It's like before. Before again? Okay, here. Whether it is hence G as this shape, with A plus square root of this stuff. Yes. And then in the slide after, we write that G to the minus 1 of A is gamma T, and gamma T is A to A plus PB, AB. Yes. And B is this value. But it seems to be that gamma is G of A, not G to the minus 1 of A.  Okay, let's try this out, because I know that gamma has to be G minus 1 of A. Okay. So something else has gone wrong. Okay. Let's see what has gone wrong. So this is the Lovener evolution. It becomes singular when the denominator is zero. So it is singular at G equals to A. Therefore, if I invert this at this point, Z, which is equal to G minus 1 of A. I have singularity. And this point by definition is gamma of T. This we cannot change. It happens here. Now, the problem which is possible I haven't checked is if this map somehow has a problem. Let's see. G of T of Z is equal to A square root of Z minus A 2 plus 40. Do you think it has to be plus 40, I think? Is it 40? Minus 40? Yes. I can see what you mean. Minus 40. So let's say G of A is equal to A plus 2i root T. So which is right because as T goes up, it goes on the imaginary axis. So this is A plus 2i root T. And this is A. This point is A. Now, what we want to see is G minus 1 of this guy. How can I do that? So what I want to say is G minus 1 of A is equal to A plus 2i root T. G to the minus 1 because you wrote G equal to G to the minus 1, right? You are saying here? Yes. Here I only put instead of Z, A. So from here it follows that A is G minus 1 of A plus 2i root T. So this immediately implies that to be true. This is true. So that is not true. Something is strange here. Always easier to look at here. When you teach, you realize that next to the blackboard, you are at a disadvantage to the student. Student looks at it from here. It's not correct. So something is wrong here. I start from this equation. This one is correct. I set B equal to 0, which is the origin of time. So I end up with this equation. And that equation is solved to give G equals to A plus A squared plus 4T. But I have a boundary condition that at T equals to 0, I need G of 0 to equal Z. In this case, it is equal to A plus square root of A squared. So the solution is to change this constant here into Z minus A squared. And if I take the positive root, A goes out and I get Z. So the correct G of T and Z is equal to A plus Z minus A squared plus 4T. So something has gone wrong here. I don't understand why I've got it wrong. Something is wrong here because I have a Z. So this is correct. This I know to be correct because I've worked with that. Maybe it comes out of this solution. This is now correct. Now to answer the problems from there. GT of A now becomes A plus 2 root T. And it means that you started from A, but G is mapping it to somewhere here, which is A plus twice root T. I read the tip, gamma of T satisfies that G of T of gamma of T must equal A, which is, in fact, this expression.  So it means that gamma minus 1A squared plus 4T is equal to 0. So I get gamma equal to A twice I root T. But to get this answer, I have to choose the positive root, the negative root. So only when we have the A of T equals A constant in the equation? Yes. And the problem sheet I gave you was for you to attempt solving it for any other function. So a simple function like just T, and you see how difficult it is. So, in fact, I tried very much myself over these years to find another function of T which I can analytically solve, but I couldn't. It would be nice to have one. Okay, now? Okay, another question? Okay, let's do a problem then. Let's do a problem. So in percolation, S of P is equal to probability a connected cluster of size S at RQ at unprobability exists. So it is, you say, I turned the squares on and off with P, probability P. What is the probability that I suddenly find a cluster of size S? At the moment, it doesn't matter to me. Okay. So then it's the probability to find that? No, not at least. That you find, you just randomly find a cluster of size S. Now, all these clusters, some of them are size S. Divide them by the total, that will be NSP. This we know is of this shape. So it has a power law, but big clusters are reduced. And theta tends to zero as P reaches PC from below. So here P is smaller than PC. As you reach PC from below, theta goes to zero so that at the critical value, you have a scaling behavior. Here is the problem. Do this for one-dimensional percolation. Calculate this guide. This is the two-dimensional version. This is playing with his phone. I'm a terrible professor in Iran. Here you have democracy. We don't have democracy in Iran. So students can be subjected to extreme force. Do the partial differentiation. Let me see the final answer. You don't need to. For any P, you can do it. This can be done for any P. No, that way is in two dimensions. I apologize. That form is for two dimensions. In one dimension, completely different shape. This I gave you for knowledge. But when you calculate NSP in one dimension, you get a very different form. But you can write it in that way. So write it in that way. The next step is, after you've done this, which you have, what is the characteristic cluster size? So do this now. The answer is NSP is equal to 1 minus P, a squared P to the power s. If somebody doesn't understand the answer, tell me. No, I don't mean average size. Characteristic has a meaning in physics. Have an exponential decay. Exactly. Questions are easy. I said easy questions, but still everybody is thinking. So we write this as 1 minus P squared e to the power s log of P. So the characteristic size of a cluster is minus 1 over log P. Unfortunately, it is positive. So you have a percolating problem. You choose one site which is on. What is the probability that it is the member of a cluster of size s? That's this guy. Calculate it. It's a little algebra. One minute. No, because if you sum this over s, it should get 1. So it's itself in the dominant. Sorry, I didn't mean. This probability, if I add all clusters of size s must come to 1. Yeah? Yes, but it's the same thing. Suppose I write it like this. Then I say that s omega s of P is equal to 1. Yeah, right. Thank you. So you want to sum this? OK. We move to differential geometry now. Proof that all two-dimensional, the Emanian manifolds, conformally flat. Matthew is sitting in the back. He doesn't know I'm doing differential geometry. So what is a conformally flat metric? A conformally flat metric is one that you can express in this form. So it is flat, but not completely flat because it has this coefficient. So if you have a metric like that, you say it is conformally flat. So how do we prove this? I give you one minute to think and then I explain. What is a Riemann manifold? Riemann manifold is a mathematical space which has a metric, a Riemannian metric, defined locally on it. Simple. But when you say a theorem like that, it's a very important theorem. All Riemannian manifolds are flat. Definition of Riemann manifold? Riemann manifold is a topological space which is equipped with a metric on at least locally. That means you can hope that it's global, but usually you cannot. You just define it on a coordinate patch. And this theorem also only applies to a coordinate patch. So the correct way is all two-dimension Riemann manifolds locally are conformally flat. When I was a teenager, there was a cartoon called Ikyu-san. Did you see it here? Did they show it in Italy? It is a Japanese cartoon. The character was called Ikyu-san. Japanese pronounced that Ikyu. San means master. So it's master Ikyu. And so if they had any problem and asked him, and he goes like this, and I solve it. Yes. Nationality. Linear. No. Rho is not small and it's not linear. It's Rho is any function of z. Any function of x and y. So z and z bar. So to solve this, remember that the metric can be written like that. But you can also write it like this. So the theorem says you can find mappings which takes these to zero, gz and gz bar to zero, and you are left with, because this is now a flat metric, and this is a factor. So there are conformal transformations which takes you from there to here. Why is it? Yes. The question is find them. So if we know that they exist, but this question asks you to find the transformations. The proof that they exist is mathematical proof, but we don't need it. We know that they exist. There exist mappings which can map this form into that form. So in fact, if you like, I need to find w, allow z to go to w, such that this goes into w, w bar, dw, dw bar. Expression depending on z and z bar. That is, this move from here to here is simple because what you do is that you take, if I expand this, this is g11 dx squared g22 dy squared plus g12 dx dy. And what I do is that I define z as x plus iy and put it in there. And then what happens is that I have dx squared twice i dx dy minus dy squared g11. Sorry, this way is better. x is z plus z bar divided by 2. So it is dz divided by 2 plus dz bar divided by 2 s squared. So this comes out into one quarter of g11 dz squared plus one quarter of g11 dz bar plus one quarter of g11 dz bar s squared. You do that for all three terms and collect them. Eventually you will end up with the bottom shape. But gzz is some linear combination of g11, g22 and g12. Is there two factors in the third two symmetric terms? You have to find the mapping which makes g1, you see it makes this combination g equal to 0. You find the map, you see this under conformal mapping. G maps like this. So there is a mapping. x goes to x mu. So dx mu will be dw mu dx mu dx mu. Therefore g mu nu equals dw dx g dw dx. Find this mapping. This is like a matrix. So if you take g as a matrix, it's m, g, m transpose. And I wanted to look like, sorry, and I wanted to look like that. This, if you like, is a function. This is a matrix. Function is not the row xy. Just the row xy, yes. Is the row xy? They should write a row, if you like. It's the row xy. The line is how the matrix transforms under this transformation that we are looking for. Yes. I'm sorry. Omega is an epitome transformation. Omega is a transformation of the coordinates. The statement of the problem was for a local problem or it was universal? It's not global. It has to be local. So I don't want to teach Romanian geometry here. I'm avoiding your question. So when you have a Romanian geometry, the Romanian manifold, usually you cannot cover it with one coordinate patch. For example, a sphere at least needs two coordinate patches and they translate to each other on their overlaps. So this is only true in one coordinate patch, only true for two dimensions. There are manifolds in three and four dimensions which are conformally flat, but they are special. You have to make an assumption on the metric to become conformally flat. Here you don't have to make any assumption. It automatically... The solution of that problem