Good afternoon and welcome back to the program. Of course, the show continues until 3 o'clock right about now. We discuss how sports can be used to give back to the society and empower community. Joining us is WBC Super Lightweight Champion Judy Waguthi. Of course, closer to me, Judy. Nihaji? Pwa, sir. Long time. Kafisa. And at the middle, of course, is a pupil, a closet pupil at Kilimani Primary School. She tells me that she's an upcoming boxer. She wants to emulate Judy Orzarika. She's called Rose Magdalene. Nizani pigangumi? Yes. Sure? Yes. Dutapi man after show. Amma live kwa kamera? Live, say, say. And of course, Christine Anyangu is the professional teacher. Christine, good to have you on board. How are you? Thank you. I'm fine. Thank you. Of course. Let's speak about sports and CSR. Judy, you run an initiative called Ro Sugar Warriors. What is it about? Ro Sugar Warriors, it's about just empowering young girls. I started the initiative last year and I thought of creating a safe space for girls, like tuna patana, we talk, we train, and we just talk freely, because I was like, at their age, they just need someone to talk to, to have fun, and to forget about problems at home or the transitioning of them from young girls to their adolescent stage. Yes. So that's what we have been working on. It started as a fun thing and now, normally, na kusa future champions, beta wagudi. Aha, nice. So Rose Magdalene is among those pupils that attend the initiative. We are not going to do that. We are going to do that. At least I will say that. I will say that I am a young girl. So, what is the initiative called? Umelan. Umelan wikuniengi. Kamagani? Kusu. Boksi. When you never defend wikuniengi. And when you start a camp, you benefit from it, what is the initiative called? Kusawa. Na, inawa sa idea. Tumeisha. Napia life skills, kamaen, manafuun. Sozo kwa klasiit, kilimani primer. Napia unatendi initiative every Saturday. Una manegi aje kumaltitaz. Kwa sababu trafanya KCP. Na strike wangu kumutianum zazia seme. Uli concentrate sana kwa roshu gawarias. Nivi puna manegi ndo ubalans, eko education napia. Napia ina idea. Na stia tukwatch na trenda, trizina wik mandi wenezina Friday. So on this zia nikapata, I have almost 10 candidates wako klasiit. Na naka puti tina in the picture as a teacher. And I was like, let's not only be boksi, nga tia niki tisha in the mix, awe na was idea wikia, where they feel wakochini kwa subject zaw. So now, this zia we just train once in a week. Only on Saturday at 4. So that helps them to jagol between education and sport. So tina, your professional input, how has it been of much help to the kids who attend the initiative? Thank you. I think we've gone at least a step ahead. And it's helping them a lot, especially in the classwork. It's not easy, but we need to try and try and try. So we've been trying at least to balance the education part and the boxing part. And that's why I've been helping them around. So specifically, what do you teach them? Like all subjects. Our primary teacher teaches all subjects. So any subject that they have a problem with, I teach. But specifically in school, I teach English, social studies and seari. So the additional teaching you impact on them is a plus because the same, they also get to be offered in their respective schools. Isn't it the case? Yeah, sure. How do you ensure that there's no repetition? No repetition of what we are doing. It's about revision, not necessarily going on with the syllabus. We revise what they have learnt. So at least if they had a problem with it, they will understand better by then. Judy, what informed the idea? It looks like you know a nice initiative, brilliant, very noble. What really made you think about it? Actually, the idea came when I was hitting rock bottom. Last year, it was a tough year for me in my career. And I moved around a lot in social media of TV, trying to ask for help. And then after that, I was like, I need to go back. I need to bounce back. I need not to end the story. Because the only thing actually for now, what people remember me is crying on national TV. By then it did trend, especially on Twitter. So after that, I hit rock bottom, then I was like, the people were supposed to support me they did.  You are not doing anything. You do something for the society. And that's when I was like, okay, I think I'll start to train boxing, kids boxing. And it was a bit tricky because when the few friends I talked to, they were like, to start that initiative in Kibira, it's tricky because Kibira kumeda briefcase CBO. Was it coming?  So I was like, I'll be another CBO briefcase. Then I was like, maybe I tried to be a bit special. Then I was like, that's when I targeted the girls. Because with the boys, it's very easy. Or if I say me, it's boys and girls, but the boys will overpower the outcome. So I was like, let me specialize on the girls and I know the life in the hood. And I was like, we have a moment of having fun, enjoying, forgetting your problems. There is not much I can do for them but I'm like, let me create a safe space for them. And we have two, three hours. You forget Mashida's at home, Kelele's at home. And then you come and do boxing. We have tea or yoghurt. We talk, then we'll end at home. So after a while, it moved on well. The whole of last year was alone. I was doing it alone. Then I was like, actually it has an impact. I need to expand it more. So that's when I talked to Tina. She's like family. I've been together for a few years. I talked to her and the first thing I started with, naku na Mshara. Apanivoluntari. Disclaimu mapeema. She was just jumping into the area and we're doing well. I would say we're doing well. Manda, sasa u kukwe initiative? Was that the support? Yes. Kiwi pi? Kwa kila kwa yana taka. Nava ambia na naseman iko misao, Itaon nesaya nanda na burus, urudi ma Feen sechele. Sasa sai wa na kuna kwa TV? Sejue. Kwa vene uliu Exponisa na onekwa, atend roh sugar warriors. Isponzi hii wa likuwa aje? Alise mati, onye za piga kuwing umimikiwa... Nene, meku uliuizas indi yo? Umimikiwa umimikiwa aje. Edbuni nisha nikawane. wu kajarebu ku box na hika pigam tu ama ni hewa tu me li pigam tu alafsasa shule naia wali mua na sema aji kusu we ku attendi iyo initiative ya roshu gawarius hawa wajwe hawa wajwe wana fawa wajwe lakini naiza wambia didis kia so Tina wajwe kia kia wajwe m'kajarebu 12-13 yaw magdaapaa wajwe kwa wajwe wajwe nisha wajwe wajwe nisha wajwe wajwe We do some local churches that are up on a hill, but a short court does not decide when to give up I don't know, washing the church, doing what. Kut is equally good. Yes, it's equally good but they have petty excuses not to attend the classes. So the excuses are never genuine? Ya, so sometimes you just have to pressure them and tell them this is for your own good. So you really need to attend this. The first week was, the number that turned out was not that good. The second week, at least they tried to come. But nowadays everyone wants to come, you see. So I think it's much progress to be with the girls and to interact with them and to teach them. So how many are they in a class? It varies, nowadays it varies because we have like 25 girls and then the class 8 girls are like 10. So sometimes even the class 7 comes. When the class 6, so we just do the tuition together with them. So sometimes it's like 15, 16, they come. Judy, I know the background of slums. Sometimes it's quite difficult to ensure that the initiative you pioneer gets into one of those success stories. But you determined, focused and committed towards breaking that jinx, defying all odds to ensure the same comes to pass. How has it been like in terms of the idea getting embraced by the locals, especially in Kibra, where you said there are a lot of brief case community based organizations? We are still struggling but the good thing are the kids are on board. So the parents are coming on board slowly. I would say they are coming on board slowly. Last year it was a bit tricky but this year I am seeing the results. When we launched the Sibiu last Sunday, half of them were the parents and they actually came. I went to do actually to invite them and the ladies came and they were impressed and shocked like, and then after that I did an exhibition because when I talk people usually think like, ah, why is it beginner? So to finish the event I did an exhibition with another professional boxer for three rounds and I guess that was the icing on the top like actually they can do it. So they mistake your small bodied nature to a person who can't fight. Even when we were doing door to door we were like, ah, you can do boxing, you can do boxing. So when we came to Mazarika we were like, ah, here I am a bodied instructor. So we were like, what's the matter with me? We were like, what's the matter with me? We were like, ah, I'm going to get a belt. So I think what you need to do next time is to see what the links are. After Sunday I think we'll have more positive parents and also with the guys I usually tell them our slogan is usually like don't let puvati define you, atrochu gawori as it all about let the talent and your character define you. Zifkiri mamboja mta mamboja nini and I actually tell them my story like at your age, mtuwa ngeni ambiantapa nendege it was, I would say like a dream. Get out of here. How did it happen? So I'm happy with the positive results I'm seeing. So Magdakani kwa li make it. Sasa, una raga kwa kwa kwa nani? Una raga kwa kwa majudi. Sofa mazuizi me kwa jumi piganapiganu kwa ono neneza kwa strung. Piawe ono jua tosema, kwa ono neneza piganapiganu? Veni mazazu wa li kushuku. Moe zi nishu. Sibi piganapiganu. Uko kibra ma kwa shule. Kwa tu? Una piganana kiranana. Laki misiku piganana ilia kumiza mtu. E. Imi takini chokoza piganana, chokoza na nampida. Na chokoza na. So una rawa kwa professional boxer. Kamakina Konje, Zarika, Judiapa. U kwa shua iwa goal, ita kwa achieved. Yes. What do you seek to do? To ensure that your objective comes to pass. Na je kitambutake kwa kitu, sa