I'll be handing back the quizzes that we took a week and a half ago today at the end of class. I should be done with all of the grading probably in the next couple of days. You should be able to access your midterm grade. I don't know when they'll post them, but I should be done with them by I think Tuesday or Wednesday. If you're super interested in your midterm grade, it should be coming out soon. No, it won't count your lab grade. In fact, your midterm grade will be deflated relative to your final grade because you're not counting your lab stuff, which is usually for most people who post them. You won't have the curve on the OWL assignments and you won't have the curve on the quizzes. Because I can't do that until the end. But you will have the curves on the two tests. Hopefully we'll get the second exam in there. I'm not sure though. I'll tell you next time if it's in there or not. Okay, so that's the deal with grades. Are there any other questions about that type of stuff? Okay, cool. So let's just finish up chapter 6 today and then start chapter 7. There was a couple of computer problems this morning. Sorry that the chapter 7 slides didn't get up, but they'll be up right after class. Anyways, we talked about surface tension and resulting in beading. When you look in the water you can see this really clearly. You can see little beads there. Not the best surface for it, but it's the attraction of surface molecules. Actually, the attraction of the molecules underneath the surface molecules that actually are pulling them downward giving you kind of a beaded shape. So that's why raindrops are spherical in formation because they kind of want to get away from the surrounding atmosphere because if you recall water is polar, remember, and air being made up of mostly nitrogen and oxygen and you guys know how to build those now. But if you look at nitrogen and oxygen and carbon dioxide, can anybody tell me that? Is this polar? No, is this polar? No, is this polar? It tries to get away from the non-polar stuff as much as possible. So of course water is the most common liquid that we're dealing with in this class. So it really will benefit you to start thinking about the properties of invention. And then we talked about surfactants, so substance which decreases the surface tension of water for example. So this kind of just gets in between the water molecules and disrupts them. So vapor pressure, let's see if we have a good picture of vapor pressure. Well it doesn't look like it on the slide, but we can draw something. You can imagine if you've got some sort of blast that's connected to a vacuum and there's nothing in the blast or just air in the blast and if you evacuate that blast, you sucked out all the air then there's nothing less than the blast, right? And then you can imagine some liquid, okay? So the only thing that's in that thing is the liquid, okay? So what will happen is all the molecules won't stay in the liquid phase. What will happen is some of them to occupy the space up here will go from the liquid to the vapor phase like this. And in fact this happens whether you've evacuated the blast or not it just happens in a more dramatic fashion when the plastic is evacuated because there's no air occupying that space up there, okay? So what you'll see is after time the surface level of the liquid will actually decrease, okay? Because some of the molecules went up into the gaseous phase and there'll be now pressure on the liquid, okay? Whereas there wasn't before because we removed all the molecules, okay? So this pressure coming back down on the liquid is known as the vapor pressure, okay? So let's go ahead and describe what we drew there. Place water in a sealed container. Both liquid water and water vapor will exist in the container. How does this happen below the boiling point? Well, the temperature is too low for the boiling inversion. It's just that some of those molecules have enough energy to get over that phase transition, okay? So because the liquid molecules are in continuous motion with their average kinetic energy directly proportioned to the Kelvin temperature so that's the average as not the energy of the individual particles, okay? So since the average kinetic energy of those molecules in the liquid phase is lower than what they would be at 100 degrees Celsius which would let them boil, right? The average gives you that the bulk of them will still stay in the liquid phase, okay? But some of them, very few of them, will have enough energy to get out of that liquid phase and go up into the vapor phase, thus causing this vapor pressure. So the average molecular kinetic energy increases with temperature as you would imagine, right? Energy and temperature are essentially the same thing, okay? So some high energy molecules have sufficient energy to escape the liquid phase and even at cold temperatures some molecules can be converted. So if you've ever set a glass of water out for, I don't know, days at a time, right? Eventually it'll evaporate, all of the water will leave, okay? But it never got above 212 degrees Fahrenheit in your house, right? If it did, you'd probably be dead, you know? But that's the temperature that water boils at, you know? So how did that happen? Because you would expect that they would only leave when they get enough energy. Well, what happens is that every individual particle or every individual molecule of water has its own energy spectrum, if you will, right? And if that molecule can get above the energy needed, that would be equivalent to getting it to 212 degrees Fahrenheit, then it can go into the vapor phase, okay? So even at cold temperatures some of these molecules can be converted and over time, of course, they all will eventually. And you can see here's a pretty good picture of the average kinetic energy of the molecules. So you see that here when it's cold, most of the molecules, the average number of molecules, the highest peak, which would be where most of the molecules are, have kind of an average kinetic energy, but you can see the whole of all of the molecules. So some of them that have a lot of energy are way up here, but there's not very many of them, right? But if we increase that temperature, right, the average kinetic energy increases as well, right? But the distribution of molecules increases too. So you've got more molecules that are at the higher range here, right? So that's why it just boils faster. So as you can imagine, molecules in the vapor phase can lose energy and convert it back into the liquid phase. So these two processes are known as evaporation. That's the process of conversion of the liquid to a gas at a temperature too low to boil, okay? So we call that evaporation. And condensation is the conversion of the gas back to the liquid. So you can see here, we actually give off energy from a gas to a liquid, okay? If you recall the acetone experiment that we did in lab where I poured some acetone in the beaker and I put the two beakers side by side, the one without acetone and the one with acetone, and then you felt it and it was colder, if you recall this, right? It's because of this process here, the opposite of this process, right? So going from a gas to a liquid, that's an exothermic process, so it gives off energy so you'll feel it get warmer. But if you recall, when we went from a liquid to a gas, we lost energy, right? So it's the opposite of that. So it's an exothermic process condensation, okay? Evaporation is an endothermic process, okay? And this is essentially what we've described here. Okay, so this is an evacuated beaker with some sort of petri dish on it, right? And so we just put our liquid in there. So you can see the rate of evaporation is very high. So these arrows depict, red depicts evaporation, blue depicts condensation, at time zero. It's only evaporation and it's very high. Time one, right? Some starts coming back down, okay? Time two, a little bit more, and then time infinity or whatever. It's equal, okay? So you're having equal amounts evaporate and condense, okay? So that beaker that shows that there's an equal condensation and evaporation, this beaker is known as, well, it's called that it's at equilibrium, okay? So we say that this beaker is at equilibrium because there's just the rate of evaporating to the rate of condensation is equivalent, okay? So if you recall the acetone beaker. So in the case of the liquid gas equilibrium, the point at which vaporization equals condensation is known as the vapor pressure of that liquid, okay? So when you're at equilibrium, then you can feel how much pressure that liquid or the gas on top of the liquid is giving off and that pressure is known as the vapor pressure. Not anytime here, here, here. We have to wait until we're at equilibrium to figure out what the vapor pressure is. We'll be talking about vapor pressure more later, okay? I just wanted to introduce it. So boiling point, so remember, evaporation and boiling are two different things. Evaporation occurs below the boiling point, okay? Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure, okay? So the normal boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to 1 atm, why 1 atm? Because that's the normal atmospheric pressure. So what happens when you go to a mountain where the atmospheric pressure is lower than 1 atm? Does anybody know? Has anybody gone up to a very high mountain and tried to boil water or go anywhere to take the temperature of it? What you find is that it decreases the temperature, okay? And if you were underwater or whatever, it would increase the temperature, you know? That it would take to boil water. In fact, I think if you go to like Mount Everest and you try to boil water at the top of Mount Everest, you could boil water at like 78 degrees Celsius as opposed to 100 degrees Celsius. Boiling point, what? It feels true. Yeah, it feels true. Boiling point is dependent on the intermolecular forces. So polar molecules have higher boiling points than non-polar molecules. It's because polar molecules are like magnets. They like to stick together. So it's harder to like pull them apart. And non-polar molecules, they don't like to stick together. So it's not very hard to pull them apart. Okay, so let's talk about some of these, what we call van der Waals forces in liquids. Well, the physical properties of liquids are explained in terms of their intermolecular forces. Remember what we were talking about. We were just talking about polar molecules that stick to each other. Well, let's look at what are actually doing that. Kind of these two sticking together. Okay, so it's not a bond, but it's an intermolecular force. And there's different types of intermolecular forces. They're collectively known as these van der Waals forces. Well, these van der Waals forces are different a little bit different than this. This one is actually a hydrogen bond. Very strong. But it's not a bond, even though it's called a hydrogen bond. Okay? It's a misnomer. This is a strong intermolecular interaction. These van der Waals forces, the hydrogen bond is a very strong dipole-dipole interaction. So it's the attractive forces between these two polar molecules. So this is a hydrogen bond because it's between H and O and or S. Okay? So if you see this H between one of these things, it's called a hydrogen bond. Okay? If I was just looking at kind of a polar molecule like acetone, so it doesn't hydrogen bond. It doesn't hydrogen bond. But if you took the difference of electronegativities between these two atoms, what you would find is that the overall dipole moment is like that. Okay? So what does that mean? This is the negative side. This is the positive side. Right? So what you'll find is when acetone is in the liquid phase, right, you'll have two acetone and I'm just going to draw a skeletal structure here. Two acetone molecules kind of align like this. Okay? But not actually having an hydrogen bond. But this is a dipole-dipole interaction because this is a dipole, right, that thing. So dipole-dipole interaction. This isn't a formal hydrogen bond, okay? So it's less strong than a hydrogen bond. So this one is the strongest intermolecular force when you have a hydrogen bonded to those. Second strongest would be between polar molecules, right, that don't have this sort of situation. And that's called a dipole-dipole. And then the last one is these London forces. It's named after some guy named London. So as the electrons are in continuous molecule, a non-polar molecule could have an instantaneous dipole. So what does that mean? So if we look at a non-polar molecule, so notice this is a polar molecule, this is a very polar molecule. Let's look at a non-polar molecule. Okay, so in carbon dioxide or in nitrogen or oxygen or anything, it doesn't help us really as much to look at the structure here, but let's kind of idealize the structure as a cartoon.  