solves it. Yes. I mean... Yes. You have to find a w which gives you the m such that g in general goes to this. Okay. You have to solve... You set up a set of differential equations which does this. I have notes to do it but it's really messy. It takes a lot of time. I can give them to you later. You just find the equations and then you solve the equations. I mean for each value... Yes. So for each couple of indices we have a differential equation. So we have a set of differential equations that we have to solve basically. Okay. The beauty of it is that it becomes similar to Cauchy-Riemann conditions. But it needs a few lines of mathematics. Okay. Thank you. Give me... So we can play karaoke now. All right. You're playing a system differential equation for the component of omega in the new variable. Yes. Okay. And we should keep all the odds back. Yes. Okay. Let's go to the next problem. Fractals. This is called a Cantor set. Cantor set is a fractal that Cantor did not discover. Somebody else discovered it. But we all call it Cantor sets because he proved a lot of theorems about it. So what you do is that you take the real line, let's say 0 to 1, you take half of it and throw it away and repeat it. So this goes from 0 to 1 third and this goes from 2 thirds to 1. You then repeat and then repeat until infinity. And also of course on the other side. You know this is true about the Ising model as well. Ising did not discover the Ising model. It was constructed by his supervisor whose name was Lenz and he gave it to Ising as a PhD program, PhD problem. And as most PhD students do this, after six months, Ising went to Lenz and said, no face transition in it. Wrote his PhD and left. The right Ising model was solved by Ansager after the war. And what did Ising do? He opened the shop selling textiles. Okay, Cantor set, calculate the fractal dimension. Don't find it on the internet. Solve it. I don't get the sentence at all. Log 2 by log 3. Log 3. Yes. Log 2 divided by log 3. Gabriel, you finished? Okay. So how I do it? I have to cover this by lines. See here because this fractal is smaller than the line, I cover it by line segments. So line segments at each level sk is 1 third. So at k equal to 1, a segment of length 1 over t will cover this guy. But how many do I need two of them? Because there are two line segments at each stage. So nk is 2 to the power k. And fractal dimension is defined as minus log of nk divided by log of sk limit of k tending to infinity. So log 2 divided by log 3. Approximately 0.6. Does anybody has anyone done the numerics? What is 0.6 or something? Does anybody know? The next digit, the next 3? 0.63. Is equal to 1 over the fractal dimension of, of what? Serpinski Triangle. This is the action for the scalar field in arbitrary dimension. What we want is the energy momentum tensor. It is related to the variation of s with respect to g mu nu. So what is it? So of course one term is this. It's easy. It's just this determinant which is a little difficult. No, determinant of g. This is determinant of g. So variation of this with respect to g first term gives this one. The problem is this next term which has variation of determinant of g. It's a very, very important rule. The teacher is not confined to that area. You can walk out. Have you done this in the exercise classes? No. It's an instrument which I use very effectively in class. What do you do? I walk in. I walk in and then I go, I. I got a little stuck. I got a little stuck. I asked her if she knows how to do it. So you have to get the variation of g with respect to g mu nu. So you can write it like that. So it becomes something like this. I don't know how to resolve that. So you can do that in two dimensions. But in d dimensions, which is I'm doing now, it's a little difficult. Yes, it's like a derivative. But it's a variation because this is not a parameter. It's a function. Yes. Then it's the variation multiplied by some function. And this function has to be some function of g. There is no other choice. Yes? So it's just that what exactly is true, I don't know, but I know that this is the right answer. So the question is what is the variation of the determinant of g? It doesn't help. But anyway, one, check that d mu nu is zero. From here to here, g now is a constant. So I do this calculation. The way we do this calculation is that at this stage, we take g to be a function of x and y because we want to do this calculation. But once it is finished and we arrive at t, I now take g to be a constant, which is one minus one minus one minus one. So given that g is a constant now, show that the energy momentum is conserved. This conservation of energy and momentum is the foundation of physics. If we don't have it, we have nothing. So this is conservation of energy and momentum. Yes? In the last line, the derivative d mu, shouldn't it be d nu? No, I think it should have a factor of one-half in it. In the first term, the nu is missing. Okay, this term vanishes because equation of motion is d mu d mu phi. And this term exactly can sense this term. I just have to redefine my indices for it to become nice. So I bring this down, call it beta, call this alpha, put the g alpha beta here. And they become exactly equal. But this is a factor of one-half here, which in my derivative I had it wrong. Yeah? So phi is a massless scalar phi? Massless scalar phi. If it's a massless scalar phi here, you see there is no mass. It's equation of motion. Do you derive the equation of motion from here, variation in respect to d mu of phi? You just get Laplacian of phi is zero. Or in fact, this is more than Laplacian, it's box in any dimension. Number two, work out the trace of t. The trace of t is one minus t divided by two times something. So it is equal to zero at d equal to two. I don't understand your question. Let me just repeat. T mu nu is this. I take the derivative with respect to d mu. It comes to d mu, d mu phi. And then I have... Then I have this guy. Yes? Then I have this term. Here these are two terms because the derivative of each one of them, a factor of two comes out. Two terms are exactly the same, so I just cancel the factor. Now these two terms are exactly the same if I rewrite it with a metric. So you're okay now? So, yes. Those two terms are equal, yes. You have to just rewrite and rename the indices for them to look the same. So the derivative of t mu nu is zero. This is conservation of energy and momentum. Now, next step, take trace of t. Trace of t is t mu, t mu. In other words, you multiply with g mu nu and sum. The answer is 1 minus d divided by 2 d phi squared. See if you can get it. This is minus, this is plus. Here? Or in front of everything. So this shows something is special at two dimensions. It doesn't happen in other dimensions. So at two dimensions, let's go back and rewrite the action. Same action in two dimensions. Is there anybody who did not write this? There's many. Because you didn't want to. Yeah? I don't get the factor one out in front of d. The trace of t is d. The trace of t is g mu nu, d mu nu, d nu phi. Sorry, the trace of g. The trace of g is d. So I don't get the one out. I get 1 minus d.  I don't touch. Well done. So we see that this term comes out, 1 minus d over 2. So if you set d equal to 2, the trace of t vanishes. If the trace of t vanishes, then we have conformal invariance. So in two dimensions, I rewrite the action to see that it has obviously got conformal invariance. I write it in terms of complex variables. Now, the variation of s with respect to phi gives you the equation of motion, gives you d d bar phi equal to 0. Which means that phi is a function of z plus another function of z bar. This is the power of complex analysis that you solve with differential equation by choosing an ansatz. You don't need to solve anything. Just any function of z is a solution. Now, what I want is the green function. What is it? So you know how to find the green function? No. Nobody knows how to find the green function. Take a differential equation like this. I take this to be two-dimensional problem so that it is similar to our problem. But I put in an extra constant here to make it a little harder and a negative sign here. I want to find the green function. So what I do is that I take a Fourier transform. Take a Fourier transform. You get k squared plus m squared. Fourier transform of g is equal to 1. Fourier transform of delta function is 1. So this equation is now algebraic, easy to solve. So you get g of k equal to 1 over k squared plus m squared. Now, inverse transform. This is the Fourier transform of the green function. So if I inverse transform, it gives me the green function. i.e. the green function x minus, let's say just x, is e to the ikx over k squared plus m squared e to k. If I want x minus y, I will simply transfer here. So if I want to calculate this, now I can do it by taking it to the complex plane. I have a pole at plus minus im. So I take it to the complex plane and there is a pole here and a pole here. So what I do is that I close the contour on the upper half plane. So this pole is picked up. So I have to set k equal to im. It gives me a minus mx divided by 2im. And then this, of course, can be written as k plus im, k minus im. One of them is the pole, jumps. The other one is 2im. So modulo sum constants. Calculation is finished. However, what is interesting to me is the limit of m tending to 0. Because this is what I want, which is only the first part of this operator. So in the limit of m tending to 0, see this goes to 1, but this goes to 0. And so this is singular and this means that this calculation is no longer valid. It is because in the limit of m tending to 0, this comes to the real axis. And I have a pole on my contour. So I have to avoid this problem. And so what it does is that I have a pole on the contour and I have to make a little circle like that. And I now have to calculate this little circle here around the pole. So an integral like that has to be done for this pinching. When you look at this integral, you see that you have a divergence at k equal to 0. And if you scale x away, if you define k prime as k as k prime over x, this x disappears. And between these two, you lose k prime. You observe that you have a situation like that. So it cannot be that this is independent of x. Something is going wrong. And that is because when k is very much near 0, which is on this circle, actually you can take this equal to 1 and this is a logarithm. So the answer is a log of x. So I suggest to you that the answer is minus log of z minus w squared. You can see that if you differentiate this once and then twice, you get 1 over z minus w and it is singular at z equal to w like it should be. And it is regular everywhere else. So behaves exactly like a Green function is a solution of this differential equation and it is just not a solution exactly at z minus w. These things are called Green