Hi there, welcome to the session on the master in research methods and its source, focusing on finance and management and then also our PhD program in finance and management. My name is Gerhard Kling, I'm a professor of international business and management and source and I'm actually here just to you know introduce the program a little bit and also take any questions you might have and we'll just talk a little bit about what we are doing here and why it might be interesting for you to join us and at source. So if you have any questions in the live chat you have options basically to ask me any questions you want and I will answer them as far as I can. Sometimes I might need to you know refer to other people in particular when it comes to say scholarships or other more technical subjects or I might need to get back to you using email or other means but feel free to stop me at any time, ask any questions you like and I will try to get back to you. So basically the idea of this little chat is to see where your interests are as well so why you might like to come to source, why you might consider doing maybe a PhD at one point in finance and management. So my own background is pretty much in economics but also later in life in mathematics and in my own case I focus on research on China mostly looking at foreign-like investment from China and to other markets and also corporate governance issues so basically how companies are governed so this is partly the internal governance of companies but also the interaction between the state and the private sector in China. So if you have any interest in particular in China I think it would be a good idea to have maybe a chat with me or you can always drop me an email and you will find me on the website. I think if you want to do in particular research in your career maybe potentially also considering an academic career it's always a good idea to check out the people in various departments and just look at what they're doing, what kind of research they want to pursue in the next years, check the publications and in particular I think it's always important to read a few of their papers. So quite often I get emails from potential students, potential applicants and they ask me whether I would like to supervise something which is clearly out of my area and in most cases I can always refer them to other colleagues that work on a particular region or particular industry or particular subject. So I think from my perspective in particular if you want to do a PhD it's your responsibility to just you know look around a little bit see what people are doing and then approach them before you apply. Now again if you have any questions you can always ask your questions using the chat option otherwise I will just very briefly talk about our master in research methods and then about how the PhD program runs at SOAS and in particular then also why you might like to come to SOAS and also what happens next after you hopefully complete successfully your studies. Now first of all the master in research methods is kind of a quite a unique master program in particular for students who want to pursue a PhD but don't necessarily have a strong background in finance and management and also it's mainly focused on developing research methods. So this is partly what you call qualitative research methods so for instance how to conduct interviews, how to collect data, how to collect information, how to do conceptual work which is important in particular in management but also quantitative research methods which includes for instance the analysis of financial time series which is really essential in particular when you want to work in finance. So these aspects mostly around how to do research are part of the master in research methods. So lots of our students who complete the master in research methods and they then apply for a PhD program at SOAS or other institutions so we had some students then taking a scholarship for instance and studying at UCL at a PhD in finance or getting into into side business school oxfords. We had quite a few really good success stories. Of course as always in my view trying to do a PhD is a very long-term commitment. So here we talk about three years of your life which is quite a bit and in most cases might even take four years so I think it's something you really need to think about very carefully also in terms of career possibilities and I'm really moving happy to have a chat about this as you know have an honest chat about what is a plausible career trajectory in your particular case and we can always do this by email or can also have maybe a Skype call or also face-to-face meeting. I think it's very very important if you really want to do research in particular in a place like SOAS which is quite a small institution just to talk to people directly you know just drop them a line and organize a meeting and just you know ideally have a look around SOAS and just you know check out facilities and discuss your your research project and we are indeed moving happy to help and you know chat about your your ideas. For me the MRes is indeed focusing on potential PhD students but of course always after you know doing this master program for one year you might actually decide maybe it's not for me maybe I don't want to commit another three years of my life doing a research project and so there's always I would say a certain number of students not more actually than about maybe a third or so on that then go go into into the private sector public sector. However in most of these cases they actually work using indeed research intense methods in particular when you do financial research of course you can always work in the private sector but also in the public sector. So from my perspective the MRes is a good way to kind of you know try and and see whether you you like it and whether this is something you might consider and if you decide at one point this is not entirely for me you might in this case say okay I just might might use my skills and then move on. I think in general it's always important also when you do a PhD project to think very carefully what is your long-term career perspective. Of course I would say a significant number of our students they want to go into academic research for that of course you have to have basically a PhD as an entry qualification so to speak but also in particular in finance or in management it's very common that you actually go into the private or public sector. In this case you have to focus more carefully on you know thinking about the skills you want to acquire and thinking about also you know the networks you need to actually enter a suitable job after completing your studies and from my perspective it's all about transferable skills. So when you study on the master in research methods for instance we focus a lot on you know understanding you know as a computer software for instance maybe use quite a few of them and so I think it's important also for students to learn and maybe a programming language and because nowadays in particular if you work in finance this is quite useful quite helpful. Again it's a transferable skill so you don't have to stay in academia to use it. So I think this is from my perspective very important. So I think right from the start and it's important to think very carefully where you want to go after completing your studies. So if you have any questions after this short introduction please let me know and I'm happy to respond to that. I'm also otherwise I'm happy to talk a little bit more about our department and the type of research we are doing. So I'm just now I'm seeing someone typing and just maybe wait a few minutes. So basically in our department we cover mostly finance or most of our academics will work on issues around corporate finance issues around corporate governance international finance. We also have the global finance center which is a center finance by MVAXA research fund. Again if you're very interested in these subjects it might be very useful to speak to the professors involved in particular Victor Morinde. You can just check his profile his website and you can have a discussion around topics that might maybe interest you. The other area we do quite a lot is international management. This is part of my own research which is not only about China of course in my case it's all about China but also the MENA region but not only that goes beyond that as a Japan career where we have certain academics working on these markets. In particular the unique thing about us is we quite often combine various aspects of of course functional knowledge in particular in finance of course also in management and statistics and regional expertise and so if you want to combine these two I think this is quite a good place for you in this case. So I just got a question about career paths if you study and at SOAS and do the M-RES and the PhD and of course the most traditional vein when it comes to careers is after doing that it's kind of a classic academic career choice so you you do your PhD and