I think everybody has taken a great interest in Norway in the last year in particular and even before that and we are very interested here about the Norwegian mode of association with the European Union of course. We're interested to know about the border, we're interested to know about how the Brexit discussion is taking place in Norway if at all. Is it just ourselves that is obsessed with Brexit in all its forms? So the minister has engaged in an active and rising role within the Norwegian Conservative Party. The minister was elected to County Council in Oslo in 1997, the same year that you passed your international baccalaureate examinations I'm told here. Prodigy. She's also pursued an active degree in law serving as deputy judge to the Oslo District Court and as a lawyer for Wiesholm. The minister has further pursued her public service career in her services, state secretary into the office of the Prime Minister, Minister for Justice and Public Security and the Minister of European Affairs. Her most recent appointment is a current role to which she was appointed less than a month ago. So minister please look forward to your comments. Thank you very much. Distinguished guest, ladies and gentlemen, it's really an honor to be here. We take it as a compliment that you pay the interest to Norway to our views on Brexit and our relations with the European Union. We think that's a sign of the very strong commitment and strong bonds between Norway and Ireland. We are two small countries, open economies, a strong belief in the multilateral system in international cooperation. And so it's a pleasure to be here. And you asked me to talk about Norway's relationship with the European Union in the light of Brexit. And let me be clear from the start that Brexit will not change Norway's relationship with the European Union. We may have rejected membership in the European Union twice, but we have never rejected cooperation with Europe and the European Union. And as I will describe today, Norway cooperates closely with the European Union and its member states because we share a common set of values and because we need joint solution to the challenges, the global challenges that we see today. And we cooperate because it's in Norway's national interest to do so. And the British decision to leave the European Union will not change this foreign policy priority in Norway. But Brexit has of course put our relationship with the European Union squarely in the spotlight because the so-called Norwegian model makes now headlines on a regular basis, but not always with very great accuracy. So this is why today I can give you an outline on how our cooperation with the EU is organized and how it works before I move on to Norwegian interests in the Brexit process. And let me start by giving you some general thoughts on Norwegian European policy. Because our cooperation with EU is a fundamental part of my government's foreign policy. Historically, Norway has always been negatively affected by conflicts on the European continent. And so it is in our fundamental self-interest to contribute to a strong, prosperous, peaceful and united Europe. And no country, empire or alliance have made a better job in doing this than the European Union. And for that reason, a strong European Union is in Norway's interests. And from our standpoint, it is crucial that European governments work closely together to meet the common challenges that we see today, such as climate change, migration, unemployment and violent extremism. And issues such as this can not be solved by one country alone. On the contrary, the solutions to many of these challenges are European. And Norway will play a part and will continue to do so. And as politicians, we may not always like all decisions coming from Brussels. But I think in today's world, it's our obligation and duty to stand up and defend the effects and positive effects of European cooperation and explain what it means for citizens of Europe in their daily life. Because the alternative to a strong and united Europe will be a weak and divided Europe. And I think countries like Ireland and Norway understand this and can tell this story together. So, EEA countries, how is Norway's European cooperation organized? The EEA agreement or the agreement on the European economic area, that's the full name, forms the cornerstone or our relationship with the EU. And in addition, there are about 70 other agreements that help regulate the different aspects of the wide-ranging relations between Norway and the European Union, including also the Schengen agreement. And interest in the EEA has increased markedly since Britain's vote to leave the European Union. And the EEA has become an important point of reference in the debate about the future relationship between UK and the EU. But still, we often see that there are misconceptions as to how it works and the right and obligation it entails. I'm not going to give you the full lecture on the EEA agreement on all the technical parts, but just a few basic points. The basic idea of the European economic area was launched in 1989 by the former president of the European Commission, Jacques Delors, to extend the emerging single market to the seven EFTA countries. And the EFTA countries swiftly responded favorably, and the EEA was signed in 1992, and it entered into force 1st of January 1994. But later that same year, three of these three EEA countries, Austria, Sweden and Finland decided to join the European Union. So the countries left, the green countries on the map, Norway, Iceland and Lichtenstein chose to remain in the EEA, and therefore also in the single market, but not to join the European Union. Switzerland also had their referendum, but they narrowly rejected the EEA in their referendum in December 1992. So basic principles, the first article of the EEA agreement states that the aim of the agreement is to create a homogeneous European economic area. And the key word here is of course homogeneous, which means that there can be, to have a common market, you need common rules on free movement of good services, capital and persons, as well as competition and state aid. And it also means that the EEA agreement is dynamic. It is continuously updated with new regulations, precisely in order to ensure that the rules of the single market are the same across the whole of the EEA. And this makes it fundamentally different from all types of free trade agreement, which focuses on tariffs, on improved access to each other's markets, because the EEA agreement instead gives all the 31 participating countries a 31-country home market. So it's completely different from a free trade agreement. And it's dynamic, that means that new EU regulation will be implemented into Norwegian law at some point. We also participate in different EU programmes, such as Erasmus Plus, Horizon 2020 and Galileo. And for these programmes, our financial contribution is calculated in the same way as for EU member states. EU rules do not have direct effect in Norway, since we are not EU members, but must be incorporated into the EEA agreement by the way of separate decisions in the joint EEA committee consisting of the EU and the EEA AFTA countries. And this brings me to one important point, which is called the two-pillar structure. It means that the EEA countries and the EU countries has separate enforcement and dispute resolution mechanisms. So we have the EFTA surveillance authority, the EU has the commission, and we have the EFTA court and the EU have their European Court of Justice. And this is crucial to ensure a level playing field across the EEA and legal certainty for economic operators and individual citizens. And the aim is, of course, to ensure that EU rules is applied in the same way in the EU market and in Norway, Iceland and Lichtenstein. We are not fully members. There are a lot of exceptions with regards to... We don't cooperate fully with the European Union. We don't... The EEA agreement do not include the common agriculture policy or the common fisheries policy. But importantly, though, the EEA does include EU food safety, veterinary and photosanitary rules and standards. And this allows for very smooth import and export of both fish and agriculture products. And this is important to us. No one is more