functions. When you deal with the problem of differential equations, finding the Green function is very useful because it solves your boundary condition problem. But here for us it has a far more important use. What is the use? Phi of z, phi of w, expectation value. So if you take this as now a quantum field theory, these become operators and phi will have an expectation value and the expectation value is the Green function. This is something from quantum field theory. I prefer not to prove it now. So it is equal to minus log of z minus w squared. However, it cannot be a conformal field theory. It is conformal, it is quantum, but not a conformal field theory. Why? Because we know it is not dropping. So what do I do? Dropping. In axiomatic field theory they show that if your field theory makes sense, you must always have this thing minus this thing to be a decreasing function of x. This is absolutely necessary because you want an effect here, an effect there interacting with each other as they go away from each other to become independent. Maybe in the usual standard situation they become independent exponentially, but at critical phenomena they become independent by power law, but still they become independent. They must be decreasing. Log is not acceptable. Yes, it's negative, but it depends on the length of scale you use here. You have to use a length of scale because this now doesn't have right dimensions and this length of scale. So you do something smaller than the length of scale, it becomes positive. The negative sign is not important. It's not bad. Playing a game? Okay, it's 4.30, but just give me five more minutes, I finish this argument. A little bit more energy. So what I do? I take exponential of phi. Only in two dimensions. This is allowed to do. Taking exponential of operators in higher dimensions is not well defined, but here we can do it. And this is called the vertex operator. And mathematicians call this theory vertex operator algebra instead of conformal field theory. You call it vertex operator algebra because of these vertex operators. Now what I want is, okay, now that I have defined this vertex operator, work out for me the correlator of two vertex operators if phi behaves like that. The alpha alpha. Do you know this theorem in quantum mechanics? You don't know. You said yes first. Exactly, so you know.  I think one half. You have to use it to calculate that. I remember some BCH series which is in NX series. Meaning arguments of exponential. If this is zero then it finishes here. So when you have two operators whose commutator is a C number, that's all you need to write. Okay, the next step is that if you put phi here, this commutator of phi is related to the expectation of phi. So the alpha z, the alpha w is equal to e to the power of minus 2 alpha squared phi of z, phi of w, one half. So equals to e to the power of minus alpha squared, log of z minus w squared.  So the alpha is a conformal field theory with conformal dimension, alpha is squared, alpha is squared. Yes? The cumulant expansion gives the same result. Why is that? The cumulant expansion doesn't give the same result. Gives the same result. I expected it to be only approximately the same. Which cumulant expansion? What are you talking about? Replace that with the exponential of a series of expectation values. Okay. Is that because we despise the other terms in the expansion of the commutators? I don't know. You mean to write it like this, one plus, write it like that. I have to see it on paper. I cannot imagine. No, what I didn't explain to you, that here you have commutator of two phi's.


Welcome to the World Economic Forum in Geneva, Switzerland. My name is Adrian Monk. And joining me for today's launch of the Global Gender Gap Report is Sadia Zahidi, the report's author. But also joining us, we have the Honorable Zainab Shamsuna Ahmed from Nigeria, who is Minister of Finance, Budget, and National Planning. We have YPRO's CEO and managing director, Thierry de la Porte. And from LinkedIn, we have their head of global public policy and economic graphing, Sue Duke. So we have a great group to discuss the findings of this year's Global Gender Gap Report. But to start us rolling, I want to introduce the report's lead and author, Sadia Zahidi, to tell us some of the headlines from the 2022 Global Gender Gap Report. Sadia, over to you. Thanks very much, Adrian. And I'd just like to acknowledge that there's actually quite an extensive team that is involved with this set of work. And I'm one of the authors of the report. OK, so 146 countries covered this year. Number one in the world, Iceland, having closed just over 90% of its gender gap. And 146th in the world, Afghanistan, which has closed just over 44% of its gender gap. So a huge diversity across those countries. And yet, none has actually reached parity, even though Iceland and other Nordic countries are doing fairly well. A second key takeaway, the way we build this index, we look at education, we look at health, we look at economic participation, and we look at political empowerment. When it comes to health, about 96% of that gender gap has been closed. When it comes to education, about 94%. When it comes to economic participation, just over 60%. And when it comes to political empowerment, only about 22%. Third, we've been doing this for about 16 years. And if we continue at the current pace of change that we've tracked over the last decade and a half, it will take 132 years to get to parity across this combined set of countries and this combined set of data. Now, that was at about 100 years just before the pandemic. And so the pandemic and its disruptions have added essentially a couple of generations to the time it will take to reach parity. Thanks, Adrian. Thanks, Sadiq. Sue Duke, you're with LinkedIn. And LinkedIn has some unique insights into the world of pay and some of the facts and figures that sit behind this report. Can you share some of the key insights with us? Sue, I'm not sure if we're hearing you. Is that any better? That's much better. Sorry, Adrian. Good morning, everyone. It's great to be here this morning with you all. The findings and the data in today's report are very, very clear. Even in good times, work has not been working for women as well as it has been for men. But as Sadiq pointed out there, especially in bad times when there are health, economic or other shocks to the system, it's women who take the biggest hit. At LinkedIn, we've been using our unique insights drawn from our 830 million members worldwide to study these trends. And there's a couple of key findings I call out this morning, Adrian. The first is leadership. The good news here is the numbers are going in the right direction. We've seen the annual share of women hired into leadership roles go from 33% five years ago to 37% in 2022. The bad news is we are still way off where we need to be. Women today make up just 31% of leadership roles globally. And there is not a single country and there is not a single industry that has achieved gender parity in leadership. So those numbers need to go way up and fast. Second, why is it that those numbers are so low? One of the great things about LinkedIn's insights is we can use them to really pinpoint exactly where it is that men and women's careers diverge. And there are two key areas in the report that I think are worth calling out. One, getting into that first manager role and two, getting an internal promotion. We can think of that first management role as the entry point into leadership. And that's precisely where we see this first significant pinpoint. In the move from individual contributor to manager, there's a 9% drop-off for women versus men. And from there, not surprisingly, that gap only gets bigger the higher you go. So when we look at the global picture, women make up about a half of entry-level roles, about a third of manager roles, and only about a quarter of senior leadership roles. So we're going from a half to a third to a quarter by the time we get to C-suite. And compounding that problem, our data shows that in 2021, men were on average 33%. So one third, more likely to receive an internal promotion versus women. One other trend I call out is that surge that we're seeing in women setting up their own businesses. This is a longer-term trend that we've been seeing in the data over the past number of years, but that trend really, really took off two years ago in that first critical year of the pandemic. So in 2020, the share of female founders was up 45% on the previous years. Now there's no question what part of that increase was driven by the opportunities that the pandemic brought about for setting up new businesses and lowering set-up costs, et cetera, but we can be very sure that many women were also forced to become what we call necessity entrepreneurs, having had their hands forced by economic headwinds, by inequitable workplaces, and frankly, unworkable working lives as they tried to juggle those additional care responsibilities along with their professional responsibilities. So all in all, Adrienne, our findings make for a pretty sobering reading this morning, but crucially, they also shine a light on where some of these problems are emerging, and we hope we'll be a spur to action so that we can start to tackle some of those immediately. Thanks, Sue. I think we're concerned to one of Africa's leading economies, Nigeria, and hear from the minister there on what government is doing to really tackle this gender gap and how countries like Nigeria can help promote women in leadership. Minister. Thank you very much, Adrienne. Good morning, everyone. It's been a story of making progress and also regressing in our case. In our case, the COVID-19 really set us back. We had started with policies that were targeted at ensuring that women get a bit more of the economic activities, COVID-19 set us back. But what we did respond to the setback was in our economic sustainability plan, we designed programs and made sure that there was a clear target to prioritize women by at least 50% in each of the packages that we prepared. So whether it is supporting small businesses, we made sure that 50% of the government's interventions to those small businesses were to women, whether it is public works, we made sure that women and girls were also taken along. In Nigeria, at the leadership level, if I give an example of the current federal executive council, we have like 42 ministers and only seven women. In the parliament, the proportion of women is just 4%, so we're not doing so well in terms of women representation and leadership. What we are seeing increasingly women going into entrepreneurship, so small businesses are going and when government gives financing to women, the performance in terms of repayment for parents is almost 99% so women are the favorite for financial institutions to give financial support in