then you want to enter the academic job market. Quite a few of our students do that of course we have lots of students from overseas so quite often they might actually try to enter the international job market. In fact the academic job market is international. So in my own case I worked in three different countries thus far maybe more going forward who knows and it's actually very very common for our students to maybe enter the Chinese university market other markets. I think the good thing about us is we have lots of academics that also worked in various countries we understand these markets we have good good networks. For instance in my case at the moment I'm a principal investigator of a large research project with two Chinese universities, Nankai University and Zhejiang University and also you have colleagues visiting us from these institutions so for instance if you want to consider going into the Chinese market as an academic I think there are good people to talk to and to be honest the Chinese market is indeed at the moment very strong of course also quite competitive and every market you look at different requirements so the process is different in terms of how you do the applications and how selections are done and I think it's it's very interesting just to talk to faculty members that actually experienced different markets. In my own case I also worked in the private sector before going back into academia so I worked for McKinsey in corporate finance and banking and that was in the good years it was before the crisis I left in in 2007 April 2007 in fact and which was good timing after that basically my yeah my whole department more or less disappeared but they all actually landed very softly in other positions so it's not a bad thing to be honest. So I think this is the most you know likely career trajectory but of course lots of our students they actually then consider going to the public sector or going into research institutions yeah for instance we had students entering the PhD program at the government for instance or other institutions which is very common. They have done this for many years kind of executive training for revenue and customs and lots of our students also went to HMRC and there are opportunities. Now I got another question about part-time options and yes part-time is definitely a good possibility for PhD and also lots of our students are in full-time employment actually one of my PhD students he initially worked for Deutsche Bank in London. He now he moved later to a bank in Denmark so he commuted between London and Denmark and still was doing a PhD part-time and he is now getting closer to getting finished and he now will now moved again to a different institution in London. So we have lots of students that are in full-time employment and at the same time doing a PhD in this case of course the requirements are a little bit different so as a part-time student you have double the time so that means you can take six years for your PhD to complete and if you have a so-called write-up period you can extend another two years so in theory you can take up to eight years but as always it is quite a commitment particularly if you do a full-time job maybe also have a family life plus doing a PhD is challenging and one has to be honest about this but I think it's it's important if you if you're interested just to talk to potential supervisors and actually most of us have had part-time PhD students and in fact some of my best students actually did it part-time. I think the benefit is if you're part-time in most cases you tend to be more experienced more mature so to speak and in most cases you're better at managing your time which is really crucial so as long as you can do that it's it's it's definitely not bad but as always you have to be realistic in terms of what are realistic aims for that but I think it can be done it definitely can be done the benefit of doing it part-time is of course it's a different type of financial pressure and you also gain of course work experience value while you do your PhD and it depends very much on what your aim is in most cases my part-time students don't want to go into academic work they want to do a PhD more to actually do research to be linked to current research going on they might use this knowledge then for your for their own work and I think this is the most likely motivation and of course nowadays in particularly if it comes to to using large-scale data so when you think about you know big data as a topic and this is relevant in the private and as in the public sector so there are lots of opportunities you know how to handle data outside academia and to be honest among us it's usually much better paid anyway and so lots of our students consider this move which of course is entirely up to our student so I think yes there are good options for part-time students but of course one has to I think have a realistic discussion before you start with your supervisor how to organize in particular how to organize meetings okay so now one more question about pre-entry English language programs okay this I think I have to get back to you and I'm not entirely sure we do this usually we do this for for for our master but I'm not entirely for the PhD you would usually you need language requirements have to be tested before you get on the program but there are some some options for for other programs but not for the PhD as far as I know but I need to get back to you on that okay one more question here can you say something about what's the daily life of a PhD student might look like well of course I was a PhD student myself this is of course a few years ago as you might as you might figure out looking at me it's a few years back I finished in in 2004 so that's a few years back my life back then was was quite different I did my my PhD in economics focusing on economic history so I spent quite a bit of time you know going through in data sets checking archives and then collecting the data analyzing the data and it was pretty intense and usually as a PhD student it's it's pretty much you are driving a project so it's not like starting a standard master's degree so you have to actually be on top of your your project you have to to manage it and you have to also you know in particular manage your manage your time PhD projects are entirely you know different it depends on what you want to do so in my case if it was pretty much empirical research in economics but some of the work is more focused on collecting data doing field work for instance talking to people which is entirely different nothing for me personally because I don't like that I prefer actually working with data not people but it's a different matter but anyway there are different options and usually life a PhD student I think is it can be quite an hectic exciting at the same time so if you like to study if you like to explore it's something for you but it's not for everyone one has to be honest some people prefer the structure which you don't have as a PhD student is not not like doing another master okay so another interesting question would I personally supervise a project in entrepreneurship in relation to China or Chinese transnational entrepreneur operating in sub-Saharan Africa okay that is rather specific in my case yes I work on on Chinese companies entering various markets including also African countries and entrepreneurship is not one of my strengths entrepreneurship tends to be a literature more theory driven in management in particular so here I think it would be good to talk to someone who does more qualitative research as well so I'm very much as a mathematician as you might think as an economist a numbers person who could this be I think you have to have a discussion around that I have a few names in mind but potentially a qualitative person who is who's actually someone who does both kind of this is on souk on souk is focusing not to me but he does a lot of work also around FDI not necessarily too much on on Africa but also focusing on what is going on in terms of Chinese over these investments and on souk might be someone to talk to I'm happy to send you if you drop me an email I'm happy to to send you a few names and contacts in most cases any way you will have well you have a team of supervisors so we have two supervisors so you might then kind of you know try in your team to cover various aspects yeah so for instance you might have have someone focusing more on on on qualitative aspects of your research maybe someone else who is for instance a regional expert yeah so I think that's usually a good combination yeah I just saw your email address yeah I will drop you a line and we can be in touch I think in general it's a good topic it's a good topic there's a lot of investment going on at the moment lots of Chinese investment in various countries and of course initially people always think that when it comes to Chinese companies going to Africa it's all about only raw material so it's all about mining and raw material agriculture but actually this is not really