This is Dr. Gerald Stucka and the Extension Veterinarian and Livestock Stewardship Specialist here at North Dakota State University. I want to visit a little bit about some CAF health issues that are somewhat unique to 2022. I just want to set this up a little bit by talking about some things that were unique to 2022. We had tremendous early spring summer forage growth and then the summer term dry and so that had an impact on forage quality, not necessarily so much on trace minerals, perhaps on vitamin A but what we see the impact was we saw perhaps lower weaning weights, even decreased yearling cattle canes, you know some of that do obviously to lower milk production by the dam and less quality forage for the CAF itself. So some of those things are a little bit unique to 2022 that were not with us in 2021 where we had pretty much dry season all summer. Just we're going to talk a little bit about bovine respiratory disease and what to expect. I mean I expect that weaning calves on the ranch of your own place without bringing in new cattle that you'll certainly have less than one percent mortality and certainly less than five percent morbidity. That's the goal, zero is great if you can achieve it. And then talk a little bit about what's preventable, we'll talk a little bit about multiple groups and coal mingling and related to multiple pastures, the dietary change and so on and so forth. So there's many things that go into weaning calves not related necessarily to yearling cattle but to weaning calves and what the stressors are and how they contribute to having a calf that's more susceptible to infectious disease. Then just a little bit about the unexpected, sometimes we'll get respiratory outbreaks or even other outbreaks maybe related to pink eye, foot rot or polio even that are later in the feeding period in backgrounding operations. So those things that occur 45 to 60 days post weaning may be a BRD outbreak but may be one of the others that we just mentioned. And then we'll finally talk a little bit about vaccination. So what's important for me when I deal with these kinds of issues is to have a real history. When I go into a herd and we'll just use this example, a herd that's experiencing post weaning respiratory disease, it's important for me to be able to visit with the people that are involved. Whether it's the veterinarian, whether it's the owner, the manager, the herd person, hired labor, just need some kind of specific details related to the history of when it started and then I like to be specific about the dates. As I said earlier, when it started, how many did you treat, when did co-mingling occur, what did you vaccinate with or not vaccinate with? How many treatments there were and how many you had to retreat and perhaps even how many died? So the number of animals is always important. It's what we use as a denominator. So how many animals did you treat? A lot of how many animals that we would consider at risk or how many animals were weaned and if there are several pens, how many animals in each pen and how many were treated in each pen by the number of animals in that group. So I think it's important for us to visit a little bit about healthy animals and sick animals. I think that many of us can pick out an animal that's really ill, but in order to be very proficient at this and an expert at this, you need to know what a well animal looks like and I think that's important as a starting point. So when I talk about wellness, we use some of these objective measurements like appetite.  Animals tend to be curious, even animals that have a temperament that that maybe puts them at the at the farthest limits of the pen or a quarter of a mile away, they're still should be somewhat curious. They should turn their head and see who's looking at them. These animals in the upper right corner here have come right up to the feeding bunk and they want to know who you are. And so it's an animal that is curious, but there are other attributes as well like being bright-eyed. I would attribute those animals to have being bright-eyed. They want to know you and want to see what's going on versus an animal that's we would say dull-eyed or exhibiting signs of non-interest that that eye just looks different to the trained observer. They should have a good hair coat, they should groom themselves and others. And as I said earlier, they should be curious. Some of these other images in this picture in this slide demonstrate cattle that have been shipped a long distance, especially that one in the lower left there, a calf that came from the state of Alabama came to the state of Kansas and the weather was not great for that animal. It surely needed some tender love and care, even though that animal itself was not that ill. It just was in an environment that it was not adapted to yet anyway, until it got some good feed into them. The one on the on the right on that one is an animal that had been experienced a long haul, a little tired. You can't really tell so much for that image, but those are all things you have in your mind as you're looking at animals. Do they look well or don't they? I got a couple of pictures here and this relates to some terms that we use. We use the term sign to indicate some type of objective measurement that things are not well, things like rectal temperatures. We'll take a rectal temperature in an animal. We want to see what it is. If it's too high, then we'll come to the conclusion that there's something going on in that animal. There's some inflammatory response and it may or may not need treatment. In most cases, we probably are going to treat an animal if we have what we believe is an elevated rectal temperature. The other one is more related to symptoms, a depressed animal. It's more of a subjective term, I guess, than an objective term like rectal temperature. But the ADR there just stands for an animal that ain't doing right. So we consider that to be an indication that the animal's not feeling well. And you can see in these images here, there's a couple of animals that pen conditions aren't great either and that can make animals not real happy. But these animals are experiencing more than just poor pen conditions. They're not feeling well. And that should be obvious. And the question becomes, should I have seen that animal the day before or two days before instead of noticing it just now on this date? Interestingly enough, the animal in the lower right there has a, what I would call a treatment tag. And sometimes those treatment tags will be put in in some yards. As an indication that they've been treated, they may have a date on it, they may have a notch on it to indicate whether they've been treated once or twice. So sometimes that's helpful in pens that contain a large number of animals so that you're not confused by looking at an animal that was simply treated the day previously and then put back in the home pen. So what do we consider to be normal in terms of rectal temperatures? Really normal is 101 and a half plus or minus a degree. But they can certainly be up to 103 and a half and still be normal, depending on what the environmental temperature is like. So I don't really have a hard and fast rule that unless an animal's 104 and higher that I'm gonna treat that animal, there's gotta be some other symptoms involved as well. And sometimes we can be confused by parents, animals with longer ears that we don't see much up here in the Northern Plains. But certainly in the Southern Plains we do, we call them eared cattle. This image here is certainly one that has, that animal has some boss indicus or Brahmin pedigree. And the ears are a little bit longer and sometimes those ears take a little more energy just to keep upright. And so sometimes you can be confused by a long-eared animal that the ears are down and you think it's depressed. And so it takes some trained observation in addition to just running a fever to determine whether an animal needs closer inspection. Do I need to run that animal into the squeeze shoot and actually have a look at it and determine whether I need to treat that animal with perhaps with an antibiotic. So there's many reasons. And we talked about coming to the bunk as a sign of wellness and there may be other reasons why animals don't come to the bunk. One of them may be simply water. Do they have access to water? Is there enough animals can drink at the same time so that they meet their water requirements? Or sometimes in the Northern Plains especially, be very concerned with intake and animals not coming to the bunk if somehow something's wrong with water, whether it's frozen or whether there's actually electrical current in the water. Those animals will not drink and as a result they will not eat either. So you'll have animals that are kind of shrunk up in the flank and evidence they're not eating. They may simply be shy. They're not very competitive. They don't