terms of loans too because they actually do well. Also, the studies we've done shows that when you give funds to women, it actually has a direct impact on the family. The children fare better in school, they fare better in health, as opposed to when you provide the same kind of funding to men, the impact is not as well. So we've seen that an investment in women is actually, for us, a direct investment in the economy. The women form more than 50% of the population. They are the largest group that go out to vote for leaders in the country, but somehow we're still struggling with how to get more women into leadership positions, especially elective office positions. We've made sure that our budgets have an underlying principle of special provisions for projects that will have high impact on women and girls and also in the education sector of design-specific programs to encourage girls to finish at least what we call secondary school because when a girl is up to 18, before she gets married, she takes care of herself and her family better. So there's a policy now that is beginning to evolve in states to make sure that a girl doesn't get married before the full age of adolescence, which is 18 years in our case. It's, like I said, it's a mix story. You see some progress and some work in some areas and then in some areas not doing so well, but it's generally now agreed that girls must be given priority, especially in education. And when you educate them, then they have a better chance of being better entrepreneurs and also have a better chance of getting into jobs and also keeping jobs and rising to managerial levels and the jobs that they handle. But it's interesting what that would mean and I'd like to see what we can progress. Minister, thank you very much. Sherry de la Port, we've heard there about some of the actions that government are taking. We heard from Sue Duke as well about some of the barriers that women face in the workplace. What can businesses really do to ensure that these barriers are removed? How can businesses step up and help close this gap which only seems to be getting wider through this pandemic? Yeah, Adrian. Thanks, big question. And actually, let me start with one or two comments on the study itself and really great job to the team. I think it's fabulous to have data and really some real insight on how things are, where things are and how far are we from the objective. I find two things that I find completely striking. One, even the best country on earth is actually not meeting the balance, right? Even the best one. So it shows that this is a global issue. You may have some towards on top of the table, some are lower, some are training up, some are training down, but everyone has to continue to work on it and close the gap. And I don't think we can wait for another 100 years. It's crazy. The second point that I find striking as a leader also is that, again, based on facts, if you look at what has happened over the last few years, small progress, small progress, small progress, and suddenly there is something macro that happens that change for some time, a little bit the focus and the priorities, then by definition, we go back many years in our progression. Why? And conscious bias, the reality is because suddenly we are not measuring actions based on these metrics, but on another one, and by definition, unconscious bias play to continue to aggravate the situation of gender balance. So that's for me two really, really big learnings that I take from this study. Your question about general leadership and the businesses, my point is the following. As a leader, one, it must be leaders, agenda, top priority, as simple as that. And in speaking, in action, and in results, you need everything. You need the speaking to address the unconscious bias to really spread the rationale for why you're doing it. Again, fairness, efficiency, but also, I don't know a team, I've seen it many times in my career, a team that has the right balance, gender balance is more likely to be a team that is creative, that is challenging status quo, that is innovative, that push boundaries, that connects more with others. Diversity brings better understanding of differences. And is at the end of the day, a better performing organization. So that is the reality. But to drive this, not only speaking actions and outcome, it's very simple, my view is, it's like when you're sailing, there is the wind is sometimes telling, sometimes it's backwind, it doesn't matter. At the end of the day, the responsibility of the leader is to drive outcome and make sure that every single day in its own organization, we are closing the gap. Now it comes to the question of the speed of the gap. But in the way you are hiring people, in the way you are rating the performance of people, in the way you are promoting people, in your way you are giving roles to, you know, at leadership level as well, you can, you must make sure that the gap is reducing. It's as simple as that. In my organization at We Pro, we have 250,000 employees around the world. We have a gender balance of 36%, which is not right, right? There's no reason for that. It's been built over the years, but this is not a good reason. You know, every single matrix is based on the fact that wherever you are as a leader, you need to move the leader and make sure that, and we can speak about it later. But on every of these metrics, the gap must widen every year. So no excuse allowed. Just a focus on outcome. Tiari, thanks very much. Before we take some questions, Saadia, can I just go back to you? You know, there's no great secrets here about what it takes to close this gap. What are the very basic things that companies and governments can be doing to make sure that this is something that's tackled? A major area of investment for governments is care infrastructure. In the same way that governments think about physical infrastructure, they need to think about care infrastructure, health, childcare, elder care, broadly speaking the education sector, investments in these areas is better for families, but it is also much better for creating jobs, for example, and creating good jobs that can employ many, many millions of people across most economies. So there is a win-win there and a multiplier effect there that also helps close the gender gap. A second element is a big focus on the job creating sectors of the future. Now, this is where a focus on science, technology, engineering, and math related education would be critical when it comes to developing the pipeline of girls and women that can go into these professions in the future. And second, ensuring that the organizations that employ people into these roles are taking that bias out and ensuring that the full base of talent, women and men alike, are able to move into some of these roles. These are going to be the highest paid, growing, fastest growing roles of the future and we have to ensure there is a laser sharp focus there. And then the third element is the sectors that have suffered the most over the course of the pandemic, they also happen to be the ones that are some of the largest employers of women. So for example, retail, for example, travel and tourism, these are all sectors that were disrupted over the last few years and they haven't quite had a full recovery and that is where some of the longer standing scarring of the labor market has taken place and that is where some of the longer standing losses of women's employment and again, there needs to be a stronger focus on either recovering those roles or reskilling and upskilling those women into other roles into growing sectors in the future. Thanks, Sadia. First question from Lucy White at the Daily Mail and we are going to have some questions live. I think this one is, do you think work from home policies risk setting women back? If they work from home more than men due to childcare responsibilities? And maybe I can just share that round and Sue, I can see that you look like you are working from home. What do you think to Lucy's question, are these policies actually working to the detriment of women's employment possibilities? Yeah, it's a great question and one we need to pay very, very close attention to make sure that working from home does not mean women taking on more of the care responsibilities that we saw them disproportionately assumed during the pandemic. Sadia highlighted at today's report reinforces it that that impact is still being felt, that double shift that women did throughout the pandemic is still having an impact on their careers. One of the key things here is we need to normalize flexibility for all workers, for men and for women so that everyone has the ability to manage their care responsibilities in a way that works for them, for their families and for their careers. And this is one of the critical opportunities that the crisis of the pandemic presents us. Flexible working is becoming a norm not just for women, but across the board. In January 2020, right before the pandemic hit one in 61 jobs on LinkedIn was a remote job. Today it's one in six. So if you go on LinkedIn today, one in six jobs is a remote job. And that gives us a huge opportunity to capitalize on this very fundamental shift in how work is organized, to make sure that it's organized in a way that allows us all to share responsibilities so that we can all share these opportunities in a much more equal way. Thanks for that. We have Jamie Keaton on the line. I think if we can bring Jamie Keaton up from the Associated Press. Jamie, your question for the panel. Good morning, Adrian. Good morning, Xavier. I had a couple of quick questions. One is following up on your question about what governments can do. I guess the question really is, are the governments doing that? I mean, I know we heard from Minister Ahmed who mentioned that. But overall, aside from Nigeria, I mean, are countries actually making good on their commitments? And what more really could they be doing? And then also talking about the gender, the care situation, the care infrastructure situation, are you advising governments to somehow compensate women who stay at home and care for children and care for the elderly, that kind of thing, which could have a really broad-ranging impact to help improve pay. And then finally, sorry, I'm going to add a quick third. Just in terms of the selection, you did mention that there's some numbers of countries that were not included this year, among the 146, Russia, Syria, Iraq, among them. Could you just explain a little bit about why some of those countries were kept out this year? Thanks. That's a great triple decker question. Thank you, Jamie. Just to start perhaps with the most straightforward, it's usually data reasons that keep countries out of reports like this, ability to gather, ability to verify, ability to audit. Sadiah, can we just begin perhaps first with the issue of