In fact, it would look more kind of like a curvy hot dog or something like that, okay? So where the atoms are, where it kind of bumps out, let's blow that up. Carbon dioxide molecule, right? Carbon dioxide has a bunch of electrons flowing around through a lot, right, however many carbon has, plus as many as each oxygen has, right? And those electrons, you know, are able to flow throughout the molecule. I know we've talked about it concentrating around an atom, right? But there are a probability of these electrons to be on this side of the molecule or on this side of the molecule. What you'll find is that when two carbon dioxide molecules or two non-polar molecules kind of come into contact with each other, what they'll do is they'll have their electrons like flowing, flowing, flowing, right? And then say they're kind of concentrated over here, right? The electron has negative charges that I'm showing. And so what happens is this carbon dioxide molecule also has its electrons flowing around here, right? But when they come into contact with each other, it feels that this one has a concentration of them here and kind of pushes this on to the other side. It doesn't like it, okay? So negative and negative don't like each other. This is known when this happens, so now, right, if that pushed its concentration over here, so now this side of the molecule is more positively charged, right? So now the kind is very, very, very, very slightly attracted to each other, even though they're nonpolar, okay? But very, very slightly. That's why carbon dioxide is so hard to get into the solid phase, okay? Like dry ice, you know, melt or sublime, I guess, much lower than zero degrees. In fact, if you put your hand on dry ice, you'd probably give yourself a severe burn, right? It's because of this interaction here that it's very hard to keep it in the solid phase, okay? Because this is not a very strong interaction. Remember how I said these are like, these guys are like those magnets that you have together, or, well, I guess ionic ones are more like those magnets that you can't like pull, you can't even pull them apart, right? But these ones would be more like, you got these two magnets, they're far away from each other, and you let them go and they smack on each other. These ones would be like two refrigerator magnets, right? Had to like force together, whatever. That's these ones. These also have low boiling points, not super low. These have high boiling points relative to their molecular weight. These have boiling points relative to molecular weight, and these have very, very, very, very low boiling points relative to their molecular weight. In fact, like liquid nitrogen's boiling point is negative 78 degrees Celsius, so very cool. This dry ice is negative 30 degrees Celsius, okay? And remember, water's zero degrees Celsius. That's a melting point, right? This is a boiling point. So this thing here, this could happen. This is called an induced dipole here. It's inducing this to occur. And this one's called an instantaneous. Moving, moving, and at any instant it can be here, here, here, here, here. And when the instantaneous gets near another one, it'll induce the other one to have its own dipole. So London forces, this is called London forces here. If the electrons are in constant motion, the non-polar molecule could have an instantaneous dipole induce the dipole here. So London forces exist between all molecules, but it's the only attractive force between non-polar atoms and four molecules, okay? This is why non-polar stuff has very, very, very low freezing points, very, very low melting points. So there's your instantaneous dipole electrons can be at an instant a range in such a way that they have a dipole and the temporary dipole interacts with other temporary dipoles like here to cause attraction. There's hydrogen bonding in a three-dimensional array. You can see it much better. So it's not really considered a Van der Waals force like I alluded to earlier. It's really a very, very strong dipole-dipole interaction. So it's a special type of dipole-dipole? Yeah, so you... this really causes the expected boiling point and melting point to be much higher. If you think about the molecular weight of water, right, this boiling point is 100 degrees Celsius. The molecular weight is 18.02. This one is negative 30 degrees Celsius, right? And its molecular weight is what? 16 plus 16, that's 32 plus 12, right? And that's 44.01. One of your things we thought, well, they're probably... are they usually going to have higher boiling points than lighter things, right? Just like we talked about throwing a bowling ball up into the air or throwing a tennis ball up into the air, which one's easier, right? Throwing the tennis ball up into the air because it doesn't take as much energy, right? But if you think, right, then why is this thing that, you know, over twice as light got, you know, a 170-degree temperature difference in the boiling point? You wouldn't expect something like that, right? It's because of these hydrogen bonds. Very important things that happen. Okay, so... and these are some of the molecules that... so hydrogen bonding has an extremely important influence on the behavior of many biological systems like every biological system since every biological system is compulsive. About 70% water, at least, you know, and water contains these hydrogen bonds, right? These other molecules, ammonia, especially, is another one that you find in biological systems. HF is not something that you find in biological systems, but it's the only molecule that hydrogen bonds that has a fluorine. Okay, so let's talk about the solid phase now. We'll leave the liquid phase behind us. The solid phase is characterized by high density, of course. You've got to rock. You've got to rock. You put it in water or the things, right? High density. Definite shape, right? You definitely have this shape with these crystals here that's independent of the container.  It won't compress very much. And very small thermal expansion. You can imagine doing the same thing, right? Trying to put something like wood into the oven without burning it and trying to expand it. It won't expand very much relative to like gases or all liquids don't have a very big thermal expansion. So when we're looking at the particles in solid, of course those were the macromolecular properties. Let's look at the properties of the particles in the solid. So they're highly organized and very defined. The melting point just depends on the strength of the attractive forces. So polar solids melt at higher temperature than non-polar solids. A crystalline solid is a regular restraining structure. So both the sodium chloride crystal here and the diamond crystal. So this is just carbon, Adam. Those are regular repeating structures. An amorphous solid is more like sulfur that we saw in the picture before. It doesn't have a regular repeat. No organized structure. Okay, so there's types of crystalline solids that I'd like you to know. Two of them I've got models of right here on the board and they're the same two that are right there. So ionic solids, we know all this stuff about ionic solids already. They're held together by electrostatic forces, the positive and negative charges of the ions. They're high melting point and boiling point, right? If you recall, they're about 800, 700, 800 to about, you know, 1400 degrees Celsius to melt, right? So very, very high melting. Hard and brittle, right? If you've ever gotten a big chunk of salt and you tried to smash it with a hammer and break all over the book, it would. And if they dissolve in water, well, we haven't really... We talked a little bit about electrolytes about how we can carry the charge on the ions. We'll talk more about this electrolyte in the next chapter, okay? But if it dissolves in water, we call it an electrolyte. NACL is an example of that. So there's NACL. There's another picture of NACL. And there's some... So this is the chemical structure of it. That's the macromolecular structure of it, okay? So if I talk about particles, I want you to tell me about particles. I want you to tell me about this, right? I don't want you to tell me the volume is regular or the volume, if I were talking about liquids, the volume takes the shape of the container, you know? You don't want to talk about that. That would be this stuff. If you want to tell me about this. So covalent solids, how is that different than an ionic solid? Well, it's made up of covalent bonds, okay? Just like diamonds. A diamond is made up of a number of covalent bonds. You can see all of those carbon atoms. It's pretty interesting, I guess, if you're into carbon or whatever. But you can see, like me, I don't know. You can see all of those atoms have tetrahedral structure around each of the atoms, okay? And it's because carbon, you know, would prefer to have a tetrahedral structure if you remember CH4, right, as a tetrahedron. So these are held together by entirely covalent bonds. So it's a big, you know, conglomerate of covalent bonds. So it's like one big molecule. It's like this. High melt, high melting point and boiling point. As you can imagine, it's probably not very easy to melt or get a diamond into a gaseous phase, right? And very, very hard. Infinity, whatever. However many carbon atoms are in that particular sample. So there's a few different what we call allotropes of carbon. Diamond is one of them. If you've heard of buffments or fullerines or buckyballs, that's another one. So it kind of looks like these geogenic domes. Have you ever seen these kind of domes? Like the biodome? Anybody ever seen that polyshore biodome or whatever that thing? That's what, that's like half of buckyballs. Or graphite. Do you use graphite? Yeah, that's carbon too. So those are the three allotropes of carbon. So diamond looks like this where it's all tetrahedral, right? Graphite looks like this. I'm not going to draw a buckyball because have you ever heard of that place, the Louvre? Anybody know that place? Outside of the Louvre, right? There's these kind of structures that look kind of like buckyballs. So you go look at pictures of them. But the structure of graphite, kind of flat sheets of carbon that are like this. Every one of these is carbon. In fact, when you start talking about carbon a lot, carbon is so prevalent in different structures, especially like organic and biological systems, you know that you start condensing the structures and not representing the carbon atoms at all. So this is all by short end. But you can see these, this is actually a plane. All of these atoms are in the same plane. But if you compare that to the diamond up there, they're not all in the same plane. It's a trigonal plane if you want to think about it. Yeah. So you can see, right? So if we cut it up, we'll just cut it up. And all of them, if you think of this as being the central carbon there, right? These are all in the same plane. The bond angle there must be 120 degrees. And there's one, two, three of them, right? So it's a trigonal plane. Okay, so molecular solids, these are just solids that are cooled down below their freezing point, like ice, or in this case, frozen methane.   So these are metal atoms held together with what we call metal bonds, which is just metal atoms kind of squished together. So if you've ever seen like a copper pipe or something like that, there's no real bonds between those copper atoms. They're just pushed together, okay? Pushed together in what we call a sea of electrons, okay? So they all share their electrons with each other. That's why when, you know, you take a copper pipe and touch an electric fence, right? You feel it like flow through you or whatever. Okay, so you have those overlap of orbitals of the metal atoms. So they kind of just kind of stick together and they share their electrons together. Overlap causes regions of high electron density where the electrons are extremely mobile and they'll conduct electricity. So that's that. That bad, huh? We only have a few more minutes, and what I want to do, let's just pass out the quickness. I was going to, let's see if I can cheat. Is that going to cheat? It'll be right there.


