This is lecture 12. In this lecture we're going to turn to the dark side of human behavior. We're going to talk about our tendency to harm others. And in this part of the lecture we'll discuss why do we have this tendency. There's of course several theories that can help us explain aggressive behavior. But let's start by giving a definition of aggression. I think we all can have a gut feeling of what aggression is and what it looks like for example like this. But it's important to really understand the meaning of aggression. So aggression is, first of all, behavior. It's not having nasty thoughts or mean thoughts about someone or the idea of wanting to harm someone. No, it's actual behavior towards another person. And this behavior is harmful. And it can either entail physical harm or psychological harm. Both forms are also captured under the bigger umbrella term of aggression. So aggression is also important to know that it's different from assertiveness, from standing up for yourself. Because when you're standing up for yourself, your goal is to protect yourself. But with aggression, your goal is to hurt someone. It's always directed at someone else. So there's a lot of variations in aggressive behavior. And we have this maybe if you think about aggression, you think about someone punching someone else. And that is indeed aggression. That's a form of physical aggression. But also, for example, calling someone names, shouting at someone in an aggressive manner and saying very mean things to a person, that's also aggression. That's verbal aggression. So you have physical versus verbal aggression. But you also have direct versus indirect aggression. And direct aggression is aggression that is just face to face immediately towards that person. While indirect aggression is behind someone's back. For example, gossiping is also a form of aggression with the intention to harm a person. And you're not doing that towards the person directly confronting this person, but behind someone's back. So that's an indirect form of aggression. Then the next variation is between offensive and defensive aggression. And so I think you can have an idea of what that means.  You're responding towards aggression of another person. And then finally, there's a difference between hostile and instrumental aggression. And I'll explain that in the following with the following example. So hostile aggression is aggression that is very impulsive. If you behave in a hostile, aggressive way, you're probably provoked. You're probably being made very, very angry. And you're just acting out immediately, aggressing to someone else.  So you're just, you're very emotional. You're enraged. And you're just, you know, you're not thinking about the long-term consequences.  This is in contrast to instrumental aggression, which is also a form of aggression, but then aggression itself is actually a means to an end. So think, for example, about someone robbing a bank, using aggression. But then in that sense, the goal of the person robbing the bank is not to behave aggressively. No, it's to steal money. So if you use instrumental aggression, you're using aggression as a means to an end, as a means to achieve a different goal, a goal that is not related to harming others. So that can also be self-defense, for example. If you are, for example, you see someone attacking a kid and you're interfering or punching someone to protect the kid, then you're actually showing instrumental aggression in which you're hurting one person, but with the bigger goal of protecting someone else. So it's important to know the difference between these two types of aggression. So aggression is really very complicated behavior, and it can take many, many forms. Of course, a key question, also the key question of this part of the lecture is, why do we behave aggressively? And as always, psychologists do not necessarily agree with each other on this. There are several theories. Basically, four different theories that we're going to describe. First of all, the idea that aggression is essential for survival. So it's just one of these tools that we can use as human beings in order to survive and also to reproduce. Aggression is a biochemical reaction. That's also one perspective on aggression. It's learned social behavior, or it's a response to being frustrated. So we'll zoom into all these different explanations one by one. Starting off with the first explanation, aggression is essential for survival. So I guess I hope that at this point in the course, you can predict which bigger theory will embrace this explanation. It's evolutionary theory. And according to evolutionary theory, basically everything we do has this bigger goal of protecting ourselves, making sure that our genes live on or reproducing. So in lecture 11, when we talked about helping behavior, we talked about the concept of kin selection. And that means that we're especially likely and eager to help others that are related to us, genetically related to us, especially our children, especially our own little family, but also the bigger family. We want to protect them in order to make sure that our genes survive and live on. When kin selection can actually also predict aggressive behavior. Because if someone hurts or wants to hurt someone in your direct family, then evolutionary, it makes a lot of sense to behave aggressively, use instrumental aggression in order to protect your family. Also, according to evolutionary psychology, kin selection can explain why there are differences between males and females in aggression. Because according to evolutionary theory and this idea of kin selection, males are more physically aggressive than females. First of all, because they want to have dominance, established dominance over other males. So they want to be like the top male and also to ensure their paternity. So that can help explain why males are more aggressive when a female is sexually unfaithful to them than females are. So that's the idea of evolutionary theory. We want to protect our family. We also want to make sure that our genes actually live on so that we are able to reproduce. So this is also in line with this more general idea and stereotype that males are more aggressive than females. So the idea that men are more aggressive. And this is actually in contrast to helping behavior, what we discussed in lecture 11, where this idea is that women are more helpful and men are more aggressive. So to what extent is this actually the case? Men are actually more aggressive than women if you look at the numbers. Well, if you look at very extreme forms of aggression, the picture is crystal clear. So let's take the most extreme form of aggression I can think of, murder, committing murder. So who commits murders? Is it males or females? So let's look at the numbers here.  That's in 65% of the cases. So in the majority of the cases, both the murderer as well as the victim is male. Then the next biggest category is male offenders and female victims. So a man killing a woman. That's in 22% of the cases. Then if we look at female offenders, so female murderers, that's really a minority. It's only 12% of the cases that females commit murders. So that's pretty overwhelming results here. So you see that when it comes to committing murders, men are way more likely to be aggressive. Also, if you look at other forms of extreme aggression, like rape or really harmful, extreme forms of harmful physical attacks, then males are definitely more aggressive than females. If you look at more subtle forms of aggression, less physically harmful, the picture is definitely different. So there's actually some evidence that women use more indirect aggression than men. So gossiping, for example, that's something that women are more likely to do. And when it comes to verbal aggression, they are both more or less equal. But it's definitely safe to say that males, when they do aggress, the responses or the consequences are much more serious often. So why is this the case? Why should males be more aggressive? So okay, we have this evolutionary theory about it, but it might also have something to do with this substance, testosterone, probably something you're familiar with or you've heard of it. Testosterone is a hormone that both men and women have, but generally males have higher levels of testosterone than females. And this seems to have something to do with aggression as well, if you look at the evidence. For example, if animals in a laboratory are injected with testosterone, they become more aggressive. So injecting animals with testosterone increases their level of aggression. And then if you look at human beings, and then we look at, for example, archival data or correlational studies, then we see that if you study the naturally occurring levels of testosterone, for example, prisoners that are convicted of violent crimes versus prisoners that are convicted of nonviolent crimes, there's a difference as well.  Also, if you compare the level of testosterone of juvenile delinquents with college students, there's a difference there as well. Of course, with all these studies, it's important to keep in mind that overall, these are correlational studies. And you of course know that if you have a correlational study showing a relationship between factors, you cannot make any causal implications. So you cannot say testosterone leads to more aggression. And actually, it's also been shown to be the other way around as well, in the sense that the moment you start showing aggressive behavior, your testosterone levels rise. So there's this cycle here that is going on. And then also, if we zoom into testosterone, picture seems to be a little bit different. So in general, testosterone is mostly related to instrumental forms of aggression. So not this hostile direct forms of aggression, but more levels of aggression that you use as a means to an end in order to achieve a bigger goal. This is, for example, stated in the challenge hypothesis that states that testosterone only relates to aggression when there are opportunities for reproduction. So if the moment you feel especially males have this opportunity to reproduce, then their testosterone levels can predict the aggression that they demonstrate. And according to the dual hormone hypothesis, testosterone only relates to dominant behavior when cortisol, which is stress hormone, is low. So only if you feel confident, if you're relaxed, then higher levels of testosterone will show, will relate to more dominant behavior. So yeah, so the picture of testosterone is a bit complicated, but definitely it has something to do with showing aggressive behavior. And testosterone is actually the first example of biochemical influences, which is the second explanation for aggressive behavior. So maybe people aggress just because they are bio biochemically induced to do so. So with higher levels of testosterone, for example. But another example of biochemical influences is alcohol. Alcohol does not necessarily lead to higher levels of aggression in itself. But what alcohol does is it lowers your inhibition. So you become more impulsive. And in being impulsive, especially in, for example, a bar area might be related to more aggression, you lose the abilities to sort of calm down, count to 10, and not instantly respond to being provoked, for example. And especially the combination testosterone and alcohol, yeah, that can lead to nasty consequences, as is also evident in the high numbers of males showing aggressive behaviors when they are going out way higher than females. So if you look at biochemical influences, an interesting question that you can ask yourself, is there also substance that lowers aggression that makes people, you know, more relaxed, less likely to aggress? And that is actually the case. So serotonin, which is sort of the happy hormone. If you are higher in serotonin, you're less likely to aggress. So serotonin is good. We all need to be very happy. You can also induce or influence serotonin levels and how you can do that. I think maybe some of you already know this. That's by using a certain type of drug, especially MDMA. So if you use MDMA or ecstasy, which MDMA is the substance in ecstasy that has its effects on your hormones, then serotonin levels go up and you become less aggressive. So if everybody goes out and only takes ecstasy or MDMA, it's very happy scenery. No barfights in that club. So before we get too excited about MDMA and using it, or if you have the idea that I sort of influence you to use this substance, I just want to make sure that I put places into perspective and explain a little bit about the relationship between serotonin and MDMA. So if you use MDMA, then serotonin in your the effects, serotonin goes up. So you see more serotonin in your blood and you see that in this little picture, you see on normal circumstances the amount of serotonin in the blood and then during ecstasy, there's way more serotonin. So that leads to this very happy feeling, low levels of aggression. You feel very, very good.  