I think it might pass under the radar. I don't think anyone's going to clock me. No one's going to clock me. I'm not going to do that. Or do I? Or do I? Okay, so the jig is up. So, I want to know how much attention do we pay to what each other are reading? None. None. We're constantly on booktube, right? On book twitter tweeting out what rating we gave something. I want to know, do we actually care? Do we actually care what each other are posting? Any other day, I got alerted to something. Very sad. Essentially it looks like Goodreads isn't going to support posting to Twitter anymore. There's a button. Once you've rated a book, once you've finished it, there's a function to tweet out your rating. And like, if you've given a controversial rating, you always want to tweet it out so people can go, oh my god, why? And you can just sit there going, but they're stopping doing that. And so that means I have to do this video now. Essentially I want to do an experiment. I am going to rate some trash books five stars. And I'm going to see if anyone clocks me and be like, Megan, why are you rating those horrible books five stars? So every day this week, it's going to get progressively more obvious. It's going to get progressively more ridiculous. Currently Wednesday, so it's going to be four days. Four books. You will have four chances to call me out. We're going to start off tame today. So obviously I'm not reading these books. Like, I don't want to put myself through that. But some of them are going to be books I just know are going to be trash. And some are books that are sequels to things I've rated very low. So in a video I did earlier this year where I reread some of my childhood favorite paranormal romance that is trash, I read the beautiful dead book one Jonas by Eden McGuire. It was so bad. Do you see how that's incredibly offensive? Yes, I do. That's why I said it. This book, if I was reading this book when I was 11, I would give it five stars because I loved it. This book series was the start of my book influencer career, if you can call it that. I made everyone in my school read this book series. I was hyping it up. I was like, you guys, it's so good. And when I read it now, it's like one of the worst things I've ever read in my life. Today, I'm going to tweet out that I have given the sequel, Arizona, five stars. And we're just going to see if anyone calls me out. They can call me out on Goodreads. They can call me out on Twitter. And I'm just intrigued. I'm intrigued as to whether anyone will cock me or whether we just scroll past this kind of stuff. I feel like because this is not really a well-known book, you'd have to know that I read the first one and rated it one star. It's not a well-known series.  Like I think it might pass under the radar. I don't think anyone's going to clock me. No one's going to clock me. What's that? What's Chandler's line when she's like, nobody clocked me. Well, she's like saying she looks like Jada Pinkett Smith. Nobody clocked me. They thought I was Jada Pinkett Smith up in there. Anyway, so let's do it, shall we? I need to mark it as currently reading. I'm not going to say any comments with it. I'm just going to rate it. So update progress. I'm finished. I will take one of these off my Goodreads after this video comes out. And let's rate it five stars. Thanks for so mad. I hope no one, I hope no one picks up any of these books on my recommendations for during before this video comes out. And clicked, uh, tweet it out. Okay, so that's done. And now we wait and we see. I'm just going to check that it has tweeted out. Yeah, it's there. Oh my god, someone's already liked it. Who's liked it? Please don't pick this book up because of me. Oh, I'm scared. But for now, we wait and we see. Okay, so it's now the evening. I feel really bad. Oh no.  Okay, so I posted on Twitter. I don't think on Goodreads anyone has reacted to it. But on Twitter, we've had three responses. Oh god, I can't even talk.  I think I read most of this series. Steph, oh my god, Steph, I'm so sorry. She said love this series. Wish I'd never got rid of it. Love a reread. Oh no. Siobhan said, I have these on my shelves with a smiley face on a heart. People just see me writing all these trash books, five stars. And then they don't see this video. People are gonna like think something different of me. But no one's called me out. So no one's realized yet. Success. I feel like for the next one, I need to go with another like a sequel to something that I've read before but maybe a more well known author. So maybe people will know that I didn't like it. This experiment isn't going the way I thought it would because I just feel very bad. It's the next day. Well, it's the next night because I realized basically that my Twitter is the most active at night because that's when like America is awake. So I decided to post this at night. It's currently nine o'clock. And I've been thinking to myself, right? I've been thinking, what can I do? I know the end book. Like I know the last book of this video. And it's the ones in between that are big difficult because I want them to gradually step up. I don't know what tomorrow is going to be yet. I don't know what is going to be a step up from this. But I feel like people are going to call me out on this one. So I thought I would go with another sequel to a book I have already read and hated and given like one star. But I thought that I would go with something a bit more well known. So I decided to go with what is it even called Time of the Twins by Kendall and Kylie Jenner. So if you haven't seen, I have a reading vlog where I read the first in this series, Rebels, A City of Indra.  You don't even want to get into the whole backstory of this book. Like they didn't write it. It's like this ghostwriter, but the ghostwriter's trash.  But for some reason they brought out a second book. But I think it was quite hushed up. They didn't do a lot of promo for this second book and I've literally just gone on looked and it's only got 94 ratings. That's not much. I think quite a few people may know that I hated the first book, but at the same time it looks very different to the first book. Like I'll put the picture in and it's written by someone different. It's written by a different ghostwriter. It could be feasible that it's better. Like it could be feasible that it's good all of a sudden. Okay I'm going to set it to currently reading five stars. I can't believe I'm writing this five stars. See like my what I'm scared of is people seeing this and making assumptions about me when like I'm not writing this five stars. And then let's tweet it out. Yeah the tweet's up. Okay so now we wait and we see whether anyone calls me out. But how do I step up from this tomorrow? That is the hard thing. Maybe this should have been tomorrow's book. I feel like someone's gonna call me out for this one. People cannot believe I'm giving this five stars. Like surely. Oh it's already got a like. Oh my god the same person who liked it yesterday has liked this. What if they're just like on to me but not saying anything? Okay okay so I like that laugh. I should have filmed myself last night in the middle of the night in the pitch black cackling at everything you guys were tweeting. Like oh my god. There was more response than I thought there would be. So first we had Mina saying this is the biggest plot twist of 2020. What even? Riley said is this a cry for help blink twice? A lot of confused gif faces. Emma said are you okay in capital miles? And explain please. Funny to me like I take such joy from like tricking everyone. Just a lot of people being very shocked and not believing me. The pointless video was if you clocked like what video I was doing. Like if you clocked the pattern. But you've definitely I think clocked that something's up. Maybe I peaked too soon. I've just made a massive mistake and now I'm really annoyed. Maybe that should have been today's book because like you're all shook. I thought I didn't think we all paid that much attention. This obviously proves that we all do pay attention to what each other are posting on Twitter and like Goodreads and what we're rating books. It's just so funny to me. You're all so worried for me. I need to come up with a book. I still don't know what I'm going to post. What are some like really like known to be bad books? What I'm thinking of is books like Cape May and stuff like that that have been ridiculed. I really don't want to rate that five stars. I don't want to do that. I don't want people to see that I've rated that five stars. I'm not going to do that. Or do I? Or do I? This basically got revealed that this author got paid like 600k or something for this book and people read it and it was hot trash. But I just object to him being paid 600k for it when it's like bad. So I don't think I want to I don't think I want to rate that five stars. Maybe I should phone a friend. I'm going to message Emma and I'm going to I'm going to bring her in on the loop as to what's happening. Hello. I need your help with something. You know I posted last night that I rated Kendra and Kylie Jenner's book five stars. So basically I'm doing a video where every day I'm rating a trash book five stars and seeing if anyone noticed. I need to come up with my book for today. I know I won for tomorrow which is the last one and I want them to like escalate. I can't think of like what to rate. Like what's a book that like everyone knows is trash? Isn't it? My first thought was Cape May but I don't know if I'm going to do that to myself and like have people see I've rated that five stars. But if someone sees that and then doesn't see the video and thinks in their head I've genuinely rated that book five stars. Kylie was like is this a cry for help link twice? Do I do Cape May? Yeah do it. Do it. Okay. Okay so Emma thinks that I should rate Cape May five stars. I've seen screenshots of this book like I've seen when people have read it and it's so bad. I can't do it. My heart is saying no. If you don't know about this book if you hadn't heard about it basically over the summer there was this hashtag called publishing paid me started by LL McKinney and it highlighted just how underpaid black female authors are. Just how horrifically underpaid they are and this guy waltzing in and getting 600k for this horrific book.  