The knowledge of Madison High School has always tried to get along with her fellow faculty members regardless of whether they're male or female. One thing that school teachers of either sex have in common is the fact that he, she or them was, is and are underpaid. But there is one definite advantage held by the men. When a male school teacher hasn't enough money to go to the movies, he can stay home and look at the pictures on his Esquire calendar. I've overcome that advantage to some slight extent by making my own calendar. I've used 12 snapshots, one for each month, of Madison's bashful biologist, Philip Boynton. There they are right on my bedroom wall. January, Mr. Boynton in his Up to the Minute Raccoon coat. February, Mr. Boynton on Valentine's Day with a big red heart shaped box under his arm, containing flies for his frog, McDougal. Then March, Mr. Boynton in plus fours, a striped blazer and a three propeller beanie. Last Friday morning when I tore the page for March off my calendar, there was Mr. Boynton with his arms around me, so I knew it was April Fool's Day. My landlady, Mrs. Davis, knocked on my door a moment later. Come in. Good morning, Connie. Many happy returns of the day. Thanks, Mrs. Davis. Happy April Fool's Day to you. What time is it anyway? I'm still sleepy. It's almost seven, Connie. I've been up for hours planning little tricks to play on people. Well, I hope you're not going to be as naughty as you were last year. Setting firecrackers off in our yard to make everybody think it was 4th of July. Well, that was fun, wasn't it? Yes, until one of your pinwheels joined me in the shower. Well, I see now I came up here to tell you something rather important. Oh, dear me, whenever I talk to my sister Angela, I become almost as absent minded as she is. We had quite a conversation on the phone this morning. How is Angela? Fine, thank you, but she's so flighty. Right in the middle of our telephone conversation, she forgot that she was talking about completely. I'm worried about her. It's like I was telling my brother the other day, we've got to do something, I said. You've got to do something? About what? I was just repeating what you said to your brother. Which brother? I don't know. Your brother Victor, I guess. I guess so. Well, it's a beautiful day, isn't it? Mrs.  Now try and remember what it was so I can take a shower and get dressed and forget about it. Oh, yes, one of your students is waiting for you in the living room, Walter Denton. Walter Denton? What's he doing here so early? All right, Connie, I'll tell him.  Hi, Mrs. Davis. Walter, what are you doing here? You just left me here, Mrs. Davis. Oh, and you wanted to see Miss Brooks. Oh, that reminds me. What are you doing here so early? Well, it's a big secret, Mrs. Davis, but I'll tell you if you promise to keep it strictly confidential. I promise. You won't forget now? I won't forget what now? To keep it confidential. To keep what confidential? I guess it's safe with you. Look at this newspaper column. The one called Dorothy Daley's Daily Advice to the Heart Store. Oh, I think that all the time. You never read a letter like this one, though, I'll bet.  No matter how I try, I can't seem to make any progress with him. I'm attractive without being ravishing, intelligent without being stuffy, cheerful without being a Pollyanna, but mostly I'm without PB. Can you help me sign CB? Well, I certainly sympathize with that young lady, but... Wait a minute. Honey, Brooks. Rosa, do you think the CB in this letter could be the CB I think the CB could be? I'm positive it is.  PB, Phillip Boynton. Oh, but Walter, PB could stand for anybody. Why it could stand for Paul Bunyan. Mrs. Davis, you're closer to Miss Brooks than any of us. Does she know anybody named Paul Bunyan? No, not that I know of. Then there you are. She's got to be CB. But Walter, do you honestly think Miss Brooks would write a letter like this to a public newspaper? Oh, sure. Mrs. Davis, haven't you heard the famous epigram, Love in its Desperation Turns to Many Strange Devices? No, Walter. Who said that? I did. Look, Mrs. Davis, we won't embarrass Miss Brooks by mentioning it in front of her, but we've got to try and help her. Listen to Dorothy Daley's answer to Miss Brooks. Dear CB, come out of your shell.  Then watch your Mr. PB sit up and take notice. Yours for nailing them down before they can wriggle off the hook, Dorothy Daley. There's our problem, Mrs. Davis. We've got to give Miss Brooks a personality. I never noticed that she didn't have any. Now remember, Mrs. Davis, not a word to a soul. Of course, I've told Harriet Conklin so she can tell her father he has to give a party tonight which Miss Brooks can go to and be the life of. That's pretty short notice, isn't it? That's why we have to wake her up so early. This new personality is a rush job. Oh, careful. Here she comes. Hiya, CB. How's everything? Okay. Well, no, W.D. It's N.G. N.G. I didn't get enough S.L.W.P. What? Sorry, S.L.E.A.P. Oh, sleep! If you'll excuse me, I'll get some breakfast for us. I'll call you when it's ready. All right, Mrs. Davis. Now then, Walter, what's the crisis? Crisis? Well, there's no crisis. I just thought it would be nice to have a little chat. In the middle of the night? Now, look, Walter, this April Fool's business leaves me pretty cold. So if you're playing any pranks... Oh, this has nothing to do with April Fool, Miss Brooks. It's just that I've been making a study of personalities lately and I've come to the conclusion that we should all come out of our shell. Good, but let's not come out until 8 o'clock in the morning. Now, there's nothing like parlor magic to make anybody the life of the party. For instance, have you seen the disappearing quarter trick? Look, I hold this quarter between my thumb and third finger like this. Then I make a few magic passes and presto! Where's the quarter? On the floor. Well, I haven't practiced enough yet, but a trick like this, you could learn easy. I could learn it easily. I knew you'd go for it. Now, here, take the quarter in your left hand. Look, Walter, making money disappear is no trick for a school teacher. Let's get some way to make some appear, then we'll have something. Breakfast is ready. Oh, come on into the dinette, Walter. Yes, sit right down. You sit here, Walter. Thanks, Mrs. Davis. Drink your juice first and I'll bring the rest out in a minute. All right, Mrs. Davis. Funny, this is orange juice. What's funny about that? The last breakfast Mrs. Davis prepared for me began with marinated olive juice. Ah, recipes, all right. Oh, say, I just thought of another great party trick. It's called a spoon in the empty glass trick. Here, I've got two spoons right here. Now, I place the back of one behind the front of the other and by means of leverage, flop it right into the empty glass. So, glass wasn't empty. It is now. Of course, my lap isn't as empty as it was. Well, let it upset you, Miss Brooks. One of the truest things ever said is the quotation, A damp garment should not dampen the spirit to the wearer. Who said that? I did. Here we are. Now, Connie, I want to surprise you.  Go ahead now. Please close them tight. All right, Mrs. Davis, they're closed. Thanks. Now, before you open them, guess what we've got for breakfast? Uh, salmon patties fried in Quantro? No, I ran out of Quantro. Hi again. Uh, wheat cakes from Ravioli? No, I guess you better give up. Open your eyes. Why, what's this? Plain scrambled eggs, toast and coffee? That's right, Connie. April Fool! Starring Eve Arden will continue in just a moment, but first, here is Vern Smith. Want to win $49,000 in cash? That's right, $49,000 in cash. The first prize offered by the makers of Parmalik Soap in their big, exciting 49 Gold Rush Contest. Second prize, $4,900. And there are 4,949 other cash prizes. What a chance to win $100,000 in cash prizes, and it's easy to enter. Simply finish this sentence, I like Parmalik Soap because, in 25 words or less. That's all. Just 25 words or less to finish this sentence, I like Parmalik Soap because. Then mail your entry right away, along with the Parmalik Soap Rapper. Easy, isn't it? And remember, thousands will strike it rich in this big 49 Gold Rush Contest. Enter as often as you like. Get entry blanks and complete rules from your dealer, or send your entries on plain paper, with your name and address and dealer's name and address, plus one Parmalik Rapper for each entry. Mail to Gold Rush Contest, box 49, New York 8, New York. You better write that down. Gold Rush Contest, box 49, New York 8, New York. But hurry, your last chance. Contest closes next Saturday. Get Parmalik Soap right away to help win a lovelier complexion, and try for your share of the $100,000 in cash prizes. Walter Datton's moving full speed ahead on his efforts to aid CB take Dorothy Daley's advice concerning PB. Let's look in now on another of the conspirators, Harriet Conklin, as she speaks to her father in the principal's office. So all you have to do, Daddy, is to invite this party to the party when she comes by this morning. But I don't see any reason for it, Harriet. I'm getting sick and tired of this constant round of parties. One mad whirl after another. Daddy, the last party you gave was on Thanksgiving. Oh, this is vital, Daddy. I can't go into embarrassing details, but we've got to bring somebody out of herself. Oh, you've just got to invite Miss Brooks to our party. Miss Brooks? But she has a party every day, all day long. It only seems that way because of her pleasant exterior.  That must be Miss Brooks now. Well, I won't go through with it, Harriet. I absolutely refuse to have any more... Listen, Daddy. You promised, Mother, you'd go on a diet, didn't you? Yes, but what has that got to do with our... If you don't invite Miss Brooks to our party tonight, I'll take that borrowed fudge out from under your desk plotter and show it to Mother. Come in, my dear. I told that you wanted to see me, Mr. Karnlin. Oh, hello, Harriet. Hi, Miss Brooks. Daddy has something he wants to tell you. Yes, yes. I've been coerced into having a little party at our place tonight, Miss Brooks, and if you have nothing else to do, we'd like you to come. Well, thanks, Mr. Karnlin. I'd love to. Of course, if you can't come, we may just drop the whole thing. Daddy, I think I'll change the plotter on your desk right now. No, no. That is, I'm sure it'll be nice to get together. All right, Mr. Karnlin. Then if that'll be all, I'll see you tonight. I'll be looking forward to it. Dismissed.  Thanks, Daddy. And next time, try the ones with the nuts in them. All right, girl.  You too, Harriet. I'm beginning to like it in here. Now, the next thing you have to do, Miss Brooks, is to meet us in the music appreciation room as soon as lunch period gets here. The music appreciation room? You know the old saying, music has charms to soothe a savage breath. Yes, but I've been dating very few savages lately. Look, Harriet, what in the world is this all about? I've got to get to my French class now, but I'll see you at lunchtime.  