in a hurry than dead fish. And it's therefore critical that our exports of fresh fish are able to reach EU shops without being unduly held up by the... At the border. And the EEA does not comprise the customs union, but there is total tariff free trade with the EU, except for fish and agriculture products. Being outside the customs union means that we are free to negotiate trade agreements with countries outside the EU, EEA, ourselves. And we usually do this together with the other EFTA countries, including Switzerland, which is not part of the EEA. The EEA agreement does not cover justice and home affairs. But NOVA is part of Schengen through an association agreement, which implies passport free travel within Schengen and common control of external borders. For NOVA, it was imperative to join Schengen because we had already this passport free zone with Sweden and Finland. So when Sweden and Finland became members of the Schengen agreement, we needed to also join Schengen in order to preserve that system at our border. And last but not by no means least, NOVA contributes also financially to the economic and social cohesion in Europe through the EEA and Norway grants, not through the budget, but through a separate grant scheme that is called EEA and the Norwegian grants. This money, 2.8 billion euros for the period now 2014 to 2021. And these grants are spent on a wide range of products in the 15 poorest EU member states with the aim of reducing social and economic inequality in Europe and to strengthen contact and cooperation. For instance, Norwegian EEA grants have been given to the asylum system in Greece in order to improve the quality of the asylum system in Greece at a very crucial point in 2015 in particular. So we see that these grants can both meet long-term needs but also respond to quite, I mean, to a situation that emerges in certain countries. So moving on to Brexit, so and then to reiterate one important point, Norway's relationship with the European Union is not in itself directly affected by the British vote to leave. And the EEA agreement provides a stable and predictable framework for Norway's economic relations with European Union member states to the benefit of businesses, consumers and citizens in general. And that will continue to be the case even though there will be one country less on the EU side. The United Kingdom and Norway enjoy long-standing and wide-ranging cooperation. And I'm confident that also after Brexit, UK will remain one of Norway's closest partners and allies. And our relationship with UK is to a very considerable extent regulated through the EEA agreement and many other agreements with the European Union, which means that once Britain leaves the European Union, we will need a new set of agreements to regulate our relationship with the UK. And our objective in these negotiations will be to maintain a close and extensive cooperation as possible between our two countries after Britain withdraw from the Union. We also share the priority of preserving the integrity of the single market to the benefit of the citizens and businesses in the 30 states, the 27 EU countries and the three EFTA states, remaining in the European economic area after the UK's withdrawal. And in that context, Norway and the other EEA states, Iceland and the UK and the UK agree on withdrawal terms relevant to the single market, for instance, regarding acquired rights of citizens. We need to find ways to extend these provisions to all EEE states and citizens. And likewise, any transitional arrangement that extends the application of the single market to the EU and the EU and the EU and the EU transitional arrangement that extends the application of the single market in the UK for a time limited period after withdrawal should also include the EEA states. Otherwise, we risk having a fragmented solution within the framework of the single market and will, of course, be a great problem for Norway if we're not included in the arrangements made between the EU and the UK regarding the single market. So consequently, to preserve the integrity of the single market, the EU 27, the UK and the EFTA 3 should agree on legal arrangements which can enter into force at the same time as the withdrawal agreement between the EU and the UK. But we're not negotiating. We have to go to Brussels and present our message in other ways than at the negotiation table. I made these points to the chief negotiator in the EU, Michel Barnier, last week. And his response was that the well functioning European economic area post Brexit is also important for the European Union. And there is a close dialogue with the EA countries to ensure this. And on the future of the EEA, after the British referendum, there are those in Norway who would like to follow the British example and replace the EEA agreement with the loser free trade agreement with the European Union. And their reasoning is that it should be possible to maintain access to the EU market taking back control over matters which are currently decided within the framework of the EEA. And it is true that it would be possible to retain access to the single market without the EEA agreement if the product you want to sell there complies with the single market rules and standards. But what the EEA agreement does is to give us participation in the internal market. And that is something quite different. It means that we share the same regulatory framework so that the entire single market of a half a billion people, it's actually our own home market, not just for goods, but also for services and no free trade agreement can equal that or replace that. And it's, as we all know, it doesn't end there, the EEA agreement, it's not only about establishing a large home market for business, it's also about opportunities and rights for ordinary citizens. An entire Norwegian generation have grown up with the opportunity to study, to work and to live in all 31 countries in the European economic area. Our qualification are recognized and we also have the right to health care and the social security benefits across the area. And these are rights that Norwegians and I guess most Europeans today take for granted because they have been there. But without the EEA agreement, those rights would not have been the same. And if we want to maintain a high level of consensus in favor of the EEA, we need to emphasize and focus and talk about these benefits, not only to business, but also to people in general, especially to the young generation who have the opportunities their parents could only dream of and opportunities they now take for granted. But we know there has been a long way before we are coming to where we are today. The EEA agreement is the most comprehensive and wide reaching international agreement that Norway has ever entered into. It is not perfect. But it makes us part of the single market and it guarantees important rights to each and every one of us. Brexit has given the EEA agreement more front page coverage than it has had ever since it was signed in 1992 and we voted to not join the European Union in 1994. And it is, of course, a focus that gives us the opportunity to explain both at home to Norwegians and abroad here in Ireland today what it is about and how we organize our participation in the European integration. It is perhaps a bit ironic that it is because of one country leaving the European Union that this focus is now on us. We have a lot to say about it. But what it highlights is how strongly Norway is integrated into the European cooperation structures. And probably a side effect of Brexit is that also our businesses, our citizens become more aware of the importance of our participation in the single market. It is a construction that is fundamental to Norwegian welfare and to our economy. So it is a construction that must be protected and preserved both now and also after the UK's withdrawal from the single market. And I guess I will get some questions as to what I think about what will happen in Brexit. We have to get back to that. But so far it has been stated quite clearly from the UK government that this is not a model that that UK foresee for their future relationship with the European Union. But it serves Norway's interests well, and it protects our economy, jobs and welfare.