governments generally? We heard from the minister about what Nigeria is doing, but are governments doing enough? You know, the evidence of the report seems to be that with this gap widening, there's a gap between what governments are talking about and what's actually happening on the ground. Is there a need for more action by governments? Yeah. So on your piece on data, yes, absolutely. This is simply due to data availability, and we hope to continue to cover as many countries as we possibly can and add some countries back in in the future when that data becomes available. On the piece on governments, I think when it comes to the care infrastructure, it's very clear that the only economies that are doing really well at this are the Nordic economies. They have actually put systems in place that make it possible for care to be better distributed in families and also to find other solutions that are socially funded when it comes to care. That's one area that other governments would do well in investing in, and it truly is an investment because it pays off, it allows more women to go into the workforce. The second element is removing basic barriers such as access to financial services, access to digital services. This is something that, particularly in developing countries, is going to be huge if they want to be able to integrate more women into the labor force. The third element is education. Now, interestingly, a lot of tertiary education gender gaps have either been closed or near closing in many parts of the world, but there are still too many persistent gaps when it comes to primary education and secondary education in many parts of the world, and that is critical. If we don't do that basic investment, then it's really impossible for those women to be able to go into higher-paid, higher-skilled professions into the future. Sadiya, thanks for that. And Thierry, the report from Y-Pro, perhaps be interesting to hear from your perspective how business feels government is doing on this. Do you feel that governments around the world are supporting businesses like yours enough, or is there more that they could be doing, and are there some key actions that are missing? Yeah, no. I think, Adrienne, the reality is that it's very different from a country to another. I absolutely concur that probably the Nordics countries have been ahead, and have been leading. I suspect, I mean, I've not... I don't have the expertise of all the studies of the past, but I would not be surprised that they've led for many years already, because it's a culture, a global culture, that is a lot more pro-supporting this equality. And I think it drives one lesson, which is that it's not by one, two, three, or five majors. It's by a wealth of different majors that you can really drive a real impact in the field. Where is it is in creating? So we talked about the work from home or the flexibility required. Let me tell you one thing, because I'm speaking to small groups of my organization every single week to collect their feedback and their views on what they would like the business world to evolve into in the future regarding that question. And what I'm hearing quite systematically from women is they like the fact that they can work from home. They save on some commuting that is sometimes long. They save on... And they can feel that they can organize themselves to manage the different priorities they have. It changes also the behavior of men who suddenly realize that they also have to play a role as well for the overall balance to work. And they also like the fact that they can come back to the office because they want to engage and meet with colleagues and partners and clients. And so at the end of the day, the hybrid model is absolutely overwhelming male, overwhelmingly chosen by the women at least in my organization, but I hear it a lot from my clients as well. So it's clear. Now, how do we create this environment? Here is when we need the help from governments in terms of rules around equal pay. Is it acceptable legally that two persons in the same role are paid with 30% gap? It's not. So if it's not, is it legal? Question. Some places are more rigid than in some other places. We have a lot of discussion about maternity and paternity leave. Return to the office from maternity. What are the conditions and so on and so on. Again, a lot more must be done by governments, but maybe my personal view is that the leaders in the business can actually do most of the work to close the gap. Thierry, thank you very much. A minister, we've got a couple more questions on the line, but just turning to you briefly. When you attend summits with fellow ministers, other leaders, is this issue of women's empowerment and bridging this gender gap part of your conversations or is this still a kind of sideline conversation that's being had? Minister, I think we just need your audio. I always make a point of trying to bring the issue to address that of women, but it's not necessarily mainstream into discussions that are held. So mostly you find that the issues of women are side buildings, which is really unfortunate because if you mainstream the issue of women in every sector of the economy, then you find that there are very direct economic benefits for doing that. In Nigeria, we actually took the pains to make sure that we provided even in some of our laws tax relief that was targeted at micro-small medium enterprise and the reason why we did that was because we found that the majority were women and we didn't have big funds to give people during the COVID outbreak. So we thought tax relief was a good way to address small businesses and women were the greatest beneficiaries. We designed registers to register the rural poor and the urban poor. 96% of those registers were women beneficiaries as caregivers of homes. So it has to be like one of my hobbies in the family. It has to be front and center. It has to be conscious. You have to do it deliberately. It won't happen by chance. We have to keep bringing it to the fore on a continuous basis because the benefit affects children. We have a better educational outcome, better outcomes and also great economic benefits. So we need to continue to put for every aspect whether it's agriculture, we have a program that we designed to keep high yielding seeds to women who choose to produce higher value crops rather than the low value crops that is just for consumption. So it has to be deliberate and it has to be an inconsistent basis. Thank you. Thanks for that. Parvani Benu from the Hindu business line. Your question please. Hi. I have a couple of questions. One from the data perspective. So do you think that adding or subtracting parameters that you've used to come up with these rankings? Will it have an effect? Will it change the ranking in case another parameter is added? The other question that I had was our country has been... Our country, India has been consistently ranking low in a lot of indices that have come out recently like the happiness index, the environment protection index. And there have been instances where the authorities have either rejected or criticized those reports. So do you think that that could be an outcome with the gender gap report as well? Thanks for that. Good question. Sadiya, obviously governments and businesses have a lot of attention to reports like these, but do you and the team get any feedback from them on people slipping back or moving up? Yeah. So the way we've constructed the index is try to take into account 14 key indicators that we think should apply globally that can give us a very good picture of what is happening in each country when we look at this aggregated index. But in addition to that, we've got well over 30, nearly 40 other indicators that are provided for every single country to be able to develop a very complete picture in terms of what is happening on women and men and specifically on gender gaps in economic, political and other fields. Now, that's the data piece of this. As to the attention that these rankings help draw, the main purpose here is to really call to governments, to businesses, to other leaders that more should be done in terms of closing the gender gap. The overall correlation between the economies that perform well in terms of competitiveness, in terms of productivity, those economies happen to be the very same ones that do well in terms of closing gender gaps. So there is a very clear incentive for governments to be able to do more. Now, when it comes to specific countries and how rankings are received, we are working with nearly 15 countries now on what we call the closing the gender gap accelerators. These are public-private collaborations sponsored by each government that are set up in various economies, large and small, that are trying to take this approach of accelerated impact on closing gender gaps. And there has been a lot of success. Our oldest accelerator so far is in Chile. And nearly 7% of the working women in that country have been impacted by that accelerator. Now, this translates into hundreds of thousands of women being supported through some of the work that has been done in those countries. So it's about a combination of data and policies that together can have the right kind of impact. Sadia, thank you. And I think it's something that's worth remembering is these rankings are produced really as guidelines. They're not intended to shame countries. They're really just intended to offer guidelines comparatively how countries are doing. We've got Tim Cohen from the Daily Maverick in South Africa on the line. Tim, your question. Hi, everyone. Thanks very much. I'm interested in the regional aspect of the report. It's interesting to me that a bunch of developing countries are in the top 10. We in the developing world, we sort of used to being right at the bottom of these rankings. So it's kind of exciting that we've, you know, won at least we're in the higher portion.  But really, if you look at society as a whole, it doesn't follow through at all. I just wonder if you can talk a bit about the regional differences between developing and developing countries. There's one other aspect of this that is also interesting. I thought you have mentioned before that the Scandinavian countries, you know, have come very high on the list, I think. And, you know, we all know this, that this has been a kind of, you know, after a sustained kind of effort. But a lot of Scandinavian countries also have, and some European countries too, have specific requirements for the numerical balance on corporate boards. I just wondered whether you would encourage that as when you see the results.  