Not at all, Walter. I'm just going to the music appreciation room to meet Harriet. Don't ask me why. I know why, Miss Brooks, because tonight's party is in everybody who comes must do something party. And we've got something swell doped out for you to do. For me to do? You'll find out about it in a minute. Here's the music room, Miss Brooks. Let's go in. That'll be all for today. Well, he came a long way to practice. Very clever. Very clever, I'm sure he'll make a fine musician if he concentrates on his violin and stops telling jokes. Hello, Miss Brooks. Well, we're all set. We are. Did you bring it, Mr. Pringle? Got it right in this case, Walter. Good. You know, Miss Brooks, tonight's in everybody who comes must do something party. Yes, I know, and I think I know what I'm going to do, too. What? Stay home. Don't be ridiculous, Miss Brooks. You know how well Miss Enright plays a piano, don't you? What does Miss Enright's playing the piano got to do with me? Well, plenty.  But we're going to see to it that you're the life of the party. Well, come on, Harriet. We've got some more arrangements to make. Okay, Walter, you just put yourself in Mr. Pringle's hands completely, Miss Brooks. That's right. If you put yourself in Mr. Pringle's hands now, who knows, you may wind up in Mr. Boynton's arms later. And I'll see you tonight, CB. I don't know what this is all about, Mr. Pringle. Take it easy, Miss Brooks. All the children want you to do is learn a very simple little specialty for the party tonight. Now, tell me, do you have any musical education at all? Well, when I was a little girl, I played in our girl scout band. Really? What instrument? The tuba. I didn't keep at it, though. It did something to my lips. Oh, you must have started too young. It's a difficult instrument to master. Yes, for months after I gave it up, I couldn't drink a malted without swallowing the straw. Well, what I've got in mind for you won't offer any difficulties, I'm sure. Now, this is a ukulele. It's the only instrument upon which a novice can pick out a simple tune in no time at all. Here, just place one finger on this fret. So, now this one here, that's right. Now, play a chord. Go ahead, try it. Well, all right, I'll try. Washington, at Valley Forge, stood bitter cold and up spoke George. Oh, do-de-oh, do-do-do-de-oh. Take my lips and do your duty. Everybody called me cutie. Look, that's wonderful. Let's sing some together. All right, Mr. Pringo. Paul Revere on his midnight ride rode through town and loudly cried. Go-do-de-oh, do-do-do-do-de-oh. Shake my hand and call me Max. I've got a charge account at SAC. Ukulele, gaily, how he strums it, bum-bum-bums it.  Crazy words, crazy tune. You'll be driving me crazy soon with that go-do-de-oh, do-do-do-do-de-oh. Miss Brooks. Da-hoo! Meaning of this, Mr. Pringle. And what are you doing in Mr. Pringle's music room during lunch period, Miss Brooks? I just dropped in for a Melody Burger. I mean, I wanted to see if I remembered something. Leave this room at once. As for you, Mr. Pringle, aren't you supposed to be at lunch during this period? Yes, sir. I was just going, sir. Well, put that ridiculous looking instrument down and get out. Yes, sir. Come on, Miss Brooks. Naturally. Yeah. There's Grace carrying on in the middle of a school day with a ukulele. My dog has flee. Bum-bum-bum-bum, hold that tiger. Bum-bum-bum, hold that tiger. Bum-bum-bum, hold that tiger. Where's the party so far, Mr. Boynham? It's very nice, Miss Brooks, but I'm a little worried. Everybody's supposed to get up and do something, aren't they? Well, that's the idea. Gosh, there isn't anything I could possibly do to entertain anybody. Oh, I don't know. Of course, I did make a speech some months ago to my biology club, but they're all men. I couldn't repeat that in front of mixed company. Oh, why not, Mr. Boynham? What was the subject of the speech? Well, I'd rather not mention it, Miss Brooks. It's a little racy. Well, I'll just listen with one ear. What was it? Well, it was called the primitive urge of the sturgeon to swim upstream. That's funny. I always thought the sturgeon didn't need any urgent. Look, Mr. Boynham, I'm as nervous as you are about getting up and doing anything, but maybe we could do something together. Like what, Miss Brooks? Well, I just happened to have with me tonight this ukulele. Oh, a ukulele. I haven't seen one of those things since my college days. It's really very simple to pick up. It all came back to me in a flash. See, you just put one finger here. That's right. Now, this one here, so... Now, try it. From it, Mr. Boynham. All right. I'll see you in my dream. Hold you in my... Don't be bashful. Hold that, pucker. You're the best since Sophie Tucker. I don't know where the heck that comes from. I don't know, but this is a brand-new Boynham. Where did you go to college on the peace circuit? There you are, Mr. Boynham. I've been looking all over for you. Oh, hello, Miss Enright. And dear Miss Brooks, may I join you? You have. There seems to be room on this couch for three. Don't you think so? Only if I sit in the middle. There we are. Miss Brooks is so possessive. You don't ever want to share Mr. Boynham with anyone, do you, dear? The property has only been optioned. It is not ready for subdivision. Excuse me, Brooks, but Mother says if anybody wants cake and coffee, it's on the table. Just help yourself, please. I think I'll get some. Mrs. Coughlin certainly knows the way to a man's heart. I like the overland route myself. You run along, Mr. Boynham. Can I bring you Lady Something? Just yourself, dear Mr. Boynham. Yes. How about you, Miss Brooks? No thanks. Not right now. I'll be right back in a minute. I have no doubt you've got your specialty all prepared, Miss Brooks. Oh, it's nothing, really. I didn't imagine it would be. I, uh...  That should be lovely. It's obvious from your bill that you moved enough of them. It's funny. I wonder how funny you'll feel when I get up and read this letter in Dorothy Daley's column. Letter? Yes, I've got the crippling right here. It's called CB.  PB? Wait a minute, Philip Boynham. Exactly. It goes on to tell how CB can't make any progress with PB at all and pleads for advice. Oh, but Miss Enright, you don't think that... Why, I didn't write that letter. I know you didn't. I did. You? A little April Fool's joke, Miss Brooks. But of course, when I read it, I won't mention that detail. And even if you do, it'll just look like a natural attempt to cover your embarrassment. But Miss Enright, even you wouldn't... Attention, folks, attention. We come now to that part of the party we've all been looking forward to so eagerly. The part where everybody must get up and do something. First, I'd like to introduce Madison's beloved English teacher, our Miss Brooks. Enjoy your brief moment, my dear.  What do you mean brief moment? I'm loaded with entertainment. Madison's Brooks, what are you going to do for us tonight? Well, ladies and gentlemen, I thought I'd do a few medleys of songs on the ukulele, then a few recitations, and maybe a parlor trick or two. First, the songs. Washington, that valley forged was bitter cold, and up spoke George. Oh, don't you know how much for the songs. Now I'd like to recite for you. Just a moment, Miss Brooks. You've been on for over enough. Please, Miss Anne Wright. Miss Brooks isn't finished. Thank you, Harris. Under the spreading chestnut tree, the village smithy stands. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. You can see I have here in my hand an ordinary deck of playing cards. And now I'd like to show you a fascinating parlor game. Mr. Conklin, do you have a phone book I could borrow? Oh, yes, Miss Brooks. There's one right here on this table, but don't you think it's a little late to phone anyone? It's almost 12 o'clock. Oh, I'm not going to phone anyone. Walter, get a piece of paper and a pencil, please. How came, Miss Brooks? Well, I think this is the most... Please, Miss Anne Wright. You're interrupting, Miss Brooks. Thank you, Walter. Now, the idea of this game is to guess which name in the phone book I'm thinking of. Let's start with the A's. If you get a feeling that I've said the one I'm concentrating on, just call out. Let's go. Abbott, Abernassie, Ackerman, Addison, Casco, Payton, Penamon, Prympechak, Zimmerman, Zimmerman A, Zimmerman B. Hasn't anyone got a feeling yet? Mr. Boyden, how about... Mr. Boyden, where are you? Mr. Boyden went home, Miss Brooks. He went home? When? Right after Mr. and Mrs. Conklin went to bed. He said he didn't want to disturb you, so Miss Anne Wright drove him home. Miss Anne Wright drove? Well, that's the last straw. You know, of course, Walter, that it was Miss Anne Wright who wrote that Dorothy Daly letter. Miss Anne Wright? That's right, Walter. She signed my initials, but it was her letter that Dorothy Daly answered in her column.  I'm sorry you were so embarrassed, Miss Brooks. You think I was embarrassed tonight? Just wait, Walter, till you see to meet tomorrow when Dorothy Daly answers the letter I wrote her. Let's return to just a moment, dream girl, dream girl, beautiful luster cream girl. Tonight, show him how much lovelier your hair can look after a luster cream shampoo. Only luster cream brings UK Dumas magic formula blend of secret ingredients plus gentle lanolin. Gives loveliness, lather, even in hardest water. Glamorizes your hair as you wash it. Luster cream, not a soap, not a liquid, but a dainty cream shampoo. Leaves hair frequently clean, free of loose dandruff, glistening with sheen, soft, manageable. Gives new beauty to all hairdos or permanence. Four ounce jar, $1. Smaller sizes, either tubes or jars. Tonight, try luster cream shampoo and the uh... Dream girl, dream girl, beautiful luster cream girl. You owe your crowning glory to a luster cream shampoo. Now once again, here is our Miss Brooks. Well, I had a date with Mr. Boynton on the following day and I couldn't wait to find out if Miss Enright had told him about the Dorothy Daly column. Sure enough, it was the first thing he mentioned when he came by to pick me up. That letter in the paper, Miss Brooks, it certainly has me puzzled. Puzzled, Mr. Boynton?  Mr. Boynton, I thought sure you'd guess. Pee-Bee is an old flame of mine, a fellow named Paul Bunyan. Soon into another Our Miss Brooks Show brought to you by Common Assault, your duty hope, and luster cream shampoo for soft, glamorous, caruscible hair. Our Miss Brooks, starring Eve Arden, is produced by Larry Burns, written and directed by Al Lewis, with music by Wilbur Hatch. Men, here is actual factual proof of more comfortable, actually smoother shaves by using Pamela Lather Shaving Cream. 1,251 men tried the Pamela Lather Waiter Shave, described on the tube, and no matter how they shaved before, three out of four got more comfortable, actually smoother shaves. Try Pamela Lather Shaving Cream. See if you don't get more comfortable, actually smoother shaves the Pamela Lather Shaving Cream way. For mystery liberally sprinkled with laughs, listen to Mr. and Mrs. North, the exciting, fun-fact adventures of an amateur detective and his beautiful wife. Tune in Tuesday evenings over most of these same stations. And be with us again next week at the same time for another comedy episode of Our Miss Brooks. Cancer causes a death every three minutes, and unless the present cancer death rate is reduced, 18 million living Americans will die from it. This will affect on the average one out of every two families in the United States. Stay tuned for the next episode of Cancer by helping the American Cancer Society to provide more surgery, X-ray, and radium treatments. So give generously to the American Cancer Society today. Stay tuned now for Life with Luigi, which follows over most of these same stations. This is CBN, the Columbia Broadcasting System.


