Welcome, navigating the space race is difficult enough when you have multinational countries and all that aspects. But what happens when you add into the next private industry? I mean, the space race has taken on a whole new level and the supply chain, the same equipment, well, quite frankly the same cybersecurity issues that existed in the national airspace. Well, now they're out in space and they're just magnified. And not only that, we have to catch up with the public policy aspects of what to do when stuff crashes. So I'm lawyer Liz, Elizabeth Wharton and we're going to be working from ground control today on, well, a choose your own adventure because when you're lost in space, knowing can hear your breach, so choose wisely. And quite frankly, ground control isn't the only aspect that we have to navigate through these different challenges. We've invited a couple of special guests to join us today who are going to, well, add a little color commentary to everything. So with that, let's welcome the Steve and Matt to add their, well, welcome gentlemen. And from their perspectives, both research and the area and work in the public policy area, but also as madcap flyers, aviators and quite frankly, general characters themselves. So they'll be chiming in as we go through some of the questions. And thank you to everyone who participated in the Twitter polls. Let's see how you did and see how you fared. Well, before you can even start to go through all the different aspects of the cybersecurity risks and liability challenges, let's take a step back and look at what happens when you integrate legacy systems and in some cases, communication satellites that have been up for 50 years. And what happens when you bring in all these different communication systems that again, work great when we're just talking about going from the aircraft to Earth. And so one of the best ways to illustrate that is there are a couple of open source projects that track all of the space junk. So keep in mind any time we're referencing an article or an incident or basically just research, it's not just the madcap opinions and pontifications of myself and our guests, that I've got links that I will have in all of the slide deck to additional resources so that you too can track all the different space junk that you're gonna have to be dodging as you try to navigate on your mission to Mars. So not only that, in the past, we've talked about agent cyber squirrel and how he is an agent of chaos. And a lot of the power outages and other incidents that we see blamed on malware, breaches, everything else, well, they're not always nefarious. Sometimes they're just cyber squirrel. Well, cyber squirrel doesn't have a spacesuit ready. Instead, he's counting on another agent of chaos, agent solar flare. So what works on the ground and when we're talking about communication systems and other dependencies, for example, we'll see when you're talking about recovering your data, it's not only just the systems you have in place, but you've also got to work out or watch out for agent solar flare. Again, another agent of chaos. But one of the other challenges is in a traditional sense and the frameworks that we had that are existing, you have countries launching satellites or countries launching different missions to Mars, missions to the moon. But what happens when you bring in countries who haven't typically participated in space exploration, but you also have, well, private individuals. So to keep this talk PG, maybe a little PG-13, I did not show the image that I thought was the best exploration image from some of the liftoffs this week. So by the way, you're welcome. But not only that, we have the same issues that plague the same third party suppliers, supply chain, which is all the latest rage these days. The same issues that plague the airspace industry within the typical frameworks, those are the same providers in some instances. Some of the same systems that as Matt and Steve can talk about when they do it, when you have an iPad helping you provide your general aviation, that same iPad is being, well, referenced in different contexts are used on international space stations. We'll see those are some of the same challenges that we see in things. So we're looking at these incidents where you have glitches, you have vulnerabilities, and don't forget, you also have solar flares, that you also have to figure out when we're talking about airspace and beyond the airspace, that we're talking about repairs, we're talking about replacing parts, software, and in some cases, reusing, not just our equipment and our systems, but our people, because you're not exactly taking your entire incident response team to space. Or are you? Because when you have an issue come up, you're going to have to, well, science or cybersecurity, the out of it. So before we get lost in space, are you ready for a lift off? Are you ready to go for a talk? It's a little bit different, because beware and warning, the next steps and the next slides, it will go through the 20 questions that we answered online, if you participate in the Twitter poll, determine the fate of our flight crew, whether Steve and Matt will be able to solve the problems, or will they be lost in space? So fasten your seat belts, it's going to be a bumpy flight, perhaps, because we're on our way on a mission to Mars, but you've got to beware the ransomware, and you've got to dodge the breaches, and beware, but defy the ransomware, because let's get started. And as we're checking systems, we notice that there's an unexplained shuttle power drain, and it can't be the Pokemon Go, because quite frankly, there are no pokey stops in space yet. So what did y'all decide to do? Did, no worries, we audited the equipment pre-flight, so we were fine, or could it be crypto mighty on the equipment? Because when you have a takedown of a warehouse full of PlayStation 64s, that are running crypto mighty, what's to say, some of the same equipment we're taking into space with us, isn't?  So let's hope for our sake that it's only a crypto miner that we installed, and that there isn't any malicious activity going on there. Because in space, there are new challenges. You have limited resources and equipment that you're having to reuse. So when we talk about some of this, we have to look at, well, classified information that we're gonna see coming up, where there's gonna be some weird ego flexes, and we're gonna have to look at unanticipated places, because schematics for some of the designs, well, they tend to get dropped in weird places. I'm not saying that when we have private industry going to space, that we need to also worry about, well, where they're doing stuff, because quite frankly, we've got trash talking billionaires, and we've got schematics getting dropped into a chat. Well, what's gonna go on? Are we going to leak additional drawings, because at this point, you might as well brag, or deny that they're legit. As we've seen, sometimes they aren't, or the lawyers are gonna toast for the lawsuit. Quite frankly, at this point, lawyers are gonna toast for the lawsuit, I think, because what are you gonna do? The information's out there, and you can deny, but that doesn't always work, because protecting operational security, when we're talking about different threats, that reaches UPSIs, that some of it is not mission critical, but I don't know, Steve, how would you like it if, say, I don't know, the one vulnerability in the space station, you know, the giant space station, the skirmax got leaked. You wouldn't be upset, would you? I mean, in fact, it would help your flight. So- Yeah, that is not something I'd wanna deal with. I'm with you on that one.  Because that should never happen. I mean, and everyone has made sure to absolutely check their workstations and different areas to make sure that, oh, that posted note with the passwords. Well, in this case, on our space adventure, the posted note did not get scrubbed. Instead, it's there, but it's not necessarily our nation, our country that posted it. It's not a, you know, so what happens? Do you tell someone, hey, dude, take down your posted note with the password.  Or do you do both after jotting it down? Well, again, when we have the trials and tribulations of social media and not everybody has the same mission and not everyone's gonna have the same threat assessment and risk profile, yep, there's going to be breaches and there's going to be disclosures. And, you know, just because you're watching a game, again, you're not always thinking about what you're doing and what you're posting to TikTok. But, you know, we're not gonna worry about that too much. It's Monday morning. We're sitting there on our station and on our flight and we go to log in on the screen that's gonna make our coffee and oops, there's a problem. And it's ransomware. So do we, you know, pay the ransom? Don't worry about anything because we need our coffee. Do we attempt to restore from backups? Because we'll talk about later. Backups aren't always there. And then one of the other questions is who pays the ransomware? As we've seen some of the insurers have jumped in.  I mean, Matt, I don't know. And if it's Bezos, well, quite frankly, yeah, hey, yeah. Most of you all said to restore from backups but you're assuming the backups have been made in such a timely fashion and that they're easy to access because we'll see in later parts of our adventure that that's not always the case. Uh-oh. And I'll jump in on that one, Liz, because from a pilot flying perspective, totally appreciate the ideas that you're saying of, yeah, I want to go to backups and take the time to restore because that's the right thing to do. I am cruising along either in orbit or in this case on the way to another planet. I don't really have time for that. And the time, if I don't have it on board for those backups, which there's a good chance I won't because weight, computing power, all of those are considerations. We had a great talk last year from Pam Melroy talking about that. Paying might be the best way to do it because the people doing this are on earth. They want their money on earth. The people who are helping me and ground controller on earth, that might be the way to go because in this case, lives are at stake. It's an absolute immediate concern. So that changes the calculus a little bit from some of these other ransomware incidents and hospitals are probably the closest analogy and even they are willing on earth in some cases not to pay up right away to get immediate restoration but I don't think that's necessarily gonna be the case. Well, then the other concern is as you're operating the shuttle or your aircraft who is going to be restoring the backup? It's certainly not gonna be you as your focus on everything or assuming that you understand and have the ability to take your attention away from other things to then focus on installing the key and starting to decrypt. I mean, Matt, we're gonna turn to you as part of our flight crew a little bit later.  