Slovakia transferred 13 MiG fighters to Ukraine. The Slovakian Defence Ministry has announced the transfer of all 13 MiG fighters that Bratislava promised to Ukraine, the Pravda newspaper reported. Slovakia has already sent to Ukraine all 13 MiG 29 fighter jets that the Slovak government had previously decided to provide to Ukraine for countering the Russian invasion. This delivery was carried out by land with maximum safety in mind and once again a huge thank you to all the forces involved because in such cases it is a really important and complicated logistical operation. Slovakian Defence Minister Jaroslav Nad was quoted as saying. The Slovakian Defence Ministry announced on March 22 that Ukrainian specialists were performing work for the acceptance of MiG 29 fighter jets which were being transferred to Kyiv Gratis. The CTK news agency reported on March 23 that the first four aircraft out of 13 planes decommissioned last year had been transferred to Ukraine. Meanwhile, Russia's Federal Service for Military Technical Cooperation told that Slovakia's handover of fighter jets to Ukraine was a gross violation of its international commitments for the re-export of Russian armaments.


Interesting topic tonight, the Qur'an, the 1400-year solution to today's society. When most non-Muslims hear the term Qur'an, their minds are often flooded with many interrogative particles. Like, who, what, when, where, and why? What is the Qur'an, or Qur'an? Is it the same as the Qur'an? Did you know there's a book called the Qur'an? Have you heard of that? K-L-O-R-A-M. It's the handbook of the KKK. It was written in 1915 for the Qur'an. Obviously very different than the Qur'an. So Qur'an, out of the Qur'an with the definite article, means the recitation, the recursal. It comes from a root meaning to read Qara'ah, and the exact equivalent of this root, Qara'ah in the Hebrew, also means to proclaim, to rehearse, or to repeat. This verb is found some 739 times in different forms in the Hebrew Bible as well. So, as the story goes, the Holy Prophet Muhammad, sallallahu alaihi wa sallam, when he was about 35 years old, he was a merchant. But he started to lose interest in the trade. At this point he started having dreams which Muslims believe was the beginning of prophecy. Muslims also believe that at no point in his life did the Prophet worship idols. The Prophet was in the spirit of Abraham as ancestors. So it was a group of monotheists living in Mecca called the Hunafa, and these people claim to be in the tradition of Abraham. So these are Arabs, they're Ishmaelites, so they're following the traditions of their forefathers, Abraham, Ismaili, peace be upon both of them. So the Prophet at this point, he used to go to this retreat he had. It was a cave called the Hara'ah, on Jabal An-Nur, the mountain of light, and he would go there to do devotional practices. It's called Tehinnah, which probably comes from Tehinnuf, which is Hebrew, meaning some sort of devotional practice. He would make Mecca, he would remember his Lord, he would contemplate the plight of his people, he would prostrate to God, things like that, or he would just go there to get away from the city life being solitude. So while he was there on the night of power, late at the time of the Night of Destiny, as it's sometimes translated, he was visited by the Archangel Gabriel in human form, and Gabriel came into the cave, and there's no small talk, there's no kaifahaluku, ahlan wa sahlan. It was just iqra, it's read, so it's the fi'l amr, the imperative for read. And the Prophet, peace be upon him, who has no formal education or schooling, responded, ma'ana biqari, I cannot read, I am unlettered, I am not from the reciters. The angel repeated the command, iqra, again, ma'ana biqari, third time, iqra, ismi rabbika lallahi khalaq, khalaqa linsana min a'alaq, iqra wa rabbuka aqra, alladi a'ala biqra, min qala, a'ala ma linsana, ma'ala mi'ala. So the first five verses of the Quran was revealed, read in the name of your Lord, creates created man from, it says, congealed drop of blood, but I don't like that translation. Read for your Lord is most bountiful, we talk man by use of the pen, we talk man that which you do not before. So, I'll take that down the stroke.  If it goes off you'll understand. So these are the first five verses of the Quran. And this is in chapter 96 of the Quran, which is interesting. You would expect this to be in chapter one of the Quran because it's the first five verses, but it's in chapter 96. And there's wisdom behind that. The order of the Quran is not in chronology, it's based on how the prophet ordered it and so on. So, Muslims believe also, an important aspect of Islamic prophetology is that the prophet fulfills ancient prophecy. So, for example, in the canonized book of Isaiah, in the Old Testament, there's a story of one who receives a book, and it says, Leimur Iqra in the Hebrew, which means it will be said to him Iqra. Iqra and Iqra are the exact same word. It shall be said to him, read. And his answer, according to Isaiah 29-12, is Lo Yadati Seifah, which literally means, I don't know letters, I can read. Ma'ana Iqra. And according to Catholicism, there is a law known as the law of discernment of spirits. Because when the prophet, so Lo Yadati said to him, when he was first approached in the cave, he had thought that something evil had happened to him or that he had been possessed by a jinn or a demon. Now, this is interesting because the Catholic doctrine says that when the spirit of God comes upon a prophet, immediately he will feel a constriction and then an expansion. Whereas if it was a demon, there's an expansion and then a constriction. It's a prophet's constriction first, which according to the law of discernment of prophets, which is Roman Catholic doctrine codified, it was a true vision. And this is based on experiences of former prophets. For example, the prophet Isaiah, when he was in the temple, the spirit of God came upon him. He was in the corner of the temple saying, what a wretched person I am, Musa A.S., the Holy Prophet Moses, very reluctant when God commissioned him to go to Pharaoh to pick someone else. I can't speak properly, so on and so forth. Jeremiah as well. So the Quran is the revelation of God. We have to make a distinction between the revealed word of God and the inspired word of God. So for example, traditional Christians would say that the Bible is inspired by God. God inspired not a word for word dictation, but rather an expression of an author's unique understanding. So Matthew's personality is very evident in the New Testament. He quotes the Old Testament. Luke is a physician. His Greek is very clean. You can see his personality in his work. John, a very high Christology. Paul uses sarcasm a lot in his works. So Christians would say these are inspired by God, but articulated through a material vehicle.  So Muslims have something similar to this, and the Islamic tradition, known as hadith. Hadith are defiantly inspired statements of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam, words chosen by the Prophet to articulate divine inspiration. So God inspired the Prophet to exhort his followers to be humble. And the Prophet chose his words how to articulate that. And many times the Prophet uses conditional clauses. That's almost his signature. You can see conditional, if then, clauses. This is how he chose to articulate this inspiration from God. He said, whoever humbles himself will be exalted. Whoever exalts himself will be debased and humiliated. But the Quran is something different than that. The Quran is not the inspired speech of God. It's the revealed speech of God himself. Now before we get into that, we have to sort of define who is God in the Islamic tradition. God in the Islamic tradition is completely and radically transcendent of creation. He transcends space, time, and direction. And when I say he, I don't mean to imply that God is a male. This is a big deal now in graduate school. If you take classes in theology, the graduate school level, your professor may actually mark you down. If you refer to God by masculine pronoun, they'll say, use an equal number of she's. Or just use she because sh-e, the he is already in the she. So it's both. Well, certainly God doesn't have two genders, doesn't have any gender. So this becomes problematic. Or they'll say, don't say him and himself, say God and Godself. Now certainly the Old Testament, the Hebrew refers to God as who, which means him. And the Quran, whoa, which means him. The Greek and the New Testament, autos, which means him. It's masculine. Or hafias, the God, masculine. Ha-kuryas, the Lord, masculine. And there's a neuter gender in Greek. It could have been neuter. That does not mean God is a male. That's how God chose to reveal himself. But it does not mean that he's male. The word Allah and the word Adonai and the word hafias, these are grammatically male. You see, words in Hebrew and in Arabic, all of the nouns are genderfied. Every noun has a gender. Some have natural gender, some have lexical or grammatical gender. For example, the word for boy has a natural gender. Boy, walaad, hada, walaad, walaad. It's masculine. It's a boy. It has to be masculine. Bintun, a girl, is naturally feminine. But the sun, ashamsu. The sun, ashamsu. There's nothing morphologically there that will inform you or indicate that this is a feminine word, but it is in fact a feminine word. So it's grammatically, it's lexically feminine, not naturally. The same with the name of God. God does not have a gender. It's a natural gender. The word itself is lexically masculine. Now interestingly, the dominant attribute of God in the Quran, rashma, comes from a word meaning the womb of a mother, right? The rasha. And in Hebrew it's the same word. The rehtem means mercy of God. And the rehtem also means the womb, which encloses the fetus. So the Prophet, salalati sallam, under inspiration would sometimes give examples or demonstrate divine attributes by using feminine imagery like the woman who had lost her son, and then she saw him and she picked him up and she kissed him and hugged him and breastfed him. And the Prophet said to his companions who were there and they saw this, can you imagine that woman throwing her son in a fire? And they said, lau wallahi, by God, no. And he said, allahu arahamu bi ibadihi min hadi ibi wa la diha. God is more merciful to his servants than this woman is to her son. So he's using feminine imagery to describe divine attributes. Right? So the Prophet also is a reflection of his Lord. Muslims believe that he's a perfection of the Adamic creature. The Prophet is the perfect equilibrium of janali attributes, janali majestic attributes, which are predominantly found in men like courage and fortitude and things like that, bravery. And the janali attributes which are predominantly found in women, the beautiful attributes, not just physical beauty, like mercy, forbearance, things like that. In fact, the Prophet's title in the Quran, Nabi al-Umi, has three meanings. The most dominant meaning is that it means the unlettered Prophet. Okay, another possibility that the exegents, the Mufassirin of the Quran mentioned, Nabi al-Umi, the Gentile Prophet. Because the Jews at the time used to refer to the Arabs as ummiyin, Gentiles. Another meaning is Nabi al-Umi, the motherly Prophet. Because um means mother, the motherly Prophet. Wa khfad janaa haqad il-mukmiyin. Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala tells the Prophet in the Quran, lower your wing upon the believers.  When the Prophet had a adopted son named Zaid Ibn Haritha and Zaid's father from Bani Khalil came back into Mecca during pilgrimage and he saw his son Zaid. So he asked the Prophet for his son back. Zaid was taken unlawfully and sold into slavery. The Prophet adopted him. So now Zaid's father wants Zaid back. And the Prophet said, let Zaid choose. And Zaid said, I choose no man over you. You are my father and my mother. So the Prophet has peace be upon him. He's a reflection of his Lord. He has both qualities of both genders. Because he loved the feminine qualities of the Prophet peace be upon him. Weep frequently. He would never raise his voice. He never struck anyone out of anger. He loved children. He would pass his hands over their heads in the streets. He would greet them initially. It was very hard to pre-empt the Prophet with his salam. He would greet you very quickly before you can say salam to him. Al-Badiu-Bis-salami. The one who initiates the salam, the greeting, is free of arrogance. So going back to God. God is not located anywhere in creation. He does not have an address or a residence. So he doesn't live at 1, 2, 3 Temple Mount Boulevard or 786 Holy Ka'ba Avenue. When we pray to the Ka'ba, we don't pray to the Ka'ba. We pray in the direction of the Ka'ba. It's a qiblah. Qiblah means direction. Even though it's called baytullah, which is a construct phrase, which can be translated as the house of God. Certainly God does not reside in this cube. No one believes that. It's a house dedicated for God. Just like the Beth El, which literally means house of God in Hebrew. No Jew or Christian believes that God lives there physically. No address, no residence. It's outside of time. It has no calendar. It's not November 17, 2010. Thank God. So he's not located outside of time. So Imam Ali said, Allah was before any place that he is now exactly where he was. The prophet actually said that the closest a human being is to his Lord is when he is in prostration, the closest. So God is outside of the temporal world. There's no proximity with God. If you're in prostration, like those miners 2,000 feet below, if one of them is in such doubt, he's closer to God in reality than a man praying on the 89th floor of the seer's power. The theologians use example of the prophet Jonah, who was fitfulumat in layers of darkness, but prostrating to God. They say he's closer to God in reality than an angel in the seventh heaven, who's flying around because he is in such doubt he is prostrating himself. So God isn't facing any particular direction. There's no up, down, left, right. They say the qiblah, the qiblah of dua, of supplication, is the sky. So it's permissible to look up, to supplicate. That does not mean God is located somewhere in the physical realm. It's just a direction of supplication that is used to engender humility in the supplicant. So God and his attributes are completely dissimilar to creation. So how do Muslims reconcile their beliefs that the Quran is a revealed speech of God when the Quran is an Arabic and created human language? So the answer to this question is at the heart of the topic tonight. How can a book written in the seventh century be relevant for a 21st century audience? God is radically unlike his creation, yet he speaks in created human language. So the first thing to understand is that God does not speak in any language. Not in Arabic. Not in Hebrew. Not in Greek. And believe it or not, not in English. Sometimes you hear people on TV say, God came to my bedside and said, my son? Oh really? Did he sound like that? Did he have that country accent? I heard it clear. Okay. Why? Because God, his manner of speaking is completely dissimilar to our manner of speaking. So the theologians say that the codex of the Quran, like this is called, we call it the Quran, but in reality it's the codex. This is a mushaf. To be technical, this is not the Quran. This is the codex of the Quran which has the script of the Quran. They say the codex indicates upon, indicates upon the personal pre-eternal speech of God. It's just an indication. It's called dhalala, indication. The uncreatedness of the Quran is only with respect to its meanings which are infinite and they're not in any particular language. The Arabic indicates some of those pre-eternal meanings. This is why it's reported in Hadith and sacred traditions. When the Prophet was leading prayer, quite often he would come to a verse and he would repeat it hundreds of times. Hundreds of times. Sometimes he'd be there a third of the night repeating the same verse. So theologians said that's because when he would repeat it and he's instructed in the Quran to repeat the Quran, recite the Quran and slow measured verses, tones. When he was repeating these verses more of these pre-eternal meanings would occur to his heart so he would better elucidate that portion of the revelation. However, unlike an inspired word where the vessel will choose his words, the Arabic words of the Quran were chosen by God, chosen by God, not literally spoken by him but chosen as a means of expressing his word. This is why the Quran, a lot of Muslims don't know this, the Quran has multiple readings. The Quran doesn't have varied readings. There's a difference between the two. There are multiple readings of the Quran because according to our tradition the Quran was revealed in seven dialects. So you'll hear people say Alhamdulillah, alab el alamin ar-Rahman ar-Rahim ma li ki yaw mad-deen That's fine. Or Alhamdulillah, alab el alamin ar-Rahman ar-Rahim mad-di ki yaw mad-deen A slight difference. Madik and madik, one means owner, one means king. Both of these readings have Sen'at, they have transmission that goes all the way back to the prophet which means he recited it in both ways. Both of them are correct. Because they both express some of the pre-eternal meanings of the first surah of the Quran and these meanings are infinite. So the text is always secondary to the pre-eternal meanings. God does not speak in Arabic. He speaks in a way that is completely dissimilar to us. So there are multiple meanings. Multiple readings. What's the difference between multiple reading and a variant reading? A variant reading is like what we have with Christian manuscripts, for example. Aleph 01, known as Codex Sinaiticus found by Titian Dwarf. It dates to the fourth century. You'll have, for example, a chapter missing of John or the longer ending of Mark, missing versus our missing. We don't have that with the Quran. What we do have is differences in diacritical vowel notations or vowel or skeletal dots. The skeletal, the continental skeleton remains the same. So that's important. So with this understanding, how do we understand God's communication to Moses at the burning bush?  Muslims understand the story that Moses did not hear anything with his ear. There was no voice because God speaks to Moses directly. It's not through an agency like Gabriel came to the prophet peace be upon him. He spoke to the prophet through exterior leucution. Gabriel said words in Arabic. The prophet responded and repeated them. But here God is speaking directly to Moses. He spoke directly to Moses. So Muslim theologians would say that Moses did not hear anything in any language that he could understand. The voice wasn't coming from any particular direction. God chose words and put them directly into his heart through interior leucution. Some of those meanings suggested Oh Moses, I am God, the Lord of the World Take off your sandals. Go to Pharaoh for he has transgressed beyond all bounds. What's really interesting is the story told in the book of Exodus it says God called out to him and the verb here is again. The Qara'a is used for Moses peace be upon him. It's used for the prophet peace be upon him. God speaks by saying recite or read it. So in this sense the Qara'a is very much a living text because there are exoteric and esoteric aspects of the Qara'a. There may be an immediate reference for a verse of the Qara'a but there is also an esoteric or infinite aspect of the Qara'a. A moral or lesson is good for all times. For example a delegation came from Medina and they asked the prophet Muhammad peace be upon him about the nature of the soul and the prophet said I'll do that tomorrow and 15 days go by and the revelation will not descend on the prophet. So on the 15th day finally it comes and God tells the prophet to the angel don't say don't say I'm going to do this tomorrow without adding God willing. The immediate occasion was at that time but we take a lesson from this and what is the lesson? The universal principle is a reminder that although we have a limited choice it is not an absolute choice and that we always tie things to the will of God. So this is why you hear Muslims say insha'Allah I'll do this, insha'Allah I'll do that. The immediate occasion was the prophet's time but it's good for all time. The Quran has this transcendental element to it. So meanings are dynamic. The text is not dynamic the text does not change but the interpretations will change based on qualified scholarship. One out of four human beings on planet earth is identified identifies him or herself as a Muslim. This is a book with an unchanging text. I think this is one of the greatest miracles of the Quran. A book that has an unchanged text for 14 centuries continues to influence millions and millions of people. Somebody might say, well that's in the third world. They're behind by a few centuries. Well 20,000 people in this country, every year 20,000 Americans I'm not talking about immigrants who move here. I'm talking about people born in