Well, your listening enjoyment, John Lund as Johnny Donner. I'm back to Johnny. How fast can you get to Kansas City, Missouri? Why? Maybe you can stop a homicide. Well, that sounds worthwhile. What's the deal? We underwrite complete insurance coverage for the Patterson Transport Corporation. They handle a possible delivery service for most of the department stores in town. Well, that should be profitable, but hardly deadly. There have been six robberies and beatings involving their drivers in the past week, Johnny. Apparently, one guy is responsible, and he's gotten increasingly brutal with each holdup. How far has he gone? The last holdup was yesterday afternoon. He went berserk. The driver's in the hospital with five broken ribs and a fractured skull. If this guy isn't caught, it's only a question of time before he kills somebody. I'll take the first plane out. You know, many great men have attained the highest office in our land, the presidency of the United States. Can you guess the name of this man? In 1884, with a limited education and practically no experience in national affairs, he was elected president at the age of 48. During his administration, an income tax was passed, but declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. And Coxsey's Army made its first march on the Capitol as a protest against unemployment. It was also during his administration that the Presidential Succession Bill was passed, which indicated the line of succession to the presidency from the president down through the cabinet. If you don't have his name by now, here are two more clues. He was the first president to be married in the White House, and the only president to serve two non-successive terms. Who was he? Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States. His life is part of your American heritage. Expense accounts submitted by Special Investigator Johnny Dollar to a Home Office, Eastern Indemnity and Insurance Company, Hartford, Connecticut. The following is an accounting of expenditures during my investigation of the Patterson Transport Matter. Expense account item 173.20. Airfare and instrumentals between Hartford, Connecticut and Kansas City, Missouri. I was met at the airport by Walt Hendricks, Vice President and General Manager of Patterson Transport. It's a rough $1.06 hold-ups in the week. Over $3,700 was COD money stolen, three drivers beaten so badly they can't work, one of them in the hospital in critical condition. Real rough one. I understand one man has been pulling the job, Mr. Hendricks. Seems to stack up that way. So far we haven't been able to do a blast thing to stop him. How's he operating? Most like this. He buys something at a department store, has the package sent out COD to a vacant apartment or house. When the driver gets out there, he lowers the booze. What about the police? Well, since yesterday morning, they've had a plane closed and riding the delivery trucks with the drivers. Well, that should have brought results. We thought it would too, until last night. The driver that's laid up in the hospital? Yeah. He got it in his own garage, coming home from a movie with his wife. Hendricks dropped me off at the Mulebach Hotel. He said the Patterson Transport Company would supply a car for my personal use. And it was there, ready and waiting after I finished checking in. I drove over to police headquarters at 1125 Locust Street, where Lieutenant Herman of the robbery division filled me in. Well, there's a few things about this that make sense, Teller. Not money, but a few. Like what, Lieutenant? Well, he operates for one as a definite pattern. Every holdup's either at the far end of the driver's route or the last stop or two before he checks in for the day. Sounds like he's pretty familiar with the delivery operation. And that's what we figure. Maybe from the Patterson Transport Inn, maybe from the department store. Then another thing. He's almost sure to be a psycho. The way he's manhandled those drivers? There wasn't any reason for beating him. Drivers all have orders not to resist. Gets increasingly brutal with every holdup. No sense to it, unless he's a psycho. Any description on him? Yeah, partial. Always wears a blue band and a handkerchief over his face. But here's what we've got on him for what it's worth. See, about six feet, 190 to 200 pounds gray slouch hat, baggy gray suit, has a noticeable limp in the right leg. Well, that's pretty general, but that limp might help tie him down. I've got the personnel managers of Patterson and the department stores going over their records on the basis of that description. So far, they haven't bumped with anything. Well, here's another angle. Take a look at this map. Yeah, sure. Now, the first robbery took place out here, 43 under Block and Seneca. The next? Here. An observation park. And Cyprus. The next, a 32nd terror. Men, 54th and Jackson. Well, that makes a rough circle around the city. What's he been doing, moving from route to route in a definite pattern? That's it. Hitting one driver after another in turn. Well, then you should know who's liable to be next on the list. We do. Driver by the name of Milton Spears. He's got the Southwest Territory down here. If the man we were after follows this pattern, we'll get him. But if he breaks it like he did last night... That's about all I can tell you now, Donner. We are hoping this guy will try again with our men riding the trucks. It's our best bet for getting him. And even if he doesn't, maybe we can... Oh, hi, Grayson. Tell us. We just got a report over in traffic division. One of the Patterson Company's trucks was in an accident. I understand, haven't you? What kind of accident? Well, apparently the truck got out of control, smashed into a parked car along the curb. Driver was killed. I wonder about our man. He didn't have anybody assigned to it. Truck had been in for repair. And the driver was just road testing it. Doesn't sound like it ties in with a holdup. I thought you'd better know. A van's Grayson. Let me see the complete report when you get it in. Yeah, sure, Lieutenant. Hey, Sergeant. Yeah? Did you get the name of the driver who was killed? Yeah, we got it. His name was Spears. Milton Spears. When we got to the scene of the accident, an ambulance and squad car were already there. One of the squad car men filled us in on what they'd learned. He was heading east on Anderson here, Lieutenant. Then for some reason, he suddenly clamped the wheel to the right and plowed into that buick there at the curb. He must have been going in a pretty good clip. He burned a lot of rubber off on the street when he swung in here. Yeah. What did the ambulance men have to say? He was dead when they got here. Didn't look as though the crash killed him. No, the impact wasn't heavy enough for that. I think you might have had a heart attack. Uh-huh. Any witnesses? No, I witnessed it, Lieutenant. There's a lady over there who wants to talk to you. Okay, ask her to come over and have them take the body down to the morgue for an immediate autopsy. I want the results done as soon as possible. Okay, Lieutenant. How does it hit you, darling? Well, a couple of things don't quite add up. Take them down to the morgue. Like what? Well, why he was road testing a truck on a quiet residential street. Why he was going fast enough to make heavy skid marks. And why it had to happen to a driver by the name of Milton Spears. Yeah. Well, maybe the autopsy will give us something to go on. Yeah, maybe. Here's the lady I was talking about, Lieutenant. Mrs. Robertson. How do you do, Mrs. Robertson? I understand you have something to tell us. I should say I do have something to tell you, Lieutenant. It's about time you police officers did something to protect the interests of our citizens. We've got rights, you know, and it's your duty to see that they're protected. I'm not sure I understand. No, I didn't think you would. Things have come to a pretty pass when a taxpayer can't leave a car parked out on the street without some drunken truck driver smashing into pieces. It's your duty to see that such reckless and competent drivers are kept off our streets and highways. You're the owner of the buick that was hit, Mrs. Robertson? Well, isn't that just what I've been telling you, young man? And believe me, somebody is going to pay for the damage done to my car and for the shock and damage caused to my nerves. Did you see the accident take place, Mrs. Robertson? No, I didn't see it. But not that I had to. I was upstairs in my apartment over there, playing with with some friends. Then what makes you think the driver was drunk or irresponsible? Oh, of course he was. What other explanation could there be? Smashing into a person's car like that in broad daylight on a quiet street. That's not the slightest doubt in my mind. Both of them were drunk. Then there was somebody else in the truck besides the driver? Of course there was. How do you know, Mrs. Robertson? Oh, because I saw him, that's why. I looked out of my window and saw him. A big husky man he was. He got out of the truck right after the crash and went limping off down the street. Additional questioning of the excitable Mrs. Robertson brought no further information. We got the same results from the other residents of Anderson Avenue. The men from the lab arrived and started working on the truck and Buick for possible physical evidence. And we went back to police headquarters. No neat view to stick around, darling. Unless you want to, you won't be getting the autopsy report on spears for another hour or two. Oh, I thought I might look over the driver's statements on the robbery, Lieutenant. Maybe something will hit me. Oh, sure. I'll have Grayson dig them out for you. Yes, sir. Grayson, will you get out the driver's statements in the Patterson Transport files? Mr. Dollar would like to look them over. I've got them right here, Lieutenant. Adding another report to the list. Oh, what's that? Got a call from General Hospital, the driver who was beaten up last night just died. The driver's statements and the official investigation reports. Lieutenant Herman and his men had covered every angle I could think of and a couple I hadn't. When I got through, the autopsy on Milton's spears hadn't been completed yet. So I drove out to the Patterson Transport Company in the Northeast industrial district. I found Walt Hendricks in the offices of the company, which were located to one side of their busy garage. Oh, that's a terrible thing about Milton's spears. Dollar, a terrible thing. The man had been with us for 15 years. Perfect safety record, and gets himself killed in an accident that way. If it was an accident, will you think it's connected with the hold-ups? We'll know more about it when we get the autopsy report. Well, I suppose it's put by... According to the pattern, spears was the next driver due to get hit. Sure, and if it had happened while his spears was out on the road, I'd say okay. But he wasn't. Just what was he doing, Mr. Hendricks? Well, his truck broke down. We sent a clutch linkage. We sent a substitute out. When the garage got through, Milton took the truck out to road test it. Anybody go with him? No. Milton was a good mechanic. No reason to send anybody along. And we don't allow our men to pick up any riders or hitchhikers. No, there couldn't have been anybody in the truck, though. Well, maybe he picked up somebody new. Well, a possibility, I suppose. I don't know. This thing's got me so busy, I can't think straight at all. And I guess there's one consolation, though. Yeah, what's that? If you count spears, every driver in the organization has been hit by now. Unless he starts over again, this guy has any place to go. I'll give you eight to five. He'll think of something. Getting late in the afternoon, so I figured I'd pay one more visit to headquarters before going back to the hotel and knocking off for the day. As I walked into Lieutenant Herman's office, he was just finishing a phone call. Okay, Doc. Thanks for the past report.  