And this is something that we know and you might be thinking to yourself, so okay, so after you use MDMA, then temporarily you just become a little bit depressed. Well, that's fine. I can live with that. But there's actually evidence that using MDMA also have long term effects on your brain structures and it can actually change the brain's capacity to produce serotonin. And this is shown in a research done on monkeys. And these monkeys was actually a very sad study. It was a study in which monkeys first phase was very happy because these monkeys were given ecstasy. They were given ecstasy for four days in a row, two times a day. So quite, you know, heavy partying for these monkeys for four days, high use of ecstasy MDMA.  And this is what you see here. So in the control condition, you see the amount of serotonin present in the brain. And then after two weeks after ecstasy, there's barely any serotonin left. So even two weeks after this heavy partying of the monkeys, they barely had any serotonin. So they felt really depressed. And some of these monkeys still lived on and they lived on for seven years. And after seven years still, the researchers killed them, looked at their brains, and they saw that even seven years after ecstasy, use of ecstasy, this very intense use of ecstasy, these serotonin levels did not come back to normal. So this study indicates, and it's with monkeys, not with humans, luckily, of course, still very sad for the monkeys. But you see that there's some evidence, and this is not the only study, but there's more, let's show that just using MDMA can really mess up your brain's reproduction of serotonin. So please be careful with that, if you are interested in that substance. Okay, so now let's quickly move on to the third explanation for why people are aggressive. And this is an explanation that is under the bigger theory of social learning. And we already talked about this quite elaborately. So social learning is the overall idea that we learn by imitating others, especially our caregivers, caregivers, our parents, if they show certain behavior, we are very likely to copy it. We are copying animals. So we look at other behaviors and we show this as well. So if your parents are very aggressive, then you're also more likely to behave aggressive as well. Especially if your parents give you examples of when to show aggression, for example, when being frustrated or maybe aggression if you're driving a car or if you're in a certain area when you're provoked. Then you learn this response of being aggressive as a child from a very young age on. So you can actually see the impact that social learning and the social cognitive learning theory has on the behavior of kids in a very nice little video. This video is a video of the Bobo doll experiment, which is conducted at Stanford University in 1961. So quite some time ago. And you will see how children respond to a situation in which they first demonstrate how an adult interacts with a Bobo doll, which is a plastic inflatable doll. And you then see how the children will behave in a similar situation. So take a look. The Bobo doll experiment was a study conducted by Albert Bandura to investigate if social behaviors can be learned by just watching others in the action. In the hit television show, Big Little Lies, tensions run high as an unknown child is accused of choking another student. And throughout the series, this is a little spoiler, the child is revealed as the character Max actually has an abusive father. And once Max's mother realizes that her child is learning behaviors from her husband, she decides to take action. And this cycle of abuse is very sad, but it's extremely common in today's world. Many abusers were abused themselves or grew up in an abusive household. These ideas might seem obvious, but in the mid 20th century, evidence that support these ideas were just starting to become known. So what is the Bobo doll experiment? In 1961, Canadian American psychologist Albert Bandura conducted this experiment at Stanford University. He placed a few children in a room with an adult, some toys, and a five foot tall Bobo doll. If you don't know what that is, a Bobo doll are large inflatable clowns that are kind of shaped like a bowling ball pin. So they always roll upward if they're punched or knocked down. Anyways, this experiment made Albert Bandura one of the most famous psychologists in the history of the world. To this day, he is listed in the ranks of Freud and BF Skinner. And in this video, I'm going to explain the Bobo doll experiments, how they change the world of psychology and how they still have an impact on us today. So let's get started by talking about Bandura's first Bobo doll experiment. It was in 1961. And he conducted this experiment in three different parts, modeling, aggression arousal, and a test for delayed imitation. So stage one was modeling, and the study was separated into three groups, including a control group. Two of the groups were in a room with a model who was basically just an adult. One group witnessed the adult punching the Bobo doll repeatedly, using harsh and aggressive language against the inflatable clown. And some of these models chose to hit the Bobo doll over the head with a mallet. Now the second group actually did not see this behavior. They simply observed the model playing with blocks or coloring or doing other non aggressive childhood activities. The idea here is to separate the groups to see if they are actually watching the models, and then if they imitate those behaviors. So stage two is aggression arousal. So after 10 minutes of being in the room with the model, the child was then taken into another room. Now this room had all kinds of attractive toys. And briefly the researchers let the children play with these toys. But once they were engaged in the middle of playing with them, the researchers came in and took the toys away. And then they brought the children into another room. Now it's easy to guess, and that was actually the point that the children were frustrated. But the researchers wanted to see what these children would do and how they would release their frustration. This stage is called aggression arousal. Now stage three is actually the test for delayed imitation. So the third room contained a set of aggressive and non aggressive toys. The room also had the Bobo doll. Researchers watched and recorded each child's behavior through a one way mirror. You might be asking, what happened? Well, as you can probably guess, the children that observed the adults hitting the Bobo doll were actually more likely to take out their frustration by hitting the Bobo doll. They kicked, yelled at, and even used the mallet to hit the doll on the head. I think one of the most important parts is that the children that observed the non aggressive adults were more likely to stay away from the Bobo doll and take their frustration out without aggression or violence. And this means a lot. It means from an early age, sometimes, and mostly too early to remember, we are actually learning how to cope with frustration and negative situations just by watching our parents. And the problem is nobody picks their parents, which means you could be modeling healthy behavior or really unhealthy behavior. So then we're moving on to the final explanation of aggressive behavior. And that is the frustration aggression theory, which is a very simple theory basically stating that the moment that people get frustrated, they are more likely to become aggressive. Pretty simple, huh? We don't even need a theory for that. So just some zooming in, what is frustration or what is being frustrated, what do they mean with that? That's basically if you get hindered in reaching your goal. So if you want to reach a certain goal, and you're hindered in that, then we can become very frustrated like this man over here with his non working computer, very relatable to me. And we become even more aggressive when the goal is or was very close to us. So when we were nearly there, and if the frustration is unexpected, then we also become even more likely to behave aggressively. The frustration aggression theory can also explain why there's more aggression in certain parts of the world. For example, a part of the world in which there's huge variation between high and low incomes like you, like as witnessed here in this picture. So if this is the case, this is a situation of relative deprivation. And relative deprivation means that people experience a discrepancy difference between what they have and what they think they should have, especially when they compare this themselves to similar others. So all the people that live in this part of the town of the city, in which there's very low resources, they are very poor, they don't have anything, and then they're continuously showing examples of their neighbors that have it all. And what is the difference between them? They're the same age, they live in the same country, but then still there's this huge variation. This is very frustrating if it feels super unfair that some people have something and you don't have it for very random reasons, basically just why you that you were born on the other side of the world basically. So in these areas of the world in which there's a lot of relative deprivation, a lot of income inequality, we definitely see more criminality, more aggressive behavior, more conflict also in schools, in children. Children are also more aggressive in these areas, and this this is very likely due to this relative deprivation and frustration that people experience. But now we've come to the end of this part of the lecture, it's important to know that all these theories can help us understand that we sometimes behave aggressively, but sometimes we also do not behave aggressively. So the situation definitely plays a major role in our likelihood to aggress, and in part two of this lecture we're gonna dive more into the role of the situation when it comes to aggression.