How are your certs these days? Well, I was gonna talk about that talk from Pam Melroy as well because she mentioned that the ISS has multiple systems on standby flight management control systems. But if those are live and in standby then they're likely to get affected as well. So that is not sufficient mitigation against something like ransomware if they have the same inputs because they'll be vulnerable to the same threats. Exactly. And again, it's assuming that you have access and that they can get up and running and the switch from the main to a backup can happen in fast enough time. And we'll see this again in 10. But one of the other things that you have to deal with is that your sensors start indicating that an antenna is off. Well, and it may have been off because it wasn't installed correctly pre-launch or maybe something else is going on. Do you risk the spacewalk to figure out what's going on? Because when we talk about spacewalk, the entire risk, it's not just getting up from your desk. Someone going to check out and physically inspect the systems or going to the sock, going to the nut and going and looking at the antenna and the desk to say, huh, okay. Because at the airport, when I was there, it was very easy. You know, we just, we went, we looked, we inspected but most of y'all on this side we're gonna take the spacewalk. So we're gonna suit up. We're gonna gear up and we're gonna be ready to go. But how does that happen when you have sensitive equipment and, you know, it's, you know, the Johnson effect is a shout out to one of my, like, let's say another one of our mission control folks who pointed out that their uncle had was part of a team that Hubble, some of the, some of the mirrors didn't get done correctly. What do you do when you're there? So Steve, what are you gonna do? Are you gonna stop your entire flight to rely on data that may or may not be accurate? And he's muted, which is the other problem that you have to worry about in space is because when you start to scream and shout your obscenities when you realize something may be wrong, who's there to hear you scream? That was showing you how I relied on my equipment and faulty indication. So that was a perfect demonstration. You know, the reality is number one, you're not stopping unless you're in a helicopter. You're kind of stuck, especially on a space mission, aircraft at least have some options. But I think the key is in that poll, totally understanding why folks answered that way. But from a pilot perspective, you have to trust what you have. That's all you've got. You've got your primary, you've got a backup and maybe you have even a third backup there, but you absolutely are trained to rely on those. So on the space side, I don't know firsthand, but the good news is that you have other folks immediately monitoring what's going on. That can be a part of that troubleshooting. So at least you have that full team. On the flying side, you can radio back, you can talk to your home station, things of that nature, but not that direct instrumentation and things like that. So that's definitely a risk, but in the space side, that's good because you do have folks that can help you fixing it. And then if you do get to that space, well, again, that's a process and that would have been practiced ahead of time. And what are the other concerns that you do have to take into consideration when we're talking about reliance, for example, on GPS satellites or other satellite communications and those data links, as you've now introduced several pieces into this that weren't always designed with cybersecurity in mind. And you're also dealing with some legacy systems and some satellites and some apparatus that again have been up there in orbit and maybe haven't been patched with the latest software or maybe weren't designed to anticipate. So I'm not saying shameless plug for the aerospace village hack-a-sat, but there are different ways that you can manipulate some of the information. And we've also seen this with it's a concern and something we'll talk about again in our adventure is like, for example, when you have unmanned systems and you're collecting, for example, agriculture data that you're relying on a huge network that there's opportunities and a lot more threats that creative folks could do. Well, while we were deciding whether to check out and do our spacewalk, the antenna got damaged anyway from space junk. So as we're looking at the space junk and deciding basically who to blame because where's the fun in things if you can't have somebody to blame and somebody has to pay. So space junk damage is to be expected or check Elon's Twitter because if it was one of his space aircraft he definitely would have bragged about it, commented on it or blame some bizarre conspiracy theory. I thought the junk was his tweets going out and that's what you were making the analogy for. Wow, pretty much. Stealing them out into space. Hey, there's tea in space. There is definitely tea in space. But most of y'all correctly pointed out, well, again, I have to take a picture because insurance always requires a picture. But what's just as we've had issues with navigating cyber risk insurance and insurers are still trying to, there are multiple different kinds of insurance that would cover our space travels from lift off launch to low orbit. But once we get out and now at this point we're on our mission to Mars. Well, there's liability insurance, but who issues it?  Well, so who covers when it's Elon? And some of the other challenges that we face is again, whose junk is it anyway? How do you know exactly with all of these things that are being tracked, all the satellites, all the space junk that's currently being tracked, how do you identify? And then how do you know exactly where to go? So under current law, it's all right, it's the country that launched it. So the current country that had this space, that permitted a space shuttle, what happens when you have, this is all under different treaties. So what happens if the country that launched it, oh, I don't know, thank Ladesh or some of the other countries aren't necessarily parties to these treaties? Or if you are launching a particularly, I don't know, nefarious satellite, or you're not quite sure, again, if we're talking in a cybersecurity context in a policy context, if you're a billionaire, take your space shuttle, space aircraft to a country that you know is not participating in some of these treaties and boom, your lawyers are happy because you've just mitigated your liability. Well, okay, now that we know, we've taken the pictures, we're hurtling them. And because of course, Elon says, it wasn't me. Branson says, ah, my rackets didn't actually go into space, so we know it wasn't me. And then there's a conflict between all the data because we talked about there can be, the data signals at mission control and at the space station. So again, do you trust ground control? Do you trust, do you believe Elon? Or do you trust the space station data? So as Steve pointed out, and most of you all agreed, you're gonna trust the ground control data because that's the assumption being that is more secure and more reliable. But there's the data dangers that we talked about and the different systems and is ground control has the data from the station to ground control has that link been secured and is ready to go. Because again, the communication systems and the data integrity. So, well, okay, the other billionaire on the space station does an unannounced live stream because we know they don't like to hear themselves talk or do they? And as part of that accidentally shows an otherwise classified science experiment. Says oops, but will we do it again? Well, most of folks agreed. Let's call a press conference. The data's out because keeping in mind we start having half of cybersecurity and securing your systems and securing your data against threats or as a threat actor. You're looking for people who have different missions, different risk profiles and different risk assessments. So, because of that, you do have to worry about breaches and disclosures. So, all right, now we're hurtling through. We know that some of our data and some of our experiments are now public knowledge. Well, what happens when as everyone has loved to talk about the trolley experiment? So what happens when you've got the giant meteorite because it did not come down and disrupt the US presidential elections as many people hoped. And it's going towards a critical navigation satellite used by millions or it's gonna hit probably a terse shuttle, not ours, because we're safe, we planned ahead. But if you only have time to save only one, are you going to call Bruce Willis? Because, well, it worked the last time we had to do that. Save the critical satellite because not only are we counting on stuff like that for our mission, current mission, but navigation systems and every GPS back on Earth is counting on it as well. Or do you save the tourists? Quite frankly, there's not a lot of sympathy for tourists. All right. I got to chime in Steve. It's not that I don't, I like tourists any more than the average person but in that list, I looked at that and it's lives at stake. So I would have to go down the path of it's the tourists. It's the immediate lives at stake in the sense that the way you described it, critical navigation systems. Yeah, you've got financial transactions for GPS, but GPS has a constellation. There's lots of backups. Critical navigation for on Earth and aircraft flying around, yep, absolutely. But there are backup procedures there that pilots are trained to follow. If they lose comms, if they lose navigation, it doesn't make their day any easier but it doesn't mean they instantly run into each other and it's total mayhem. So I think one of the things that is normally planned and normally considered is in that decision-making, lives are at stake. We have to take care of lives unless you started getting into, nope, in a military mission, maybe we are willing to sacrifice because of these things. But in the example that you had there, I'd say the lives would take precedent. And that is part of the consideration.  Which the botanist may have something to say about that. No, if he passes data stream, he can't. He's fine, he'll eat some potatoes. Exactly. Well, he'll have a lot of sugar, let's just say, to go from. But, you know, the other thing is you also have to look at, and some of this, it's the cost-benefit analysis. It's do we have the resources? Because the ingenuity and some of the other craft are expensive. And quite frankly, we're gonna bootstrap our mission. We don't have Bezos billions. So, and we didn't take, and we didn't sell seats. So unfortunately, in this case, really it's just Steve and his skeleton crew going to be mad as he's sitting on Mars.  Do you use perhaps foreign manufactured or in this case, we're referencing DJI drones? But there have been questions about what happens to the data from those systems. Who owns it? And where is it going? Who has access to it? And do we want the third parties to get that? So, quite frankly, YOLO, they're probably gonna steal it anyway. So we're not really as worried about that. Or, no, let's spend the money. So, most of y'all, you know, it's gotta be in split, went and said spend the money. But Matt, what do you have to say? And we're gonna pull you in, because even though you are our botanist on this flight, you do have a little bit of experience researching some of the issues with unmanned systems and particularly some of the off-the-shelf systems. So, which one would you have chosen? Definitely build your own every single time. You know, you can buy commercial off-the-shelf. Like you said, you don't know where the data's going. Although there are ways of finding out where the data's going. But once it's gone somewhere, you don't know what they're going to do with it either. You know, so there's certain elements of trust in there. But also building your own, you learn about how it functions. You learn about how it's put together. You learn about how to fix it when it goes wrong.  