So I would definitely recommend you go and read up about that hashtag if you haven't heard about it before because it's definitely something that needs to be tackled. And I remember at the time loads of people read this because of that like loads and loads of people and everyone was posting about how bad it is. Okay I've posted it and now we wait and we see whether any of you would actually think that I would give that trash book bus. Okay someone uh just commented this is for a video about messing with your subscribers. It has to be. Okay so the jig is up. So Mina Mina tweeted okay I figured it out Megan's trolling us for a new video. I feel like in Scooby Doo and the villain has their mask taken off. Like I've been exposed. It's time to bring the curtain down on Mr. Wacky Pants's career. The gig is up. I've been found out. To be fair I have got a few comments on that going this is the highest rating I've seen on this book by a long shot. I'm like yeah for a reason because it's not real. I think people know now that I'm like trolling. Like I think people have kind of figured it out but I'm still gonna go through the last day tomorrow. Like I'm still gonna go through with it because I have not come all this way to not do the book that like was the first book in mind. I'm still gonna do it but Mina I would have gotten away with it too if it wasn't for you meddling kid. Well let's it'll be fun to see what everyone says tomorrow but you have figured me out. Okay so after I went to bed last night even more of you spoiled my fun. Molly said why do I have a feeling Meg is doing a video on giving bad books 5 out of 5 stars to get people's reaction because I am. But to be fair Sarah did just put a disgusted face emoji so she obviously thinks that this is serious and I could possibly really think that. Have you all followed me Sarah because of this? Oh no she still follows me. Okay I thought that would be an unfollowable offence if you seriously thought that I like to cave me. So like people know now. Like people know. Like everyone knows I'm doing this but let's just have fun. Let's just do the last one. So I knew from the beginning that like the last book I needed to do because there was no way I could give it 5 stars was Kissing the Coronavirus by MJ Edwards. Like it's it's bad. Basically if you haven't heard it's a romance book about kissing the coronavirus. Like I think the coronavirus mutates into a man and like she fucks him. So let's put it on my currently reading 5 stars. This is like the villain in Scooby-Doo still trying to commit their crimes after they've been exposed. Like it doesn't work and now we wait and we just see what everyone says. Okay so I'm back and I'm so sorry. One of you is just done with me. Like you're just done with me. You've left. Some of you are asking me if I'm okay. Katie said does she can see why I gave it 5 stars? Katie are you okay? Are they gonna murder me? This is through a video. So this does show that we pay attention to what each other rate.  I love seeing what my friends on Twitter have posted from what they rated on Goodreads because I feel like I never scroll through Goodreads whereas when it appears on Twitter it's a really nice moment to see when someone is rated like highly a new release or a book that a lot of people are talking about. I'm sorry for putting you all through that like I am. I am sorry for putting you all through that. Sorry if you trusted me at first. Sorry if your trust in me has been broken but thank you for participating in my experiment unknowingly. That's very unethical. Very unethical for you to participate in my experiment unknowingly. I think I learned that in Science GCSE so like I think it is unethical. I hope you enjoyed the video. Thank you so much for watching. If you've watched till the end what emoji sums this up? Maybe the spyglass emoji because like I'm like Scooby and Shaggy and solving a mystery. Yeah leave the spyglass emoji if you've watched till the end and yeah I will see you very very soon in another video. Bye!


Ranger of the Woodland! Ranger Bill, Warrior of the Woodland, struggling against extreme odds, traveling dangerous trails, showing rare courage in the face of disaster, in the air, on horseback, or in a screaming squad car. Ranger Bill, his mind alert, already smile, unswerving, loyal to his mission. And all this in exchange for the satisfaction and pride of a job well done. You know, fellas and girls, the greatest test in our Christian experience is when we come to a crisis point in our lives. We can read the book of Job and all the rest of the scriptures on testing and faith, but they don't have real meaning until we're put to the test. Then the Lord finds out just how much we really believe in what we read in his book. Christians around us find out too whether we're the salt of the earth or just so much weak tea that soon is washed away. Do we really mean it when we say we trust the Lord no matter what happens? Do we know? Let's get into our story, which we'll look into the point at hand.  Bill, why is Stumpy lagging behind all the time? I don't know, pal. What's that, too? Let's hold up and find out. Where'd you get that name, old timer? She's a compliment, but there's one thing I can't stand and that's a speedy horse. He gets there too soon. Well, what do you fellas lollyganging around for? Let's get going. When we get back from this trip, I'm going to find me an able-bodied two-year-old with some get-up-and-go. Bishes, come on there, boy. Bishes, go. Look out for the branch. Stumpy gets knocked off horse. Come on, let's go. Bishes took off so fast you didn't see the tree branch in your way and whammoed. Whammo was right. We're so many stars.  Doctor? What do I need a doctor for? Maybe you have slight concussion and better to have doctor take a look and make X-ray. Jerry, I ain't going to no doctor. What's so terrible about that? You've been to doctors before and never fly. I ain't going, that's final. In the trail. Bill, you better make him go to doctor. Let him be, fellas. If he goes now, he'll get so riled up it won't do much good. You're sure it's all right to take the risk? I'll assume the responsibility, fellas.  I made a mistake here. I'll try again. Thank you, sir. What's the matter, old timer? There's number of machines on the fridge. Can't seem to get the number I want. Maybe you let me try. Go ahead, help yourself. See if you can do any better. What's the number? Right here on this piece of paper. I try. Hold the line just a minute. Stumpy, you call garage? Sure. Did you get them? I had another end of wire. You take phone now. Thanks. Hello, Ed. Is that you, Stumpy? Of course, it's me. Who else? That's right. Only voice like yours around these parts. Never mind the compliments. Did you get my old car fixed?  