After seeing this video, you will be able to then attempt the tutorial that we have given you. So, even if you know how to do it, please pay attention to the video, do not do the tutorial till I give you the go ahead. So, a funny shaped airfoil, in fact this airfoil shape is called a reflexed airfoil and it does have some particular uses to help change the pitching moment of a wing. This amount of reflex is probably a little bit more than you would see in practice. I put this much in just to make it really clear the way the curvature was behaving, but this is quite a bit of reflex here. So, it's probably a little exaggerated for a common situation, but again, we're just doing that for the purposes of showing you how this type of airfoil behaves. Okay, so let's start out by putting up some radius of curvature vectors in here. So, here's on the upper surface the radius of curvature on the front half of the airfoil, but on the back half the radius of curvature flips and comes from above. So, like we've done now a few times, that means in this region here we're going to expect the pressure to be lower than P infinity, right, so that there's a net force inwards or the other way of saying that is the pressure increases as they move out along the radius. So, if it increases P infinity is out here, so P here has got to be lower. So, if P is lower than P infinity, then the C P in that region should be less than zero. And the opposite happens here, the pressure will increase towards the airfoil along the radius direction, always along the radius direction, so here the C P is going to be greater than zero since the pressure will be greater than P infinity there. Okay, on the lower surface we have a radius of curvature in the front half that looks like that, and on the back half it looks like that. So, doing the same things here, this means that the pressure in this region has to be greater than P infinity, right, P increases along that direction, so C P is positive here and over here we're going to have the opposite, right, C P will be negative here because the pressure has to increase in this direction, so the high pressure is P infinity, low pressure will be on the surface. Okay, so that's the basic behavior, now let's try and do some sketches of the C P here, so I've put an axis together here with our usual negative C P's up on top. One is the stagnation point C P, and that's the highest C P that we'll ever have, so in terms of the positive value. So we'll have a stagnation point here at the leading edge, and in general for an inviscid flow we'll have a stagnation point here. We'll talk more about some details of the stagnation point, we're not at the trailing edge as we go along, but for now we're expecting a stagnation point on an inviscid flow back here. Okay, so those two points I've drawn in, now somewhere in the middle of the airfoil here we're going to have all of this sun flip occur where the C P's go from negative to positive on the upper surface and the lower surface vice versa. We'll know exactly where that's going to be, expected to be where that radius of curvature flips roughly. They don't have to be switch signs in exactly the same spot in the upper and lower surface. That's not true, but in the general vicinity we would expect that to be the case. So I've drawn this green sort of fuzzy area to say I don't know exactly where it's going to be, but somewhere in this vicinity in terms of X the C P's are going to cross through zero on both sides. So I'm just going to pick a spot here and say that's where the C P's are going to cross through zero and I'm going to use that to help connect my dots. Okay, so now next what am I going to do? Well, now it gets a little bit more hand wavy. Beyond knowing that they're positive and negative values, I'm going to have to pick some values here. So I'm going to start by picking the value on the lower surface on the back half here. Why do I pick that one? Well, no particular reason really. One is that these lower, the higher pressures are a little bit more bounded in that we know they can't get above one, whereas the negative C P values can go on for any value really. Of course the incompressible assumption will break down probably at some point, but at any rate, so I just have less to pick from here. So I'm just going to pick this. This is completely arbitrary. I know it has to be in this vicinity somewhere because the pressure in this region should go positive, C P should go positive. So I'm picking a dot. Don't make anything out of it beyond picking a dot. So nothing more than that and just saying that it's positive. Okay, and I'm going to now also just pick a dot for the upper, the lower surface C P, which will be negative in this region. Again, don't know what it will be. I'm just picking something at this point. So this is even more arbitrary than this. Beyond it being above this line, that's the only thing I really know for sure, and it's the same thing here. It's below but less than the C P of one. Okay, so with those two dots picked, I can draw the C P distribution for the lower surface and then the upper surface will go through the stagnation point as well since that will be at this spot. And I'm going to draw C P crossing through zero also for the up, the lower surface through the same spot. So again, an arbitrary choice on that one. It could cross through zero somewhere else, but should be somewhere in this vicinity. Okay, now I'm going to put in the lower surface C P the rest of it. Okay, and sketch in a couple of dots here. So the C P in this region I'm picking again similar to this. It's got to be somewhere between zero and one. I really don't know what it is. So I'm just picking this value. So just to summarize, very arbitrary beyond being positive, very arbitrary beyond being positive, very arbitrary beyond being negative. Okay, the location here is arbitrary. These are not really arbitrary. These are going to be stagnation points. Okay, now the last part is less arbitrary because once I've lowered this down, I need to produce the lift coefficient that I've given you. So I said the CL of 0.4. The CL will be the area under the curve, but I have to be a little careful because this part here is actually going to be a negative lift if you will. This is the first that's going to act downwards because the pressure now on the lower surface is less than the pressure on the upper surface. So this actually subtracts off lift. So whatever I have over here is going to have to supplement and go beyond what it might otherwise do because it's got to produce, it's got to overcome this negative contribution to the lift. So I need to calculate some areas here. So this area here, this is our rough numbers