You know, back in 1985, I think it was, you know, several hundreds of millions of dollars, I think it was, according to the song. You know, clouds over the moon, if anyone remembers it. But, yeah, build your own every single time. Even when you build your own, you know, you're gonna be using lots of components anyway from different manufacturers. And even then, you have to look at the configuration of them. So, you know, whether they're using open source protocols, which are vulnerable, how you're going to make those more secure and make sure that nobody else can interfere with them to, you know, crash your drone or even steal it. Well, and one of the other considerations is you don't know what else is running in the background. And so that while they may be functioning properly, and the data may be going and doing exactly what you think it is, but what else is it doing? And one of the critical conversations we've had on security issues with, for example, local law enforcement, is they start to use more DJI and other, I'll show this, do you know everything it's doing? Because it's collecting a lot more information, a lot more data than you think because they're just going computers. So, one of the other considerations for cybersecurity issues, when you have these multi-purpose tools, we have the multi-purpose ad we use, isn't doing exactly what you're thinking and from a researcher standpoint, hey, that's one more opportunity to breach, access, manipulate or have a little chaos. So, okay, we're trying to print docs because it's paperwork and everyone has these issues. So we're trying to do that and we're having issues. So we turn the workstation off and on again and it reverts back to its default settings. And we've still got all this paperwork. So nobody uses, you know, Windows anyway, it's all, you know, Android, oh, oh, as we've been finding out this week for those who are listening to this, close to, there are a lot of systems that the cross functionality and the cross purpose, but half of y'all said, don't worry, we've got a botanist on this mission who does IR. So one of the things to highlight is that is, you know, when you have the display screens, when you have these different systems, you have a whole variety of threats, but even more importantly, who's going to fix them? That you have to have not just a space pirate who can, you know, grow the plants and the food and stuff that you have to have, you can't just have Steve flying the aircraft. You have to be able to have multi-purpose. Like basically, I guess everyone should know code or how to code on our missions these days. Hmm, don't know how that's going to work, but that is one of the challenges we're going to face. Well, one of the other issues is, well, while we're waiting for Matt to do his IR incident fixing, we notice that there's a fly. First of all, how did a fly get in our mission? Don't know, don't care. That's not the real question, but we go to SWAT at it, which happens to be, and we pick up the nearest thing that we have. Well, so we SWAT at the fly because we've picked up the iPad that's lying nearby. And as we SWAT at it, we realize we have just cracked the screen. So we're ready for when the space, you know, the equipment breaks, but what happens when it's, you know, different kinds of equipment and, you know, do you find the next Genius Bar appointment? Because there are none. So jokes on you, everyone who chose the, that's how they were going to handle it, which was the majority, because where do you think the Genius Bar is going to happen? You know, and when we have some of these systems and some of the equipment and some of the software, we start getting into the right to repair issues.  Well, you've just voided the warranty, but most people will be okay with some of that.  We hope not. That's just broken. You know, what are the challenges? So when we talk about repairs, we're talking about a whole different, you know, are there restrictions? What happens that liability? So Steve, what would you do when your equipment's going to break? Because you're looking at the Genius Bar appointment represented here. So you have to be very careful with that mindset. You know, I think that the key that you're getting at and one of the things for my experience is the, the equipment's been tested. There's been instances of iPads and aircraft that both the pilot and the co-pilot have an iPad. They're using it. It's a critical phase of flight. And they both go through a software update at the same time. So that's the kind of thing you have to test ahead of time. Of course, you try to test and you can't test everything, but you find a way to make sure you've got those redundancies and then the backup, as I mentioned before. So in this case, you're going to have to be more self-sustaining. You're going to have to have some basic skills. I think, you know, perfect Martian example is that guy didn't know how to do things, but he got nothing but instructions from the ground. So the teamwork that comes out of a setup like that, being able to leverage that, I think is where you're going to get the most benefit than any particular one person that may have all that information because there's so much going on. There's so much complexity that you're better off leveraging your teammates on the ground. Well, and one of the other challenges that we're going to start seeing that has to be is that the multi-use of you have a pivot, which you're going to have its own cybersecurity challenges. But when we're also talking about the policy aspects of what we need to navigate is be, you know, take those approaches and understand that there's going to be that off the wall issue.  When it comes to these critical decisions, but again, when we talk about challenges in space, that's one of the things we have to consider. So I want to make sure I'm alive for somebody to complain about the warranty that I avoided. So that's my main focus. Exactly. And have the redundancies and systems and have the equipment that if one part fails to the extent you can plan around, you've been able to plan around. But with the, you know, again, we're using this, talk about we spent all our money on iPads and we unfortunately didn't take Matt's advice and we brought the off the shelf and we're using it now for some of our data that with our crops and other things that are life sustaining and, you know, we couldn't bring a whole food supply with us. So what happens when some of the data looks a little wonky? You know, it's not matching up. Do we, you know, and the joke is that, you know, the botanist is already busy doing incident response. So, you know, okay.  But in this case, it was pretty split, 50-50. But again, we're going back to having when life sustaining systems onboard the aircraft or on, you know, within the biodome are relying on data. That's just another attack vector and that's another issue that you have to have a plan for. And so, but here's one of the other problems. We've had some latency issues with the rover and the base. So Steve's coming into land and join Matt on the base. And maybe it sees crypto miners again. Do we, you know, blame our agent of chaos, solar flares, because they can disrupt and delay radio communications. Do we hack back if it's a crypto miner or Yolo got to get that coin again? Well, half the respondents said, hack back. Well, one of the problems is who do you hack back against and what exactly does that mean? And so, when you've got an issue and do you have time and we'll see in one of the upcoming challenges another decision we'll have to make is what do we do with that data at backups? How do we get those communications? But also keeping in mind, sometimes it's a simple solution or it's a simple problem. It's not always a crypto miner. It's not always an issue that can be resolved through hacking back. Sometimes it's agent solar flare. So, okay, and remember that iPad that we broke? Turns out Matt needs this for his research and he needs to charge it because by the time we got it repaired, well, the battery was getting a little low. And Matt, you spent all your money on your home builds for your DJI or non-DJI aircraft. I need the 8K camera. Right? So, now we don't have the right cabling with us and do we trust the cord that is given to us by our Russian counterparts? Do we order Amazon Prime delivery because it's there? Or sorry, Matt, we hope you have another way to charge. This is an instance. You're going to science it and figure out how else to charge this. Well, pretty evenly split between the voting but keeping in mind that when it comes to equipment, what's new is well new. We're having to integrate legacy systems in with the latest and greatest. So, Matt, how would you approach this when you're looking at the security issues? I mean, should we trust cabling given to us by just anyone? Well, so this is obviously an assurance issue. So, it depends on the ecosystem you're working in. So, if you're working in an ecosystem with a Russian astronaut, you'll hopefully be checking the provenance of all equipment. We're going through some kind of assurance stage to make sure there's nothing nefarious in there. But even then, if the attacker knows that there's an assurance process and what it is, they might have developed something to get around that. So, there's all sorts of things to consider. But in this scenario, if it's just a power cable, everyone knows which pins are power on a USB. That would just science that out of it. Military grade will save you in this case. Always. Clearly. Exactly, exactly. And it's also keeping in mind and planning ahead. So, as part of mission planning, and we see this with industrial control systems and SCADA systems a lot where you're having to be prepared for and understand that the challenges that you will face are you're integrating some of the systems together. Well, okay. Now we're gonna see some of this come back to bite us a little bit because space race and all, we didn't have time to vet some code before a critical patch and update was needed. So, do we, again, yolo and just go for it? Do we rely on our redundancies and backups? Or, quite frankly, patches are for quitters. You've wrote this software this far. Let's keep going. So, good news says, most of us, taking the poll, my space cadets went with using redundancies and backups. But some of the challenges we'll have are, do the redundancies and backups work? How critical was that patch? And also, keeping in mind, do you have access to that? So, when we're talking about some of these systems, what happens when the patch or the update doesn't work exactly as expected? So, Steve, what would you do? Yeah, so I'll throw out a scenario. I can imagine Matt and I teamed up now on this planet. I'm the pilot. I'm thinking, how do we safely give back to Earth?  