I'll be right down and get it. So long. Car ready? I'm going down to the garage and get it. Maybe you better call the telephone company and tell them to fix that ordinary contraption. Eddie did a pretty good job on the old bus. She ran right along. What sense are you up to? No, that's a fine question for you to be asking me. You're the one that's just broken the law. Me? I broke the law? No, just a minute. What kind of a cop are you turning out to be? Cusing people to break in the law when you know they haven't? Haven't you got anything better to do? You mean to tell me with a straight face that you didn't run that stop sign back there? What stop sign back where? Right there back at the corner. And you did it with me right behind you. Maybe you think friendship blinds me eyes, but I'll tell you that I'll arrest my own mother if she broke the law. Now, let's see your driver's license. All right, all right. Just a minute. Well, come on. What's taking you so long? Would you be printing a new driver's license because you haven't got one? I've got one and you know it. Look through my wallet. You'll find it. Well, take the money out first. Okay. You sure can be a hard man, Rourke. Here. Wait a minute, Stompy Jenkins. Do you mean to tell me you can't find your driver's license? And I can see it from here without even touching your wallet? You can? What do you know? I'm just sticking my hand on the top. Okay, Patrick, write the ticket. Oh, never mind. Huh? What do you mean? Forget it? Don't you understand English? Sure I understand English. Now write the ticket. Cut the blarney and move over. I'm driving you wherever you're going. I said write the ticket. You don't have to be kind to me. I did wrong, so make out the ticket. I'll pay the fine. Are you going to move over in the seat, all right, all right, I'm doing it. Just because I'm so curious is what you're up to. Follow us, Mike. I'm driving Stompy's car. Well, where to? Range your headquarters. Aye, and that's where we'll be heading. I'm up to you anyway, Rourke. I'm certain that you're going blind, old timer. What? Why, you're crazy as a loon, old friend. Well, let's find out. What's there to find out? Whether I'm crazy as a loon or you're going blind. Thanks for bringing him to the office, Pat. Oh, that's all right, Bill. I was glad to do it. I ain't going to no eye, doctor. He needs to go to a head doctor for a roof job. How would you get that one? Never you mind. And I ain't going, that's for certain. Well, I guess I'll have to write that ticket after all. You're too easy, Pat. Anyone who runs the stop sign should go to jail. You agree, Bill? I sure do. Oh, look at me. I don't need 20-20 vision to see that. Not a friend left in the world. That's what they all say when they're cornered. Mind you, you're old grizzly bear. You get those eyes checked. Or else. Well, I've got to get back to me job. Might tweak an outside in the squad car. Don't just stand there. Looks so disturbed. Chew me out. Let's go see the doctor's stump here. Not one bit of lip out of yours. I'll suspend you from the service. What is the failing in your side stump? A couple of months, I reckon. That is where it's been real bad. Okay, that's all from now, old time. Fix me up real good. I can't see anything at all. That's only temporary because of the drops I put in your eyes to relax the muscles. I'm sorry, I'm not a good person. I'm not a good person. I'm not a good person. I'm not a good person. I'm not a good person. Relax the muscles. They'll see that you get home safely. Fine, kettle of fish, this is. Who wants a blind old man around to lead like a puppy on a leash? Don't pay any attention to him, Doc. I'm not. You get used to this sort of thing after you've been in this game as long as I have. Well, what's the verdict, Doc? I'm going blind as a bat. What haven't you noticed? Nobody said you were stumpy. You have cataracts nearly covering each eye. I'll remove them and you'll have almost perfect sight again. With glasses. Remove the cataracts? How? Surgery. Surgery?  You don't have to make a decision now. Think it over. You'd be surprised how many people have cataracts removed. The operation is delicate but successful. I don't care what other people have done. Just because they're crazy, you don't mean I am too. I'll go blind first. Chump on catfish. You don't think stumpy really meant it when he said he'd rather be blind, do you, Bill? No, I don't really think so, pal. The doctor's verdict was a shock to him as it would be to most folks. Ah, that's right. He sees things different in a few days. I sure hope so. I can't believe he'd be serious about going blind if he knew he had a good chance to regain almost normal sight. I feel sorry for Oldtimer. Yeah, so do I, but don't let him know it. Although there's one thing I'm very disturbed about. He'd drive a car. We're not able to see very well. Yeah. Could have been very serious. I suppose he killed someone. Yeah. The Lord sure must have put Pat right behind Stumpy's car so he'd see the Oldtimer drive through the stop sign. You're right there, Henry. I'm surprised at Stumpy for doing that. We're gonna have a long talk about it. Were you serious about suspending him from the service if he didn't get medical help? What would you do if you were in my shoes, pal? Yeah, I see your point. Well, then you must have been suspicious. Sure I was. Remember when his horse lagged behind the other day on the trail? Yeah, I wonder about that. Horse C-Ride, not loafer. Exactly. He was trying to watch out for low branches. That's why he got knocked off his horse when he speeded up. Oh, sure. Stumpy was trying to cover up. See, that fit in with trouble. He had to dial a phone the other day. My call repairman, he said, phone OK. Stumpy of hard time to see, dial face. He blamed it on a bad phone? Not right. And those are the things that disturbed me, fellas. He was trying to cover up. That's the same thing as lying and being deceitful. And for a mature Christian and an experienced ranger, well, he just doesn't add up. But he was only trying to keep others from noticing it. Was he, pal? What do you mean? Sure he was. Perhaps. Or was he doing the worst thing he could possibly do? Well, I don't understand. He was lying to himself, trying to fool himself and convince himself that he wasn't losing his sight. That's the worst thing a man can do to himself and to the Lord. Remember what Jesus said to his disciples when they were in the boat and a storm hit the Sea of Galilee? You mean where Peter woke the Lord out of a sound sleep and told him about the storm and feared they'd all drown? Well, I don't recall the exact words, but the Lord questioned them on their faith. His exact words to the disciples were, how is it that you have no faith? Easy, buddy. So then, fellas, they can't horse me around. Easy, boys there. Oh, easy, buddy. There you go. There you go. Bye. Come on, pal, we're a little late this morning. I'll drop you off at school. Okay. I'll be right there. Now, I'll get it. Hello, Jefferson residents. Blackie's gone? Okay, Gray Wolf, we're leaving right now. Goodbye. What's with Blackie? Blackie's not in the stable and neither is Stumpy's saddle or his gear. Uh-oh. Uh-oh is right. Come on, shake a leg. Boy, there sure doesn't seem to be anything wrong with the old boy's sight this morning. Ah, you speak truth, there. Oh, boy. An old fox is sure covering his trail to perfection. If it's hard to follow now, what'll it be when we get up in the high country and on hard ground? That's the whole point. We just waste our time. Let's go back to the office, fellas. Yeah, but... It'll be all right, pal. We'll just have to wait until he gets over the shock of his eye condition. But what if he gets himself into a jam? There's no chance we'll have to take. The way Stumpy's covering his trail tells us he definitely doesn't want company. I'm awful sorry, Bill. I'm burning him. What wrong? Are you sick? What's the matter, young fella? It's my pa, Bill. He's rattler-bit. Rattler-bit? You need the doctor, not us, lad. No, the doc ain't to home, Bill. I come here. I don't... I don't feel so good. It's pa, though. He's terrible, rattler. I got him. Henry, get the big first aid kit and lice it through my saddle. I'll carry Barney into the office. You can bring him around. Gray Wolf, you try and find the doc. Get an intern at the hospital. I'll ride Storm and head across country. Storm can make it faster than a car by using the shortcut. All right, let's get with it. No. This is Nate's place. He's got blacksmith equipment. You see? Barney's going for the doc. Here, handle the holder. Oh, that's good. Now you'll find some razor blades. Well, I run out to my horse and get this snake bite kit. They get some water to cook it on the stove and some clean cloth for bandages. And hurry up. Just a second. I'll get you a cup in it. Outside of it. You must be the one who's bloody... I'll put some sense into it. Like the Lord gave me to use. Look to make sure.  You're good and warmed up now. Give it all you got. Come on, Storm. Faster, boy. Faster. Man's life depends on us getting there as soon as we can. Come on. Well, that's not news. I figured that sometime back. Radler bite plenty bad, especially where Nate is. Big diamond-backed rattlesnake carried big lot of poison. I sure hope so, Sally Girl. I sure hope so. Let's say it'll give him more of a fighting chance than he had. How's Nate, doc? He'll make it, Bill. That was really a close one. Yeah, sure was. I'm real pleased to hear the good news. Well, Stumpy saved his life. Maybe so. Killed him, too. What do you mean by that? Look at me.  Shimbone. When all this happened because I can't see so good. If that girl hadn't been here to see for me in the tight places, Nate would have died. Yes, you're right. Sally told me about what happened. Not to tattle, but to help. I sure ain't proud of myself. I can tell you that much. The Lord must be real disturbed with me. I don't understand. It's pretty simple, doc. I'm supposed to be a mature Christian. And yet I'm all shook up about having eye surgery. That is, I was all shook up. Come to a crisis in my life and I fall flat on my face. Well, let's get the operation done as soon as you can, doc. And Bill, I've got something to say to you, too. All right, go ahead, old friend.  I'll act like a grown-up Christian. Yes, I believe the old timer will do just that.  See you next week for more adventure with...