In this lecture, I'm going to cover the basics of optics, that is the transport of light from one place to another. And specifically, we're going to concentrate on the very fundamental behaviors of light in the presence of a medium. Those behaviors are reflection and refraction of the light. If you recall from the special lecture on the nature of light, light is an example of an electromagnetic wave. Electromagnetic waves are merely waves that consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. They propagate, that is, they travel at a velocity in a direction that is perpendicular to the oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields, which themselves oscillate in directions perpendicular to one another. The distance between the peaks of the wave, that is, the places where, for instance, the electric field is at its strongest maximum value for a given wave, that distance is known as the wavelength, and that's represented here on this graphic. And the number of points per second that are common in the wave, for instance, the number of peaks per second that pass you at a specific point in space, is known as the frequency. The frequency can be written as f, the wavelength as the Greek letter lambda, and the product of these two things is a speed. It has units of meters per second, and that speed is the speed of the wave. And in this case, for an electromagnetic wave, that is the speed of light. The speed of light is a number. In vacuum, it is 2.998 times 10 to the 8th meters per second. So all the behaviors of light will arise from the fact that it is fundamentally a wave phenomenon that travels from one point to another point in space. And it does so along straight lines, unless the path of the wave is interrupted by the presence of a change in medium, or a medium other than the one that it started in. This photograph illustrates very nicely the kinds of phenomena that we're going to look at that are common to all electromagnetic waves and are most easily seen by our eyes with visible light, which is the fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum that our bodies are sensitive to. We have here a laser beam, which has begun its journey in air at the top of the picture. It then strikes an air vegetable oil boundary. This is merely the top of the surface of the vegetable oil layer that has been poured into this beaker. The light appears to travel through that boundary, and you see it goes from being green to being orange. This is a special phenomenon that occurs for green light traveling through olive oil, specifically. You get a wavelength shift, but that's not something we're going to explore here. It merely illustrates the presence of the vegetable oil layer in the picture. The light then approaches and passes through a vegetable oil water boundary. So water is at the bottom of the beaker. Vegetable oil is less dense than water, so it floats on top of it, and the air is on top of the vegetable oil. So we have a three-layer system so far. Light begins in air, penetrates the boundary of the air vegetable oil system, travels through the vegetable oil, where it is seen as being orange. It then penetrates the water vegetable oil boundary and travels through the water, where it's restored to being green light again. And then it strikes the bottom of the beaker, which is made of glass. And we see what occurs there appears to be a reflection. That is, rather than passing through the glass, we primarily see the laser light as scattering at some angle with respect to the floor of the beaker. And then it travels back up through the water, strikes the water vegetable oil interface, travels through the vegetable oil, strikes the vegetable oil air interface, and continues on its way. So we see here, combined in one photograph, the fundamental behaviors of electromagnetic waves, specifically light, that we are going to study. We have reflection at the bottom of the beaker, where it strikes the water-glass interface. And we have refraction, where it passes through a boundary between two media. So for instance, between air and vegetable oil, or between vegetable oil and water. Let's begin by looking at the phenomenon of reflection, or specifically, specular reflection. Specular reflection is where an incident beam of light, which is here represented by a very straight, narrow laser beam of red light, where that laser light can strike the surface and reflect at a well-defined angle with respect to a normal to the surface. So what we see on the left here is our incident laser beam, which I have indicated with a white arrow pointing in the direction that the laser beam was aimed. There is a reflective surface represented by the horizontal white line with no arrows on it. That surface can be characterized, as all surfaces can, by a line that is perpendicular to that surface at all points. This is a flat surface, so there is simply one of these. It's called a normal. We've encountered these already in the discussion of magnetic fields and magnetic flux. The normal to the surface is indicated by the vertical dotted line. And because I can draw this with a precise drawing program, such as that which comes with LibreOffice, a free and open source office suite, I can make the angle between the dotted vertical line and that solid horizontal line precisely 90 degrees. Now what we observe is that the majority of the laser light that we see is reflected up into the right, and that's indicated with the second arrow on the right-hand side. That is referred to as the reflected laser beam. And we notice something very interesting. The reflection, the bouncing of the laser light off the interface between the first medium and the second medium, the angle that the light comes off not only places it entirely within the first medium, but on the other side of the normal from where it started. So if we denote the angle of the incident laser beam with respect to the normal to the surface as theta sub one, which I've indicated here on the drawing, and we then indicate the so-called reflection angle, that is the angle that the reflected laser light makes with respect to the normal as theta one prime, which I've also drawn here on the picture, then we can ask if there is a relationship between these two angles, theta one and theta one prime in the case of specular reflection, such that we can solve problems. For instance, in the propagation of light through a series of mirrors, each mirror is a reflecting surface, and if we knew the rule that related theta one and theta one prime, we could then, for instance, very easily solve problems. We could predict the path that light beams will take through a system of our own designs, for instance, medical optical instrumentation. Well, what's very interesting about using a precision drawing program, like that that comes with LibreOffice, really any office suite, is that you can draw the first arrow, as I've done here, and then you can draw the second arrow and see if there's any numerical relationship between those two. And in fact, the relationship that you see here is a very simple one. In order to get the right-hand arrow, all I had to do was take the left-hand arrow, copy it, and flip it about the horizontal axis, basically making a mirror image of the first arrow in the second. And you'll see that without drawing the second arrow, I was able to perfectly trace the path of the reflected laser beam. My white arrow on the right-hand side perfectly follows the red line of laser light. I didn't even have to hand trace that and then figure out the relationship. Why? Because the law of reflection states that theta1 is equal to theta1' and in fact, we see that here borne out beautifully, merely by drawing one arrow, flipping it and drawing a second arrow. So the law of reflection can be stated very simply. If a beam of light enters a surface and strikes the surface, if we draw a normal to the surface at the point where the laser light strikes the surface, and we denote the angle with respect to that normal as theta1 for the incident laser light or the incident ray of light, then theta1' the angle of reflection of that ray of light will be equal to theta1. Now, the reason I emphasize specular reflection is because there's another kind of reflection that you're actually probably more familiar with but don't even realize it's occurring, and that is diffuse reflection. The human eye only sees things because light is scattered off of surfaces and then eventually strikes our eye. So for instance, light from the lamps in the ceiling of the room I'm recording in right now is flooding the room and it's striking the table and it's bouncing off the surface of the table and some of that light is entering the cavity in the front of my eyeball, which itself is a lens system, and that light is eventually turned into electrical information that's interpreted by my brain. But in order to see things, they have to either give off light or reflect light. Materials that neither give off light nor reflect light cannot be seen by the human eye. Specular reflection is when incident light entering at a specific angle will absolutely come out at the same well-defined angle given by the law of reflection every time. Diffuse reflection on the other hand says that it's a phenomenon that occurs when incident light coming in on a well-defined path may be scattered in one of many possible directions, and that's indicated in this cartoon here by the red arrows. What fundamentally causes diffuse reflection is unevenness in the surface. That is, there's no guarantee that if light comes in on the same path that when it strikes a point on the surface that that point on the surface will be angled exactly the same as it was either a moment ago or as any neighboring points happen to be oriented. And we can see that a bit more carefully on the next picture. So here you have a very jagged and uneven surface. Light rays can come in parallel to the horizontal, but it depends where they strike the material, regardless of the fact that they all come in parallel, influences where the outgoing scattered ray will point. And we see that here the outgoing rays appear to go in a jumble of directions. So a surface that's uneven where maybe each point on the surface is part of a little plane, but those planes are not all oriented in the same directions. That is, their normals don't all point in the same directions. A non-smooth, jagged surface is an excellent diffuse reflector. And you probably have a diffuse reflector sitting by you right now. So for instance, white paper. Blank paper is a diffuse reflector. And the reason white paper appears white is because if you send in light that contains all possible visible frequencies, roigibiff, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, if you send in light with all of those frequencies like light from the sun or light from a fluorescent bulb in the ceiling above you, that's white light. It appears white to our eyes. And when it strikes the paper, it scatters in all directions and you get a diffuse emission of white light off the paper. Go ahead and move a piece of white paper around in a well-lit room, and that paper will look basically the same from all angles. And that's because your eye is simply picking up the diffusely scattered light that's scattered at all kinds of different angles, regardless of whether or not it comes in parallel from the source. Diffuse reflectors don't form images, and we'll get to images in the next lecture when we talk about mirrors, but you don't see your reflection in a piece of white paper because light coming in off your skin is not reflected back at your eye always at the same well-defined angle, which is a minimum requirement for making a very well-defined image or sharp image. So diffuse reflection produces a wide scattering of light. You can't necessarily tell where the light came from once it's scattered because of the unevenness of the surface. Specular reflection allows you to make very specific predictions based on the outgoing ray, where the incoming ray came from, and that allows you to do something called ray tracing, which is the basis of identifying the formation of images and optical systems. And we'll get to that more when we talk about mirrors and thin lenses. We've been looking at reflection, but there's another equally important phenomenon that occurs with waves of light, and that is refraction. Now, I've been very loosey-goosey in talking about light. Light is fundamentally a wave, but you can see here from this picture that we can represent the information in the wave, merely by drawing an arrow that follows the direction that the wave fronts are traveling. So if you think of a wave as a series of maximum crests followed by minimum troughs, followed by maximum crests, and so forth, a repeating structure of maxima, minima, maxima, minima, then we can represent, for instance, just key points on the wave. We could pick the locations of maximum electric field strength along the wave. And those here are indicated by these black parallel lines. Those are simply called wave fronts, and they are locations of maximum