You know, and you better believe I was going to use that life raft. Well, if somebody throws me a life raft and I'm wobbling around out in the middle of the ocean, I'm surely going to use it. So I think that's really the thing is, it is in the practice, it is in the desire, it is in the devotion. That's what we've been talking about all week. You know, the power of our joining is immense. You know, Jesus said we're two or more gathered in my name, I am there. I find that as we join together in this awakening, in this purpose, the ego has no answer. I mean, it's the power of our joining. It's just like a strong energy, strong synergy. And I feel it's like a huge momentum. It's more, it's more huge than like a giant tsunami. It's just this massive momentum. And we, it's this feeling that we can't mess it up. You know, the ego is always trying to tell us every moment of every day that we're messing it all up. And this feeling is that we can't really mess it up. Just like these new gadgets, the GPS's, you know, they just never condemn you.  It's just like recalculates, you know. It's like, never, you're never, you never get anything wrong. No, you're not going to finish the book. You'll never sing. It's like, turn left or make a U-turn at the next exit or something. You know, it's like always giving us, it's almost like we, we can't make a mistake. It's always giving us and there's no harsh condemning tones like turn left.  You know, you've got to get back to the lagoon mind. That's what this GPS is doing. It's reflecting the lagoon mind. It's that you can't make a mistake ever. It just always gives you the next-pex option. You know, in 1.2 miles, turn around. Okay, let's enjoy this. 1.2 miles, you know. It's like there's not, you're not going to be beating yourself up on the next 1.2 miles. Just happily turn, crank the music up and let's have a party here for that because it's not saying you've gone wrong. And really, that's kind of the way the Holy Spirit works too. It's, it's just these reminders. It's like these gentle reminders, these pep talks, these, these I love yous coming in all the time. You know, like in Valentine's Day, all the little candy hearts with I love yous everywhere. That's just what the Holy Spirit is. But there's never any condemnation. There's never any criticism. And it's just opening to that and getting softer with that and feeling more relaxed with that that then allows us to actually tune in to it in a more clear way, in a more precise way. It's so gentle. And I do feel like the more that you work with this and the more that you practice, that's just, it just becomes more and more and more gentle. You know, like he says, when you have learned how to decide with God, it will be as if you are being carried down a quiet path in summer. Well, carried down a quiet path in summer. I can go for that.


Oh, it was loud. I didn't expect that. OK, so let's maybe get started. Welcome to this workshop. And at first, I would like to say thank you. Thank you for being here at the conference and, of course, at my presentation, especially that we are in Amsterdam. And as we know, this town has so many interesting things to offer. But we here in this room know that the most exciting thing to do right now is talking about color management. And color management is all about consistency, as you can see on this image. This is a little bit more consistent. And it's an interesting thing. I would like to show you some example, because color management involves hardware, software, and knowledge. When I say about hardware, I mean displays. How they react to the signal, software. How do the software handle the colors? And of course, our knowledge. Do we know what to do with all this? And let me show you the complexity of color management as such on one very simple example. Let's say that we take a photo, the photo that looks like this. And we want to save this photo as a JPEG file. Then we want to bring this JPEG file into Blender's compositor and pass it through the Color Balance node. And then we want to save our result as a JPEG image and, of course, display it on the monitor. So pretty simple stuff. But let's take a look what happens under the hood. Before we save the image as a JPEG file, such adjustment is done to it. And this is called gamma encoding. And then it's saved as the JPEG file. When we bring it to compositor, the reverse curve is applied onto this image. So we revert the process that we did. Now, we bring this image into the Color Balance node. And we set the default setting of lift gamma gain thing. And what happens? Inside this node, you guessed it. The image gets gamma encoded again. And then our adjustments are performed. And then before it goes out of this node, it gets gamma decoded again. So then we save it as a JPEG file. So the image gets gamma encoded again. It's a third time. And then when it goes to the monitor, the monitor decodes the gamma. So we have exactly the same image as before. So this is the whole process. Do you see any logic in this, any sense? Why would anybody want to do so many things? This is independent from us. We cannot do anything about it. It is happening. And believe it or not, I will tell you something interesting. This whole stuff is made just for one purpose, just to manage correctly the non-linearity of responsive CRT monitors. Yeah. OK, just a few words about myself. My name is Bartek Skorupa. I'm a Blender Foundation certified trainer. I sometimes publish some video tutorials, write add-ons for Blender. And I run a little post-production facility where we added to visual effects and 3D stuff for TV commercials mostly. Before I dive into explaining all of this procedure that is going on, I would like to talk a little bit about something more general. So what is color? And to talk about colors, let's talk about light. What is light? We can say that light is a wave. To be more specific, there are two waves, electric and magnetic. And they are coupled. They are identical, perpendicular to each other. And every wave can be characterized by the wave length, which is the distance between the peaks of the wave. And we are surrounded by various waves of various wavelength. Some may be as tiny. The size of them may be as tiny as the size of an atom. But we also can have electromagnetic waves 100,000 kilometers long. And we, our eyes, what happened? We can see just a small fraction of the whole spectrum. It's something about between 400 and 700 nanometers. And of course, this is very uncommon in nature to encounter such a simple wave that is just a sinusoid. It's more often that the waves look like this. So it's a combination of several wavelengths. And they simply influence one another. So this is one way