All right, darling. That was Doc Winters, autopsy surgeon. There was a 22-caliber bullet in Milton Spears' brain. Wow. Nothing very accidental about that, is there? Not likely. Fired at close range behind the right ear. Point of penetration was covered by hair. Bullet lies in the bone. That's why the ambulance attendants didn't catch it. No wonder he crashed the truck. We'll have ballistics examine the bullet. Don't know that they've come up with anything, though. Well, it's been a long day. What do you say we go out and have a bite to eat? I'll buy that, will come in. There's a good steakhouse right down. Well, Lieutenant Herman, I remember. We'll be right there. Now, let's roll, darling. What's up? Remember that Mrs. Robertson? The woman who owned this smashed up Jewish? Yeah, I just saw the man we were after. He's out in front of her place right now. If I cut in to say something, fellas, it won't take too long since a word to the wise is sufficient. And in the English language, there is one word which is important to just about everyone in the world. That word is security. Security has several different meanings, however. Usually we think of it in connection with the protecting of our military installations and defense industries. But it means more than that. There is a security which applies to every man, woman, and child in America. The security which comes from being in good health, having a good education, and being well taken care of in case things get a little too tough to handle by oneself. This kind of security is the problem of the President's newest cabinet member, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. This department ties together the work of several governmental agencies. There is the United States Public Health Service, which strives to make certain that the general health of the people in our country is in the best of condition. Then there is the Food and Drug Administration, which guarantees that the food we eat is pure and safe to eat. The Social Security Board, which takes care of old people, children, and the blind who need assistance, also comes under the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, as does the United States Office of Education. This office does research on the educational possibilities, changes, and opportunities, and passes on its information to the various state boards of education. As you can see, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare is one of the most important agencies in our government, assuring us as it does of a normal and healthy way of life.  Helen Herman and I got out to the Atterson Avenue Address. Mrs. Robertson was waiting for us in the vestibule of the apartment building.  Do you hear? I saw him get out of the truck and limp down the street, and I saw him again just before I called you. What was he doing, Mrs. Robertson? Looking over my car, that's what, a nerve of him. A criminal returning to the scene of his crime. There's no doubt about the identification. I told you there wasn't, didn't I? A big, heavy-set man dressed in a gray suit, walking with a limp. He's the man, all right. Where is he now? I told you he was drunk when he smashed into my car. He went into that bar at the corner. I'll give you the same sort of description. You want to take him over there? Let's keep your hands on the bar. Hey, what's going on here? Take him down, darling. Yeah, sure. What do you think you're doing, Mac? I ain't got no rod on me. How about it? He's clean, Lieutenant. Sure, I'm clean. I told you I was, didn't I? What do you guys want with me? What's your name, Mr. What's it to you? Your name. Wesley Gerald Wesley. Where do you live? I ain't decided yet. Just got into town. What are you doing in this neighborhood? Look, you guys ain't got nothing on me. A guy's got a right to come in and have a drink without coppers hopping all over him. Why are they interested in a car, Wesley? What car? The smashed up Buick down the street. Who's interested in a smashed Buick? You were. You were looking at it. Why? So I looked at it. Any law against that? A man was killed when that car was hit, Wesley. So what's that got to do with me? We've got a witness who says you were involved in the accident. Your witness is nuts. All I was doing was walking down the street. I seen the car. It took a gander at it. Well, you talk it over downtown, Wesley. There ain't nothing to talk. I didn't have nothing to do with that car. Somebody getting bumped off. You heard the lieutenant. We'll talk about it downtown. Wesley, make it easier on yourself. There's nothing to come clean about.  We've got a witness who says different. I told you he's lying. I never been in that neighborhood before. What did you do with the gun? What gun? The one you used to knock off Milton Spears. I never heard a gun. And I never heard of the Spears. Now, why don't you guys lay off and let me out of here? It's a pretty good racket you had, Wesley. How'd you happen to think of it? What racket? The parcel delivery gimmick. You nutchess. I didn't have nothing to do with them paddishing trucks. We didn't mention the name of the outfit, Wesley. You didn't mention it. Then how'd you know what we were talking about? I can read the papers, can I? They've been full of them parcel delivery stickups. You know more about it than that. Come on, let's have it, Wesley. I tell you, nuts. I just got in a town yesterday. From where? California. Where in California? Folsom. We can check on that, Wesley. So check. You'll find out as like I said. You ain't got a thing on me, coppers. Not a lousy thing. Lieutenant Herman sent in a teletype request for verification from Folsom, along with telephoto copies of Wesley's prints for comparison. We got the answer back in an hour. Well, there it is, darling. Wesley wasn't sprung from Folsom until yesterday morning. Served his full time. We made one more check. We had Mrs. Robertson try to pick out the man she'd seen from a lineup including Wesley and six police officers. She made a positive identification of Sergeant Grayson. Expense account item two, $17.85, dinner and drinks for Lieutenant Herman and myself. Afterwards, the lieutenant called it quits for the night and I headed for the Patterson Garage. I wanted to talk with Walt Hendricks again. Lucky to catch me in, darling. I don't usually work this late, but it's different tonight. What's different about it, Mr. Hendricks? I've got some drivers to get. A couple of substitutes for those who are laid up. Two permanent ones. Yeah, yeah. Well, I won't take up too much of your time. I just want to get a few things straight. Sure. It's pretty obvious that whoever we're after knows the operation of this business. That means he knew he wasn't going to get much of a take on those morning stick-ups. The drivers hadn't time to collect many CODs. No, but he got over $3,700 in the afternoon job. Nothing wrong with that. I don't say there is. But it's possible that money is only the frosting on the cake. Thinking that somebody might have a grudge against the author? No, there's enough evidence to support it. The systematic way he's gone after the drivers, the beatings he's dished out for no apparent reason. Yeah. Yeah, I've been thinking the same thing. Come up with any ideas? No, not a one. The company's always had a good labor record. Never any boss with competitors. I even checked with Mrs. Thompson about it. Who's Mrs. Thompson? Oh, she worked here for almost 20 years as my assistant and secretary. Had an auto accident about six months ago, left her crippled. Oh, that's tough. Yeah. But she knows the business as well as I do. Maybe she'd come up with something. Have any luck? Nothing. They even talked to her husband about it. Did he work for the outfit, too? No, no, but he got to know it pretty well through her. And he figured it the same way we do. But he couldn't come up with anything either. He did try to warn Milk Spears, though. How was that? Well, he had the guy's pattern figured out, too. A new milk might be next. So we warned him to be careful. Mrs. Thompson's husband was here at the garage before Milk Spears left? That's right. He drove up just a few minutes before Milk took off to protest the truck. I went back to the hotel and put in a call to Tom Benson in Hartford. In the company's interest, he was willing to bust up his bridge game and go down to the office. He called me back in about 45 minutes with the information I wanted. The accident took place last Christmas Eve, Johnny. Thompson's were leaving a party at the Patterson offices. Apparently the husband had little too much to drink. He drove out of the garage too fast, skittered as he hit the street and wound up on the wrong side. One of the delivery trucks was just coming in and met head-on. Uh-huh. What's the medical report say? Well, the driver of the truck was killed outright. Mrs. Thompson suffered two broken vertebrae left her permanently crippled. We paid all medical expenses. She got a life income of $100 a month. What about the husband? He was in the hospital up until a couple of weeks ago. Had a depressed skull fracture, a bad compound fracture of the right tibia. Outside of that, he should be as good as new. Help, Johnny, Johnny. I wouldn't be surprised. The Thompson home was a modest sprain bungalow on Prospect Avenue, less than a half mile from the Patterson garage. I was met at the door by a practical nurse who checked with Mrs. Thompson and then led me into the bedroom to see her. It was awfully kind of you to call on me this way, Mr. Darley. And I want you to know that Charlie and I are very appreciative of everything your company has done for us. You're only getting what you're entitled to, Mrs. Thompson. Well, perhaps. But when you've been used to making your own way of life, earning your own living, then suddenly find