isu kwa klazit. U kita kwa pato over 400 marks. Uta work hard, utasoma kwa bidi. Susu na ta kwa boxer. Nini na utafanya? Tenda kwa na pato mii chadu de na tomya. Tina, I know a teacher you have your own school where you offer professional service and this one is just a passion now that you decide you grew up together and you've been friends for a while and that's why you ran and you never hesitated coming to her rescue when she requested for your aid even on pro bono basis. In terms of the way forward and the future of this initiative, where do you see it? I see this like it's gonna explode like all over the world even that Sunday after the launching of the boxing I actually texted her and I told her this is gonna be boom I told you that and then she was just laughing and I was like yes it's gonna be okay and it's gonna be like a big thing let's just now tell the world that we are here to stay and then the parents also came out actually the parents when they knew that even the classwork is there now they started like okay kama ni masomu hacha wa nde kama ni masomu hacha wa nde kama ni masomu hacha wa nde so na pata toto ana tolewa at least yo Saturday ana kuja and then tu mejaribia ku kibira yote iju e kuna kitu inafa ni kama ni in Akibera so it's gonna be something big na sasa yo masomu imekwa plus for example for her who is a class 8 preparing to sit for KCP exams has it been of added advantage to her even in her respective school of Kilimani primary kwa sababu what you teach them they get told the same at their respective schools and that now there are chances of even doing better yeah it has helped a lot like you know I don't only teach classwork so we teach even life skills I even teach them life skills when we came they could even communicate like in English there is a day I was communicating with them in English you know too what to amta I got to like ah teacher yo then I gave them composition they never brought the composition and they were like you English then I was like you know what you have to do it you really have to do it because tell me next time you will be out there the way you went out to fight in Spain and wherever so you will go there you were interviewed by Muzung or something like that how will you respond then by the end of the day everyone started speaking in English they had no option of course they were seeing like so it's really doing good and I think it's making an impact on their life me too I am from Kibera I am a teacher they were like I was like yes I was like in fact I used to stay down there even the library you are still a simple boy after you library I used to go there when I was in high school so I was like if I made it why not you to work hard you really have to get up from your comfort zone and say that I am not defined by where I come from I will make it so you did several slums within the Nairobi county why did you opt for Kibera because I understand there is Madare where such cases are rampant and kids also want to get subjected to such noble initiative Mukuru Kwa Ruben Mukuru Kwanjenga and Kibera and maybe going forward in the future you look forward spreading your wings a little bit further to other slums as well I stay in Jamuhuri so Kibera kwa po nyumu o ni karibu I grew up in Dandora I grew up in Dandora so I was like kutek 2 matatu skwenda Dandora then back home I have a small kid and I took her to dinner on the table and I met her somewhere and I was like it's still giving back to community so I was like that's how I came up with Kibera and I went to door to door places I didn't know in Jamuhuri but Kibera so I was like door to door and then it went well and for the future I don't know it's one thing at a time let me not talk big gate of ambitious ambitious because I still have that mentality of a boxer boxers we are just tuna semanga tuna kwa na telefocus it's like one thing about you get done with this one before you think on we focus on one thing training, eating, sleeping and beating visualizing when you tapiga your opponent so it's something I'm trying to transition with to spread my mind like to do other things and I think I would I would say let me take it one at a time and not be too ambitious or talk too big Magda marafiki zako na kwa na se maji kusui initiative na piya shule unanume imuksidiasana malimtina na kufunza piya unanenda shule unanufunza imuksidiasana akademikali unanume imuksidiasana unanute apafum vizur jumimi na kuletea success card na naizakupatiya present dakupatiya present wikipata 400 wikipata kitu na yu success nikuwa na pesa yu success kuwa na pesa success card ikuwa na pesa? nilazma kitabu na niski akaisiti kitabu na niski akaisiti so I know this is one of the most difficult interview to do if it was one on one with Magdalene she would have given me hard time so let's wrap Tina you are parting short in terms of the expectation what do you promise the kids? I want to promise them like first I want to ask them to continue working hard in school in the part of boxing they continue doing their best and also I want to tell them like hard work pays so they should work hard and I promise them to be there for them any time they need me they always be like wapitiya Christine wapitiya Tina so they have duty to communicate any time they need me and I will always be there for them to support them to talk to them to offer emotional support you know sometimes they come from home and they are like mamali nichiapa so in a video you offer consolation in a video you are part of life mamaki nichiapa ali kwa na correct to cash out another day I remember you shedding tears on a national television when your efforts to get a sponsor that could have helped you secure an opportunity to defend your title were fruitless and at some point at the end of last day I think we caught up at the Lavington every fitness gym where you said you are contemplating quitting boxing I don't know do you still hold on to the same position or there looks like some light at the end of the tunnel ahead I would say I no longer have the hunger to be in the ring when I train these girls that's where my my love has switched to Anapiga Anapiga zia poa Anapiga rite poa me nye mombia pakata me piga pakata poa and I'm like I think it's my turn to nurture the better wagudi like where reached so you ring now that you fail to defend it what happens actually in October last year the WBC president just wrote us an email and was like I'm sorry guys first of October I will declare the belt vacant and it was declared vacant so I still have the belt at home but it has no value but maybe we thought when ambasadamina muhammed got appointed for sports because she's a lady just like yourself maybe the plight of women sportsmen especially yourself the likes of atumazarika will be addressed yourself you made some approach to your governor who is also a lady Kirinaga county governor how was it like kuli endaji ekwani I would say it was an embarrassment we actually we met Amina we went me and Zarika we presented the belt and she had just started picked the office so we were like to come but she does it and she was like I will take over where things left and I'm sure there will be changes but we are yet to see the changes I was introduced to my governor in Kirinaga the fight actually was supposed to happen in Kirinaga there I went I had a meeting with the with the seers of gender we are taking it over we are our child the budget I came back I came back to Nairobi I was like go and put up the budget I put up the budget I went back and they were like don't worry Kirinaga county will be your sponsor so I went to Nairobi and I came here training camp wukapiga zoez wukapiga zoez it kapata opponent the president Canada was a Kamara Jessica Kamara of the WBC approved it was on even the date it was scheduled it was supposed to be 23rd August in Kirinaga county and uh and they just went mute on me out of nowhere I'm calling and answered calls and answered texts and three days to 23rd August I got an SMS from the seers a little patient we are working on it and that was it up to now I guess they are still working on it let's assume the middle people didn't push her father but it's okay you are doing very well right now you are happy it's sad I lost the belt but what I'm doing I'm happy I found peace I forgot I moved on I would say I moved on now that you did part of peace I moved on you need to take that take it to another level from where she left are you sure? yes wow we've been talking about sports and corporate social responsibility sports can be used to empower community give back to the society the initiatives that can be run through sports to ensure that you know kids the upcoming sportsmen and women are mentored are given proper opportunity to learn on the life skills and it's been a pleasure having Judy Wakudu is the WBC silver light weight champion Rose Magdalina student pupil at Kilimani primary school teacher trying to ensure these kids get what it takes to be successful in the future always a pleasure having you Judy asante kukuja we are happy na shkuru sana rose piawe asante kukuja ime kwa aji kukuoka tv for the first time but off mic unhandle mea Tina thank you for coming through always a pleasure coming up next with the fans on fan favorite segment where we shall discuss international football though there is a few fixtures happening only bundesliga league happening this particular weekend after the outbreak of corona virus but of course other headlines will be shaping up our conversation don't go stay tuned