Thanks very much. Thanks for that. Maybe before I turn to Sadia, just to bring Sue Duke in. Sue, you know, LinkedIn spans an incredible number of different countries. Do you see some of what Tim reflected in your data when you look at developing versus developed economies? We do see some of those divergences. So we do see that what Sadie said at the top of this session, those Nordic countries coming out quite strongly, some of those Western Europeans coming out strongly too, and some of those developing countries are certainly lagging further behind. But I think what is very clear is that there are systematic gaps across the board and that we are not making sufficient progress. The progress we are making is very, very slow there. And as I said at the top of the session, Adriene, that means that right now today, when it comes to female leadership, we do not have a single country and we do not have a single industry that has reached parity. So there are systematic challenges faced by women across the world, and there are key areas that the data points to that we need to start tackling immediately if those barriers are going to go away for women all across the world. Key areas like internal mobility, like equal hiring practices, and increased flexibility, without those women everywhere, are going to continue to struggle to break through, and in particular, struggle to break through to the highest ranks of corporate and government organisations. Thanks for that. Sadie, just a quick reflection from you. Yeah, so the index is constructed so that it is not tied to whether a country is rich or poor. What we're looking at is whether there is equality of access to opportunities. And when we look at the index that way, it's very clear that some countries from the developing world and the developed world are near the top, and countries from both the developed and the developing world are near the bottom. There are very rich countries that are towards the bottom of this index in the same way that there are developing economies that are in the top 10. And that is deliberately by construction because we want to be able to see how countries are doing on closing that gender gap regardless of whether they're rich or poor. And in fact, countries are going to get richer faster if they integrate more of their human capital, women and men alike. Now that said, what is also clear is that when it comes to different regions, there's a very different pace at which they're reaching parity. So in North America, it will take 59 more years to get to parity and change, 60 years when it comes to Europe, 67 years for Latin America, 98 years for Africa, 115 years for Middle East and North African region, 152 when it comes to Central Asia, 168 for East Asia and finally South Asia, nearly 200 years. So things do look very different in different parts of the world and that regional breakdown also gives you a sense of developing and developed regions. Thanks for that, Sadiya. And yeah, they do look very different and not good in any of those numbers. Time for a last question. Anand Ritsvi, Anand, your question, please. And can you just tell us where you're from? Hi, it's Anand from the National Newspaper in the UAE. So my questions are about sort of the MENA region. So in the last couple of reports, MENA region ranked the lowest and this year it's ranked second to last where South Asia is ranked last. Are there any major reasons why there's a certain improvement and also why it's still lagging behind? Aside from the general advice that you've given to sort of governments and organizations worldwide, are there certain things that governments and sort of companies in this region need to do sort of focus on critically? The cost of living have really gone up in the past year in this region. So you say that the women are going to be hit the hardest. Now what does the UAE government, what do authorities need to do to make sure that the women are, you know, not impacted the worst? Thanks for that. And I'll turn to Sadiya on that and then I just want to get a closing reflection if I may from each of our panelists just on maybe the one thing that they would like to see prioritized to tackle this gender gap so that we can have perhaps some more encouraging news to share next year. Sadiya, just turning to you on that particular question. Yeah, the big advantage in the Middle East region more broadly and more specifically in the Gulf countries is the huge investment that has taken place in women's education in the last three decades or so. In fact, it's been so successful that more women are coming out of university education than men in most of the Gulf countries. Now that investment getting converted into workforce gains is where the focus needs to be. And again, there has been a lot of progress. So for example, the UAE countries like Saudi Arabia, they are doing fairly well in terms of closing the gender gap, the economic gender gap relative to their starting point some years ago. So there has been progress, but many more women need to go into leadership positions and similarly when it comes to more political decision making structures as well. So those are the two things that I think would have the biggest impact in terms of closing the gender gap in the region. Thanks for that. And then perhaps if I can just turn to our panelists for a final reflection on this year's disappointing report in terms of its headlines. Minister, what's the one thing that you'd like to focus on in the year ahead on closing this gender gap? Well, we just need you to unmute Minister if I could. Thank you. For the next round of reports that there should be an attempt to look at government's fiscal policies. We have been trying to mainstream gender parity in our fiscal policies in public financial management because that is really at the macro level and has a build-up impact. And I think we should remember to always look at policies at that level. And also when you have more women in strategic leadership positions in government in the private sector, the programs and the projects that involve on the policies will tend to become more balanced and also more gender neutral. So we should encourage governments at all levels in different places to look at gender parity as an economic-wise economic decision to take under implement. Thanks, Minister. Thierry, the reporter of YPRO, is there one key thing that you think you want to prioritize this year to help bring this gender gap down? Leadership must show direction and I think it always must come from the top. Team Cohen referred to the fact that in some countries, the boards, there is a requirement for boards to have balance between women and men. And guess what? It works. It works and it's been done. Why don't we go and do the same for executive committee levels and drive it the same way? And we will see a different dynamic in these teams with better performance. Thank you, Thierry. And Sue, last reflection from you as we look at these numbers, is there one sort of key thing that stands out for you is something you'd like to see acted on in the year ahead? Yeah, as you said, Adrienne, the data, the findings, they are deeply disappointing and we need to make some really big changes here if we are not going to continue to either inch forward with the progress we have made, or indeed if there are other shocks, if we are hit with economic headwinds or other headwinds that we don't actually lose ground and go backwards. The data is extremely useful in shining a light on the specific areas where we're falling down. We need to get more women. We need to start bringing more women through the ranks within organizations. We need to start bringing more women from outside organizations into leadership roles. But flexibility for me is the big one. That will be the game changer. Our data shows that women are 24% more likely than men to apply for remote roles and that really brings home just how crucial flexibility is for women and just how crucial a role it will play for it to level the playing field. So flexible working needs to be normalized. It needs to be normalized for men and for women if we're going to attract a diverse pool of talent and if we're going to break this double shift that we've seen women assume juggling professional and care responsibilities. Sue, thank you. A big thank you to all of our panelists, Mr Ahmed for joining from Nigeria, Thierry Dilla Port of YPRO, to Sue joining us from LinkedIn, to all of you joining online and my thanks to Sadia Zahidi and her team for preparing this year's Global Gender Gap Report. It's available online. Please check it out and see what you can do to help close that gap in 2022. Thanks from everyone here. Goodbye. Thank you. Thanks very much.


Welcome to D's on stadium for a live look at 90 minutes before Titan spares preseason game number three and actually the preseason finale with AB Wells. I'm Mike Keith and there's a storm around us and it's kind of only fitting that we would have that go on after what has been a stormy week for the tights. Absolutely. This seems somehow very poetic that there is a storm rolling in as the Titans are hoping the COVID storm is rolling out. Now maybe this storm will miss us. That's what we have to hope but we're certainly on high alert at this point. Let's take you through the Titans coaching situation now. Mike Vrabel is not here. Will not coach the football team tonight as we know he was COVID positive earlier in the week and has missed the whole week of work. Craig Ackerman who is the Titans special teams coach is back after missing a little time. Craig will speak to the team in pregame half time and after the game so he will fulfill that particular role. Shane Bowen defensive coordinator going to be defensive coordinator. They want to keep him doing what he does because the defense has had such outstanding continuity. Todd Downing offensive coordinator doing the same thing he does because they want to keep things in place. So if you keep the three coaches doing what they do in terms of the coordinators who's the acting head coach. Well it's John Stryker. If you've heard Mike Vrabel talk about stretch that's the guy. John Stryker is his personal assistant in terms of everything football related and so John Stryker will be making decisions on whether or not to kick a field goal or go for it. Whether or not to ponder kick a field goal who to play. It's in stretches hands today. Mike why stretch of all the people why did he select him. I think three reasons first of all he's very capable that's a that's a big reason stretches a talented guy second to the point about staying with the coordinators with their group for this last preseason game and not making too many overall changes in number three John Stryker knows exactly what Mike Vrabel would do. So the decisions that will be made will be made by John Stryker. We have lightning approaching the area so unfortunately we are going to have to shelter in place here at Nissan Stadium. We'll certainly have a lot more for you starting at five o'clock on Titans radio with Titans countdown for Amy Wells and Mike Keith. Thanks for joining us.