come to the bunk. They're not used to their other penmates or herdmates and they're gonna be the last ones to come to the bunk and sometimes there's not enough space for them all either. And so you have to account for that. And lastly, they may have disease. They may not feel well enough to come to the bunk and eat some feed. This slide is kind of an illustration of what happens in respiratory disease and why we kind of need to know some of the anatomy that you can't see necessarily when you're certainly looking at a live animal and you can't really see these things even when you're doing an acropsia on an animal. But this is the respiratory system and how the airways work. We start up at the top of this illustration here with trachea and then it branches off into smaller bronchi and bronchioles and you get down to the really small air spaces that we call the alveolar sac or alveolus. And that's where air exchange occurs. We're a calbreed off and a CO2 and that's where oxygen comes in through those alveolar spaces, alveolus, and the animal gets oxygen. So when we have respiratory lung damage, then those air spaces don't work the way they should be or should and animals can have certainly respiratory distress. They're not getting enough oxygen into their system. This is a very real image of what it looks like when you have destruction of respiratory tissue. This is a picture of calf in which we retracted the ribs. The head would be on the right end of this image. You can see where the liver and the gallbladder is and the rest of the viscera back there but this is a picture of lung tissue. There is not a great deal of good lung tissue here. This lung tissue up here looks a little bit better, obviously. Then the tissue down here, this looks more like the color of liver. And in spaces like this, you're not gonna really have any space in that lung tissue where transfer of CO2 and oxygen can take place. So I've got an animal here that at least on this side of the lung, there's maybe 50% of lung tissue that actually works. This is another slide and again, the head would be on the right. There's liver again. It's a little bit different picture. This is an image I got from the diagnostic lab at North Dakota State. You don't really see any, any what I would call nice lung tissue here at all. It's reddened. There's certainly something going on here. And this one has actually had a couple of pathogens that were involved, BVD, bovine virus, diarrhea virus and mannaimia melodica. And what's interesting down here is it looks a little different down here. We've got a layer of what we call fibrin, which is an acute phase protein. And acute phase proteins comes into play in an animal's attempt to heal itself, to wall off the infection. And in this case, as you'll notice, this animal didn't survive. And so we've got a lung tissue here that's basically non-functioning. This is a picture of the upper airway. This is the trachea, right here, the windpipe. And this is a calf that had what we call calf tetheria or necrotic laryngitis. In some cases, it can be caused by the same organism that causes foot rot. In other cases, it could be caused by a histophalosomni, for example, and even other organisms. But the difference with a calf, with calf tetheria, is how they sound, because they're always going to make a lot of noise. So this is right in the vocal cords of this calf, this big lesion right here. And that causes the sound or the air that travels past this lesion to become very noisy. So if you've got a calf, its head may or may not be distended, but he's really making a lot of noise. And he may be breathing fast. Usually that noise is coming from the vocal cords. It's not a sound that comes down deep into the lung tissue itself. So this one's a little bit different and don't be fooled by it. And in many cases, these lesions, not one like this, obviously, but can be treated with an antibiotic very successfully if you deal with them early enough. Here's one that's a little bit different. Let me just use my marker here again. We've got a calf, again, that the head is on the right over here. Here's lung tissue, here's gallbladder, these are intestines back here. So this lung tissue up here looks fairly normal. There's still spots in here that are not, but we've got some liver colored looking things down here. You know, this is probably less than 50% of lung tissue that's viable. That's dark, it's red. And what you see uniquely down here is what looks like little white pimples almost, if you will. And that would be pretty typical of a calf that has mycoplasma pneumonia. Those calves tend to be very difficult to treat. They don't always exhibit real strong signs of being ill. The recal temperatures may not always be that high. It's more of a chronic type of infection, I should say.  And obviously this calf can't get enough air, oxygen transfer and CO2 transfer as well. So it's succumbed to that mycoplasmal organism that was in its lungs. Sometimes as a sequelae to mycoplasma pneumonia, we actually get mycoplasma arthritis. This is the knee of a calf, the hind limb of a calf that has arthritis. And as I opened up this calf, this will change colors here. This is actually pus. In the joint of a calf, it's a dried pus. We sometimes use this term insipidated pus, but nevertheless it's assigned a tremendous inflammation from mycoplasma in the joint of the calf. And those are extremely difficult to treat as you might expect. So this calf, not only at pneumonia, but it metastasized into the lungs as well. Difficult treatment. Just want to follow up that with a little bit of a comment about mycoplasma. This was a study that was done a number of years ago, but at that time Pfizer animal health and this study was never written up, but it was important and I gleaned some information from it as it relates to mycoplasma. So what they did in this study, they took in high-risk calves and they had like 10 groups, 60 calves in each group, and I just picked one here primarily. But they would take deep nasal swabs of these calves every 10 days or so. Day zero, they took a swab, day 10, day 21, and then went out to day 28, and then again at day 60, just to look at what pathogens they could isolate, at least bacterial pathogens from the deep nasal swabs. And so I want to focus on mycoplasma bovis here and its illustration of how rapidly that organism can spread within a population. So on day zero, I had, I don't know, somewhere around maybe 5% or less, maybe even just a couple of animals that were positive, but by day 10, I had 75% of those animals that were no positive on culture from deep nasal swabs. The difference between these groups is that in this study, it was an antibiotic study where they gave antibiotic, and so you're starting with kind of the same number of positives, really low positive. By day 10, we had a little over 50%, but then by day 21, we hit 75%. The only takeaway here is that while the antibiotic didn't stop the spread, it somewhat slowed it down a little bit, so at least you might gain some element of time in trying to manage these cattle a little bit better, at least as it relates to Ambovis. And we kind of see some of the other organisms here, the deep, the dark green is a manhami hemolytica, the gray is pastoral amyltosida, and this kind of dark purple or dark blue line is H. somni, what I find interesting on H. somni is later on after arrival is when H. somni seems to start coming into play. Couple comments on mycoplasma vaccine, I'm not a big proponent of it. I haven't seen a whole lot of science that tells me that it works the way it's supposed to work. So this first bullet points are just on a killed vaccine from mycoplasma boas and didn't really see evidence of efficacy on either on ear infections or respiratory disease. There is a new mycoplasma vaccine that's being marketed by Zoetis. It's a modified live vaccine, which is what I felt for some time that we probably needed in order to have some effectiveness against this organism. I don't really have any peer-reviewed literature to talk about in regards to this vaccine. So we'll need to kind of discover perhaps for ourselves what the efficacy really is on this particular vaccine, you know, whether giving it on arrival and high-risk animals is really gonna be effective or not. It's currently labeled to be used in cattle a one week of age or older against respiratory disease and duration of immunity has not been established. I'm gonna use this example of some of the times, the things that come into play that have very little to do with vaccination and more to do with management than anything else. This was an email that was sent to me a number of years ago from someone in Georgia who wanted me to comment on a vaccine protocol that they used in bull test station. It says concerning a vaccination protocol sent to the bull test years ago by someone at the vet school in