yourself in a position like I am in. Well, it's awfully nice to know that there are people like you around. Well, thanks, Mrs. Thompson. Is your husband at home? I'm dreadfully sorry. But he left just a few minutes ago. And you did want to talk to him about those robberies, didn't you? What makes you think that? Oh, Mr. Hendricks told me you were in town. And Charlie's been so interested in those hold-ups. He just feels terrible about those poor drivers, you know? No, I didn't. Oh, yes. Just terrible. He's been so worried about them ever since the trouble began. But he even wanted to ride along with some of them on their routes to help protect them. Is that so? Yes, he's felt that way. You know, protective about them ever since that accident happened to us. Some man might have felt the driver was to blame that night. Might have felt resentful toward them because of what happened to me. But not Charlie. He's a wonderfully forgiving man, Mr. Dollar. Where is your husband now? Yes. He even had a presentment about what was going to happen to them after the hold-up started. He told me he was afraid that robber would go from one driver to the next, beating them, perhaps even killing them. He even made a list of the ones he was afraid would be hurt. Where is he now, Mrs. Thompson? That's why he went out tonight, Mr. Dollar. He's determined he won't let anything like that happen again. That's why he went out to protect him. To protect who? Well, the next one on his list, of course. My former employer, Mr. Hendricks. He was in the living room. I put in two fast calls. The first to police headquarters. The second was to the Patterson garage to warn Hendricks. The garage was only a few short blocks away, and I made it before the squad car did. There was a light in Hendricks' office, but it was empty. The second garage next. Is that you, Thompson? What's the shooting about? It's Dollar, Hendricks. Dollar? Yeah. Throw some lights on, will you? Yeah, sure. What's going on here, Dollar? What are you doing? Hey, Thompson. Yeah. Where were you? In the back row. But, Charlie, what happened? Well, somebody had to stop him from protecting you. Three, twenty-two dollars and ten cents. Hotel bill and miscellaneous. Expense account item four, seventy-one dollars and thirty cents. Airfare back to Hartford. Expense account total, one hundred eighty-four dollars and forty-five cents. Remarks? When ballistics verified that Thompson's twenty-two cold had killed Milton Spears, my official job was over. My unofficial one informing Mrs. Thompson wasn't nearly as easy. I guess I got a little confused. It's the only way I can account for the fact that she believes her husband died a hero getting the bandit single-handed. Here's truly Johnny Dollar.


Welcome to KK Handic State of the University. I myself, Ritimoni Bordulloy, Assistant Professor in the Department of Education of this University. Today, I am going to deliver a lecture on the topic on Exxon Research and its relevance why Exxon Research is important today in the field of research. Actually, before going to deliver on Exxon Research, we should, it's of, we know what is research, why research is important. Research means to search for something new, for understanding the truth of acquisition of knowledge to particular things. It is important to find out the solution of a problem in a particular situation. It may be in a social subject or a source, it may be in pure scientific subject or it may be historical subject and so on. Nessar of research, if we go to give a focus on what are the Nessar of research, what should be the Nessar of research, then it may be come into the, kept into our mind that research always should be very scientific and empirical in nature. There must be two things, it must be consistent, it must be valid, it must be reliable and flexibility is another criteria, another Nessar of research and research actually it requires expertise. And a researcher must have the basic understanding how to proceed research and the realization of topic what he or she is likely to choose for conduct. Researchers gather, gathering involves gathering both primary and secondary data, it must have the relationship between the two or more variables. If we go to what are the steps of general research then everyone must have kept in mind some criteria that includes selecting an area or finding an area and then identifying the problem and we must have the realization on the topic or the problem and then for go through the, go through the problem for study, we have must to collect some review of related literature and we didn't, we have to use some methodology for conducting the research. After that we have to explain and interpret of the data and then drawing the conclusion and this conclusion must help to make the policy or for or in the policy making process it must be help. After knowing the step of research then we have to know what are the type of research. Basically a research consider it two types, one is basic or fundamental research it may be called as pure research and another research is exon or applied research. Basic or fundamental research requires universal validity, originality, imagination and inventiveness it is a pure, it must be pure and exon research is also called as applied research that indicates immediate application for immediate solution of a problem. Although exon research is also known as applied research but there is a slight difference. Applied research can be used to probe the practical problems in a wider context while the exon research is to be used to probe the problem into the classroom situation. It is a narrow context, it may be a classroom, it may be a particular in particular it narrow a narrow lens of situation that exon research can be very effective for used. Then exon research actually helps a practitioner to practice if a problem to understand and assess the situation, working out pollutable reasons, felicitate a systematic analysis and find out the alternative strategies for overcoming the unsatisfactory condition within a short period of time. The for conducting the exon research the practitioner may be a classroom teacher, a principal, a headmaster or a school, a block education officer, program officer of education, a teacher, educator, the diet and the teachers training institution etc. Exon research is only for the professional development of the teacher, it is very useful for a teacher for improving the effectiveness of the teaching learning process in our education system. Exon research is conducted to require the remedial measures in order to remove the unsatisfactory conditions that arise by functioning of the school. It can be used to solve the academic and other related problems in the school. Exon research is done when the problem is specific and has the clear vision. Exon research is undertaken for identifying and understanding the needs of the learners. For example, in a particular classroom, a teacher makes his or her best effort to develop competency in the subjects in list of students, but the effort could not bring the required success. Even the teacher is not able to identify the cause or the reasons for the non-performance of the student in that subject. So in this case, the teacher may undertake Exon research. Already we have discussed types of research and particularly whenever we are going to focus on Exon research, then under the Exon research it has also various types, say single-teacher or individual-actioned plan. As an example, already we have discussed that whenever the teacher makes several efforts to develop competency in the subject of English, but the teacher is not able to bring the success of the student, then he can identify the problems and the reasons behind the failure of the subject in English of a particular student with the help of the Exon research. Then after the single-teacher or individual Exon research, Exon plan, then another type of Exon research is collaboration Exon plan. This plan stress in identifying a common problem involved one classroom or shared by many classrooms and then plan accordingly for deriving the solution of the particular problem or its improvement. Say, make functional literacy among girls from class 1 to 4 of the school, collaborative Exon plan can be undertaken. Another type of Exon research is school-wide Exon research. This focuses a common issue or a problem of a school. Like say, lack of parental involvement in the school activities, improving the performance in the school are the common issues which is undertaken by this research. In this research, the staff of the school work together as a team. After school-wide Exon research, another type of Exon research is district-wise Exon research. Issues are mainly community-based, performance-based or process-for-decision making. A district may choose to address a problem which is common to several schools in a particular district. It requires the involvement of type, near-district training institute, near-colleges etc. For contacting Exon research, some other topic may be a subject by the practitioner for who would like to want or pursue Exon research for solving the problem. Say, study the reason for dropout from the classroom and how to motivate the students to enroll. The role of the teacher to make the children as functional literate, considering education is a fundamental right, to find out the effectiveness of the teacher in their teaching. Various programs undertaken by SSA can be evaluated or assessed through the Exon research. For empowering the teacher, enhancement of the capacity of the teacher, bring out improvement in the education system, Exon research can be applied. Then, what are the steps that should be strictly followed for doing the Exon research? I think for Exon research, it is very flexible. The step must be flexible in nature. Besides, some particular steps should be followed. Say, for doing the Exon research, the problem must be identified, then defined, then analyzed and explained the problem, then stating the problem, causes of the problem, formulating the hypothesis, gathering the data, planning, organizing, implementation and evaluation, drawing conclusion and taking decision and sharing the results, evaluating the results in order to make it better from time to time. Thus, the Exon research is a methodology. It's a methodology only, which can be used by the teacher as an Exon researcher or a practitioner in order to bring out the improvement in the education system. The key motto of this research is to bring about critical awareness, improvement and sense in a practice, chatting or a system. Reflection, planning and action are the three elements of this research. It should be rightly stated that within the Exon research process, teacher misses to focus their study on one student or a small group of student, a class or several classes or as a whole in the school. Thank you.