Hello and welcome to this video about the UV-Vis. In this particular video we're using a Shimatsu UV-1900, but in principle most of the things that we're explaining here will remain the same between UV machines. This particular UV machine has a space in here which you can open, and then when we look inside we can see multiple things. In the center here we have two holders for our samples, and while in principle happens while we're running this machine, the light comes from this side, passes through your sample, your sample absorbs bits of the light, and goes out the other side towards the detector and the machine will tell you how much light has been absorbed at the specific wavelength. So how are we going to measure this? To measure any UV things what we generally do for liquids is using qubits. And qubits come in various methods. So we have quartz qubits, or you can have qubits made out of plastic, and they all have different properties and of course price ranges. Quartz is a lot more expensive than these disposable plastic qubits. So why would you want to use different qubits? So every qubit that you have of course absorbs its own light. So the better quality qubit you have the less amount of light it absorbs. So to show this we will first use the machine to just measure the absorbance of air and then compare the absorbance of our both our qubits. So first of all when you're measuring or when you're measuring the baseline you have to close the machine. So you close the cover and then you go to either the computer or the onboard compound and you go to settings, so that's in this machine it's called methods, and you can set a wide range of instruments. What most important at this point is the range that we're measuring in between, we're measuring in this case between 500 nanometers and 200 nanometers. And 200 nanometers is into the UV, 500 nanometers more towards normal visible light. And then you press baseline. We'll ask you again where you have to measure, you can just click OK. And it will ask and then it will measure. So in the bottom here you can see where it currently is and it will quickly go from 500 to 200 nanometers and measure everything. And then we replace our air with our qubits. So let's try the quartz qubit first. So you put it in, in the first holder, close the machine and press start. It will then request you a file name, you can immediately press OK or you can change the file name to what you want it to be and then press OK. And in the screen in the center you will see the measured absorbance. So you see this yellow line here which is the absorbance of our quartz qubit compared to the absorbance of air. And you can see that it doesn't absorb a lot of light all over the spectrum. So if we then replace our quartz qubit with a plastic qubit and we do the same thing, so we press start, press OK. And we'll now measure the plastic qubit which is the black line. You can clearly see that on the left hand side here we have the absorbance and on so on the y-axis absorbance x-axis is wavelength. You can see that the absorbance goes up very high and if we right click and then select outer scale we can see that it actually goes to the maximum absorbance this machine has for four. When you're measuring any UV absorbance you always want to keep it below one. So if you have anything that absorbs below 300 then you should not use a plastic qubit. But we're measuring a yellow sample in this video so we can use plastic qubits because they absorb around 400. So how are we going to measure our actual samples the next step? So we're changing first of all our measuring range to 300, 500 to 300 and we replace our empty qubit with the qubit of the solvent that we're using. In this case the solvent we're using is water with a bit of potassium carbonate which is just a clear solution. And you place it in the holder, close the machine and press baseline. And then once more to measure our sample we replace the baseline sample with the sample that contains our compound in this case this nice yellow compound. Put it in and press start and let's remove the spectra of the qubit. So here we have the spectrum of our yellow compound which has an absorbance at around 400 nanometers. And you can read off the file by selecting the peak pick button on the top. A different method of using the UV machine would be using the in-built display. This works almost exactly the same as the one on the computer where it has a touch screen. When working with touch screens in the lab do not forget to take off your gloves and only use your bare hands on the touch screen. So you press the button on the bottom left and then you get this nice selection menu and what we want to do is the button called the spectrum. And then you get just like on the computer program you get the parameters that you want so you can select the range that you want to be measuring in and to be consistent we'll measure between 500 and 300 while we're already doing. And then we have to select our baseline so we select base correction on the bottom and it will be now in progress we well I didn't put in the qubit but while it's doing that I can explain you something more about the qubit. So this plastic qubits they have two sides to them so you have one side where you're measuring through the one centimeter path length from here to there or you can rotate it and then it's measuring through this very tiny pathway which is not the one that we want to be using because in the formula of Lambert beer we use one centimeter which makes it a lot easier to calculate. Also do not put any fingerprints on this side of the qubit or this side of the qubit because the fingerprints will also absorb some light so always hold it on the top or on the top and bottom at the same time like this. So put in the empty qubit well not the empty qubit the qubit with just our solution currently there's the qubit with the yellow compound so our baseline solution and click baseline correction we'll make some beeping noises and then it's done when it beeps again and then we replace our baseline solution with the solution that we're actually measuring so again the yellow solution put in close to lid and press start and we see the nice curve that we had also on the pc so in here we can do some operations for example if you click on operation we can say peak pick and it will tell you here under peak that there's a peak at 399 nanometers and has an absorbance of 0.417 so we found out the peak pick so now we want to save our file we have to get out of peak picking and press cancel then we're back to our system and we plug in a usb key and then you see this button usb lighting up and you say save curve you say that you want to save it to the usb key you can type in your file name so test in this case test so and you can save this dot spc which opens in spectrograph and you can also save it as comma separated file which you can open for example in excel you click save and it's now saved to our usb key we can remove the usb key and take it home and do our analysis so that's how you use the uv machine with the inbuilt display and this is everything about using the uv machine


Hello, it's another edition of Plus Reports, a compilation of the stories and events that made the news recently. Welcome, I'm Jacinta Obuco. We are starting off with this report on the controversial 5G network. What view do you have about 5G network? Of course, there are diverse conception and opinions from different quarters, but the executive vice chairman of the Nigerian Communication Commission Professor Omar Dambata has said that the FG network has no harmful effects on human health. Professor Dambata said this during the budget defense section with the Joint Committee on Communication ICT and the cyber crimes of the National Assembly. Contrary to reports in some quarters that the 5G is dangerous to humans, the executive vice chairman of Nigerian Communications Commission Professor Dambata has a lead all fears. He says the electromagnetic emission from the 5G network has an adverse effect on human health. He added that there is no scientific evidence to date suggesting that 5G poses any risk to public health and safety. Senator Oluremitinobu sought this clarification on the danger or safety of the 5G network at the budget hearing. If this is speaking, I want you to reassure Nigerians about the safety of this 5G and there is concern of a particular high risk, extremely damaging malware called flubot. So maybe you can explain on that so that Nigerians will be assured that their safety is guaranteed. As for the concerns by Nigerians about 5G, we share these concerns and we went to Great Lens to explain that whereas these concerns are justified but the facts on the ground do not really lend credence to these concerns. One, we have tried to sensitize Nigerians about the safety of the network, I mean all the technology itself, the 5G technology. We have sensitized Nigerians even about the spectrum. The 5G spectrum is non-ionizing. This is a statement, a categorical statement made by the International Commission for Non-ionizing Radiation Protection where they say the 5G spectrum, the very one we are about to auction, is perfectly safe. It is not harmful to human beings and there is no evidence whatsoever, no medical evidence from the World Health Organization indicating any correlation between this spectrum and the health of citizens using this service. However, the NCC insists on its 97% readiness for the implementation of the 5G network in Nigeria. Well, maybe one needs to have everything that is also needed for proper orientation and awareness to drive home the point there on FG network. The House of Representatives Committee on Navy said it is ready to support more funding for the Nigerian Navy to improve on its activities. The committee also condemned the spillover of projects by some contractors handling Nigerian Navy projects. They added that there was need for open and legal recommendations for those and more windows in Nigeria Navy. It's a yearly ritual for all government agencies to defend the budget of the previous year as well as make proposals for the coming year. To this end, the Nigerian Navy appeared before the House Committee on Navy to give a general appraisal of its 2021 budget performance and a proposal for 2022. The