of graphing how the wave looks like. But we can also see such graphs. Those graphs are called spectral power distribution. So on the x-axis, we have the wavelength. And on the y-axis, we have the power of each of the wavelength. And now, how do we humans see color? We have three receptors in our eyes. They are called cones. And they are responsible for color vision. And here on this graph, we can see how those cones respond to wavelengths. So you can see this one on the left marked with the s-letter. It is mostly sensitive to the wavelength of about 440. And it, of course, grabs also other signals, the surrounding signals. We can see that the response that they overlap, so some of the wavelengths trigger 1, trigger 2, or even can trigger three of those receptors. So we can see that our color vision is very lossy. We cannot distinguish between colors very well. It is possible that we have like, and I would give a definition of a color. The shape of the wave is a color. Or the spectral power distribution is a color. We have different spectral power distribution. This means that we have different colors. But because our vision works as it works, it is possible that we would have like, two, three million colors, completely different colors, that will stimulate our cones in exactly the same manner. So we will simply not distinguish between those colors. So this is a bad news, but it's also a good news, because we can create our displays, our monitors, very simply. We can make them such that they emit just three colors of light. And the mixtures of those colors give us all of the color sensations that we can experience in real life. So, yeah, all of the displays are created this way. Now, let's imagine that we wanted to create the monitor for other species, like for the dog, for example. Dogs have even more lossy color vision than humans. Dogs have only two cones. So in order to make the dog see all of the possible colors that he can see, we would need just two colors, not three. What about this monster? Mantis shrimp, or creative shrimp, maybe. This guy has like 12 cones. So it can see colors that we don't even imagine exist. So the monitor for this guy would be much, much more complicated than for us humans. But we're creating displays for humans, so three colors is enough. Let's go back in time to the ancient times where only CRT monitors existed. There is a little problem about this monitor. It's response to the signal. You can see the graph on the right, so the response follows approximately the curve like this, which means that if we sent the image that you can see on the left directly to the CRT monitor, it will darken it, and this is not what we want. But again, this is like, this is a well-known error. It has been calculated. So it's very easy to compensate for this. And we do compensate for this before we send the image to the monitor. So we apply a curve like this, and this process is called gamma encoding. And then the image gets sent to the monitor, the monitor darkens it, and we see exactly what we want to see. And now the question, when do we apply this gamma encoding? And the decision has been made that those data, this encoding, should be applied onto the image itself. So when we have the popular image formats like JPEG, PNG, TARGA, TIFF, we have this gamma encoding included into the values of the pixels. So the values of the pixels no longer represent the real values of the light intensity. And there is a standard that is called SRGB. Almost everybody uses this. And this, the best mimics the response of CRT monitor. So pixel values don't represent light intensity. But one day, some more modern monitors appeared. And do they have the same problem as CRT? No, they don't. They can react to signal linearly. So why on earth do we still live with the response of CRT monitors? They are like, I don't remember when I saw the CRT monitor for the last time. Well, there was a majority of CRT monitors and just one modern monitor. So who should adapt to whom? It's obvious that, well, some device is built into the modern monitors such that its response is non-linear. So we break the response on purpose. This is what happens. Then of course, more modern monitors appeared, more and more and more, and CRTs are almost gone, but we still live with this SRGB stuff. Now, again, pixel values don't represent light intensity. So what? Is there a problem? We have the image, we can display it. We see the colors exactly as we want it, but there is some problem and there are like two approaches to this problem. The classical approach would be simply ignore it, forget about it, don't care about it and just work on the values even though they are not representing the light values. And there is another approach which is the linear workflow. So before we do any adjustments to the image, we first fix the data, then do all of the operations that we want to do and then apply gamma correction or gamma encoding afterwards. So let's take a look at the classical approach and let me at first show you some advantage that it has. When we take a look at the two gradients, which one appears more like evenly distributed? When we look at it, we feel that the upper one is more evenly distributed and the lower one is not evenly distributed. And it may surprise some of you that the one above is sRGB and the one below is linear. So this represents even distribution of the light intensities. And this just brings us to one other thing which is the human vision and human response to light intensities. We don't respond to light linearly. We better see darker colors than lighter colors. This is of course, from the nature point of view, this is okay because we don't care what is the difference between the light intensity of the sun and the sky, but we do care when we are trying to find something in wood. In the forest, I mean, it's better for us to better see darker colors. So this is the question, what is the middle gray? We would normally say that, well, middle gray, if black is zero and white is one, so in the middle, what do we have? We have 0.5 or 50%. But in fact, for how we perceive the light, the middle gray is 19%. 