It is the 19th of November 1973 and a chimpanzee is being born. Two weeks later, the male chimp will be removed from his mother and thrust into the human world. The reason? To raise a chimp in a human family, in order to see if he would be able to try and communicate using sign language. Today's story carries on the tradition of scientists trying to make humans out of apes. Sadly for the chimp, the story ends in alienation from his surrogate family as well as his own species. My name is John and welcome to Plainly Difficult. Today's subject is a story of Project Nim Chimpsky. Our story may sound familiar, any kind of ease, as we all know about another chimpanzee baby experiment, which was very controversial for the time, which was the Donald and Gaya study. Well today's story is a continuation of several human-raised chimp studies since the Donald and Gaya situation. Can you re-believe that that video is nearly two years old? Now this video will draw its facts and figures from Can an Ape Creator Sentence by H.S. Terrace et al. as well as some other bits and pieces, including the book The Chimp Who Would Be Human by Lisbeth Ness, which as always the link is will be in the description below. So before Nim we have to talk about the person behind the experiment. This is Herbert S. Terrace. Born in Brooklyn on the 29th of November 1936, the future Project Nim organiser would study in late 1950s at Cornell University, gaining a degree in psychology in 1957 and a master's in experimental psychology in 1958. He would then go on to Harvard University post-graduation, studying under a name that has popped up a few times on his channel, B.F. Skinner aka The Pigeon Bomb Guy. Skinner was very much deep into behaviouralism and this would influence Terrace. Needless to say, working under Skinner, Terrace would gain experience in working with animals, although this came in the form of pigeons. This was his paper discrimination learning with and without errors of 1963, in which was his doctorate dissertation. Now our story will take a path towards Nim and the Chimp experiment, when B.F. Skinner received a savage review of his behaviouralist theory, published in 1957. The review which was published in 1959 by Noam Chomsky refuted Skinner's theory, that language is learned through trial and error and on the feedback of the parents of a child. Instead Chomsky posited that the ability to develop language is innate in humans, that has evolved in our brains over our development as a species over millions of years. Well this rebuttal needed to have its own rebuttal, as such an experiment was set up to show that through behaviouralism theory that a chimpanzee can learn to converse with humans. One of the people in the behaviouralist camp that wanted to disprove Chomsky's theory was of course the one and only Herbert Terrace. I mean it had to be him, otherwise that little chat about his career would have been a complete waste of time. Terrace considered that a chimpanzee was his best bet, I mean they are very closely related to us humans, but the chimp has a drawback. It doesn't have the vocal capabilities as of a human. As such Terrace looked towards a physical method of communication, and this would be sign language. So Terrace needed a chimpanzee, in order to get one he put his name down on the waiting list at the Institute of Primate Studies in Norman, Oklahoma. Whilst waiting he set out and planned his experiment, this was during the mid 1960s. Part of this would involve visiting other primate facilities, one was the Yerkes lab. A baby. Terrace's name getting to the top of the list would come on the 19th of November 1973, with the surprise birth of a baby boy chimp at the Institute for Primate Studies. The boy's mother interestingly was on the human birth control pill, which does actually work with chimpanzees. Apparently they were not at this time. As Caroline, the boy's mother, cradled the newborn, the mother baby bond would be broken just 10 days later for the beginnings of a chimpanzee language study. The baby chimp would from now on be raised as if he was a baby human. So what to name the newborn? Well they were trying to disprove Chomsky's theory. So how about Nim Chimpsky? And who said scientists don't have a sense of humor? So Nim was placed aboard a plane, and sent to his new family in the upper west side of New York. The surrogate family's matriarch was Stephanie Lafarge, an old student of Terrace, and reportedly an ex-lover. So the family were instructed to try and teach the newborn American sign language, as well as raise a chimp as if he was another human child. One small snag, no one in the Lafarge household was actually very fluent in ASL. Nevertheless, the family persevered with the study. Nim played with his young human siblings and travelled around on Stephanie. During this time, teachers would try and show Nim different sign language signs. Over the space of two years, the experiment diverged chaotically into Nim overpowering his family. You see, most human chimp studies had been undertaken with female chimps, because one, they are generally smaller, thus easy to handle, and two, they can be slightly less aggressive. By 1975, Nim's time with the Lafarges had become unhinged. He broke things around the house as the strong young chimp climbed and played. He bit his surrogate siblings and didn't really act like a human child. I mean, well, he wasn't, but the plan wasn't going well. Nature was certainly winning over nurture. So far, all he had known was human contact, and couldn't understand his power when playing. The experiment had broken down, and Teris had lost control over the study. Eventually, he would have to move Nim to a more controlled habitat, and this was the Riverdale mansion that Columbia University owned in the Bronx. Reportedly, by this time, he had learned a few signs. In order to be counted as learned, Teris set out in his criteria in his 1979 paper. Nim satisfied our criterion of acquiring a sign when, one, on different occasions, three independent observers reported its spontaneous occurrence, and two, it occurred spontaneously on each of five successive days. Nim was raised and taught more sign language at Columbia University by Teris' students. Under his next surrogate mum, 18-year-old Laura Ann Petito, a student of Teris, and also another lover of his. During his period, Nim was closely observed to see if he was able to string a sentence together, but it wasn't working out as planned. His behaviour was increasingly testing and would occasionally attack Petito. You see, reviewing Nim's utterances showed he was kind of randomly signing until he earned a treat. Kind of like brute-forcing a password, but in this case, it was for food. The only teachers and caregivers Nim would actually try to listen to and not attack were bizarrely the ones who would bite and hit him. Kind of in a way to overpower the young chimp. Clearly, the experiment was not being run in a particularly scientific way, with a study lead having or being or having had relationships with his underlings. Teris would disappoint the 20-year-old junior Laura Ann Petito by refusing to progress their affair. As such, Petito would leave the study. And the car crash would continue. Nim, increasingly frustrated, aggressive and still getting bigger and stronger, would continue to injure researchers. Eventually, Teris had become frustrated with the lack of language from Nim, and the ever-increasing injuries of his researchers meant he had to pull the plug. Now, this left one young chimp with no purpose. Life after Teris So, Nim was sent back to where he came from. That is, the Institute for Primate Studies. Technically, the whole time, Nim was still where property. He was thrust back into the world of the chimpanzee. He hadn't seen another one of his kind in the last four years. Lacking the required social skills, Nim became isolated and depressed. But we'll quickly pause Nim's story for a moment. What of Teris' study? Well, during the experiment, a large number of photographs, notes and footage was generated, leaving Teris a lot to review. He already had an idea that Nim's language was less than what he had hoped, and the evidence showed Teris that he had an even lesser grasp of ASL. In many cases, it seemed like the teachers were leading Nim, and Nim was just simply copying what they were saying in order to get that lovely treat. By experiment end, Nim was thought to have accumulated 125 signs, but it didn't appear to seem like he was combining signs that much to create new meanings. Some of Teris' underlings would actually say that Nim only really had close to 25 signs. Teris would conclude in his 1979 paper in Science magazine. Projects devoted to teaching chimpanzees and gorillas to use language have shown that these apes can learn vocabularies of visual symbols. There is no evidence, however, that apes can combine such symbols in order to create new meanings. The function of the symbols of an apes vocabulary appears to not so much to identify things or to convey information, as for example Skinner's concept of tax, as it is to satisfy a demand, but is use the symbol in order to obtain some sort of reward. Skinner's concept of mans. Now, Teris' almost 118 opinion and conclusions would put back animal language studies by years, and it wouldn't go down well with his peers. He would solidify his position further in his 2019 book Why Chimpanzees Can't Learn Language and Only Humans Can. So back to Nim. The primate centre was not known for being an enticing place to live.  There was only one ray of light for Nim, in one employee at the institute for primate study called Bob Ingersoll. So Ingersoll would meet Nim on the chimp's first day returning to the centre, and interestingly, soon after he noticed Nim's sign. One sign was Stone Smoke Time, as said by Ingersoll himself. The chimp during his time in New York had actually been introduced to weed. The two would create a bond, including Ingersoll sharing joints with Nim, but he would have to move again. You see, the centre by the late 1970s was having financial difficulties, and the owner, Dr William Lemon, decided to sell off some of his chimpanzees. Nim was sold to the laboratory for experimental medicine and surgery in primates, which has the best abbreviation, Lemsib, managed by New York University. Thankfully, Nim was relocated away from the laboratory to a ranch in Texas with the help from Ingersoll. However, like most things in his life, this was a bittersweet turn of events. Yes, he was spared from the laboratory, but the ranch in Texas had no real knowledge on chimps, and for a social animal, it was tortured without any companions. In a few occasions, he would escape his enclosure, with one time resulting in Nim killing a dog. During his time there, he would attack other people. A companion was sourced, but sadly, she would die fairly early into her time at the ranch, and again, Nim would be sent into a depression. Another couple of companions were relocated to live with Nim. This last year is for around five years, until on the 10th of March 2000, Nim died from a heart attack. He was 26 years old. Nim's life was a sad one, and unfortunately for the scientific world, a negative one on animal language studies. It wasn't Nim's fault. It was a short-sightedness of the study he was in. So, Tarris is still alive, and would go on to earn several awards for his various studies and papers. Now, this week's video won't really fit into my bingo card or disaster scale. Instead, I'll use this cruel bar graph. This is a plain difficult production. For all videos on the channel, creative commas attribution share are like licensed. Plain difficult videos are produced by me, John, in the currently wet and windy corner of southern London, UK. I have Instagram and a second YouTube channel, as well as Twitter, or X, whatever you want to call it, so check them out for other odds and sods and bits and pieces I'm up to. And I'd like to have a very nice warm thank you to my YouTube and Patreon members who financially support this channel and help me pay for the research papers I have to download for videos like this. And all that's left to say is thank you for watching, and Mr Music, play us out please.