true anymore it has changed a lot lots of investment and goes into into various sectors of economy also Chinese investment is is quite significant again for the UK markets at the moment it's roughly about 22 billion a year coming into the UK markets from China and this is more important than actually exports from the UK to China which is about 22 billion a year so actually you know the game has changed a lot so I think this is an exciting research topic and becomes very relevant for policymakers because of course as we know this is a potential driver for economic development so I have been actually quite active in this area so yes I will drop you a line I will get back to you and I think it's a hot area it's a good topic in particular of course the whole initiative it comes to a road and bear initiative in China about infrastructure investment of the countries and this is definitely very high up there in terms of also policy agenda but also relevance in terms of economic development so I think that's something to consider also I have to say also in my own case I always have done and consulting work next to my academic life and I think it's very important just to to talk to to companies as well you know just to be a bit more hands-on it's all nice to write and create academic papers but I think it's indeed very important to to see actually what can you think and just to see what are the problems so I have done some work also for Chinese companies but also companies based in other countries in particular when it comes to entering and other markets so actually how to do this successfully so also your topic when it comes to entrepreneurship in Africa I think there are various layers to it it could be around issues of market entry it could be also about corporate governance which is a very hot topic and in particular in some countries when in Chinese companies do face a lot of hurdles to enter markets for various reasons and of course it is very much also driven by policies and I think this is definitely something that is an interesting research area so I have to be honest with you I started my own PhD my main motivation was simply out of interest I just really wanted to know more just after doing a master in economics of this kind of combined BSc MSc I just thought okay this is this is not enough I just need to do a bit more so quite often this is this is not a bad motivation curiosity I think is important because I need to actually be motivated to to to work for three years on one particular topic and I think you know that is is quite a challenge sometimes and I think because also we do lots of research projects I think there are always opportunities in in our department as to get involved in research projects we do quite a bit of data collection Mike is of course focused on China and which again is relevant for a PhD project and of course we try to integrate our research into existing and you know strengths of research and projects which are going on so apart from this work on China another interesting area for me personally is around sustainable finance and green finance this is in particular also some joint work and with the economics department so this is in particular this work with Ulrich Volz who is an expert in green finance and quite often we also co-supervised so it's not uncommon that in particular the economics department also our department you can supervise a student jointly so that depends pretty much on your topic also of course some of our students focus more on development issues so management finance is a discipline it is pretty much across various areas so it's not always straightforward just to nail it down to to one particular discipline yeah also in my case I did move quite a bit topic-wise so do you have any more questions yeah okay can you say a bit more about sustainable finance what is it okay how is sourced in it it's a nice it's a nice in terms of sustainable finance so basically the idea there are lots of ideas around sustainable finance but but one of the issues in particular is can we use basically finance to be more sustainable in terms of you know striking a balance between economic growth but also maybe the you know the environment because end of the day it's it's also about the future of our planet so in my case in a focus on on this aspect in a joint project with Ulrich Folls and also Viktor Morinde we looked at at climate change and the risk of climate change and the impact it has on on cost of capital so that is actually the costs companies have if they want to get access to finance which again of course is important and they want to invest in various projects and we can show basically that if you are located in a country exposed to to risk you have a much higher level of cost of capital so actually this really hurts you as a business it might deter investment which might then of course affect also economic development so quite often economic development and also the sustainability issues they go hand in hand but it's a very broad area so some of it is linked to the environment some is also linked to to issues around them inequality so inequality as as you will know is a very important topic nowadays and inequality in any society can also lead of course to economic and also political instability so how can we make sure that everyone in society actually participates in economic in economic activity I think that is that is fundamentally important so it touches on various aspects of development the environment and also financial and management issues and in particular it's so as we are in a very unique position because we have definitely a cool strength also around the topics of the environment and economic development so I think we are in a quite a unique setting here and of course most of the countries which are most affected by climate risk are needed in in our regions basically so I think that's that's an important topic I just now think as an example when you think about climate risk and think about Vietnam you have almost on a yearly basis in coastal floodings and which of course get worse because of climate and climate change and of course in a country like Vietnam this can lead to quite significant economic damage depending of course on where it hits basically other countries are maybe in a better position to prepare for it particularly I think say about the Netherlands where you have you know significant investment in place to protect yourself yourself against flooding so it's a combination of also you know what kind of protection do you have certain things are kind of you know you can't avoid basically certain you know climate events but it's also around this issue of how can you mitigate risks and I think finance can play a significant role in this case definitely also now there's a lots of financial products which are designed to help countries affected by severe events you know things like you know catastrophic bonds and so on you know there are there are mechanisms in place but also for instance insurance plays a vital role in this context and it's actually an interesting area insurance markets are still quite under researched I think there's a lot one can do there's more focus definitely on banking than insurance companies but I think insurance companies are actually quite relevant particularly also the issue of reinsurance amidst a very significant increase in global risks so I think that's an important issue as a before if you have any further questions you can always drop me an email I will just maybe put this into the chat here if I can do it properly I haven't used this laptop before so it's gk17 at suas.ac.uk you can always drop me a line and we can have a discussion we also have a few open events so usually I'm also at our master's open events you know available for this discussions and please feel free to contact us yeah and in cases I think it's a very very good idea that you need your potential supervisor before you apply I think this is really a good idea because end of the day it's such an important you know such important project and you have to have a good mutual understanding project before you start and before you commit yourself so put differently if the chemistry between you and your supervision team doesn't really work and it's it's not easy so I think it's very very relevant you get in touch before you apply discuss your projects get some feedback early on work on your proposal and then apply and I think that's that's definitely important sometimes I also get you know the question which is kind of a funny one am I too old to start a PhD project because we have quite a few mature students but from my perspective you're never too old I I know these students in various disciplines in their 70s 80s and they're still doing it so you know as long as it makes you happy you should do it I think that's that's important so don't don't be deterred by that anyway yeah thanks to demographic transition life is changing so you never know you never know how long you actually have to work so why not do a PhD also have a have