here. So this is roughly about from the half chord. So let's call that 0.5. And then this height here, let's call that a height of about 1. So the area here is something like about 0.5. So that means the area over here is going to have to be 0.9 so that this area subtracted from that produces an area of 0.4 in total, which is the lift coefficient that I need. So I need the area here to be about 0.9. And then the x distance here is about half a chord again. And so that means that in order to produce an area of 0.9 I need to go up from roughly about here since this is about the average Cp on the lower surface that I've picked. So I need to go up a distance of 1.8 so that 1.8 times this 0.5 equals my 0.9. So that blue dot there is about 1.8. So now just connect the dots again like that and that's what we think the Cp looks like. So what are the things again just emphasizing what I pretty much know for sure, or what I don't know for sure. I know there's a stagnation point at the leading edge. There's one at the trailing edge. Somewhere they're going to cross through 0 as we're expecting. The upper surface is going to have a negative Cp on the front half and a positive Cp on the back half. And we're expecting the opposite on the lower surface. I've said the Cl is 0.4 so that means I have to I have the sum of the areas here making sure that this one I realize is a negative really. So the difference really between these two areas has to be my Cl of 0.4. Okay, so I actually simulated this using the X-ray software in the incompressible potential mode and when you simulate that for a Cl of 0.4 here's what the Cp distribution looks like. So actually pretty similar to what I just sketched. I overestimated the Cp value here. Mine's more negative than this. But if you flip back here, let me do that. In fact, it's not bad. It's certainly the right shape qualitatively. And in fact, this airfoil does cross through zero fairly close to each other, not exactly, but very close. So generally the trends, clearly the trends are right on. And with a little bit of guess work actually I did pretty well on the Cps, but the trends right on. So again, important part here is just how do you apply streamline curvature? How does this work? How does it relate the Cp distribution to the geometry and therefore the geometry to the lift? Okay, so before we go ahead, let us take any doubts if anybody has about the arguments that were presented by this author in arriving at this distribution. And you notice that the estimated curve just by reasoning and simple arguments is not very bad as compared to the value predicted by a software called Xfoil. So we have to apply a similar reasoning today in trying to arrive at the Cp distribution. Now all of you do not have the same airfoil. Just to inform you, those of you who are experts in looking left and right and trying to copy from your friends. You may have the same one, but actually there are five airfoils in the whole class. So there are five different airfoils and these five airfoils we are now going to apply the same logic to arrive at the pressure distribution. So first of all, are there any questions or doubts? Hello. Yes. Why do we have stagnation point at trading edge? Why not? What is the stagnation point? The velocity becomes zero and the pressure is at its maximum. Is it P infinity equal to P? So what will be stagnation point when the value of u local velocity is equal to zero? Yes. So this is a inviscid flow assumption, number one. So in the inviscid flow assumption we need to have a full pressure recovery. We are not looking at losses due to viscous effects. So in case of unseparated flow there has to be full pressure recovery at the trailing edge. So in the case of airfoils, especially when we assume inviscid flow and unseparated flow you will get Cp, you will get a full pressure recovery and therefore you will have a stagnation point at the leading edge and at the trailing edge. It's an assumption. So when you actually look at the aircraft wing you may not get complete recovery. There will be little bit of loss. Any other question? Yes. My name is Gautil. So my question is that like we have seen here that on the back side of the airfoil the net force is downward due to the pressure and on the front side of the airfoil the net force is upward. So it will create a pitching moment and it will increase angle of attack. What will that create the stall in the airfoil? See, it will create a pitching moment no doubt about it. Now whether that pitching moment will be large enough to overcome the inertia of the airfoil to actually create an alpha increase we don't know, right? Moreover, if you look at an airfoil analysis it's a 2D flow. So in a wind tunnel for example we assume that the airfoil section goes across the wall from this wall to this wall so it is constrained not allowed to rotate. So yes, there can be pitching. There will be in every airfoil in general there will be some kind of a pitching moment because in this case of course there will be a huge pitching moment because clearly front part and the rear part are having loads in the different direction. But the pitching moment may not lead to increase in the angle as you are expecting. It may not if the whole wing is constrained it may not but it also can be. So in a freely moving airfoil in an airfoil in free space what will happen is the pitching moment will make it attain a position where the net moment is 0 and that could be beyond alpha stall and hence the aircraft can stall. And sir, what happened? Yes. At the trailing edge we are not getting Cp equals to 1 the reason is we have viscous flow or something else. No, if you look at this particular CFD analysis you are not getting it recovered. But in the theoretical calculation which was shown by the author he assumed a fully full pressure recovery. It is an assumption. So it is an assumption that there will be full pressure recovery but there is no way of knowing how much it will be. When you reason out by just physics it is very difficult to know how much it will be. So he assumed that there will be a full recovery. Yes, any more questions? Yes. Sir, the maxima or minima in this Cp graph does it correspond to the camber, maximum camber in the airfoil or Cp? I think it does. If you look at the airfoil it does. The peaks in the front portion and the rear portion are appearing at the places where the camber is maximum. So it will be. By simple argument, camber leads to acceleration of flow and therefore there will be more suction at maximum camber location. Yes. But the thickness distribution can also alter that slightly. So you cannot say it is only camber. It is camber plus thickness. Both of them play a role.


Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States, accompanied by Medal of Honor recipient, Senior Chief Petty Officer Byers. Let us pray. Heavenly Father, be with us today as we gather to see Senior Chief Edward Byers receive our country's highest military honor from the hands of the President. We offer you our thanks for the integrity, generosity of spirit, and valor that marks Senior Chief Byers' life in service to our country. We offer you our thanks for the rescue of Dr. Joseph, and we thank you for restoring both of them safely to the embrace of those who love them. At the same time, our hearts go out to Petty Officer Nicholas Cech and to his family and friends. May a grateful America always remember and honor his service and his sacrifice. Amen. Please be seated. Well, good morning, everyone, and welcome to the White House. The ethos, the creed that guides every Navy's seal says this, I do not advertise the nature of my work nor seek recognition for my actions, which is another way of saying that standing here today in front of the entire nation is not Senior Chief Ed Byers' idea of a good time. Like so many of our special operators, Ed is defined by a deep sense of humility. He doesn't seek the spotlight. In fact, he shuns it. He's the consummate, quiet professional.   I'm sure there are other things he'd rather be doing. But the Medal of Honor is our nation's highest military decoration. And today's ceremony is truly unique, a rare opportunity for the American people to get a glimpse of a special breed of warrior that so often serves in the shadows. We're a nation of more than 300 million Americans. Of these, less than 1 percent wear the uniform of our armed forces. Of these, just a small fraction serve in our special operations forces. Among those who train to become a seal, only a select few emerge and earn the right to wear that golden trident. And consider this. In the entire history of the Navy Seals, just five have been awarded the Medal of Honor. Their names have become legend. Norris, Kerry, Thornton, Murphy, Monsour, and now a sixth, Byers. Among the members of the Medal of Honor Society who are with us, we are especially honored by the presence of Tommy Norris and Mike Thornton. Now, given the nature of that service, there is a lot that we cannot say today. Many of the operational details of his mission remain classified. Many of his teammates cannot be mentioned, and this is as it should be. Their success demands secrecy, and that secrecy saves lives. There are, however, many distinguished guests that we can't acknowledge, including members of Congress, leaders from across our military, including the Navy. In fact, this may be the largest gathering of special ops in the history of the White House. Among them we have from Special Operations Command, General Joe Votel, and Vice Admiral Sean Pivas. From Joint Special Operations Command, Rear Admiral Tim Samansky, and from Naval Special Warfare Command, Rear Admiral Brian Losey, and Force Master Chief Derek Walters. For America's special operators, this is a little bit of a family reunion, and it's wonderful to have them all here. Most of all, we welcome Ed's wonderful family. His wife, Madison, who, like so many military spouses, has kept their family strong back home while Ed has been deployed. Our spectacular daughter, Hannah, who is a competitive figure skater and looks the part. Ed likes to jump out of planes with a parachute, and when he's not skydiving, he's driving his 1976 Shovel Head Harley. When he's not out riding, he's staying in shape with Hannah, who is apparently his workout partner. It's good when you're a trainer as a Navy SEAL. We also welcome Ed's mom Peggy, who I understand had one question when Ed told her about this ceremony. Do you think I can come? That's so sweet. Yes, mom, you're allowed to come when your son gets the Medal of Honor. Ed's brothers and sisters are here, as are about 50 cousins from all across the country, and dozens of friends, many who served alongside Ed, some who have traveled from around the world to be here today. That's the brotherhood, the depth of loyalty to service and to mission that binds these teams. Looking back, it seems Ed Byers was destined to serve. His father served in the Navy during World War II and now rests in Arlington. As a boy growing up in Grand Rapids, Ohio, Ed would be in the woods in camouflage, in his words, playing military. And I suspect the other kids did not stand a chance. A boy scout who loved adventure, Ed saw a movie about the Navy SEALs and fell in love with the idea of deploying by sea, air and land. I believe that man will not merely endure, he will prevail, William Faulkner once said, because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance. Even if he had never performed the actions for which he's being recognized here today, Ed Byers would be long remembered for his compassion, his sacrifice and his endurance. 11 overseas deployments, nine combat tours, recipient of the Purple Heart twice, a bronze star with valor five times. About three years ago, our nation called on that spirit once again. In Afghanistan, an American doctor, a husband and father of four children who was working to bring health care to the Afghan people, was driving down a rural road. Gunmen surrounded his car and took him hostage. They tied his hands and marched him into the mountains. The days went by. In a remote valley in a small single room building surrounded by Taliban, he lost all hope.  His captors told him, the Americans are not coming for you. Well, they were wrong. Whenever Americans are taken hostage in the world, we move heaven and earth to bring them home safe. We send some thunder and some lightning. Our special operator forces, folks like Ed Byers, they're carefully selected for their character, their integrity and their judgment. They are highly trained with skills honed by years of experience. And they willingly volunteer for missions of extraordinary risk, like this one. In this case, there was reason to believe that the Taliban commander was on his way to take custody of the American hostage and move him into Pakistan. So time was of the essence. From a remote, forward operating base, Ed and his joint team geared up, boarded their helos and launched. Once on the ground, they moved under the cover of darkness on that cold December night, through the mountains, down rocky trails for hours. They found their target and moved in quickly and quietly. Then when they were less than 100 feet from the building, a guard came out and the bullets started flying. Our seals rushed to the doorway, which was covered by a layer of blankets. Ed started ripping them down, exposing himself to enemy fire. A teammate, the lead assaulter, pushed in and was hit. Fully aware of the danger, Ed moved in next. An enemy guard aimed his rifle right at him. Ed fired. Someone moved across the floor. Perhaps the hostage, perhaps another guard lunging for a weapon. The struggle was hand-to-hand. Ed straddled him, pinning him down. Ed adjusted his night vision goggles. Things came into focus and he was on top of a guard. The American hostage later described