Good day, fellow investors. I'm researching gold miners to expose my portfolio 8 to 10% to it to gold because that is in the slate part of the economic cycle very important and in this video I want to give you an overview of the top 10 gold miners of the Van Ek gold mining ETF to give you to show you what's going on in the gold mining industry. I'm not personally a fan of the top 10 as I go lower on the list as I go into more the detailed miners there is more value but I'll make more videos about the smaller miners that I think will provide best better value or a better hedge in the long term. Nevertheless let's start by talking about the Van Ek ETF and then go into individual gold miners. I have put the time when I discuss each one so you can also see it in the description below and click on the right timing for the gold miner that you are interested in. Let's start with the Van Ek ETF. Now the first thing when I look at the weightings of an ETF is that there is no Russia so Russia a Russian gold miner is the seventh current miner in the world and will be the third miner in the next decade very likely but there is no Russia in this ETF of course ETFs do not go by common sense diversification they go by market cap or possibilities to invest so here there is no Russia even if it is very very meaningful in the world. Also something very important is that the ETF is actually the major shareholder of many gold miners so Barrick gold five percent okay not that big but somewhere it goes to 20 percent which means that the mindless investor is the largest investor in a gold miner and that is not good and that is also something to be to keep in mind because even a bad gold miner will go up if people just buy gold mining ETFs no matter what the gold miner is doing and you'll see later what I think about Barrick and their new acquisition or merger. So when I look at my list I see that okay these are the top 10 that we're going to discuss now Newmond than Barrick etc but they are all pretty pretty similar so the market is and every miner is different so I think really believe that by digging into each miner by avoiding the ETF mentality you can really find value where value I mean lower risk for higher potential reward in the future especially if gold prices change as a hedge to new monetary policies so that's why I'm digging deep into the gold miners and that's why I'm focusing on this because I can get more value than what an ETF offers. Important price to cash flows are close all in sustaining costs with the top miners are close some have a little bit more leverage but we are all there when it comes to pricing however those differences are huge in the long term and therefore I again think that the ETF and this approach short-term approach to gold is wrong. So let's start with the list Barrick gold and Rand gold the two stocks have going into a combination to create the most powerful asset gold mining miner in the world however that's a great story to sell but let's look at the individual miners Barrick stable miner stable producers relatively low costs good jurisdiction so very very good miner however growth in production has been stagnating and has been declining so the management was probably bored because okay if there is no excitement what are we doing how can we push the stock price higher because we have declining production declining expected production oh let's do something crazy and let's buy Rand gold or let's merge with a miner that has assets in Africa and very risky jurisdictions so we are screwing up the reason why investors held Barrick just to excite things a little bit. When going to Rand gold cash costs are expected to drop as Kibali Rand Psaap which is a mining the democratic republic of Congo very safe jurisdictions and their production is 1.2 million ounces per year so that really discusses how a big company is in going into combination with a much smaller company but Barrick was desperate for growth and they will be able to put into the Kibali and Rand gold as a growth story and that's very very unfortunate for other shareholders however Barrick has been used to do stupid things look at the total debt in 2014 so they were very leveraged very exciting when gold prices go up then they have managed to survive and now they have low leverage but let's do again something crazy. If I put this Barrick onto my up and down sensitivity gold price table very gold can go to 36 I think so three times up if gold reaches 2000 and down to 2.60 if gold reaches 800. Rand gold also a little bit less upside because of the lower costs however the downside is also a little bit less because of the lower costs but the risk is bigger because of the jurisdiction and what's going on there so Kibali is in Congo they're just putting taxes however they wish there so pretty riskier situation. So really we have had two assets where investors could pick between Barrick stability jurisdiction safety low debt low costs and now they have added Africa growth making these things more exciting but if I am an investor I could have bought Barrick and I could have bought Rand gold individually on the market if I wish to own them now they have combined them because they want to get higher fees higher optionalities higher options that's what managers do if they have no control and who is controlling Barrick the biggest shareholder is the Van Ek ETF so that's again why I don't like ETFs and I think there will be big trouble in the future because of this because nobody is controlling what the management is doing and the management is just looking to get a bigger plane more options more money for them and more money for the investment banks that advise on these deals. Next Franco Nevada is the leading gold royalty and streaming company with the largest and most diversified portfolio of assets they are paying a dividend they are proud of their dividend history but the 6.3 yield is from 10 years ago however the royalty business model is very much liked by the market as they have very low cost so they provide safety however this also gives less optionality up and down and that's why because of the high price to cash flows I don't really like gold mining royalties. Now Newcrest mining has the Kadya asset the Lyhyr asset and the Golpu project very low cost for Kadya Lyhyr has higher costs and the Golpu project is very risky in the jurisdictions but it might be developed especially if gold and copper prices go up. Newcrest retains very long life advantage so in relation to other miners very long mine lives very much pretty much safe low costs that is an advantage and I will look deeper and make full research analysis report on Newcrest. Also when you look at the enterprise value divided by the gold equivalent ounces Newcrest is really among the lowest in the world. Gold corp is the perfect example of what can happen if you pick the right miner and sell at the right time. The stock increased 15 times from 2001 to 2011 and is now down 80% since the peak so it's an excellent hedge but mine the volatility and might the risk nevertheless the portfolio is still there they're operating in the Americas it's currently focused on bringing to zero its debt before the next investment cycle to fulfill their pipeline which is one of the strongest pipelines in the gold industry so there is growth for gold corp I will be also digging in to gold corp to see what is the potential there and what is priced or not fairly priced by the market to see whether this will be an investment I will like. Agnico Eagle Mines has mines in good jurisdictions Canada Finland and Mexico they're investing a lot in growth and have experience in mining as they have been around for 60 years however they are mining in the lower Arctic which requires a lot of development a lot of costs and the free cash flow hasn't been that positive over the last 10 years if that changes okay but a lot of expectations here and the price is already pretty high all the stocks that are in the top of the Veneck index are pretty high with impressionals precious metals a little smaller royalty than Franco Nevada the growth is ending so we are now looking at a stable developed royalty producer which we will see what they will do with the money they are getting will they be paying it out similar to other royalties I don't like the small dividend and I don't like the small optionality on gold prices I prefer higher risk and higher reward or same risk for higher rewards royal gold similarly to other streamers with a bit of more growth but too expensive for me Kirkland Lake Gold is a success story so let's see what made it because this is really a 10 bagger in the last three four years they increased production fivefold increased cash flows tenfold and increased shares outstanding just threefold the result is the tenfold increase in the stock price however they are really still growing still targeting acquisitions in five to seven years they hope to almost double their current 2017 production but they are doing that through acquisition underground underground mines development which is risky and you never know what you're going to find underground so not for the faint hearted but if you believe in the process of what they are doing in what the CEO is doing and how are they approaching this all the mines and then refurbishing them into new mines revitalizing them then you might look at this company northern star resources another australian miner and it's interesting that not even their miners are safe the western australian government