a look at our web pages departmental web pages check your profiles of people in the department and ideally just in you know directly but you can always also contact me first because I'm the PhD tutor so I'm in charge of a PhD program also I'm in charge of the mass and research methods so you can always contact me as a first point of contact they can always refer you to other people that are better suited to answer your queries an interesting question do you also offer dba programs at soar so dba stands for doctor and business administration at the moment the answer is is needy don't and these dba programs are I think interesting because they focus mostly on on on students that are very experienced and worked in management for many years and have lots of industry and expertise and then decide to do some research now a dba program from my perspective needs basically an mba program so a master of business administration so most institutions that have dba is actually also have an mba at the moment we don't have an mba I don't think we will go into this this market because it's it's it's simply a a different market and dba's have some benefits and some disadvantages so if you do a dba and later you want to really do an academic work because you want to go to the academic market it's not the right thing to do in my opinion but it it depends and I think for for there are good places that do dba's because I can't advertise it on here but if you drop me an email I can I can tell you what these places are if you really want to do in dba but you have to think that I have only only a few places in the UK actually are in a good position to offer a really good program that that is beneficial so for me dba's are great if you have a very established mba program and if it's large if you take in lots of different students and in particular if students on these programs really benefit from you know and networking with each other I think that is absolutely crucial and you need from my perspective a strong link to the business community so I think that's that's key and also I think you might need to consider what what type of academics you have and most of these places that offer them tend to have more practitioners teaching but they're not necessarily academic so it it's it's I think it always depends what you're looking for I think that that's basically your career choice but I'm more than happy to to give you a few names if you want to want to move into this direction so let me know if you have anything else just please feel free to drop me an email and I think that for me the most important point is I will be always totally honest when it comes to to these decisions because it is for your long-term commitment so if you have any other questions let me know I'm more than happy to respond to emails and thank you very much for attending this session I hope to talk to you soon all right take care


أهم المهم هو أن المختلفة بين العام الأن و هذا العام في العام الأن أعتقد أنه إذا لم أكن مخطئ 57 ألوات أكثر من 140 ألوات المملكة أكثر هذا العام رائعاً و هذا يظهر أهم الأهم من هذا الأسلحة الكثير من المجموعة، الكثير من المجموعة حيث يظهرون أفراد الإنترناشيون وماذا يجب أن نجد هذا القرآن لذا أعتقد that in the next conference we could see that most of the countries who are participating in this conference they are going towards the right direction into fighting human trafficking أورانس is very important as well as the experts who have been in this field for a long time we are talking to a community, we are talking to a young generation so starting from ground is the most important, spread the message and let people aware and to understand how dangerous is this and how people are building ambush for that the crime day by day, it's become much smart as the technology goes for smart applications in the technology there are also smart crime so there is further development this event in the Interpol is a great opportunity to send and spread the messages of this crime danger


Hi and welcome to the session. Let us discuss the following question. Question says evaluate the following definite integrals as limit of sums. Given integral is from 2 to 3 x square dx. Clearly we can see 2 is the lower limit of the integral and 3 is upper limit of the integral. First of all let us understand that according to the definition of definite integral as limit of the sum definite integral from a to b fx dx is equal to b minus a multiplied by limit of n tending to infinity 1 upon n multiplied by fA plus fA plus h plus fA plus 2h till fA plus n minus 1 multiplied by h. Now in this expression h is equal to b minus a upon n. Now this expression is our key idea to solve the given question. Let us now start with the solution. Now we have to evaluate integral from 2 to 3 x square dx as limit of sum. Now comparing this integral with integral given in key idea we get fx is equal to x square, a is equal to 2, b is equal to 3. So here we can write a is equal to 2, b is equal to 3, fx is equal to x square. Now let us find out h is equal to b minus a upon n which is further equal to 3 minus 2 upon n or we can say it is equal to 1 upon n. So we get h is equal to 1 upon n. Now using key idea we can write definite integral from 2 to 3 x square dx is equal to b minus a is equal to 1. So here we will write 1 multiplied by limit of n tending to infinity 1 upon n multiplied by fA and a is equal to 2.  Now we know h is equal to 1 upon n. So this expression is equal to limit of n tending to infinity 1 upon n multiplied by square of 2 plus square of 2 plus 1 upon n plus square of 2 plus 2 upon n plus square of 2 plus n minus 1 multiplied by 1 upon n whole square we know we are given fx is equal to x square. So f2 is equal to 2 square f2 plus h is equal to 2 plus 1 upon n whole square we know value of h is 1 upon n.  Now we will simplify this bracket we know square of 2 is 4. So here we will write 4. Here we will apply the formula of a plus b whole square.  Now here also we will apply formula of a plus b whole square. It is equal to a square plus b square plus 2ab that is 8 upon n. Now here again we will apply formula of a plus b whole square it is equal to a square plus b square. Here b square is n minus 1 upon n whole square plus 2ab that is 4 multiplied by n minus 1 upon n. Clearly we can see this 2 square is occurring n minus 1 number of times and this 4 is also 2 square. So total number of 2 square occurring in this bracket is n. So we can write this expression is equal to limit of n tending to infinity 1 upon n multiplied by 4n plus square of 1 upon n plus square of 2 upon n plus square of n minus 1 upon n plus 4 upon n plus 8 upon n plus 4 multiplied by n minus 1 upon n. In this step we had written these terms in one bracket and these terms in one bracket. Clearly we can see 1 upon n square is common in all these terms. So we will take 1 upon n square common in this bracket.  And here in these terms we can see 4 upon n is common. So we will take 4 upon n common in this bracket and we get 4 upon n multiplied by 1 plus 2 plus n minus 1. Now this expression is further equal to limit of n tending to infinity 1 upon n 4n plus 1 upon n square multiplied by n multiplied by n minus 1 multiplied by 2n minus 1 upon 6. This is a GP and sum of this geometric progression is equal to n multiplied by n minus 1 multiplied by 2n minus 1 upon 6. And this series is an AP. So sum of this series is equal to n multiplied by n minus 1 upon 2. Now simplifying this expression further we get limit of n tending to infinity 1 upon n 4n plus n minus 1 multiplied by 2n minus 1 upon 6n. Here this n will get cancelled by 1n in the denominator and we are left with n minus 1 multiplied by 2n minus 1 upon 6n. Now in this term we will cancel common factor 2 from numerator and denominator both and this n will get cancelled by this n. And we are left with 2 multiplied by n minus 1. Now this expression is further equal to limit of n tending to infinity 1 upon n multiplied by 4n plus n minus 1 multiplied by 2n minus 1 is equal to 2n square minus n minus 2n plus 1 upon 6n and multiplying these two terms we get 2n minus 2. Now adding these two terms we get 6n so here we can write limit of n tending to infinity 1 upon n multiplied by 6n plus 2n square minus 3n plus 1 upon 6n minus 2. Now multiplying each term by 1 upon n we get limit of n tending to infinity 6 plus 2n square minus 3n plus 1 upon 6n square minus 2 upon n. Now this is further equal to limit of n tending to infinity 6 plus 2n square upon 6n square minus 3n upon 6n square plus 1 upon 6n square minus 2 upon n. n square will get cancelled by n square here 1n will get cancelled by this n present in the numerator. Now this limit is equal to 6 plus 2 upon 6 minus 0 plus 0 minus 0. Now we can cancel common factor 2 from numerator and denominator both here and we get 6 plus 1 upon 3. Now adding these two terms by taking their LCM we get 19 upon 3. So we get given integral from 2 to 3 x square dx is equal to 19 upon 3. This is our required answer. This completes the session. Hope you understood the solution. Take care and have a nice day.