19% of light intensity is seen by us as a halfway between zero and 100%. And now, 50% in sRGB is about 21% when we are talking about light values. So this is why it looks more appealing to us because 21% is pretty close to this hour perceived middle gray, 19%. So for example, when we apply the curves adjustments to our image, when we are working in linear space, so when we take a look at the shape of this curve, this is a very popular adjustment, s shape, so we increase the contrast a little bit. We want to brighten the bright colors and darken the dark colors, and you see in the middle, this is something that we perceive as being middle gray and in sRGB values, it's pretty close to the, it's 50%. So this shape of the curve looks more appealing. But, there's always some but. Let's see, this is the image and we want to make it twice as bright. What should we do? And just thinking logically, to make something twice as bright, let's simply multiply the values of the pixels by two or do something else. Add this image to itself. So take this image, take the second instance of this image and use the add operation and we will get this. This is blown out and this is not a natural behavior. This is not how this image would look like if it was lit by twice as much light. So when working classically in sRGB color space, we have the math where two plus two equals 10. So we invented like crazy blend types, blending modes, like for example, screen. Whenever I hear screen, blending mode I want to screen, in fact. And this is something that strange math, screen is sometimes called this is at without clipping. And yeah, you see how this looks like. This also doesn't work exactly the same as if we added the light values together. Let's take a look at some other blending modes that exist. And as you can see overlay, for example, you see that we have the condition if something is below 0.5 or if something is above 0.5. So it simply works differently. And this is very important that because this 0.5 is pretty close to our perceived middle gray because this is 50% in sRGB. So those algorithms for various blending modes work good in sRGB space, soft light. Again, you see the same condition. Now, how about something like this, lift gamma gain. So this is something that it is called here as it should be called, lift gamma gain. But sometimes in other programs you may see like shadows, mid-tones, highlights, which is not precise because lift gamma gain operation algorithm works such that if we adjust lift, it doesn't mean that we operate only on the shadows but we operate on all of the range of the colors but on the shadows the most. And the same applies to gamma, mid-tones the most and gain highlights the most. This formula, this operation, this algorithm also works best in sRGB color space. So how about linear workflow? In linear workflow, the first thing that we do we fix the data. So we simply like gamma decode, decode the gamma. We un-gamma the image. So in, for example, in Blender we are using linear workflow which means that the values that we are operating on are the real values of the light. So we can very easily simply add the images together and we will get exactly the result that we want. And then before we send this, before we output this to some file format, we apply the gamma again such that our monitors can display it correctly. So this is linear add. So this is what would really happen if we added the values of the light. So here is a comparison. Maybe the difference, especially between screen and linear art, maybe it's not that obvious but believe it or not there is a difference. Okay, so I screwed the slides because I already talked about it. Oh, but what about lift gamma gain in linear space? In Blender we have the node that is called color balance and we can use the lift gamma gain operation and because we know that it works best in sRGB space. So this is, I think the only node that does this. It converts the linear image into sRGB then adjusts, then make adjustments and then on the output it un-gammas it again. So pretty, pretty crazy thing and that's why we have all this mess that I showed you at the beginning. But we shouldn't use lift gamma gain in linear space. We should never do this. It mangles the data, it shouldn't be used, period. Instead, if we want to work in linear space and have similar behavior, we should change the formula to offset power slope. I will not go into details how those algorithms work but it's better to use this one in linear space. What about the blend types? We have blend types in Blender and they are the copies of the blend types that exist in other programs like in Photoshop at the default settings after effects at the default settings. And Blender was not always linear and when those blend types were implemented, they worked fine. But then Blender became linear but the blend types stayed untouched. So some of the blend types, especially, of this one is nonsense because we have the proper add in linear workspace so this is nonsense but this one will not work correctly because now 0.5 is not middle gray but it's 0.5, so 50% of the maximum intensity. So this doesn't work as it should as well as the soft light and some other blend types. Okay, color management in Blender. How is color managed in Blender? So, I mean, I made a mistake, sorry. Oh, right, okay. This shows us that color management in Blender is not treated, in my opinion, as it should. The settings for colors are all around. We can see the settings here, for example, in the scene stop and here we have color management where we can set several things. When we import images, so now here we are in image editor, so here we can, for example, change the color space, how this image is interpreted. When we are creating materials, here also we have something that has something to do with color management, how we interpret data and how we will handle them later. So it's a little bit crazy. One place, second place, third place, so crazy. Here we can choose color, non-color data. And it really doesn't say much about what we are doing. In my opinion, it would be better if we use the proper names, like sRGB, linear, req709 or something like this. And here, color, non-color data. Color means we interpret this image as being sRGB. Non-color data means that we interpret this image as being linear. So this is the difference, but it is not very clear. You simply have to know this to be able to work with this correctly. Okay, now, we know that human vision is not linear. And sometimes we would like to take more dynamic range than we normally have and try to squeeze it somehow to the space of the monitor. And of course, if we simply take more range, values way, way beyond one, and squeeze it linearly to the space of the monitor that is between zero and one, this would be stupid because we would lose details in the shadows and we would devote much data into the highlights where anyway, we don't see much of a difference even if the differences are huge. So that's why we have something that is called log encoding. It's been with us for ages. I don't know when it was used for the first time. When we encode logarithmically, we see the image like this that looks really flat, but what is good about this image is that we have the data about the details in the