Previously, we recreated the Linothorax, a type of armor made from layers of linen that people like Alexander the Great wore for protection. It was relatively effective at stopping swords and spears and even bow and arrows. We tried a more thicker version of it against some small caliber weapons and was able to stop that. It did not do too well against high caliber. So today we're going to revisit this and PUBG challenged us to try and recreate some portions of their power armor that's coming out in the mobile game today. So we're going to try and apply some modern knowledge to ancient technology to build what can hopefully be bulletproof armor. This video is sponsored by PlayerUnknown's Battleground Mobile, more commonly known as PUBG Mobile. If you are new to PUBG Mobile, it's a multiplayer battle royale game where you and up to 100 other people from around the world parachute onto an island, scour it for loot and weapons, all will you hunt down your opponents. At the end of the day, only one team makes it alive, winner winner chicken dinner. The team at PUBG Mobile reached out to us to help them promote the brand new release of power armor mode in the game. In this mode, you will have to first collect the different components of the armor. Once you've collected them all, you can engage the suit and all its features. The power armor provides protection with its breastplate enhances strength and gives you additional features such as thrusters and an arm mounted grenade launcher. Here's some more gameplay showing what the armor can do. PUBG Mobile's challenge to me was to see if I could build one of the components our own unique way. So I'm going to take some inspiration from some of the past videos we've done bronze, steel, obsidian and ceramics and see how effective of an armor I can make, focusing just on the chest plate. So before I go make it, be sure to click on the link in the description to download the game and check out the power armor yourself. It's free to play. In our video on the line of thorax, we explored the unique type of armor made from stacking layers of linen, together forming a lightweight armor protection from the weapons of the time. We wanted to see if that concept could stand up against modern weaponry, but only the smallest 22 caliber could be stopped by the extra thick, heavy 100 layer thick cell we made. This left me curious if you were faced against modern weapons, would ancient civilizations be able to construct armor that could withstand small arms fire and still be relatively lightweight? We were given a little bit of a tight deadline for this challenge, so we're going to use some modern tools to help speed things along. So start writing your hate comments now. Now that we're in the iron age, iron armor seems obvious. But to stop something like a nine millimeter, you need at least a quarter inch of hardened steel. So that's going to result in something that's pretty heavy. In alternative, let's see if we learn from the modern concept of composite armor and use a variety of different materials I've previously experimented with and see if we can make something that can stop at least a nine millimeter round. First, just for a better reference, I'm going to carve pieces of the armor out of an easy to shape substance styrofoam. Then I can use this as a reference when I make and form the other pieces. Using the styrofoam, I can then use it as a mold to cast bronze into. Trying to get thin pieces of cast bronze into being much more challenging than I expected is the first piece I ended up consuming my entire five pound block of bronze. So we're going to move on to some plates of iron for the rest of the pieces so you can keep this thing a little bit lighter. Most modern steel body armor for stopping bullets is usually at least a quarter inch thick. I'm going to use a thickness that is more aligned with the thickness of ancient iron armor, which would be at least 15 times thinner. So I don't think this metal is going to help too much in stopping power and be more just cosmetic. Next up for one of the layers of the composite armor is one of humanity's oldest substances, ceramics. Today, a common form of armor is ceramic plates, which are able to absorb the kinetic energy of the bullet while being considerably lighter than a plate of steel. While humanity has used ceramics for the majority of its history, its use as armor wasn't implemented until the Vietnam War and is composed of extra hard materials like boron carbide and silicon carbide. In our case, we're just going to use a standard clay to see how well we can replicate that stopping power. Next, my old friend obsidian, the smaller one. So for a couple of years, the armor I want to try and experiment with our old friend obsidian, the volcanic glass. So glass has some precedents for being used for armor. Some of the very first forms of composite armor actually had a layer of glass between two layers of steel because glass has better stopping power than steel alone. Rather than just putting in a bunch of glass shards all over the layer, we're going to try and take advantage of a little phenomenon I discovered when I was experimenting with melting obsidian before. I forget all ways to melt it down to cast a sword. When you get close to this melting point, it actually foams up, which was cause of like a lot of kilns that were destroyed because it always expands more than you expect. And melts out and then molten glass just kind of absorbs everything. It actually has a practical real world use as a form of insulation. They actually do this in the anime Dr. Stone. So we're going to experiment to see if we can crush a bunch of obsidian, layer it in there, and mix it with a few different compounds that kind of help it foam up. Things like limestone and charcoal also mix in our old favorite flux borax. In theory, this should create a nice foamy layer, supposed to be lighter and strong and not something that's going to shatter. The common material used in the real world is fiberglass, which we're kind of trying to replicate that. It's going to be a little bit different because it's not molten fabric, but it actually foamed. But we'll see how well it works. Let's give it a shot. I can combine all the layers together and bind them using hide glue with some leather and linen as additional layers as well. Now I'm going to make the leather harness that will keep the armor in place. This armor is a legendary item. So it's pretty cool. Just burnt. Oh, it was a burp. Everything glued and bolted together, the end result ended up being a pretty cool rustic result. I couldn't clean things up and paint it, but I kind of preferred the worn in look. Let's go shoot some holes in it and see how it compares with a hub of Mike. It's Mike Nielsen from Warfather Training Group, professional firearms instructor here in Minnesota. I'm hopeful that just like the woven armor you guys had me test last time, that the 22 would actually stop, it would stop around of the 22. The nine millimeter, not so sure. All right, first we're going to shoot it with a 22 long rifle. I'm going to shoot the bronze panel first and then the steel. Pretty impressive actually that bronze deflected it. Wow. So this is just a lead projectile. So it just kind of mushroomed and fragmented. This one gave a nice sized dent here, but it also protected it. So it didn't even have to penetrate the other layers. Nice work. We're going to shoot the nine millimeter now. So amazingly, this bronze actually also deflected that nine millimeter. You can see the copper jacketing. There's some copper embedded right there with the steel. Look, you can actually see here's the projectile embedded right in the armor. This is just lead. And if you look deep down, you can see the copper projectile, the jacket and the rest of the projectile in there. Doesn't it make it all the way through? It hasn't, it's not through the leather. So it did not penetrate. As it was a little softer, had a little bit of flex to it because it's actually so thin. It's kind of like holding a piece of paper that's taut and it'll just go right through it. I don't know how thick your bronze is, but it seems a lot thicker. So what we have here is a 223 soft point. It's a rifle ammunition. So the big difference here is the velocity is a lot higher. Looks like two pretty clean holes through there. You can really see there's a perfectly sized 223 caliber hole right there. All of your material on the plate is fragmented behind it. This one is the same deal. Pretty clean hole right there I can feel in the leather. Still, I'm not going to fault you. It's good solid armor. Not bad. That speed, the heaviness of the projectile combined with the speed just punched right through that surface veneer of armor. Did it penetrate all the way through? Let's see. This one did not. I can feel a bump right behind there. So if you were wearing this armor, it would be just like getting probably a punch in the gut. But you wouldn't have your vital organs perforated. So that's the, on the plus side. Actually, I was pretty