Hello everyone hope because having a wonderful day. Thanks for visiting my channel. So this is a new video about at limit So I'm getting a lot of inquiries from a lot of people around the world that their adsense account has been limited and you know There is no sign of it getting away So today I'm gonna show you actually why it happens and how you can prevent getting an ad limit in your adsense account So for example, I'm using one of you know how clients website. It's called daily superheroes comm So this website has adsense enabled, right? Now, let's Understand that why the ad limit happens. So let's say a user come to your website and he click on this ad I'm just gonna click, you know, new button. So I will be taken to the Advertisers website, right? So this registered as a click to the adsense account Now the problem is when the user click on the ad and they're going to the new Advertisers website, they can come back and they can click randomly to other ads for Google It's more like an invalid click. So what Google is Determining is that you paid some people to come to your website and then click so that you can make money and This has very bad consequences. Google can actually ban your account after two three, you know warnings or something so make sure that you take this situation as an utmost you know, sincerity because if Google AdSense is your one of the ways for making money online and I'm 100% giving you a guarantee, please do not lose your or get banned in AdSense because if you get Banned in AdSense, what's gonna happen is that you cannot open another account All right So the the rule of thumb for getting an invalid click is that the user clicking on this kind of ads more than once two times or three times now If you get an ad limit in your AdSense account, they're just wait Within four to five weeks, Google will you know review your traffic if you're doing arbitrage from facebook or table or something And hopefully that will remove the ad limit. Hopefully so there is no guarantee on that But what you can do is you can actually protect your account from getting ad limit on the first place So we have developed a plugin. It's called AdSense Protector And what this plugin does is that let me show you the live demonstration of this plugin, okay So let's say this is a WordPress plugin and you download this to this website So this is one of my clients website So what I'm going to do is that as you can see an advertisement and then there is an ad and you see here AdSense Protector which linking back to our plugin. So This website is using our plugin. So if I click on this ad and I'm going to go to the advertisers website instantly I just went there. Okay. Now see the magic Let's see the magic guys. I'm gonna go back once more Boom, you see there was an ad here, but it's empty This is the power of ad protector AdSense Protector that we have built our plugin So in this way, there is a zero percent chance that your account will get ad limit because The user will not find any ad for them to click that can see the ad in other places For example, this one because this one is not, you know, registered as a click So every placement has their own way for registering at click in this way Google will understand that all the clicks that you're getting in your website are valid and to the point And by the way, let's say there's a lot of users coming from India, Pakistan or Bangladesh, right And they're very spammy. What you can do is you can use our country blocking system We actually have a really good system here, which is called country blocking system So you can actually block the country And pretty much, you know, not let the people from that country see your ad So this is very good if you have an organic Like if you have an organic website, which is getting a traffic from a lot of countries So you want the people from the united states to see the adsense ad But not the Indian people or, you know, Bangladeshi people So you can just, you know, block them from seeing your adsense ads By the way, they can still come to your website, see the content So you'll get the page views, you know, and your SEO ranking will be up But they're just not going to see the adsense account or anything Adsense ad or anything So this is pretty much it. I just want to show you a live demonstration of what our plugin does By the way, the cost is monthly. We have three packages The monthly is $20 a month. It's, you know, that's like what? Uh, 80 cents a day Six months, you'll get $120 and then yearly is $200 So it's extremely cheap and we have a lot of customer reviews A lot of, you know, big companies like NDTVZ news, Orlando Sentinel Mashable Orlando Six, all of these news websites are, you know, using our plugin So that's pretty much it, guys. Thank you so much for listening to me I hope to see you guys again soon. Bye


This is Think Tech Hawaii, Community Matters here. Hey, welcome to Aloha Friday and stand the energy man here on Think Tech Hawaii where community matters and it's Friday the 13th. Not that I'm superstitious or anything, nothing could possibly go wrong today at all. Right? No. Nothing's going to go wrong today. Anyway, it's going to be a little bit of a different show. I decided to take big risks today and actually shoot some video in our shop and show you some of the cool stuff that we have on hand because I don't know, you probably haven't really seen all the new stuff up close. I know we've talked about our light carts and our generators but I've got all of it up close and personal. So without further ado, let's hit the first video and we'll talk about the Millennium Rain Unit that we have to dispense hydrogen to all of our gear. So this is HCAT's Millennium Rain Unit, open everything up here so you can see it all. This is a hydrogen station on a pallet. It retails for a little bit under $100,000 and it comes with two kilograms of hydrogen storage in the tanks there that you see but we actually opted to purchase extra storage so we have six extra tanks giving us a total of eight kilograms of storage at 5,000 psi. So as you can see it's a pretty compact unit and it does everything that you need it to do. This is the main production side. At the bottom is a fuel cell or excuse me, a cell stack that is the heart of the electrolysis process. Inside that stack, basically distilled water, deionized water mixed with a little bit of sodium hydroxide is always present along with some DC current and when the DC current supplied it separates water into hydrogen and oxygen. So inside the main component here are, over here we have a logic unit that gives instructions to people when they want to dispense fuel. We have the two storage tanks. We have our electrical panel with all the logic behind it. We have the cell stack down below. We have a plumbing manifold panel in here and I'm not going to open them up because it might be proprietary with Millennium Rain. On the top we have actual compressor unit and compressor controls, really small compressors. Over here are the water towers that actually cool the water that goes into the electrolyzer because, again, when you do electrolysis, just like when you do a fuel cell, you have three products. When you're doing electrolysis, you have the oxygen, hydrogen gases being separated and you have electricity going in and you have heat coming up being generated as well. When you put the hydrogen into a fuel cell, what you get is heat, electricity and water as output. So here we're breaking the water down into hydrogen, oxygen and that's it. We're storing the hydrogen and we're letting the oxygen go. So these two towers provide a cooling system for the cell stack but also percolate the gases. You can see on the right is oxygen and left is hydrogen and what it will do is as the pressure builds up, the hydrogen is compressed and stored in the tanks and the oxygen pressure will just keep building up, correct? So every once in a while the logic and the system will vent the oxygen off into the air and we help Mother Nature get more oxygen in the air. When there is more water needed, it comes from back here, from inside our building and it goes into the system. In the back here we have the scrubber units to make sure that we get the purity.  The two contaminants that may be in there are A, water and B, a little bit of oxygen.  