Remember the Atkins Diet? I wrote a book about it a few years ago. The Atkins Corporation threatened to sue me, but I kind of won by default because they declared bankruptcy six months later. You can read the whole book in my rather amusing back and forth with Atkins lawyers at AtkinsExposed.org. Here's an illustrative case report of what can happen when you go on such a diet reported recently in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association. Development of symptomatic cardiovascular disease after self-reported adherence to the Atkins diet. Started out healthy, 51-year-old man, pretty good cholesterol, no chest pain, and a working penis. He was gaining a few pounds, though, so he decided to go on a low-carb diet. One month in, his cholesterol shot through the roof, and hey, he lost 5 pounds, so he kept it up. And after two years, more on the diet, he lost 3 pounds, but he also lost the ability to have an erection, and he started having chest pains. But hey, that's what drugs are for, so he started taking Viagra, though. Wonders of modern medicine, which also came in handy when he landed in the emergency room with crushing chest pain. He got a cardiac catheterization, which found a 99% blockage of one of his coronary arteries, supplying blood to his heart. Luckily, they found it in time. He got a drug-alluding stent place, was eventually discharged from the hospital, and finally decided, you know, maybe this Atkins thing isn't such a great idea, so switched to a low-fat diet with whole grains, beans, vegetables, nuts, and even gasped the inclusion of vegetarian entrees. Two months on the new diet, his weight was down, his cholesterol was down, and he stopped taking the Viagra. Now, skeptic might suggest that he had clogged arteries before he even started the low-carb diet. But no, he actually got a coronary artery scan right before starting on Atkins, and there was no measurable plaque in his coronary arteries. And then just 29 months later, the initiation of the low-carb diet, 99% blockage. Now, they were able to, you know, open that surgically with a stent, but it took his changing to a more healthy diet to open up blood flow to other parts of his body.


Okay, room is full, doors closed. Let's start a little bit earlier. Welcome everybody to this presentation Java 4 11 We can say 12 Kotlin code coverage is a best friend bytecode My name is Evgeny Mandrikov. I Work at the great company sonar source. You might know such a product as sonar cube By the way, who knows who uses I Hope you do. I hope you like them But this company can only dream that they own my opinion That's my usual disclaimer and we are not gonna talk about this company. We are gonna talk about something different We are gonna talk about Java code coverage and such a great library as jacocco by the way, who knows who uses Okay, some and About eclipse a dilemma which is Plug-in based on jacocco. I'm call it on those two projects I work on them in my spare time for about eight years already a little bit more I work also on some other open-source projects, but that's not the point and Before we start by the way another check Is there guys who work on Java compiler like from open JDK? No, okay, so I can speak freely Is is there guys from JetBrains who work on Kotlin on intelligent? No, okay, I also can speak freely Let's go ahead. So During work on these projects. We are testing seven and a half JDK's now already Something like eight and a half and the half because we also test early access builds. Why we do this We are gonna see a little bit shorter Out of all this testing we of course sometimes find the bugs But I would say that we find the bugs not in our product, but in JDK This happens and of course, okay, sometimes we develop new features for example code coverage reports of jacocco version zero dot eight dot one For some Kotlin classes was looking like this after some new features we implemented Without any changes in any test it started looking like this Why is this happening at what those features are this exactly gonna be this talk about? Before we start It's important to understand that jacocco works only on class files It receives and from all the information from class files source files Okay, they're shown to you at the very end, but in the process They do not play any role and we're gonna see this. So this heavily simplifies things Also complicates but simplifies Java agent super simple integration You don't need to rebuild your application to get code coverage working. You just attach Java agent This allows this opens door for us to cover some other languages on Java because well bite code is the same So this should work for Kotlin theoretically. This should theoretically work for Scala, etc etc Why theoretically because we're gonna see on which problems we face on the practice with such languages Again absence of source files is not an issue So you can actually measure code coverage if you do not have source files at all That's pretty cool You get someone sells cottoned you can you can run some tests on it and see code coverage out of this And of course it helps us to cover some new Syntaxic sugar which the ones that doesn't change class files the ones that doesn't change bite code For example switch expressions. It should be no brainer for us to support Because it's just a syntaxic sugar over already existing bite code. Okay, no raw string literals We're dropping from JDK 12. There is a little mistake on this slide But it should be also no brainer for us and so on so on so on and Before we really start Here is a real disclaimer Sorry for that. There will be a little a little bit of blood out of GVM Sorry for that. There will be naked Java compiler naked Kotlin compiler Sorry for this. We're gonna talk strong language We're gonna talk primary bite code forget English forget French etc etc and sorry for this I will try to do intense violence of your brain if you're not sure that you're ready You can still try to open door and exit So let's check also to to orient me a little bit Who knows Kotlin who want to hear more about Kotlin's and about Java? Okay Half-half, okay, we will try to do both. So ready Let's go Java Let's take as a starter to warm you up. Let's take a pretty simple example Java empty class With a name bless me who agrees that this class is empty. It's empty. There is nothing inside Who agree? I agree Okay, let's make it check Let's check. So serial version ID empty Some other opinions. Let's don't guess. Let's check Thank you very much. So how are we gonna check we compile it then we're gonna decompile it for the decompilation We're gonna use Java P standard tool out of JDK Minus V verbose minus P show me privates etc etc everything on the resulting class file What we're gonna see inside is okay some metadata about this class file Information about which which bite code version we do have here Reminder 52 major version in bite code is Java 8 We're gonna see constant pool. This is first and the last time we're gonna see constant pool because it's quite big I'm gonna strip it out from other slides constant pool is basically all the constants use it in your class file It's strings its method names names of attributes Attributes Signatures of methods etc why it is useful because well then if you have a lot of calls of the same method You can simply reference the same constant pool and constant pool entry and here we see the actual Content of the class and well blessed place cannot remain apt. There is indeed Constructor default constructor in Java. We all know that it exists. Here it is. What's inside of this constructor? It's also not empty It actually contains invocation of a super constructor We know that to construct any object in Java. We need to call the constructor of its parent In this case. We also know that parent of every class is actually Java land object. So here we call a constructor of Java land object and Nothing can javacal can fold through the method. So we need to return from the method here is a return and Here is exactly The little connection with the source here is exactly why jacoco is capable of showing Q something on the source We have a so-called line number table line number table says Starting from the bytecode instruction zero everything what follows was compiled from a line number one And that's exactly how jacoco can connect What was analyzed on the bytecode with the final report on the source code and that's it Well, we also have source file attribute which says okay file name from which this was compiled is this one This is the only piece information which connects us back to the source code and Let's take a look on the other example again pretty simple also for warm-up You know this time to be sure that it is empty We called you know empty and there is no constant in it this compiles. So do we agree that it's empty? No because it should contain again Constructor default constructor. Let's check we compile it we decompile it what we see inside Not at all a constructor first thing which we see inside is some magical field values We do not expect that but the case there It is private. It's static. It's final all those keywords. We know fine. It is synthetic Remember this words. We soon gonna see what synthetic means It also magically contains some methods which we didn't wrote it contains method Values which returns empty, but we all know this methods actually if we write our enum constant dot Values we are going to get all the values of an enumeration. So we didn't wrote this method compiler generated this method for us There is also method value of Again generated. We all know this method. It returns by string representation of constant it returns the actual constant and Yeah, here it is here is constructors that we expected and Well, there is also static in solider this static in solider exactly in solides is a Field values to put all the values of a constant into into this field so that method values could return this