this country, 20,000 a year become Muslim. This book finds relevancy with them. It resonates with them. That I think is a great aspect of the Quran. So just as God is at hayu the living the one who transcends death, he imputed if you will upon the Quran on this transcendental element thus rendering the Quran valid for all times. And this is something that religions seek this relevancy. That's why you have these translations for example of the Bible, like the New Living Translation. They'll take the Greek and put it into modern everyday English. Or you have, this is really funny, they had the Bible for teens so they use like teen language. So for example instead of a try of dereliction, my God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? What is that? Why hast thou? It's very archaic, it's pretty. So the translation will say something like, OMG this ain't cool man. They're trying to give it this transcendental aspect of the text. The text they're trying to make the text transcend its time and be relevant for Americans in the 21st century. The Quran achieves that without such maneuvers. The Quran achieves that through the interpretation of the Quran by different scholars. And this is why it's very important for scholars to have requisite knowledge before they can interpret the Quran. Many Muslims think just because they know Arabic they're a PhD in Islamic studies. Well I'm speaking English does that make me, does that give me an honorary PhD in medieval literature? Certainly not. Now to be a Muslim scholar you have to know Arabic. You have to know it well. But the very fact that you know Arabic doesn't make you a scholar any more than me knowing English makes me a master of Shakespearean sonnets. You have to master different levels of knowledge. 13 or 14 levels of knowledge have to be mastered in order for someone to give an authoritative opinion. That doesn't mean you can't read a verse in the Quran and say it speaks to my heart and this is when I'm getting from it. You can do that, there's nothing wrong with doing that. But you can't go out and say this is what I think it means and it's authoritative and I'm going to publish this opinion of mine. That's very dangerous. So the Quran is not a book of history although we believe that it does describe historical events accurately. It's not a book of science although the Quran doesn't appear to make a scientific blunder and this is the opinion of Dr. Maurice Bukai, he's a French scientist. You can read his book The Bible, The Quran and Modern Science and he converted to Islam based on his research of the Quran from a scientific perspective. The Quran is not a deontological book of do's and don'ts. There's 6600 verses in the Quran 75 of those verses say do this or don't do that. 75 verses out of 6600 and another 450 verses explain those do's and don'ts. It's a roughly 500 out of 6600. It's a book of guidance. It speaks to the core of the human being, to the nature, the moral compass and it's supplemented by the sunnah of the prophet peace be upon him. His wife said his character was the Quran. Now there's a hadith of the prophet where he said towards the end of time Towards the end of time, nothing remains of the Quran except the script of the Quran. Meaning no one understands the meanings of the Quran anymore. And this is something that is problematic. And this is something that Muslims recognize as being a problem. That we need qualified scholarship that has what's known as sanah of transmission. The first hadith that children learn in traditional schools of Islamic education is a hadith of the prophet where he said mercy to those on earth and the one in heaven will show you mercy. It's a very short statement but they also memorize the entire chain of transmission which takes about 15 minutes or 20 minutes to recite because transmission is very important. You're getting your knowledge from and you think well it's only about 32 names that's not very hard but some of the names are like Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Hassan Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad heard from Muhammad Ibn Hassan Ibn Muhammad it gets very complicated but it's very important to know the chain of transmission. This is why Muslims value things like genealogies and credentials before someone gets up and speaks weak weak they should have credentials for information unless it's a reliable source so think about that often times in our society we see this inverse relationship between information and knowledge you would think the more information that's out there the more knowledgeable people are we're living in an age of information you can go on the internet and find a billion articles about Islam but why aren't people becoming more knowledgeable why is ignorance increasing why the inverse relationship the problem is because information is only converted into knowledge when the source of the information is authoritative it has to be authoritative the source so for example I use this example a lot if Kermit the Frog tells you not to drink Diet Coke because it gives you osteoporosis would you believe Kermit the Frog Kermit the Frog here don't drink Diet Coke you would probably say Kermit he's a puppet for Elmo you'll say Elmo is a monster his best friend is Cookie Monster he's an addict can't control himself I'm not going to believe Cookie Monster but if Dr. Oz whose first name is Mohammed by the way did you guys know that it's Mehmet which is an apocapated form of Mohammed in Turkey of course you never hear about his first name there's a good reason for that you always hear about Oprah Feraldo then you say what's Oz's first name Doctor it's Mohammed Oz if he says don't drink Diet Coke because it gives you osteoporosis you might say you know what Dr. Oz he's a doctor because it's all about the source so the problem we have today in our contemporary society is you have a bunch of Elmos and Kermit the Frogs wearing Dr. Oz costumes and speaking for Islam that's what's going on whether they're Muslim or not you have these pundits these 9-11 opportunists to go on TV and say unbelievable inaccurate things about Islam I'll give you an example there's a Christian channel and you know how the heat stamp that came out ok it looked like this and then it said eat Mubarak here in Arabic calligraphy he showed us on TV and he said if you get a letter with this stamp on it don't open your mail because Muslims read from right to left die I was at a Starbucks recently I don't know about Starbucks I just needed I was craving a frack there was an older man there who tried to give his feel about his belief and he was saying things like this and I said you really should have listened to Pat Robertson and these guys and they don't know what they're talking about and I showed him this and I said look this is what one of them said and when I showed him this his reaction surprised me because he went would you look at there and then I said yeah and if you write Mubarak Karaboum and then he realized I was sassing him so when we say the Quran it's a 1400 year solution this is first and foremost a faith conviction however it is a faith conviction rooted in concrete life experiences the Quran continues to change millions of lives it's too difficult to dismiss just the effect of the Quran not even going into the text of it yet just the effects of the Quran it's too difficult to dismiss something I find wonderful about the Quran is that it directly addresses different groups of people it addresses believers it addresses unbelievers it addresses directly Jews and Christians Ahlul Kitab means people of the book the Bible and it describes to the Muslims who are Ahlul Kitab they're not all the same they're very different just like Muslims are very different you have a group of Ahlul Kitab that are in complete disagreement with other groups read a book by Chris Hedges a great Christian scholar very brilliant man an American fascism in which he talks about these militarized evangelical generals in the Pentagon the cathedral in DC who believe it is their duty to go tame the wild Ishmaelite and bring them the gospel and so on and so forth believing in going in and taking over countries this type of imperial building empire building mentality the majority of Christians find this idea very troubling but the vast majority of Chris Hedges himself is a Christian from Harvard Seminole they're not all the same this is very important Christians would say also that God does have a preferential aspect that God is with the oppressed he's with the downtrodden he's with the marginalized in society that he's not necessarily with the militarized general who wants to go and take countries over the vast majority of Christians would agree with that in fact Vatican II in 1962 1965 they had a council Vatican II in Rome and their position of Islam their official position regarding Islam is that it is a legitimate Catholic God that's official Catholic canonized doctrine Orthodox Judaism as well and they say any religion after the flood is a legitimate religion so I want to share just a couple of these verses in the Quran where all of mankind is addressed very unique aspect of the Quran it's not just like Paul's letters the different congregations the Catholic epistles the Christian congregations the Old Testament the God of Israel the God of Israel the Quran has a universal aspect to it Ya ayuha naas Inna khala khanapum min takarin wa kunta oh people the whole of mankind verily we created you from a single pair of a male and female so all of us are brothers and sisters the prophet peace be upon him he was the first person in recorded history to equalize humanity based on skin color there's no one before him that said anything close to that or using skin color Paul said in Galatians there's neither Greek nor June nor Christian we're all one in Christ he didn't mention skin color the prophet says very clearly no Arab is superior to non-Arab no black man superior to a white man no white man superior to a black man who come in Adam or Adam in Torah Adam is from dust all of you are from Adam and Adam is from dust equalizing this is why Islam resonates with for example African-Americans in this country the most receptive group of people to Islam in this country African-Americans those marginalize the subaltern the deletes in India the untouchables when Islam entered into India they would enter Islam and Maasai why there are more Muslims in India than Pakistan much more people don't know that there was someone the other day who what was this I think there was a cow I had a talk and