So what happens in this scrubber unit is any oxygen that happens to be present with hydrogen is run across a membrane that reacts to the oxygen and hydrogen together and turns it into water instantly and generates some heat. That water is then dropped out the bottom of the unit and then the two larger cylinders here are actually desiccants. So these units dehumidify any of the hydrogen gas that's going into the compressors. It takes the rest of the water contamination out of it. So virtually by the time it finishes coming through these two scrubbers, the hydrogen is 99.999% pure and of a good enough standard to go in vehicles. Coming back around this way, the last piece of the equipment that is pretty standard for anybody that does fueling is the refueling receptacle J2601 standard. This one's built in Germany, but it's pretty standard. This is a low pressure. You'll notice that the low pressure has this kind of nozzle on it, and the high pressure looks more like a regular gasoline dispensing unit. So one of the things I like to show people is that when I'm demonstrating this thing we have folks that say, oh, well, hydrogen gas doesn't have any odor. If it's on fire, you can't see the flame, which is true in pure daylight. It's pretty hard to see. But I just turned on the refueling system, and I'm going to put a little bit of pressure into the hose here. I've got about 400 psi in the system now. And this system is designed so that when you're finished refueling, instead of leaving all that pressure in the hose and causing stresses on the hose, you can actually vent it off. But the reason I do this is to actually demonstrate another concept which people forget about when they read on Wikipedia that hydrogen is odorless, colorless, and the flame is invisible, and people think they're going to walk into a room where there's a big hydrogen leak, and then they're going to walk into an invisible flame and get burned to death. Well, listen to what a hydrogen leak sounds like. That's only a couple hundred psi. This is 2,300 psi. You're not going to walk into a hydrogen leak and not hear it. That was still only a fraction of what a leak in a vehicle would sound like, or a vehicle with an almost empty tank would sound like. But certainly you're going to hear a hydrogen leak coming out of a pressurized cylinder. You're not going to walk into a flame or a burning room that's full of hydrogen because, number one, the hydrogen immediately goes up in the air at 45 miles an hour, which is basically 60 feet per second or six stories in one second. You're not going to just have hydrogen hanging around waiting for a fire to start. It has to be, if it's going to catch on fire, like I said, we have here is pure, so it won't burn unless you have an oxidizer with it. But if it does, if you do have an oxidizer, you do mix your hydrogen with oxygen that does happen to catch on fire at the right ratios, then what you'll have is a flame that goes straight up at 60 miles an hour, or 45 miles an hour, 60 feet per second. So I show this little demonstration here to say, you've got to use all your senses. You don't just count on your sense of sight or your sense of smell to let you know there's a leak. There's also your sense of hearing, being able to get an auditory signal from anything that's leaking. So this is our millennium rain. We do use it. We fill our gem vehicle and our light carts and our generators with this one. And U.S. hybrid uses our hydrogen here sometimes to purge tanks and to check their equipment rather than going all the way out to hit them and filling up a tank and bringing it back here. So this is millennium rain. So that was our millennium rain unit. And what I'd like to add to that is, you know, I've been working with a lot more hydrogen, especially lately. We've actually got a couple of cooking girls and I'll do some video with them cooking some food and demonstrate that for you. The more I use the hydrogen gas in the more conventional role like burning it to cook with, you start to notice the unique characteristics of the hydrogen flame and realize that if you ever had a hydrogen leak where it mingled with a lot of air and you had a mixture that was flammable, when it ignites, it's going to ignite. I mean, it's just going to do a flash. If you have a stream of hydrogen coming out of a tank, it's going to be coming out in like a blowtorch. So you'd actually see more of a blowtorch type flame. So anyway, I've gotten more and more comfortable working with the hydrogen, but that's when you've got to be more and more careful because that's when you don't want to get complacent.  It's actually roadworthy. This kind of vehicle can be purchased locally at any one of your dealers, but we got ours from Montgomery Power Sports and it's a Jim, Polaris Jim electric vehicle. So it'll rotate. So this is our Polaris Jim. It's a street legal vehicle, as you can tell by the license plate. It has 300 watts of solar panels on the roof, flexible solar panels, and it has a hydrogen fuel cell range extender on the back end of it. It's pretty simple. Like I say, this street legal. It has a horn. It has windshield wipers and a windshield. It has turn signals. It has headlights. Really easy and fun to drive. This is not a typical golf cart. It's more like a quad that you have on your farm, except it is 100% electric drive. So what I wanted to do was show you a little bit about how simple this fuel cell is to work. So I'm going to come up here. I'm going to turn on the hydrogen. Open the tank up so there's some hydrogen flowing. I've got a regulator set up. I just hit the start button. The system counts down. It gives you a chance to check the, to program it the way you want. And then it starts the system up. It doesn't make a whole lot of noise. The system is starting. And what it's going to do is it's going to check the voltage on the batteries. And I've got it set to charge at about 52 volts. So once the system does go through itself check, it'll start looking at the batteries and check the state of their charge. The batteries are actually pretty full, but it still should charge a little bit. And the system will kick in and start charging. And give me the amperage and the voltage as the fuel cell starts to send out, send out electricity. As you can see, the gauge will build up pressure as the hydrogen goes from the tank into their small regulator. And then you'll hear occasional discharge when the fuel cell discharges. So right now we're set up. The batteries have 50.6 volts on it. And then I was doing this yesterday too. It's checking itself. It said, hey, there's a mid-failure. I think it's because I'm letting the pressure drop on the tank. I have the regulator set so low. But it's charging the batteries at 6.6 amps. And I have 50.9 volts. See, the pressure's dropping to zero on this thing. I might just open it up a little bit and keep the pressure higher. And it should be okay now. So it's hanging around 7 amps and 51 volts charging away. So ideally what we would do is we would just drive with it in this mode. And it'll keep charging the batteries while we're driving. And then when I park it, I just leave it on. And while it's parked, the fuel cell continues to charge the batteries as does the PV array. So this is really a neat little vehicle. I'll move the camera up high so you can see it's a flexible PV array. It's a flex panel. So they actually bounce around and it doesn't bother them any. They can still function. And it's a really cool little vehicle. It gets some great mileage. We can go about 100, 140 miles with this thing. When it charges up with the fuel cell, it just keeps on going. And the photo will take. So if we leave it out in the sun, it takes a while to charge everything up. But it charges up. So it's a nice little vehicle. We did this project with four students from Center for Tomorrow's leaders. And they're actually going to come out here and drive this thing. So again, the bottom is the fuel cell. And this is the control unit. And I'm going to move the gem and we'll go inside and we'll look at some of our other equipment. Hey, so that's our gem. We really like it. It's actually a lot of fun to drive around. I like riding my bike too, but the gem is a lot better when you got a haul cargo. So anyway, the building that thing was a lot of fun. Driving, it's a lot of fun. I'm thinking when I retire, I'm going to have one in Kailua and replace one of my cars with it because it can go anywhere where there's a 35 mile an hour speed limit. You can drive