So we're here at Embedded World 2019, and who are you? Hello, my name is Giroudi, I'm the VP of Business Development at Collabra, and this is... My name is Robert Foss, and I'm a Graphics Developer at Collabra. So what is Collabra? Collabra is a global consultancy specializing exclusively in free and open source software development for customers. Free and open source development, consultancy. Yes. So you have lots of work to do? We are quite busy and we have fantastic engineers around the world that are helping our customers adopt existing free projects or work on new projects for them or helping them take existing code internally and turn them into free software as well. So it's been keeping us really busy. And let's check over here. We walk around open source. You're talking about open source Mali GPU driver, are you? This demo right here is running the very recent Hanfos driver, and as you can see that's been working. It's working and it's been available off-screen in the open source repository for about a month now. You're running on the RockPie? Exactly, this is one of the RockPie 4, which is a RockShip SOC. And made by our friends, our Raksa, which is a really nice house and this is one of our favorite SBC boards available today. This is a 3399. Exactly. This form factor right here is dual USB 3, USB 2 and a whole bunch of stuff. So have you at Collabora been working on the Hanfos GPU driver? So we've been part of the graphics community in free software for a really long time. Going back to X11, X.org and all of the iterations before that, embracing the Well-End Specification when it first started and continuing beyond that. The movement started with Fridrino and the V-Vintage drivers, the Naviv, etc. made it natural that eventually there will be a Mali GPU driver in free software as well. Robert and the rest of the team have been involved in this initiative for quite some time. And as Robert just said, about a month ago, early January 2019, the user space portion landed in Mesa and Robert and others in our team have been involved in that. We cannot take all the credits. It's very much a community effort. There's been people out there doing great work on all of those free software GPU drivers. The Panfrost driver is just the latest iteration of that. So how much have you been doing with the Panfrost? So we've got a developer working 50% of his time, I believe. And that is like a third or a fourth of the total amount of developer hours that is being poured into the Panfrost project at this time. So what is it specifically you've been doing? Are you trying to get it to the same level as Fridrino? Or how far is it so far? So getting it to the level of Fridrino is definitely the goal. The Fridrino driver is very stable and mature by now. But that's a long way. And we've only started taking the first steps here. As you can see, it works, but this is a very simple demo. But we want it to be performant and compliant. So how far is a long way in open source world? Well, if we look at some drug... Stuff happens fast sometimes? Exactly. There's a range. So it can take anything between like seven years to something much more reasonable in like four years or two years. How about six months? Impossible. How about if somebody comes and invest like a whole bunch of engineers to help or something? It really depends on what you want to do with it. If you want to have like a limited sort of support for your specific application, something is doable very quickly. But if you want broad support for every feature out there, it's going to take a bit longer time. So maybe in two years, you think it could be very smooth, hardware accelerated GPU, Linux OS on Mali devices? I think that's a very reasonable timeline. Give it two years and this will be a very different story. Very, very smooth. How smooth is it now? It looks like the cube is moving fine. Yeah, this is a 60 FPS for sure. But this is a very simple demo. This is what we use for development in-house. If this works, it means that we haven't done anything terrible, basically. So it's the lowest possible form of threshold. I think that the barrier of complexity has gone down quite a bit as well. The quality of the subsystems that those drivers need to support have evolved a lot from the original drivers that tried to do free GPU. So whether it's at the mesa layer or the kernel layer, all of that has improved quite a lot. Is it better than Lima? Well, Lima was struggling from the fact that all of the underlying APIs were a lot more complex. And they had a very complex kernel space that they couldn't really work on. This is a very different beast that now has access to simpler kernel layer efforts, et cetera. I think one of the demos on the other side, which is not running right now, is showing video integration for those interfaces as well. So that's one of the next progression effort of making these drivers useful is to be able to render video and different types of content as well. Is it the same sort of problem class? Yes, which is the Rx, it's the same SOC. Can you turn it on? It's gonna start up, so it is turning on right now. It just started one second ago. So it's gonna go through a complete recycling process, reflashing itself, booting over the network. This is a demo that's showcasing our continuous integration workflow, leveraging some existing free software, of course. We're using Jenkins, we're using Lava, and some of the other tooling from Linaro. We're very much involved in the kernel CI effort, and in this particular demonstrations we have here is we're showing a Odroid XU3 Exynos board, as well as a Samsung Chromebook Plus based on the Rockchip 3399 CPUs, basically cycling through tests that Guillaume over here has developed for us. Guillaume is one of the lead developers in our core group that focuses on automation. Test automation, yeah. So I've been using Samsung Chromebook Plus my main laptop for 18 months. Do you use it also? I don't use this particular model, but I have the older version, the RK3288 base one. And so what are you actually doing there? What is, you're booting all kinds of different kinds of Linux on it, or? Yeah, we mostly use it as part of kernel CI to boot mainline kernels, upstream kernels from mainline and stable and Linux next. So to boot it and do some tests like V4L2 compliance, the video for Linux compliance tests. So what's going on here? It's running with a Panfrost. So like the other thing you showed a bit earlier, this is running with a Panfrost free software user space driver for Mali GPU. So that's just has been in CUBE. So you have Panfrost as smooth and this the same. I mean, it's the same as over there, but... Yeah, but this is a different device with a different screen. It's a very high resolution screen. So 2400 times 1600 I think. So, and there, is it the same rock chip or what is what they're doing? It's an Exynos, Samsung Exynos 5422, yeah. So an older chip, yeah. And do you have lots of stuff going with this too? On this one, so we've been running the IGT test suite automatically and that's also something we do as part of kernel CI. To test the DRM KMS stack basically. So you work on lots of ARM stuff? We've been involved with ARM for quite some time. We have been working with Intel as a customer as well and over architectures. We're very much agnostic. We're very much welcome. The RISKS5 group as well and all the efforts they're doing there as well. We think that's really an amazing opportunity for free software at large and then free hardware also. Now that this Chromebook has cycled through this testing as well, you can see an element of the demo that wasn't on the other one where this is the exact same panfrost driver running the MPV video player directly rendering to the screen as well. So you see a completely smooth 60 frames per second MPEG 2 or H264 video. I can't remember what's the matter. I'm just playing back on that Chromebook Plus. Is it VQL2 or? This is using the request API directly to the MPV interface on the RX3399. So smooth video playback. Oh, there's no hardware involved there whatsoever. It's completely decoded in the chip. And so what kind of customers do you have that require all these things? The ones that you support? The ones that we can talk about publicly are for example, the Chromebook team at Google has been a fantastic partner with which we've worked, enabling SOCs across a lot of the products that their OEMs are working on. And we are very thankful to Google for progressing so much of the ARM SOC supports in Linux and the various libraries upstream because of their dedication to the Linux kernel and the work that's happened there.  We're a part. I'm not going to pretend we're a big part. We're involved. The 3399 Chromebooks for example, or the previous one too. I don't know all of them of the top of my head but I know that our team has been involved with the Google engineers to make sure that the best performance, the longest battery possible is achieved with what is generally considered a very small engineering team and everything that Google has achieved there has been phenomenal and they deserve all the credit. And so that's kind of awesome kind of work that you're doing and how big is your team? The company overall is a little over 100 employees we're worldwide distributed in over 35 countries. We have one big office in Cambridge, England where there are more noble prices than anywhere else in the world and we're also an office in Montreal, Canada because we love our Canadians and we love our guys in Quebec despite what I might say behind closed doors. And yeah, we have a very big team working on LibreOffice as well so we're very proud of all the work that Collaborate Productivity is doing on LibreOffice and that's alone like 15 or 18 engineers that a lot of the people watching these might be using so please know that the Collaborate LibreOffice productivity team has been a big contributor to that. A lot of the... So if there's a customer somewhere out there that wants more LibreOffice? Yeah, absolutely. So we have various people that are adopting Collaborate Online which is a hosted or on-premise online version of the Office Productivity Suite that really works very well for transactional workers and people that have specific needs and known templates and environments for document editing and spreadsheets. Is that Google Docs kind of? It is kind of for people that have very, very specific need that want to control the data that are sensitive about the deployment so either public offices, potentially military adopters or contractors that have very strong ISO 27001 the compliance requirements for example or things like that, maybe EPAC compliance in the US where they just can't put their documents somewhere on the cloud and just think that things are going to happen nicely. They need to control everything on-premise, their hard drives, their storage, their network, their files, their document suite. Maybe it runs on a NAS or runs in some kind of server or something. Yeah, I mean, typically these customers are fairly large enterprises that have multiple servers serving up like hundreds if not thousands of desktop users. And do you also do stuff with the multimedia? Yeah, here we do a few things around multimedia. I'm not very familiar with that part of the company so I'll let Olivier take over. Hi, so who are you? I'm Olivier Kheid. I lead the multimedia team at Collabra and so our team focuses largely on the