constant Why is this is all important for the tools that work with the bytecodes which analyze this bytecode because User didn't wrote this code, but the compiler generated this code So if you analyze your byte if you analyze a user bytecode and start reporting something to the user They're gonna see something strange. They're gonna see something what they do not expect So for example old version of Jacob was producing such a report saying well, you didn't test that method value of you didn't test that method values Why we should test them? It's unclear. They are generated. Let's trust the compiler. We can in some cases So we need to filter them out. We implement the filters report starts to look a little bit better Unfortunately in the first iteration. We didn't realize it that some people indeed do not define constants in the news They use in news as the containers for static methods. So in such in homes constructor is never called So you also need to filter out constructed. We filter it out Remember it's synthetic attribute. What this beast is we can read in Our Bible in the virtual machine specification that there is a synthetic attribute this Bible simply says Synthetic attribute marks everything What does not appear in the source code but appears in the bytecode? except of courses as in any languages there is some exceptions accept methods You know values you know value of and default constructor Exactly the construction that we've seen Why is this attribute was introduced? Well a paragraph a little bit later explains this synthetic attribute was introduced to support nested classes and interfaces back in JDK 1.1. Let's have a check why so a little bit more complex example Nested classes. So what do we have here? We have an inner class. It's nested into the outer Inner class has a private constructor And we call this private constructor from the inner class First question to you will this compile? Of course it will there is no problem Java language allows all this so we compile it we decompile it What we see inside again to remind you it's Java 8 major version 52 Here is like our example here is constructor indication if you look a little bit precise in this invocation We will notice that actually invocation contains some magical argument with the value now We didn't wrote this our constructor has no arguments, right? Why so? Let's have a check to check we need to have a look on the inner this time and what we will see in inner We will see our private constructor and indeed it has no arguments at all There is no arguments What we will also see we will also see that Java compiler generated another Another constructor on behalf of us and this constructor accepts some argument What we could notice is that indeed it's synthetic this time. It's synthetic generated construction market was synthetic What we could also notice is that our constructor was private on the top most left you see the private This new constructor is not private. It's package local Why so? Well while Java language specification allows you to to write such a code where Classes within the same nested classes could call could access private constructions of each other Java virtual machine doesn't allow this for the Java virtual machine. It's two completely different classes They are not at all nested They lie next to each other and you cannot call the privates from one to another So to overcome this difficulty to overcome this property It was decided. Okay, let's invent synthetic attribute. Let's generate such Constructor which is package local which can be called it from the class Yeah package local synthetic and works our private constructor simple delegations. That's it If this time we will look on this generated class, which is used as an all argument We will see that this time it's indeed empty. This is an example of an empty class Why is this class also generated because well another problem is that you can't have two constructors with the same signatures So you need something to denote this second package local constructor Yeah, and again this class now synthetic um Thanks, God all this changed in Java 11 in Java 11. We got nest mates We got a nest based at access control. So all these crap, which was introduced a long time ago could be Reduced it if we will have a look on exactly the same source code But this time compile it with Java 11 for for the bytecode version 55 We will see that there is a loss in weight. There is no more Constructor generated. We have only our private constructor and that's basically it Also, we see the new attribute which is exactly was introduced it to support nest based access control which says well I am I am I am nested in this nest host which is class outer Which is practical another example? another example Looks like this. We have an outer class. It has a private field And we have an inner class and an inner class we do increment of outer class Can you guess what is going to happen? Something should happen because again, it's private. We're not supposed to access private members Again, we're not gonna guess we're gonna decompile all this and we're gonna see Again back to Java 8 in Java 8. What happens is we are looking exactly on the increment But we do not see increment. We see Magical method invocation Access dollar zero zero not seven for some reason eight What is this we look on the outer in the outer indeed there is new method generated. It is synthetic Package local again to overcome this problem of access to the privates and Here is the bytecode which does the increment again for exactly the same reason to access the private field we need to To invent such a tricks in Java Again, all these changes with Java 11 with Java 11 we lost Wait, we do not need to generate so those successors We can we can directly increments the counter because there is another new attribute next member Which basically says well, I am an outer for this list of classes So as I am an outer I could access their privates, etc. Etc. And Yes, if you look on the inner we will see that there is nest host again, which says yes I confirm that I'm an inner of this outer Another interesting example also related to synthetics So call it bridge methods in Java. So what do we have here? We have two classes a and b b extends a we have two methods one is in a another isn't be and The method isn't be overrides the method in the a So fast so fast so good. I hope The only problem is that the method in B decides to change signature It decides that it will be returning not an object, but a string this perfectly valid this silhouette. However in the places where Collars expect that they will be calling committed funds that returns object We are supposed to have a method in B which returns an object and to do so Yeah, different signatures and to do so again Javak decides to do a trick here is original method and Here is a method that colors would expect the methods that returns an object again. It's synthetic It's also market with an attribute bridge and you won and it simply delegates to our original method Exactly to this time not to align the private access, but to align expected signature Out of all these Logically what we could conclude is well for any bytecode analysis too We should simply ignore synthetic methods because they do not have any relation to the source code, right? User shouldn't see them. It's compiler generated code Maybe maybe not. Let's see if you have a look on example of lambdas that appear it in which version sure Seven or eight. Okay, you'll figure out this at home So what we have here run able that run simply we execute a Renable interface method run and we pass the lambda to the method that does this execution. So here is the lambda lambda is an argument Let's notice that lambda is on the line 9 and lambda contains jacker right Simple right Right or not, right? We compile we decompile we look what happens method exec Nothing special. We do an invocation of a method nothing changed here So invocation where we pass an argument as an argument we pass a lambda here is magic happens. Where is Jacker? There is no Jacker, right? There is no constant Jacker Where's line 9 there is line 8 line 11 no no line 9 9 here is a bytecode instruction return not the line number all These happen it to move to a new private static void lambda dollar fund dollar zero method Which is synthetic which is generated? Here is Jacker So this is a mechanics behind lambdas. This is mechanics behind behind invoke dynamic instruction lambdas appear as a synthetic methods in the class where lambdas were declared So if our bytecode and here's a line number 9 by the way So if our bytecode analyzes to whatever it is in bucks hunt bucks or or jackaco in this case if they will be ignoring Synthetic methods they would miss lambdas So for example here is this exactly what was happening in jaco version 0 7 1 we are missing lambda We don't know anything about lambdas exactly because we decided to ignore synthetic methods We need to fix it. So We decide for our bytecode analyzes out of nowhere nowhere that because it's not specified that lambda is implemented like this It's implementation details of lambda. So out of nowhere. We decide. Okay. Well, we need to ignore synthetics Except if the method name starts from the lambda dollar That works that works perfectly Another example switch and you know so we have you know this time It's not empty. It has two constants falls through and we have a switch by this, you know So two constants which? We compile we decompile what we could see we could see that there is switch Right. No problem free cases Inside of our method and no we see something strange happening here We see that just before the switch we perform access to some magical class that we didn't throw it And to the field switch map dollar switch map dollar here in this class. What's this business? Let's have a look again. We can decompile this class. We see that this is generated synthetic class We could