Athens, Georgia. Incoming bulls must be vaccinated two to three weeks prior to our arrival with IBR, PI3, BRSV, BVD, one and two, mannaimia hemolytica, pastoral maltocita. Now histophalosomnus instead of humophilus, it's called histophalosomni and clostrial seminoid. So I mean, the idea here is correct to try and immunize animals against certain pathogens at least a fair amount of time before the stress of movement and other stressors come into play. And then at processing, which means they've arrived at the bull test station, boosters will be given using whatever vaccine some companies will donate. A little more history with this one. Typically processing is in around July 5, which would be different than our bull test stations up here, but, and the bulls are sold around December 7th, within seven to 10 days after arrival, they're numus cases of BRD, which are treated and may be retreated and the process really runs to late November. And the question was if the protocol pre-arrival and at processing was an intranasal vaccine, that's the acronym IN, like TSV2 where we could use nasal gin or N4-3, and an intramuscular or subcutaneous manheimia hemolytica, pastoral maltocita vaccine, plus clostridial, omitting the humophilus or histophalus, would there be less BRD? I would appreciate your advice. The answer is no. I know equivocally, no. It's not gonna make any difference what you vaccinate these cattle with, because what you're dealing with here is the impact of co-mingling. When you bring a bunch of bulls in and I don't know exactly how they pen these bulls, but usually they're penned by breed when they come in. And they almost never have them penned by owner. And I don't know whether they were committed to having three bulls or five bulls or less or more or more, sometimes one bull, they're gonna have co-mingling occur. And that's really what's going on here. So somehow management needs to change as to how they pen these bulls and how they're handled within the early arrival period because they'll continue to have respiratory disease unless they deal with the co-mingling effect.  Usually in bull test stations, they strive for high average daily gains and that can play a role in putting a little extra stress in these animals and resulting in perhaps respiratory disease as well. So in summary, I just wanna talk about a few issues here and I've used the term prevent the preventable. And I spend a little bit of time talking about the factors that the stress factors that result in calves becoming ill after weaning. And one of those was co-mingling and that's why some of my recommendations reflect that management strategy to prevent co-mingling at the same time the calves are weaning. So feed all the groups of cows and calves together to prior to weaning, if possible. When you do that, it allows the calf to getting used to eating a ration. It may be off the ground. It may be in bunks, depending on herd size. And you don't necessarily have to feed the exact same ration, but some of the components will be the same as what you're going to use once the calf is separated from the mother. So when you do that and you do that for two weeks or three weeks, they're about, it removes because the pecking order, the social life, if you will, becomes reorganized. And that co-mingling stress becomes reduced. The only time when I've seen it not work is when you've got groups of cows and calves together, but the space is so large. In other words, a section of ground, for example, and you're feeding in two different spots in that section of ground, then co-mingling doesn't occur even when they're with our mothers. So make sure that all these cows and calves are being together and you're feeding them them in one place. In addition to that, just observe these calves for signs of wellness. Are they acting normal? Are they curious? Do they groom each other? Are they bright-eyed? And of course, when you're walking the pens and it's important to walk the pens. It's important to have kind of the same person or maybe two people that trade off but walk these pens so the calf gets used to who you are and you're used to those calves and how they behave. But you need to observe for wellness, but also observe the manure. Is it too runny? Is it bloody? A runny might indicate that the calves are taking in too much energy. They may be acidotic. If it's bloody, the calves may be exhibiting signs of coxidiosis. We will use ionophores in many cases to prevent coxidiosis. We also use them because they help cal make use of feed in a more efficient manner. But there are specific products that are coxidiostats as well like Decox or Decoquinate and Amprolium. Sometimes we'll use them in our weaning rations as well. When you have calves that are breaking with coxidiosis and you're feeding these products and the break occurs before approximately day 21, that means that the infection occurred before, before you were able to put in some of these coxidiostats. Decox can work in different ways, but especially in the ionophores. Because the life cycle of coxidiosis is about 21 days, when they are after 21 days, you know that some of those calves are not getting the right amount. It may be related to intake. It may be related to the inclusion rate that you have in that ration. In terms of vaccinations, the virus vaccines we use today are very good. They slow the spread of transmission. They diminish the signs of illness from the viruses themselves. So they work and they're efficacious. Some of the bacterial pathogens I'm a little more skeptical of. In Menheimia hemolytica, there's some evidence that it limits lung damage. Pastoral autism, histoplasomni, in my mind there's limited scientific evidence for their efficacy. I don't try and talk people out of it necessarily. I don't necessarily recommend their use, but if they use them, and I'm not saying we don't need vaccines for those pathogens, it's just that we may need a different technology to evaluate the efficacy of some of those vaccines in the future. Mycoplasma bovis, the same, I have there's limited scientific evidence for efficacy. There is a new one on the market, productivity, and I really don't know a great deal about that particular vaccine to recommend it at this stage. So thank you for listening. I hope this was helpful. And remember that the specialists are here to help in any way we can so don't hesitate to get in touch with us. Thank you so much.


Economists write long theories on this but it is actually very simple. First thing you need is harmony and the second thing you need is you need to put money into people's hands. If those two things happen India's economy will grow. The Prime Minister did devonetization. He applied a flawed GST and then Corona struck. We told the government put money into people's hands immediately. Don't waste time because the economic engine needs to be started quickly. They did nothing. We did Manrega. We put money into poor people's hands. The economy started working. We do right to food. Economy starts working. We did farm loan waiver. Economy starts working. Logic is very simple. It's not complex. If you put money into a poor person's hand, that poor person will go and buy something. If he goes and buys something, someone will need to produce that thing. If somebody starts to produce that thing, the factory will need people to do the job and employment will start happening. So the first thing we are going to do when we come to power in Kerala is Naiyojna and don't be confused that we are doing this as some form of charity. We are giving you money through the Naiyojna so the economy starts working. We are putting money in your pocket so that you can spend the money. It's like jump starting a car. You have to put fuel into the engine before the car can start. Right now the chief minister is sitting in a car. There is no fuel in the car and he keeps turning the key. He just keeps turning the key. He keeps turning the key. He keeps turning. I won't put fuel in the car. The left people take time to learn these things. Maybe after another 20-30 years, they will understand basically the job. India chief minister is going to come. We are going to do Naiyojna. Chief minister will sit in the car. He will turn the key and the economy of Kerala will start.  And if youngsters do have a problem like them, unlike the LDF chief minister, the UDF chief minister will go and embrace those boys and speak to them. He will never ever allow the future of Kerala to lie in front of the Vidant Sabha. Government that is empathetic. Government that listens to people. Government that understands that people are in difficulty. People are suffering. Government that does not differentiate between our organization and others. Government that understands the suffering and the pain of everybody. And I am confident that the UDF government will have the empathy. Will have the sensitivity to run such a project.