impressed by this armor. The stuff is probably just as effective as your modern 3A soft armor. So, nice work. Thank you to Michael for helping us battle test our armor. Got a few more holes in it. I'm actually surprised. It seems to have performed a lot better than I expected. My goal is basically just to withstand up to a nine millimeter handgun. And as far as I could tell, it looks like it stopped all of them. I'll take it off and inspect and see if there's any extra holes. But I think the only ones are made through where the trouts from the rifle. Let's take this off and inspect the damage. The bottom one. It looks like made through the obsidian ceramics that absorbed the energy and stopped it from going through the leather. And for this shot, you can see the obsidian absorbed most of the energy and it's mostly obsidian to stop these bullets. I guess obsidian is bulletproof. It's like it went straight through the metal, but didn't make it through all the obsidian. So that obsidian actually worked. Just a few along the edges of the armor seem to have possibly made it through. It's hard to tell exactly. Yeah, I've already done a number to this guy. So it's hard to tell exactly what's new. I think we relatively succeeded at making an armor that stands up against modern weaponry. At least up to handgun, small arms, nine millimeter. Oh my, I was gonna put it on, I guess. All right, so wearing this out to came out at about 17 pounds, which is actually lighter than the line of thorax. Yeah, I'd say this is definitely considerably lighter than the line of thorax was. And would be lighter than just making a really thick piece of steel or iron from this era. So I think we did actually succeed at the main goal of trying to use composite materials that were available in the ancient era to build a bulletproof armor that is actually light-maneuverable. Gonna use this as a warm-up to get more into potentially making our own armor in the future as we go back to our regular scheduled program. So thanks everybody for watching. See you next time. Thanks again to PUBG Mobile for sponsoring us. If you haven't tried out the game, you should. It's a lot of fun and you'll lose track of time playing it. And with 734 million downloads and counting, you'll be in good company. If you enjoyed this video, be sure to subscribe and check out other content we have covering a wide variety of topics. Also, if you've enjoyed these series, consider supporting us on Patreon. We are largely a fan-funded channel and depend on the support of our viewers in order to keep our series going. Thanks for watching.


Polkadot, known for its interoperability and scalability features, has seen a sharp increase in revenue, indicating a rise in network usage and adoption. According to recent data by Polkadot Insider, a Polkadot news outlet, Polkadot ranked second among blockchains with the highest revenue rate in the past week. This surge aligns with an uptick in network fees, a common indicator of heightened activity on a blockchain. Polkadot, DOT, is experiencing a major transaction blowout in what is regarded as an unprecedented move on the protocol. According to on-chain data, Polkadot's daily transactions have topped the 1 million benchmark, marking a historic high for the Layer 1 blockchain network. Before this major blowout, the best recorded transaction count Polkadot witnessed was 941,000 transactions on May 5th, 2021. While this previous transaction jump came as a natural embrace of the blockchain, this current blowup is notably stirred by the emergence of inscriptions. The Polkadot, DOT price, is trading inside a short-term bullish pattern but has yet to show any bullish reversal signs. Polkadot's all-time high is $54.98. This ATH was reached on the 4th of November 2021. Polkadot's price needs to rise 918.15% to reach a new all-time high. But is DOT a good investment? Polkadot is still considered a relatively new cryptocurrency that is still under development and has a huge potential for growth in the future. Today's live Polkadot price is $8.20 with a 24-hour trading volume of $854,355,292. Polkadot is up 18% in the last 24 hours. The current coin market cap ranking is HASH 11 with a live market cap of $10,411,378,068. It has a circulating supply of 1,269,039,815 DOT coins and the max. Supply is not available. The Polkadot price analysis on December 21 shows that the bulls resist the downtrend. DOT had dropped to a low of $6.86 in December and continued to trade at the same levels as bears dominated the market. However, it has since climbed above the 7.50 level to reach a high of 8.2, increasing by 18% in the last 24 hours. An increase in trading volume further strengthens the bullish momentum. Over the past 24 hours, the trading volume has increased by 195% from $163 million to $854 million, indicating that the bulls are in full control of the market. The buyers have the upper hand in the market and will likely push the price higher in the coming days. The daily chart for Polkadot price analysis shows that the digital asset is forming an uptrend following strong bullish pressure. DOT forms higher and lower highs, indicating that the bulls may control the market. The price trades above the 20-day moving average, MA, and the 50-day MA, suggesting the market sentiment is bullish. The relative strength index, RSI, is currently at 66.84 and is rising, a signal that the bulls have the upper hand. The buyers could push the price to new highs if they maintain their momentum. The nearest resistance levels are 7.50 and 7.64. The MACD indicator is in the bullish zone and is increasing, confirming the strong buying pressure as a green bar has been observed forming on the histogram. The staking interface for Polkadot has undergone a significant transformation with its latest 1.1 update, spearheaded by Parity Technologies engineer Ross Belot. Users can now easily evaluate validators, thanks to the introduction of a two-week performance tracking system. This analytical enhancement allows for better decision-making and validator selection by providing a comparative view of their activity over a fortnight. Gavin Wood, the founder of Polkadot, the blockchain interoperability platform, has come under fire for putting a condition on a possible $5M donation to help the Ukrainian govete with the crisis caused by the Russian invasion. Some respondents felt this was less of a humanitarian gesture and more of a marketing punt. Will this affect our Polkadot price prediction? Web3 Foundation met regularly with the SEC and attempted to break new ground and comply with US federal securities laws to the offer and sale, marketing and delivery to initial purchasers and treatment of retail purchasers in line with public companies. Even though most cryptocurrencies are trading at a dip, the DOT token still manages an overall ROI of 866, 84% plus. Moving forward, crypto analysts are convinced that the coin will sustain this uptrend and possibly break above $100 in the next few years, so you see it's a win-win gesture by Gavin Wood. The crypto community needs to show its humanitarian side during these trying times. The Polkadot DOT price is trading inside a short term bullish pattern but has yet to show any bullish reversal signs. Polkadot's all-time high is $54.98. This ATH was reached on the 4th of November 2021. Polkadot's price needs to rise 918.15% to reach a new all-time high. But is DOT a good investment? Polkadot is still considered a relatively new cryptocurrency that is still under development and has a huge potential for growth in the future. Overall, Polkadot price analysis paints a bullish picture. The digital asset has regained its footing above the 7.50 level and is looking to test resistance at the $6.86 and $7.59 level soon. The buyers need to keep up their momentum for the price to break out of these levels. If they succeed, DOT will likely form a new high as it continues its uptrend journey. There are endless advantages that come with cryptocurrency market investments. For one, sending any data across the blockchain revolutionizes the sector. Furthermore, you could transfer across public, open, permissionless blockchains and leverage the best characteristics of each network. In this way, Polkadot introduces a new era in scalability, interoperability, and security. In addition, the firm's flexible and adaptive architecture facilitates building technology, including innovative contract platforms. In this way, developers can build next-gen applications that get permission from a private blockchain and use it publicly. The Polkadot projection has shown a lot of potentials. It's the next step in improving blockchain technology. Moreover, it's a scalable business model, leaving lots of room for growth. For investors, business growth means an increase in valuation. Therefore, the biggest pro for investing in DOT is the rise in its popularity and large size. According to many coin price predictions, the price will reach the $1,100 mark in the upcoming months, meaning a total market capitalization will rise to $107 billion.