it on the streets. It gets safety checked. It gets registered like a regular car. And we'll probably drive it through some of the Christmas parades this Christmas season or holiday season and get it out there in the public. So we're going to take a quick break now and be right back with the rest of the tour of our shop. All the better to see you with my dear. What are you doing? Okay, cool. Research says reading from birth accelerates the baby's brain development. And you're doing that now? This is the starting line. Posh, this is over. You're dead. Read aloud 15 minutes, every child, every parent, every day. I'm Helen Dora Hayden, the host of Voice of the Veteran, seen here live every Thursday afternoon at 1 p.m. on Think Tech, Hawaii. As a fellow veteran and veteran's advocate with over 23 years experience serving veterans, active duty, and family members, I hope to educate everyone on benefits and accessibility services by inviting professionals in the field to appear on the show. In addition, I hope to plan on inviting guest veterans to talk about their concerns and possibly offer solutions. As we navigate and work together through issues, we can all benefit. Please join me every Thursday at 1 p.m. for the Voice of the Veteran. Aloha. Hey, welcome back to my lunch hour stand, Energyman here on a tour of our shop, one of the most exciting places in the state of Hawaii, I'm telling you. Hey, it must be Friday the 13th. Look at those GMO trees behind me. They're really big in Waikiki now. There must be something going on. Anyway, back inside our shop, we have some more great stuff in there. We bought two different models of equipment from a company called Luxford GTM. They generally used to specialize in making high pressure fuel tanks for the hydrogen, but they've branched out into actually making commercial off-the-shelf equipment that can be used mostly in the industrial world doing construction site things and emergency lighting and emergency power. So we've got two of their pieces of equipment, and we've got some videos showing you how they work. First off is a 5 kilowatt generator, rolled heat. So here we have two of our generators. These generators are made by Luxford GTM. They're 5 kilowatts. They have 415 volt outlets that are rated at 15 amps each. So this generator with all of its storage can go out in the field and probably run, you know, some stuff that's drawing 4 or 5, 6 amps, probably a day or two without being refilled. So this side, I have the doors open, shows the six tanks. They're fairly large tanks. I would say, well, they store at 5,000 psi, and they look like they're about two to two and a half kilogram tanks. I don't remember the exact specifications on it. And then down the center line, you see the inverter on the rack, and there's actually a battery down underneath the plate there. When we come around to this side, you see the controls for the tanks, the plumbing, and then in the center, you see the control unit on the top and the fuel cell stack on the bottom. And again, just like the Gen vehicle, extremely quiet. You basically open up all the valves. You start the fuel cell running, and then you connect the inverter. Once you've got the fuel cell stabilized and running, you connect the inverter, and it gives you nice clean signal on your power, and it also gives you very quiet power. So we're hoping that the TV industry folks and the movie industry folks will get to look at this and really enjoy it. For all the qualities it has in terms of clean power and quiet. The only thing that I've found that I've probably not particularly fond of with this is it is fairly heavy. I wouldn't necessarily take it as an all-terrain thing, where you could just kind of drive it anywhere. We put some drainage down before we deploy the outriggers, because one of the most important things you do with all of this kind of equipment is you have to stabilize it, make sure it's fairly level, just so that everything works. Although these fuel cells can work at angles other than perfectly level, but it's better to have them perfectly level, and that's our goal. I'm also not particularly fond of the two and five sixteenths towing ball that they selected, but or towing hitch that they selected, but that's a personal choice. Also, the outrigger legs are a little bit long, so they're pretty much where they need to be when the thing needs to be leveled, and the problem there is when you start to have uneven terrain, or you have to go over curbs and things, and you're trying to maneuver a truck. With a real short wheelbase like this, these things are really hard to maneuver, and with real uneven terrain, you can't swing the legs down very easily, so that's some of the changes I would make if I was going to manufacture these. So it comes with a spare tire, and again, just like other vehicles, that's how you fill it.  And you can select the tanks, you can open all the tanks at once, you can cascade them, you can do however you like. So it's got a lot of options on it. And that's your zero-set Luxford GTM five-kilowatt generator. I like this kind of format. I'm just sitting here in the studio doing nothing but watching videos, so this is easy. I'm going to do this more often. Anyway, those generators, they're pretty slick. I think they're going to work out well. I made a couple of critiques on the actual structures of the trailers, but I'm telling you, driving something, driving a trailer that short was a big learning curve for me. I have a boat that's 30 feet long, and I can drive that trailer pretty easy, but backing up these little short things, man, you got to be on top of it. Those short trailers are tough to maneuver. So the last piece of equipment that I want to show you before we talk about fuel cells is our light carts. And to me, these things are awesome. They perform so well, and they're so great. And even the trailers design nicely. So let's roll tape and I'll show you the light carts. So what I'd like to show you now is actually my favorite piece of equipment. So I'm going to actually start it up for you and show you how it works. This is also a Luxford GTM product. This is called zero-set also part of their series. And this is our portable light cart. And we used it a couple of weeks ago at a Eat the Streets event here in Honolulu. And these two light carts provided all of the light to light up an area about three-fourths the size of a football field for two nights straight, averaging four to five hours a night with zero problems and really good light. And the funny thing was we had people putting their beer and their food on top of these things like it was a table and not even thinking about the fact that if it was a generator, they'd be having a bunch of smelly diesel fumes and a lot of heat and a lot of vibration and not be able to come near the thing. But they were using this thing for like a picnic table because it was so quiet and so clean. I also really like this little cart here. I bought that to help move these pieces of equipment around. They really come in handy rather than trying to maneuver this with a short wheelbase. These vehicles are really tough to maneuver. But let me show you how simple this is to operate. This is the system. So what we do is we turn the master switch on and open up the hydrogen. This is also where you fuel the hydrogen right there. And then we start up the system itself. It warms up for a few seconds. You can hear it running. And then I want to show you too that the mast actually goes up and I have it up now. I'm going to bring it down. It actually goes up quite a bit. And that's one of the main reasons you have to level it really well is when it's running and it's out in the weather and the wind, you want the base to be nice and stable and level with the outriggers out so that it doesn't tip over. But when you want to turn on the lights, just push a button. Lights come on. You can see it produces quite a bit of light. And the people were really happy that we had this out there. It was just amazing. So I also noticed that it has places for the forklift to lift it up or a single point. It's already balanced on the center so that you've got it balanced out. If you need to charge the batteries up, you can actually charge the batteries in this unit to make sure you have a good little bit of battery charging available. And again, this is an electric system so the fuel cell charges batteries. Batteries run the lights. These are very efficient LED lights and they're really just pretty much maintenance free. Yeah, if you want to call GTM Lux for or go online, there you go. There's their contact information. Great piece of equipment. Love it to death. It's real simple. It's real reliable. The instructions that come with it are super basic. And we've driven this thing on roadways and all kinds of places and you can hear the fuel cell kicking in now and you hear how noisy it gets when it really ramps up the decibels. There you go. That's as noisy as it gets. So when I close the door, you can't even hardly hear that.  