strength of the electric field on the wave. Now, when an electromagnetic wave strikes the boundary between two materials, two media, different media here indicated one by white and one by blue coloring. So, for instance, this could be air and water, or air and glass, or air and ice, or vacuum and water, something like that. When an electromagnetic wave strikes the medium, something happens to it. Some of it will reflect. You can get reflections, for instance, off the surface of water. You've probably seen these at a pool or at a pond. You can see the sky in a pool or a pond if you're standing at the right angle. But you know that if you dive into the pool or pond and you open your eyes, you can see light coming from outside the surface of the water and penetrating inside. The process of a light wave or any electromagnetic wave passing through the boundary between two media is known as refraction, and it's the opposite of reflection. Reflection keeps the light in the original medium from which it came. Refraction is when light enters a second medium passing through the boundary between the first medium and the second one. Refraction carries with it an interesting optical phenomenon, which is that the path of the light ray will change. Now, the ray here is merely the arrow that indicates the direction that wave fronts are traveling. You can see in this picture that the wave fronts inside the blue medium are more closely spaced than they were in the white medium, and their direction is tilted at a steeper angle with respect to the interface between the two materials. So the red line here is a perpendicular line that makes a 90-degree angle with respect to the boundary between the two media. And the rays, that is the arrows that indicate where the wave fronts are traveling, those rays are closer to the normal inside the blue medium than they were outside the blue medium in the white medium, where the rays start its journey. This is called refraction, when the difference between the properties of two media cause light rays to bend when they pass through the surface between the two media. This only occurs at the boundary between two media. If you have a light ray that starts an air, and it continues an air, and then it continues further in air, refraction will not occur. But if you have a light ray that begins in air, strikes an air-glass interface, say at a window, travels through the glass, and then strikes the glass-air interface, you can get refraction at both of those interfaces. You can get the light ray bending. You've probably seen this up close before. This is an optical effect that's caused by refraction of light through different media. So for instance, in order to see the straw outside the glass, all we have to do is receive light scattered off the straw, traveling through air, and striking our eyes. In order to see the straws inside the glass, but still in air, the light rays have to travel through the glass, and then back into air, and then strike our eyes. If we want to see the straws when they're inside the water in the drinking glass, light has to reflect off of the straws, and then travel through the water and through the glass to reach our eyes. And the more boundaries that you add for that journey, so for instance, if the light starts outside the glass, travels through the glass, through the water, strikes the straw, reflects off the straw, travels through the water, travels through the glass, and then through the air to our eyes. The more boundaries you put in the path of light, the more extreme refractions you can get. And you can see here what the effect of the refracting of the light is. The straw not only appears to be magnified inside the water, but its body appears to be physically disconnected from where it actually enters the water. It's as if physical reality has been altered. But all we're getting here is an optical effect. It's an illusion created by the refraction of light on its journey from the source to where it scatters to our eye. And the more surfaces you put in between the source, the scattering surface and your eye, the more refractions can occur and the more distorted images can become, the more deceived we can be about the location, for instance, of the body of the straw. And you've probably experienced this before if you've ever accidentally dropped something into a pool like your keys and you try to reach down into the pool to get the keys and you're looking at the keys based on light that comes from the sun, strikes the surface of the pool, refracts, reflects off the keys, refracts again at the water-air interface and then reaches your eyes. And you know that when you reach your hand and your hand appears to bend at a weird angle and so you have a very hard time for a moment trying to figure out exactly where the keys are because you're disoriented by the fact that light is being bent at funny angles before it reaches your eye. It takes a moment for your eye to sort of correct and catch up to the fact that basically light is coming from someplace other than it appears to be originating from when you're reaching for your keys underwater in a pool while your head is still out of water. So you have to kind of correct for these weird optical phenomena, but they're all based on reflection and refraction and that's the origin of where all of these observations come from. Now the law of refraction is a little bit more complicated than the law of reflection. The law of reflection, specular reflection specifically, says that light striking a reflective surface will bounce back into the medium from where it started at an angle of reflection that is equal to the angle of incidence with respect to a normal to the surface. We've looked at that already. The law of refraction, also known as Snell's law, is a little bit more complicated because it takes into account the difference of the properties of the two media as well as those angles, the incident angle of light coming into the boundary and the outgoing angle, the refracted angle of light leaving the boundary in the second medium. Now you can look at the history of this law and with modern techniques and all the information we have available to us from many historical records, you'll find that this observation of the geometric rules that relate the incident angle to the refracted light angle, they predate Willebrod Snell van Royen, who is the person after which Snell's law is actually named. He did his work in 1621 and basically codified what we now think of as the modern law of refraction. He lived from 1580 to 1626. But in fact, you can go all the way back to, for instance, manuscripts, for instance, from Ibn Sal in roughly 984 AD, showing that multiple cultures, for instance, his was a culture from what we now consider the Middle East, showing that they had discovered the law of refraction mathematically. This was a period of high mathematical and technological progress in the region of the world now covered by Iran and Iraq and other countries in the Middle East. They had come up with all kinds of mathematical things that people in Europe would only discover a long time afterward. But nonetheless, you can see that multiple cultures using the same investigations of the natural world came to understand the law that unites the incident angle of light and the refracted angle of light. Even going back to maybe 984 and possibly earlier than that, although it's not clear that there was a good enough mathematical understanding prior to that to really nail all this down. So we have here collected on one page the laws of reflection and refraction. And now you'll get to see Snell's law, the law of refraction written out. Reflection just to remind you, again, as long as the light reflects back into the original medium material from which it started. So if light comes in from air and when it strikes the interface with another material like glass, part of it will bounce in such a way that it stays in air. That's called reflection. And for that, we know that theta incident is equal to theta reflected. That is the incident angle with respect to the normal to the surface is equal to the reflected angle with respect to the normal to the surface, always with respect to the normal vector to a point on the surface where the light strikes. The law of refraction is a little bit more complicated and boiled down to its final essence. It tells us that the property of the incident material that is, for instance, air, which is known as the index of refraction, multiplied by the sign of the angle with respect to the normal to the interface between medium one and medium two, will be equal to the index of refraction of the second material times the sign of the angle of refraction. Now n is what I refer to as the index of refraction. And all it tells you is it tells you the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light inside the material in which light is traveling. So one of the things you can see if you go back a little bit earlier to the picture of the wave fronts coming in from the white medium and then refracting in the blue medium, one of the things you can see there is that the speed with which the wave travels is not the same in both medium. What is the same in both media is the frequency of the waves. Their wavelength changes, their speed changes, but their frequency remains the same. That is the number of wave fronts passing a given point in a given amount of time is the same between the two, but the wavelength shortens in the picture I showed earlier and the speed of light correspondingly changes. So if the wavelength gets shorter, the speed of light in that medium is smaller. The fastest that light can ever travel is when it's traveling in vacuum that is empty space and by definition the index of refraction of the vacuum is one because since the speed of light in vacuum is the fastest light can ever travel and its speed in vacuum is that, the ratio of those two is by definition one. In any other medium the speed of light will slow down compared to its speed in vacuum. So for instance in water or in air or in glass light is traveling a little bit or in many cases a lot of bit slower compared to its speed in empty space vacuum where there in principle are no particles off of which it can scatter or be absorbed and re-emitted which would slow down its journey. So in any other material C over V is going to be a number bigger than one because V will be smaller than C the speed of light in vacuum so C over V will be a ratio that is always greater than one in any other medium other than vacuum. So N1 is the index of refraction that is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in that material in medium one. Theta one is the angle of incidence from medium one with respect to the normal to the boundary between the two surfaces. N2 is the index of refraction that is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in that material for material two and sine of theta two is the sine of the angle of refraction in the second medium. Again with respect to the normal to the boundary between the two media at different angles. And this is the entire basis of something called a prism or the phenomenon which we observe called a rainbow. We'll go into that more in a moment but before I do that I wanted to talk a little bit about indices of refraction in common materials. So what I've shown here are selected refractive indices at a wavelength of 589 nanometers. These are pulled off of Wikipedia so you can go ahead and look at the Wikipedia article on index of refraction and there's an extended list of refracted indices which appears as a hyperlink in the original caption of the original table. And as I said before vacuum empty space has an index refraction of one because the fastest light can ever travel is when it's in vacuum and that is when it's traveling at C 2.998 times 10 to the 8th meters per second. So there you have C over C which is N and N is thus equal to one in vacuum. Now for instance we could look at gases. Now gases are very sparse in the amount of material they have but of course there are more atoms in gas than there are in vacuum because vacuum is empty space where there are no atoms. So air, helium, hydrogen gas clouds, carbon dioxide clouds, those all have indices of refraction that are almost one but not quite. So you see that air has an index of refraction of 1.000293 and you can see that's a very small change in the speed of light in air compared to the speed of light in vacuum but nonetheless it's not zero and it's measurable. Helium has a slightly smaller index of refraction so the speed of light in helium is faster than it is in air. In hydrogen it's also a little bit faster than it is in air. Carbon dioxide however slows down light much more so the speed of light in carbon dioxide is slightly slower than it is in just air which is a mix of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and other trace gases. What about liquids? Well liquids at 20 degrees Celsius are roughly room temperature. Water has an index of refraction of 1.333 we see that basically light is 33.3% slower in water than