And it's the same thing that happens today when they talk about, we have discussions, FAA gets into safety versus security is an aircraft safe, even though a particular piece of software is not necessarily patched, which makes it insecure. How insecure, that's why I use air quotes because, is it critical? Is it minor and everything in between? So that's definitely a consideration. Are we patching because it's fun to patch and we like to have a clean to-do list? Or is it a no-kidding? This makes it unsafe to have this security hole, this vulnerability that is not patched. Is it patching a simple system? Or is it the absolute most critical piece of equipment, navigation, oxygen, you name it, that makes us be safe from there. So it really becomes a discussion. And again, things you can have ahead of time, say, yeah, we're going to patch for this right away and these other things, we're not going to patch for, we're going to accept that risk. So it goes all the way back to that whole risk management discussion. Yeah. Yeah, well, and so we're working outside the station and we get a heads up display on our suit that there's a glitch. So play around with it a little bit and then nope, nope, it's frozen. And you get a dreaded ransomware demand. Okay, quite frankly, whatever they're asking for, release it or do you pay the ransom, pay the ransomware stat or start praying for your oxygen tank backups? Well, some of y'all were willing to have your pictures released if that meant you got the data back or that they basically unstuck your suit. But one of the challenges when you have the ransomware and you're locked out again is keeping in mind there's an entirely different threat, discussion and analysis when you're wearing a spacesuit which is basically a computer. So when you have become the computer and it's not just the lives of multiple, but it's yours. It's one, it's individual and it's basically every bit of your existence is dependent on this. So Matt, as the cybersecurity expert slash botanist, what are some of the things that you're running through your mind? Especially when we know that as an MIT tech review journal article pointed out, we've had to go back and basically redesign some of the spacesuits recently to be compatible with some of the issues that we're going to face on Mars. Yeah, I mean, I'm always dubious about people who say pay the ransom because these things are very complex. And I don't think there's any one answer but you have to bear things in mind if you go down one route rather than another. If the attack has already got the data and they say pay us the ransom or we're going to release the pictures of you in your underwear at night. Well, okay, do you trust them if you pay the ransom? And you might take the money and release anyway or they might sell that data to the highest bidder which is always a way to get the maximum ROI out of ransomware, which is what these people are at the end of the day. I'm just trying to run a business. So the key thing is to, of what is in the first place and do that due diligence and do that security work up front. Well, I'll throw in one other thing too in the sense of the way you talked about on our spacesuit. One of the things that you learn is what are the absolute critical? What are the other nice to have? And what are just fun add-ons? And they all have a purpose but they're still a hierarchy. So if you think about it in the sense of high value assets in this case and the example, is it the convenience of having this heads-up display on my spacesuit or is it literally a ransom that is going to impact my oxygen? And even then if I can get back inside who cares about my oxygen in that very small example? So understanding what you have to worry about what is your priority? Where is this affecting?  And that may go right into the do you pay it or not type of mindset and along with the things that Matt brought up. Well, one of the other considerations is that as we've seen with some of the other vulnerabilities and research that have gone into just everyday equipment that that thing that you've overlooked because who would ever go and attack a system through its wireless keyboard and that USB connection, it's when you're wearing the computer that nice to have feature may that actually be one of your more critical vulnerabilities because attackers don't care. So that's one of these to keep in mind when you're assessing and going through all this because again, it's a computer. So all right, as we're sitting here trying to figure out what to do with our spacesuit the fancy Bezos shuttle lands next to us at the space station and wants to connect to our existing ICS infrastructure. So those systems that we've had up on Mars that Matt has been working on for so long. Well, okay, what are they gonna do? Are they going to, ah, 100 terabytes or fiber connection? Of course, connect away. Are we gonna say, hey, Matt do you have an idea? Or we're gonna say, look, who owns it? Gotta make that coin. We've taken our crypto miners offline. So pay up, buddy.  Well, almost exactly evenly split between everyone on this, on the polls. So space cadets, I'm not sure what we're gonna do here but the good news or I'd say bad news is the same issues that we deal with industrial control systems, legacy systems on earth. We will have to deal with the same threats in space because especially when you're looking at some of the designs and some of the equipment and the length of time it takes to get out there, the good news is it may make it harder to attack per se but you're still gonna have access, crashes, compatibility issues. So and we're almost there. We're back to this ransomware incident though. So we finally got them connected. And in the meantime, all right, we're gonna go with the backups for our space suit but the problem is they're not on Mars. They're stored on Phobos. So what are we praying? Are we praying that no flares, no flares? Or how long can I hold my breath? I was a champion swimmer. I've got this. And as Steve noted, am I gonna be running back or moving very slowly while having a very zen yoga like breathing to get myself back? Well, pretty much everyone admitted our biggest concern was, well, the solar flares because again, when we're talking about latency issues we can't just look at latency issues from the communications or the threats of ground stations to the satellites to our space station. We also have to consider that not everything is gonna be stored in the same place. There we're gonna have multiple points and multiple communication issues so that solar flares may be disrupting from a multitude of different angles and attacks. So again, communication latency issues where we're restoring backups. Well, okay, space cadets, we're almost there. Our last adventure is that it's a good thing that also does incident response because we need to help restore our space suit but he's still fixing the printer. And in space, no one can hear your breach. So as Steve is stuck outside the station, Matt's working IR. Well, okay, don't worry because each one of the crew members knows how to code. It's hardware or dye. Let's just hope that it works. And then the other question is, well, okay, how many botanists performing IR do we have on Mars? So is it something where, and Steve's ready to go. But most of you all said, okay, we just- Oh, I'm pointing to Matt. He's my- Oh, yeah. I'm keeping him alive. And how many of Matt's do we have? Is it that becomes the highest paid position because you're critical? Do we have it that everybody knows how to do everything? Because again, as we start navigating some of these issues of the cybersecurity and the policy because we have to deal with the liability. We have to deal with whose rules govern. And yet, when we have all these different competing interests, how do we face some of those challenges with the threats of agent solar flare of ransomware? Is it nation-state? Is it what are their goals? How are we responding? And is everyone gonna know how to do incident response? Is everyone gonna know how to get back up if there's a crash? So Matt, you have saved our mission so far. You have kept Steve breathing. What do you think is some final thoughts as we've reached the end of our saga? I think, yes, as going back to one of Steve's points earlier is identify your critical assets. You need to know what you absolutely need, whether that's in the industrial system side, if it's in the safety critical side, identify them and then identify the risks that are posed, that are out there, that can affect the mission and protect everything, LOLs. Yeah, so Steve, now that you've been rescued and you've gotten us there, now that Matt has science the sugar out of this and he has had us and that you have navigated.  You are wearing a computer that is connected to other systems relying on communication protocols and data that is being analyzed, analyzed accurately that hasn't been manipulated, that the software patches that worked for the systems on earth are also working with the legacy systems. So what are your final thoughts? Now that we've saved you. I'm very thankful to have my friend Matt there to do all that work, first of all. And this whole idea, thank you, Liz, for putting it together because there's so many different considerations. One of the things that I wanna make sure, we talk about ransomware and we apply these very terrestrial situations to in space and in flight. And our friends at Pentest Partners, Ken Moro, in particular, he had some great thoughts recently about the idea that is a criminal really gonna get paid when they wreck a system with ransomware like this because we're floating off in space. It may just be that we're done and now there's no reason to pay because, well, you killed everybody on the space station and you're done with in this imaginary situation. So is it going to happen? How realistic is it? Don't know, but the idea and the fact that these types of things could happen and more sophisticated and different reasons, those are all, it's still there and it's still worth thinking about whether it's a direct interaction or these inadvertent things because it still has the same effect of knowing your systems, knowing how they work, your backups and then how others are gonna be able to help you out. I think it's still absolutely worth talking through and thinking about and making sure that we have these in mind going forward. Well, it's a reminder that as we dealt with some of these issues, both in the general aviation and other airspace scenarios, that just because it's in space, well, there are different challenges that it's still a flying computer connecting to another flying computer. And as we've seen, even when some of the ransomware issues as well as other just glitches of systems not working, they're almost agnostic to some degree of, when a botnet is going through when you have these different things that there isn't a, oh, wait, this is a hospital. This is a space station, we can't do that because that's not how it works. And especially when we're talking about some of the software vulnerabilities or hardware vulnerabilities, again, they don't stop just because this is the use or this is the implementation. And also when we're talking about some of the deployment patches, they're also the liability. So as these liability issues change, who becomes responsible? But who becomes responsible when it's the spacecraft running on software that's also being used for five other spacecraft or for five other uses on the space station as we've seen just in similarly with the passenger air travel and through general aviation when the reservation system goes down because it's the same reservation system software used by every major airline, it's going to be the same, you know, we have to address some of those same challenges. So thanks Space Cadets for playing along and remembering that once we get lost in space, no one can hear our reach. But Steve, Matt, thank you for helping make it fun. I'm Lawyer Liz, Liz Wharton. And you know what? It's an adventure, it's a challenge that we're going to have to address now that private industry has gotten involved more and stay tuned for future airspace village, shameless plug again for all the events and the communications and the information and you know, enjoy the rest of your depth on.