the scene. The dark room suddenly filled with men and the sound of exploding gunfire. Narrow beams of light shot in every direction. Voices called out his name. He answered, I'm right here. Hearing English, Ed leapt across the room and threw himself on the hostage, using his own body to shield him from the bullets. Another enemy fighter appeared, and with his body, Ed kept shielding the hostage. With his bare hands, Ed pinned the fighter to the wall and held him until his teammates took action. It was over almost as soon as it began. In just minutes, by going after those guards, Ed saved the lives of several teammates and that hostage. You're safe, the SEALs told the doctor. You are with American forces. And that hostage came home to be reunited with his wife and his children. And success came with a price. That first SEAL through the door, Ed's friend, Nick, was grievously wounded. Ed is a medic, so on the healer out he stayed with Nick, helping to perform CPR the entire flight 40 minutes long. Today we salute Chief Petty Officer Nicholas Check. Back in Monroeville, Pennsylvania, they remembered him as the driven kid, the football player and wrestler who always wanted to be a SEAL. For his valor on this mission, he was awarded the Navy Cross, and he's among the 70 members of the Naval Special Warfare Community. 55 of them SEALs who've made the ultimate sacrifice since 9-11. Enduring love of Nick's family and all those who admired him remind us of the immense sacrifices that our remarkable Gold Star families have made and our obligation to stand with them always. So today, we don't simply honor a single individual, we also pay tribute to a community across our entire military. Special operators, aviators, engineers, technicians, analysts, countless enablers, and their devoted families. In these hard years since 9-11, our nation has called on this community like never before. Small in number they have borne an extraordinarily heavy load. But they continue to volunteer, mission after mission, year after year. Few Americans ever see it. I am truly privileged and humbled that as Commander-in-Chief, I do get to see it. I've given the order of sending you into harm's way.  I've waited, like many of you, in those minutes that seem like hours when the margin between success and failure is razor-thin for word that the team is out safe. I've grieved with you, and I've stood with you at Dover to welcome our fallen heroes on their final journey home. Our special operations forces are a strategic national asset. They teach us that humans are more important than hardware. Today's a reminder that our nation has to keep investing in this irreplaceable asset, which means deploying our special operators wisely, preserving force and family, making sure these incredible Americans stay strong in body, in mind, and in spirit. So I'll end where I started with the seal Ethos. In times of war or uncertainty, there's a special breed of warrior ready to answer our nation's call. A common man with uncommon desire to succeed. Forged by adversity, he stands alongside America's finest special operations forces to serve his country, the American people, and protect their way of life. Senior Chief Edward Byers, Jr., is such a man. Chief Petty Officer Nicholas Check was that man. Every Navy SEAL and special operator who serves with honor in his chosen profession is that man. The American people may not always see them. We may not always hear of their success. But they are there in the thick of the fight, in the dark of night, achieving their mission. We thank God they're there. We sleep more peacefully in our beds tonight because patriots like these stand ready to answer our nation's call and protect our way of life now and forever. And as we prepare for the reading of the citation, I ask you to join me in expressing America's profound gratitude to Navy SEAL Ed Byers and all our quiet professionals. The President of the United States in the name of the Congress takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Chief Special Warfare Operator Edward C. Byers, Jr., United States Navy, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as a hostage rescue force team member in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom on 8 to 9 December 2012. As a rescue force approach to the target building, an enemy sentry detected them and darted inside to alert his fellow captors. The sentry quickly reemerged and the lead assaulter attempted to neutralize him. Chief Byers with his team sprinted to the door of the target building. As the primary breacher, Chief Byers stood in the doorway fully exposed to the enemy fire while ripping down six layers of heavy blankets fastened to the inside ceiling and walls to clear a path for the rescue force. The first assaulter pushed his way through the blankets and was mortally wounded by enemy small arms fire from within. Chief Byers completely aware of the imminent threat, fearlessly rushed into the room and engaged an enemy guard aiming an AK-47 at him. He then tackled another adult male who had darted towards the corner of the room. During the ensuing hand to hand struggle, Chief Byers confirmed the man was not the hostage and engaged him. As the other rescue team members called out to the hostage, Chief Byers heard a voice respond in English and raced towards it. He jumped atop the American hostage and shielded him from the high volume of fire within the small room. While covering the hostage with his body, Chief Byers immobilized another guard with his bare hands and restrained the guard until a teammate could eliminate him. His bold and decisive actions under fire saved the lives of the hostage and several of his teammates. By his undaunted courage, intrepid fighting spirit and unwavering devotion to duty in the face of near certain death, Chief Petty Officer Byers reflected great credit upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. Let us pray. Lord of Earth and sea and sky, as we conclude this moving and beautiful ceremony, we offer you our prayers for the country we serve. You have blessed America with riches and with strength. May we use them to make this world of yours more just, peaceable and humane. You have blessed America also with the tradition of heroism, like that of Senior Chief Byers and his brethren in arms. May all of us treasure that history, and may it inspire all of us to serve bravely, generously and faithfully. Amen. Well, that concludes the ceremony, but we actually throw a pretty good party here, and I've been told the Orders are pretty good. So we welcome all of you to join us in the reception. Ed and I are going to have to take a few more pictures before he joins you, but we are so grateful to him. We're grateful to his wonderful family. Mom, I'm glad that you could come. We are grateful for our other Medal of Honor recipients who are here, and to all the special forces who are here. We are extraordinarily grateful to you. This is obviously an award for individual heroism, but I'm glad we were able to make the broader point. We are so grateful for your service to our nation. Thank you very much, everybody. God bless. God bless America.