Humanity is acting like a self-destructive individual. Robert Heinlein said, Man is not a rational animal. He is a rationalizing animal. And from all the facts and evidence currently available to us, that certainly does seem to be the case. We're destroying our biosphere and moving beyond mere flirtation with nuclear war to full-blown courtship. All to facilitate a status quo that everyone hates and which benefits hardly anybody. We are not behaving rationally. Instead, we rationalize, or have it rationalized for us. We are told this is the only way it could possibly be, that any desire to turn away from our self-destructive patterns is unrealistic and born of naivety. If you dislike the way status quo politics always keeps the same patterns in place regardless of who's in office, well that's too bad, you have to choose the lesser evil. If you dislike the way capitalism has us competing with each other and destroying our ecosystem instead of collaborating and harmonizing with our planet, you're told it's the best possible system and that any other system would be way worse. If you dislike the way the US centralized empire dominates the world with violence and coercion, you're told it's better to have Uncle Sam rule over us by whatever means necessary than to risk someone worse taking over. It's lesser evilism every step of the way, with any discussion about not choosing evil at all being shut down as unrealistic. The people who continually rationalize our self-destructive behavior patterns, they're the realistic ones. The ones saying we need to keep picking the same path over and over again, even though it continually makes the world worse and worse and is destroying everything and is leading us towards certain doom. The ones telling us to keep doing the same thing over and over again while hoping for different results. The ones telling us to choose madness over sanity, that's what being realistic is, saying, yeah keep walking in that direction, don't stop when you get to the cliff's edge, you'll probably fly. When really the self-destructive patterns come first and the rationalizations come second, really we're not on this path because it's the best choice out of other greater evils, we're on this path because the forces at play within our species have brought us here. We're on this path because we have systems in place which elevate viciousness. We're on this path because of the profit motive, because of market forces, because of the kind of people that have been able to elevate themselves to positions of power at this point in space-time. We're on this path because media can be used to manipulate human psychology at mass scale using points of mental leverage like fear and tribalism that are evolutionary remnants from times when life was much different. We're on this path because our species is in an awkward transition phase between the evolution of massive prefrontal courtesies in our skulls and the adaptation of conscious, wholesome relationships with our new found capacity for abstract thought. In short, we're on this path because we just sort of stumbled into it, buffeted by forces within us that we don't really understand which have been unfolding since our evolutionary ancestors first made their way down from the trees. We're an unconscious species whipped about by unconscious forces that we can't really explain and have no real control over and then telling ourselves stories to rationalize why things are the way they are. In that sense, our entire species is a lot like an individual human who uses rationalization to explain and justify their self-destructive behavior. They'll make up excuses for why they started using again, why they missed another one of their kid's recitals, why they lost their temper again, why they went back to their abuser, why they've wound up alone after alienating everybody, or maybe they'll be totally real about what happened, fully taking the blame and responsibility for why their life is the way it is, probably also being excessively harsh with themselves, but still unable to change because they aren't yet conscious of the forces that are driving their behavior. Our self-destructive species is acting just like a self-destructive individual, torn between the knowledge that we need to change and our inability to see within ourselves lucidly enough to actually make it happen. We're killing our biosphere, marching toward nuclear war, and playing along with status quo systems for the same reason someone uses heroin, hurts those they love, stays in an abusive relationship, or sabotages their goals because we are driven to. And in each case, the solution is the same, the expansion of consciousness. Self-destructive behavior patterns change not when we find Jesus or start applying willpower or any of the other fairy tales our culture has invented over the years and promulgated in countless Hollywood movies, but when we become more conscious of the way they are happening and the factors which feed into them, they change when we gain a more lucid perception of what's going on inside us and what makes us tick. Until that happens, we continue along the same behavioral trajectory, just rearranging the furniture a bit and swapping out old addictions for new ones here and there while we tell ourselves stories about why we do what we do. And this is just as true of humans as a collective as it is of individuals. We used to burn cats to death as a form of public entertainment. Our behavior changed when we became more conscious of the suffering of our fellow living creatures and that idea is now reprehensible to us. This is also what happened with slavery, apartheid, racial and sexual injustice, rape, domestic violence and child abuse and continues to happen. Human behavior will change when we become a conscious species. Just as with self-destructive individuals that may not happen until we hit a rock bottom of some kind. It may end up being a situation wherein as a nice nin put it the day came when the risk to remain tight in a bud was more painful than the risk it took to blossom. Or maybe it won't change at all. Just as with the self-destructive individual you've got to allow for the possibility that the self-destructive patterning will continue to total destruction. And that would be very sad but we've all got that freedom as individuals and as a species. The freedom to continue in our self-destructive patterns until total destruction. And as difficult as that is in my opinion it does help to have a kind of openness to humanity's freedom to take that course if that's what ends up happening. Setting yourself up emotionally in opposition to human self-destructiveness feels much the same as tying all your will up in your desire to save a self-destructive loved one. A deep emotional attachment to an outcome over which you have no ultimate control. Eventually you learn that you really do have to grant everyone the freedom to choose their own path even if that path leads to the end of life. If a loved one keeps returning to a violent abuser or a dangerous substance all we can do is love them gently point out areas that could use more consciousness wherever we can find and bring consciousness to our own projections on the situation so we're not inadvertently playing a role in the patterning and be ready to leap in to help them to make the changes they need to make as soon as they are ready. And in my opinion that's also kind of how we need to be with humanity as a whole. That to me is the sanest position at this point in our unfolding. Not arguing with reality not trying to will humanity into conforming with my idea of health not attachment to outcomes but simply loving humanity delighting in its weird beauty for however long it's here working to spread consciousness of the forces that are driving us and being ready to step in and help the moment they decide they want a change.