shadow and we have the information about the details in the highlights. So pretty like a small adjustment to the image can bring all of this together and we don't have a clumping. Normally without logarithmic encoding, we would probably have clumping in the sky. Now, log encoding in Blender. This is something that I would like to show you now. Let me first go to the Blender 2.79 and this is default Blender 2.79. Thanks to Troj Sabotka, we have in Blender the Filmic Log Encoding and unfortunately it is set that this has been implemented in Blender 2.79 which has been implemented, but in my opinion it has been implemented the wrong way. This is not the intended way that Troj figured out because here we have default and so on and we should have something else. We should have this and here we have Filmic Log Encoding. This is the original design of Troj Sabotka. So in order to make Blender 2.79 work as it should with this Filmic Log Encoding, we should anyway do all of the procedure that we did in Blender 2.78. So simply install the configuration. And, yeah, manually, yeah, yeah, thank you. So then it will work properly. So let's, for example, imagine, oh, this is the default 2.79. This is my stuff. So you see that the lights that illuminate this object are way too bright. It doesn't look very nice, but if we change this to Filmic Log Encoding, we are simply grabbing more data and squeeze it into the range between zero and one and, of course, this image looks very washed out. But this is okay because then afterwards, after the render, we can do the final color correction, final color rating, so this is okay. Here we have the setting that says look and we can choose some contrast and here we are looking at approximately something that will be final. But the procedure when using Filmic Log Encoding is that, because this encoding happens after everything has been done. So when we do some compositing and so on, it happens before we apply this encoding. So when we are using curves, when we are combining render passes or so on, we can do this normally. Then this encoding happens and if we want the final adjustments, final color correction, we should render this export to some file format. The best file format is 16-bit TIFF and then color correct this 16-bit TIFF, but this time using sRGB encoding. When we save, even if we have those looks applied, when we save images to EXRs, then those data are not passed. We simply get 32-bit information about all of the ranges in the scene. So I hope that now maybe at least we all understand why all those crazy things are happening and maybe it will be helpful for us to understand the differences. Perhaps somebody saw that when you are doing something in Photoshop, it looks completely different than something that is done in Blender. I don't want to judge which workflow linear or sRGB is better. Both of those workflows have advantages and disadvantages, but it's simply good to know the differences and it's good to know how to handle those things. So thank you very much. No, let me show you because the first thing is, okay, the question from Sebastian was what is the difference between the default configuration, the default in 2.79 and original choice configuration? Of course, the name, this is one thing, but here, for example, when we choose Filmic, we don't have, oh no, this is, for example, when I set the look to none, it looks exactly the same as the base contrast. Yes, base contrast, let me maybe increase the power of my sun lamp. Base contrast, none. No difference whatsoever. I cannot get the real raw file for color correction later. This is how it works. And then the other thing, false color is here in 2.79, the default settings, which shouldn't be here. Take a look at the difference, bam. I change sRGB and I look at the false colors, but when I am in sRGB. False colors, by the way, this is the coding system, like which parts of the image are lit more and which are lit less. So when we see some white areas, it means that we have overexposure in those points. So sometimes to set the power of our lamps, it's good to use this lookup table. And now let's take a look here. False color is here, so we can have either filmic or false color or sRGB, which is called default here. So this is bad. And I don't even know if this filmic is the real filmic. And yeah, base contrast, none, no difference. And we have differences here when we use other contrasts. So this is why I claim that this has been wrongly implemented. And the opposite data applies to the internal part. So this is wrong because you don't have the access to the raw data. And this is what you want. You want the raw data, not, yes? Okay, yes, there is a workaround because of course I can save the file as EXRs and then I will have the raw data. I misused the word raw because you're 100% right. Those are the raw data. All of the values above one and so on.  And this is something that I cannot do at the default Blender 2.79 configuration. It's impossible. Because, yeah. Those are the data that I was talking about. Flat image, completely flat, without any contrast. And here we can see the difference, base contrast, and none. This is what I call raw. Raw lock, let's say. Something like that. I didn't hear it, sorry. I must say that I don't always use this login coding. In some cases I do, in some cases I don't. This login coding is good when you have big differences in lighting conditions. Like for example, sun from the outside and some lamps inside some room. So then when you don't use login coding, it is impossible to properly grab all of this range and squeeze it to the screen space. So sometimes when I am creating some pack shots, very evenly lit, there's no really use to use this lock encoded. So it's an option. It's not a must. Logging. Yes. So it was a long, long thing. Let me try to repeat this. Maybe I will manage somehow. It is all about consistency. So for example, you want to work close platform. Of course, when you want to work on the real values of the light, you save everything to EXRs and you have the access to all of the data without any changes. Sometimes however, you get the material from the camera, let's say, Arri Alexa that uses logarithmic encoding. Then you want your data that come from Blender, for example, to be consistent with the other data. And then when you want to work in other application, like Nuke, you want to use this filmic logic, filmic lock encoding and none look. Because those will be maybe not exactly, but very similar data to the ones that come from the camera. And then exactly the same adjustments can be applied on one image and on the second image and then they will work together. Yeah, yeah. Okay, so thank you very much once again.