Hello everyone, welcome back to another video. In today's video, I'm going to be showing you how you can incorporate a wildcard search with the Excel filter function to achieve results such as that we're looking at on the screen now. So as you can see the bottom table is our extensive list of data and the top table is everything filtered. And what we're doing is we're filtering the data based on this wildcard search of shoes. So what it's doing is it's going to take the word shoes and it's just returning all matching items where obviously the word shoes is contained within the item name. So if we had to change this to something like a shirt, you can see how it's now changed the filter to return everything that contains that word shirt. So this is predominantly useful rather than having to provide the exact term. Obviously it allows us to just return all values that match our desired search term. So what we'll do is remove this formula one here and we'll step through how to actually achieve this. So the first thing we're going to be doing is using our good old filter function. So to do that we do equals and then write the word filter and we need to provide obviously the array that we want to filter. So for us, it's our extensive list of data down the bottom here. And then we're going to do a comma and this is where we now need to provide our inclusion logic. So for us we need to first search to see if or find all the applicable items that match our search term or shirt. So to do that we're going to simply go is number, open brackets and then we're going to be using the search function. So the reason for this combination is obviously search is going to search for our word and it's going to do this for each item in our available array. And in essence, what's going to happen is if our search term is found within a particular item, it's going to return the character in which that term appears. So let me see if I can quickly add this one up. So for shirt, we can see we've got polo shirt in the second item here. So what it's going to do is it will say one, two, three, four, five. Shirt appears from the sixth character in our word. And therefore what happens in our logic is says, yes, it's found it because it's identified a character or a number and therefore this logic of is it a number is true. Therefore it meets our criteria. However, in our first item where we've got running shoes, so the word shirt does not appear. Obviously what this is going to do is return an error because it can't find the value we're looking for. Therefore it's not the number and it won't be included in our search term. So hopefully that makes sense to try and explain why we're using this combination. But if that doesn't make any sense to you and you just literally want to know the solution, then obviously we can continue with the video. So what we now need to do is provide our wild card search term. So rather than just saying we want to search for this value, so as we can see in our search function, find the text. Rather than providing just that, obviously it's not going to do anything for us because it's going to look for values or items where the item name is just the word shirt. But we want to find all values where shirt appears somewhere in the item title. So in order to do that, we're going to first do a quotation and then do an asterisk, which you can get by holding down the shift button and number eight and another quotation. And then we're going to do an and symbol and then we will select our search time followed by another and the quotation asterisk quotation and comma. So what this is doing is obviously creating a string for us. It's ultimately creating a value that has the asterisk, our search term and asterisk. And all that really does is it allows the wild card functionality. So it's now going to search wherever this word appears in a product title. And then having done that, we now need to provide obviously the range in which we want to look for our search term. For us, it's going to be in this item column. So we'll select all of that column. And then having done that, all we now need to do is do our closing of brackets. So the first one, obviously, we're closing our search function. The second one, we're closing is number function. And then very lastly, we've got our filter function, which we're closing off there. Once we've done that, we can hit enter and you can see we've now got our desired result for the term shirt. And if you weren't familiar with the filter function, it is one of the newer spill functions. So even though we've put it into just one of our cells, you can see it's spilt literally. To the desired number of columns and rows applicable to the results returned. And from here, all we now need to do is play around as we did at the beginning of the video. So we can now type the word shorts. We can see we've got all shorts or even if we wanted to do something different. So let's say, I don't know, maybe it's a bad one. But we can see we've also got in here the word golf, not going to turn many results. But we can also see that it's going to work for terms like that. So hopefully you found this video interesting. And more importantly, if you were looking for a solution to this particular problem, it's given you just that answer. If this is your first time watching one of our videos or you've watched them in the past and you're still yet subscribed, please can ask you to hit that subscribe button and also why not hit that notification button so you're notified as all of our future videos come out and we try and post daily. So really encourage you to hit subscribe because you're going to get our daily tips and tricks. And lastly, if you did enjoy this video and like I say, it did give you a solution to your problem. Please don't forget to hit that like button. Not only is it greatly appreciated by me because obviously it tells me the content that potentially you'd like to see more of, but it does help that. All important to algorithm and showing that more people will be able to find this video. And lastly, thank you very much again for watching and we'll see you in the next video.


Welcome, everybody. It's really great to be back here with so many people who I know are going to contribute so much to what is the energy's clean transition debate. Of course, we know where we're at. We know where we're at post COP 21. But what about the implementation? A lot of people have promised a lot of amazing things from NOCs to governments, to IOCs, to utility companies, to great state actors as well. So we want to know what the implementation is looking like and how much further we need to go, especially in the energy industry. This is about energy industry's production and consumption, which according to the blurb, two thirds of the world's greenhouse gas emissions comes from that air as well. So it's where we can make some huge gains as well. And how will the energy sector drive the transition towards a carbon neutral global economy? I'm not going to spend a huge amount of time at this moment going through what we're going to talk about. What I want to do is get straight into this amazing panel. So starting on my left, let me just tell you who we have here to debate this today. The other point I do want to raise is that this is interactive. The panel know that this is interactive and I'm hoping they're going to spar with each other and challenge each other and debate heartily. And I know at least two or three of the panelists here I've worked with previously and I'm very confident they will. But also it's up to you lot as well, people who have a lot of vested interest in this as well. If you do want to get involved in this, let it be known to me and we can get a microphone to you and we'll get you involved in the debate as well. But we'll do that obviously after we've had the initial round of questions. So let me just tell you who we have on our panel. I'm delighted to welcome and I think it's the first time to Davos, is Nurebekri who is the Minister of the National Energy Administration of China. And it's never been a better time to get China on board in Davos to talk about their progress today and what they still need to do going forward as well. Christiana Figueres, I don't know where to start really. This is the lady who's single-handedly with the help of some very English teabags. Got everyone. Fiji tips was the secret. Single-handedly with millions of people, right? You dragged the cats, the herd of cats to get COP21 done and it was a privilege to speak with you in December 2015 and get that going. And of course we've spoken since and you've since moved on to your latest mission, which is Mission 2020, which you're going to tell us a little bit more about in a few moments time as well. Great to see Oleg as well. Oleg, there are Pascal, the president of UC, Rousseau now for an aluminium company to make such great strides in energy conservation and getting down to missions. It's no mean feat. And Oleg's already made some very interesting comments previously about what renewables need to survive in the 21st century. Patrick Puyane, one of my favourite CEOs of an IOC. We've spent a lot of time chatting over years and I have a lot of respect for Patrick, not least because he argues a lot and I like that. I like his contention as well and we've already had one or two panels this year, so I'm looking forward to more of the same from Patrick today. And Ignacio Sanchez-Galan as well, who of course is the chairman and CEO of EBITROLA, who he tells me, and it says on their website, is the greenest utility in Europe and number one for renewables in the United States. So maybe we'll challenge that a little bit as well on that premise. I'm going to start off with Christiane, if I may, and just say what's the progress looking like in the energy industry? We have a whole host of people representing different parties here as well. You called for a lot of progress in late 2015. You called for dramatic action. Is the energy industry doing anywhere near enough to get to the target goals? You know, in Germany, where I used to live, there is a German word that doesn't exist in any other language, but I wish it would because we Latin Americans love to say both yes and no to every single question. And so in German, there is a word that is young, which is both yes and no. And so let me say start with the yes. And there I would really like to recognize the leadership around this circle, really quite amazing leadership, each from