Okay, thanks very much. So the the next course talk is by Fedra Abton. She comes all the way from New Zealand. So please stay here and listen Don't go away So Fedra, so Fedra is going to talk about really important subject here About all the workshop copying geodynamics and surface processes. So please go Thank you. I didn't think about the microphone situation when I chose my dress So I hope this will work. Um, I'm really excited about this workshop. It's kind of as Mark said been in the Planning for about four years. Um, so it's great that it's happening now Um, and you know, it sort of came from CSDMS and Jaisiewiczki being open to the idea of a Geodynamic focus research group and then CIG being willing to Join with this meeting. So it's great. Um, so we're gonna change tech. Is there feedback? I'm getting feedback. Okay. Um, yeah, so we're going to change tectonic regimes and and scale. So my Natural laboratory has been the southern Alps of New Zealand for all my time as a geologist gear dynamic system Now moving into surface processes. So and it's and I'm going to be talking about the collisional Collisional setting within southern Alps. I just like to acknowledge my co-authors Peter Coons who has also spent years looking at Active tectonic belts and southern Alps Sam Roy who's who's here, and he'll take any tricky questions on his models and Nick Richmond who's also at the University of Maine. He's a master's student. So as I Ambitiously said, I'm going to look at the coupling between geodynamics and surface processes and we're going to zoom in from the last talk I'm really going to look at the rocks because the rocks are what acted upon both by the tectonics and the surface processes So I said I'm going to largely going to focus on collisional settings and these are settings with high uplift rates high Eximation rates So we're we're looking initially at a largely supply limited system the rocks at the surface It's not covered by soil I'm not really going to focus today on sedimentation sediments but sediments obviously extremely important That's one thing that came up on our breakout group the role that sediments and the sedimentary record have And in telling us what has happened in the past So this is South Island of New Zealand and you can see this beautiful landscape and there's two this the Rock has two really strong planes of weakness one's a foliation and one's a jointing surface It's kind of really perpendicular to it You see both of them really reflected in the landscape that's that's produced right there But also it turns out makes it quite difficult to get from that bridge down to this lake and This is a It's a landslide dam lake and if we zoom out we see that that that feature to is a direct Product of the of the rock properties It's the the foliation surface is the sliding surface on which that landslide that landslide formed and dammed the lake so what I'm going to do today is talk about materials earth materials and process and I'm going to give a brief introduction and then talk about modeling Modeling the materials and the processes are trying to bring them together and then I'm going to Present a conceptual framework that Peter Coons and I and others have been working on for quite a while that where we're trying to really bring the jet dynamics and genomic processes that the Materials together with with the surface processes that are acting upon on those materials Okay, so as I said we're looking at dynamic landscapes And we want to look at the forces jet dynamics forces that are that are associated with deep earth processes I mean subduction Polition these are the large-scale forces that are driving these processes and then we have the the gemmophology the the shaping of the earth surface driven by atmospheric processes and Particularly in these dynamic environments that we're going to look at we end up with quite complex competing interactions and we get these dramatic Landscapes and we want to understand what what's driving those landscapes why they look like what they do What we can say about them So we're kind of coming at it from I'm really going to today I think I'm going to be talking about Materials material strengths and driving forces or stresses. So we have Instructive forces or or strength that keep the rock there versus destructive forces We have stresses things acting upon those those geological materials that That break the rock or and allow it to be available for a surface process to act upon it I'll probably use the word failure quite often and what I mean by failure is breaking the rock and failure can happen in a in a in a rock or a soil or anything and we can have Oh, I'm largely going to be talking about compressive forces But to get failure in a rock you have to break it So if you're pulling it apart you have to overcome that tensile strength of that rock if you've got a sand pile and for the sand to flow down to You have to overcome the frictional strength of that of that sand Or if it's a rock and you're sharing it you have to overcome a cohesive strength of that rock So I will use those terms or failure But what I mean is we we need in order for a to a road or transport a Rock or a part of a rock it has to break away from that the bedrock that it's connected to and that's kind of Really where we're coming from with this This conceptual framework that I'm going to present to you and also where we're trying to calculate What's holding that rock together? Why is it strong? Why isn't it strong and what's acting upon those rocks? Why are they breaking and failing? So I've just so this there's a variety with we've had most of these mentioned already today Obviously, there's that the topography and in a mountain landscape and topography can both Strengthen a low topographic load will strengthen that the material the rock mass But the steep slopes due to the high shear stresses can weaken so topography kind of acts as both a destructive and a constructive force We have the blue veal and glacial horses acting upon the landscape I Couldn't find a picture with everything I wanted and the glacial is kind of what missed it out, but so So the blue veal we're talking about I mean water running over a strong rock isn't going to do anything But it carries tools it carries sands gravels etc. So that and the stresses and if it's a weak rock if it's a shear zone I mean it really doesn't take much for that those students With that process to a road we have Tetonic horses so in the landscapes that I'm we're looking at here, you know the southern Alps. It's a collisional environment the rock is constantly These are the GPS vectors. So the rock is constantly under convergent and strike slip It's quite a bleak system and Then now and then it is hit by seismic waves which Yeah, obviously we had quite a large earthquake a year and a half go which has given us a lot of a lot to work on Um, this this landslide here in the landscape actually occurred following a 7.1 in 1929 so, you know, why did that particular bit of rock break under those stresses rather than another so I'm first going to Talk about materials and material properties and then move on to process So southern Alps all the West the West Coast of the South Island has long been thought it known But um, you know dramatic uplift high erosion. It's where the the critical wedge theory was I've talked about in our breakup group this morning You know the two-sided wedge This the southern Alps was kind of the basis for some of those models. And so if we look at the Central central South Island across kind of the classic cross section across the southern Alps This is rainfall this map. This is sediment yield. This is The this the central southern Alps, you know, we have moderate to steep slopes. We have Rapid uplift and exclamation on this western side We have quite a bit of rain at times You know the rainfall is five to ten meters a year the rocks are just Just along the West Coast and greywackies and the sediment yields are some of the highest around up, you know Greater than 2,000 tons per kilometer per year and it's yeah, we know what's happening There's high uplift rates the rocks not that strong. It's being eroded rapidly and we're getting this huge sediment rate We moved down to South-Westland here again the rainfall is at least as dramatic, but here we've got near vertical slopes It you know, if you look at that picture there, it looks like the ice left yesterday. That's your left 10 of 10,000 years ago and the difference of course is the geology that those rocks are granite's granite diorites And they're just too strong for fluvial Processes to really influence them and it takes ice it takes ice to erode those rocks and what we see here is the steepest slopes have The lowest erosion rates and it's because of the material properties Um, this is this This Publication is already mentioned today. So this is just another example on a slightly smaller scale that comes from Huntington and Cleppes the challenges and opportunities for research and technology tonics And of course one of their their big challenges is is the topic of our workshop Over the next couple of days and here they they point out that there's these three catchments Similar erosion rates, but very different reliefs and question is it climate? Is it rock strength? Is it process? In this case they say it's likely to be difference of material properties so We have made quite a bit of progress and in taking and looking at