A fiery horse with speed of light, a cloud of dust and a hearty high old silver, the Lone Ranger. The rich grazing land of Texas made the fortunes of many early settlers, but the ranchers were unable to protect their herds from the outlaws and rustlers who roamed the new territory. It was the masked rider of the plains who first brought law and order to the frontier. Astride his great horse, Silver, he fought crime and criminals throughout the range country, and the memory of his deeds will remain as long as the memory of the early West itself. Now return with us once more to those thrilling days of yesteryear. From out of the past come the thundering hooffeets of silver. The Lone Ranger rides again! It was on a Saturday evening that Tonto, the faithful Indian companion of the Lone Ranger, was sitting on the steps of the cafe in Rushville. He paid no attention to the shouts and laughter inside, but directed his gaze toward the edge of town. Finally, the sound of hooffeets reached his ears, and Tonto's weight was ended. Mel Nugent, just released from jail, spurred his horse up the narrow street and pulled up in front of the cafe. I've waited two years to fix that fella for what he'd done to me. I'm gonna fix him. Lance just stands still while I'm tying you the hitch rail, can't you? There. Powerful Dan Adams is inside like I heard. He's gonna get what he's got, Kermando. Hey, Redskin, what matter? I'll show you what's a matter. Get my way, will you? Tonto, not in your way. Don't give me any of your sense. There plenty room for you walk by. Well, I don't choose to walk over there. I'm walking where you're sitting. If you don't handcrafted trouble, you'll get out of my way. Tonto, stay here. Boy, I'll show you. You'll not show me. Let me go. You walk and find that room? Sure, I will. I was just joking. My arm is most twisted off. I ain't got time to take care of you now, Ingen. But I won't be forgetting this. You'll not want trouble. You'll stay away, Tonto. Hey, there's Mel Nugent. He must have just got out of jail. Looks like he's hankering after trouble. Maybe he's after Dan Adams. Dan Adams in here? Here I am. You looking for me, Nugent? I am. I reckon you savvy boy. I can guess, all right. It was your fault I was sent to jail. It was you who got me locked up for two years. I did, and I'd do it again. Why you? It was rustling my cows and I caught you at it. I was sent back to town to be law-abiding, all well and good. But if you turn crooked again, you'll be sent back to jail, Pronto. You won't jail me again. Not if you stay on it. That's got nothing to do with it.  You've come gunning for me. I've been thinking of this day for two years. I've been planning on it when I was a week. Dreaming about it when I was sleeping. I ain't thought of nothing else day in and day out. And I am telling you right now it's going to give me more downright pleasure than anything I've ever done before. You're welcome to try.  I got you both covered. What are you interfering for? There's not going to be any gunfighting in my town. He told me he was looking for trouble mail and I've been expecting you to try something like this when he got back to town again. That blasted red skim. Well, maybe you're right, Sheriff. It won't mean it started this fight anyhow. I'm sorry, that, Dan. But I never backed up when one was offered me a gun now. You don't have to. I'm chasing mail out of town. You're what? You heard me. Beat it. You ain't got no right to do that. I served my sentence. The law ain't got no hold on me. Look here, mail. You've got a little place up the valley away.  Then when you want to come to town peaceable it'll be all right. But until you do, stay away. I'm going. I've got no right in the face at all. Don't give me money. Don't see their red skin about it. Why in blazes couldn't he have minded his own business? No good. Who called my name? Step over here. I've got something I want to say to you. Yeah? I ain't never seen you before, have I? Don't reckon you have. What do you want? Anybody around can hear us. Don't see nobody. I'm Jake Dietz, forming out to Dan Adib's place. Well, that's it.  Well, I'll show you.  I'll get even with your boss and you can't stop me. I don't aim to. Huh? Maybe you and me can get together. You mean him? Me and I got some scores I want to settle too. Yeah? You recollect old Dan's girl? Sure. She got hitched up to a fella named Clayte Summers, didn't she? It's just what she did. She married me if Dan hadn't butted in. So that's it, huh? Between Dan and Clayte, the whole thing was spoiled. If it hadn't been for them, I'd be sitting pretty with a pine law that owns half of the beef critters in the valley. You got something in mind? Look here. Dan used the law to fix you, didn't he? It was him and the law that sent me to jail. And how'd you like to use the law to get even with him? Hey. You're getting really interested. When I heard the ruckus inside the house, I thought it was a good idea. When I heard the ruckus inside, I started thinking. Yeah? And I'll bet my boots I got a scheme that'll fix Dan for you. Get rid of Clayte for me and give me a chance to court the girl again. I am willing to listen. Get on your horse. You don't want to do too much talking in town. Right. My horse is this one here. Daddy boy. Come on. You lead the way. The queen is going to just about have things our own way.  Tonto returned to the camp he shared with the lone ranger and told him what had happened in town. The masked man suggested a plan and the next day the Indian prepared to carry it out. First he rode to the Adams ranch house. Whoa, whoa, paint boy. What are you on red skin? Tonto. Tonto want job here. What kind of job? You need cook. Can you cook? Me, he'd good cook. How'd you find out there's a cook I was needing? Tonto here. Red skin I ain't had a decent meal since that girl of mine got hitched up to Clayte's summer. And if you can throw grub together so it's fit to be swallowed, you're hired. That's good.  