their different vantage point, to really support the direction that was set by governments and now take that to the real economy and begin to get serious traction on decarbonizing the economy on decarbonizing the global electric system in particular. And every single one of the gentlemen here are contributing to that really very seriously. So it is no longer a question of are we moving in the right direction? The direction is irreversible. It is incontrovertible. It is not going to change. The question for me, because you know I'm eternally provocative, the question for me is not the direction, but the speed and the scale, which is your second question of how much more do we have to do? And that is, you know, the piece that I am still struggling with and that I would very much appreciate having some comments on today because the fact is that we need to step up both speed and scale. So let's just get, you know, a sense of that. We need to be, please don't fall out of your chairs. We need to be at the maximum of global emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020. That is according to Costa Rican calendar four years from now. That sounds practically impossible. And in particular, if you begin to figure out what does that mean? That means just for us, you know, to begin to wrap our hands around it. It means practically that 50 percent of the electricity being generated around the world would have to be renewable or non non non non-emitting. It means that the last car with an internal combustion engine would have to be put on the road by 2035 and not a day after because we need to be at zero emission via transportation by 2050. And that is a huge step from where we are now. So I would challenge the wonderful gentlemen around the circle, not around the direction, which I think is fantastic. And each of them have shown incredible leadership. But from where we are to where we need to get to in four years, how are we going to do that? It is necessary, you know, that from science. It is advisable because of all of the many benefits that we're going to get. The question that we have to engage is how are we going to make it achievable? Cristiana, you did say you're going to be provocative, didn't you? Just a little bit. Who's the Laggards? Who's, if you had to say a part of the industry, you can name a country if you like. You can name a company if you like. You don't have to. But where do you have, where if you're being vague about it or being very provocative, all the areas where you want to give them the biggest prod? I think that one thing that is pretty clear to most people is that there is no space for any new coal. There is simply no space for any new coal. And I know that that is a very difficult reality for many countries to deal with. I have such respect for China who just yesterday cancelled our 101, I think, coal plants because of health reasons. But there's so many other reasons, right, to really, so we need, and I think that's, you know, that is a tough nut to crack in particular for developing countries because it's A, no new coal, and it is B, a premature, if you will, and I put that in quotation marks, but in an event, an early retirement of existing coal. It also means, for India who's not sitting around the table, it also means how do we support India to move beyond coal and certainly not to invest in subcritical coal technology, which is anyway the worst technology, how do we support that? China's taken a huge, huge leap on coal, but there are many other developing countries, India being one of the most, you know, postage, how do we support them in that? Which was part of the question in the talks in the first place. Well, I think that goes very nicely to Nurebekri as well. We can talk specifically about coal in a few moments' time, but tell me how you feel about the transition that China is enacting at the moment. Number one, I think, for wind, number one for photovoltaic, for solar more generally as well, but also number one for coal as well, so perhaps you'd like to address the speed of transition, sir. I am very happy to be at this session, Energy's Clean Transition, and I'm happy to share China's experiences and practices in Energy's Clean Transition. Of course, energy is a secret subject because without energy, we don't know how the world will turn out. But at the same time, energy is also a heavy and sensitive subject because today we are facing climate change and we are facing a lot of other challenges and we know many of these challenges are kind of caused, in a way caused by the use of energy. That's why the Chinese government attaches great importance to the development of clean energy and we really promote green and open and smart carbonized energy in future and we are also applying the structural adjustments on the supply side. Over the last few years, we have already adopted certain measures and the world has witnessed the results achieved. But, of course, China is the largest developing country in the world and we are also one of the largest energy producers and consumers. So, how to develop and use clean energy and improve energy efficiency is of great significance to the Chinese government over the last few years. We have already achieved certain progresses but compared to the general picture, maybe we have not achieved the expected, we have not met the expectations of the world. But at the same time, all these figures are quite phenomenal. For example, as regards wind energy, last year wind energy reached 150 million kilowatts and also other renewable energies have already ranked number one in the world. But you are all aware of the fact that coal is the dominant energy in China, not only right now. Even in the coming few years, coal will stay as the dominant energy in China. But now our focus is on how to use coal in a more sustainable manner. We want to use it in a clean and highly efficient way. And of course, we also have a very clear direction and orientation in how to achieve that. We want to use coal in a very clean way. And of course, we have to admit that coal energy is still very dominant. It took up 61.3 percent of the total energy mix. But you have to be aware of the fact that we had lowered the proportion of the ratio of coal among the total energy mix after years of efforts. And actually compared to other countries, the history of coal used in China was comparatively short because we used it only for 50 years and some other countries present had used it for over 100 years. And we have also carried out a lot of updates. And we have put a lot of stringent standards to achieve a low emission. So it has been very difficult. But we have made a lot of difficult. And also we are also trying to lower the consumption of coal to produce power. And here, actually to achieve one kilowatt of electricity in China, some companies use only 258 milligrams of coal. So you can see the consumption has been lowered. But to achieve to get rid of coal immediately and right away is quite invisible in China. Today, we are here to talk about clean energy transition. We should not get about the access to energy because in many parts of the world, including in sub-Saharan Africa, many people still do not have access to energy. And the world is a diversified place. Every country has its own specific situation. So when we talk about energy transition, when we talk about clean energy, we cannot have this one size fit all model. We have to take this into consideration. We just do not have one single model which is feasible, which is applicable to all the countries. Because in some countries, all countries have their own specific characteristics, including different demographic situation, or they are at different development phases. But I think everybody is willing to make an effort and if everybody can do it, his or her utmost, we will achieve our goals. Straight away, we've grappled the horns of the beast but I'm talking about coal and I appreciate you taking the coal comments head on. Europe preaches a lot about how clean we are and how signed up to COP21 we are. But I mean, Europe's greatest economy, or biggest economy, Germany, still uses what is it? Forty-odd percent of its electricity is produced from coal. Is Europe doing enough to push forward Ignacio? Are you finding any barriers to actually a quicker transition, the speed of transition that Cristiano has been talking about? Well, I think it's not a question to analyze what has been already done wrongly in the past. It's a question of what we have to do the things in the right direction for the future. The fact is that today there are 195 countries which is already concerned that the climatic change is a real problem. Has already signed a protocol in Paris saying that we have to do something in order to change the trend we've been facing the last year. So all we have already done things not in the right direction. But I think the question is not to look what has been done in this direction. So now I think there are two sides on that one. The world needs more energy, no doubt. The energy demand in the world is going to increase by 45 percent, 50 percent in the next 25 years. So how to combine the carbonization with the enough supply to the energy? And the solution is certain electrifying more and more the economy. So the electricity has already means for making already what the world require in a mass clean manner. So China is a good example. China is already transforming their economy in a cleaner manner. So I think my suggestion is to accelerate even more the process. But the thing is that's possible. So what that means? It means we have to invest much more in renewables. Today the renewables which are much competitive are the fossil fuels. So today solar and wind can compete with gas, oil and coal in most of the countries. You have to make a new power plant. You have the existing obsolete, new to new, they can compete. So why to continue doing things in the direction? I put the sample on my company. We have already diminished our emission by 75 percent in the last years. 