how material properties and material properties that are driven by tectonics Are reflected in the landscape and the next few slides. I'm going to talk about a largely Sam Roy's work. So What he did was modify child which is Lancelot evolution model, which is very well used and and so he modified it so that he could include the that rock strength for a variety of of Products of tectonics. So we went into the field and and measured That the cohesion of this is the bedrock Jointed greyworkie and it's been deformed into cataclysides and gouges gouges along in a series of fault zones and by looking at the properties of the rock in the field and using this hook brown hook brown criteria here could estimate the Cohesion of the different different materials and then using this relationship for the detachment we can relate a rotability to cohesion Based based on field observations The other the other thing that happens in in the process of weakening driven by tectonics is a reduction in the The fractures a change in the fraction space and therefore a reduction in the grain size of the products of of erosion and so that's also Sam also classified that so that it at a grain size, which is a function of the fracture Spacing and and was into the models as well So if we just look at a couple of the of these models This is this is a that's the This model is only is homogeneous with just the strong the strong rock This model has a damage zone down the middle of it Based on those field observations so that the core of that damage zone is Much much weaker and much much easy more easily eroded and Then this this model we're looking at a map view down onto these models So flow outlook let here. There's a simple uplift put on to the model And hopefully this will make them run. Okay, so we can see immediately as you'd expect that There's a much Large difference in the in the form of the landscape as a result of the change in rock properties here It's all equally erodible and we get this kind of dendritic type pattern Here we've got this much more erodible zone. So that erodes out more quickly and These that these hillsides respond and we can look at how the sinuosity of the system changes with this Change in material properties Increase in the rate of nit point migration when you've got that weak zone And we can look at sediment storage and in these models as well. So the colors now represent how long a sediment stays in the system Yes, here the erosion rates are slower the slopes are slopes stay quite Steep the sediment is produced and and moves out of the system. Yeah, because we get we erode that material out We get that we get this nice less steep Main valley through here and what that ends up with this the sediment particularly the core sediment that's coming off the hill slopes stay in the system and in the amount of time That the bedrock and in the weak zone is armored is actually significant and so This zone is more easily eroded but because of that These slopes reduce the sediment stay in there and it protects it until a big storm and I think believe this model did have Storms so then the big storm might come through wash it out and then you'll get more rapid erosion Um, that's it these we've we've also taken that model. So this has taken that model and coupled it to a Strain softening geodynamic model. So instead of imposing we're saying this is where the weak zones are and let's look at how the landscape responds to that We're taking a geodynamic model. This is a simple simple collisional zone orthogonal collision and also simple or graphic precipitation model on top to to feed the to feed the rain into the into the landscape model so in this case The geodynamic model produces gets a strength. I'll show you to one is got no no They both have strands of me. So this the geodynamic model we predict where the Vault zones where the strain localization is going to occur we take and where we have the fully coupled we take That those resultants cohesion values convert them in the landscape model to erode ability And so we can see how they they feed back between the two So the top one has Geodynamics and the landscape evolution, but it does not but it doesn't feed the erode ability back this This one has the erode ability So initially they look quite similar. We see the the streams forming downslope but as these Strains often zones Development here struck that softened the weaker the more readily erodible Let's see if I can play that again. And so once these start How many things to coordinate here Does what you want? Control it with this it doesn't so yeah, so these start similar, but you see we start to get these other Weaker zones. It's much easier to erode that so we start to focus the deformation in there And it but the the water still has to the river still have to head out eventually So they just pick a couple of these zones and and move through so We do have Quite a this is this is coupled but but there's there's still lots to do and one of the things that We want to do is Start to think more about breaking that rock so these are these are diffusional landscape so that the Erode ability and the erosion the landscape isn't a diffusional law, but We want to really start thinking about Rather than having just a right and the diffusional law why is it happening? And can we say where is where's that rock going to break and why is it breaking? What are the stresses that are causing it to break so now I want to And there's lots of stresses to think about so first of all I'm going to talk a bit about topographic stresses and the relief of and what we can say about how topography influences both Where surface prices are happening and also where the geodynamic prices are happening So I'm kind of going to flick back and forth between the two this is a another example from the researchers and in Tetonus and here The authors show just they just show quite nicely how the topographic stresses are reflected in The properties and so they've used a model to topographic stresses and then I've looked at P way of velocity and the P way of velocity Indicates where you've got Disaggregation and fracturing and groundwater flow and so you can see that there's quite a nice relationship between the the damage and and the stresses so this is the West Coast of the South Island and the alpine fault and We there's been a deep fault drilling program that's been happening over the last Ten years and their aim was to sample the alpine fault at death But for us and for this community, it's a fantastic opportunity to look at the interaction of the tectonics the topography the surface processes But for many reasons, so we've got a plate but boundary fault the alpine fault here It's a highly a bleak fault. So so it's got a strong component of strike slip and and and uplift on the hanging wall So the tectonics is three that the driving forces are three dimensional and then we've got the main divide back here, which is about This is about 20 to 25 kilometers and these peaks are three to four kilometers high And then the the range is cut by these these big rivers that are basically perpendicular to the boundary So it's highly three-dimensional system and it's complicated, but it's great. It's great for all the sort of questions. We are answering it It may try and decide where to put the drill hole quite complicated So There's a couple of just Things I want to tell you about the results from from this. Oh Which have lots of implications for the sort of questions we're talking about So this is the drill hole there So one of the things that and we knew that there was high heat flow in this region, but you know when we When we we drilled we drilled to we got to about 900 meters below Their ground surface and then we didn't actually hit the folks we ran into technical dish difficulty But by the but it down there We were getting the geothermal gradient was was you know over a hundred degrees Celsius per kilometer, which is Way high for any region that doesn't have a volcanic source. So really There was it was hot It's quite hot and the reason it's hot It's it's the tectonics the main reason it's hot is because of the tectonics These the rocks are being uplifted along the alpine fault faster than they can call but in addition to that we have a large a Large fault here, which the damage zone associated that fault means that the rocks and the hanging wall are highly damaged So we've got high permeability there and then we have this high topography which is giving a topographic driving force and so the Hopefully you can see these arrows on here. So The there's this flood flow that's going down the hill and then up into the valley. So there's we've got a Breakship rock We've got high high rainfall lots of rain. We've got a topographic driving force that's that's driving that water down that's picking up heat and it's Taking it up into the up into the valleys and so what we and actually today in our breakout group. So once we were talking about thermocronology and how important That surface processes etc might be the thermocronology and that is definitely the case here and that you know, you cannot put just you can't assume in the west and southern Alps that you are That your temperature great contours are gonna track With topography, which is a common assumption. In fact, it's exactly the opposite So you your thermal gradient beneath the mountains is is much lower than your thermal gradient beneath beneath the valleys and and