Oh, that paint horse. Him, mine. Wouldn't hanker to sell, would you? Oh, me not sell. Didn't figure you would. If you'd been willing, I wouldn't have fought so much of you. A man with a private horse like that got something that can't be reckoned in cash. That's right. Well, there's a cook shack over there. You'll find something you'll need in it, I guess. It'll be time for grub in a couple of hours. So you'd better start hustling. Me start. And if you're not ready on time... What's hailing you, Jake? I was here last night. I just made a count of the cows we cut out and threw in the corrals to was ready for shipping. Well, they're still there, ain't they? I can see them. There's a third of them gone. You sure of that? Just step over there and see for yourself if you won't take my word for it. That's just what I'll do. Come on. What are you tagging along for, ain't you? Maybe wrestler leave trail. Well, if they did, a red skin ought to be able to find it all right. The red skin ain't needed. Yeah, never look for yourself. Don't need a count to show there's some missing. You're right, Jake. Where are you find trail? Just over Yonder. The clients have stole the stuff, opened the corral gate sometime during the night. Heard the cows out and headed east. That's right. Me see track there. Yep, and so do I. Reckon whoever's here forgot about the rains we had softening up the grounds. Boy, that trail's easier to read than a book. What are you gonna do, boss? Call in the rest of the boys. We're going to follow them tracks. And if it takes us to the low-down-seeking polecats that stole my stuff, the fur's going to fly. Those of Dan's men within call were ordered to saddle their horses and follow the trail left by the cattle. Dan and Jake took the lead. They headed eastward. And less than a half an hour later, Dan announced... Bye, Thunder. The tracks are leading right to plates place. They are, sure enough. I can't figure it out. They ain't any too well off, is he? But he ain't no thief. That's what folks around here said about Mel Nugentil. He was caught. Yeah, but he... I've been hearing some talk about Clayton, mate. What kind of talk? Well, he's been heard to say he figured you ought to help him stock his range. You being his wife's pa. I never did believe in that sort of thing. A young fella should learn to stand on his own feet. I only told you what I heard. Besides, I just remembered he's been rounded up a trail herd. Maybe he calculated to get the critters he stole away before you'd done anything about it. Hey, look up that Cooley. There's the cows. And they're my critters. I can read the brands from here. You're going to stop and have a look at them? I don't need to. I've seen enough. Yeah. Clayton's house is just over this rise. I'm going to ask him some questions. I'd do that same if I were you. Now get up there.   I can hardly believe Clayton turned restless. But I'm sure we're going to find out. Yeah. But maybe he can explain it some way. There's the house. Get along there. Get along there. Get out. I don't see Clayton always around. He's most likely in the house. Oh, there. Oh, oh, oh. You come along, Jake. The rest of you fellas wait here. Clayton's in the house all right. That's his saddle on the porch. Come on. I'll find out what's behind this. Why, damn. I wasn't looking for you over this way. Step on in. I'll do my talking right here. But why don't you come on in? What do you know about them critters of mine that are in the Cooley just over that hill? Huh? I'll tell you the trouble. I was close to 20 of my cows rustled last night, and I trailed them right onto Clayton's range. No. What that can't be. Most likely they just strayed. Out of my corrals. You ain't saying I took them, are you? I don't know what to think. All I know is they were stolen. I found them over here. Poor you locals. You think Clayton took them? I always thought you were straight, Clayton. You know, darn well I am. If there's anybody else but you, I found this evidence again. I'd shoot it out first and ask questions after me. Oh, you don't know what you're thinking. I'll tell you, I didn't steal them cows. Maybe you didn't, maybe you didn't. Yeah? And this time I'm going to give you the benefit of the doubt. I don't need the benefit of nothing. But if I ever find any of my critters on your range again that can't be proved to be strays, I'm riding back with my gun loose in its holster. If you're fool enough to think I'm crooked, you can do what you like. Oh, Clayton, we don't want no trouble. Well, I just got this to say. If I'm to be pestered by rustlers, there's going to be more trouble here about than this range has ever seen before. The curtain falls on the first act of our thrilling lone ranger drama. Before the next exciting scene, please permit us to pause for just a few moments. We'll continue our story. When Mel Nugent returned to town after two years spent in jail for rustling Dan Adams cattle, he challenged Dan to a gunfight in the café. But the fight was prevented by the sheriff. Jake Deets, who was Dan's foreman, had a grudge against Dan and so against his son-in-law, Clayton Summers. It was he that suggested to Mel that they work together for revenge. Tonto reported Nugent's arrival to the lone ranger who suggested that Tonto keep an eye on the Adams ranch. Just as Tonto was applying for a job as a cook on the ranch, Jake arrived with the news that some of Dan's cows had been stolen from the corrals. They were trailed to Clayton's range where Dan warned his son-in-law that if there were any more rustling, he would take the law in his own hands. As our second act opened, we see Jake astride his horse some distance from the Adams ranch house. It is nearly midnight. Only the occasional stir of restless cattle breaks the night's silence. Suddenly Jake turns in his saddle at the sound of approaching hoops. Thank you, Mel. I've been waiting for you. It's a long ride here from my place. These are the cows we're going to take this time? Uh-huh. Where are we going to plant them? It would look funny if we leave in that coolly again. I thought there's something better. I reckon you know Clayton's got a trail herd gathered to take across the hills to the railroad. I know about that. Well, these cows are going with him. They'll make it look all the better. When Dan finds his cows with a trail herd, he'll figure Clayton was getting them out of the country in a hurry before they could be found. Hmm. That's a blame-good notion. Come on, let's get these cows moving. We ain't got any more time than we need. Yeah. Get up there. Get up there. Come on, you kiddos. Get over there. Get over there. Get over there. Get over there. Get over there. Get over there. Get over there. Get over there. Get over there. Get over there. Dan always rides his way in the morning. He'll find these cows going first thing. I don't know. How are we going to get these critters into Clayton's herd? It'll be good, won't it? Now, just speak of it, won't it? There won't be more than two fellas riding night herds. Hmm. And we'll stop before they can hear us. When we let the cows go, they'll drift into the herd without no prod. I reckon they will. Hey there, keep moving, bless you. And this time when Dan finds Clayton's cows, it's going to be gun-clear. Better be. I'll see to that. It wouldn't matter much, even if they weren't. Why wouldn't it? There'll be plenty of witnesses to their quarrel, won't there? And if Clayton should be found later on with a bullet room, who do you think would be blamed for it? Well, get you there.  Step along there. Clayton's going to be out of the way and Dan will be hung for it. And we'll be sitting pretty. When I want is a chance to court Dan's girl. If I can get hitched up to her, I'll own both her. Dan's and Clayton's. And we're through here. I'm heading back for my place. I don't want to be seen around. You can let me know how things come out. I'll do that. Come on, let's haze these critters along. I make you do this job to be done with. Come on! It was early in the morning when Dan Adams made the discovery that more of his cows were missing. As soon as he made sure that the trail of the stolen cattle headed east again, he turned his horse and raced back to the ranch. Tex! Sandy! Pete! Hey, fellas! Whoa, whoa, whoa! What's up there all again? What do you want?  