Hi, Tati Corba the head women's soccer coach here at Stevenson with a couple reminders on taking good class notes Step one be an active listener in class means you are trying to understand the material as it's being presented to you So try and focus and understand what your professor is actually saying Make sure you take notes. This will keep your mind from wandering and help you see what the professor thinks is actually important Tip three know and identify what's most important if it's on the board if your professor is spending a lot of time talking about it It's probably essential so make sure you write it down and Lastly as you're taking notes make sure you leave wider than average margins so that when you go back to study You can add notes in review and bring it all together so that you do well on your tests


Salam alaykum. Hi guys. So today I came Malaysian Embassy. So they will give free food for each day. So I came here to meet Malaysian friends and eat delicious Malaysian foods. So let's go. Beef. You can eat all of it. You have to eat all of it. It smells so good. I don't like it. You don't have to pay to eat this. I was so surprised. It's so good. It tastes like pork. It's so good. I'm so surprised. I've never seen this before. It's so good. I ate this soup here. It's a high monk. I saw it on YouTube. What's your name? It's a monk. It's a monk. What are you eating? It's a long-awaited meal. It's from Yongyang. It's a long-awaited meal. So it's delicious. Salam alaykum. What's your name? Jiu. Salam alaykum. We came to Malaysian Embassy. The food was really delicious. We met so many people. Thank you for watching my video. Salam alaykum. Bye bye.


Thank you all for coming out to OHDC, Open Source Hardware comes to Washington, DC. I'm Michael Weinberg, I work for Public Knowledge. Before I start, I want to first thank a couple of people. First, Congressman Mike Doyle, who has secured us both this room and the four-year downstairs, which is where all the demonstrations are going to go on. And Kamala Kovacs, who is in his office and who also secured us all of these things. So I very much appreciate that. Also in the PK offices of Wendy Tonkin Myers, Clarissa Ramon, and also Luisa Gibb, who really just helped me get all of us together and put it all together. And all the panelists and participants who came down, because this is an event that is really designed to showcase a fantastic community and you cannot showcase a fantastic community without parts of that community to come and showcase. So as many of you probably know, Public Knowledge as an organization here in Washington, we're really focused on protecting consumers and advocating for consumers on digital issues. And a lot of the time that gets a little bit into policy weeds. We do a lot of copyright stuff, we do a lot of network stuff, communication stuff. It's great, we love it, but it's very intense. It leads to very long detailed filings of the FCC or arguments for the Copyright Office or here in Congress. And so it's really nice every once in a while to be able to step back from some of those day-to-day policy battles and think a little bit more about the future and what's coming down and what people are doing outside of Washington and what kind of great innovation is on its way. And that's what this event is about today. Open Source Hardware is, and we will have a panel that explains a little bit what it is in detail and then talk a little bit about the people who are doing it and even the people who are finding a way to have open businesses and open source hardware businesses. And I want you to keep in mind that one of the things that drives Open Source Hardware, and I'm sure that I am saying this wrong and will be corrected later, there is a feeling that it is important to share. It's important to make things available so that other people can learn and understand from it. But that's not just an altruistic motivation. It's not just sharing for sharing's sake, although there's a lot of value for sharing's sake. There's sharing because there's a recognition that when you share and when you do things openly and collaboratively, you bring more people into the process and you end up with better things. You end up with better projects with better products. And you bring more people in, which means that you get projects and products that people couldn't even have imagined who were in this small room who started with you. So when you think about this today, think of it as a great group of people and a great collection of movement that is really trying to do some interesting collaborative things. But don't think of it as this charitable enterprise that's just doing it for its own sake. Although again, there's a lot of value in that and that shouldn't be overlooked. But really it's a different way of putting together and innovating and doing it in a way that makes a better role for all of us. So with that, I will let our first panel come on up and please join me in welcoming them. Thanks everybody for coming and thank you Michael for putting this on. It's amazing. So my name is Alicia Gibb. I've worked in open hardware for the past four years both as a user and a producer. I'm currently an advocate for the community working on incorporating the open source hardware association which you will probably hear today referred to as Oshawa. And Oshawa is a dedicated stewardship to the movement and what we hope to do is set forth some best practices and education about what open source hardware is. I'm going to give you guys a couple definitions so that everybody's kind of on the same page moving into this. First of all, open hardware. So what is it? It's community defined, which the community definition was led by Aya Badir who's coming in the second panel. And I'm just going to read to you a little bit about the community definition. So this is by the community for the community. Open source hardware is hardware whose design is made publicly by anyone or so anyone can study, modify, distribute, make and sell the design or hardware based on that design. And I also want to make sure that everybody understands the word open is sometimes also sort of transferred with the word free and when we say that we mean free as in freedom, not as in the monetary value because hardware is made with resources and atoms rather than bits, they tend to be commercialized products. So another way to look at it is we give away the design files, the IP and we sell the atoms. Hardware, what is hardware? So even though this community started in the electronics movement, there have been a great number of communities that have joined us. So at this point hardware is anything with atoms. It's in the baking industry, it's in the fashion industry, it's in mechanical design, industrial design, the bio, medical field and there's new fields that join us every day. DIY stands for do it yourself. A maker is referred to a person who makes things and builds things and kind of enjoys the construction of making. And hacker spaces is another term that you might hear. Hacker spaces are just a place where people of all walks of life come together, usually doing some sort of arts and sciences combinations of those and it's kind of a mechanism for support within the community and for education to the broader community that it's part of. So the other thing I kind of want to touch on a little bit is this whole concept of open source as a broader concept and we've seen open source in the past as something that you probably all heard of, which are patents. And so patents, I want to remind people that when patents started, they started really as a way for open source to take place. So when you get a patent, you have to open source the designs, you have to tell people what you're doing and how you did it. And then that happens to be under exclusive rights for the next 20 years and that's where open source hardware differs a little bit. And I think that this is my belief that open source hardware is the 21st century patent. I think that it's not only open sourcing innovation but it's also democratizing innovation. So instead of having that 20 years of exclusive rights, instead you get an entire community of innovators to work with you and to collaborate with you and to contribute to your hardware. So it's kind of the two heads are better than one argument. It also is about producing products that are continually growing instead of kind of having a product that's locked in a stalemate for the next 20 years. So I wanted you to kind of think about that as a parallel, as a compare and contrast as we move through the panel. And next up I want to introduce my, or you guys can introduce yourselves on the panel. I'm David Mellis. I'm a Ph.D. student at MIT Media Lab. Also the co-founder and lead software developer for an open source hardware project called Arduino, which is a micro controller development platform that a lot of people use to