it is in vacuum. Ethanol is 1.36, olive oil is 1.47 and you can go back to that picture I showed you earlier and you can see indeed water and air and olive oil and glass which I have down here in the bottom of the table they all have different indices of refraction and you would expect light rays to bend at the interfaces between air and oil, oil and water, water and glass and so forth. It's a little hard to see in the photo I showed you earlier but if you got out very precise measuring instruments you could see that there's a slight bending of the rays of light as it travels through those different surfaces. Solids, whilst common solids like ice have indices of refraction of 1.309 plexus lower in diamond than it does in vacuum, empty space with an index of refraction of 2.42. And you can see here refraction beautifully illustrated in this photograph which I also got from Wikimedia Commons. Light comes in through air from the left. It strikes the air plexiglass interface. It bends and you see that the light makes a smaller angle with respect to the normal to the surface of the air plexiglass interface than it did outside. Then it strikes the plexiglass air interface on the other side and it bends away from the normal to the surface of the plexiglass and you see actually that the path of the laser beam in terms of the vector that represents its direction of travel is the same when it comes out the other side. So this is why images don't appear to be distorted when they travel through glass windows, for instance, unless the glass is uneven. If the glass is very even and uniform, then images traveling through the glass are preserved. They're shifted slightly maybe to the left or to the right of where they were outside but all the relative positions of objects that you see through a window are preserved when light travels through a window. On the other hand, you can see that in fact the light ray doesn't come out at exactly the same point that it came in and so as a result of that you do... So now one comment I want to make here is that color and refraction, they do go hand in hand. So for instance, the angle of refraction when you go from medium one to medium two is a color dependent phenomenon. Red light will not necessarily scatter when it passes through the boundary at the same angle as blue light. And so the reason we see red light as red is because it has a particular wavelength of about 750 nanometers and the reason we perceive blue light as blue is because it has a shorter wavelength and that is much closer to 400 nanometers or thereabouts. The wavelength enters Snell's law. If you go back and take a look at Snell's law, n1 sine theta one equals n2 sine theta two and we substitute in for the ends the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in material. Then what we see is that wavelength enters very directly into that and because of that we'll find what will be related between the two media by Snell's law when relating n1 and n2 is really fundamentally the wavelength of the light, lambda one and lambda two. So what we'll find is that different wavelengths of light will be refracted at different angles and this is the entire basis of something called a prism or the phenomenon which we observe called a rainbow. Expect images could be potentially distorted especially if color is a big factor in the angle of refraction. Here's a great example of that. So here is white light coming into this device called a prism. It's just a triangle of glass. Newton played with these and was one of the first people to understand that white light is composed of other fundamental colors that taken together appear as white to our eye and he did so using a prism. We see here that the different indices of refraction are laid bare. The blue light comes out on the other side of the glass at a different angle than red light and this is exactly the phenomenon that we perceive during a rainstorm as a rainbow in the sky. What's going on in a rainbow? Well if you're standing on the ground at the observer point O and there are water droplets that are suspended in the air maybe from fog or just after a heavy rain, something like that the sunlight peeks through the clouds behind you strikes the water drops and that light can be refracted down to your eye because different wavelengths of light are refracted at different angles inside of the water droplets at the water air interface you get the effect that the white light is spread out into its constituent wavelengths and when it strikes your eye the blue light is coming in at a slightly different angle to your eye than the red light and so you perceive that as the white light having been split into its constituent colors. Normally all of these wavelengths would come into your retina at roughly the same point but if you put something like water drops up in the air and observe those water drops at a 42 degree angle with respect to the surface of the earth you will perceive the phenomenon known as the rainbow and so this is why the angle of the rainbow for instance the angle between the ground and the top of the rainbow you will see it as 42 degrees because that's the critical angle at which total internal reflection will occur inside the water droplets and spread the light out and bring it down to your eye that's what's going on at the back of the water droplet and we're going to explore that phenomenon in detail more in a moment but it's actually possible to have light come in through the water like the water-air interface and completely reflect back into the water and this is known as total internal reflection it's a phenomenon based on refraction but it results in a perfect reflection of light from a boundary so here's a beautiful picture of a rainbow if you squint very carefully there is a second angle at which you should be able to see a second rainbow so here you have the phenomenon known as the double rainbow the primary rainbow is seen at the bottom and again at the angle you're going to make with respect to the center of that curve there is 42 degrees and then you see the secondary rainbow the double rainbow much fainter and up above the first primary rainbow under ideal viewing conditions you can even see the very hard to perceive third refraction which gives you the triple rainbow effect but you can't see that in this picture it's really hard to get that to occur in such a way that it can be seen with the eye or even photographed so let's look at total internal reflection we'll close out the lecture with this topic this is a very special case of refraction it occurs when the first material shown here in blue has a higher index of refraction than the second so for instance when light travels into water droplets it refracts at the air-water boundary and now the light is traveling inside the water when it gets to the back of the water droplet it strikes the water-air boundary so it's coming in a material it's traveling through material that has an index of refraction of about 1.33 and it strikes the boundary between water and air and air has an index of refraction of 1.0002 or so so a very different index of refraction much lower than that of water and under that special case light travels through a medium strikes a boundary with another medium that has a lower index of refraction it is possible for the light not to pass through the boundary but to completely refract to completely reflect inside the original medium when does this occur? well it's illustrated in the picture here at the right light comes in from the blue medium strikes the interface between the blue and the white medium here n1 is greater than n2 and if you tilt the incident ray until you achieve a special angle known as the critical angle that is theta1 equals thetaC then it's possible for the refracted ray to have an angle of refraction that's 90 degrees that is it travels entirely along the boundary layer between the two media and it never really enters the second medium and that's illustrated in this picture and you can solve for the critical angle the critical angle thetaC will be that angle that achieves a theta2 of 90 degrees that is pi over 2 as illustrated in this picture n1 is greater than n2 if n1 is greater than n2 then the ratio n1 over n2 is a number bigger than 1 when you move that number to solve for theta critical theta1 whatever that critical angle is then you'll have a number less than 1 multiplying sine of pi over 2 which is just 1 so you'll have an equation that says sine of theta critical equals a number less than 1 you know that the sine of an angle can never be a number less than negative 1 or greater than 1 if n2 on the other hand is greater than n1 when you move n1 over n2 to the right hand side of this equation you will have n2 divided by n1 which is a number greater than 1 and you'll try to take the arcs sine of a number greater than 1 and you will get basically a big frowny face from your calculator you'll get not a number or something like that some warning from your calculator that you've tried to do something nonsensical you can never have total internal reflection if medium 1 has an index of refraction that is less than medium 2 there is no critical angle at which this phenomenon occurs but if medium 1 has an index of refraction greater than medium 2 there is a critical angle at which total internal reflection can occur and you can solve for it it may be very big it may be very small it depends on the ratio of n1 and n2 but it is a solvable thing total internal reflection is absolutely instrumental in modern medical imaging technology not only is total internal reflection the basis of modern telecommunications so for instance fiber optic cable which is used to create high speed networks upon which we rely not only for voice transmission but video transmission for instance through the internet backbone total internal reflection allows signals to travel over vast distances with very little law simply by sending light in one end of a tube and having it totally internally reflect inside the tube and come out the other side with very little loss this instrument pictured here is a scope which can be for instance inserted down the throat of a patient and can go into their stomach this can be used to do visual imaging by human eye of for instance a person who has extreme stomach pain you can look for the presence of ulcers in the stomach or other dangerous phenomena that might be present in the gastrointestinal system of a human being medical endoscopy relies completely on total internal reflection to bring reflected light back from inside the patient up into the camera in the scope and then out to a monitor or a computer where it can be recorded so for instance here you have a portable light source that's on the tip of the scope that lights up whatever's in front of the optical fiber that's present in the scope so you get light emitted by the end of the scope, bounces off the stomach lining, reflects off the stomach lining through diffuse reflection back into the glass tube the fiber optic tube that's present inside this long actual scope end that light can be totally internally reflected even at crazy angles all the way back up to the camera outside the human being and then you can image what you see coming through the tube this is much more economical than shoving a camera down a human being's throat the throat is a constricted vessel it has a limited size there are small cameras now but it carries much less risk to stick an optical instrument down the throat that is merely a vessel for light to travel up to the camera which sits outside the human being all the computers everything equipment sits on the outside of the person the scope goes inside and merely transmits reflected light from the light back up the scope's length to the camera on the outside it's not exactly non-invasive imaging but it's certainly minimally invasive imaging in that no one has to be cut open to do this procedure similarly you can do rectal endoscopy flexion and refraction now you've seen the basic concepts I hope you've enjoyed this introductory lecture on reflection and refraction you've seen the basic concepts of specular reflection and refraction introduced we've looked at the special case of total internal reflection which is a refractive process that occurs when medium 1 where the light comes from has a larger index of refraction than medium 2 where the light is trying to go into complete reflection from the boundary between the two media we've looked at the mathematical rules that relate those two things and now we can begin to try to set up and solve problems using these ideas and look at the natural world


Fear of injections is one of the main reasons people avoid the dentist. And patients will judge your skills as a dentist by how well you deliver dental anesthesia. Of all the injections, the inferior alveolar nerve block is the most common. This injection has a surprisingly high failure rate, up to 25%. That means that in the average dental office, we perform 10 inferior alveolar nerve blocks each day. And on average, for two patients, this injection fails. But why is that?