chief of Naval staff bemoaned inadequate funding in the face of rising responsibility for the Navy, which he blamed on the envelope system adopted by the Ministry of Finance. The Nigerian Navy is statutorily charged with the responsibility of defending the country's territorial integrity by sea. Safeguarding her maritime resource has been mainly preoccupied with her policing roles, especially countering the threats of crude oil theft, illegal bunkering, pipeline vandalization, and piracy, including internal security breaches, and asymmetric threats in the form of insurgency and terrorism amongst others. The naval boss pleaded for more funding to enable the force carry out its constitutional duty, which are protecting the territorial waters, stopping piracy, as well as bunkering amongst others. Elisted fleets renewing capital development, fleet support, and welfare of its personnel as key areas that must be addressed fast. To effectively tackle these threats in the nation's interest, the Nigerian Navy needs to budget for the acquisition of appropriate platforms, equipment, and infrastructure without ignoring personnel welfare. Honorable Yusuf Gagdi assured the Navy of the support of the House of an Improved Budget in 2022, but he added that contractors delaying Navy projects must be profitable. The Committee observed with pessimistic views the splits of projects against a great time by some contractors, including some that span beyond three years period without the sign of completion handover to the Navy or concrete work in progress. Henceforth, the House of Representative and the National Assembly will not hesitate to call to order any MDAs, and in the case, in this case, the Nigerian Navy, where it failed to checkmate the airing contractors whose stock in trade is to waste taxpayers' money by taking for granted the delivery of public goods and services within specified time frame and quality jobs. For a 2022 budget, the Navy proposed over $200 billion. Out of this, $25 billion was released and for fleet renewal $8.5 billion approved. Concepts and organizations $4.3 billion, capacity development $2.8 billion, fleet support $2.2 billion, operations and logistics $500 million and welfare $7.2 billion. Some stakeholders have stressed the need to reopen conversation that could produce the needed solution to the various ethnic, religious, political, and separatist agitations facing Nigeria. The stressed the imperative for all consent to embrace dialogue in search for needed peace in the Nigerian polity if the country would cement its challenges and take its pride of place under the association of progressive nations. The score was made by the South Seats Citizen Summit for National Integration, Peace and Security, with the theme Reopening Conversation Rebuild Trust held in Port Harcourt River's state capital. Declaring the summit open, Chairman of the governing council of Nigeria, Institute of Public Relation Mokhtar Sirajro urged the youths to be mindful of those who found the ember of hate and discord in the country. In his opening remarks, Chairman of the River's state chapter of Nigeria, Institute of Public Relations and the state commissioner for information and communication, Palinos and Serum described the Nigerian problem as a unique one that can only be solved by Nigerians. On his behalf, the former vice chancellor of the University of Port Harcourt, Professor Ndua Lale, listed the functions of public relations to include creation, promotion and maintenance of goodwill, stressing that there is need for sustained dialogue on national unity. There is a need to undertake a holistic reform of the River Police force and the entire international security system and institutions within you who address the development functions by the general project with its interagency rivalry and a coordinated approach to international security. The summit was agonized by Athanajro, Institute of Public Relations, in conjunction with other stakeholders like the National Orientation Agency, Nigeria Union of Journalists, National Association of Women Journalists, among others in the South-South region. To religious tolerance, in Nigeria, religious tolerance as a means for peace is expedient. The federal government has been advised to provide adequate education for Nigerians and give each region what they deserve by merit if it wants to end the spate of insecurity. Gathered at this hall are Muslim faithful who came to celebrate the Holy Prophet Muhammad in Mankind as he had preached. Worried about the essence of humanity, speaker after speaker, built their minds on some challenges faced in the nation. Professor of Islamic Studies and a convener alike were unanimous in their call for religious tolerance and youth education. But those two things are very important. Respect for time and exchange mutual trust. If Boko Haram people or Bandis of Lani, they want to recruit one million people today, they will get from whom?  The Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala has described him as messy to Mankind, not just messy to the Muslims. If you follow his teachings, they won't be cheating. They won't be injustice. So it brings religious tolerance. And that is why we are calling people to come for this program. The spelling believes that religion is responsible for the rise of banditry and other forms of insecurity. Other speakers said Islam only preaches humanity and love. They also pointed the government in the right direction to go. One of the governors had said that you don't negotiate with Bandits. And that is the standard of Islam. Unfortunately, I have read a lot of articles in the past trying to blame religion for the problems that we are having. The problem we are having has always been in existence before religion. What religion has come to do is to modify our character and then try to manage the situation that we find ourselves. Well, religion has never been an issue. And it is not an issue. What is the issue is humanity living together in peace. For those of us who maybe are in our 50s, when we were young, very young, in this legal state, there is this camaraderie between the Muslims and the Christians. If we are going to come up with solutions, we must come up with a communal approach to solving Nigeria's problem. First of all, we need to identify the priority needs of people and give it to them. Education is a priority need that must be given to every Nigerian, irrespective of religion, ethnicity or creed. The general consensus here is that if Nigerians live together and embrace one another, irrespective of religion, there will be peace in Nigeria. The search for religious tolerance in the world has become particularly pressing today in promoting peaceful coexistence in a religiously plural society like Nigeria. We will now go on a short break. We will be right back for more.


Arcadia was real good. I was telling the girls that Arcadia was much improved and they were That's not the same Arcadia. We usually were used to playing so that was good competition Probably weren't as sharp as I hope we were we had a great practice last night And so I suspect it's gonna be a little sharper, but a conference wins a conference win and pushes it for now Not much, you know, we just trying to stop the momentum and You know, okay, it's bear down, you know move your feet That's you know, we got to get a good pass up there and the rest kind of takes care of itself Although, you know, their defense was pretty good Well those are the kind of things that wins matches, you know Like when it was I think it was three to three or four to four in that third set and Kristen books I move into the bench and somebody else made a great play and we are able to send it over then the rally ensued And we made two or three Phenomenal plays all in that same Play and then their kid hits the antenna we get the point and that's the kind of stuff It's back breaking to them because in their mind they thought that we that they had had the point You know and we took it away from them and that's the kind of stuff you go on nice runs with Yeah, that well Gallaudet If my memory serves beat Mount Marymount Who we lost to last week, so that's gonna be a good tune up with Eastern number 10 on Saturday at 10 o'clock so Gallaudet is usually wins the NEAC and They're an NCAA tournament team and it's gonna help our seed if we get a bid if we can beat them on Thursday


Good afternoon Harold, as you look at this defense wrapping up the regular season, there's been so much improvement in so many areas is there one area or one thing that you can point to as as being a big boost for the improvement we've seen this year. I would just say our overall defense.  That's just how it is like I just, I feel like we're rushing our asses off up front we're stopping the run and on the back end, they're those guys are strapping strapping them up so I feel like that's a we just improved in every area. Terry. How much fun has it been for you guys on the defensive side of the ball to kind of watch this progress week to week and then maintain and build on it. Oh yeah no I think that's that's where our confidence has come from. I feel like each week we've been taking it one week at a time and just trying to go out there and play our best ball each week and kind of been just you know stacking stacking days and stacking weeks on. And I think that's where our confidence come is coming from that consistent play of just going out there and taking the play at a time and playing good defense. Glennon. Well, the teams haven't been running against you guys as much as they did last year. Is that just you know basically they're not having as much success so they're moving more to the past do you think. I mean, probably I mean I'm not sure I just know that stopping the runs a big focus for us here and we focus on that you know every play we go out there so.  I just felt like we have a locked in focus each play. What. Here what would you know about the Nico before he got here and kind of what's it been like being teammates with him and having success alongside him.  Like I said, earlier. This time in our room with outside linebackers.  It's just been an overall great experience I'm having in our room and it's just been awesome on the field in the locker room in the meeting rooms, everything.