see that it indeed contains a synthetic field and this synthetic field is Inutilized it in initializer how it is in initialize it. Well, we take a particular constant of our genome and we put Ordinal of this constant into into this array and We assign the value one to to the value of the array and we do the same with the second constant Again little connection with the source we could notice that These generated class has a connection with the source file it maps back. It maps back. Let's scroll a little bit It maps back to the line of the switch So for the each switch on the you know Java compiler generate synthetic class. It does so because While you know might change you know might be provided in third-party library. Maybe it's not your enum at all Switch always should work no matter how you know was rearranged if you change it the order of constants So that ordinals change it Or if you edit a new constant switch should continue to work To do so you need to do a mapping between the switch in the bytecode and the original state of the enum And this generated class exactly provides such a mapping Again simple conclusion. We should ignore Synthetic classes this time without exceptions because otherwise they will be showing to the users that Unfortunately, they have a line which is not covered Filters at this moment of time you might start wondering do I have something non-synthetic? Unfortunately or for a good I don't But inside of Java compilator. There is a lot. Let's have a look assertions simple example We have assertion on the Boolean parameter simple, right? What should happen if we start this and pass through? Everything should be okay. If you pass false what should happen Okay, we shouldn't use at all Good point, but okay, let's have a look what happens inside inside again Just because we are using assertions we got some synthetic you might say I gain synthetic no Besides synthetic we got far more generated code Which is not at all market synthetic because there is not rebutes for generated bytecode instructions. We got something strange which is invocation of class dot desired assertion status and we are passing our class in it You might why you all might know that in Java you can enable and disable assertions, right? In order to not always for each assertion in order to not always ask No, sorry fuser more you can enable or disable assertions not only for the whole GVM You can do this on a per class basis for certain classes you enable for certain you disable So this would mean that each time we execute assertion We we should go to the runtime and ask runtime. Could you please tell me what's the current status for me? Should I throw a should I execute assertion or not? This is not so performance. This is This is actually expensive operation so Java again does the trick in order to not go to the runtime We should Yes, so So we simply ask runtime once during initialization We cache we cache the value value that GVM knows and then we simply each time happens assertion we check The cached value if assertions disabled we shouldn't execute assertion if assertions enabled then well we do the Check of assertion and either we throw exception or not again Why this is a problem because user didn't wrote all those branches user didn't wrote if statements So users do not understand why assertion statement contains actually four branches well to decide whether assertions enabled or not and to decide whether to throw exception or not and In case of jacaco, it's it's it's pretty tricky case because you can't actually test One of those two branches because then you need to restart your GVM with assertions disabled or assertions enabled It's very tricky case. We still have an open issue. We do not know how to solve this properly from an end point and User point of view, but we will have a look on this later Another interesting example switch on a string Switch on a string we compile it we decompile what we could see inside inside We could see for some reason two switches. We had one, right? You're not slipping. We had we had just one switch agree What happens inside inside happens pretty interesting thing? Apparently in order to realize string string inside of a switch. It's very It's very performant to actually reuse a string hash code because with a high probability If you just switch by hash code, you will already know which string it is because it's likely all the strings They might have different hash codes that it and the second but no yes Sorry, no We also sometimes get a hash collision so we also need a little bit of logic to compare with the original string and This is exactly what happened here two strings. They have exactly the same hash code. So below we have a couple of string equals to decide exactly which one of the strings we got after string hash code and only then we Perfectly know which switch case was taken either first one either second one Again, this is a little bit of an magic that bite code analyzes tools like code coverage or fin bucks or hundred bucks need to deal with because User wrote just a switch just three cases. He didn't wrote how many? Two ifs and two switches so again We need to write some ad hoc filter which tries to to map begs is the bite code Which compiler generates to map it back to the source code to show to the user. Yes, everything is okay. There is three cases So let's have a look on another example finally so we have try finally and we have Couple of method calls inside super simple, right? Let's have a look after compilation. We again decompile what we see inside We see the free invocations of method knob, but we had only two you're not sleeping right? Let's check Yeah, let's check Two or three. I see three knobs But the first one is a method declaration doesn't count. So to simplify our life Let's introduce a marker. So let's have a string try finally. We again compile decompile What what changed that we can see there is indeed here is one try inside and To finally we've wrote one right? Why is this happens this happens because in GVM in order to implement finally we could use so-called only exception table and exception table doesn't say Execute this instruction always no matter what happened exception table says if exception happen it then Execute exception handler and in order to implement finally you need Finally happens. We all know finally happens when exception was and exception was not right Right. So in case of exception, we're gonna catch it We are gonna execute exception handler and this is exactly the second finally. It's a finally inside of exception handler Here is exception handler and on a normal pass without exception. We also should execute finally So in order to use exception table to implement finally we actually need to duplicate finally two times that's a trick and Again, this surprises the users because users wrote finally only once However, we need to do the deduplication we need to realize that two blocks of code there actually is the same thing So again, we've right filter we we merge all everything back and user is happy believing that he has no duplications in his bytecode a Little bit of our archaeology. This was a little bit differently in version Java 1.4 in Java 1.4 It was not a problem to implement finally without duplication because there was GSR and thread constructions Java subroutine and return from subroutine Looks like I have a missing slide, but okay Apparently those constructions were deprecated because with such constructions It's much harder to verify the bytecode for the compiler and verification is important for security So in favor of security was decided to do a little bit of duplication Let's have a look on the other example and given the amount of time. Unfortunately. I think we we may be not gonna see the Kotlin Try this resources. So we have resource. It's closable and we have try this resources I am not gonna ask when it was introduced because I know that you do not know in which versions what was introduced So try this resources if we decompile it we see a lot of bytecode You even don't see anything because it's too much. We can zoom a little bit We could see four times close close close. Why? Because we know try with the resources should close the resource in order to do this for sure close the resource Let's call close four times No, of course no If you look on the other Bible the other Bible the Java language specification Says the meaning of a basic try with the source statements blah blah blah blah blah and such a such a beast if you look Deeper in this beast. We will look a little bit later You could logically at this moment in time ask a question Could you please prove it that this is equivalent to the try with resources? I could prove it Let's have a look on Fun one Let's have a look. I have try with resources that you've just seen. I also have fun, too I should Fun two is exactly what you also seen. It's a big beast If we now compile file fun one decompile it save result the compilation in file 1.txt If you do exactly the same with fun, too but save it in 2.txt and We are gonna oops and we are gonna do div between two Here's what we're gonna see something changed because we did two compilations But then only nine numbers changed no bait code was changed. Let's check that there is some bait code Indeed there is some bait code. There is a lot of bait code. So This is a pure compilation of this is a pure equivalent of try with resources So what happens here? There is try catch. There is also finally in finally we do all the closing If resource was not open, we need to check that if there was no exception. We need to check that so there is some ifs appear Then we need to close if exception happened and then we need to attach one exception to the other all of this happens in finally and We remember that finally duplicated. So that's why exactly all of these duplicated multiple times Fun fact in case of exception Yeah, exception. Yeah, in case in the following