We are back. While the Rev. Dr. William J. Eisenman is partaking in his lunch's gastronomic delight, I will, you know, I am awaiting William H. Morrill III to call in. He is, I have to ask him where he is now. I don't, I'm not sure if he's still in LA or if he's back on the East Coast, but we shall see once he calls in. Because he's on the road often. Eventually he's going to be back in his office here at the Newsletter Sensitive Research Center. Let me see if I can do the evil voice with the stovepipe. Not much better. Now because it's facing down. All right. How about her? The evil voice that I get every week coming from the elitists concerning the fate of the middle class and the poor and the mainstream masses. However, wait, it used to be this 30% wanted us dead. Now it's the 20%. They want 80% of us dead. Because we're using their... Sucking up their resources.  That's great. Well, save that thought because I want to mention that, let's mention that to Billy and see what he says. Because I know he's, he's very upset at what, how the poor have been treated by the Department of Social Services. What is it? Department of Health and Human Services of the state of New Jersey? I don't know. They got TANF now. They got SNAP. SNAP. That was a group that's saying we got the power. No, that's the food stamp program today. Supplemental nutrition, something. Yeah, supplemental nutrition.  It was garbage. Yes it is. Like crafts, macaroni and cheese. Like in other words, the cheapest toxic supermarket American food industry and garbage was given to the poor and the homeless. And those are the places that Chris Christie clothes, believe it or not.  And Christie closed the places that handed out the garbage. Isn't that funny? Isn't that weird? I'm sure... Because they were handing out garbage. I am sure Chris Christie sits down to a a fine-aged black Angus steak. Maybe Kobe beef. Maybe Kobe beef. Maybe the taxpayers are paying for that too. With garlic mashed potatoes, grilled veggies, a big salad. Big salad like from my... Sinefell. Sinefell.  And that's what they want? That's what they want.  That's what we want. They want. We'll mention it once, you know, once he calls. You know, it should be interesting that whole concept of thinking that you own the natural resources that God created just because you're rich. Yeah, it doesn't... When you look back at history, don't you see the fact that John D. Rockefeller, etc. How did they get all the gall-dang-royal? Or how does Nestle's... Well, anyway, we attempted to have William H. Morrill III on the show. And it was better last week for some reason. Yeah, it was. It was definitely better last week. And he says he had problems hearing us. So, on both sides, it was better. It was much better last week. And I can't blame the cable company because you're not... Your phone is not hooked up to that. This is Verizon, baby. Verizon is hooked up to the NSA. Yeah, I had big problems with Verizon when Verizon was providing my internet access. I had many glitches. They did not approve of any internet talk radio going on. I said, yeah, but if somebody owns their own computers, don't they have the right to download on any program they want in the privacy of their own home and use... Of course you do. It's your computer. They don't want you to have that privacy anymore. You should be able to have any program you want on your computer. You know, it goes back to what I just said about John D. Rockefeller and on their oil and everything like that. It goes back to the ISPs when the ISPs came around.  Nobody ever offered me one. Yeah, you're right about that. You know what I mean? Only the buddies, the cronies of the boys in power. That's the ones who got them. And then, of course, the U.S. media never tells we the people anything that's going on, that we're being screwed over, that we're technically not supposed to pay for an ISP. And technically, because of Nikolai Tesla, we're not supposed to pay for electricity because of Tesla's invention which rivaled, really rivaled anything that Thomas Edison did. You know, when you think about it. Yeah, well, Thomas Edison did so that he could make money. Thomas Edison sold out to his sponsor there, was JP Morgan. JP Morgan was behind Edison's inventions and because he saw dollar signs in his eyeballs. So he went with Thomas Edison. Because Thomas Edison sold out. And that's that. Rest is history. But Nikolai Tesla was a very honest man, a better scientist. And he had an invention where he could harness the world's... Free energy. World's electricity. Free energy for all. That's the beginning of what Nikolai Tesla accomplished. He was dealing with the basic energy of life or similar to Dr. Wilhelm Reich's argon energy. So I salute Nikolai Tesla. Of course, he's deceased now. But when he died alone and poor in a New York City hotel room, the FBI was very fast to enter the room and confiscate all of Tesla's things. His personal, his writings, his experiments, everything he owned. They were there because they knew how good Tesla was. That's how they got their death rate. Yeah. Well, I was just going to say, instead of taking Tesla's inventions and having something that would actually... Positive. Positive that would help mankind in a positive way, they converted Tesla's inventions for evil. For a negative way, like warfare. Like warfare to use in taking over other countries' natural resources. Stealing oil. Well, we didn't... The big companies, countries have been doing that for a long time. Yeah. You done, sir? By the way, your voice is hanging in there. Your voice is not bad. It's good. It's good. It's good. But damn, it's too bad the situation with William Morrill. Really ashamed. I think he said he was in Austin, Texas. Not today? Yeah, I gotta give him a... Excuse me. He said to call him back. Anyway, I might as well do a quick promo here. Yeah. I was going to do the promo with William Morrill, but if you're wondering, viewers, how can you join our organization? Or support it. Or support our organization. The best way to join our organization and to support our organization is to get your free annual subscription with your gift to support this work of newsletter censored. Founded in 1977 by the Reverend Dr. William J. Eisenman. This is the way you join us. This is the way you support us. This is the best way to be a part of us. So go to newslettercensor.com and get your free annual subscription with your gift to support this work. You need newsletter censored. We are living in the end times and you need newsletter censored to learn how to defeat a conservative and to find out what the Bible really has to say for real. So you need newsletter censored.  Joe Osteen? Well, you know what Joe? Mr. Popoff. Peter Popoff.  Benny Hinn. Now, which is not to be confused with Benny Hill. Pat Robertson. Pat Robertson, the conservative nut. These people are counterfeit Christians and they're all they talk about is money.  They don't talk about salvation. They don't talk about the end times. They don't talk about anything else, anything else but money. Well, they're all going to be raptured in the heaven. Yeah. Well, they're going to have different rules. Yeah. Big mansions. Well, they do want you to tithe 10% of your what you own to get to them to them. You know, and they take the they take something in the Bible and they they kind of alter it. And yeah, they want you to tithe to them. Now, then when you do tie biblically, you must find out if the person you're tithing to is actually telling you what's in the bag or it must not be a contradiction or if you're tithing to a person who is preaching the real word of God, you want to see what they're doing with those tithes. Are they helping the poor with them? Are they helping the homeless? Are they how the tithes are not to be doing that with what do you do with the tithe? The tithe is only to do God's work. Wait, that's what I just said. Helping the poorest God's work. No, it isn't that what what do you do with it? You don't buy Rolls Royce's and BMW in the gospel around the world. And then the end shall come. All right. What do you do? What do you do with the starving children in Africa? You can help them. But that's not the main thrust of the tithe. How are these kids going to get fed? They're supposed to have their own land and way to make a living. So preaching. Yeah, but they're not getting that because we have capitalism. Well, then somebody has utilized somebody's got to feed them with donated money. These are called changes that have to be made within the civilization. Try to try to wish to if you wish to help all the people and then the people can help themselves and and fish with their, you know, yeah, but you know, you know, it's happening to must have their own independence. Well, you see what's happening with donated food. The corrupt the corrupt dictators that run these Third World, Fourth World, Fifth World countries are confiscating the donations to the help the poor in these countries like Africa. They're intercepting the funds. They're intercepting the food and they're using it for their own greedy selfish poor poor. Right. You don't want to keep the poor poor. God doesn't want that.  True. To be independent.  Your own vine. Micah for verse four. There's no independence. If you have to go to the food pantry every week. Or get a check from the government for food stamps. Well, you by the way, you don't get a check anymore. You got a card.   