Following the passage of Tropical Storm Cook, the National Emergency Management Organization NIMO at approximately 11 am on September 28 gave the all-clear, at which time the director of NIMO also indicated that commercial operations were free to resume business at 1 pm. She stated that over the next 24 hours winds would be blowing from the southeast at about 27 miles per hour or 43 kilometers per hour with higher gusts near 40 miles per hour or 64 kilometers per hour. The weather was noted as being cloudy to overcast with moderate to heavy showers, thunderstorms and gusty winds. Even though the eye of the storm had passed hours before, she urged those in flood and landslide prone areas to take all necessary precautions against these hazards. Meanwhile, small craft operators were strongly advised to remain import on Friday due to gusty winds and rough seas. The National Emergency Management Organization has consulted with the St. Lucia Met Office and other relevant parties, and we wish to advise that as of 11 am today, Friday, September 28, 2018, that the Tropical Storm Warning for St. Lucia has been lifted. In that regard, normal operations would resume at 1 pm today. That applies to the private sector as well as the public sector. I wish to indicate that we have had consultations with the Chamber of Commerce, and the decision is that as of 1 pm today, normal commercial or business operations would resume. The St. Lucia Electricity Services Limited indicated that while there was no damage to any of the major electricity infrastructure, such as substations or any of the generation systems, several areas overnight were without power. This was as a result of trees or branches falling on electricity lines, fallen poles and in a few areas where lines had dropped due to the high winds. Power restoration work had begun and some of the areas that were without power last night had been restored, including Souffre. There were still several areas without power as well as some areas with fallen poles and lines on the ground. Lucillec advises the public to exercise extreme caution and to stay away from the downed lines. Some of the wider areas still without power include Grosileux-François-Joux, Bonte and Caimagé, Maricille-Frutuya, and Bonwoche-Moshi-Fruderomo and Plateau, Barbono-Bogues, into Geno, top of Bonfortune, through Pave, into Forestier. In the south, Perot into Bellevue, Vufort and Estang-Tung-Jaluzee. Steady progress is being made with power restoration work. Expectations are that the majority of those affected will have power restored by the end of the day. From the Government Information Service, I am Janelle Norville.


After three turns, Player A was left with only their Garchomp in a 1v4 situation against the Suicune, Metagross, Latios and Rotomwash. You'd think this match was over and it should have been, but Player A's Garchomp had the San Vale ability which was active in a sandstorm set by Tyranitar and it held the bright powder item. After being the only remaining Pokemon, Garchomp did the impossible dodging six attacks in a row, one Hydro Pump, a Draco Meteor, Meteor Mash and three Ice Beam to turn their tables on this match and come away with a victory after knocking out all four of the opponent's remaining Pokemon. And for those of you looking for numbers, the chances of Garchomp avoiding six attacks in a row were exactly 0.048%, making this the most extreme example of RNG in an official video game tournament.


Hello, my name is Rick Peeles. I'm an assistant professor at the Freie Universität Amsterdam where I work in the philosophy department and over the last few years, I've been doing some research on scientism as well as a couple of issues in philosophy of religion and the ethics of belief as well as ignorance But today I'm going to talk about scientism And I'm going to address the question whether scientism is One could call the new scientific fundamentalism. So whether it's a kind of fundamentalism or maybe something else So that's going to be the topic today Let me start with an appetizer if you like So there is an American philosopher of science named Alex Rosenberg who has written on Scientism and who has defended scientism himself in detail. Here's how he defines the term He says scientism is the conviction that the methods of science are the only reliable ways to secure knowledge of anything The science's description of the world is correct in its fundamentals Science provides all these significant truths about reality and knowing such truths is what real understanding is about Being scientific just means treating science as our exclusive guide to reality to nature both our own and everything else is So this is a this is an incredible statement, right? If this is correct. It has tremendous implications This is what scientism on a on a strong version says So, um, let me start with a brief overview of um after this short appetizer of what I'm going to do today First I'm going to say a few words about what scientism is So what sort of a thing is it? Is it a thesis? Is it a stance and attitude? What does it say roughly? Then second, I'm going to look into varieties of scientism. So what what kinds of scientism are there? What varieties? third What arguments have been provided in favor of scientism? So what do adherents of scientism? Propose in defense of scientism fourth what has been said against it or could be said against it and finally I'm going to say something about how scientism relates to religious belief and to fundamentalism So that's the that's the plan for today So let's start with the question. What scientism is. I think this is uh, is a rather important question Um, and here's why let's start with this. Um, called by susan hag the american Um epistemologist from the university of miami. Here's how she defines the term scientism. She says Scientism is an exaggerated kind of deference towards science An excessive readiness to accept as authoritative any claim made by the sciences And to dismiss every kind of criticism of science or its practitioners as anti scientific prejudice This is how she defines the word several times actually, um in a couple of her books And many people have embraced similar definitions of scientism now My response to this is no, we shouldn't define scientism this way And here's why if we define it as an exaggerated kind of deference An excessive readiness to accept as authoritative and so on if that's how we're going to define scientism then Any substantial debate about scientism is is going to be impossible, right? Because it's been it's been described as exaggerated and excessive from the very start So I don't think this is very helpful And with certain other philosophers. I'm going to treat scientism as something different Let me explain how I'm going to treat it. Um, here's my alternative proposal First, um, I'm going to treat it as a thesis. So scientism is not An attitude of deference an excessive readiness. No, it's a thesis. It's a claim It's a statement And we're going to see in a second what it amounts to Second, I'm going to treat it as a neutral thesis in a way and by that I mean that the the way It is described should not imply that it's Unlikely or problematic or excessive, right? It should be neutral. It should be up to scrutiny And then finally I'm going to treat it as an epistemological claim So it's going to be a claim about rational belief or about knowledge More specifically Here's the claim only natural science gives us a rational belief And knowledge or and this is an alternative version of