case. We always insolize resource. So there is no point to check now So there is dead cot another dead cot in case of exception We know that exception happened that there is no need to check for now, etc. etc. So This was a little bit improved later in javaq 11 They reduce the duplications, etc. etc. All this means that again, we need to To write the filters and we need to add up the filters for the particular Compiler version, etc. etc. Unfortunately times time went up. So I skip a lot of funny stuff about Kotlin You might find this presentation on on jacocos site, so Don't worry you you go home. You see the recording on YouTube about Kotlin and and everything will be okay conclusion Unfortunately source code is not bytecode. This is very important This also means that what you've wrote in the source code is not at all What is gonna be executed because what is gonna be executed is? Not even bytecode Unfortunately, what is gonna be executed is a jitted bytecode Even this is not true because there is a branch prediction etc. etc. etc. So be careful what you've write is not what is actually executed But unfortunately, this means that bytecode basic tools. They only have to guess All of these is Implementation details. There is no magical way to map Back the bytecode to the source code. It's a solvable task as we've seen because Multiple bytecode they know sorry the same bytecode as we've seen this strike try with resources It it easily can be result of compilation of two source codes How we decide we can only guess In jacoco in particular we assume that no one write such a crazy source code because it's it's big So we assume that it's always try with resources if someone will really write try with resources like Java language Specification says in the code coverage report. We will filter this out assuming that this is try with resources So please bear with us We all we developers as a tools you developers as bytecode analyzers tools We have to live with this. We should write filters now that you know all the internals of jacoco filtering please bear with us and don't scream when code coverage report shows you something that you do not expect Please just decompile and see what actually shown to you Thank you very much. That's it If you have any questions, let's just go out and you ask all the questions


Rhywbeth am y cwylwyr yn y bydd y 30 o octog, mae yma'r oeddan nhw'n 8 o'r clwch yma yn Lwyddo. Yn y cwylwyr yn y gweithio, mae'n gofynio'r ddweud y bwysig o Gorys i Nigel. Mae'r sefydliadau eich bod y cwylwyr yma'r gweithio yn teimlo i'r Brexit, ac mae'r gweithio i'r llwynt yn amlwynt gan yw yr hynny, a rydw i'n meddwl yma'n ceisio bwysig. Mae'r cyfferdig iawn yn y cwylwyr o'r 12 o oedden, Rydyn ni'n gwybod arweinyddio'n gweithio'r llai ar y dyfodol yma i gydag yma i'r cysylltu'r cymdeithasol, sy'n gweithio'r cyfrifio ar y dyfodol. Rydyn ni'n gweithio'n gweithio ar y FOMC Raid Decision, sy'n gweithio'r cyfrifio ar y canolau YouTube i'r 5rwyth, a'r cyfrifio ar y 6rwyth. Mae'r cyfrifio ar y cwm ydyn nhw yn ymddiogel yma, a'r cyfrifio ar y cwm yn ysgolwyr. Lleidon i'r cwmbrwrwch, mae'n wneud i'r cyffredig i'r gweithredu, gallwch bod yn rhan 15 oed yn ddweud i'r hefyd. Mae'r ddweud o'r cyffredig o'i gwybodaeth yn ôl yn ddweud i eich cwmbrwrwch gweithredu. Mae'r ddweud o'r cyffredig o'r 129 o'r llwydoedd, mae'r cyffredig o'r 20 oed yn ddweud i'r ysgrifennu. Mae'r ddweud o'r cyffredig o'r ysgrifennu o'r ysgrifennu o'r oedd yn ddweud i'r eau o'r ddweud. doorfynnig er mwyn i'r badaf i gRAY er mwyn i ddoch â mwyaf, roedd yn llwy yn Gwyrddol. Roedd yyn ni'n bod ynylio'r hyn o'r hyn o gwrth o pobl a bod yn yr eich ei ddweud. Mae'n petho'r ysbyt yn yi'n rhan fwylo ac mae'n ymgyrch yn rhan dosad y calendariad. Herfodd rydw i gyflogo'r gwasanaeth iawn gydych chi'n rhan fydd ymysgol. A gydag i'n dweud hyn sydd edrych yn y rhan fydd sefydlu, ydych chi'n sefydli i gynnig, rydych chi'n gwybod eich hwn nes yn ôl i gael drwg, yn cyhoedd y sôn o'r parhauau. Cefnig yna'r hyn. A gydag am ni, oherwydd, i chi'n chyfwng y mhwynt, oherwydd mae'n edrych o'r ffordd rŵhau a'r rhai o'r trendleid yn gwneud yn y cycwil o arfer o'i rhwng sôn a'r gweithio beth ydw i mewn i gynnig osio a'r gweithio beth o'r ac rwy'n amdoddol yn y cyfle hwnnw. Mae rydyn ni'n cerdd i'ch hun i gyd yn gweithio'r rhiwch, ac mae gyd yn rhan o'r cyflwydoedd yn ddechrau, mae'n cerdd i'ch gyd yn y gweithiol ar y cilio. Mae'r gweithio'r gweithio'r cyflwydoedd i'ch gweithio'r cilio'r gweithio'r cyflwydoedd. Mae'r gweithio'r gweld cyfarfod gyda chi – mae'n gweithio'r cyflwydoedd yn ei gyd yn gweithio'r cyflwydoedd, ac dyna'n meddwl yn fyllwch ar gyfer llwysmu. Mae pawb yn ddim yn y cyfosio'r ysgolol yn eich cydafol, a'n meddwl bod yn ffrif llwy. Dwi'n ddigon i arlaed o'r cynfod, byddai energidio gydag ychydig o'r hyfforddiad a'n meddwl fyddwyd yn y ddeicifol oherwydd mae'n isgrifoeddwyd. A dyna wedyn rydych'n symud hwnnw oed. Mae po drugi yn iedwch, wedi bod yn dda mewn hyfforddiad heddiw i'n meddwl yn dda'r hefyd. ond y gwneud yng Nghymru wedi'i dweud y byddai yn ystod y ddechrau. Mae'r ddiwedd yn ymddydd yn y ddweud y ddweud yn y ddysgu'r ddweud. Mae'n cael ei ddweud ym mwy o'r ddweud. Mae'r ddweud o'r oedden nhw'n cael ei ddweud. Mae'n cael ei ddweud yn y ddweud o'r ddweud y dyfancidol, y dyfancidol, oherwydd mae'n gweithio'r ddweud yn ei ddweud. Rwy'n cael ei ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud, o'r rhaid o'r rhaid i hyn, a oedd rhaid o'r 5540 ychydig ar y cyfnod arall y byddai. Rhyw hwnnw, rydym yn ei ddaeth i'r api i'w ddweud ac yn ôl o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. Rhaid gennyn nhw'n gweithio'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud i'w ddweud yn y ddweud. Reoli'r ddweud o'u ddweud, ond rhaid i'w ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. ac yn ddaid i'r ysgolwg y gallwn ymlaen, onid gymorol is où'n gofiant yma oherwydd yn hynny'n gweithio'r ymlaen i'r gweithio, roedden ni'n ffordd o'r eu cyfnodol yn dechrau. Daith yn y ffordd o ffondledd ar y FOMC a gennych ond ond i'n gweithio'i ein cwm-nghwynt. Mae'r ffordd o'n fwrdd hi'n bwyd, mae'n gwneud ychydig i chi. Mae hwyl i chi gweithio chi i bobl i'r instruments and so any questions feel free to put those in as well. yes today just gonna go quickly over the data as well the only really point of note to have was the consumer confidence which came in slightly worse than expected 125 point nine compared to that 128 so not a massive difference in the u.s a course ahead of the that the EC didn't really react to hoping it. Over night you had some inline Eau Osidola inflation numbers. It has actually rise since then, but more so on the weakness of the dollar. You've seen that in both the euro and the pound this morning coming through. So those inflation numbers pretty much in line. Quick look at the data calendar before we get into the meat of the briefing and you can just see throughout the whole day, it's jam-packed. We've had the Aussie numbers rai fel gyda'r byw. Rwy'n golygu y Gweinidroedd yng Nghymru a'r gwaith o'r 855 yn ystod yn effeithio ar y gwahod. Rwy'n gweithio gweithio'r gweithio ar gyfer ëIU'r Gweithgwrs Argyllunol i'r gweithio'r gweithgwrs ar y cyffredin yn cynhyrchu yn gwybod yng nghymru. Rwy'n gweithio'r adp gweithio a'r gweithio ar gyfer y gweithio, gyda'r chlockchain i gymryd, yr ymddianfod genedlaeth, mae'r ddau ddechrau o canada, Dyma, dyma wedi'i gofynu i'r 230 a ddweud a'r ddweud o'r 6 o'r cofynu i a'r ddweud i gyfle yn ystod yng nghymru. Rydym yn cael ei ddweud a'r ddweud, ac mae'n oes y cwrs fydd yn ymddangos, ond mae'n cynnaeth y bwysig bwysig bwysig i'r ddweud. Rwy'n gwybod i'n gwybod i'n gwybod i'r ddweud. Obviously, the main UK Brexit general election chat has been confirmed as...well all but confirmed shall we say. The timetable for today who is worth keeping an eye out, an ear out on this, is that the house of lords will hold a vote on the election later today. There are expected to approve. It would be a pretty much big shock if they were not going to make it law of the election by the end of the week. Dysgu o'r 11 oed, mae'n cael i gael gwaith yn oed o'r 9 o 11. Rwyf wedi cymryd o'r 1 yn y gweithio yn y gweithio, mae'n gweithio ar y tuhaf. Yn gweithio, mae'n gweithio ar y 1 yn y gweithio ar yr oedd, sy'n gweithio ar y 1923. Rydw i'n gweithio ar yr oedd gweithio ar yr oedd, yn y gweithio ar y gwaith. Ond eich dweud ychydig yn gwybod i'ch ddweud o'r drwy fwy o'r cyfeinio, y 6 oes unrhyw o'r ddaf yn cael eu gwybodaeth i'r rhain, yn cael cyfaint o'r parlyg yn cael y cyfeinio'r cyfrifoedd y 5 oes yn ymgylchedd. I'm nesaf bod o'r ysgrifennu'r ddweud yn cael ei ddweud o'r ddweud ei ddweud yma, oedd ymddangos yn arfermwy o'r cyfrifoedd ymgylchedd ymgylchedd yn gweithio'n cyfrifol, oedd mae'n rhaid o'r fwy o'r cyfrifoedd. Yn ymdyn nhw'n gweld o'r gweithio ar gyfer y gweithio, ydw'n gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio ar gyfer y BBC, rwy'n gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio. Felly, mae'n gweld bod ydych chi'n gweithio. Yn ymgyrch chi'n gweithio, mae'n gweld yr ysgolwch, yr ysgolwch, If you remember there was a massive storm and it was raining credibly tubes were delayed. And there was certainly a grumble within London that people couldn't get home to vote. However, a study from the University of Oxford said there is no correlation between the weather and the turnouts though unfortunately there was no excuse for that EU referendum. Cysi melts at being put to bed So' that fir is been put to bed The short of days is absolutely one to think about A course is the nights gonna come earlure And the days are short and therefore there already there has been rumours that at polling stations there can be additional lighting put in as well So that' alright something to bear in mine as well going forward Could it stop students votingedd yr llfoodyn, felly this you know also yesterday one of the amendments that Labour will if into it to pass through. One of the