Welcome to MOOC course on Introduction to Proteogenomics. In the last lecture, Dr. Bing Zhang gave you very lucid elucidation of studying polymorphism. The cutial studies help to understand the effect of genetic variant on another gene located on the same or different chromosomes. G-Vas studies help in identifying whether a particular gene variant from the entire DNA set could be correlated to a variation in the phenotype. In this lecture, you are also introduced the single nucleotide polymorphism or SNPs and genome wide association studies or G-Vas studies. Today's lecture from Dr. Bing Zhang will be another effort to explain the power of integrating expression quantitative trait loci study or EQTS with genome wide association studies or G-Vas. So, let us welcome Dr. Bing Zhang for today's lecture. So, let us look at some examples. The first example is this group, so basically they know this sleep is associated with hemoglobin concentration in blood cells and then, but they do not know how why this happened and of course, we are interesting interested in how this could happen right. So, they did a cutial EQT analysis and through the six EQT analysis, they found this sleep this exact sleep has a good association with the gene expression right next to the sleep the gene is called the SMIM 1. So, and then you can generate a hypothesis that the sleep probably affects the this hemoglobin concentration through this gene expression right, but that is just not hypothesis, but at that time there is nothing known about this gene, but what they did was to and through some gene network analysis I am going to talk about later in the next lecture and then they found this gene is particularly associated with the hemoglobin metabolism genes in the network indicating it might have the similar function in that process and then through some functional experiments in human and also in model organisms that demonstrated indeed and this gene is involved of a through deletion experiments, they found causal relationship between this gene expression and the phenotype you are interested in. So, this shows the power of doing the six EQT analysis and also we can think about the trans-EQT analysis. Let us see this sleep is associated with the systemic colopus iris metastasis or SRE this disease, but at that time nobody knows how this sleep is associated with that disease and through EQT mapping they found that this sleep is associated with multiple genes and one gene is C1QB and with decreased expression of C1QB and also increased expression of multiple genes involved in the type 1 interferon response pathway. So, this helps them to think that maybe this sleep has a effect because I mean it has I through the order the expression of this genes and the interesting thing is that and the decreased C1QB and increased type 1 interferon response has been a hallmark I mean it is already known the disease has this phenotype. So, but now we know which genes are mediating this impact and similarly I through the traditional G1 analysis there are multiple sleeps that has been associated with type 1 diabetes, but again we do not know how this sleeps execute their effect, but through EQT mapping this group found that although this sleeps are located at different locations of the genome, but they converge. So, they alter or they control the expression of the same genes that means different alterations genotypes converge to the same gene expression alteration and eventually change the phenotype. So, this shows I mean examples basically show how you can integrate the G1 analysis through getting the DNA sequence and also the for example, R6 to get the gene expression and the combining them and of course, the phenotype and then you will be able to not only associate the sleeps with disease phenotype, but you also know how what are the gene expression that are involved in this. You would think I mean the protein expression is also important and we now know that the protein does not necessarily perfectly correlate with gene expression. I mean if you do this at the protein level and you probably will also get I mean additional new insights right, but because of the technologies and less matured or necked behind the R6 those technologies there are relatively few PQT error type of analysis, but this audience I think we should think about this approach and in order to integrate the G1 study for example, with PQT PQT error studies and actually there are some groups started to do this and in this study. So, basically they look at the 75 on lymphoblast cell lines and then they did the genome wide genotype study and the iron stick ribosome profiling through ribosec and the salic proteomics experiments.  So, and then they were able to identify the they focused only on the 6th EQT error RQT and PQT errors and they found hundreds of and sometimes thousands of this 6th QT errors and then they asked I mean if I found 6th EQT error what is the likelihood I am going to find the same like RQT error and PQT error like meaning the SNP controls the gene expression also the MR expression also the ribosome occupancy and the protein expression that means consistent right, but they found for example, if you look at the RNA of course, RNA RNA is 1, but only 88 percent of the RNA the EQT errors can be replicated in the ribosec experiment or the RQT error level and only 67 percent can be replicated as the protein level the PQT errors. So, this basically indicate not all the EQT error effect reproducible as the PQT error level also it is the same I mean if you have a protein QT error only 35 percent of them can be observed as the EQT error that is kind of consistent with our observations and the MR and the protein expression are not perfectly coordinated, but this also indicate that for example, a SNP might have effect only at the protein level, but not necessarily at the RNA level this could happen for example, if the SNP is in a region that is controlling translation of the protein rather than the transcription of the gene. So, but we can look at this examples for example, in this case I we can see the effect is consistent as the protein level or the ribosome occupancy level and RNA level, because I mean the 3 genotypes the effect is I mean kind of colored by 3 different colors we can see the difference can be observed as the RNA level the ribosome occupancy level and the protein level, but in this case I mean we can see the effect is only observable as the protein level, but not as the ribosome and the RNA level. That means, this SNP is affecting the translation of this protein or the I mean maybe the stability of this protein without affecting its RNA and the ribosome translation ribosome occupancy. So, this indicates if we do both EQT analysis and PQT analysis it will give us more information than just doing the EQT analysis, but for this study particularly I mean they only look at the CIS EQT L they did not look at the trans QT L's, because as I said I mean when your sample size is small and the trans EQT area is less difficult to observe, because the effects is relatively smaller. And finally, I want to show one example and what we have talked about so far are all the about SNPs which are the German alterations right, because this audience is interested in cancer. So, we can borrow the same idea and apply to the cancer studies and in this case we did not look at the SNPs, we look at the somatic copy number alterations, because in cancer there are a lot of chromosome regions that are getting amplified or denoted right. And then we can consider that as the genotype change right and then we want to ask whether the genotype change will affect the gene expression, mRNA expression and the protein expression of that gene or maybe it will affect other genes in the genome. So, and for this we did an analysis in 90 crore rect tumors and then we calculated the copy number alteration for individual genes based on the SNP array data and then we get the R6 data. So, basically we have the MRI abundance for each gene and we did the labor free shotgun proteomics in this study and got the protein abundance for the genes and we only focused on the genes have both mRNA and the protein measurement this correspond to close to 4,000 genes at that time and but for copy number we have the data for 23,000 genes and now for each copy number data and all the mRNAs we can calculate, but in this case the genotype is also continuous right because it is a copy number measurement and then we can calculate Pearson correlation between the genotype and the mRNA expression and if there is a significant positive correlation we put a red dot here that means the copy number change of this gene will affect the mRNA abundance of that gene and then if there is a significant negative association we put a green dot here and if there is no significant we leave it black and this is a plot we get from this analysis and the interesting thing is we observed two types of interesting patterns why is at the diagonal we see a very strong diagonal pattern and the other type of pattern is this stripes I mean the vertical lines. Let us say if we use this gene as the example this locus as the example if it this copy number amplification will increase the mRNA expression of the gene in that locus. So, you are going to have a significant copy number change and the mRNA expression change and then you are going to get a red dot because here all the genes are ordered based on the chromium location and here it is also based on the same chromium location. So, if it is a safe effect you are going to see a red dot here right, but let us see this gene is a transcription factor and the DNA amplification of the transcription factor not only cause and higher abundance of that gene, but this transcription factor will in turn and activate or deactivate a lot of other genes. So, then you also see a genome wide effect of that DNA copy number change. So, we call this the cis band or the on the diagonal because it is the copy number change that will alter the MRI abundance of the same gene, but we also see the genome wide this vertical bands these are the trans band meaning copy number change at this position may affect a lot of other genes in the genome. And then we also look at the protein data. So, here is the correlation between copy number and protein we can see both the cis and the trans band getting weaker I mean we get kind of similar patterns, but it is weaker. This indicate not all the impact at the MR level can be carried over to the protein level. This is called the phenotype damper meaning there is a reduce of the effect. For example, if the copy number amplification give you more mRNAs of a certain gene, but this gene does not give you the gross advantage of a cancer cell the protein is not needed then we do not need to make that extra protein. So, that means there is additional regulation at that level that will remove those effects that is not necessary. So, and we also sometimes see the copy number protein correlation only observed at the protein level, but not at the corresponding MR level this indicate that copy number change might only affect the protein especially for the trans effect. So, for this is very helpful because now we can look at this plot and we can say ok there are certain chromosome regions that have particularly strong impact at the global level for example, this 20 Q region seems to have a big impact genome wide for mRNA and protein and there might be some interesting genes in that chromosome. And we also can look at the trans effect or cis effect and we can see and this indicate the large circle indicate all the protein coding genes in this 20 Q amplification region that we have both MR and protein measurements. And this indicates the genes with the good copy number and MR correlation and this indicates the genes with good copy number and protein correlation. So, this help us to narrow down to the genes that the copy number will not only increase the protein MR level, but also increase the protein level and these are the very likely cancer driver genes in the region. And for example, through this approach we were able to identify SAC which is a very well established oncogene in colon cancer and then the time 34 has also been reported and we all able to identify a new candidate driver HMF4A which could be a new discovery to be tested in the future. So, just to give a quick summarized summary of the talk. So, we just talk about the genotype and phenotype and the using association study to understand the relationships or test the relationships and depending on whether it is a binary treat or quantitative treat, we have to use different types of statistical tests. And if we do this as a genome wide scale we it is called a GWAS study and we can use Manhattan plot to realize the results. And then if we treat the gene expression as a quantitative treats and then we can do the EQTL or RQTL or PQTL type of analysis and the these QTLs can be divided into the 6th EQTL and trans EQTL based on the positional relationship between the genotype the SNP and the genes and we showed a few examples that you can integrate GWAS and the EQTL or EQTL RQTL PQTL or copy number and the MR and the protein expression to understand the relationship between the genotype and gene expression and the phenotype. But maybe we can have one or two questions or maybe we can discuss during the lunch. Copy number analysis please. Yes. In that the last column so, can it be like the mRNA degradation it is not getting degraded and which is one of the reason most of the proteins are sick and I mean the cast of the secret. So, I think it yeah it could be well, but if you think about the iron stick right it is actually measuring the steady state mRNA abundance. So, I think the degraded RNA will not be measured as the RNA stick I mean yeah if you consider that measurement is at the steady state I mean that has already been taken care of, but of course, I mean it is kind of dynamic. So, it might partially reflect that effect, but I would think that most of the mRNA measurement we have is for steady state. So, that it is already incorporated both RNA generation and the degradation has both been measured in that measurement. But also I mean this is not the abundance of the mRNA or protein right it is association between the copy number and the mRNA or protein. But I think the discrepancy is more likely to be caused by the author like translation or the protein degradation the half life of the proteins. Today's lecture broadly explained the use of various integrative analysis to understand disease pathobiology using examples from published literature CIS eqtl and trans eqtl mapping integrated with GWAS study were shown to correlate the gene expression with phenotype. Additionally the integrative analysis of somatic copy number variations and mRNA abundance were seen to be directly correlated. In the next lecture you will be introduced to the next generation sequencing technology and its application by industry application scientist. Thank you.


Hey, one last question if you have enough time, what I'm calling expires I find, so our average sales price for myself is between five and a million. I find when I'm coming across like the $2.5 million, $3 million properties that are expired, I'm skipping over them because I'm worried they're going to say something to the effect of, again, they haven't said it to me yet because I haven't really called them. But you haven't handled anything in our price range. Do you have any handlers for that that are pretty straightforward and simple to get to the point kind of deal?  I know. They are never ever going to say that, okay, just so you know. So you don't have to worry about the handler. But in your mind, literally, like the thing is, is that that person that you've never handled a deal that size or whatever, they want you to be their agent. They want you because this is the first deal you've done this big and what are you going to do? Put all your time, all your effort, you're going to put everything you've got into that deal because this is your first big one. If anybody did ever say that to you, that's what I would tell them. I would say, look, yeah, I haven't ever done one before and that's why you want me because I'm going to put everything I got into it.  You know what I mean? Like I'm here to help people, you know, all my fears are what's holding me back. So let the intent, you know, block the fears and go.