hardware integration of multimedia technologies. So things like making video hardware decoders and encoders work with hardware and doing things like zero copy from the capture to the encoder or from the decoder to the screen or from the decoder to the encoder for transcoding to a scalar, et cetera. All of these integrating all these hardware blocks in a way that makes them useful. We also work a lot with streaming technologies. So a lot of this video and audio and that was being sent over the internet and there's all kinds of formats and compatibility issues and all these things that we help people do. We've been over the last 12 years the largest contributor to G-streamer and this is really a fantastic framework because it makes it really easy to do hardware and enable things because of its modular nature. But also- A largest contributor. Yes, we've been over the last 12 years. And lots of the big part of the world is using G-streamer or what? Yes, so G-streamer is widely used in a lot of consumer product that people don't know. For example, almost all LG and Samsung TVs all the smart part is G-streamer. There are both major players in the inflight entertainment business so the little screen in front of you when you're in a flight, they have G-streamer in there. A lot of cameras, security products, a lot of the hardware bits that you see around these shows that have video in it use G-streamer to connect all the various bits of hardware. And how much of the V4L2 is related? So we, one of my senior engineers, principal engineers, Nicolas Dufresne, is the maintainer of the G-streamer V4L2 integration and he's been working really hard with the kernel community to grow the V4L2 API to a point where it is actually possible to write the user space that is the same across all different kinds of hardware. So we've been very aggressive, I would say, in ensuring that the kernel people write drivers that have the same API, whichever hardware there is, by refusing to put any hardware specific hacks in G-streamer, but only adhering to the standard API.  And the Codi people, they use all the stuff that you've done? So Codi, they write their own for a lot of everything. They use V4L, but everything above it is really custom. They're more in the traditional way of working, where they were completely okay with doing hacks for every single hardware, because they were, well, they're a product organization and their goal was really to get the product out and working instead of trying to make the infrastructure work for everyone, which is what we do as a hardware. It's really hard for work to do video stuff, no? Well, it's engineering, right? It's just software. How hard can it be? That's what I thought everyone. But it's like you need to optimize things and try to reach a smooth playback of a certain, certain, what's it called? Sometimes it's like a little bit of a challenge. You get to know- Yes, absolutely. And so video is a strange beast because you have a target and it's a very fixed target. So you want like your 60 frames per second. 59 is not okay. It's not unacceptable. If you go to 61, no one cares, right? You just have to reach that magic to 60. So if your hardware is just on the limit, it's very, very challenging. And if your hardware can just do 60 or 60.5 and you have to get every single bit, and then next year's hardware can do like 70 and all of this hard work is pointless now because the hardware is super fast and you don't care anymore. Cool. All right. So thanks a lot. So what's next with Collaborate? Lots of different things. Yes, of course, as I was about to say earlier, there's a lot of industrial customers that we can't mention that are using free software and open-source software inside their products. And we're part of the companies that are helping them make those and we're continuing to do that and it's keeping us busy. And we look forward to 2019. I think that the open GPU drivers as you identified yourself are great momentum and they're going to make a lot of things really good for the entire industry. Think Risks 5 is a very attractive and very interesting perspective as well. The Linux Foundation just announced Elisa, which is an effort around more real-time support for the Linux kernel, et cetera. So I think there's a lot to look forward to in 2019 and beyond.


Was locked up before when I was locked up for a murder case or whatever, right my last murder case So I was locked up for that I'm locked up with this guy. He never did a crime in his life But he's on the same tail with us because he was locked up for a vehicle in homicide So he ran some I over because he went to a game.  This is we rocking with so check it He ends up leaving the bar drunk ran some I over first crime he ever committed in his life You could tell he ain't got a place. What you doing ahead? What you locked it for?   You feel me?  But do you really think it's that crazy? How much time was he facing? Do you know do you remember? I think vehicular homicide because it was an accident murder.  Let's go You see it Me being married. I don't know this girl married 10 years 10 years, but it's like 10 years without what you said high school Oh, you did say high school sweetheart. I didn't just meet you You did say high school sweetheart, but that's a tough decision to make I don't think that that's crazy. But he was if he would never drunk and got drunk and hit somebody He was doing that girl for the rest of his life thinking that she the girl A hundred percent agreed. I understood but I feel like you know, you also have to think about how that's affecting her You know, she's now a single mother Unexpectedly for 10 years Like there's there's only but so much contact you can have and support you can have with your husband I mean, that's a lot. That's not for everybody. He didn't get the 10 years He was facing 10 years. He ended up getting five out of 85. That's 50 months. Okay. You see five But she still like as a high you see, yeah, she did leave them I wonder if they back together. Listen, let me explain something to you about jail, right? Let me explain something to you about jail, right? Because I see what you're going with this. You like my 10 years. Whoo. You know what I'm saying? 10 years is listen It one thing about jail is that you gotta have you gotta have a friendship with a person In order to do the bit you gotta be my friend be my dog Because I want you to be there for support. It's like if I'm on life support, you feel me?    So I get it Listen the securities cause the putting money on I listen did all that 10 years though not 10 And that's why I said you ain't gotta be my girl.  She's not getting that kind for that to happen Like without you even being able to prepare for that That's a lot. No, it ain't even without the sex involved. I feel like that's a lot for you to one day wake up And you no longer have access to your husband. You have kids, right? You have bills So you replace them and find somebody else.  Yes That's very true, but I also feel like everybody's not built to like withstand that that's that's a big change That's why success is nothing without pain first What's up y'all? It's your girl Brianna Emani and the clip may be done, but there's still more to come So make sure you like comment and subscribe


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This is Think Tech Hawaii. Community Matters here. It's one o'clock on a Monday afternoon, so you must be watching Think Tech Hawaii research in Manoa. I'm your host, Pete McGinnis-Mark, and I guess today is Marissa Cameron, who is a graduate student in the Department of Geology and Geophysics at UH Manoa, soon to be Dr. Marissa, I think, but this is really good. And our show today is focused on the Cassini space mission. We're broadcasting in late September, so just last week, NASA's Cassini spacecraft dove into the clouds of Saturn, so Marissa's kindly agreed to come in and talk to us about Cassini. I realize that you're primarily focusing your studies on the moons of Jupiter, but if nothing else, you have the Cassini t-shirt. Yes. You've taught a class on Cassini, so welcome, Marissa. Thank you. Thank you for having us with us today. And Cassini's space mission as a whole, really exciting. Amazing amount of... And so, can you give me some first reactions? What did you think of the space? Well, I thought it was amazing just the length of time that it was out there collecting data for us and taking all of these amazing pictures was amazing. And also, to see it in its final days and kind of what it was still capable of doing after all of those years, still willing to give everything it's got to the last moment. Right. And then, of course, for the viewers, the Cassini spacecraft evidently was in orbit around Saturn, which, of course, is way out in the solar system beyond the orbit of Mars and Jupiter, right? Yes. So, to give you an idea, it launched from Florida in 1997, and it didn't arrive to the Saturn system until 2004. So, it had quite a journey to get there. And once it was there, it actually collected data up until, like you said, last week. So, it was there about 13 years. Last week, your t-shirt says September 15th, 2017, huh? Really, really good. Yes. And the University of Hawaii has had a connection with the Cassini spacecraft even before you became a graduate student. Yes, yes. We hosted one of the Cassini project scientists, Dennis Mattson, back in the 80s. That's great. Very good. And Cassini went to Saturn. So, let's start off and look at the first image, because Saturn is such a wonderful place to explore. Here we see an image. What is it we're looking at here? So, this is a really great shot of Saturn. I think people are fascinated with Saturn primarily because of the rings. So, this is an excellent shot of the rings, too, around Saturn. So, like we said, Cassini arrived there at Saturn in 2004, and it orbited Saturn almost 300 times. So, this particular picture is taken in 2016. And in its time there, it actually got to see the illumination angle. That's the light on the planet change because Saturn was changing seasons. So, just like Earth, Saturn has seasons. And we see off on the left-hand side on the very bright rings, there's this chunk taken out. A shadow. That's the shadow. Yes. So, right now we're looking at the Northern Hemisphere is quite illuminated because it's in the summer. So, the summer solstice actually happened in May earlier this year. So, Cassini had a great view of an illuminated Northern Hemisphere. So, we got to see views we hadn't seen any time prior. It's a wonderful image. How big is Saturn compared to the Earth? It's, oh boy, the volume. I can't remember. It's several hundred Earths that could fit inside of it, if you talk about volumes. And from side to side on the rings is... It's massive. It's about half the distance between Earth and the Moon is what I remember. So, it's a really big... It's hard to imagine how... Just how big it is. Yes. Looks spectacular in a telescope, but Cassini spacecraft was up close and personal. Yes, it was. Yes. So, actually the rings that we see, when we look at Saturn in the sky, we're not able to see the rings with our naked eye. We have to look through them to see them through a telescope. So, it wasn't until the 1600s when Galileo turned a telescope to Saturn that he saw the rings. And so, if you looked at the picture that we had just shown... If you go back to the first picture. Yes. So, we see this kind of