wants to increase gold royalties by 50% and that's a pretty big hit to every miner in the area similarly to kirkland they invested heavily in exploration which paid off from the australian undergrounds so they are extending my life mine life increasing reserves and which bodes well for the stock price and the stock market especially if they can lower costs again a stable miner that has seen its growth in the past in the future we'll see how it grows or not plus there is the australian dividend tax that i don't really like anglo gold ashanti very levered to gold prices because the cost is 1000 and the move of 5% in gold prices adds or removes about 200 million in cash flows per year and that's why you see this volatility it was below seven a few months ago now it's already at 10 so if you want if you know gold prices will spike tomorrow by this company from the top 10 you can see that here that when it comes to price sensitivities the third to the fifth column those all the big gold miners are pretty much there some have a little bit more upside some have less upside like the royalties companies because of their lower costs and lower leverage nevertheless the dividend yields if you look at the column to the right those are not that big of course 0.5 to 2% but that's not that much of a difference there are miners with higher dividends there are miners with lower price to cash flows then the average here that is between seven for gold corp which i will dig deeper and it goes up to 23 for frankenovada and other 24 royalties so the most levered gold miner of the top 10 is anglo gold ashanti with above 1000 also newmont is pretty much levered but nothing really special and nothing really that is isn't already priced in by the market except for newcrest and gold corp which i'm going to focus in detail as i dig deeper into the miners i'm continuing with my research as you see i go much lower and my table goes to number 50 100 mines miners so i'll see which one is the best for a well diversified portfolio hedge to gold mining in relation to what might happen in the future so this is an overview those who are interested into more in-depth researches about the gold miners please check my stock market research platform it really saves you a lot of time as what i do day in and day out is stock market research trying to find the best investments out there with the lowest risk and the highest reward thank you for watching and i'll see you in the next video


There's a big honkin' schmeat. He even has the vein. Is that just like a yam?  Yeah, it's some kind of a weird sweet potato, but you know that? That's not why I took a picture of it. Juice! I will go back to our ship direction. I'm Farmer John. And you can follow us on Instagram, Twitter, for more juicy content. Thanks on Patreon, follow us on Twitter, and subscribe if you don't need the like button. Today we got a video. This is actually just dropped yesterday. This is called Fafa, the new Indian superstar. But this is by Barut, India. Oh, interesting. Yeah, so they did a thing on Fafa. A little piece on Fafa. Clearly they just found out he's the new Indian superstar. Right, just this year. Just because he hasn't been doing any work before 2022. Their stuff is for a global audience. I don't know who Fafa is. Of course. But I think it's funny that they used his nickname as well. I do, too. I like that. Not Fahat Fasil. Right, but Fafa. I'm eating cheese. Hold on. Synopsis here. Not only did this Malayalam actor make a comeback after his flop debut, he went on to rule the industry, meet Fahat Fasil, a.k.a. Fafa. Well, that's some information I didn't know. No, but it's interesting. But also why did it flop at the box office? Then I don't care. Exactly. And this is why is Barut doing this? Is he now a spokesperson for Barut? No, I'm sure they're just like, if people don't know, because if they don't follow Malayalam industry, he's the new big star, I guess. Is this the Brut that I'm thinking of? Yeah, but it's Brut India. Okay, no. Yeah, it's just very interesting that Brut would be doing this just to do it. It's like Pepsi suddenly doing... No, they've done it. Anne Hathaway, the American superstar. They've done it on other actors as well, though. But why? To get the word out there, I don't know. Here we go. This one, Drew. Our future toast, hopefully. He is. No, no, no. Nepotism. Wow. He looks like Kamal. Look at that baby face. Hold on, was Fafao just singing? He came to the U.S.? Of course he did. Really would love to talk to him. Thank you that you did not. I mean, you could still do that. Yeah, you could still do that, but please. Good. Oh, yeah. Meaty. I'm sure he loved that. Oh, really? I haven't seen that one. Oh, I've seen that one. Yeah. Good actors do that. One great actor to another, yeah, for sure. Not a surprise. There was a lot of films that I hadn't... Yeah, I want to see the one where his wife is a vampire maybe. And then I also saw Trance in there, which a lot of people say is one of his better performances, but the film wasn't to everybody's liking, but his performances, no shock. Did they show anything from Pushpa? Yeah, when he was bald. Oh, that's right, when he was bald. That's right, yeah. But yeah, last year was the year of Fafao. Yeah, while everyone else was waiting, he was like, yeah, I really hope. And it's... I was actually like, are they going to put us in this? Because people outside of it were waiting for every... Which is actually one of the things I'd like to say.  It disappeared. What happened to it? I'm so angry. I'm with you. I was very much looking forward to that film and I don't know what happened to it. We shelved. I don't know. So if anybody knows, please let me know. But yeah, it's no shock that he...  Yeah, none of that's shock.  We know for him. Of course. They were at the top of his list. And my guess is that after that film that his dad did that didn't do well... Inipatism. Can't believe we get foff off from inipatism. Seriously. That his thought was, I can't... I have to learn this thing and went and studied both philosophy and screenwriting. It's a great thing for an actor to study. It goes hand in hand, man. Any humanities course is really good for an actor to study. And writing as well. And writing is... I would encourage... Howard Fine says this. I say this... Write. If you're an actor do it once. Write something. Write a screenplay. Write a play. Write a short film. Write a scene. Because it helps you understand another aspect of the process but also if you don't already have an appreciation for the supremacy of writing and storytelling it will give you that when you start to write something and realize how freaking hard it is to write a good script. And you need to have that because as an actor you recognize you really are going to be as good as the scripts you're handed. The writers, man. Absolutely. It's why whenever the writers here are having contractual things and the writer's guild is threatening to go on strike, screen actors guild's like got your back, boys and girls, we're right there. Anything you want, you do it because we know how important the writers are. So I would love to... He probably has a bunch of stories that he could... I would love to talk to. Absolutely. Love to talk to him even more. Love to work with him. Yeah. There's a bunch of people that I would love to talk to, obviously. But there's probably none that I want to talk to more than probably. He's got to be such a fun actor to work with, man. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Because he's so giving and he'll allow you to work off him so well because he'll be so involved and fresh. Yeah. He's an actor like the best that you know they could give you anything at any moment. It's never going to be repetitive and you can give them anything and they're going to go with it and give you something back. It's just... It's the glory. Yup. Yup. There you go. So in case you didn't know it, Fa-Fa's a great actor. You heard it here, kids. I heard it here first. Please let us know because obviously I'm hoping to see everything he's ever done before we're dead. What should be our next Fa-Fa film that we should watch? Please let us know down below. Josh!


Hi guys, I'm Anati Jain and I'm your Student Ambassador. Welcome to Part 2 of the Gourmetation Tours of Ocean North. I know my colleague has already shown you around what Residence Hall looks like but I'm going to show you some places around Residence Hall which are the other buildings that Ocean North has. So let's go! Ocean North is formed of six different houses all named after Scottish Rivers. These buildings consist of cluster flats designed for three to seven students per flat. All these buildings consist of single en suite rooms, twin rooms and studio apartments. The studio apartments have their own kitchen but other flats share one single kitchen which looks like this. The first building is Tweed House which is right in front of the entrance gate. Right opposite to Tweed House is Almond House. Then we have the fourth house which is right beside the laundry room. To reach the other three buildings there is a beautiful courtyard in between where you can also hang out with your friends. This is the Karen House right beside the Esk House. Then we have the sixth building which is called the Tine House. You also have a basket and robins right outside the accommodation for you to have an ice cream whenever you want. There is also another accommodation right across Ocean North. So stay tuned to know more. Bye!