Hi, this is Renee Willett, and you're watching CalTV. So you're featuring in the Yellowbirds, and tell me all about it, and you're working with a huge cast. Oh, it's an incredible cast. Alexander Morse was an incredible director, it was amazing working with him. I shot with Jennifer Aniston, the lead, and it was an incredible experience for, you know, a funding actress to be working with her. And it comes out today at three o'clock. It's the premiere. I don't know if you'll be there. It's at Eccles. It's basically a story about two young boys in the Gulf War in Iraq and in the 90s, and one of them dies in an unconventional way, and his body is not sent to his mother, who's Jennifer Aniston. She tries to fight and find out what really happened. They're lying to her.  So it was, you know, it was an incredible role for me, and it was an incredible experience, and it's just helping me, you know, move on and to bigger and better, not that there's anything bigger than that. But yes, it's really exciting, and to be here in this aura, in Utah, snow, I went snowboarding yesterday. Oh, how fun. There's nothing better, with our furs and our boots, and what else could you want to do today? So Yellow Birds is a movie about war, and there's a lot of movies coming out right now about the wars. What makes this one different? I mean, I really think it emphasizes the strength and love a mother has for a son. I mean, that's really what I took away from it. You know, if you see a film, and a mother lost her child, it's a lot about grieving, and it's an intense, dramatic, emotional movie, and of course, that is this movie as well, but it's really about how strong she is, and she really fights what she believes is right, while she's in a grieving time. So that's really what I took away from it, and I'm very close with my mother, and it just really touched me, and it was an honor to be in this film, to be honest. Well, I'm so excited to see it. I can't wait for this. I'll be there. I'll be there. Okay, great. So thank you so much for joining us. Thank you for having me.


I'm sorry.   You don't need headphones. You're buying me a new pair. No, I'm not. Yes, I'm glad you think this is s**t. What is good guys? Welcome back to our channel. My name is Bill. This girl that's not here is named Mariah. She's my girlfriend. I usually am sitting here next to her, but today I am freaking pranking her, but I am going to be cutting her headphones and replacing them with these. But I want to talk to you guys real quick about Zams accessories. Oh my gosh, everyone. If you are literally looking at AirPods and you're like, okay, these are way too freaking expensive, they're literally 200 bucks, like no, you don't have time for that. So these are called Zams Pods and they're literally an identical replica to AirPods. Same quality, same look, same style and everything.  And if you use our discount code, which I will put right here, Marble, M-A-R-B-L-E, if you use that code upon checkout, boom, type in the discount code Marble and watch the money deduct. That's another couple dollars off just using our code. You are literally spending 30 bucks to get what people spend 200 on. So anyways, Marble Squad, today I am going to be cutting my girlfriend's headphones. It's going to be crazy. I hope she freaks out. I know she will because she loves these things to death. She's had them for years and I honestly don't even know what to expect. So I hope you guys enjoyed this video. Give this video a huge thumbs up. Make sure you guys comment down below how you thought about this video and if you're going to be purchasing one of these. Alright, I will see you guys when Mariah gets here. I hope you enjoy the video. Peace. Alright guys, Mariah is downstairs right now. I'm going to go downstairs, talk to her and try to find a good time to cut her headphones. So wish me luck. Hey babe. What's up? Huh? What's up? I'm editing. Are the videos turning out good? What? Are the videos turning out good? You look cute today. You look so cute. Thanks. So cute. Okay, wait, stop. Stop. What's up? So what videos are you... Did you finish one or two of them? What? It's one. I have only done one. Oh. Well hurry up. We got places to be. People to see. What's up? What's up? What's up? I'm editing. Are the videos turning out good? What? Are the videos turning out good? I have only done one. What's up? Are the videos turning out good? What's up? Are the videos turning out good? That's the people to see. That's not going up in here? You're so cute. You're literally. I know. I can see that. It must have been cold in your car. Um. Yeah it's looking good. You're almost done with the first one. That's cool though. It's coming out good. I love you. Why are you ignoring me? Stop. I can't hear you. And you're like trying to talk. Why did you just do that? What's the point in that?  I'm sorry. You literally just cut- I actually cut them, yes. That's not funny. Yeah, it is. I'm glad you think this is so funny. Are you mad? I was in the middle of trying to edit these. You know what? Why don't you edit them yourself then? I am mad. I'm mad that I just got these cut off like that. They're broke, baby. You can't use them anymore. Obviously, they're broke. Why would you do that? Sorry. No, you should be sorry. That's messed up, dude. Why would you do that? I don't know, I felt like it.  I'm sorry.  I don't try to interrupt you. I just thought it'd be funny.  You can edit without headphones. Yes, I like to do them because then it's more preservative. No one's in my business. Why would you do that, dude? You gotta be kidding me.  That was messed up. You're buying me a new pair. You're buying me a new pair. No, I'm not. Yes, because... That's like me breaking your editing headphones. What is your problem? Stop. I'm gonna break my phone. Okay. Now we cut your phone? Honestly, I'm just gonna talk to you now. You can have them back. No, you're so rude. Don't throw those at me. No, I don't want to take them. You just broke them on me. I'm sorry. I didn't break them, I cut them. Why would you do that though? What was the point of that? Because I figured you needed to stop editing because you couldn't hear me. Stop editing?  Sorry. Explain to me why this was funny to you, why this was necessary. Huh?  I'm sorry, okay. You should be sorry. Right, it doesn't even matter. Yes, it does matter. It doesn't matter. Yes, it does matter.   You don't need headphones. Yes, I do. They're dumb. So you don't need headphones then to edit your stuff. You're ignoring me so I cut them. I'm sorry. What knowledge is that? Because not me. I was doing our job. Did I get your attention? Yes, so now you can kiss me. No, I'm not going to kiss somebody that just did that. No. You know what? I'm going to try breaking your headphones when you're editing and see how you feel. Honestly, my headphones are way more expensive than that. I don't care if they're more expensive than this. These are my headphones that work for me. Those headphones work for you so you don't need to cut them.  I cut them. No, I don't care. That's messed up. They work for you. Like past times. You can't use them anymore. I'm not talking to you. Come here. No, back up. Now you can pay attention to me. Now you really need me, man. You need it literally. So you expect me to give you attention right now? Right, it's time to get new ones. It's time to get better new ones. That's funny, Bill. I think I'm going to give you attention now. It's time to get better headphones. No, it's not time to get better headphones. Yes, go to the store and buy some. God, knowledge is that. Go to the store and buy some. Tell me what knowledge that is. No. Go to the store and buy some. Or do you want me to get you some? Bill, stop talking. I'll buy you new ones. Okay, deal. Stop talking. I'll get you new ones. Okay. Really? I'll get you new ones. No. Yeah. I'm not getting you nice ones. Yeah, you are. You caught my nice ones. No. Yeah, you did. No, those are old though. You've had those forever.  Hold on. Hold on. Hold on. Wait, I got you something. I got you something. I got you something. Okay, let me see. What? It's a surprise. Okay. Why do you think I cut your headphones? I don't know because you're being dumb. That's why. Me? No. Why do you think I would cut them? You think I would do that on purpose? I hope not. Right. I'll take you out to dinner or something. Let me see. I got you new headphones. I literally got you. Let me see. Where's your headphones? I want to open it up. I want to make sure they're in there. Then I'll put them in there. There is. Let me see. You can hear them. Right, it was just a prank. Prank. Can I see them please? I have to open them first. Make sure they're in there. Okay. No, they're actually in there. I literally cut these just to mess around. Why would I cut these for no reason? Do you like them? Right.  Yes. They're literally like, you can put them in your ear. They're a different brand other than AirBots. They look exactly like AirBots. And that actually brings me to... I was filming this the whole time, Ryan. I was pranking you, Ryan. Ryan. You're here. I know. I'm sorry, guys.   They're not AirPods. They're a better version of AirPods. And they're not as expensive. Really nice. Have you ever seen anything? Ryan, look at them. I swear to gosh, they're not AirPods. I like that. There's no way these are not AirPods. I swear to God. Look it. They come up on your phone. Wait, let me see. Wait, wait. Stop, stop. They come up on your phone as the actual AirPods. But they're not. They're literally... Don't get... Oh my gosh. Are you happy? Are you actually happy? Oh yeah. I'm so excited. Anyways, everyone. I just got, Mariah, so hard. Guys, you can't cut them. I know. Now I can't cut them. What the heck? They're Bluetooth wireless. But, guys, these literally... Mariah, I was telling you them. Actually, this is a sponsored video from this company that I've hid from you forever. Have you ever heard of Zams? No. No. Okay, so these are literally... They look identical to AirPods. They sound awesome. They look awesome. Exact same in everything. But they are literally... I swear to God, $30. That's awesome, dude. I got Mariah so good. Whatever. All right, guys. So before I end this video, if you do want to purchase a pair of these Zams pods, like I said in the beginning, you have to go to Zams accessories. Type in our discount code at checkout marble. Use marble because it will get you an extra couple of dollars off. Every dollar counts. And you'll only be spending $30. So $30 for identical pair to the competitor AirPods. I think it's totally worth it. Do you have us on Instagram if you did purchase them? Oh, my gosh. That's awesome. Now I'm Mariah's type because now she knows that she's getting something better than headphones. She thought I was just going to buy her normal headphones back. No. Babe, I hope you like these. Thank you. And I hope you guys love this video. Once again, use marble in the discount code when you buy these. And if you post them on your story, we will repost you guys. Or if you post them on your Instagram, we will repost you guys on our Instagram. Thank you for showing us love. Thank you for watching this video. We will see you in the next one. But until then, peace. Hashtag team build by the way in the comments.  No, my team doesn't. Are you honestly happy though? My honey punch. Oh my God. You're so cringe, babe. Are you actually happy though that I got you these? Yes. Aren't they awesome? You're not going to touch these because I don't need you breaking them. Now I need to go back to editing. Bye. I know. Put them in. Bye. Love you guys. Peace.