build kind of interactive art, interactive objects of all kinds. I'm the co-chair of this years of my hardware summit and a member of Oshawa. One of our first projects at Oshawa was a survey of the open hardware community. Even though we make it on our own basis and we get together often in events like the open hardware summit, we still felt that we didn't have a good understanding of who we are as a community as well as how and why we make open source hardware. So the survey closed only three days ago. We don't have an in-depth analysis of the data yet. But there are a few interesting things that I would like to mention briefly. The first one was the surprising number of respondents. We, given how difficult it is to get people to take surveys, we initially expected around 200 responses over a period of one month. We got over 2,000 over two weeks, which is really surprising. And it tells us that one, this seems to be a very proactive and vocal community that wants to be heard and wants to participate. And it's probably also much larger than we initially imagined. Another interesting aspect is the makeup of the community in terms of fields of practice. As we expected, over 50% identified as programmers and engineers, but about one-third also identified as educators, researchers, designers, entrepreneurs, meaning that open hardware is not just something that engineers care about, it's something that has an important role in education and business as well. And finally, I'd like to mention that over one-third of the respondents stated that developing, designing, developing and selling hardware, open source hardware is a source of information. So the next panel will talk more about the business side of this, but I just wanted to mention that while you're going to hear us talk a lot about knowledge sharing, it's important to keep in mind it's an economically viable practice. Hi, I'm Ann Marie Thomas. I'm an assistant professor at the University of St. Thomas in Minnesota, not the Iowa. And there I'm an engineering professor teaching undergraduate design, but I also run our Center for Pre-Collegiate Engineering Education. So a lot of my teaching is actually teaching in K-12 teachings. And so I spend a lot of time looking at the role of engineering and making for youth in a formal and informal setting. I've done a lot of interviews of what makers were like as kids, and we try to develop for that market as well. So one project my students has actually turned into a small company, for example, is using Play-Doh to construct circuits. And so that's sort of our introduction for my lab into creating something that then someone does sell, even though we publish all the recipes and buy the parts online. So my first question to the panel is, what drives you to be part of the movement? Should we all?  One is just it feels right to kind of share the things you do, right? If I'm designing something, you want to put it out there. You want people to be able to build on it. You want to get feedback on it. You want to let other people learn from it, take from it. Another thing I think from the perspective of Arduino, like part of being an open source hardware company is you develop this ecosystem around your product, right? So we make and we sell some number of hardware products, right? But because it's open source, other people can take it and they can make their own versions. They can make their own accessories. They can make the ones that really suit their needs. And as a result, you get this much kind of stronger community, this much bigger sort of movement. And it's all kind of based in some sense on the stuff that you're doing. So you get a lot more momentum and you get a lot more I think just impact and sort of it works much better because you do it as an open source product. So that's kind of like the personal and the project side. I mean it's pretty much what David said. The personal side for me is that I am not an engineer by training. So open source and the community around it is what lowered the barriers enough for me to 10 years ago coming from social sciences, start working with electronics and smart materials and basically developing hardware which had never occurred to me that I could do without having to go to school for it again. So there's very much that side that it basically allows anyone who wants to do, like he gives anyone who wants to do it the moment to, it doesn't matter what you do for a reason but it's very, it just makes me feel bad as a person, as a creative person. Many reasons for sort of a personal reason as a parent and as a teacher, how you learn about the world is by seeing how things work. And if you're going to be a writer, you read the writings of lots of other people. If you're going to be an engineer, I hope you've taken apart some things in your life and seen how they work. So this is a community that really encourages that sharing together, that learning together and really giving an option, particularly if you look at the products being designed for kids, that you get kids being very active, Katerina's findings, that kids are actually becoming active in this world and being able to give them the plans as opposed to just a black box to me as a really powerful invitation for them to learn more. So David, in answering your question you kind of talked about the people who contribute to the Arduino project and things like that.  Yeah, so we, I mean we publish all the source code file, the software we make, all the design files for all the hardware we make. And it's very easy, it's actually, you know, it's not a very complicated circuit board, it's very easy for someone to take those files to download it and then change it in some way that makes sense to them, right? So like some people want something smaller, they want something bigger, they want to use a different processor, they want to add things to control motors, or they want to add things to control lots of lights, or you know whatever like their specific project did, their specific thing that they want to be able to do with it. They can go, they can take the thing because again, you know, we only make maybe a few things and they're the things that are sort of the most general, right? So it's very easy for someone to take the thing that they really want to do and make their own board.   Well, okay, not to talk to someone, it's not like you have to negotiate a contract or like get a special quote or anything, you just order these things. Yeah, so I think that's sort of the process of people who just take it. Oftentimes, I think people's first circuit board that they design will be taking an Arduino board and making their own version of it. And a lot of times, yeah, it is specific to like their project or their thing that they want to do. And so again, as a result, we get sort of like all these versions for like anything you want to do, you can find like the Arduino board that is like perfect for that thing. So something that I've heard, I think all of you say, either in your introduction or the last question, you talked about sharing. So let's kind of dig a little bit deeper into that. Why do you share your design? What are the benefits of sharing? Well, I mean, we do have a few, actually we have some data from the survey about that. Why do people share their part as open source? And so one of the main reasons is to obtain feedback from the community. So basically, your products or your designs don't exist in this empty space. So this allows you to immediately get feedback on whatever it is, be it commercial product or being just an artistic project and you can improve it. Because this is a very proactive community, the people who buy your hardware or who like take your designs will not only give you their opinion immediately, they will redesign it for you and sometimes even prototype it for you. It's like, oh, this is what your board should look like here. So you get like all this amazing R&D that is not just we R&D in some cases, but it's also like they like to feedback from the customers. So it's like one major challenge that I think people like to share with us. So for our project, if we look at the squishy circuit, in some ways I love the extended definition of open hardware because we've always wanted something made out of Play-Doh is actually hard. When we post things, we post actually a recipe, flour, lemon, cream of tartar, a couple other ingredients I'll mention why this was helpful. So we've actually published the baking side of things, we've published some of the code we use with Arduinos to make different toys that you can play with downstairs. We also published the circuit information. Our goal really was we thought this was fun, my kids liked it, my research students thought it was fun, couldn't we use this in classrooms and to get teachers to use it cheaply. The goal was to make it cheap and so we put everything out there and really we never intended to sell