wide, lighter color ring towards the inch near the planet and then a darker narrow ring. And there's this division that separates the rings, and that's actually known as the Cassini division. So, Giovanni Cassini was a French-Italian astronomer, mathematician, engineer that lived in the 1600s, early 1700s, and he spent a lot of time looking at Saturn. Kind of contemporary to him was Christian Huygens, who's a Dutch astronomer, also spent some time looking at Saturn. In fact, he was the first one to find one of Saturn's moons. He discovered Titan in the mid-1600s. Giovanni Cassini discovered four more moons after that, and one of the times he was looking through the telescope in his Paris Observatory, he saw that black division between the rings, and hence it's called the Cassini division. So, both Cassini and Huygens are very crucial people to contribute. And I suspect that the Cassini division provided the name for the spacecraft. And indeed, you mentioned that Huygens had also said, and we'll see in the next slide, in fact, that the Cassini spacecraft also had the Huygens probe. So, they were very influential members in what we know about Saturn's history and things like that. In fact, it wasn't for another hundred years until another moon was discovered, and it took another hundred years after that for just two more moons to be discovered. So, these guys really did a lot of their initial legwork on Saturn. Right. And as we'll see later on this afternoon, we'll recognize that some of the moons of Saturn are quite small. So, because it's so far away from the Earth and the very small moons, they're obviously very hard. We're talking about the Cassini spacecraft. I think you've got a cartoon from the Jet Propulsion Line. Here we've got a spacecraft, which is roughly healthy, I guess. So, the Cassini spacecraft is about 22 feet tall. So, that's actually quite large for spacecraft that's going to be traveling planetary. So, things like the direct TV satellite, I actually got to see this being built, those are over 100 feet tall, but those are not going very far. So, Cassini being 22 feet is actually quite an amazing feat. And yeah, here we see it kind of deploying this Huygens probe that we mentioned off the left. And the Huygens probe is the little object on the left hand side, yes. And it's about nine feet wide and it weighed about 700 pounds. It had its own set of instruments on it. So, yeah, when we're looking at the Cassini spacecraft here, we see this antenna. That's the high gain antenna. We see some equipment modules in the middle and at the end we have a propulsion module and there's instruments attached all over the outside of Cassini. There's 12 instruments on board and I think probably one of the most obvious ones is this long boom that's extending out the side. So, that is where the magnetometers are attached to. And the magnetometer does what? So, a magnetometer is in a device that records the strength and direction of magnetic fields. So, you can kind of think of it like a compass that we use here on Earth that will point to North.  It's the same thing for the spacecraft. That's why it needs to be on this boom to get it as far away from the spacecraft as possible. So, that boom was actually over 30 feet long. So, it was folded up initially during launch and then unfurled later. So, it was just one of the instruments. And on the national news, they last week were mentioning the magnetometer. How many they don't know the duration of the day on Saturn? We still don't. It's still, even in all the time we're there, we still haven't quite pinned it down. So, it's quite remarkable. Yes, but the magnetometer did collect a lot of data as well as some of the other instruments. And today we'll probably just see images from cameras. Yes, so the instruments kind of fall under main packages. There's an optical remote sensing, so optical you can think of like sight, only in this case Cassini had far better sight than we do. So, it can see in the visible range and take pictures with cameras like we're familiar with, but it can also see in infrared and it could see in the UV. So, it got to collect a lot of data. UV is ultraviolet. Ultraviolet. Right. So, the magnetometer falls under another group called the fields, waves and particles. So, magnetic fields is measuring those particles like cosmic dust, something some people are very interested in. Things like microwaves, things like of that nature all were put on there to study specific things about the Saturn system. Right. So, there must be a lot of conflict between some of the scientists. Yes. Who want to look in one direction with one instrument? Yes. Yes, definitely. Oh, and there's also the radar on there. The radar proved to be very important. So, radar is actually an acronym, radio detecting and ranging, and it proved crucial for looking at Titan that we'll see a little bit later because of the atmosphere on Titan. We can't really see it just by taking a picture with a camera, but the radar helped us get a better idea. Great. And you mentioned that there was many different orbits. So, let's move on to the next slide and I think what we'll see here is that the number of opportunities because Cassini spacecraft was in orbit around Saturn. Yes. As are the moons of Saturn. Yes. So, what we see is a noodle diagram here. It's affectionately called the ball of yarn. And I like this image because it shows that traveling to planets and their moons is not as simple as just getting in the car and driving directly there. It just doesn't work that way for these things. So, you have to take advantage of something called orbital mechanics and this is what ends up happening. So, you can see there's a couple different colors. The green is for the prime mission. So, that was the first part of the mission. It ran from 2004 to 2008. Kind of hard to see, but in the middle there's some yellow trajectories. That was something known as the Equinox mission that ran for two years until 2010. And finally that very elaborate purple, that's the solstice portion. Let me just ask. Yeah. The scale of this. Obviously Saturn's right in the middle. Saturn's in the middle and so, yeah, it's going out far beyond. Far beyond, way beyond Earth's moon orbit, way from the Earth. Yes. And what was interesting about the Saturn system is Titan, the one of the moons is large enough that they could use Titan to help boost Cassini's using something called a gravity assist to help it kind of change the trajectories. Why they're not all in a single plane. And those purple ones, they get very elaborate patterns there because that was when it was doing this grand finale. So, it's starting to do these more elaborate and daring maneuvers towards the end there. Let's take a look. I think you've got some stunning images coming up next. We'll start off, I guess this is Saturn, right? Yes, the Saturn North Pole, top of the world here. So, this is a turbulent cloud pattern that's been seen on Saturn's North Pole. They thought for a while there it was only on the South Pole, but discovered there's one on the North Pole as well. This is quite large. And there's no solid surface. Yes, this is all, yeah. This is all just gas. So, this is a significant image, not only in how it looks, but this was taken on April 26th of this year and it marked the beginning of the grand finale phase. So, this is something that Cassini took as it was approaching Saturn and was going to begin its dive in between the planet and the rings for the first time. And I think the next one we'll sort of back up just a little bit more the rings. The rings, yes. They look magnificent in that first image we saw, but this for you here, all of these near vertical stripes. Yep. So, this is the highest resolution color image that we have to date of the ring system. So, this is actually a portion of the rings that's in something known as the B ring. So, on that first image that was the wide light band. So, this is somewhere in the central portion of that. And so, we're looking at particles ranging in size from small, like sand size, to very large, as big as houses of icy material, some rocky material, all kind of mixed together. Now, this tan color that we're seeing, we wouldn't necessarily see this if we looked through a telescope, but Cassini's optical remote sensing allows us to see it in this kind. And I'm sure some of the viewers are wondering why are there so many small rings we saw in that original image? They look as if they were like five or six. Yes, now we see there's many more. What causes the gaps? Well, some of the gaps are caused by little moons in there, but actually the formation of the rings in general is something that's kind of still debated to this day, the age of it, how they really formed and things like that. Do we know how thick they are? They're about 15 meters. Yes, they're pretty thin. Less than 50 feet. So, if you were to look at them from directly side on, they would almost be only a stick about as a piece of paper compared to Saturn. They're very thin. Remarkable, yeah. And the colors here, although it's computer enhanced, tell us what. So, most people think it's different composition, but exactly what? It's still hard to know. We're just testing it. And they look within each ring to be of uniform color. Yes, they do seem to have something in common, the rings, each rings itself. So, does that mean that the rings have been sort of homogenized over geologic time? Perhaps, perhaps. Yes, this is one of the ones that people are still kind of talking about. Cassini hasn't given us all of the answers. No, it's given us enough curiosity to ask more questions from. Yeah, yeah, yeah. It's fascinating to look at each one of these images because everyone, you want to ask even more questions and collect more data. Well, I know you've got a few more images to show us, but we're about ready to take a break now. So, let me just remind the viewers, you are watching Think Tech Hawaii Research in Manara. I'm your host, Pete McGinnis-Marc, and today's guest is Marissa Cameron, and we're talking about the Cassini mission to Saturn. And we'll be back in about a minute. See you then. Bye. This is Think Tech Hawaii, raising public awareness. Aloha. I'm Marcia Joyner, inviting you to navigate the journey. Spend the time with us as we look through and discover all of the ins and outs of this journey through life. We're on Wednesdays at 11 a.m., and I would love to have you with us. Come navigate the journey. Aloha. Guys, don't forget to check me out right here at the Prince of Investing. I'm your host, Prince Dykes, each and every Tuesdays at 11 a.m. Hawaii time. I'm going to be right here. Stop by here from some of the best investment minds across the globe, and real estate, finances, stocks, hedge funds, managers, all that great stuff. Thank you. And welcome back to Think Tech Hawaii Research in Manoa. I'm your host, Pete McGinnis-Mark, and today's guest is Marissa Cameron, who is a graduate student in the Geology and Geophysics Department at Yorich Manoa. So, Marissa, a burning question. Why should anybody care about this? Well, I think a big part of exploring space is just kind of pushing the boundary of what we can do and what we think we know, and having something like going to Saturn is so complex of a thing. We learn so many things on the way. It's just a great way to push our boundaries, I think. And presumably pushing those boundaries means training graduate students and everybody