75 percent. We have already closed almost all of our coal power plants. And we are producing more than we were producing before. We increase our size by five in the last 50 years. And we increase our profit by four. So it's possible to be more profitable, it's possible to grow, and it's possible to transform. The companies and the means for supplying that one is as well to involve much more the consumers. So I think today there are technologies, network technologies, digitalizing the grid. We have more than 200,000 kilometers of digitalized networks worldwide. We supply energy to more than 110 million customers worldwide. And I think if the consumers are already more aware about those things as well, the use can be already made more efficient. Ignacio, I'm encouraged and I like what you're saying. It's possible. I like what you're saying. So why can't you do it quicker than carbon neutral by 2050? So just doing what certain of us we've been doing. But do it quicker. I think Cristiano's saying let's do it quicker. It's possible. I think countries, emerging countries like Mexico for instance, it's already just transforming and closing their oil power plants and the coal power plant and investing in gas, combined cycle of gas, which has a meeting less. And it's investing in solar, it is investing in wind. So they are already just trying to diminish this trend at the same time that they are already making the supply. Countries in Germany, what is the point in Germany? So I think they've already invested a lot in renewables, but they are already at the same time, took decisions which making, trying to maintain the local coal, etc, etc. Same thing in my country, Spain as well. So there are another reason, a social reason which I understand, political reason which I understand, which is not already forcing to accelerate the process. But the process can already be accelerated. They already today means for already supplying the electricity in the world required with sources which are less contaminating than those one we've been already making from the past. So moving from oil and coal to gas and renewables is feasible. So we have already in certain countries a gas power, a gas power plant already not working and they are already burning coal at the same time. Just because in certain cases the fossil fuels are already certain subsidies. Today New Cristiano knows very well the subsidies to fossil fuels are three times more than those one which is paid globally. So the transition goes quicker without the subsidies. But then the emerging world that Nuo was talking about, they could potentially suffer there, yeah? But they can make already, they are doing, they are not making, they are making. So we have already, one of our subsidiaries is Gammesa, it's already factors in China. They are already, it's probably the first or the second country where they are making more gas, more turbines, wind turbines, most of them sold in China because they are investing in this. Probably they can already accelerate the process. In most cases the bottleneck is not already the power generation. It's the networks. So renewable require a lot of networks behind. In some cases the planning is not agile enough to have already ready the network required for already the evacuation of the energy which is produced. You make a power plant somewhere else, solar or photovoltaic or wind and they are not really the transmission ready in time. Patrick, your shareholders want you to make money. They want you to produce more oil and gas and I know the balance is moving towards the gas side. You aim to be 20% low carbon by 2035, 60% gas out of your oil and gas mix by 2035 as well. You have made some big investments, some power, SAFT as well. But you are also cutting capex at the same time, or certainly you have been in a cycle for the last couple of years. You are tying up a lot of things that the investors demand, the need to cut capex as well, the move to gas as well. Can you make bigger renewable investments? Can you speed things up with all of those pressures? Before to answer your question just a few comments. First energy is a very serious matter as it was perfectly said by Minister Bakerly. It's at the core of the development. So when we speak about energy transition, we speak about development of the world, emerging countries, developed countries. So there is no way to have a black and white story or suddenly a solution which will come from I don't know where. The reality today, and it has to face the reality, if you want to go find the solutions, is that, and I think that people don't know that, the energy mix of the world, you have 80% of fossil fuels in the energy mix of the world today. And if we want to go to a neutral zero climate zero CO2 neutral emission in 2050, we will still have hydrocarbons but linked to CCUS technologies. So it's a transition. It will not be like that. And we have to face the reality. And second point, it's a serious matter. And I would insist that what people expect from us, it's a reliable and affordable and a clean energy. But the three words are equally important. It's not clean about reliable, it's not clean about affordable because again, by the way, you don't know, but a liter of oil is half the price of a liter of water today. That's the reality. Cheap energy, valuable and reliable and clean. And it's equally important. But we have to keep that in mind to make this transition really if we are serious about it. So no, yes, coming back to your point, I am an oil and gas company. And clearly, you know, energy is 60% of CO2 emission, oil and gas is 40%. So I could be here as a valine, but I want to be part of the solution. And what we say to our shareholders, when we look to 20 years and we made an exercise, open with our balls and everybody, can we, or can we offer a mix of products to our customers, which will be evolved in a way to be on the low math of two degrees. And we discovered by making and working with many people, not alone, but yesterday I had 5% of coal, 50% for 60% of coal and 40% of gas in my mix, let's say. So let's stop coal. So I sold all my coal assets, otherwise it doesn't work. And if I'm moving my energy mix in total to something like 35% of oil, 45% of gas and 20% of renewables, which is feasible, I would be in 20 years exactly on my roadmap of two degrees. So our collective project in total, but we explained to our shareholders, let's do that. Which means let's be serious. And yes, I am an oil and gas company, but it's good. I received today $20 billion of revenues from oil and gas. The question is, how do we reallocate from my $20 billion of revenues to this renewable business? Maybe it's not enough. We allocate last year in 2016, I have reallocated $1.5 billion. In a world where I was struggling, like you said, because I had many constraints, the price of oil went down to $28 per bowl. I remember last week, last year exactly that. So we are doing it. It's a strategy. People tell me it could be more. Okay, but today it's a question also because what is sustainable is profits. It's no way for me to develop a sustainable model if I don't make profit. So I have, yes, a strategy, which is to grow. And last year we made, not only we are solar, we decided to invest in energy storage by buying a battery company because energy storage, you have to find a solution to store energy if you want to make the renewables profitable. There is no way to make it profitable because when I invest in 100 watts of solar, I use today only less than 20%. So there is a lot of loss. And so this is the point. So we are serious about it. I just would like to comment on the point that was rightly made by Cristina. It is clear that the main driver, there are two main drivers to be consistent with climate change is energy efficiency. If you want to be on the two degree on map, you cannot afford to waste energy. And frankly, we forget it in all the debates. We have a larger population, but we need to be much more efficient than today. That's the first point. And we need to work. And the second one is coal. But you know, the solution to coal, what is it? It's gas and nuclear. If you want to reconcile both, there is only one way is to put a price on CO2. As long as we don't have a price of CO2, there is no way that gas will overcome coal. And what I observed in the last year, and I'm a little worried to be honest, there are many countries around the world, not only Germany, because they will solve the issue. Many countries, we go to a mix of coal and renewables. India is going to coal and renewables. Japan is going to coal and renewables. If you think you look at the strategy, China goes to renewables. So it's a real challenge. And why? Because coal is the cheapest energy. It's the cheapest. Coal is cheap. Coop, you have plenty of coal. Plenty of coal in India, in China, in the US. So plenty of coal. So the question, if we are serious about that, we want to change this mix to more gas, more nuclear. I'm not in the nuclear business, but it's also a solution. If you don't put a price of CO2, it will never happen, because the economic players, the economic investors are rational people. And I'm obliged for my investors to make profits and to be rational, because my objective is not only, by the way, to distribute dividends. It's also to be a responsible player. And this climate change issue, by the way, I think is very important. Because it is today in a world where we see more and more nationalism around the world, the subject, the only global subject, which is a unity between all the countries. And I think it has been, it's quite extraordinary that this treaty was ratified in less than one year. Nobody would have guessed one one year ago. So this is really something strong. But at the same time, we have to be realistic. You have more and more nationalism around the world. Each country, including the US today, wants to be US first. If each country behaves like that, it will not be compatible with the global objective. Let's part the US for a moment. I'm pretty sure we're going to get back to that in a few moments' time. Oleg, I've only got the figure from last year, but you've reduced over at Rousseau your emissions by 54% since the mid-90s. You may have a slightly updated figure for us as well. And you plan to fully switch to hydro power by 2020. I mean, that is no mean feat as well. But your comments this time last year, renewable energy companies are going to die in the next two years with such low prices and without subsidies as well. Now, the prices slightly changed in the last year. We're pretty much double where we were on the price of oil, as Patrick was just saying. But the subsidy issue is still hanging out there. And whether it's a levy or a subsidy on the other side, we still don't have anything. Yes, I have the same view. Actually, I'm more convinced that renewable energy is just an excuse to use more coal in many countries. And this is kind of propaganda. But when you look at absolute numbers, you see there is more and more coal and there is more and more power generated by coal.  