anything and I don't want my students to sell to the kids mainly because teachers found that they really wanted to do it. They could make the dough themselves but they didn't want to have to go by each individual part and it'd be nice if someone sold the kid. We still sell individually how you can buy every part but then we show you could buy this kid. But the fun thing for us education-wise is we post this and we've gotten, as Heterina mentioned, lots of feedback. When we designed it we didn't really think through how many kids are allergic to gluten but boy, within two days I had many parents telling me he's saying this is great but what do we do about our kid? So we have the gluten-free recipe. It turns out that it's really hard to buy almost impossible to buy cream of tartar in many countries, rural Japan and France. So we now have the lemon recipe that we wouldn't have thought of. So it's actually helped us spread our reach. We had alum in one recipe and I'm from Minnesota. We make a lot of pickles and use alum for pickles. So it's easy. All of our grocery stores sell alum. Apparently no one else's grocery store sells alum. So that was our deal breaker right away whereas if we had just made... we learned so much more from an educational stem by putting it out there and getting feedback. It was a project designed by undergrad. So the chance for them to get feedback from people really using it for us was priceless. Can you talk a little bit more about sharing in general within the educational system and how that works and what parallels sharing and education has with open source framework? Sure. It's sort of a growing thing right now that is the role of sharing and education. The Internet's been a great thing. Teachers can post some of their curricula and modify it themselves. I mean for us one thing is we didn't... we post one tiny little curricula for squishy circuits. It's a starter point. But we've had teachers that have shared. So can you please post my curriculum? These standards in Alaska. And you know I'm using this with the 9th grade chemistry class. We had one teacher who wrote to us from I think Washington who he combined it with the home economics class anymore but it was a life skills course. And so they were learning to cook. They're cooking the recipe. You have the intro computer program in class that's designing it and then they put all the students together to actually build the circuits. We wouldn't have jumped at these collaborations. You know the third grade art teacher writing us. But by being able to post those, you know we have the webpage, the recipes. We also have a Facebook group that teachers are posting what they do. We couldn't have been that creative. We're not the teachers in the classroom day to day. So it's been fun to see how people will pull little parts of what someone else is doing, add to that and throw it back out there. And I think that's a model that works for a lot of the projects out here. As teachers are trying to incorporate more and more hands-on learning, you can learn a lot by seeing what someone else has already done, particularly those things at the computer. And I'm sure Leah can even talk to this again seeing how things grow, which she speaks later, how things grow in a classroom. I think by throwing things out there and saying let's work together, our goal for this project was purely educational. In fact, we thought we'd say we won't sell anything but this out here. There was a community that actually told us, well actually could you please sell some of the parts because it's lovely that you told us that six places would be divided into individual motors, but could you package them? So it's sort of been neat to see what we're told is wanted, but then also to let the teachers learn from each other. Teachers are the experts in education and informal mentors, not the people who are handing some of the pieces to them. So to let them connect directly and work together as opposed to always through us has been pretty rewarding. So how much do you guys are all kind of involved with various open field projects? How much of what you make is driven by the community and community involvement? That's a tricky question I think. I don't know. I mean from my perspective I guess part of it is making things that you think people will find useful and that is not always I think directly driven by what people say. Sometimes it is, sometimes it's just like it's clear you can see there's these new capabilities out there that we want to expose to people that we want to make easy. Because part of I think part of what you're doing is just showing people what's possible. And then some of it you certainly get tons of feedback about what works and what doesn't and so to that extent I think it's really helpful. And also I guess understanding what people are actually trying to accomplish. For Arduino as a platform for people to make other projects on top of it. So it's really, it's driven a lot by what do people care about? What are people really trying to do? Because there's always kind of more to do or more to fix that you can never get done and so it's really trying to understand what should these things matter? What should these things people need to actually get their projects done and get their work done? I think that drives it a lot. Trying to make the priorities match up with what people are actually trying to do and not necessarily like some more abstract set of criteria. Would you say some of the business side of things? Well it's business and it's also it's also kind of software which is not necessarily tied directly to any product. But when you say hey we want to make this library and products as well it's like which yeah it's sort of which products are people going to find the most useful and which kind of documentation or software are people going to find the most useful as well? I think it was Lee Moore who once said or someone said very rightly that people should make things that they use themselves because it's really really hard to guess what others want. So I avoid trying to think what would be useful but sometimes we all do that which is useful for others. So I guess I work or develop two types of things. One is our teaching materials so I teach often our artists and makers how to use small materials. So a lot of what I do is like I teach how to make a prototype out of that that is not it doesn't have to be finished product in itself but it shows how it works and what it could be used for. So yes it is community driven in that case because it's the direct result of communication with students and people who ask questions about things and I try to figure out how to make that thing clear to them. And then the other one is the personal side which is what drives a lot of makers or most of us which is like curiosity and sometimes just the idea of a challenge you wake up in the middle and think because you want to see if it's possible and why isn't it possible and how can I make it. So but in a way I find that the projects that are only interesting to me I mean they will consume me for two or three nights but I will eventually go like okay now I know enough I don't need to worry about this anymore but if it's something that other people also want to know that output nor working to it and I'll document that and I'll really look at the process and all that so community driven I mean I can directly solve community I think in the education world there's a little bit of a question there are certain things that have to be taught and if there are new ways to teach them I mean that every fifth grade has to talk about electricity and circuits so it was a natural fit for us I was thinking a little bit about the earlier question and I think another building from the education standpoint one is the deep black boxing of a lot of things there's some students who really want to know what's inside things it's not always so easy to get inside particularly as teachers start to integrate a lot of this into their classrooms the making the open source this isn't something that's usually taught in most education schools right now it's changing a bit but if you look at most teachers this really never came up so if you're going to teach something brand new where do you get where do you get the support and the open hard work community really has tried to reach out and has done some great work in being that supportive something's not working you get a lot of replies overnight we've had teachers answering each other's questions on Facebook about projects I just want to help particularly education so that's an advantage that it's sort of the fastest customer support in some ways opted for some of these projects not always but it has its place you know maybe not every project does that fit for but in a lot of cases particularly but for new to the teachers having the community people sharing what worked and also what didn't work and