Family's voice. But they're still last family's first card. If you're poor, you're still last. But you know what the Bible says, but the first shall be last. The meek shall inherit the earth. You mean the Mama Luke's? As we say in Italian, not the Mama Luke. I think Mama Luke's are on Wall Street. Mama Luke is a simpleton. Well, the meek are not simpletons. The meek are the ones who are victimized. Yes, correct. The meek are victimized. Right. That's why they shall be first. Like when the time says last now, Gavone, Gavone or Gavone is a ill-mannered like a an ill-mannered crude individual with no class. Like those on Wall Street. Yes. Or or the people that have I was supposed to do shows with and they did no show, no calls. You know, when you have an appointment with somebody and you do a no show, no call, that's extremely ill-mannered and unprofessional in a room. Oh, boy. That pisses me off that we couldn't hear Billy Morrow. Maybe maybe he was outside. Maybe he should be in a room. Where the phone is he using? He's using he has he has he was using a cell phone T mobile cell phone. You might think he might have been outdoors when he was talking. Maybe he was indoors. Gotta ask. You know, when you're indoors, you get allows your connection. But yeah, but he was he was using the cell phone last week. Right? Yeah. And and we heard him and we heard him better. It was normal when it was far away from the camera. It was normal last week a normal according to this phone. Yes. Okay. This was abnormal and evidently this week when you listen to the receiver, the dial tone was loud. Yeah, like for instance, put it on now. I'm sure if we hear a lot we if we hear a little low, that's very low sounds a little low. Yeah, it sounds a little there is no volume button on this. No, there's no volume button, but yeah, that was a little maybe. Sure, everything's plugged in as it's supposed to. Well, it the other machine is lit up and the phone is on. So everything has to be plugged in. And the dial tone was louder on the handset. Right. Strange. Very strange. Very strange indeed. Well, I know somebody that has a Panasonic cordless land landline phone. And when he puts it on speaker phone, man, is it loud? It sounds like the human being is right here in the room with you. Well, what does he do to do that? I Well, he has the cable. He has the digital cable running his home phone, which like I do, maybe because my volume is super loud. Because I have I have the cable vision the optimum digital package on the home phone. You have regular horizon. But why are you looking? Okay, well, maybe we'll take a look maybe. Maybe you touched the ringer and maybe the ringer has something to do with the volume. I don't know. Well, we'll look we'll look into it later on. Alright, let's sink our teeth back into these readings. Yes, we're still having problems with Microsoft glitches galore glitches galore shame on you, Microsoft and Windows. Anyway, okay, we'll look at it later. In this letter about compromise and redistribution of wealth. Oh, boy, the writer says socialists, fascists and political progressives hold that our lives and property belong to the state. And that it is fair to transfer wealth from some to others. I'm not writing to point out the ridiculousness of this lumping progressives in with socialists and fascists, or that he's simply making things up when he says that progressives believe that people's lives and property belong to the state. I'm writing to point out that he has forgotten the massive transfer of wealth that has already occurred. Well, it's definitely not normal and fair that the middle class have the tax burden and the rich don't pay any taxes. The numbers are easy to find, including a 2011 study by the Congressional Budget Office that found that between 1979 and 2007, the top earning fifth of the US population, that's 20%. That's 20%. Those 20% who want the 80% to die. Those those are the top richest people, probably not just in the United States, but the world. Yeah, but right now we're talking about the United States. They want us dead. Now do you see the constant progression and elevation of greed in America? Like as soon as you give them a finger, they want all the fingers or five or five 10 fingers. As soon as you give them all 10 fingers, which include your thumbs, by the way, they want the hands, then they want the arms, then they want more, they want more, they want more, so the progression of greed is elevating because they're getting away with what they want. They're objective. So it's getting worse and worse. The top earning fifth of the US population saw a 10% point increased in its share of after tax income. Most of that growth went to the top 1%, which gained about 275%. The four other quintiles, the 80%, below the top 20% each had an after tax income decline of two to three percentage points. There's nothing fair about that transfer. And the current level of income inequality, the highest it's been since the Great Depression is not good for our economic system.  I have to ask the writer. Why is the upward transfer of wealth from 1980 to 2010? All right. But the current very modest attempts by the Democrats to reverse or slow some of that equate to theft, that person. It's okay. It's okay to transfer wealth to the already wealthy. The God forbid we should transfer wealth like we did after World War Two to the middle class and the poor. Haven't forbid that should take place, right? That's correct. Heaven forbid. The director of the National Security Agency, the NSA said on Wednesday that once secret surveillance programs disrupted dozens of terrorist attacks explicitly describing for Congress how the programs worked in collecting Americans phone records and tapping into their internet activity vigorously defending the programs. General Keith Alexander said the public needs to know how the programs operate amid growing concerns that government efforts to secure


Phone calls being like in the perfect world. Alright, okay, I'm going in. Like, okay, phone calls or is a dollar productive activity? Right? What else is a dollar productive activity? I mean, the way I've done business, every lead that I got is from a sphere of influence. So phone calls and don't knock. Okay. I've done that in a way where I go and start like something. Do you want a door knock? I don't mind it. I see something, I'm going to stop and go and talk to that person right away. Right, right. I don't mind it. I'll do it. But what I'm saying is, do you want to incorporate door knocking and have a like a time activity? Yes, yes, yes, yes, yes. Alright, so we've got calls, like cold calls. Yeah. We've got sphere calls. Yeah. We've got door knocking. Okay, the cold calls, we'll write that down into expires and circle prospect, which is GEO leads. Okay. So this is dollar productive activities, okay? So this is kind of like the prospecting of stuff, okay? This is perfect because like this literally, like you need like two main sources of prospecting that you feel like we're best for you and then like a third of it is like a secondary. So like sphere. It's number one. I've done most 90% of my business is sphere. Right. But what we want to do is think about this though. What if 90% of it, what if that 90 becomes 10 or 20% of your business? And then you add another, you multiply your business because you got 80% of business that comes from new clients. Think about how massive your business would be. Yeah. Right? So that's what we want to do. Like right now this is 90%, right? We need to take it to where it's the same amount of volume but it's actually coming for about 20% of the business. Whereas you bring this in as 80% of your business, right? And now you know you multiply your business by five, right? Yes. But what's so cool is this 80%, those people now become your sphere. That's right. And then over time your business goes back to 90%. See it's good that you're 90% because that's where you want to end up. But you want to make your sphere way bigger. See what I'm saying? Okay, you want to go right. Right, right. So like we're in the stage now where you understand the sphere. Yeah, I understand. I need to see your business closer there. 90% of my business comes from my sphere which is the database that goes over the years. So we're in the building stage where we take this to build the database to where we do want to end up here but right now we need to be at 80 and 20 until we get to the level of income we want. All right, so now we have to start working this perfect schedule in a perfect world. Okay, now marketing and branding, right? You're going to do the weekly email. That's right. So I'll help you with that. As soon as you get to the template. I have them, I have them as we put them today. I'll go on. So as soon as you get to the template, done. Well, let me know what they do. Because they may say, okay, we'll have it done in three days or something. So let me know what they do. If they have it ready, let me know. In light, we'll meet in the morning or something, right? If it's going to be a couple of days, then we'll just meet next Wednesday when we have that at eight o'clock and then I'll sit down, because that's the algae mine too and then we'll do it together and we'll do it and we'll send it out. At that time, when I will sit down to do your weekly email, we'll talk about line desk versus constant contacts. We'll look deeper in that and decide how we want to handle that. Today, let's get your schedule down. All right, but what else, what other marketing and branding are you thinking about? Right now, marketing and branding, I don't have right now nothing I just call. Okay, right now, are you doing any kind of social media? Not as much as I did, okay? Whenever I had a listing, I marketed that. Anytime I do something else, like for example, what do you call it? Whenever I do a listing or something or I've done marketing on Facebook or something. Okay, so check this out. Like you kind of come here and we meet on Wednesdays. That's kind of like a day like we're gonna be every Wednesday at eight o'clock before a meeting. I mean, you kind of get some one-on-one time every Wednesday, right?  Let's take Wednesday, it's kind of like, okay. So let's take Wednesdays like meetings in the morning, learn some stuff, meet with Ricky, do some one-on-one time, right? And let's take the rest of the day Wednesday to be our follow-up day. So the next Wednesday is a follow-up day. Yes, every Wednesday is a follow-up day. Whereas you kind of like, you know how agents are kind of more reactive than anything? You know, like their phone rings, they jump through it in the air and then they just go put out that fire. Even though what they're doing may be the most solid-productive I do, they can leave that to go handle this. Let's do that all Wednesday, all day Wednesday, every Wednesday. Let's react to everything that comes in. Let's look through our list and see what we need to follow up with. Let's take that day to be a reactionary agent, okay? Like just free, free fall. Like do what you wanna do, follow up, put out fires, whatever, okay? Monday and Tuesday, right? Eight to 12, eight to 12, eight to 12. That's phone calls, right?  