And they thought it was pretty slick. So anyway, this is what it looks like up close. Then we'll step back a little bit and show you how bright the lights can be. We've got two of the lights facing forward and two of them facing backwards. And here's our two light carts together. And love them. They're a really great piece of equipment. One thing I'm really proud of is serial number 001 and serial number 002. These are the first two on the planet. And they've been working exceptionally well. So that's our GTM, our Luxford GTM light carts. I'm going to leave this one running because we're supposed to run it for a few minutes every day. And then I'm going to take you over and show you some of the other equipment that we have in the shop. So that was our light cart. I really like those things. They're really slick. And they did get a lot of attention at the Eat The Street event. At the Oktoberfest, we had a kakako waterfront park. Literally, when I went into the middle of the beer garden there, there were people having their dinner on top of that light cart and not even thinking about how quiet it was and how environmentally friendly it was to be sitting there using it like a picnic table. And it was actually generating all the light for half of the event. And the other light cart was generating the light for the other half of the event. And that's all it took. The second night, only our two light carts were out there. The first night, they had a diesel set for backup. And the second night, they didn't even use it. Just our two light carts and it did a great job. The last video is a little clip that I just wanted to show people what a fuel cell looked like that goes in our vehicles. And really, the emphasis here is on the size and the weight. So we can roll tape three or tape five. But I wanted to make a point that most people wouldn't relate to until you take a piece of equipment and look at it. This is a 30 kilowatt fuel cell made by hydrogenics. You can tell by the logo and everything on top. It's their HYPM HD 30. 30 kilowatts. So 30,000 watts of power come out of this unit. 30,000 watts. Now your typical house probably doesn't need more than 3,000 watts to run most things.  So this equipment right here could produce enough power.  But it's the size of like an electric typewriter. But you can get an idea just from the two buses that come off the back that these are not wimpy little connections. There's a lot of power coming out of this thing and the power is generated by hydrogen and oxygen combining to make water and giving you two byproducts, electricity and heat. So it gives you electricity on that side and on this side are cooling inlets and outlets for cooling that are run by electric pumps and electric fans that keep all the electronics cool. But I just wanted to be really clear this piece of equipment gives you an awful lot of power compared to a V8 engine or something on the line of a diesel engine or a whole lot of batteries. This is 30 kilowatts of power. So you combine this with a couple of the hydrogen tanks that we showed you on the generator sets, the portable gen sets when I had the doors open. And you look at how much weight you can save instead of having big heavy batteries in your vehicle. You have this and a couple small batteries and a couple lightweight tanks and you're off and running. So I tell people that when it comes to transportation the reason hydrogen makes more sense than batteries for one reason is because it's lighter. The equipment overall is lighter and in most transportation scenarios you want to reduce weight especially in aircraft and especially in vehicles. That's why Ford went with aluminum bodies on their F-150s. It wasn't to make them cool it was to make them light so that they could get better mileage to meet the new federal standards. Well this is why Toyota and Honda and Hyundai and GM and Ford and Mercedes and BMW are all starting to transition to hydrogen fuel cells because they know that the federal fuel emission standards are going to get so strict in the near future that they're going to be driven to technologies that don't pollute and batteries are great. There's plenty of room for batteries on our vehicles with our hydrogen fuel cells. We got to have them but the way you generate most of your power right here with a good fuel cell. So that's a tour of Hcat we did this morning and hey Friday the 13th and nothing broke in the shop. I'm really impressed. Anyway that brings us to the end to stand the energy man. Next week it'll be Rachel James and Ryan Woobins to give you the low down and dirty on micro grids and how to make things all work in your locality. So until next week, au revoir.


A Ukrainian tank platoon fighting near Bakhmut said on March 29 it had fired shells on Russian dugouts after returning from combat mission. Platoon commander Bender, who didn't want to share his real name for security reasons, said his tank achieved its mission successfully as his crew parked the vehicle in a hideout. «We just fired on Russian positions somewhere near Bakhmut to support our infantry. We destroyed infantry dugouts, he said. Just about Western weapons supplies and their impact on the Bakhmut front, the commander said that they'd make the Ukrainian military stronger. We expect to grow much stronger with the new military vehicles. These vehicles are up-to-date, modern, they have better weapons, he said, adding he'd like to drive a US Abrams tank one day. His subordinate Harrison, the platoon's gunner who also only gave his namda gear, said he felt no fear when riding the platoon's Soviet-era T-64 tank. «We just fired on Russian positions somewhere near Bakhmut, near Bakhmut, supporting our infantry. We destroyed infantry dugouts, and the main task is to support our infantry. We expect to grow much stronger with the new military vehicles, because it's modern. With modern weapons, it's better, it's more advanced, it's more advanced. I wanted to ride the Abrams, because it has better combat characteristics. Combat characteristics, walk characteristics, that's why I'm interested in this technique. It's much simpler. Of course, all the people, all the soldiers, we're all fighting, but it's a fear.   It's then, when the battle is over, yes, you start to think about it, but it's already... This is the T-64 tank in the BV modification, the Soviet production. It was made at the Kharkiv Armored Tank Factory. It's a very bad machine, in principle. It works every day, almost every day. We go to some combat missions, perform different missions.


The global characteristics of retrievals of the column-average CO2 dry-air mole fraction, XCO2, from shortwave infrared observations has been studied using the expected measurement performance of the NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory II, OCO2, mission. This study focuses on XCO2 retrieval precision and averaging kernels and their sensitivity to key parameters such as solar zenith angle, SZA, surface pressure, surface type and aerosol optical depth, AOD, for both nadir and sun glint observing modes. Realistic simulations have been carried out and the single-sounding retrieval errors for XCO2 have been derived from the formal retrieval error covariance matrix under the assumption that the retrieval has converged to the correct answer and that the forward model can adequately describe the measurement. Thus, the retrieval errors presented in this study represent an estimate of the retrieval precision. For nadir observations, we find single-sounding retrieval errors with values typically less than one part per million PPM over most land surfaces for SCAs less than 70 degrees and up to 2.5 PPM for larger SCAs. This article was authored by Charles Miller, David Crisp, Brian Conner and others. We are article.tv. Links in the description below.