I think that's something that's shared a lot very often that maybe we don't usually see in all communities is what didn't work if you're going to do something with 38 year olds it's really nice to know what didn't work 38 year olds who did it the week before just to build on a little bit I mean I think one of the things that's really nice is I mean the community can drive what you do but also you don't necessarily even have to do that because the community can just drive themselves right and they can do what they want to do and then you can maybe Google or you know sometimes there are things happening that you've never heard about you know if you don't Google switchy circuits or we don't know that's happening in China and Ireland and Latvia I'm just going to make this by the idea of like support like community support like because this is an international community there's always someone up somewhere so excuse me if you post a question at 4am someone somewhere in the world is going to answer your questions it's really nice so so I said something earlier which is that I think the open source hardware is equivalent to the 21st century pattern and I'm wondering what your opinions are on that and being that you've all put something out there in open source hardware rather than patenting it what are have you gotten you know what are the benefits of innovation there and do you ever wish that you would have patented it? we don't have to go first it was never our goal we did a project that we wanted to have other people first we wanted to see if we could do it that was our goal we were really impressed with the insoluble circuits like Leah and paintable circuits can we sculpt them that'd be fun I like Lido can we do this and then it was this could be used by others it was never I'm a professor my students this was a fun research project we wanted to put it out there we never actually ever thought about making a product we had asked that quite a bit could this be a product well you know we're making it out of stuff in the kitchen you know this is not and one of my students that does sell it but again it's pretty easy to put together stuff so for us it's a great situation for me they're just like and Marie like the things that I made like they only exist because they're useful to others so it's just editing and just like being a contradiction so yeah you have a different situation so yeah well I mean with with how do we know it's interesting I mean I think one of the things that you can do is that you can coop your investment on the thing and one of the things that's been interesting I guess for we know is you know again this stuff is getting like easier and easier to make and so I feel like in some ways it just requires kind of less and less of that investment so like you said it's almost like you know that 20 year period it's like you really only need you know six months or a year or something to really recoup what you put into it and so you don't necessarily need this kind of intellectual property protection because you know at least for this stuff we're doing again like it's not like we had to like buy a factory and like you know set up all this infrastructure and so in that sense yeah I think that that idea of patent as you get the protection for a time but it's also in exchange you're sort of publishing this so other people can build on it and so you're really kind of encouraging commerce in general in the long run because it's not just you and your company you can build on the things you've developed but it's everyone else and I think we're just trying to speed that up because the technology is getting so much faster now that it doesn't make sense to wait that long before you can kind of build on each other's work I don't know if they're the name survey yeah so basically what we found out with the survey is that a large majority of open source hardware developers release designs with no license whatsoever like nothing some of the families into the public domain are just saying oh I made this this is what I do too like you know sometimes I'll license and create comments if I think of doing it but more often than not I'm just like oh here it is this is how you do it this is where you get what you do it's like how you wire it and it's like kindergarten sharing that we would talk a lot about that it's just because it's what we do and to this like raise a lot of feeling think about a position to answer but as far as our purposes go like getting the information out there it's just like it changes when it's about like a really large business side of it just and for the smaller projects particularly they're driven by younger makers it's an expensive and not clear process for a lot of students who have kind of started that route and it's not really attainable it's just that that's pretty daunting if you're 19 with an idea and trying to figure out how to pay for the patent and that process someone who's gone for it recently 10 20 I think I might even be low and I think the average time to issue is about six years which I mean is like we had some preliminary patents in our group we decided we'd rather just be working with people on these products and get them out there so Katerini you brought up did you have one? Oh no I think one patent we actually we got to one and decided it was hard particularly for younger and if you're not in a company if you're an individual it's my students so Katerini you mentioned about the people in the community don't have any license whatsoever and for those of you who aren't aware there's sort of around three kind of licenses open hardware world that are sort of waiting to be sort of matured I think but you know but everything has to start somewhat of course so I'm wondering if you know this is a complete grassroots bottom up movement so far what are your opinions on having a legal framework be part of this community do you think that a legal framework is going to be invited by the community or do you think that you know we need to do we're doing a completely different framework altogether the source of hardware software has been around for a long time what do we have I mean officially open hardware has been around for a very long time but not under this specific name and as far as I know there's not being a single court case like with a license or something at least like nothing we have heard about is like famous so I mean we do this is my first we do spend a lot of time talking about licenses and I think it's important to understand the consequences of how things work and how to protect your work and your business but just in general nothing really bad has happened to anyone that I know of and if it does happen even if you have a really good license people can't always afford to defend it the cost is almost as much or maybe more than filing a patent because it's not just not having a patent I would say like if someone infringes on it you have to be able to afford to defend it and that costs more than a patent itself so I'm told so this is a bit of a tough question I guess like in one hand we do need a legal framework because we want to be clear about how this works how we protect ourselves and our work and our community but on the other hand I don't know we're doing so far seems to be working for some reason yeah I mean it's not clear I mean I guess with hardware it's not entirely clear how a lot of these legal issues apply and certainly patents apply but you know there's a lot of questions about copyright and whether or not designs are copyrighted and would that prevent someone else from making something from your design anyway and again I think in general like a lot of open source hardware companies aren't necessarily relying on kind of intellectual property protection to kind of ensure a viable business so in that sense like the specific legal protection is not so much the issue right you're you're making products you're selling them you're making things you know good products and selling them at a reasonable price and people want to pay it and so whether or not you have a legal framework that sort of stops someone else from taking your product out of it is not necessarily kind of what you're counting on anyway in sort of like a business sense I mean I do think it's important I guess to be clear when you do open source something like what you're allowing other people to do with it and even if it's just intention again I guess whether or not really the law applies but to say hey look this is not just for you to study but it's really for you to take and make other products from and to use in lots of different ways without kind of asking me again I think that's really important because then we can all sort of build on each other's work without having to go through these like kind of slow processes or like contract negotiations or things like this but yeah I don't know if there's any I mean it's not clear what the needs are