there was an American woman there and she asked one of the Muslim students where are you from and the brother said India and she said are Muslims in India? yeah there's hundreds and millions of Muslims more than Pakistan alright it finds a home in these places and we made you into different tribes and nations so that you may get to know one another to know interact to learn diversity is celebrated the prophet said none of you will enter paradise until you believe and none of you believe until you love one another Verily the most honored inside of God amongst you are those who have the most taqwa the most God consciousness that's a good translation of taqwa really it's a it's a love that's rooted in fear right so there's two types of fear there's khauf which is a fear that one has a bodily injury like the theologians say if you're walking through a forest on a dark night and you hear ooo ow you have khauf you have fear of bodily injury that's how some people worship God and that's a level to be transcended we shouldn't downplay that it's mentioned in the Quran but then you rise above that to khashia which is a fear of displeasing God right so it's like a son there are some children that obey their parents because they're afraid of getting beat I can't do that because my dad will beat me they're afraid of the whip right and there are other children who will not disobey their parents because they love their parents so much that it'll hurt them if they knew that they hurt their father this is called khashia this is how the prophet worshiped God God how he worshiped his Lord al-Fala'a al-Kumu'adad shakura shall I not be a grateful servant when he was worshiping until his feet were swollen red this is the fear that I'm talking about the most honored amongst you are those who have the most top one another verse in the Quran so that's chapter 49 verse 13 chapter 30 verse 22 and from his signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the differences of your languages your tongues and your colors there's no tower of babel story in the Quran that diversity in languages and skin tone is a sign from God I don't know if you guys remember this movie called Robin Hood the one with Kevin Costner what's it called? not men and tights but the Prince of Thieves I think it was a little before your time I think it was 1991 there's a scene in that movie it was panned by critics because apparently he can't speak with an English accent or he refuses to I don't know there's a scene Morgan Freeman's in this movie right a really cute scene where he's the Moor and he's in Sherwood Forest and this little tiny English girl comes to him and she says did God paint you? and he says yes and then she goes why? and then he says because Allah loves great variety I love this it can't paint you so Muslims operate under the Quranic principle of I'll end with this inshallah repel evil with beauty the Quran says repel evil with beauty or something better so we are not allowed to answer evil for evil we're not sanctioned to do that and we can see this in the life of a prophet where he had people that were fighting against him actively fighting against him trying to kill him for over 20 years but at the end he welcomed them into his community no one is actively trying to kill us we don't walk down the street and think we're shooting arrows at us at least not most of us it's not a case you're talking about but we're so we're so sensitive there was a brother who came into the mosque Christian brother he came to the mosque and he was asking critical questions there's nothing wrong with that critical meaning he was asking very analytical questions that's what it means to be critical not to necessarily find fault and there was another Muslim there and just after five minutes lost it and said why don't you bring these blah blah blah into the mosque and get him out of here and listen to that and the poor guy was just like you know this is wanna get away one of those moments and he was just like that was his threshold five minutes the prophet the prophet the prophet the prophet all these people over 20 years tried to kill him and in the end he welcomed him then right so the prophet is the example of the Muslims in the Quran says that he's a mercy center to all the world not just for the Muslims or the Arabs for all the world including all the animals a very clear hadith he says don't don't don't turn the backs of your beasts into manadara into pulpits in other words don't sit on your your horse or your donkey or your camel and just start pontificating because that poor animal is holding your weight come down from your animal so he gives animals rights he said don't curse the rooster because he makes you love for the prayer don't curse the rooster imagine somebody like sleeping because I've been in I've been in countries where the houses are mud brick and you can hear everything through the walls and many times there's no door and when that rooster gets going at five in the morning it's just like it sounds like thunder it sounds like a name to us it's you crazy guy I can't curse you I can't curse you I can't curse you I can't curse you I can't curse you I can't curse you I can't curse you I can't curse you I can't curse you I can't curse you so we need to implement this imperative in the fact that my teeth we need to accent implement the imperative now I didn't tell you what happened at the end of my encounter here with the starbucks guy at the end of my encounter because he at one point he lost it he said you muslims are violent you want to kill people and this and that I was like so I was trying to calm him down a little bit he didn't like my answers and then he said you know what when you have to walk behind the men what's up with that you guys are misogynistic and he sounded just like remember John Ashcroft he was the attorney general under bush I'm starting to think the only reason why he had that job is because he had a very scary voice do you remember his voice he said in a world of alchemy yeah he had a good singing remember he was like eagles anyway what was my point oh yeah so this guy says you guys are misogynistic so I said you know there's nothing in the Quran or hadith that says that a woman has to walk behind a man it's a cultural practice that originated in some muslim country in order to make the women comfortable when they're walking around at night so there's no men walking behind them so they would say men don't walk behind women and follow them around makes them uncomfortable that was the point of that not because they think they're inferior there is a story from the Quran where it says that Moses it's also in the Bible Moses held these two damsels in distress at a well right and then he was sitting there one of them came back and said my father who was Jethro or probably Shua'a al-Isra is inviting you to his house so Moses this is what the tough seer says this is what the commentary says it says that Moses had a dilemma he didn't want to walk behind her to make her feel uncomfortable because maybe he'd be looking at her or she doesn't really trust him yet he might attack her so he said I'll walk in front of you and you lead the way and she said how can I lead the way so he said pick up some stones and just throw them in front of me to go right and throw them this way he did that to respect her he married her eventually that's his wife Sappora not because he felt and I explained this to him this man here in Travis and that was it he sat down I kid you not he sat down and there's 15 people there maybe and he opened this whole magazine and then he turned around and he said in a very loud voice you need to die die I said who needs to die interesting so I couldn't say you die I can't I'm not sanctioned to do that so I was shocked though I couldn't say anything I was sitting there like and I looked around and everyone was going about business like oblivious right so eventually like 30 minutes later he comes back and I was screaming and he comes up behind me I didn't mean it like that I meant like we all need to die to see the truth and I said I accept your apologies with us when you come into contact with those who believe in our signs say peace be upon you that the Lord has inscribed upon his own self the rule of mercy so we need to spread peace we should say salam aleykum to people there's a hadith that says towards the end of time the youth will greet each other with insults and you see this a lot what's up dawg you try this like in the Arab world welcome to an Arab man how are you? how are you? excuse me I don't think so what's up? what's up fool? what's up dawg? I was in San Ramon I'll never forget this I was going in my car and I saw this girl walking right by me she saw her friend she said hey! wow so with respect to character we should spread peace the slaves of the most gracious they tread lightly on their worth they walk with humility and when the ignorant speak to them like die they answer with peace they say salam that's what I should have said but I was so shocked so the Quran invites itself to higher criticism do they not reflect deeply on the Quran? this is what we want we want people to think about the Quran to consider the Quran so we have time for about 15 minutes if you like for Q&A session I have to catch a plane at 9.30 so I have to be out of here in 15 minutes they also have to give more time because they're going to violate me in the little room there but I have to prepare for that it's a mental preparation in the car so if there are any questions or comments if not I'm sorry if I was boring and the yes, yes ma'am okay yeah, I have some questions in that instance I would ask for a reference if she said whoever doesn't believe in the Prophet Muhammad will go to hell first ask for a reference in the Quran where does it say that in the Quran? now the theologians have different opinions as to what happens to non-Muslims this is an issue that's highly nuanced they've debated these issues for a long time there's an orthodox opinion it's a valid opinion orthodox opinion that says that people who were not reached by a sound prophetic summons in other words they weren't reached by the Prophet's message in a good form then they're not responsible to become Muslim that's a valid opinion that's an authentic opinion that's not my opinion this is a 1,000 year old orthodox Muslim opinion that if someone was told their whole life that Muslims are terrorists and Islam is evil and they worship an idol and things like that and that's all this person was told according to this opinion that person is not