Like this is the most important thing that you can do, right? You cannot be disturbed. Nothing gets in the way of this. E-mails come in, who cares, you know? Now, now remember the most important things that you can do too, right? Writing offers, show of property, negotiating and listing appointments, right? Or signing listings, right? This right here, Trump's everything. So if somebody wants to write an offer, show of property, negotiate something or list something, that's gonna be more important than making phone calls. If somebody wants to do that during these hours, more important. Only this though, not repair end-downs, let me send me a list of properties, none of that, right? But if it's one of these things, we're gonna stop everything we're doing to be one of those things, but everything else is, who cares, okay? So when we're here, we're good. It's okay to skip that for one of these, right? But it's not okay to skip this for anything else. Most important thing in the world, right? All right, and then I would say, let's do that also Thursday and Friday, same thing. Now, if somebody says, like right here you have a, let's just say you have no point right here, okay? Let's start taking control of our schedule. Let's tell this person, hey, I can't need to after lunch, I got a meeting, is that okay? And they're like, yeah, cool, boom, you put them at one o'clock, right? And now you can make a call. If you say, hey, let's meet after lunch, you got a meeting in the morning. Oh, the only time I can meet is nine. That's it, okay, I'll move this up around. So at least you're tempted to control your schedule. And then if they say no, and they thought they can only meet at nine, wouldn't be gonna meet them at nine. And then you skip that call session Thursday, not feeling that, because you tried to control your schedule, they declined, they needed to meet you at that time. Most of the time they're gonna conform to you though, right, if you ask, most agents don't ask. They just say, oh, I'll meet you at nine, knowing that, oh, I better make calls then, they don't even try to tap control their schedule. Your clients will conform to you at 90% of the time. Right, so think about it when you're scheduling your week and who you're meeting with and what's going on and everything, right? So air every Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, calls till lunch, do not disturb me unless it's one of these or some of your family's sick, right? That's it, and Wednesday is kind of your free call day where you do what all agents do every day of the week, which is just react to stuff all day. You know, you're keeping good notes of people you're calling or you have this list of leads, right? And then you take Wednesday to kind of go through that list of leads that you've been working and do the lead to follow up with today, stuff like that, and you take this day to follow up. And then right here in the afternoons, you can do dealing with choice because you can do your weekly email this day, right? Every Wednesday, you and I can sit down and work on our weekly notes together at eight o'clock every Wednesday, right? Email, and then right here, these can also be your follow up times when you're following up and be a reactionary of things, right? Yeah. You can follow up reactionary after lunch every day, follow up reactionary all day Wednesday, but morning times Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday unless this is happening, somebody can't move a meeting or our house is burning down. This is do not disturb any calls. Boom, stick to this, bro, and stick to this right here, this is it. Okay, now, let's break down one more thing. Okay, what are we doing here, okay? So here's your prospecting times, okay? Now you tell me, when do you want, what day do you want to knock on doors? Friday. Okay, knock. Okay, what day do you wanna call Inspires? It's probably Monday. Okay. Is there like a usual time? Call eight to 12. No, it doesn't matter, you may be calling five here on Inspires. And then I could just do like a range of, I could do any, I could do all of them, just as a matter of the range, because I know, for example, Oh, you mean like price ranges and stuff? No, no, no, no, watch. Like for example, like this Inspire, right? And this Inspire today, I was just looking at these. These are all Inspires. Call all of them. What should I do like the week, the whole week that Inspire, you know. Listen, with Red X, you're gonna go back five or 10 years worth. I got you. You're gonna call that a year old, two years old, last week, yesterday. Maybe if you still, I got you. Listen, hey, it's Marco, the expirient here in Silver here. You always say the area that the house is in. Hey, this is Marco, the expirient in order to reach how you're doing today. Cool, yeah, man. I'm enjoying the days of the gorgeous school. Listen, I don't take it too much of your time, but I saw your house was for sale last week. Whatever happened with that? Boom, dudes. There it goes. That's it, man. It's in the story, bro. They're gonna tell you everything. You're gonna connect and you're gonna figure out what they wanna do, even if they already sold it. It's like, okay, cool, where are you moving to? Is there anything you can do to help you down? Do you need any other properties in the area? You know what I mean? We're trying to figure out who they are, what they got going on and what we can do to help. I don't care about that house. I care about them and creating that relationship so I can work with them for the rest of their life. You know what I mean? It's all about connecting. The expired is just your foot of the door. So now I don't care about that list. Okay, so that's that, expired. So then we got Geo Leads. We'll do that Tuesday, Geo Leads. And then Thursday would be our spear, right? So now you've got all bases covered. You're totally diversified. You come in and do expired Monday. You do Geo Leads Tuesday. Do not disturb. Free for all, free for all, free for all. Thursday you come in, totally focused. Do not disturb. I'm working my sphere today, guys.  Friday we're doorknocking. We're waking up in the morning. We're taking a shower. We're saying, ooh, man, that feels good outside. Let's get out there in that sunshine and knock on some doors, right? Let's go have some people. Hello, how are you doing? This is Marco, you know, look at the smile.  Go eat lunch and then say, okay, who do I need to follow up with? What deals do I have going on? Do I need to go show some property? Did I push a meeting off after lunch so I could doorknock today? What meeting is that? Let me put out all these fires. It's a big plan right there. Yeah, dude. That's the millionth plan, right? That's the millionth. That's the millionth. That's the millionth plan. That's the money plan. All right, you got it? It is, you guys, a few years. It's not a lot of money. You're gonna have a great day. All right, I'm gonna get a haircut. Let me know about constant contact if they actually create the Temple Freak today or not. If so, meet in the morning and we'll knock that out. If not, we'll just meet next time. I'll see you at the board. Call me to need me. All right, thank you for having me on this.


It's time to discuss sending Western troops to Ukraine, Lithuanian MFA. Now is the right time to discuss the possibility of sending troops from Western countries to help Ukraine, says Gabriellus Landsbergis, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania in an interview with Quest France. He was asked to comment on the fact that French President Emmanuel Macron's statement about the possible sending of Western troops to Ukraine has sparked serious debates. Now is the time for discussion. The beginning of the conversation destroys the self-imposed red lines, Landsbergis replied. He emphasised that none of the capitals is too far from Kiev for the army of the Russian dictator Vladimir Putin. Some of us may feel safe being far away, but the geographic fact is this, the Ukrainian front line can be compared to the distance between Vilnius and London. If the Ukrainians no longer defended this line, imagine how it could end. This concerns all of us, the Foreign Minister added. At the end of February this year, French President Emmanuel Macron did not rule out sending Western troops to help Ukraine. However, he clarified that there is no consensus on this issue. Russian President Spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that Paris' activity in trying to put together a coalition of those who are ready to send troops to Ukraine is a direct line to escalating tension. Of course, in general, the expansion of the discussion and the persistent activity of Paris in attempts to put together a coalition of countries that declare a hypothetical readiness to send certain contingents, of course, is nothing more than a direct line to escalate tension, this is a very dangerous line. Very dangerous and, of course, it could potentially have very undesirable consequences, he said. Russia's glide bombs give its Air Force new power in Ukraine, FAB-1500 is hell. Russia's Air Force has dramatically boosted its effectiveness in the Ukraine war, with its increased use of glide bombs contributing to Moscow's recent battlefield successes according to Western experts and according to the Washington Post. It is noted that the plentiful Soviet-era bombs, which carry up to half a tonne of explosives, has been fitted with wings and guidance systems to fly long distances with some accuracy, allowing the Russian jets that release them to operate away from Ukrainian anti-aircraft systems. Along with Russian drones, missiles and artillery, the glide bombs have added new destructive firepower to Russia's campaign in eastern Ukraine as seen in the recent conquest of the city of Abdiivka, Russia's first major victory in recent days. Earlier, CNN reported that Russia has begun using a powerful aerial bomb that has decimated Ukrainian defences and tilted the balance on the front lines. It has done so by converting a basic Soviet-era weapon into a gliding bomb that can cause a crater 15 meters wide. The bomb is the FAB-1500, essentially a 1.5 tonne weapon of which nearly half comprises high explosives. It is delivered from above by fighter jets from a distance of some 60 to 70 kilometres out of range of many Ukrainian air defences. The FAB-1500 is another example of how Russia is fighting its war in Ukraine, inflicting massive destruction before trying to take territory. The FAB-1500 is directed towards its targets by a guidance system and pop-out wings that allow it to glide towards its target. One soldier from Ukraine's 46th Separate Air Mobile Brigade told CNN from the frontline town of Krasno-Horivka in Donetsk, previously, we were only shelled with artillery. Now, the Russians have taken on the town more aggressively and started using air force assets, particularly the FAB-1500. Why are they using the FAB-1500? Because the damage done by it is very serious. If you survive, you are guaranteed to have a contusion. It puts a lot of pressure on soldiers' morale. The FAB-1500 is hell. So, guys, come on. What? Come on, come on. There's nothing at all. There's no FAB-76 at all. There's no FAB-76 at all. 86, 86, there's no FAB-76. It's not going through. 86, there's no FAB-76 at all. Fuck.