scientism There are no principle limits to science in the sense that it can give us knowledge about everything, right? So it gives us knowledge and rational belief about everything And an alternative version says only natural science gives us knowledge about anything and of course these two can can be combined So that's how I'm going to treat the word scientism. That's what's uh, what's the topic today? Well, um, if scientism says that only science provides rational belief or knowledge Then what doesn't provide rational belief or knowledge? What's what's the what's the contrast? Well, I think much of the contrast is common sense beliefs And here are a few examples. These are not all common sense beliefs But many of them are and by common sense. I mean the the kinds of belief many people have um In many places Many times in the course of history widely shared beliefs For instance beliefs based on memory, right? They're not based on science. I remember that I had Yogurt for breakfast this morning. That's based on memory It seemingly it's a rational belief and it's knowledge, but it's not it's not a belief based on science There are religious beliefs so believe for instance that god exists or Uh, that angels exist Basic mathematical and logical beliefs Such as 2 plus 2 is 4 or modus ponens is valid. So if p then q p hence q That's not a belief based on science Beliefs about free actions So I'm here today in adam burrow and I believe I freely came to adam burrow because I'm um I had the option of staying home in amsterdam, but I was fascinated by the topic and Like the invitation. So I came to adam burrow and I believe that it's a freely Beliefs about one's reasons So these are beliefs about why one did something or why one did not do something So I believe I I came to adam burrow to give this talk because I'm interested in And I think it's an important topic and I like the university of adam burrow the city of adam burrow So I believe I know my reasons for being here today Metaphysical beliefs are another example. So for instance the believe that If something is entirely transparent, it has no shadow That's a metaphysical belief. It's not based on science But many people hold that belief and they think it's irrational. There's nothing wrong with it And another example is moral beliefs, of course, we believe that The things ices does so the way they treat women and children, for instance Is often deeply immoral. That's not based on science And finally there are introspective beliefs. So these are beliefs about ourselves But they are not based On on science in any way. So I can believe that I'm hungry or that I would like to have a beer Or I can hold beliefs about my intentions So for instance the intention to go to oxford on the thursday So these are examples Of beliefs not based on science. So scientism on its stronger version would discount these beliefs But what is the purpose of my talk today? It is twofold. So on the one hand, I would like to Evaluate scientism in a sense that I want to sketch the arguments for scientism and also sketch the arguments against scientism And I'm not going to assess each of these arguments in detail because that would take me an entire day But I want to present them to you and then leave it to you to Well to decide whether or not they're convincing arguments And I'm also going to talk about whether scientism is an instance of fundamentalism So how does it relate to religion, for instance, and to worldviews? The final thing before we get to these arguments That I would like to say is why does the debate On scientism that we find nowadays in in philosophy in academics generally but also in for instance the atlantic So non-academic venues. Why does that debate matter? Here are three reasons. So why it matters first? It makes a difference to the scope of our knowledge and the way We want to acquire further knowledge about the world. So scientism is correct in its strong version Then the only way to get more knowledge about the world is by way of science If it's incorrect, then there are other ways to acquire knowledge about the world So it makes a big difference to how we think about about knowledge and about getting knowledge Second, it has quite drastic implications for religious beliefs and moral practices So if scientism is correct, then maybe Maybe we should give up certain religious practices or maybe religion altogether Same thing for morality. Maybe we should leave morality to scientists And a final important implication is that it might make a difference to certain judicious systems and Certain practices such as psychiatry So for instance if Only science can give us knowledge And if science doesn't give us any reason to think that there is free will or even reason to think that there is no free will Then maybe we should assume that people do not have free will in our judicious systems and in psychiatry So it should be based on on different ideas. So it potentially has Drastic implications and that's one of the so these are three reasons actually I think the debate about scientism matters Very much indeed


Welcome folks, we have the Dow Industrial trading up 100 Nasdaqs, up 30 S&Ps, up 23 Gold. Gold contract trading up $6.20 cents at $17.82 an ounce. We have Silver up $0.18 cents, trading out at $22.16, Lightsweak crude up $0.87 cents, $71.81 cents, a barrel notes and bonds. The 10 years flat, 30 years up one at $1.60, $1.10, and $Kingdollah, Kingdollah gave it up on price again, it's going to be interesting here. We've only been talking a couple hundred ticks points each time with Kingdollah. It's been going sideways approximately seven or eight days. My take is it's a building cause to get back to its breakout area. We'll see if that shakes out. Right now it's down 178, trading at 9609, euros at 113, the ends at 113.43 and the British pounds at 132 to one US dollar. You know when we take a look at the S&P, bottom line folks is that you're up in these highs, you get another contraction of volume, and I'm sure you hear me say in this deal, but the bottom line is that what I expect we're going to see here is that this S&P still wants to test that high, man. So we got to 470 today, the highest 470, 353. My take is that you're going to get the test, and then bottom line going to give it up on spades. So we'll see where that baby's going to shake out. And the X100, we take a look at the 3Qs, same type of setup inside the 3Qs, 3Qs. The 3Qs actually got more volume today, so this is what's pretty cool, is that what I'd love to see, and this would give all of us a lot more clarity inside the marketplace, is that the Qs also test their high. My take still is that it's the 399, the 400 area that it just can't hack. I'd love to see it test the highs though, man. That's the bottom line. Now what you have out here today, you don't have volume again, you're at 43 million. Not bad, you'll end up getting to 53 million. So we'll see where it shakes out. Gold, gold wants higher price. This is kind of, this is subtle out here today, but we do have an expansion of volume. We did 109,000 contracts out here yesterday, I believe it's 109. And today you're at 136, which is good. It's not a huge amount, but the bottom line is you got an expansion which you need. We did 124 yesterday, we're at 136 now. This whole sideways move here, that's all about building costs for a higher price, as is with the King Doll, just the opposite way, going sideways, gave it up on price today, we'll see whether we get any action on the way down. Stay right there folks, come right back.