this is because of tectonics and sir and what's happening at the surface and Both are you can't you can't figure out what's going on without thinking about both eight minutes So this is the same region But in this case, we're more looking at how the topography is influencing the the It's not the tectonics. It's influencing the structure. It's influencing where the deformation is taking place and Don't worry about staring at it unless you want to so again, we've got the photo rower Valley And this is the photo rower Valley here and what what we were looking at is if you've got the the Current oblique strike slip motion that's happening on the alpine fold does it enter does the topography influence where that Bolting actually takes place in the near surface and it turns out it does and it influences because it It rotates the stress tense it changes the stresses And so we end up and we can so we end up having a strike slip fault there and a thrust fault there And another strike slip fault there and are there because that valley is there and stresses bring me nicely to this that what we're calling the failure through response model and this is to try and use it and Earth to use a an approach to break to the failure of earth material so breaking the rock that's That takes into account the strength and the stress is the strength of the rock and the stress is because basically that rock will break If the stress is overcome the strength of the material, so if you're at a particular point You know you need to we need to Compute the local strength of the material look at what the stresses are that are impacting that material and If these overcome that then then we'll get then it will break and if it breaks It means that it's available to be moved from from where it is So in a in the landscape we have as I said, we've got this like we've got the tectonic stressors. We've got slope stressors fluvial Laceal Seismic it's short-term So Okay, so I'm gonna go through some results that we've got from from this model at the moment where we've built it in energy dynamic models flat 3d That's really is not an open-source model, but it's which is frustrating, but it's But it has what it has the capability to do what do what we want We're assuming that it's a completely supply limit so that we can we're not looking at transport We're not looking at sedimentation as soon as something breaks. We remove it from the system and That's a huge assumption, but it's useful and and it's a starting point So what we do in the model is we can sum all the stresses I'm tectonic if we depending on what our boundary conditions are tectonic GM or biology, but that the Tava graphic stresses we can impose Fluvial stresses and I'll show you example where we're using another model to do that And so we've just built this quite simple two ridges in a valley and we've we've built it so that This slope is stable this slope is is at failure because it's so steep and these two are kind of conditional It depends on it depends on what's happening to them And oh, this is this is useful to we can distinguish between share and tensile failure So we can look at where failure is occurring because it's it's failing and share or Because it's it's tensile so it's because it's being pulled apart so these This is a map view of the material properties that we've put into these into these Couple of examples. I'm going to show you this is basically just random heterogeneity with a weak zone down the valley and this is that but with these weak planes and added to the model and We've put in our model model glacier and and so this this sits here And in some models we we can put a velocity onto it and This is the stability field and I don't have time to go into this in any detail, but Basically what we can see is which bit of the model is stable and which bit of the model so which bit of the model is stable and so you can You know, you'd have to change either the stresses or the strength parameter for any failure to ever occur and which bits Unstable and so you could you can see like this backslope is Stable except that because of the loading of the Glacier here and the erosion on this side. It does start to erode back from from the rich here We see these weak planes and they we are not stable So that when you've got the weak planes are the only bits on the slope that's unstable. We see that the that the load of the glacier Strengthens underneath it, but that that transition between the load and no load is actually more unstable in these plots Red is is unstable and and blue is Is stable And I have to move on but if anyone wants to talk to me about this in more detail feel free This is an example where we're looking at at rock road ice velocity, so comparing a System where there's there's no ice where we've got a stationary glacier, but it's but it's so mostly it's a loading loading and here we we put a Velocity on it, so we're we're effectively simulating it a share sharing of the Sharing of that material as that ice moves along our substrate And we see and this is out. This is Sigma one. So this is that's the compressive stress and Here if we've just got a valley the direction of Sigma one is parallel to the slope If we if we load that with the ice the direction doesn't change, but the magnitude does if we share along here we can actually rotate so that This this biggest stress becomes parallel to that sharing of of the ice And I'm gonna move on So we've got Yeah, there's lots of challenges. Many of these have been raised already the time frames obviously Long-term tectonics versus what happens in an earthquake And again long-term slope Slow processes versus what happens in an earthquake Long-term climate variability versus what happens in a huge storm then Another big issue is imposing realistic surface processes onto this onto this model And Nick Richmond who's one of our students at Maine has been doing some of that with smooth particle hydrodynamics So he uses smooth particle hydrodynamics to calculate the fluvial stresses So instead of guessing the fluvial stresses, he's actually calculating them. So I'm gonna show you this movie really quickly This is a so he's we've built his build a model. This this model has strong and weak so the blue blue is weak and This is looked between firm and flak and the smooth heart particle hydrodynamics and so he He can calculate the Velocity magnitude and and the stresses that develop from that from that flow and Put it on to this code and then we see where we get Where we get failure and removal of material He's also done these quite these are not connected at all But this is an it's well, it's connected and that it's a tool So, you know, if you've got a river, it's really the boulders that are flowing down that river That are doing most of the work and this again is a smooth particle hydrodynamic model where We're modeling one tool, but you can see the stress that the stressors that develop first you see the stress from the waterfall and then So there's there's a stress from that and then you see the boulder So there's lots of implications for this and we've just really touched on some minor ones and Many of these I didn't really have time to go into at all, but yeah, the topography topography records Well, it hasn't had a plan isotropy and a lot of that is recording what's happened to that rock in the past from the tectonics from its Geological history, but in general we can say that valleys holes classes are weak high points tend to be strong and because they're staying there Stress gradients lead to erosion Tectonic stress I didn't really even talk about tectonic stresses, but Also, there's two things one that the tectonic stresses and strain Modified by ice. So I said that the ice can be Stabilized if you've got the load it can be stabilizing you get destabilizing effect from the velocity from the shear velocity or all the margins of the ice and The Sort of the opposite or not the opposite but related to that and the other way is that we find that glacial erosion is more efficient in the Presence of tectonic strain because when you've got tectonic strain that that rock is already sort of halfway to or part of the Way to breaking so you put whatever your driver is on top It's easier for that driver to break that rock if it's already strained Poor pressure is important. It was mentioned in the last talk and that can be incorporated into this any questions so my question has to do with how you use observations of rock strength in models and I wanted I think I think you We discussed in our breakout group as well as you sort of described in your talk how that's sort of a material Observable property that in many ways is a link between Geodynamic and geomorphic models, but I think going from field observations To actually implementing that in a model is not necessarily straightforward And so I wanted to see if you could comment on there are some of the challenges that you guys faced as you've been doing this as well As for many lessons you have It is a challenge. I guess this The the topography that we see is a constraint and yeah, I mean I I Think about cohesion and that sort of strength And I guess Sam would be a person to talk to about how you can that relates to an erode ability But you know we in a actively deforming landscape where you know you have these seismic events and or even where you don't But the slopes that you see and in the topography that you have is a constraint it tells