We're riding. What's up, boss? There's more cows being stole. And the tracks head for Clayton's ranch again. And he's starting a trail herd this morning. Maybe your critters are with his herd. We'll soon find out. You ready, fellas? Oh, if Clayt figures he can steal me blind just because he married my girl, he's going to find out different. Get up, sir!  In the meantime, Clayt Summers was just finishing breakfast at his home. We hear him as he speaks to his wife. Ah, that was mighty good grub, honey. Well, now I reckon I'd better be pushing along. You had to leave already, King. Shucks, I gotta do my share of the work. The boy's got the herd started an hour ago. I told him I'd catch up as soon as I could. How long you figure you'll be here? Oh, the trip shouldn't take more than a week. I'm sort of glad you're going, Clayt. Huh? I don't know what got into pause the other day, but it'll most likely be best if the two of you don't meet up again too soon. That was the dirtiest thing I ever heard of. Say, and I'd rustle his cattle. Can't hardly blame him the way things look. I wish I could figure out how them cows got in that coolly. It's got me worried. Oh, now, honey, there ain't nothing to worry about. Dan will soon enough admit he made a mistake. Look here. Oh, I don't know. There wouldn't be any of the boys riding back unless something was wrong. Blast you, Clayt! Paul! What blazes is wrong now? Where are they? Where's what? You savvy blamed well for what I mean. Where are the cows you stole off of me last night?  The honor drill is even coyote, Dan. That's what I come to do, but I want to find them cows first. How can you say still your cows, Paul? I know it, because I followed that trail to where Clayt had his herd bedded down last night. You mean to say you found your cattle in my herd? No, I didn't. That's why I'm here. We caught up with your herd, but they wasn't there. You must have figured that would be the first place we'd look. Of all the dog-gone-crazy things I ever heard tell them. I always said you were no good, Clayt. Sure you did, Jake, and I'm just wondering if you ain't had a hand in this someplace. Why? You didn't try to put the blame on somebody else, Clayt. We got you dead to rights. But I never stole them. Are you scum?  You can't talk to me that way. I never was particular how I talked to Russell. Plug him, boss. You stay out of this, Jake. Are you going to tell me where you hid them cows? Or do I have to gun with you? I can't tell you what I don't know. I call it and I'll show you. Oh, don't. You wait. What? It's an Indian. You ain't wanted red skin. You hear me. What are you doing here, Tonto? Me show you something. Get out of here. Tonto show you cattle, huh? Don't listen to him, boss. He don't know what he's talking about. You know where the stolen cars are? You come. Tonto show you. Maybe the Indian's local. But I am to find out what he's got to show us before I'm accused of rustling. How come you know so much about this, Tonto? You see. Pretty quick. Come on, let's go. Boss, it's just a trick of some kind.  If he's trying some trick, it'll be his last. Tonto, not trick you. I wouldn't advise it. My horse is just outside. We'll all ride together. I turn right, we will. And if it ain't proved that you had nothing to do with this plate, I'm dealing with you myself. All right, fellas. Let's go. Tonto first led the men to the place where Clayt's herd had been bedded down the night before. Then he pointed out that the tracks of the stolen cows circled the herd and continued onward, still further eastward. The men remounted and pressed forward, discovering at last that the tracks took them directly to Mel Nugent's tumble-down spread. As they drew near, coming to Melt Shack, Clayt shouted, Hey, there's Mel running away. You run out of the house when he sees us coming. He's heading for his horse. Me get him. Get him up, pain horse. Don't let him get away, Tonto. Tonto, we're open. Get him up, pain horse.  We catch him. Come, pain horse. Come on, get him up there. Get away from me, red skin. Get away. Me rope me.  Whoa, pain horse, oh. You not get him away now, Texas. Oh, bummer me. You wait. There you go. I'll get you for this. Tonto, don't afraid that. Hang on, man. Tonto. Come, you got him. Get him up, get away. Let me hold him in. Hey, Dan. Look. Your cat is back there and Mel's corral. That's them, all right? It can't be, boss. It just can't be. I ain't blind, Amatix. Shake your double cross and rotten pole cat. You'll pray me for this. I don't know nothing about it. May or I sent you to jail once for wrestling my cows. But this time, you're going to hang. Wait. I never brought them cows here. Jake and a mass fella brought them. Then when I come along, a mass fella roped and tied me. He waited and seen you fellas riding up, then he took the ropes off and beat it. Yeah, local. I see it all now. The mass fella let it slip, but your game was jaking.  Keep your mouth out. I'm talking. I'll talk plenty. You ain't going to get away with this. Why are you all on that, Jake? We'll hear Mel out. What's this you're saying about, Jake? He framed me. That's what. He got me to help him steal them cows to put in plates hurt. Then him and the mass fella brought them on here so I'd be jailed. It ain't so. The mass fella told me all about it. You ain't fooling me. Jake, helped you steal the cows? He sure did. He stole them both times. He knew I was gunning for you, Dan. This way, he figured I'd be took care of. It was you double-crossed me. Huh? You bring the cows here for yourself. All that talk about a mass fella ain't nothing but lies. Dan, it looks to me like there was both in on it. That's what it does.  Why should I take all the blame if the trick you played on me? He's going for his gun. He's going for his gun. Help me. Oh, my hand is smashed. The mass fella just shot the gun from your hand. Sheriff, what are you doing here? I'm here because the lone ranger brought me. The lone ranger? But where? What? There him and the engine go now. What? Well, look at how it goes. What's he got to do with this? Apprentice.  Yeah? Then when these two skunks left the cows, he rode for me and the two of us brought them on here. Then it wasn't Jake double-crossed me. The mass fella just let you think that. I didn't believe him at first when he said Jake was in on it, but he told me if I did like he said, I'd hear enough to prove it. And you sure did. It just goes to show when crooks figure they're slick enough to get away with a stunt like this, they better make sure the lone ranger ain't nowhere to round. The story you have just heard is a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated.