else, STEM education. Are there careers in this kind of work? There is a lot of opportunities for careers in doing space science, whether you're into the science side or the engineering, or you're really like mathematics or computer modeling. All of those things are necessary for advancing space science. And where is this kind of work apart from studying at UH? Where do people actually do this kind of work? The most common place that people think of is probably NASA. There's several NASA centers across the United States, but it's more than that. There's ESA. It's the European Space Agency. A lot of countries have their own space agencies. And more than just NASA and ESA and things like that, there are universities and smaller facilities that all contribute to these things. And I believe you've recently visited some of the NASA facilities. Yes, I've been at JPL, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which is in Southern California. And that's where the scene is. Yes, so JPL, one of its primary things that it works on, is building these robotic spacecraft, operation and building of robots. That must have been really exciting. What did you get to see over there? Well, it was pretty amazing. I got to go into the mission control room. And so you could see where they were blocking off part of the Cassini control desk to get ready for this grand finale. Okay. I got to see something called the Mars yard. So they have a replica of the Curiosity rover that they sometimes take out and test on obstacles and stuff before they actually command the rover to do it itself. So it's a really interesting place to be. And that was just a few weeks ago. Yes, this was just earlier this summer. What a great opportunity. And presumably, you know, this is where perhaps you'd be looking for a post-local position or something like that. Yes, that's my first choice for now. Very good, very good. Sounds really exciting. But yes, it's sort of a quest for knowledge and exploring the solar system or the galaxies beyond sort of thing. Yeah. I think cultures from as long as we can have documented history have always looked to the sky and kind of asked what's out there. And we have the ability to actually kind of go and see. And of course, all the money spent on missions like Cassini is spent here on Earth. Yes. So that's what improves our technology. Yes, definitely. The drive to push the technology to do these difficult things in space helps us here on Earth as well. And talking about difficult things in space, I think some of the next images will just show what a wonderful place the outer solar system really is. So if we can go on to the next slide, for example, this looks really odd. We've got bands in the middle and we've got little globes top and bottom, right? Yep. So I think when you mentioned the outer solar system, sometimes I kind of see it as the wild west of the space. And this kind of reminds me of it a little bit. So yeah, we've got Saturn's rings here and we've got three of the moons. So on the top right corner, the moon that's almost kind of out of frame, that's Tethys. The middle is Enceladus and the smaller little one off to the left is Mimus. And presumably the sun is shining from the right hand side. Yes. So you can see a shadow on the back ends of the moons. So they're not quite new moons. No. They are first quarter moons. And it's important to remember with this kind of image, all of these moons are at different distances from the camera. They're not actually like right next to each other. So Enceladus in the middle there is actually the one that's closest to the camera. They're not going to be knocking into each other. No. But when I say close, it's still far away. The camera is still about a million miles away when it took this picture. So yes, it's a very good camera. Let's take a look at the next slide. I think we're looking at how bizarre. I know. What is this? This is Pan. This is a moon that lives in the rings. Two images. Yes. So it's looking at kind of the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. So to give you an idea, Pan is about 17 miles across. So that's actually about the width of the island Lanai. So it's pretty small. And it's very odd shaped because it started, it started forming in the ring system. So what they think happened is it started creating or getting material stuck onto the central mass, perhaps when the ring was a little bit larger. And then even after it cleared out its orbit, for whatever reason, material from the rings kept raining down on this equatorial region, so around the equator, to make this ridge. And because it's so small, the gravity is relatively small and it can build this ridge up. And you're a graduate student studying tectonics on sidewalks. This is bizarre to me. What would you do with it? Oh goodness. It would be hard to even start mapping this guy. Oh my god. We've got other pictures of moons, I think, coming up. Oh, yes. Speaking of moons, this is one we've had on the show before. Oh, Titan. I think this is Titan. And this is, what are we looking at here? We've got two images. Yes. So on the left here, we're looking at some images of what, I mean, if you think it looks like a river type of stream system, you're probably right. Like that is definitely believed to be channels carved by fluid. Liquids. But because of how cold Titan is, it's probably not water because it would have frozen. So the thing, the liquids make carving, this landscape is probably more methane. And the black lines are what you say. Those are the ones that look like rivers. Yeah, they really do. And then on the right hand side here, this is actually an image of the surface of Titan. So that Huygens probe was sent down to Titan in 2004, got there in 2005. It had some instruments on it, mostly to look at the atmosphere. Of Titan, but also to try to figure out what the surface it landed on, what were the physical properties. So it took some images and we can see it kind of looks like boulders, but they're actually more pebble size. But they're not really made of rock, probably. They're made of some sort of ice and it's just cold enough. This is what I always find fascinating about looking at other worlds, whether it's Mars, which is fairly familiar to us or Venus. But the outer planet satellites, there's just these bizarre things and the temperatures are different than they are here on Earth. The atmospheres are different. So for your student studies, do you have to learn a lot about, say, what's gravity, what's temperature, that sort of thing? Yeah, it can actually get kind of complicated when you start studying several moons, because each of them will have their own properties, own sizes, their own gravities. And you kind of have to, I have a table where I just keep a list of all the different moon properties. Yeah, some of them are covered in ice, some have rocks. So you just have to kind of adjust depending on which body you're working on. And then I know you do a lot of work on the moons of Jupiter as well, which are also icy worlds. Yes. But there must be a temperature difference. Yes, there's definitely a temperature difference on the moons of Jupiter. There's four main moons that people usually talk about, they're known as the Galilean satellites. So the one I think most people have probably heard of is Europa. There's a movie about it. The one I study the most is Ganymede, so it's a little farther out, so it'll be a little bit colder. But there's this one moon isle that lives really close to Jupiter. It's quite hot and it's actually still volcanically active and things of that nature. So it's quite different even than its neighbors. How does somebody get into this line of work? So did you study this at high school? I did not. I actually started out as a pre-med biology major when I left high school. That's an obvious good training for you, yes? Yes. And it wasn't quite right for me. And I ended up taking a class at community college to fulfill a requirement that was a geology class that ended up just kind of changing my path completely. Growing up, my dad would have me look through the telescope and collect rocks, but I never realized that you could do a career from those things. But that geology class kind of brought it all back. So the spark of interest and the creativity came to you when you were at community college? Yes, I was working full-time. I would go to school in the evenings after my job. And I had to sit in this class and it was great. I had an excellent teacher that really inspired me to start asking more questions about the world about me. Because obviously at the University of Hawaii is part of a bigger system. Yes. It's not just Manoa. We've got many community colleges here in the state. So for those professors out there, here we've got great inspiration for community college students completely changing your career. Yeah, yeah. It's just unbelievable. Yeah, that's amazing. Good. We've got many more pictures than we can show time. These are so photogenic. I can't stop looking at some of these. What is it we've got here? This sun is tightened again in front of Saturn. And so you can see the rings and even some shadows from the rings. And in the right side there, the smaller moon, that's Dionii. And again, these moons are not next to each other. So Dionii is actually way, way off in the background there. But to give you a sense of scale here, Dionii, the one on the right, the smaller one, is about 630 miles across. And so twice the distance between Honolulu and Hilo. And Titan there is quite large. It's over 3,200 miles across. It's actually one of the largest moons in our solar system. And it looks fuzzy. It does. And that's from the atmosphere.  That is an atmosphere of Titan. And then the background is not the black of deep space. No, that is part of the ring system, I believe. Oh, the very bottom. Not sure. Yeah. Yeah, but very photogenic. Let's see one more. Because we've had a discussion of these before, but to remind the viewers, what do we see here? Yeah, so these are some of the lakes and seas of Titan. So again, these are not water. These are probably methane lakes. And it's interesting. These were actually named after mythological sea creatures. So crack in my there is probably the more familiar of the names. But these are not images like taken with a camera. This is where this radar came in handy too, because we could send radio waves down and get some of these radar images back to get an idea. Right. And when you say the lakes, the great lakes. Yes, so one of them is similar in size to Lake Superior. OK, so these are not small. Yeah, these are not puddles. They're lakes. Even if they're not liquid water. Yep. Well, I could spend the whole afternoon looking at some of these pictures with you, Marissa. But I'm afraid we're running out of time on the show. So let me just remind the audience, we have been watching Think Tech Hawaii research in Manoa. I'm your host, Pete McGinnis-Mark. And today's guest has been Marissa Cameron, who's a graduate student in the geology and geophysics department. Marissa, thank you very much for bringing some of these images and giving us some of the, not only the historical background on the Cassini mission, but also bringing some of these fabulous images. Thank you very much for coming on the show. Thank you for having me. Thank you. And we'll be back next week with another exciting show. So join us one o'clock next Monday afternoon. Bye for now.