you How strong that rock has to be and I guess it it tells you something about the erode ability to but I yeah How you get a number of that? I can answer I just wanted to actually focus in on something I've been really intriguing when you were comparing the formation of the uniform strength versus The weak trough versus strong sides You had these very interesting deposits. You're looking particle resonance time And you have these I guess you from the Milluvial fans of course material And actually then took a much longer resonance time than the rest of the landscape And they also protected the underlying weak bedrock is this modeled within child Um, yeah, Sam's right behind you and he did it but yes, it it was done with a child Anyway, I just thought it was really quite fascinating Talk guys curious to know how distributions of you know gravel along the Normal fault would rather than spreading out across the base Detail would probably have some impact So I'm not actually going to answer your question I'm going to ask a different one, but I'm happy to talk about it more So this is really cool because this is trying to get a physical interpretation of what Kay might mean rocks themselves and so in this case you're indexing damage strength on Being at failure, but there's a lot of damage that can grow subcritically right when you're not at failure And that has a time scale to it. You think that's a time scale we should worry about or you think it's fast enough relative to landscape No, I think I mean time scales is this I Think the time scale is important and I think Yes, yeah, well actually one of the so in a in a mountain about like the damage done I talked about in the alpine fault, you know I just talked about damage and that it's caused by the tectonic stresses and the seismicity, but at the same time you've got healing so So you can actually bring a whole component of chemistry into there because you know, we've got hot fluids We've got lots of circulation So some of those fractures on even on a seismic cycle are gonna heal and and we see them We we see those fractures in the drill hole where you've got quartz and calcite So yeah, there's there's a lot there'll be some critical stuff It'll be time to time the time frame and then there'll be other processes that are either enhancing or slowing down Thank you again. There is a break now. So there's coffee And I have a salmon for Michael Barry


We're here at ITU Telecom World 2013 in Bangkok, Thailand and I'm very pleased to be joined by Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim, who is advisor to the Minister for Posts and Telecommunications for Somalia. Mr. Ibrahim, thank you very much indeed for joining us today. You're welcome. This year's events theme is embracing change in a digital world. Where do you see the biggest opportunities in that change for the industry, for society and what do you think are the biggest challenges? I think the biggest challenge is connectivity and accessibility. It's all very well that we say content is a king, but the king can stay in his balance as long as there's no connectivity. So I think the biggest challenge we're facing is how do we ensure that content actually reaches the masses, the people. And how is Somalia embracing that change? Somalia has lots of changes going on and of course the digital change is there. Not many people know about this, but in fact to the Somali population, there are a lot of websites per capita compared to many African countries. So we are there when it's a virtual world and where is the internal world, we have a big presence. So there are quite a lot of content from Somalia already online, both in English or other languages as well as in Somalia. Is infrastructure a major challenge? It was and that was the hand cap, but the good news is the last few weeks, I'm sure you've probably read in the media, there are two fiber optics landing in Somalia. That will change the scene. For the first time people will understand what this whole broadband is all about. And to me that's good news and I'm very optimistic that there will be more content from Somalia and also there will be more content going to Somalia as well as people embrace this technology. What about the sessions that you've been attending here? Has there been anything that stood out for you that has been particularly of interest? Yes, I think the idea about the use of ICT in education that has attracted my attention. Of course there are other sessions also about the spectrum and how to use. In Somalia we have a huge challenge where it becomes and how we manage our spectrum and so on.  So those are the things that are attracting my attention as well as big data which is the whole item in ICT. Who manages it, cloud computing, where we're all going with this, where is the data being stored and so on. So those are the areas that are attracting my attention. In fact I'd like to ask you, you attend a number of these events annually I'm sure. What is the value of attending events such as ICT, the telecom world? It's very valuable because it's the only place where you can meet so many people in the industry at the same time. So for example today you might meet people from Microsoft, from Intel, you name it. As well as many other countries, there are telecommunication ministries, people who are experts in different fields. So there is a huge value. You can learn so much, you can exchange so many ideas. I think that's where the value is. Mohamed Ibrahim, thank you very much indeed for being with us today. You're welcome.


Hello and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. It says, Mrs. Ruchi's salary is Rs. 32,250 per month exclusive of HRA. She donates Rs. 12,000 to Prime Minister's relief fund, 100% exemption. She donates Rs. 6,000 to a school and gets a relief of 50% on this donation. She contributes Rs. 5,000 per month towards her provident fund. She pays quarterly premium of Rs. 2,500 towards her LIC policy and invests Rs. 25,000 in MSC. If Rs. 2,700 is the tax deducted each month from her salary for 11 months, find the tax deducted from her salary in the last month of the year. Let us now move on to the solution. Now the first step towards the solution is to write the gross annual income of the sensing. So the annual income, Ruchi, is equal to Rs. 32,250 into 12 because 32,250 is the monthly income of Ruchi. So to get the annual income, we are multiplying it with 12 to get the annual income and this is equal to, so annual income is Rs. 3,087,000. Now the second step is to find the donations made by Ruchi, so repeat on donations. Now we are given that she donates Rs. 12,000 to the Prime Minister Relief Fund and gets 100% exemption to 12,000. She gets 100% exemption, so this is equal to Rs. 12,000 and we are also given that she donates Rs. 6,000 to a school and gets a relief of 50% on this donation, so this is equal to Rs. 3,000 and here we have 6,000. So the total rebate on donation is Rs. 12,000 plus 3,000 that is Rs. 15,000. Now the next step is to find the savings made by Ruchi. We are given that she pays Rs. 5,000 per month towards Provident Fund, so BF is Rs. 5,000 into 12 that is Rs. 60,000 and we are also given that she pays the life insurance premium of Rs. 2,500 quarterly, so this is equal to Rs. 10,000 annually and she pays Rs. 25,000 for NSC, so the total savings is Rs. 60,000 plus 10,000 and Rs. 20,000, 70,000 plus Rs. 35,000 is Rs. 95,000. Now the fourth step is to find the taxable income by subtracting the amount obtained in step 2 and 3 from the amount obtained in step 1. So the taxable income is given by Rs. 3,087,000 minus 15,000 plus 95,000 is the computation of income tax, before that we need to obtain the taxable income which is Rs. 3,087,000 minus 1,00,000 is equal to Rs. 2,077,000. Now we will calculate the income tax using this law. Now here the taxable income of Ruchi is Rs. 277,000 and if the taxable income is above Rs. 25,000 then the rate of tax is given by Rs. 21,500 plus 30% of the amount by which the taxable income exceeds Rs. 25,000. Now this is given by Rs. 21,500 plus 30% of the amount by which taxable income exceeds Rs. 250,000. This is given by Rs. 21,000 plus 30% of the amount by which taxable income exceeds Rs. 25,000. Now the taxable income is Rs. 277,000 and we have to subtract Rs. 25,000 from Rs. 277,000 to get the amount which exceeds Rs. which exceeds the taxable income by Rs. 250,000. This is equal to Rs. 21,500 plus 30% by 100 into Rs. 27,000. This is equal to Rs. 21,500 plus 30 into Rs. 270 is Rs. 8,100 and this is equal to Rs. 29,600. So this is the computation of income tax. Now the next step is to find the education says and education says is 2% of the amount of taxable. So the education says equal to 2% of the taxable. This is equal to Rs. 592. Now we find the net taxable and the payable income tax which we obtained by adding the education says to the income tax is Rs. 29,600 plus 592. This is equal to Rs. 30,192. Now we are given that Rs. 27,00 is deducted as tax each month from our salary for 11 months. So the deducted at source is given by 27,00 into 11 and this is equal to Rs. 29,700. Now the income tax payable is Rs. 30,192 and tax deducted at source is Rs. 29,700. That is already paid for 11 months is Rs. 29,700. So the net payable income tax is given by Rs. 30,192 minus 29,700 and that is equal to Rs. 492. So the answer is Rs. 492. So this completes the question and the session. By for now take care, have a good day.