responsible to even become a Muslim it's a very highly nuanced issue God is just okay this is very important God is just God is not going to put people into hell forever and ever and ever until they really deserve it in fact very difficult to get into hell forever and ever and ever in fact the word katha which means unbeliever in reality a hostile unbeliever the root meaning is a farmer a katha is a farmer it's used in the Quran as a farmer also because a farmer will cover his seed so a katha is someone who covers the truth while knowing the truth Allah says in the Quran describing kufr describing infidelity saying do not cover the truth with falsehood or clothe it while you have knowledge of truth while antu ta'ilamun so we're not allowed to say to anyone you're going to go to hell we cannot do that that is against our religion because we don't know the end of people the end matters I keep myself out of hell that's why we pray for a khusnah khatima you should pray for a good ending because that's what's going to come down to you we don't know how people will end one of the early salaf said he said this is Imam Zayn al-Adideen Rahimahullahu ta'ala he said God has concealed his saints his awliya amongst the creation so be very careful how you act towards people many of my teachers were non-muslim at one point now they're my teachers now they're world-class scholars at one point they were non-muslims at one point showed them love and concern and mercy they weren't condemned so we have to be careful about that Imam Qurtubi a great scholar from Al-Andalusia he said that when Sayyidina Umar radiallahu ta'ala anhu one of the companions of the Prophet when he was prostrating himself to idols he was beloved of God because God knew his end what was his end? he's buried next to the best of creation right now buried next to the Prophet SAW the Prophet SAW said this is my companion in the Dunya and in the Akhira right so we have to be very careful how we talk to people we should be very concerned about ourselves and concerned for others also and not in the sense that we're going around judging people it's not our tradition you know sometimes you see these guys on campus with a sandwich board with a megaphone you're going to burn hell you're going to burn hell you're going to burn hell or you see Muslims right they walk by men okay that beard is that's a Muslim right there I'm measuring beers there's an opinion amongst Imam Shafiq Imam Shafiq who is a codified Imam of jurisprudence one of our champions his opinion is that if you shave completely it's maqru it's not haram that's a valid opinion we have to be very careful who we condemn but you have like the beard police the pat leg police you know the hijab police and you know it's very easy to condemn a woman who doesn't wear hijab because it's something that's outward right it's in your face but you know what's in that person's heart it could be worse we have to think about this al-Ghiba to ashad ibn al-Zinah it's a hadith that backbiting talking ill of someone behind their back is worse than fornication do we think about that though how often do we backbite you know we won't commit Zinah of course you know Alhamdulillah no way don't even put yourself in a position don't even come near to it but you know she said he said she said he said she said it's al-Ghiba it's worse than Zinah in reality in reality but we don't see the reality so I would to make a long story short I would ask for a reference and then I would explain that God is just and this is a nuanced issue that the theologians have debated over so we're not allowed to judge anyone the only people we can say for certainty that are in hell with certainty because we stop Rahul on his messenger stop we don't speculate said Arun, Pharaoh Haman, Arun Abu Jahl right few other people how many people have six people they come out you know so we should we should not be so judgmental and that the brother is standing up which means I need to sit down now oh it was just really quick you kept using the term like free eternal meanings yeah ah whoa that's deep so so Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala he has al-Qudam at that tea which means that he has an essential pre-cournality which means that there's no beginning to God because he's outside of time there's no past, present and future okay there's no beginning there was not a time when God was not he was always there therefore all of his attributes also have this attribute of pre-eternality because there is attributes so the kalam of God the speech of God which is reflected in Quran and reflected in Torah and reflected in Jee the meanings behind the script also has pre-eternal meanings that are infinite because God is infinite and pre-eternal that's why God could not be matter he can't be substance because science tells us that you can't get something out of nothing you can't get life out of death right or life out of nothing and axiomatic truth and biology is what life from life right so where does matter come from because there had to have been a beginning there had to have been someone or some entity who was outside of time who was not made of matter who created this something related like so we shouldn't tell people like you said that the speech like the I forgot how you used to describe it you said like the codex of the ban indicates upon the the personal speech as reflected in I guess like should you not say that it is a speech like you should technically but you can say it's the word of God it's permissible to say that but if you want to be technical you want to be technical you would say that it's an indication of God's word it's an expression of God's word in the Arabic language because ultimately God does not speak in human language because God is not human he's completely dissimilar to the variations but we call it God's word because that's how we're accustomed so yeah on the cover this is the Holy Quran but in reality it's the mus'ha the Quran the Quran is the recitation itself so that's an issue that the vast majority of Muslims will never even hear of the reason I brought it up is because we're talking about the relevancy of the Quran today and that's directly correlated that the Quran transcends 4th, 7th century Arabia because of that reason the pre-Romanians are it can be applied and that's not my opinion you can see this with experience that's why again 20,000 people in this country become Muslims it's still working whereas if you look at what happened with Christian Europe when they started printing the Bibles when the printing press was invented there was a partisan confirmation and then there was a massive atheist movement that's still affecting Europe they just left they said no we don't believe it it's not relevant to anyone any other last questions? yes sir I love to look at you mentioned about this question about the question of the sister that sometimes come in a different version it's okay that I don't become a Muslim I'm fine if I didn't believe in the Quran and Prophet Muhammad so the way it came to her your answer is very correct in my understanding but how to answer it in this way because many people meet you as a Muslim and say I can be fine to remain as a Christian as you so what I would think of is you can be fine as you said if you never knew and got the mirror to slam clearly and accurately but I'm going to give it to you now and then I start to speak and explain what Islam is I mean if he's a friend or someone who's ready to listen there's a point I want to raise and I want to listen to what you're going to say when someone asks you if you're new to explain to him what Islam is of course yes good point I would quote the Quran the Quran says don't say Trinity desist and it's better for you and it's better for you not to believe in the Trinity we believe that, that's our faith conviction that Islam preaches a radical monotheism which we believe is the teaching of Christ himself and that Trinitarian belief is a later outgrowth that was decided upon by various church synods by vote many hundreds of years after Jesus Christ upon him walked the earth so I agree with you I would say that Islam and this is not a politically correct statement but I don't really care because I believe it that Islam is the best way of life that Islam is a superior set of beliefs that it's more authentic if I didn't believe that it wouldn't be Muslim that doesn't mean I don't respect other religions certainly doesn't mean that okay but we as Muslims what does it say in the Quran about Muslims a lot of Muslims they push the pause button we're the best people don't worry about the rest of the ayah what does it say you are the best people you are the best umma for the people what does Lin Nass mean all of the Mufassirin say this means for the service of mankind you're only great because you serve people how you serve people you give them the message you give them the guidance that's the only reason ultimately the most important thing is guidance of people so this is ironic that we're only superior when we think when we serve people we only become the masters when we become the servants right so it's inverse so that's the point is that I totally agree with you we should use the opportunity bandi wa ani bolo aya relate for me even one verse just take opportunities to present our deen and if you're not a good speaker or a good orator I don't think I'm a good speaker sometimes the best thing to do is just have a good character just a smile you know or give them if somebody asks you a question like that give them a reference to someone to someone that can answer it more adequately you know so so you know it's a question of sensitivity but we have to be sincere people at the end of the day will respect you more if you have principles if you're not just you know whatever it's all the same kumayama lord if you say I respect you but I think this is superior they actually will respect that more at the end of the day you take a stand at your work and say I'm not going to happy hour every week on Friday they ask me when I was working when I was an accountant a company that shall remain nameless every Friday you're coming to happy hour I don't drink alcohol I'm never going to go there okay next week you're coming to happy hour I don't drink alcohol no okay next week you're going to happy hour at that point where I said you know what next time I'm going for next time okay we're going to have to stop here because he has to get to the plane yeah if you guys would like corons we have two corons over there shall I jump in is that fair?