ఆండొనాచేతిమవ్ంచంసినాఏనించాని. ఆర౗యిండిమాంచానేసిచానింటింరి. అంటరంపౚింపిాంటమాటింటింటిటదాన౿ూటంచిడటి. about managing our time. I believe in that concept and I invest so much in making sure I make the best of my time. But as we all know, the world is changing at a very unprecedented rate and greatly affects our ability to manage our time effectively. There is a thing that movement is not always equal to progress. This is true because we all have the same number of hours in a day and do so much to ensure we come outstops with a result on daily basis. According to some Sabri Shubhi in his book, Sailor Like Crazy, being busy is not the same as being productive. Our lives are full of distractions and it's hard to stay focused when the world consists of hundreds of tiny tasks and millions of voices screaming for your attention. Again, the current jet age of the internet and social media make it difficult to manage time. So, we easily get engrossed, scrolling through several content which usually end up not producing the kind of result we had originally set out to achieve. On the other hand, deciding what exactly we want to do and focusing all your attention will lead to hitting goals faster than trying to use your time as a yardstick. And this is why I believe that we should channel our energy to manage the things we pay attention to instead of the time we all have, which will never change anyway. Today, we live in a world where we have the ability to achieve so many results. If only we can shut down all the external forces, constantly craving our attention. The truth is that you have in you right now all the resources, knowledge, skills and network we need to build, like in the Nigerian balance, right? But you are giving attention to the wrong things. That's the problem we have. You have believed that you have a low attention span so much that you are now scattering the one that you have and that is where the problem is. The fact remains that there will never be any significant results, paying maximum attention to the wrong things, never. Through research and studies, I have become more particular about the short attention span of human beings and that perspective taught me that perhaps the most critical factor is our ability to control the things we pay attention to. Perhaps when we start focusing more on the things we pay attention to, we may just need to worry less about the time we have to achieve all we need, we have. In the end, it will matter more about how well, talking about our attention and not how long, talking about duration. Life coach, this is where you call me the best strategist. Okay, so I think this is a very profound thought right from Raymond, you know. There's been a lot of conditions around time management and the attention management, of course. And it's not just about, like he ended with his thoughts, it's not just about how long, but how well. There's this Pareto principle, the 80-20 rule. The 20% of the work creates 80% of the result. So I think it's the ability to find, I always say that being busy is doesn't amount to productivity. You can be busy and not productive. So it's not that I'm busy. What are you busy on? Being able to find out what are the important things in your life that creates the highest impact and then shifting your focus on that. I think time is living its life, right? Time is just moving, doing it. Or if we say, oh, I didn't do this because of, I don't have time, oh, I have time. Time is living its life. So I think we should all also live our lives. So what we do is to pattern our lives according to time. By the time we're done with this conversation, the time would have gone beyond what it was now. So it's really about finding those high impact stuff and then zeroing in our energy on that. I think in addition to that, whilst we find the high impact stuff, it's important that we also remove or consciously remove the low impact stuff. Because I mean, there's the consciousness or there's an assumption that we feel like, okay, once I'm focusing on the high impact stuff, the low impact stuff are not just going to be there anymore, but you know you have to consciously tell yourself, I'm not going to do certain things. Sometimes it might even be as responding to certain males that are not urgent and important at the point in time. There's this chart that I remember being taught some time ago, urgent versus important. Yes, and so you pick exactly the four quadrant. So it's important to find where you play at any point in time and understand the activities that you do that will help you yield the results that you want in life. Because at the end of the day, like Raymond mentioned, we have just, time would never change. It's going to always be 24 hours every day forever. So we just have to learn to maximize that 24 hours that we have in a day to achieve whatever it is we want to do. Just before it later turns, it's sorry later to call in. So everybody said in all my training sessions, I'd always say that when we were born, we had 24 hours, right? And our job description was just to maybe cry, sleep, eat food. And then we grew further. You know, the JDR, they were running around for our parents and all the stuff. We grew further, we went to school, have to be more responsible on all those days. Yeah, within the same duration, within the same hour. Yeah, within the same hours. So our time never increased. So here's what I got from the intelligence there is that, you know, to be more effective in life, we need to be more efficient. And efficiency is doing more with less time. We're going to give you more time. Exactly. Because we don't know how to do more with less. Sure. I see we all read the same literature. You quoted 8020 Lu from Brian Tracy's book. You also quoted OJNC, the Quadrant OJNC important, not important on all the things. Well, what I'm going to say is that we should always learn to work smart, not necessarily hard. First things first, there's the obvious waste of time. There's some people that actually sit down and do nothing. Perhaps engage in on-products, but if that one is very obvious, I want to come to the software experts. The software experts, there are some people that are actually doing something good, which is great. If they don't do the one-foot on their table. But the mannerism in which they go about it is sapping a lot of energy, one and taking more time. It's not efficient. So it's up to them that they are working hard. And as I said, saying that, goes that if you do what you always do, you get what you always get. And every day they keep moving in cycle. Every year they keep doing this thing with sweat and toy. But no growth. But yeah, they are doing something great. And if they don't do it, perhaps their family will not feed. But then they have to be subtle about it. That's where smart work comes in. How can I introduce some other mannerism? It could be maybe some machineries or delegation or some things you need to subtly engage. Or maybe there is some aspect of the work you are doing that you think you should not do again. Because the outcome is not reasonable. So these are things you need to consider so that you have enough time to do less and have time to rest. And also think about something like that. I think for me, just quickly before you wrap up, I think again, the thing is also not really about the time we have. It's more about our clarity about on what we need to do with the time that we have. Most like two people have two hours to finish a job. One person has to shuttle or try to multitask and know around seven things at the same time. Which is fantastic if you have that ability. But I can assure you that one person who zeroes their minds to do one thing at a time will have increased focus, will have increased energy and will automatically come out with a better result more than the person and in lesser time. He will finish the seven tasks in lesser time. More than the person who was shuttling down and doing this and doing that all within the same time interval. I think people should release their focus or more on what we put our attention on. Not about I need to achieve this in two hours. No, this is what you need to achieve You need to achieve this and you need to achieve this and you need to achieve that and not the duration that you need to achieve them and you think is if you start thinking in this manner then we will start spotting the things that sap our time, that eat into our time because immediately you want to press your phone. Your subconscious reminds you that this is not what you should be paying attention to. Railman, let me just add this before you go. There is this quote from Brian Tracy. I love so much from Itadafro. He said, there is no need of budging, don't worry about tadpoles. When there is a life-big frog waiting to be eaten, think about that. A life-big frog in the place you need to swallow the frog and you are bothered about tadpoles. When you swallow the frog, you are just going to be okay. The tadpoles will not actually sort at the same time. He mentioned something around attention. Do you want to talk about that? Exactly, I was going to say something around that. So, it's important that I mean there is the saying that women more tax better than guys, right? So, I tend to multi-tax. I'm not going to ask you about that. But in the pace of multi-tax, you have to understand that if I have two hours to achieve five engagements or five tax, I must ensure that for whatever one minute or two minutes or five minutes I have to give to a particular tax and doing it without thinking of something else. I have to be focused. Yes, less of a focus, exactly. I have to be focused and ensure that I am able to deliver within that short space of time. And then I can spread it alongside. Because you are here, you are doing well work. You are chatting on the phone. And the beautiful thing is now that we all work laptops and all, you have your WhatsApp web, WhatsApp web, Telegram open, everything all at the same time, exactly. And so, you will be responding to messages while you are typing a mail.  And in most cases, it affects the quality of our work. Exactly, exactly. Very true. You know, attention span is really, really, really dropping. So Raymond, that was really a very thoughtful stuff because again, people go on Instagram and they are scrolling very fast. So attention span is really, really reducing. Again, there is this field of marketing that talks about once you can control people's attention, you can control their emotions, then you can create that trigger to buy from you. I can't even control their perception, life, everything. You have to buy people's attention. So you need to wake up and buy your attention. You need to buy people's attention. Exactly. And that's why brands, so just to buy attention of people, you know, on perception. Engaging videos, influence, stuff like that. So they helps manipulation too. Of course, at the end of the day. Well, that's because it doesn't take time. But at the end of the day, you can make me buy what I never wanted to buy in the first place. So that's why I was motivated. OK, so Raymond, yeah, you can close that. All right. Root is next after the break.