Live from San Francisco, extracting the signal from the noise, it's the Cube, covering Oracle OpenWorld 2015, brought to you by Oracle. Now your hosts, John Furrier and Brian Grace Lee. Hey, welcome back everyone. We are live here in San Francisco, Silicon Angles, the Cube, our flagship program where we go out to the events and extract the signal from the noise. I'm John Furrier with my co-host, Brian Grace Lee, analyst at wikibon.com and we are kicking off day two, actually technically day one, but for day two for us yesterday was the opening, Tim Jennings, chief research officer is here with us from OVM IT. Welcome to the Cube. Thank you very much. Thanks for having me on. I love the analyst segment because we get to dig into the critical analysis because there's lots. And there's lots to talk about, obviously. So the first thing I want to get your take on is Mark Herzquino just came off the stage. We did a little bit of an intro there. Your take on his performance and his predictions. I mean, he's talking about some pretty bold things. He's actually pegging some numbers to these predictions 2025, among others. Your thoughts? It was interesting. I think he opened by setting what was a pretty grim picture in some ways, saying, look, things are tough out there. So I think that message was interesting. I'm really setting the context for how is this whole cloud thing going to play out? I think with the predictions, some of them are quite bold. So I think talking about 80% of those production apps moving to the cloud in the next 10 years. I mean, I think that broadly mirrors our view. So our latest cloud forecast sort of shows, you know, 21% growth over through to 2020. So I think that's a reasonable sort of number. All the vendors love to have their shows. They need to have a horse to ride it on. Yeah, yeah, we're going to do that. It's referencing over the world. What are you number one and everything? What's your data show? You guys have an independent research firm. What's your take on this? Does his story hang together? Yeah, I think it does hang together. I think if you look at that sort of cloud growth and say, I think our forecasts, we're looking five years forward, but I think it shows that we're going to see that sort of move. I think then if you think about how those different segments are going to move, Larry Ellison last night talked about that sort of generational shift, being in the early days of it. But I think we are at that stage, and certainly when I talk to both the CIOs and to line a business execs, we're seeing, I think, particularly through digital transformation, that shift's happening and quite fast. Larry, the yesterday said on the keynote, hey, we're Oracle, we're in the app business, we're in the SaaS business, we learned that we needed to have past platform as a service. And we got into platform as a service business and we realized we had to be in the infrastructure as a service business. And then hell, why not just re-engineer everything, rewrite the code to go across infrastructure, platform and software as a service? So I got to ask you a question. That being said, which by the way, I like that message. I think that's solid. I think they're in a very good fortified position, but they have competitive pressure from both fronts. They have the SaaS vendors like Oracle, Workday, SAP, Salesforce, I mean, sorry, Salesforce. And then infrastructure pressure from Amazon and others. So how do you make of their past platform? The new middleware model is the cloud. It's one big middleware cloud, integrated cloud, what's your take on it? Absolutely. Well, I think it's been very interesting this week, I think. So for a few years, Larry and Oracle have talked about that huge fusion project to move the apps to the cloud. I think they've suddenly realized that the scale of moving the whole middleware to the cloud is a big project, but an absolutely necessary one. I think what's interesting this year is, you could take the easy option and say, okay, you know what? We've got this huge middleware portfolio. We're a leader in middleware. We're going to start moving things to the cloud. I think this year it's clear that they've gone more all in. So I think they've been pretty aggressive with that middleware portfolio and saying, we've got to go cloud first. And I think that's the big change this year. Yeah, you talked a minute ago about digital transformation driving a lot of these enterprises. Who's driving it within the enterprise, though? I mean, for a long time, we've heard about shadow IT. IT was afraid of the cloud. Is shadow IT driving these digital transformations or is IT retooling themselves? What are you hearing from your clients? Yeah, I mean, I think shadow IT was a little bit of a red herring. I think in the early days, you certainly saw the CMOs, some of the other line of business execs were sort of going solo almost. But actually, I think that happens less now. I think we're seeing a more collaborative approach. So they understand that they can't actually do it all alone. I think you need the whole business, really, working together on that digital transformation. So there's certainly more of a role for the CMO, for the Chief HR Officer. But I think there's more now, the CIO, the CTO, maybe the Chief Digital Officer, a helping line of business collaborating on that chain. Shadow IT is interesting.  So, okay, but shadow IT has been the best advertising for the cloud because what it does is it gets the business case on the table very, very rapidly. And so when the guy goes out and says, hey, look what I did with Big Day, look what I did in the cloud, I went around IT. Great, let's operationalize that. Here's the ops guy. Guess what happens next, the whole thing's dead. So, I mean, are you seeing that same operationalizing because shadow IT has been a good R&D background, it's been legitimized now with cloud? I mean, so what's that operational look like?  Here's my security guy, there's my telecom audit. What do you make of the shadow IT trend of operationalizing the cloud from that angle? Yeah, well, yeah, I think the whole key part of that proposition is taking away as much as possible of that burden as you can. So, I think it's very clear that it's taking away headcounts that you would otherwise have in-house to do a lot of that stuff. I think the interesting thing is when you see some of the benefits from those early projects, I think it's a real kind of pathfinder effect in the organization. If you look at the contrast between, okay, we've gone with HEM or recruitment in the cloud, look at the benefits we're getting from it. When it comes up to your next project, you're kind of saying, why would I want to do all of that stuff in-house now? And by the way, it's going to take me six months a year, 18 months to do it. The guy who just did that last project delivered it in three or four months. It's a no brainer. Yeah, so obviously lots of talk about SaaS applications, people understand those, try to throw some punches in infrastructure as a service, whether they're going to play there, we'll see. What are you guys seeing around the past layer, right? There's a bunch of different options. I mean, Baroku, Amazon's doing some things, Cloud Foundry, obviously the whole fusion. What do you see in that space and how much do customers even understand that concept yet? Thanks, Mr. I don't think they understand it that well. I think what they do understand is the use cases for it. So I think the early pattern we're seeing is moving that dev test to the cloud. So the typical ratio of dev tests to production systems, you're looking at a range of three to one to 10 to one in terms of the infrastructure. So I think, again, moving as much as you can of that to the cloud. But I think now people are understanding it's not just the infrastructure, it's a much wider platform. So you need to have your integration there. You need to have your mobile development. You need to have your document services, your analytic services. So I think people are understanding it's a bigger platform. And then the next bridge, I think, is looking at sort of SaaS extension. So where people say, okay, we've taken on this particular cloud app, but we do need to perhaps build a custom extension to it. It's less. People are working much more on configuration rather than customization. But there will still be the instances where you need to do that. And I think that's where the PaaS element will come in to say, yeah, that's now the way to deliver that quickly and in a way we can manage. And again, we don't need that big cost behind it. It talks about customers maybe getting it. We're definitely seeing people realize they got to get developers. I mean, we saw GE on stage. We saw GE on stage at AWS re-invent. We saw them on stage at CloudFound. If nothing else, they're trying to recruit developers. They're trying to create this sort of sexiness around, hey, we're building new modern stuff. I think if anything, that's what PaaS is creating is businesses are going, I better start hoarding developers and hiring them any way I can. Yeah. And I think, you know, in the initial stages, it was very Java centric. And I think make no mistake, you know, for enterprise development, Java is still, you know, a key part of that. But you're right, you know, for new digital projects, people want to use their new tools, new frameworks. So I think we've seen this week that there's more of that coming into the Oracle PaaS layer. But also I think that they do need to work on that developer community. And we're seeing through some of the developer cloud services that now there's better options to do development in the cloud, to collaborate, to use, you know, non-Oracle standards-based framework. So that's good. Tim, talk about the cost savings between PaaS and infrastructure service.  