kind of a more specific legal framework is I guess I don't think I need much to add on that so do you guys think that open source hardware is the way of the future? Why? I think there's a lot in favor of it so like I said I mean I think hardware is getting easier and easier to make and there's more and more technologies where you can you can just take a file and you can send it to a laser cutter you can send it to a 3D printer you can send it to a circuit board manufacturer and they'll they'll give you an object back and so it's like more and more it makes more and more sense to like share those files because people can actually can do something with them and they can get things made and again they don't have to make molds they don't have to build a factory they don't you know and so I think the more that kind of our things are coming straight from from software the more it makes sense to start to treat hardware in some of the ways we started to treat software in terms of open source so in that sense I think there's a lot kind of going for it and I also think you know again I mean I guess another big big force is just the internet right and as we've seen with the internet makes it easier to collaborate on software it also is starting to make it easier and easier to collaborate on hardware I think as the kind of design tools get better and support more collaboration it will become easier and easier to collaborate on hardware and it will make again it will make more and more sense to put your files online and let other people kind of work together with you on them so I think there's a lot of kind of technological trends that are really pushing for it I'm from an education standpoint I mean the ability for children and older children and adults are trying to teach themselves something it's a huge resource to be able to work together and see the inner workings of how something goes together and how they can modify it you know as I said if you're a writer you read other people's things we had been going through a phase where it was much harder to start taking part things and see what's inside something and how are you going to build the next car if you've never seen the inside of yours because you're now in a place where you can order a circuit board or an Arduino or a a soldable circuit and even if your parents and your teacher don't know how to do it there's this community that will help you and if it's not working you can see what's not working so for me from an educational standpoint it's incredibly exciting it really is opening up a whole new world of exploration for people who want to learn more I mean of course what David and really said it's I think it's innovation and how fast it does it how it allows allows a barrier in that country that allows more people to join this group of potential innovators because they have the knowledge and they have the imagination it's forming the next generation of engineers because they actually know how things work and then on a more I don't know it's not actually on a more social and cultural level hardware literacy is really, really important there's a number of studies that show how technologies shape our behavior and the way we communicate the way we work the way we play and there was a time like when the Apple 2 and the first person computers appeared we controlled the machine at least we knew how the machine worked like if something broke you knew how to fix it if the screen wasn't the way like we could change it we could basically it was like it was never like this is a tour and this is me but there was this relationship where you could imprint your own personality on a technology and not the other way around pasting your computers and cell phones became like smaller and smaller like I can open this computer but like I would not understand what I see because it's so it's meaningful it's just so complex that basically I have to consume the way it was given to me we open so our hardware we have the chance to shape the technology we use instead of letting this technology shape us and this is like has profound implications of a great level and work and communication and human and so it's like it's a little bit more top level future yeah maybe one more thing that you remind me of I mean it's a bit I think to say open source hardware is not necessarily to say it's going to replace kind of existing proprietary hardware but it creates all these new spaces for people to make things that wouldn't have existed otherwise because they don't make sense for a big company to make or because just no one thought of it and so it's sort of opening up this new space for lots of new people to make new kinds of things and yeah a lot of it small entrepreneurs that we wouldn't have seen right right but it creates a lot of new spaces so so this panel was on what is open hardware and so coming from inside the movement I was finding that I had to remember that not everybody innately knows at this point what open source hardware is so I do want to open it to all of you and if you have any questions on what is open source hardware or questions for people go ahead if you have a question or anything about if you could stand up and you ask your question sure so Mary it seems like your product is widely used in schools have you seen any issues with teachers being unable to work it or any sort of training issues around that that have come back to you or has it all just picked up and run? we answer a lot of email I have under every research student part of their job is to answer email we have pretty much it is once you choose and we get some press then we get ten emails something must happen this week if we get a lot of email about programming we know how to do our squishy sound demo so maybe someone posted it somewhere so yeah we have seen a lot of that we post a lot of YouTube videos and other people have taken their own spin on it for a while and I think one of the most watched videos in our project is done by a ten year only California super awesome Sylvia we've seen people producing information for it in other countries and we're happy to do that so they're probably going to get some of the questions but yeah we still get a lot of questions and we're happy to answer them I think also I've heard Mitch Altman talk about his TVB gun saying there's one button on the thing I didn't think that I needed a support come up to our service and you know you kind of always do it for yourself sometimes yeah so I was interested to hear you say that most of the open source hardware is the designs are published without any license at all and it just scared me a little because I wonder would it be possible even theoretically for somebody to take those designs and put an intellectual property claim on them even though they weren't the inventor or designer and is that a consideration so I mean none of us is a legal expert but what we are told is that by publishing your designs online publishing prior art so after that no one can patent it I believe this is a legal question right yes that's in the case of patents yes that's right but in copyright it's probably copyright is by default can you please stand up and speak up yeah copyright is by default so the design is copyrighted by the fact of publishing in case of patents yes you have a prior art right right so copyright you get automatically just by publishing something and a patent you no one else can patent something you already published like it doesn't matter how you do it I mean I I guess these kinds of things are always concerns but I don't think that it doesn't feel like you're making it worse by publishing your design you know what I mean because you're infringing their patent right anyway and they don't it seems like they don't really need your design file to do that right or like your information so I think the benefit of publishing the file kind of outweighs because that risk I think I don't I don't feel like it increases that risk very much at least it's just what continues for me is that you know the new license the new license will remain open right so if it you know I would worry about somebody putting some kind of IP claim on it in order to you know not only to make a profit about it but to stop other people using the design but if that hasn't happened yet and isn't a concern I think there's also a difference between I mean open source hardware is this wide wide wide range of projects and collections and things I mean you probably I mean you could license it like I will put licenses on my Arduino code just as an afterthought but it really depends like are you planning on building a business around it is it just something or things that have an educational purpose and it just doesn't things that probably don't have any commercial value for someone else other than yourself I think there's also something to be said about the licensing for the design files but you don't have to be completely