And I agree with Patrick what he said. We must deliver our shareholders what they want. They support us as long as we're not deviated from the main goal of our companies to produce a profit. And carbon price and concrete carbon price. And I read one analysis which said to equalize coal with, let's say, rational way to use it. It's $15 per ton of carbon. Because what we see in our neighborhood countries in Asia, they use a lot of coal, produce a lot of power, produce a lot of cement, steel, aluminum, glass, different type of material, overcapacity destroys the pricing. And there is no economic, let's say, way out of it. And they fight for every dollar to be more and more competitive. They find in a more and more way how to use it. But in reality, I don't agree that the coal is cheaper. If you have a proper standard for self-emission, if you have a proper standard how to control ash and all the remains, it's not expensive, but they can't afford it. And they couldn't control it. We understand this. It's understandable. That's why it's a very simple equation. You want to equalize coal with a rational economic model, $15. You want to put renewables equally with the rest of carbon. You need to put $35. If you want to implement a hydro project on a larger scale, which also will support renewables, and we know without quick capacity online, you couldn't do anything, it's a $50. And of course, massive coal consumption could be substituted on the nuclear. And it's another $75. This is a clear target, unless we will not do it. No one will change the strategy. There would be a lot of talks, a lot of discussion. I'm not to agree about, by the way, electric vehicles. There is a lot of problem with the power generation. But gas vehicles, as we see, could produce especially in emerging markets. Because you're worried about where the electricity is coming from. It's a good substitution for the oil and it's a clear direction. But as we can test, there is a lot of talk about nationalism. We can take an independent measure. There is nice countries in the middle of Indian Ocean Maldives. There's almost no coral left in two years, a live coral. Why? Because temperature up 5%. And we can debate in different numbers who will reduce so much or what would be sequence of events in the different countries. But this is clear. If we want to change planet, then we should go as we go now. If we want to keep it, we need to implement carbon price, let's say tomorrow. And maybe even a little bit more escalated to show a strong signal for people that it would be done. Okay. Well, I think everyone wants to get back in on this. And our panel will all respond to this as well. Because I think it was probably the most controversial thing we've heard today. Renewables are just an excuse to use more coal, says Oleg Deripaska. It's just propaganda as well. So I think everyone will want to come back on this one as well. But if you want to get involved, after I've gone around the panel, by all means, get your hand up and we'll get a microphone to you as well. But Christiane, if I can come to you first on this, I know Ignacio and Patrick and perhaps Newell will also come back on this as well. I lauded you at the start of this panel for getting the achievement, but you didn't get a carbon price in there. Despite the fact that just days before your meeting, I met with Patrick and Bob Dudley and Saudi Ramco and any and Statoil and a whole host of others who were saying, give us a carbon price. This will be a very important ingredient to COP 21. You didn't go there on that one, Christiane. Why not? Well, actually, that's not the only regret of the Paris Agreement, right? I think, you know, I harbor at least one other regret and that's the lack of the sign of urgency there. But the reason why those two things are not there and a carbon price is actually mentioned, but not imposed. And the reason why it was not imposed by the Paris Agreement is because there would not have been, we needed not just consensus, we needed unanimity. So it was a stepping stone to which COP? What's the next big COP? Where are we going to get that? Well, I'm not sure that that's the way we're going to go. What I see when I observe the world is I see a very much of a bottom-up approach to carbon pricing, where we already have 60 jurisdictions that have carbon pricing, two-thirds of them with some kind of trading scheme, one-third of them with a carbon tax. And China actually taking the lead already this year moving from their seven pilot market schemes to a national market that is going to put one, correct me if I'm wrong, one price of carbon in the entire China. That is going to have a huge impact across the world. But you see, we're going at it from a bottom-up perspective. And when you look at the way the Paris Agreement is actually built, there is also a certain consistency because the NDCs are also a bottom-up approach. So the trick here is how do you use a bottom-up approach that allows everybody to participate and to use the particularities of each jurisdiction for carbon pricing, but also obey and stay within planetary boundaries, which is the top-down? How do you balance those two? Achievable goals and relying on people to work from the bottom-up, rather than having a top-down mandate on this. Both, together. Okay, Ignacio. So I think perhaps I'm going to disagree on the thing that has been said. So I disagree. There's no obvious excuse for burning coal. Okay, I just want to correct. I said for some countries renewables, it's a great excuse. No, no, I think, I think, I think, no, no, I can already agree. Do not deviate from this. No, I think, I disagree because I've not seen the economics of investing in a new, new coal power plant with the CAPEX is three to four times more than the renewable one. What is the economics of that one? So when the existing coal power plant is true, so whatever is existing, in many cases we are comparing the cost of the price of renewable with the price generated in the existing fossil fuel power plant. But you have to build a new power plant with a fossil fuel, which is already for life, a variable cost of this fuel. And you compare that with something which only has already CAPEX, but the CAPEX of renewable has already diminished tremendously. Today, the investment of solar or photovoltaic of wind is almost three to four times less than the investment in a coal, clean coal power plant, let's say, a modern one. So without you can justify it. So the second thing that has been said, I would like to make this point on the table. The second thing, which I agree with you absolutely with all of you, is that we need to put the price to carbon. So if we are not putting price to carbon, so all what we are saying is nice to say, but it's going not to produce effect. And everybody is talking very positive about that, but few countries is already taking seriously that one. The third one is something you mentioned, which fully agree with renewable, is the need of storage. So by the storage there, there are technologies for that one. I think you are in hydro, we are in hydro. So if we transform all our hydro power plant irreversible, we can, you have hydro as well. So we can already storage all the energy which is produced for renewable. So we can transform our hydro power plant in both sides, to use as a generator, as it is today, or to use as a pump when there are excess to pumping up the top. So that can already produce massive storage. It's true the batteries, I spent 70 years of my life in batteries. So I think your company now I was already was my competitor in the past. And I think batteries, they will have their role as well. It's got no form, massive. You have to have the role in certain places. Just a comment. Maybe I shouldn't surprise nobody, we know I have quite investments in Russia, but I agree with Oleg. Because what he said was exactly my worry today. It's not the next year. I think clearly, frankly, the more I observe the evolution, I was shocked when I went to Japan this year visiting the mid-term strategy and energy, less gas, more coal, and more solar. Less in Japan, which is a developed country. That's the reality of what is happening in this world today. So, and again, I would like just to make a second comment. Carbon pricing works. The UK, despite they vote for Brexit, which is a mistake, I've put in place a 20 pound per ton or 20 dollar per ton tax two years ago. In two years, the power plant system in UK shifted from coal to gas. We're close too already. In UK, it works. 