Total cost of ownership, classic shark fin, iceberg, whatever you want to call it, it's a lot under there that people need to understand. So like the numbers straight up look good on cloud, but over the life of a project, all that infrastructure and platforms of service, it gets interesting. What is the real cost savings between the two platform and infrastructure? Can you share your thoughts there? Yeah, I mean, I think it's impossible to put a figure on it. It's very dependent on the particular organization and their scenario.  I think the trick to it, though, is there is going to be that interim period. So if you do move some of those workloads to the cloud, you still got to support those on-prem systems. So I think, you know, that's the trick for people to work over the next decade. But where's the sizzle mistake on the terms of the numbers? Well, I'd say sizzle mistake. Where's the attention and then where's the meat on the bone? Because when is it, is it the past or infrastructure? From a CXO standpoint, look at cloud, I see economic benefits are huge. But where is the focus? Where do people go to first? What gets people's attention? Where's the meat on the bone? Well, I think you have to come back to SAS first.  The PAS may be the extension piece to help you build on that. I think for me, we see that it's the PAS that's going to be the faster-growing segment. I mean, I think fundamentally, it'll be part of the transition over that next decade. But I think, you know, the principles of this, you're going to want to move as much of that stuff out of your organization as possible. Anyway, we heard it in the keynote this morning, you know, GE, Viya, ALT. GE, they were at the Amazon event, too. GE is on stage with Andy Jassy and said, Amazon's our part for the next 100 years. How do you reconcile that? Are they just shopping for, you know? Looking for developers. Here's the sexy thing is, there are lines of business managers out there who are going, I've got an idea. In the past, I had to go through IT and I had to go through this long process. And they're now going, I can cobble together three or four developers. I can either go to some platform as a service or Amazon and I can have a mobile app in three months and I can go around and go. I can change the business just like that. And I think that's the sexiness. Does that scale? They got to figure out how to scale that. But that's the sexiness. That's the thing that goes idea to execution in three months. And I look like a business changer, right? That's what people are excited about, I think. And I think, you know, that's where the sort of multimodal approach comes in. As you say, people want to do those digital projects quickly, but at some point, a lot of them need to be scaled up for enterprise grade. The excitement goes away and I don't want to do it. And now you've got to do it. And I think, you know, that's when you come in. Okay, I've got to take care of security. I've got to take care of patching this stuff. You know, I may need to scale it to a big audience. So I think, you know, for the majority in the long run, that's something they want to move out. So talk about the thing that we were addressing on the post keynote review that Brian and I were going through. We looked at Oracle as a really strong position. Right now, in their middleware, they got a nice four to five position competitively and product and also the numbers, hers, flaunting them around so that they're solid, right? So they're in a good position. Now they got competitive landscape from all different angles. And the thing that we asked, we talked about with speculating, they can actually win it all here. If they go beyond the red stack. So one of the things that we were talking about, a few events ago, was the notion of inter-clouding. Certainly Pat Gelsie from VMware will be like, oh, there'll be multiple clouds, right? So in a multi-cloud environment, not just Oracle, where does the customer get the solution? Is Oracle going to be compatible in that environment? What about that customer says, hey, I got to move stuff around different clouds. Guys, what do you think? What's the thoughts? I want to get your perspective on this open question. I would definitely, I definitely think the approach Oracle's taken to this. So it's very standard-based. I think they're aware of that issue of portability. You already see it into the Paz layer. So, yeah, I mean, I think in a multi-cloud environment, I mean, I still think there will be a trend to having a key strategic provider here. But that said, we'll still have hybrid mixer services. But I think Oracle is well-placed in that environment. So it's not a winner-take-all, it's a winner-take-most model. And that's what Herg was saying on stage. He said two vendors, I think it might be three, but three or four. I would go for three. Yeah, I meant three, maybe four. Brian, what's your take on inter-clouding trend? Obviously, Oracle is in a good position to be one of the top three to your vendors in the cloud. I'm not sure I'm convinced there's going to be two or three. I think there's probably going to be at least a half a dozen.  I think it's, the great position for Oracle, for a few of these, is it's a huge investment. So you've got to look at the guys that have the dollars to be able to keep making those investments. But you look at how different Asia and Asia Pacific is, their requirements are going to be different. Nobody's talking about Baidu and Tencent and all those kind of companies. There's a lot of economics that go on around those things that isn't mentioned here, isn't even mentioned at AWS. So, to say there's going to be two, I mean, we haven't seen that since back in the 60s with IBM. Well, the interesting thing that came up yesterday, about to give you Tim's thoughts on as well, is there is an app cloud and there's a platform cloud. So, you know, one of the things that came up is IoT is more of an app environment. It's hard to be an IoT platform.  And then run your apps on top of standards-based apps. So, it's interesting, there could be an app cloud market and there could be a platform cloud market. I mean, hey, we're riffing in real time. Your thoughts? Well, I think, yeah, there's that struggle. That's on the reader's agenda. Well, indeed. Oh, that's where networks start coming into play. You've got to have bandwidth between them. Makes sense, right? I mean, that's plausible.  There's a platform war out there right now. No, but I don't think you can separate the two. So, I think you've still got that very strong synergy between the apps and the platform. So, the extension play is key part of that. But there are some areas and IoT is a good example. I think that will be very high-pitched, you know? If you look at the whole space of things... We'll call them tool clouds then. There's going to be a lot of tooling for sure. I mean, there'll be tons of tools. Calling that a tool or... I think we'll see a second-order thing here. Where are the automotive manufacturers going to build their platform? Where's GE going to build their platform? Where's the people that build ships and boats and oil companies? Where's going to be the oil and gas platform built? Is it going to be built on Oracle? Is it going to be built on Amazon? That's the second-order stuff that we've seen in every other big platform, whether it's PC or mainframe or something. And that's still the play out. But I think if you're the ultimate end-user organization of that, you're going to be taking some of your infrastructure from one provider. I'm not talking IT infrastructure here, I'm talking physical infrastructure. So, that's going to come from multiple providers. One of them may have chosen Oracle as their key partner. Another may have chosen AWS. So, you've got to integrate those two. Well, and we're talking about some people here who don't own network, Google loans network, AT&T owns network, Oracle doesn't own network, Amazon doesn't own network. There's going to be some interesting interplay with those things as well that we won't really talk about here. Yeah, I mean, I think it's interesting if you look at the telco service providers, they certainly see a big opportunity still, both in M2M as they would refer to it and also in the overall cloud services play. But I think fundamentally, I think Oracle's hand is strong because they're playing across all three tiers. And I think with that solid play, I think they're well placed to provide a solution, whereas perhaps others can only provide one slice or one tier. Tim, we've got to wrap here, but I want to get you to the final word on future scenario for Oracle. Also, user experience simplicity seems to be obviously the key automation. They have a lot of stuff pre-built into Oracle from years of experience, so they can bring that to the table. How important is the notion of simplicity and standing up across-prem and on-public cloud capabilities for Oracle? Is that a critical factor for them? Yeah, I think it's critical in two ways. It's critical from an IT perspective, so you need to make that as simple to stand up, as simple to manage as possible. But I think even more importantly, it's critical from a business perspective. If you're taking a lot of that operations out of the business, you want to be using that really for your business people to build solutions. All right, CrowdChat is jamming right now. Go to crowdchat.net slash OW15. Join the conversation, this is theCUBE. We'll be right back more from Oracle OpenWorld, live on Howard Street in San Francisco, this is theCUBE. I'm John Furrier, Bryan Gracie. We'll be right back after this short break.