You need a financial advisor with the freedom to focus on your specific needs. Whatever your goals, Reeve Potter can create a game plan tailored to you. Call Reeve at 432-0777 at Pikeville, Kentucky to learn more. Over the past seven months, juniors and seniors from Pikeville High School have been working with the UK's Center of Excellence to create a project that will educate individuals about the importance of eating healthy. Tuesday, Mountaintops spoke with students about their project. So this year we wrote another grant to start another project and we chose, you get to choose your topic and we chose healthy food eating choices because we feel like that's a problem in our area and in our school and we experienced it ourselves. So we wanted to educate others on making better eating habits and healthy food choices. As part of the project, students received a $1,000 grant in which they used funds to create a healthy eating booklet and enchilada lunch for their school. Well, we did have to make a bunch of modifications to the recipe so the recipe was originally from the UK and we took that recipe and we couldn't really find beef so we had to make a substitute for that. We also couldn't find any black beans so we had to make a substitute with pinto beans and just finding all those individual ingredients, it was so much more expensive than looking at normal school lunches where they just have individual things like pizza or Bosco sticks, it's just the price difference is so much which is why healthy food isn't typically advertised as well in a school environment but that's what we want to do, we want to make a difference and show that even though it is slightly pricier, it's just so much better for people as a whole. Afterward, students described what they learned from their project and how it helps others. We had in our survey, we talked a lot about empty calorie drinks or a lot about different things that are very normal in a diet of the youth around here and learning about sugar-free and why, a lot of times it's marketed to be healthier for you but actually it's healthier to have more natural sugars in your diet than it is to have empty calorie or sugar-free drinks or foods. I learned a lot about how carb cutting isn't healthy, a lot of changes and stuff that I can make in my own diet myself and also to take that and educate other people on how to make healthier choices on their diet as well. The one thing that I thought interesting that came back from our survey was the amount of people that said that they skipped meals and I feel like that as high school students you have to live up to the expectation to be something but we need to get the information out there that skipping meals is not losing weight that it's actually hurting your body more than it's helping you and that we need to just put the knowledge into kids that healthy food is how you get a healthier lifestyle and not skipping meals and going to empty calorie drinks and drinking sport drinks all the time that there's a different way to get a healthier lifestyle. Also, with the help of Pikeville Medical Center, students will print copies of their booklets for participating locations. Our main focus was the students in school and we're going to be presenting in a couple of days actually to everyone. We're going to go to every classroom, go around and present our booklets, show them, give them more knowledge about it and then hopefully PMC has helped us make this booklet and they said that they wouldn't mind helping us hand some out and then that way we can get them like just a widespread variety of people so like not just in our school, hopefully it can go outside to the community and just spread to everyone. For Mountain Top News, I'm Jol Corjol.


Santa knows where to find all the best and hottest smart phones just in time to make this Christmas better and bigger than ever. Better service, bigger savings, that's today's Appalachian Wireless. The Pikeville Police Department received a call Thursday of a female passed out in a vehicle at Wal-Mart with a young child present. The officers arrived on saying they found several bystanders standing outside the car trying to get the female woke up. The young child that was poorly clothed didn't even have pants on, was shivering, one of the windows was down the car, temperature was in the 30s. Police then put the child in a police cruiser to warm up. After searching the vehicle, a crystal-like substance that appeared to be meth was found in the floorboard. The mother of the child, 28-year-old Heather Leigh Ann Pennington of Prestonsburg was transported to Pikeville Medical Center to be treated for an overdose. She was later released and taken to the Pike County Detention Center. She was charged with what an endangerment, possession of a controlled substance, and public intoxication. Well speaking with the young child, the child let the officers know that she had a sister that was also inside Wal-Mart with another female. Officers was able to locate that female and the child inside the store. The female was Tiffany Lewis who was also intoxicated. Thirty-one-year-old Tiffany Don Lewis of Prestonsburg was arrested and charged at the scene. She was lodged in the Pike County Detention Center and charged with promoting contraband, several counts of possession of a controlled substance, and prescription of a controlled substance not in a proper container. She was warned several times that if she had any illegal drugs on her, that she would be charged inside the jail. She did try to sneak drugs inside the jail in her underwear, several illegal narcotics. The two children were placed into protective custody and turned over to social services at the Pikeville Police Department. It is unclear whether the children needed or received medical treatment. In Pikeville, Shelby Porter, EKB News.