mosque may deva waves okay was a growing period for a lot of people. One morning I went to a branch of one of Nigeria's old banks in a rural town and I was surprised to learn that people had come to pick positions as early as 2 am. I did not bother getting on the virtual queue after I learned someone had a Italy number 250. It appeared there was a resistance to the cashless policy of the central bank of Nigeria. Some could not imagine transacting without cash. There were also experiences of debits without recipient getting value. I had several personal experiences including one transaction from September 2022 that is still all resolved. There is also the issue of fraud however I believe we must take four steps if we want to be relevant as a nation in the coming years. When we take transfer it is impressive that tomato and fruit sellers, the cab drivers, the keken riders and barbers are retailers that now offer to receive payments cashlessly. Slowly trust in being built in the system. The payment service banks have been fantastic. Some of them are now powered with the traditional banks with the number of active accounts they have. Their apps are easy to use and the process of opening a basic account is seamless. Could the cashless policy and narrow design have been better handled? You would agree that even successful processes can be improved. A payment channel that is adapted for a transportation model in Nigeria should be developed. It will be splendid to get into a bus or taxi and pay digitally without worrying if a transfer will be successful or not. This is important as high capacity vehicles convey many people daily so need a process that will seamlessly handle several successive payments per minute. I believe this is an additional opportunity for the PSBs. We might have gone through avoidable pain and hardship but have moved in the positive direction. All hands will be on deck to ensure that the pains of the narrow design policy is not in vain like the labor of our heroes past. I hope in our last few months we have planted a tree that would one day give shade to our unborn generation. I must agree with you that I'm very surprised about how apt everybody is adopting this new payment form of payment transfers. I remember telling myself that I don't have cash. How will I go about paying for stuff and getting things done and like transfer now. Transfer. Everybody is just saying transfer and I'm like it's impressive to go and get your head done and the first one in their mind is that oh this is my account number. I've been to the salon today. I've been to the barbers today. I've been to the nails studio today and everybody was like transfer. So basically I've been moving around without cash which is actually impressive because I remember just a few weeks back I used to have anxiety because I needed to make some payments. I would transfer from our big banks and you'll be there. The thing will buffer. Go around the square. I hope I've communicated the name. Go around the square. Come back. Go around the square. I'll be there having palpitations because I've just commissioned somebody to do something. I'm supposed to make payments. My integrity is on the line and don't be the transfer is not going. There's someone somebody told me that oh pay us through or something. I don't want to mention the name or something and I was like what is or something and I had to act around that. Is this legitimate? Is this working? I have one of those. They work without network issues. They have their own issues but compared to the traditional banks their services seem to be better. So I think we're all jumping on this with a positive attitude. We are looking for solutions outside of the box and that's something that is very common with Nigeria. It is the citizens that actually provide solutions to our problem and I was coming here today and I thought to myself that in Nigeria we always survive and is our survival instinct that revolutionizes our society that helps us to develop products that can solve our problem. Now cashless society everybody is doing transfer. Traditional banks their app is forever down network is forever having issues. Then we now have PSBs and I think like that and like that the people will continue to push for the development that we truly deserve and deserve in Nigeria. Anyway the CBN governor actually give an explanation. I think some couple of weeks ago about this issue we mentioned and I agree with him.  So just imagine a bank like let me use okay I won't mention them specifically but you know what I'm talking about they have customers they have millions and billions and billions of customers so when before the cashless policy most many Nigerians are not used to transferring and since people still prefer to go to the bank to do a transaction so their channels their traffic their network the servers can actually accommodate the little traffic they have okay but the cashless policy made the traffic heavy so that was why the smaller ones we are talking of the other PBS they don't have large customers like these people so they have IDO servers that's why they can work seamlessly but anyway the CBN governor promised that he will work with relevant stakeholders to see how to make them work but very importantly one of the PSBs has hit 30 million subscribers okay so the importance of that line of business and investors in it and we are ready for one output because any any fault making organization I believe should have seen that this is what is likely to happen and then you make allowance for it so so the PSBs are no longer small guys anymore they okay so let me just tell you I went from Lagos to Iqiti and then all I had was 200 Naira but when I stepped out of my house I took a cab to the airport took a plane to Akure took a cab into Akure town got on a commercial bus from Akure to into Iqiti and I did not give anybody cash even in Iqiti and in the last five weeks in Iqiti what I've been doing is doing a lot of transfer and you find that these small guys are actually very much on ground they are in Iqiti you see a lot of POSs and a lot of people that have accounts from with these PSBs and interestingly we are talking of an area where where you have maybe for a local government composed of a few towns you have just one physical branch so I think the digital banks are actually better positioned for for what we have now I'd like to jump in here I'd like to jump in here and most people look at the issues between PSBs and traditional you know banks and say you know it's a state of structure it's not it's not a state I wouldn't say how I understand how this information came about because of course we're on TV but the truth is banks have lied about their assets fixed and current so I'd cite you to where the CBA said it had put out a particular amount of cash and said come with your own physical cash since you say you have to sell amount and will change it to naira the traditional banks obviously could not come up with the physical cash which clearly states that if some people have altered balance sheets and said things that are not true because when it comes to the reality they can't bring it out so at that point you have the small boys who of course are doing these things anyway well we wonderfully have you know the only lady in the house the first lady olayemi ejimaya after the the next break with different opinions thank you


Actually, I'm going to pick up pretty close to where Jim left off in talking about policy and many of the things I'm going to raise, which I promise to do quickly because I know we're all anxious, to stand up and stretch our legs and to get to some more discussion maybe back and forth with all the panelists, is I'll be talking about things that many of the different speakers have mentioned in the course of their individual stories and what I'm going to try to do is to come back and look at it and put it into some context from a purely policy perspective and pull the different pieces of the landscape that we've heard about together. And so I do think about policy most of the time. I think about the science as part of the policy and of course the science is the origin for all of the policy questions that we think about. And I like to imagine that we would have in an ideal world a nice iterative dialogue that could take place between the research that was being done, the knowledge that we were learning through that research and the policies that we were putting back into the field to guide the research and to oversee the research. And of course the policy and the research would all be within a framework of agreed upon consensus ethical norms that everyone in society could fall behind and everything would be lovely. Of course that's not the world that we live in and particularly in our area of science where technology is moving very quickly and our different ideas about how to use this technology and all of the different applications that are possible within medicine, within research, but also outside of those two domains means that we're really needing to be iterative, yes, but that we will have to deal with some uncertainty as we go forward and be as thoughtful as we can be and always be adaptive to what we're doing. So again, as I said, I'm going to pick up where we dropped off with Jim talking about genomic medicine. We've heard from others too about how really genomics as it moves into medicine, but in general is becoming increasingly relevant to the public. From a research perspective what we're doing now is we get very excited about learning more about the common diseases, trying to tease apart the weaker genomic effects that contribute to disease. We're needing to study lots and lots of people and others have mentioned this. We were excited a few years ago when we were talking about thousands. Now we're talking about tens of thousands and even more. And really what we want to do is bring this into the clinic and put it in the doctor's hands. And again, Rick mentioned earlier it's not just a laptop anymore, but he wants it on an iPhone, so it can be as maximally flexible as possible. And this is all looking at it just from the perspective of the research community and our structured environment where research is a domain that we control and we move forward in through methods and processes that we understand. But of course, as genomic technology has moved out and become accessible, the public has gotten excited about it. It's really cool stuff. And there are companies out there in response to public demand that are putting the technology into the consumer's hands. And so the birth of the direct-to-consumer companies have made it possible in a very exciting way, I think, for individuals to ask questions about their own genome if they want to. There's a lot of debate over how that should happen, over when it should happen, over what value it actually means and how do we control the information or influence the information that they're given. But really, they're also not just doing it for health reasons. They're also doing it for ancestry reasons to learn more about their families and where they come from. And just because they might have a value or put a value on something that's useful to them, and that's not something that we can mandate or that we can control or that really we can even decide in advance what it will be and make decisions about what's appropriate or not. In addition to just their interest in the technology and in knowledge about their own genomes, they're also increasingly eager to see research and to move research forward. And this is healthy people as well as sick people. And so they're really starting to push for this. There are groups like PatientsLikeMe, Private Access, where they're building platforms to shape the research agenda, to make it possible to control the choices about how their data are used, to invite researchers in to use their data, and to really think about the policy questions in terms of privacy and confidentiality that are important to them and to be able to have the ability to make their own choices about that happen. SAGE BioNetworks is another group and 23andMe, one of the director-consumer companies, also has a very strong research aim and is building a strong research database with their clients, those that are willing and interested to go forward. And this is something that as a research community will be very powerful for us, but we will need to adjust to the different dynamics through which this process moves. And so then we come back to the big question about genomic medicine. And are we there yet? We've heard a lot about the potential today. A lot about the remaining policy questions. Are we ready for this? There's been a lot of debate over the last few years with DTC companies as well as others. And I would think that in general, no, we're not. But we're also not here anymore, where there's a big gap. We have had successes that have taken place, where we've crossed the bridge from research and been able to make a difference in an individual's life or in a family's life based on genomic information. And what we really are about trying to do right now is move from these individual success stories and the anecdotes to common practice where we have the infrastructure and the policies and the framework from which to make this common practice and make it available