transparent about your entire business and so you can still have the best place to source from in China versus all your other competitors or versus anybody else is going to attempt to just you know take the exact design and clone it basically and maybe put a patent on it but I think you know it's open source you can go and build it yourself but it's not you know a completely transparent business transaction where you know you don't expect that everybody's going to show us all their contacts and all their books and all their you know that's not the concept of open source so there are still some risks that I guess you know are protected that's alright ready to put it back there you have open source software and you become quite an expert at disclaiming liability how long does that continue to work in hardware great question yes it's a good question yeah I think it's tricky I mean part of I think what happens is that there is there is usually a manufacturer right so you're you're sharing the design and the design is not the thing that someone is going to use that is potentially going to create a liability it's at some point I think it's there's someone who has a business who's producing and selling the product based on that design and so open source doesn't necessarily get you you know it doesn't necessarily let you avoid those questions of liability right whether things open source are not sort of separate from you're making something you're selling it you have to make sure that it's safe and you know it's that there's protection for that I have two unrelated questions the first is for my PhD project I was trying to make a new device and I had to even then go into China to source most of the you know bare bones of equipment hardware I'm wondering is that one day for a screen and then it was the wrong plan and I had to wait another screen another time so I'm just wondering in this movement is there a suggestion or some type of effort to make to be able to source it here in the United States the second question is on the other side of the block we're here in the Rayburn building is there any type of policy implications for just being here today or being worked on from the other side of the block manufacturing I mean I think there's a lot there's a lot I mean there's a lot in America there's a lot of stuff happening in America I think also one of the nice things is it's a very international thing as well so you can you can


I know when I read the 50 Principles of Miracles at the beginning of A Course in Miracles, that was one of them that really jumped out at me. A number of them jumped out over the years, but the one that jumped out pretty early to me was, miracles are involuntary and they should not be under conscious control. And when we're talking about the doer, the doer wants everything to be under conscious control. The doer is so concerned about behaviors and doing the right thing and being correct and not making mistakes. The focus is always on the form and not on the mind. And as we had a beautiful witness from ESCA there in Japan, she loves her job. She's teaching English from 9 in the morning till 9 at night and she's having a ball and she's extending all this love and it's her attitude that's doing the teaching. She's not really teaching English, she's teaching love. And that's what all of us are called to do. Away from concern about outcomes and productivity and what does it mean to the world, it's the feeling of love in our hearts and the extension of that love that is what it's all about. Then Helen Shuckman, the scribe of the Course, you know, she hung in there for a lot of years. It took seven years to bring through the Course from 1965 to 1972. But then there came a time a little bit later in her life where she felt like, well, at least I did it. At least I completed the mission. And then Jesus basically told her, well, actually it wasn't about the Course. And she was like astonished, like, what? What do you mean? It wasn't about the Course. And Jesus said, I love you. That was what it was all for. All that taking down those words, all those clarifying things and going back to sentences where there was resistance and getting it straight, you know, all that was just a backdrop for I love you. That's the only thing that is important. Not even the book itself was important to Jesus. It was the love, I love you. And that's what we're being asked to accept when we release the doer. So today I thought in a practical way what we could talk about is, most people have that question, always the question comes up, how? How do I undo the doer? Here I've got my pad and pencil ready. You just give me the formula and I will write it down and I will follow the steps like a good student and then at the end I'm undone. And you know, we know that the undoing involves forgiveness, but that has to be under the Holy Spirit's guidance. You cannot take personal responsibility for the seeming journey. You cannot as a person direct the undoing because the person is the doer. Why would you put the doer in charge of the undoing? That doesn't sound very good, you know. Oh I don't like the warden in this prison so I'm just going to put all the prisoners in charge of the prison. Okay, our first decision is let's unlock all the doors and get out of here. You can't look to the doer to do the undoing, you have to look to the Holy Spirit. And yet there is no formula so it's not like you can be given a formula. You can be given the essence of the teachings which is what the course is but then you have to apply it. The practical application is what is needed. And Jesus even says that a theoretical basis is helpful. The text gives a theoretical basis but it's in actually doing the exercises and experiencing that peace and happiness. That's where the undoing of the doer occurs.


Fe wnaeth weithiau mawr. Mae'n rhyw bryd. A mi ddrifet hwnna'n adeithas i'w bryd. Chris, ystod o'r gweinyddau yma yn y siŵt i'w lleisio'r heddiw? Mae'r ddim bod yn ddod y byddiol, ac rydyn ni'n moddd ymlaen i Amelon, wedi bod yn ffoto o'r ddweud yn unrhyw ymddo i ddim oedd eich defnydd i'n ddylch. Mae'n yn dod oedd y br Beth. Felly mae'r 8rharthon i wych yn ei gofyn. Rwy'n fyddo i wneud i chi weithio. I'm hoping this will set me up for the year. I don't know if I've nailed every session like this chap has, but as I've learnt from marathons, that doesn't, for me personally, doesn't mean everything. So I'm just excited to be here and be in the middle of these two and hopefully give it a bash and see if I can mix it up. Last year I was definitely gutted. I was in decent shape and just got injured just a week before the London marathon. But that's how flitics here happens, but this year I'm back and I'm healthy, which is the key thing. Question for Emile, as it's your debut over the distance going into Sunday. I was just wondering if the thingy is to just sort of learn the distance, sort of take in the day or are you going in with sort of more of a race target, a time target in mind? I think it's a little bit of both. Obviously, like any race, I want to perform the best in trying to achieve a target, but I think the primary objective is to learn the race and have a good experience. And then hopefully I can take that to future races where I can be more competitive with the top guys. And yeah, and so this is just a platform for that, I think. The key thing is for me is that if I, as long as I stay injured free and be free and can do the work, then I will continue, as you said, but my body's not allowing me. And I think, as I said, Sunday is probably my last marathon in terms of just being realistic and seeing it. It will be my last marathon. It won't be my last race. It will be quite emotional because I remember 13 years old, 14 years old, I was here watching great athletes going, oh, they're running on Sunday and you're taking part in the mini-marathon. And the support that people want to come out in London. I think that will get to me. But I'll try not to think about it and just try and run and after the race, maybe there might be a bit of tears and a bit of emotional. For advice wise, I would say keep that hunger, keep that sort of naivety a little bit and don't let the baggage of expectation and all these things creeping and keep trying to figure yourself out because when you get older, you'll rely on having to constantly relearn yourself and relearn to keep yourself in the game. I'm more like impressed and I'm looking forward to see what you go on to do, mate. So, yeah, thumbs up. I'm saying that in front of him but I'll have said that even if they weren't here, honestly.  Don't put pressure on yourself but first one, go out there, enjoy it, and set a personal best will. Which would you prefer, Arsenal to win the Premier League this season or to win the marathon on Sunday? Arsenal. So tell everyone to answer that one, honestly. No, always London. I would say London. Terrible fan you are.