Come back to the Sportsmax zone, the penultimate round of Conker Kaif woman's go-cup qualifiers was contested on Wednesday. Let's take a look now at the results. We had Suriname defeating Antigua and Barbuda, 1-0, 9 goals in the match for Guyana against Dominica. Nicaragua in Group B, 2-1 win over Honduras and El Salvador overcoming Martini, 2-0. Here's how the points table look now. Guyana at the top of Group A on 12 points, Suriname in second on 9 points, Antigua and Barbuda in third on four, and Dominica they also have four. In Group B El Salvador at the top of the group on 15, Nicaragua in second, 10 points separate Nicaragua from first place El Salvador, Honduras and Martini four points each. So in Group B, the League A match, we had Jamaica and Panama 1-0. So in the lone League A match, Jamaica and Panama played out a 1-0 draw, here's Ricardo Chambers with the roundup. Automatic Gold Cup qualification, no longer a possibility for the reggae girls following a 1-0 draw with Panama in Kingston. To top the group, advanced directly to next year's inaugural Gold Cup, the girls needed to win their remaining two matches. On Wednesday night, they started on the front foot but didn't capitalize on any of the chances created. This allowed the Panamanians to settle into the contest, creating chances of their own. Although controversial, they got the perfect opportunity to go in front when Lauren Reed was called for a foul on Natalia Mills in the box. Marta Cox, Panama's history-making World Cup scorer, stepped up and started them into a 30th minute lead. The reggae girls went right back to work and found the equalizer on the stroke of half-time. Chanel Buckley, scoring her first to senior international goal, which ultimately earned the hosts a share of the points. With a draw, Panama topped the group with seven points to quantify for the Gold Cup. Coaching Nassir Quintana says both encounters against Jamaica were even a match, despite the reggae girls missing all their World Cup stars. They played very well, not just today. The last time in Panama, they made a really good game. We're very happy about that because that means that Conta Cup is a very competitive zone and we're very proud about Conta Cup. If Jamaica can do two very competitive teams right now, make a really good game today. I think they deserve the opportunity, they deserve to fight for a position in the next World Cup and I assure you for sure that the coach is very proud about it. Meanwhile, Jamaica's interim coach, Xavier Kilbride, says a major objective was met. It was a competitive game, things didn't go according to the plan as best as possible, but we created some opportunities, unfortunately we couldn't get on the square sheet. But of course they were competitive, they had their objective too, we also remember that we're playing against an opponent who has a plan and we have to find means and ways of breaking them down, which I think a couple of times we did. They were smart in their approach as well, of course it's a unit that has been put together so we anticipate that there's some amount of position and what they would have done in certain areas. That's the way it is, we just wanted to ensure that we didn't lose tonight. That was the first objective, of course we wanted to win, but we're still in with a shot heading into the final game. When asked about is seeming the conservative approach to the game, we had this to say. We have to assess the teams and if you ask me and if you watch both games, what do you think would have been a better opponent to beat? Certainly I fancied my chance more against Agatama Island. Of course we went out for the win, unfortunately it didn't happen. We didn't want to be erratic and throw numbers in front and then we ended up losing the game. It was a close game, good opposition. Again as I said, we just had to be smart in terms of our approach. The girls who have two points must now win in Guatemala on Sunday if they are to qualify for the playoffs and keep their gold cup quest alive. Alright Lance, so the Jamaica Raggy girls of course managing to eke out a draw against Panama but still they still have a lot of work to do in order to qualify for the playoffs. Credit to the performance because they worked really really hard. Based on the rosters of both teams, Panama would have been expected to win this fixture given the fact that the Jamaican team is without its first string set of players but the Jamaican team worked really really hard. I thought the Panamanians looked more athletic and physically fitter than the Jamaicans but there was so much desire and so much willingness and determination coming from the Raggy girls that they were rewarded with a result here and I think this group can beat Guatemala and get themselves into a playoff position for the gold cup. Yeah well Guatemala will be that final match and of course we'll be looking at that result very very closely. Let's take a quick commercial break. We'll be right back.


So, fun fact, before this top, I actually hadn't sewn a single thing in two and a half months. And boy was I rusty. But I forged ahead and made this should've been easier than I made it out to be, sweater. More about that soon. But first, if you're new here, hi, I'm Lindsay. I sew all my own clothes and I'm glad you found me. Be sure to introduce yourself in the comments so that I can give you a formal welcome. And for everyone watching, be sure to like this video so other people will see it. Videos highlighting my makes and sewing patterns go up every Monday. I have dozens for you to watch if you want to binge. Check out the playlist in the top right corner of your screen. It opens in a new tab so you will not lose your place here. Okay, back to the sweater. So this is the Style Arc Freya tunic, which was the sew together pattern for last November. The Freya is a cow neck tunic with an angled design line and tucked sleeve opening. To me, it's both chic and comfy and with a few little interesting design details. And as you know by now, I am a sucker for patterns that are basics with a twist. And this is that pattern to a tee. Style Arc patterns, for the most part, are sold by the individual size. So I got the size that would best fit my bust and then I adjusted the hip because to me, that's easier than adjusting the bust and the shoulders and all of that. I used my Fast Fit Workbook to determine that I needed to add two inches to the hip to get the exact amount of pattern and design ease that was designed for the Freya. And then I added a little bit more just for my personal taste. But the Fast Fit Worksheet really helps me understand how the pattern should fit so I can make the necessary adjustments before cutting out my fabric. If you want to check out the Fast Fit Worksheet for yourself, check the description box. I've got links to the individual worksheets as well as the workbook that includes 100 sheets bound together for safekeeping and organization. So after getting the pattern pieces cut out and seeing as this pattern is so simple and I've sewn dozens of similar sweaters in my day, it should have taken about 30 minutes to whip up. Well, cut to two hours later and realizing that I cut the fabric off-grain, I realized that I cannot take 10 weeks away from my sewing. I technically did not have enough of this gorgeous bouquet knit for the pattern, but I needed it to work. I had this plan to sew this pattern with this fabric for months and nothing was better suited for it, either in my imagination or in my stash. As that ever happened to you before, you just cannot picture the pattern in any other fabric. So you do what you can to make it work. To get the pattern to fit on the fabric, I ended up shortening the front and back bodices by about three inches each. And I also shortened the sleeve by about two inches, which, as you can tell, ended up kind of working out. Like, I don't think you can tell that I shortened all of the pattern pieces by so much, especially the sleeve. That sleeve would have been really long if I hadn't shortened it. So it ended up being a blessing in disguise. The neckband is very, very tall. I had it doubled over here because my fabric is so thick. It lays a little funny when I just kind of have it in one layer where all the folds are kind of stacked on top of each other. So if your fabric is thick like this, you could get away with only using half of the neckband pattern piece, which is a real contributor to why this pattern takes so much yardage. If your fabric is lighter weight, though, you might like it really tall so that it lays on top of itself and comes up higher on your neck. It was only after I had played pattern tetris for about 30 minutes and also cut out three of the five pattern pieces that I realized I had my fabric folded the wrong way with the selvedge perpendicular to the fold and therefore was cutting the entire thing off grain. Oh man, but thankfully the design ease of the pattern and the non-obvious direction of the weave of the fabric meant that it didn't technically matter. I bet none of you could tell before I mentioned it and I can't tell when I wear it. So I'll take that as a huge get out of jail free card from the sewing gods. Karma is real, you guys. It's like I hadn't sewn in so long, but the sewing gods really wanted to give me like a good, successful make on my return back. So even though I kept making all these mistakes and running into all of these bead bumps, they were still on my side and we made it happen. As for the exact fabric, I got it from Stylemaker Fabric sometime, gosh, maybe in 2020. I really can't remember. I originally got it to make a crop jacket, but I am so glad that I held on to it for this instead. I paired it today with some fleece lined leggings and combat boots. I love how long it is in the back, but it scoops up in the center front to not hide absolutely everything. I think whenever tunic is the same length all the way around, especially on a pear shaped person like myself, it can make your hips look really like a lot wider than they are. But when it scoops up in the front, it tends to be a little bit more flattering showing that you do have a figure underneath the oversized sweater. I can also see myself wearing this sweater with some high waisted trousers, like half tucked with booties or pointy toed flats. So you really can dress it up or dress it down. Let me know in the comments how you would style this sweater. One little hack I might add for next time is to add a little hidden pocket between the two side seams across the front bodice. Because the side seam is angled, they actually sit closer to the front of the body, making them ideal for like an inside hidden kangaroo pocket. So a little bit of knit scrap sewn into those side seams would be super simple and really functional. Let me know if you'd like to see a tutorial on how to do that. Check the description box for a link to this pattern, the Freya pattern. I hope you are inspired to make one for yourself. I've also added my most recent pattern review for some super white like pants to the end slate here. You can just click that video on the bottom right. But that's going to do it for me today. Thank you all so much for watching. I will see you all very soon. Bye.