to a broad swath of our society and use it every day. And again, that's part of why we are so excited to be here at the Smithsonian to engage the public on these questions and to have them begin to think about this from an informed perspective so that when it comes their time to interact with the clinical side of genomics that they are able to do so in a productive and constructive way. So I'm just going to try to talk about a few of the policy issues, again, pulling together things that I've heard others say today, that I think span both research and clinical issues. I won't be able to touch on all of them, obviously. One of the things that I think is very important and that we are dealing with in various ways is the autonomy of choice for our research participants and for our patients as we continue to move into the clinical sphere. And that can be through how their research data are used, when they're used, as well as, again, the risk that they're willing to take, for instance, around privacy. Perhaps they want to share their data, again, like patients like me and others that go to those services. They don't want to be told that there's too much risk and they shouldn't do this. This then involves looking at our oversight and regulatory structures. Again, others have mentioned this from the perspective of things such as coverage and reimbursement. But it also has to do with how we oversee the research that we're doing. But, and again, of course, the testing that would go out into play for different things, genetic tests, direct-to-consumer tests, et cetera. And then access issues is something that I think is very important. If we want genomic medicine to truly be successful, we want to make sure that it is rolled out in a way that is equitable across society and that is not held up for other legal reasons or other issues that may come to play. Some of that has to do with gene patents, which we've heard about a lot today, which is great. Others has to do with genetic testing and coverage and reimbursement, which other speakers have mentioned as they're thinking about the technologies and moving it forward. And then, again, something we've also heard a lot is healthcare readiness. And this is from the perspective of physicians and healthcare teams, also in terms of the infrastructure, the hospitals, the electronic medical records, and of course, from the patient perspective, getting ready to be able to integrate the information and to apply it in a way that is broad-based and affordable and successful. So if we look first at the autonomy briefly and we think about how the public has been hearing about this over the past few years, we've had stories in the news, the stories that tend to make the news are not always the positive ones, at least the ones that stick with us, about things such as Indian tribes who are unhappy about how their DNA has been used for research. The Henrietta Lack story that Rebecca Skloot told so effectively a few years ago in terms of how the HeLa cells were generated. And then, of course, a series of lawsuits brought in different states for how newborn spots from screening, newborn screening spots had been used and the choices that were made by states for what was appropriate in terms of research access, et cetera, without asking for individual patients' consent for what was happening. Just this past January, we did move with regard to privacy from the land of the theoretical to the real in terms of being able to identify de-identified or anonymous participants by name, strictly from their genomic information, by combining not just the genomic information from a research space but also putting it together with all of the other digital information out there about all of us on the internet. And then, again, most recently, HeLa has made the news, again, with the publishing of the whole genome analysis of one particular HeLa cell line and the questions that raised for the descendants of Henrietta Lacks in terms of, again, their choices about what was done as well as the privacy that might be attendant to that. And then I want to raise one other issue that's not a research question, and I apologize for missing this layering aspect. But last week's Supreme Court decision that made a lot of news around the Maryland case where it was agreed from a court in a split decision that it was acceptable to collect DNA at the time of arrest. I remember that evening I happened to be home watching the news and I was horrified just from a perspective of the things and questions that would be raised for me in the job about what this meant from the public because the news stories were putting this in a context which linked collecting DNA and using DNA information with an inability to have any privacy and what a frightening world this now meant because this was going to be happening. And if the government could not keep safe their confidential secrets, how could they possibly protect your DNA information? And again, coming from a research base where we do have many important government community resources, this is a very frightening prospect in terms of the PR and the damage control to explain the processes that we have in place. And so it's very important I think to think about the public perspective and how they're hearing it to make sure that we give them back the information that's important to explain what really happens. One discussion that has gone on in response to the Identifiability story that came out in January was again to try to begin to put this into context. And so Eric Green and our colleagues published a brief commentary to try to note that the advance that had been made with regard to identifying specific individuals through their research data combined with other information on the internet was not just about genomic data. The questions that it raised was not just about genomic research data but about all of the data that we're collecting. And the tension that it could expose really was about the competing or not competing but the dual values that we have in our society to respect participants, to respect privacy, to promote confidentiality but also the value to advance health research and to move science forward. And what we said in that commentary was to push for new conversations to look at all of the available options that we have today in today's society with all of the opportunities that technology provides as well as the limitations that it may expose to us to begin to look for new solutions. And I was very excited last week to see this did not have anything to do with our paper but that the Global Alliance was announced where just that happened where the community came together, stakeholders from all different sectors of the research community and the public to begin to make a promise to one another to think about how to move forward and share data in a way that respected participant interests allowed them control over choices with regard to privacy and how their data were used. And I think this will be very exciting as we go forward to watch how this develops and what models come out of this alliance. Other things that are coming up in the future which I think will be of interest to you all in terms of this ongoing conversation. NIH has had a genomic data sharing in place for five years for genome-wide association study data. We are hoping to release in the next month or so a new updated policy that will expand the data sharing expectations and the policy model to all different genomic types and this will also again be an opportunity to look at how we are regarding participant autonomy in terms of consent choices for use of data as well as privacy models. Also the common rule, the federal oversight rule that is in place to guide all human subjects research is being revamped. There was a notice nearly two years ago but the recent headlines about the Henrietta Lacks story in terms of the publication of the genome has given new energy to those debates within the government and so we are again looking at how we might be able to move this common rule forward where again there were proposals made about updating our mechanisms for acknowledging participant choice and for protecting with regard to today's world and today's risks, the genetic information and genomic information in the data that we will be sharing. The myriad story we have already heard about this speaks to access and again people mentioned this morning whether or not gene patents would hold up both research or access to clinical testing and the decision came out this morning and I don't wanna say anything other than that a few 20 minutes ago or so. Larry Brody was showing me a new slide that a competitor of myriad already has on their homepage. A great graphic that with the glowing Supreme Court saying your genes have been freed and they're offering BRCA1 testing now coming forward so just within the last few hours since this decision has happened it's already moving very quickly. The Angelina Jolie story has also come up another very powerful aspect and variable within the public conversation through one well-known person sharing a personal story about the family history and the choices that she made with regard to her genetic background was really illuminating not just as an education moment for many in the public but also as an opportunity to talk about the choices and the ability to make a choice but another point that I think is really important and one which we haven't had a chance to really deal well with yet because of where we are in the process of moving towards genomic medicine is the aspect of coverage and reimbursement for genomic testing and she raises in her story which I think was very important and will make a great contribution the fact that she was able to make a choice and she was able to have the testing despite the cost she was able to choose to have surgery and not everyone has those choices and that's going to be important for genomic medicine to really go forward for us to find ways to make sure that we all have choices about whatever the genetic disease may be to choose or not to choose how to go forward and how to affect our healthcare choices. In terms lastly of readiness for the healthcare system again we've heard already about the need for physicians to be educated we've published on this before not just the physicians but the entire healthcare team but it's starting as genomics moves into the clinic for the rubber to hit the road and we're seeing rather frightening quotes from physicians who are struggling to deal with this new information with the push from their patients for this new information to really understand what to do with it and to make sure that they're providing the best care and so it's really becoming increasingly urgent that we find ways to deal with this. This is not the most exciting policy issue it's not when you think about from an ethical standpoint but it is fundamental to going forward. We've been building resources for this again not very exciting but we're very happy to say that within the next few months we'll have new resources coming out for pharmacists a critical component of the healthcare team. We are now beginning to talk to physicians we're in the very early stages and hoping that they also will begin to come together as a community and put together resources from an education standpoint competencies for training to begin to ready themselves for this technology moving into the clinic. And then finally a final piece is as the specialists begin to try and introduce standards for clinical care. This also has been something in the news of late six weeks ago or so the American College for Medical Genetics and Genomics put forward the first clinical guidelines for whole genome sequencing and the return of incidental findings which Jim mentioned the concept of incidental findings and how complicated it can be for individuals to decide what to do. Since that first release of the paper in just the six weeks there've been at least four papers that I know of I know there are many others in the works coming out with different opinions, different expertise and experts speaking about how this position is wrong how it's right, how it should be different to go forward and obviously it's just highlighting the massive amount of work to be done in this space for us to get where we're trying to go which brings us back to the question of are we there yet and how do we get there really. And so in summary what we'd like to avoid is massive fear. We don't want the public not to engage we don't want physicians not to engage. We want everyone to see genomics for the potential that it offers. We also don't want them to be so confused they don't know which direction to go. And in the end what we're striving to do is to find balance between moving the research forward and respecting the individuals that will have to help us to move it forward as research participants and as patients in the end. And I will stop there. Thank you very much Laura. So we're at the end of our talks for today. I don't know if anybody has any burning questions for any of our speakers Laura or anyone preceding her. Eric or do you have any thoughts too that you'd like to close us with? Nope. All right well then I'd like to thank everyone for participating for the web audience. Everybody have a good day. Thank you very much. Good job.