Dear students, I welcome you in the course of Leadership, Emotional Intelligence and the CN Making. This is module number 241 and we are going to talk about sharing the CNs with others your role as a leader. Remember that your role as a leader is very important. You have to take care of your followers. You have to take care of the problem which you have to solve. You have to come up with creativity and innovation. For this purpose, remember that your role as a leader is going to have three main important perspectives. The first aspect is the followers, the group which you are leading, who are dependent on you, who you have to take with you, who you have to provide vision, energy, enthusiasm. So those are the people who are dependent on you and you have to take care of them. For emotional and psychological needs, they have to work hard, they have to work smart, they have to achieve the targets and objectives and they have to tell them what is in it for them. Therefore, your role as a leader is directly linked with the followers who are following you. The second important thing is your own leadership qualities, your humility, your will, your vision, your charisma, all these things will be there. You are so ethical, you are so authentic, you have all sorts of perspectives with which you are taking your followers in the leadership context. These are all the concerns which we need to focus on. So two things have happened.  How do you interact with your stakeholders in your 360 degree environment and at the same time how you are supposed to balance the equity, how you are supposed to balance the relationships, expectations and priorities. The third thing which is very important is basically the situation, the conditions and constraints. So you have to take care of the situation, you have to take care of the problem, you have to discuss the problem, elaborate the problem, define the problem so that people should understand that what is the main agenda upon which they are there to work on. So three things have happened which are the most important content when you are talking about the leadership role. The followers, the leader him or herself and obviously the situation. Secondly, your role as a leader, there are three important things that you need to focus upon. The first is team maintenance need, a co-operation, a cohesiveness, a synchronization, a patronization, a synergy. Because until the team is maintained, it will be difficult for you to develop the direction and reach your goals. Secondly, you have to see the need, what is the important task, what is the hierarchy of priority in that particular task sequence. So what are the things that are involved in that task and how will you address them. So what can be the supposedly TDRs? And what are the responsibilities and duties that are involved in that task? And how will you reach that goal? And also remember that every individual who is working under you, working in your team, needs all these responsibilities. So everyone has a different personality. Everyone has a different emotional perspective. Everyone has different needs and wants. So you have to be very careful that how you address those individual needs. Dear students, if we conclude all this, then remember that for a leader, his followers, the situation in which he is moving, his leadership qualities, how to maintain that team, it is very important to focus on all these things. And then we will be able to achieve our goals better. Thank you.


You have to keep your eyes healthy all of your life. It would be foolish to ignore seeing the eye doctor. What is the deal with this strange blind spots? Today we are talking about signs that you may have diabetic eye disease. Hi. I am Dr. Ahmet Ergen. I'm anocrinologist in Florida and for most of you, I am your YouTube or Facebook diabetes doctor. We will talk about the signs, but remember that many people don't know whether they have eye disease because of diabetes and there are often no signs or symptoms or they think that the provision is just part of getting older. You have to keep your eyes healthy all of your life by getting them checked and treated as soon as possible. A lot of time, blindness and vision loss can be prevented and seeing your eye doctor before being symptomatic is your best bet and a smart move. For example, my wife's father lost his eye to glaucoma because he hated doctors.  My wife who is only in her early 30s right now was also diagnosed with glaucoma. Isn't that surprising? Well, after she went to the eye doctor for something totally unrelated, she was diagnosed with glaucoma. Now, if you have diabetes, it would be foolish to ignore seeing the eye doctor. Regardless, I will tell you all the signs to look out for to prevent the further delay. Even for people with no eye disease, getting a baseline eye disease or at least screening at age 40 is typically recommended for people who don't even show any signs or any risk factors for diabetic eye disease. Let's start with the first sign, which is seeing spots or floaters. The majority of the floaters are tiny. They are pretty much specks of collagen. They are made up of the vitreous gel-like substance in the rear of your eye. The protein fibers that make up the vitreous shrink, it shrinks down to a small shreds that clump together as you're older. Now, the floaters are the shadows they cast on your retina. Floaters are common and they can occur at any age, although they are most common between the ages of 50 and 75. If you are nearsighted or have undergone cataract surgery, for example, you're more prone to having them. See your eye doctor right away if the floaters are new or have changed abruptly. Or if you suddenly started seeing flashes, especially if you have diabetes. Now, before moving to the next sign, guys, if you are enjoying this video so far or learning something, please hit that like button and say something in the comment section tell us your experience and how we can improve these videos. Also, remember to follow us on Facebook where we provide a lot of short and sweet to the point videos that some of you like actually. So, TikTok and Facebook is your next address to meet me. The next sign is blurred vision. Diabetic eye disease is caused by damage to your tiny tiny blood vessels in the retina. And vision loss can occur as a result of these damaged poor blood vessels. When the fluid leaks into the macula, which is the core vision producing region of your retina. The macula, despite its small size, is the portion of the retina that allows to see colors and defined details. The fluid causes the macula to swell, causing vision to become blurry. We call this macular edema. And it is very common in diabetics. Specific eye disorders are also associated with greater symptoms in addition to just blurry vision. Irritation, for example, may suggest conjunctivitis, eye discharge, which can indicate infection, headaches, nausea, which are frequent with migraine, speech difficulty or one side of the weakness, which can accompany stroke or TIA, which is transient ischemic attack. Also remember, when you start insulin or other strong diabetes treatments, it can sometimes make your vision blurry while your blood sugar is rapidly dropping due to the changes in the thickness caused by that rapid glucose changes, which affects your lens thickness in your eyes. Having a dark or empty spot in the center of your vision. Not good. Let's talk about that. Retinal tearing, retinal detachment, internal eye bleeding, and age-related macular degeneration can all cause dark spots in your vision. As a result, early detection and treatment is critical. But hey, in reality, every person has a normal blind spot around the size of a pinhead. The optic nerve travels through the retina at this point right around there, but there are no photoreceptors to receive the light because the eye lacks light detecting cells. It is unable to convey the signals to the brain. That is where your optic nerve is placed right on your retina. This type of blind spot is harmless and everybody has it. We are not even aware of it because our brains are so good at filling in the gaps and delivering the visual information we require. A scotoma, on the other hand, is visible and can disrupt your daily routines, making things such as driving or reading difficult. So what is the deal with these strange blind spots? We call this scotoma, right? A scotoma can occur as a result of a variety of situations, some of which are rather serious. For example, detachment of retina, types of diabetic retinopathy, molecular degeneration. These are the conditions that affect the eyes that can happen with diabetes frequently. Glaucoma, which is way more common in diabetics compared to non-diabetics, or blood pressure that is too high, which is not uncommon in diabetics either, or transient ischemic attack or stroke, which is more likely to happen to diabetics as well, can all lead to that. Now, temporary scotomas can be also caused by less serious health issues, such as hormone fluctuations, like in the time of the menstruation, etc. Stress, migraines, or even insufficient blood flow to the brain temporarily if you passed out or something like that. Now, difficulty seeing well at night is another sign that you may have diabetic retinopathy. As a result of the damage to the blood vessels and the nerves in the diabetic retinopathy, people who have diabetes are more likely to have trouble seeing at night. It may take a while to see normal again after coming inside from a place where there's a lot of light for example, and we know that retinopathy is not a disease that can be cured, but if you control your blood sugar levels with lifestyle changes, medications or herbs will definitely help avoid getting it, at least loads progress guys. So, color changes is the next sign. The eye has nerve cells called cones that help the retina, which is a layer of tissue in the back of your eye that lets you see the colors. Three types of cones are able to pick up different wavelengths of each light, and each type reacts to either red, green or blue light. The cones send that information to the brain that helps us see different colors. It would be hard to see colors if one or more of these cones in your retina have been damaged, or if there aren't any cones in your retina at all. For example, macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy cause damage to the retina, which is where the cones are, which can make you color blind. In some cases, unfortunately, you may go blind. As a result, diabetes can make it hard to see blue, yellow or shades of blue and yellow. If you have diabetes, the best thing you can do for your health and for your eyes is to keep an eye on your blood sugar, prevent white fluctuations, keep your blood pressure under control, not just your blood sugar, cholesterol, and we call this ABC of diabetes, right? A1C blood pressure cholesterol. You should get help if you smoke, try to get it because the smoking is not going to help your arteries at all, and get checked once a year for your eyes. That concludes our video. I hope you learned something today, guys. And if you did, subscribe and pass this video on to someone you think may benefit from it. See you in the next video. Stay healthy. Stay sharp. Hey guys, I hope you're enjoying this channel so far and I hope you subscribed already. If you didn't do it and if you did, watch this video right there. I think that will help you too.