20 dollar per ton. And I think my message here is that we should stop speaking about 100 dollar per ton. We're afraid everybody. We're afraid everybody. It would be a step by step. It's a serious matter. It's a pragmatic matter. Let's begin to put in place something which does not afraid the big consumers. Because you know, even in Europe, what is happening in Europe? Why don't we have 20 dollar per ton in Europe? Why? Because in Europe, you have some people who want to make manufacturing in chemistry, in refining, in aluminum, in steel, and they have a competition and they're afraid of 50 dollar per ton. We just kill them. 20 dollar per ton, we can make it. And then we will rebalance very quickly. The investors, we are in charge to make profits for the future. And with that, I can tell you it will help and it will give a strict, a very strong push to the energy world and the way we invest. We need a signal. And I will support Christina. She has done a lot of effort. We had a discussion together in New York before the discussion. I told her, I understand Karen Price is not possible there because everybody cannot agree and the status of development of all the countries is not the same. But you have to put the word, it's in 60 NDCs, national contributions. And what she has done, she has put a small center where we could connect, interconnect the value system, which would be very important. Because when it's a matter, we have to invest, well, it will be the most efficient. Is it in China? Is it in Africa? Is it in France? I'm not sure it's in France, by the way, for because we have nuclear. But okay, so I think things are there. Now it's a question of political willingness and that we engage really seriously. But the investors who are waiting for that and that is true that what China has done and will do will be, I fully agree, a big signal because then the argument from European and I would say American companies that we are not in the level playing thing will begin into diminishing. But the level playing thing is also a matter of important matter for all of us. No, Breckery, you've heard a lot around the table about the speed of transition, especially from Christiane about the desire for it. You've heard what Oleg has said about some countries are using renewables as an excuse. What could be the catalyst for China to move even quicker on its transition? And just as an anecdote, I'm wondering if this is part of it because I once actually just a week ago asked a China expert whose family live in China still. And I said, this Yuan decline, it must be on everyone's lips. Everyone must be talking about the decline of Yuan. And he said, no, you asked 10 people what they're talking about. They talk about air quality, nine out of 10 times. Is that part of the catalyst that can get China to move even quicker? As I mentioned before, we have five major development concepts or cornerstones. When we talk about clean energy, renewable energies could be used as an excuse of a continual use of coal generation. And as far as I understand, this could be because renewable energy is still seeing a more unstable grid, which means that when you have to distribute electricity over a long distance, you will have to use coal generated electricity. But as the technology advances, as the distribution technology is being resolved and as it matures, I think this question would gradually be resolved. So these are two different things. Over the past few years, we're seeing a higher percentage of renewable energy and China's energy mix. This is also a positive sign. But as the president has said, we have 1.4 billion people. We cannot rely on one source of energy. We have to diversify our portfolio. We have to use clean coal. We have to use renewable energy. And we'll have to scale it. Of course, safety efficiency in the development of nuclear energy is also very important. Hydro power is also an option for us. So a diversified energy portfolio and structure would ensure the security of power supply in China. Of course, to be able to solve the security of energy supply, we have to take a more realistic approach. Therefore, we will also have to enhance international cooperation in the energy field. We will also have to take into consideration of the circumstances, the reality in China and our society. We have to decide for ourselves the portfolio and the structure that would be the best for us. For example, in the utilization of coal as an energy source, I have already addressed that before. But since last year until this year, we said that we have established this concept of sustainable coal-generated electricity development. Last year, we have already canceled about 7.2 million kilowatts of coal-generated electricity. We are also suspending cancelling and delaying some coal-generated electricity projects because we believe that approach will create a larger market space for other types of sources of energy. We know that each country has different resources and is faced with different challenges, and we therefore may not come to the same conclusion that's perfectly understandable. I think when we talk about clean energy, when we talk about this transition, each country will need to take into consideration of its reality. Each region, each place would have to take its pragmatic approach. When it's looking to the future, we must keep in mind our promise and commitment to the international community and our commitment via the Paris Agreement to follow through on the roadmap of the laid out for us. That's the key. Point I wanted to raise next, and you said we need to enhance international cooperation. Each country must consider its own realities. There must be a degree of pragmatism as well. The United States could be at a crossroads, and of course, when President Xi and Mr Obama signed an agreement ahead of COP21, it was perhaps the catalyst for the latter. Three agreements, thank you. The energy transition is moving in one direction. I think everyone in this room thinks it is. Is it possible the energy transition could be scuppered, derailed, delayed by a new president in the United States? We are already a big president. We are in 24 states, and I think what we have seen since this election has already happened in very many states, they are announcing the renewable obligation to increase the commitment in terms of emission reduction. In terms of certain states like New York state and Massachusetts, they have already made plans to make already offshore wind farms, even if they are more expensive today, still there are no other sources. So I think the big companies in the United States, most of them are our customers, are already signing things, just moving in the direction I'm not seeing. Nevertheless, I have to say, it was a plan in terms of renewables. It was already approved by the American Parliament to diminish the subsidies from 2016 to 2020. So in 2020, the plan is there are not any tax credit allowances any longer. So I think that is in the plan. And even in these bases, the technologies are competing with one another one. I'm not seeing my colleagues, American colleagues, to build today new coal power plant just to follow the instruction of whatever. I'm not seeing that one. I mean frankly, the energy mix of the U.S., the first driver of the change has been the gas. Because when we discovered gas share, it has been a huge revolution. And I strongly believe that if President Obama managed to change Washington policy, it's because they just looked at what was the reality of the energy mix change. So gas at $3 per million BTU is more competing in that coal. I know that Mr. Strump, and then wants to stop forbidding to open new coal mines, but will we open a new coal mine in the U.S.? Because these are 10, 20, 30-year projects and it's a four-year presidency. 20, 30-year project and because you have a change of policy for four or five years, and you have a competition from gas and tomorrow from renewable, I think no. I think this is true. There will be less regulation. Okay. But again, the fundamentals, I strongly believe, ecology progress because of economy. Because if the economic drivers are there, people will invest in the right direction. And today, gas is more efficient than coal in the U.S., so that's the reality of the mix. And okay, maybe you make politics. You say to people in some states, coal states, I will open new mines. I'm just looking to see who will invest in new mines in the U.S. So I think we should, again, look to what is pragmatic. And this is a lot of money, billions of dollars which are invested. And I trust the people that they will not just make short-termism because there is a change of affirmation. And I strongly believe that, again, I don't believe at all about the Trump administration. We went out of the climate treaty. It's a fundamental treaty. And so let's be, let's look to what the players will do. Oleg, do you believe that? You believe the leadership from the U.S. and China is going to be one player of them too now? We believe that China will go in the right direction, but it's difficult for them to understand. In the U.S., yes, there is a challenge. But I tend to believe if they will do not just great but smarter in other countries, they will use this benchmark, because I agree with Patrick Seck, because per economic value of their product, they spent almost three times less in our emission than anyone in the world. And if they would put in trade agreements, this benchmark, and if they will demand that the rest of the country who export their product in the United States will need to face the same benchmark, if not then tariffs will be deviated based on escalation and on the programs. Then I think they will create this enforcement mechanism to Paris Agreement, because at this moment there is either a carbon price in 15 years, which realistically, from now, or American trade policy, which adjust tariffs based on carbon footprint in the products, import on the territory. Cristiana, do you have any concerns about the U.S. pulling out of the treaty? I do, but not for the world. You have concerns for the U.S.? The U.S., yes. And let me say my concerns are actually around two things. I do have an international concern because, for sure, the public funding of the United States, over which the executive has quite a bit of influence, will dry up for climate both internally and externally and internationally. The public funding, okay? And that, I believe, is not going to have terrible influence internally in the United States, but it will put sand into the cogwheels of international diplomacy around climate change. And so that is going to be something that will have to be handled. However, having said that, we all know that public funding going into climate change, anyway, is only the tail that wags the dog. The dog is about trillions of dollars. It's not about millions or billions of dollars, right? So it is about the private capital shift, which, you know, is represented here. That's very interesting. We've had another debate yesterday, lunchtime, where I think the onus was on actually government taking the lead, rather than being the tail that's wagging the dog. On finance? On energy. On pushing forward. Government definitely takes the lead with policy, right, because the incentives and the direction has to be there, but certainly not with public finance. That is, you know, I mean, that is a political signal that is very, very important, in particular from the perspective of developing countries. And China is the first one to remind us all, you know, that the financial commitment of the developed world is a very, very important political commitment. It is not what is going to move the needle. So that is one concern. The other concern is, you know, for the U.S. economy, because the fact is, you know, we see the evidence that everyone else continues to move forward, and everyone else, present company included, is actually pulling the future into the present. And by the United States, should they choose, and it's not at all, you know, for sure that what is said is what is done, but should they choose to say what they're doing, they would actually be pulling the present into the past. And that's actually not a very good must-have to be taking when, despite, you know, what you say about globalization, you do compete in the global marketplace. And so if your technologies stay with technologies that are present today, or in fact even move back, what is going to happen with the competitive of those technologies in the international market, when you want to be able to use the international market to sell your products and your goods, and you can't stay just within the boundaries of your own country. So it just doesn't make too much sense for the economy of the United States. Would anyone like to get involved? Because I'm going to have a last round of questions in a moment, but if anyone would like to ask questions to this fantastic panel, by all means do. There's a gentleman behind me, and there's a gentleman over there as well. So let's start off over here, then we'll get to you later, sir. Yes, my name is Johan Arios. I am a little bit flabbergasted, because going to one point you made Patrick, which is efficiency, but no one has talked about the lowest hanging fruit, which is rainforest. And not much was done about it in Copenhagen, but a little bit. But what happened in Paris? And isn't that something we should address? Because that would bring the $20 down to $10 in a heartbeat. Who likes to respond to that? Cristiana? I'll respond to that. I would add only Russian forests as well. It's not just rainforest. Take Russian forests. Boreal forests as well. Yes. All forests. I would agree that that part, which is about one quarter of the issue that we're looking at, both one quarter of the problem, but also one quarter of the solution might be very, very important. And that is why the text has written such that we are heading for a balance between emissions and absorptions, because it is just as important, and here we're talking about reducing emissions, but it is equally important to increase the natural absorption of the planet. So that's why the text is written that way. But actually, yes, there was a huge amount done on what we call Red Plus, sorry to throw a lingo on you, but reduction of emissions of deforestation was actually a very, very important part of the component that led to the Paris Agreement. And we would not have had a Paris Agreement had that not already been put in place. So let me just say, the international structure and the regulation to deal with, in particular with deforestation is in place. What we need now is actually the implementation. Did you want to comment on the Russian situation?  Yes. And the framework for that was actually put in place in the lead up to Copenhagen with Red and then enhanced by Red Plus. And if we look at the cost, if we take the carbon cost, if we can save rainforest, it's at the $5 level. I don't think it's changed very much. Yep. And I actually did the review, which Red was based on back in 2007, if you may. But what is disappointing is that the capacity building initiatives, which were supposed to be funded through World Bank initiatives, are still incipient. Are doing nothing. No, they're doing nothing, but they're insufficient. I remember the Congo Basin fund has not thrown any funds whatsoever towards them. Thank you very much indeed. Let's get one very quick question from you, Fakid. Yeah. It's not a question. It's an observation. I come from India and had a big oil and gas company there. So a reference was made to India that India is not independent. So I thought that I would give some observations from India. Very good. Made one quick observation. If we could, your key observation. We're running out of time, sir. Yes, yeah. So we have a big economy, 1.2 billion people. Our energy consumption is one-third of global average. So we have to cover a lot to come to the thing. China is already, I mean, just about global average. So, but despite that difficulty, I mean, like China, we have to have a portfolio of energy mix. But and coal would be dominant, but still, I mean, on clean energy, we are fully committed on Paris Convention. By 2022, we would produce 175 gigawatt of clean energy. That's the aim, I mean, which the government has put for itself. 100 would come from solar. 60 will come from wind and so on. And our oil and gas companies themselves, I mean, my own company, we are diversifying. We are diversifying into solar, wind, and even solar storage. I mean, we are doing. I think it's very important we get that contribution from the world's largest democracy as well. So thank you very much. Yes. I'm going to come round with one more question for the panel. Oleg, you want to come in to you? Just on the forest. Yes. Funding is very important. No funds, no program. And taxes or carbon price could be a good source for this funding and it should be connected. The Total Foundation, we invest in forests because we are strong in Africa and we have decided to put millions of dollars on forests from next year. Okay, right. The biggest barrier or the most exciting part of the energy transition? I'm going to go around. You can pick. And it's literally got about 20 seconds each. So what is the most exciting thing about the transition or the biggest roadblock you see? Patrick? CO2 pricing, R&D in CCUS. And a real collective approach beyond what has been done by the Paris Treaty. Ignacio. So a clear decision on the countries to move toward a cleaner energy. So not continuing just subsidizing those things which has not already the future. So to use the resources to invest in the different type of sources of energy, not continue trying to keep and maintain the existing one just because there are no other social issues around. Thank you. Oleg. New technology for sure. We need to develop in a low cost in our application batteries, definitely nuclear. Of course, carbon prices as soon as better. And I think we need to change consumption pattern since I don't believe that we're already late in the strain and we have a problem which will mass in the near future. We need to think how we can change consumption part because consumption pattern push country to develop this old energy. And this is something which could be resinked by NGO, not to pushing just on industry, on some other. But consumption pattern with all ways to elimination must be addressed. And carbon pricing as soon as possible. New bakery. First of all, I think the government's attitude is essential. And secondly, concrete measures to achieve goals. And also an important factor is that we should focus on technological progress to reduce costs. The previous speakers have already mentioned that not only we have to be clean, things also have to be done in an economical way. If we can lower the costs, then there will be a bright future for clean energy. Thank you. And Kristiana, we've already heard one of the things you really want and that is speed of transition. What do you want to add to that? You know, one thing that is very exciting to me is the possibility of moving beyond our mental local maxima in the mathematical sense, right? And the local maxima in the sense that we have locked ourselves into thinking that we're making a maximum effort but local because it's within the range of what is visible to us right now. And the possibilities, the fact is that the world is expecting more from us. And I think that everyone is going to surprise themselves and herself and himself by actually being able to break beyond that. And I think that it has to do with collaboration in particular, collaboration across all kinds of boundaries that is going to make many, many things possible that are currently not visibly possible. It's a great note to end it on. And just to add, this is a great note to end it on. So we have organized a collaboration. Yesterday I was in nitrogen council with over 13 CEOs and today with eight CEOs all in gas companies speaking during one hour and a half of climate change. So this is also the contribution that Davos can bring to this climate change issue. And thank you to the web. Fabulous. Nurbekri, Kristiana Figueres, Oleg Deripaska, Patrick Puyone and Ignacio Sanchez-Gallant. Thank you very much indeed. And thank you very much indeed, everyone, for attending.