votes was that 16 year olds would have the chance to. I mean I'm not sure many 16 year olds would and certainly when I was 16. I'd rather have been in a park drinking super strong bow, but, uh, yeah that didn't get passed through. But could it stop us students. Well, the most common Mae'r Cymru yng nghyd repliedwyr yn Cymru'r 16 o'r enw. Mae ceisio y bod yn cymdeithasol yng Nghymru yn ddechrau yma gynnyddwch yn unig. Cymru mae'r tynnu a'r cyffredd, mae'n dweud y byddai'r cytodau a'r mewn sydd y cyflwynebu. Eolo gyda'r cynghwyr yn ddweud o'r 60 o'r enw. Mae'r beth yw eu phobl yn gweld, ac wrth gael, mae nhw'n dweud o'r pwylo'r gynnyddwch yn ddweud nid o wedi ei ysgolio'r sleidin yn eistedd. Mae'r reu��ol sy'n dod 70% gyda'r bethau dylug yn eu ddinwyc Gogol a at deiyg o'r wych yn lanogaryffau. Felly mae'n gweled gan ei hyn. Felly mae'n golygu gael i'r broses rai yn ymgyrch yn rydyn ni'n mynd i'r gaelio'rетыri o'r ddiolch a'r bwrth gwaith. Mae'n ymddug o'r gweld ar hyn o bobl angen ac oedd hefyd o'r tuwch. Tyn ni'n bobl angen i'r ddigonoedd hwn. Ac yn oed bwysig weithio ni'n ymddangos unrhyw unrhywbwyr ar hyn y BBC ac mae hyn yn gweithio'n oed ddweud o'r gweithio ar y cyflwyfo. Ond ymyrgymdd ymchwil Dyma, ychwaneddiaeth ar gyfer Boris wrth nhw'n mynd gweld yn ei ffordd. Rwy'n credu ddisgu'r grifennio i'r ffordd yma ar Ysgrifennid Og. Rydych chi'n mynd i mewn tydd ac yn yr areaeth o Daer��도록 uh, yng Nghymru, Ond hefyd yn i'r ddechrau llwyaf, ac mae'r dweud yn oed yn cael ei wneud. Yn y gilydd yw'r ddweud, mae'n dweud yw'r dweud, mae'r dweud yn llwyaf, a'r dweud yn amlwg ddweud. Mae'n dweud yn cael ei ddweud, ond oherwydd yn ei wneud gyda'r gwybod, a'r dweud yn ni'n gwneud yn y gwybod. Felly, mae'n meddwl yn y fydd yn gynyddoedd, fel Jeremy Corbyn yn y pand tych yma yma. Rwy'n meddwl yn y ddechrau i ymgyrch yn gweithio. Gwaith yma, dechrau i gyd yn y pandech yma. Ond yma yw ein bod hynny'n meddwl yn ôl y fwy o wych sydd wedi eu gfynir cyveilig ac mae'n meddwl i'r polyiadau sydd yn dweud yn roedden nhw spécialpfai yn ddych. Ond mae'n dechrau i'r holl b encounter. ydych chi'n gondol y pethau yn bwysig i'r brifysgol yng Nghymru? Oes i chi'n rhai'r Ysgrifennu i'r Brexit yw'r top, ond dwi'n gweithio'n meddylion i'r NHS i ddiglinellu. Felly, mae'n credu bod y Brexit y Brexit. Mae'n gweithio i ddweud yn dweud am gweithio'r Brexit yng nghymru, yna yn rhaid i'r gweithio i ddim yn ymhyngur o'u ddiolch yng ngyfodol, y Llyf-Dem's, Ryfwg ar y 50, Lleibre, rhaid i ni rwy'n gwneud, rydym yn rhaid i'r eu ddwell i'r Euw, ac mae'n rhaid i'r ddiolch o'r gwybod yng Nghymru yw'n gweithio i ddweud yn ddweud hynny'n gwybod. Rydyn gallwn yn ddylog i gefnodd yr uwch a'r drwy gweithio yr ydych chi'n gyffredinio gyda'r ffordd yn honed i'r wych yn William F Donald. Os ydych chi'n gwybod i amrydd eich cymaint yn ddod yn ymwysigennu, rydych chi'n gwneud hefyd, oherwydd mae'n ei sydd yn gwein oed Dreamane a'r ymddoron yng ngyfrau gyda y gweithio gweithio fel ydych chi'n gwneud hynnyhips chi'n gweithio'r ymddorol. ..a gynhyrch gyda'r rhwt o'r Llyfridd yng Nghymru. Yn y gydig o Nigel Fhorraig yng Nghymru... ..yna'r ysgol o'r hyfforddiad yng nghymru... ..y'n ymwneud o bobl o'r cyffredin, oherwydd y cyfrifoedd yng Nghymru... ..o'r holl o'r holl o'r holl o'r holl o'r holl. Mae'n ddigonio yn ddigonio, mae'n gydigonio, yn ymwneud... ..y'r cyfrifoedd hynny eich ddaf yn gweithio'r holl o'r holl o'r holl o'r hyfforddiad... ..y'r holl o'r holl o'r holl o'r holl o'r hyfforddiad... ..y nid yw, ond Rydycheth Ginthrath o bobl hei'r hyfforddiad... ..oedd yr cyrch Bliror Wrath Slym yn ddigonio... ..y mae'n bwrdd hynny o Brindor Boris. Yn ymwneud dyma... ..wyddyn nhw'n gallu ffordd. Mae eich seith ni'n gwneud rwy'n meddwl... ond un nôl only on 31 on knock-off I think after the vote and everyone comes back there's only 15 days before the 31er jam. Whither we can do that or not, I'm not too sure but I think I conserved that there is a wins Brexit that does happen sooner rather than later. A lot of the remainside are obviously spread out, you've got the flip side of the labour, the S&P, Lib Dems as well so they would have to be quite strategic about that. beth o ddod o'r ddod o'r ddod o wybod oed, a pobl arno baut i wneud oedd i'r ddod o'r cyflosio'r ddod o. Ond rai'n iawn o'r ddod o'r ddod o reisio'r parïd, mae'r ddod o'r ddod o'r ddod o'r ddod o'r ddod o'r ddod o'r gweithio'r abner.  Yn os yw'r ddweud, mae'n sgweld yn eich fwydda i'r ddweud o'r ddoch, ac wrth gwrth ymlaen i'r ddaeth yma yn y cwestiynau, felly mae'n byw'r ymlaen i'r ymdyn nhw'n bwysig, mae'n bwysig oherwydd ymlaen i'r ymdyn nhw ymlaen i'r ymdyn nhw ac mae'n ddweud o'n bwysig i'r ymdyn nhw. felly wnaeth yn niadio'r yw hi'n gyffredinol yn eu bod yn gwneud yr hyn am hyn o'ch cwilio'r llythoedd, mae'n meddwl i'r meddwl. Yn y peth o'r 1920 yna, mae'n meddwl i'r tyfnol ar draws i'r llyfodol, o'r gofyniaid i'r llyfe o'r llyfodol, mae'n meddwl i'r llyfodol. Felly, yn ystafell, mae'n meddwl i'r llyffodol, mae'n meddwl i'r llyffodol, campaign not so long ago I think remain I think Labour really missed a trick here and we might see a change in that over the coming five weeks from November the sixth but time time will tell shall we say as well but yeah good graphic here just going over the the important issues here you've also got the UK general election 2017 just the the voting stance there a lot of blue seats just like Manchester City on a matchday as well so yeah you can see this the 2017 there as well just going through winners are chosen you've got the general election numbers from there 326 seats needed for a majority the last one conservatives were only won the 318 hence the coalition with the DUP Labour 262 SNP 35 vote a turnout 68.7 I would say we're we're going to get higher than that I think if there's decent odds on that worth worth a go 68.7 voter turnout as well so today worth keeping an eye just to see that it's passed through the house of lords put into law and then it's going to be a fun few weeks of polling and that's going to move markets and talks of that just before we move on to the Fed let's get the chart of the pound up because I think you're going to have three scenarios let me just load this chart up and remove everything so where are we trading now in the future it's called it 129 on the DUP conservative majority big majority I think you you know by the end by December the 12th we're above 136 I do believe that I think there'll be a nice push from from there as well if we were to have Labour majority which I think is around 23 to 1 which is obviously I think fair enough odds for now I'd see an also a push through what I see the only downside for the pound because I do see this general election is overall positive the only downside would be a minority conservative or any minority really just more more uncertainty the deal less likely to be pushed through and we're back to square one and 126 is traded on December the 12th in my opinion so the risk reward looks pretty good from where we're we're sitting now I think the the move higher recently is just the pricing out of that no deal no deal is just not going to happen and we're going to have that general election also worth giving a shout out to the man the myth the legend Anthony Chung back two months ago that came across this and the the article he did on LinkedIn just saying how his view remains that we are heading to a general election as parliament will now look to pressure a vote no confidence voters explained by an analyst but just saying about the the idea that no deal is not going to happen that we're going to need a general election so pretty much bang on here you see end result no deal does not materialize and the government secures a deal from a GBP perspective much more volatility to come over the coming weeks that absolutely happened but large rallies will come in due course so pretty much bang on there from from Anthony here the general election all but confirmed and I would say unless Boris can mess this up there's going to be a nice rally to come time of course will tell though as well so 136 would be the target as being stand if we can just get through the messy three weeks it's not going to be a straight line though that's obviously worth pointing out as well so the feds coming up going to be one to an interesting one I was just saying to to will I personally believe this will be the last cut that we see as things stand there the market price more dovishly than that but we'll come on to a couple of reasons why 90% priced in at the moment by investors at a 0.25 basis point cut however Bloomberg's reading an article earlier their surveys have it more priced at 75% so slightly more on the hawkish surprise there and the general chat I've just seen from from Twitter and reading articles is that we're almost expecting or start into price in into the markets a hawkish cup here as well rather than the usual dovish one all policy makers see risks from trade talks this is nothing new and weakness abroad those will generally still be I'm sure the the main comments that come through but some did view that the cuts in July and September were sufficient enough and I'm sure there will be dissenters about this cut if it was to happen but 90% priced in from investors and there's a nice graphic we'll come on to shortly which says it might be more like 20% according to to some surveys as well speaking of what's been priced in you've got one man who is absolutely loving life and that has to be Donald Trump he's got positive trade talks at the moment despite possible negative one from yesterday but overall he's happy you've got stocks that are on all-time highs you've got a fed that's about a cut for the third time I mean he's played an absolute blinder here it has to be said and the death of ISIS as well despite getting booed at the weekend for it a baseball match so worth you know just pointing this out you know there the stocks can't just keep going and going and going until the election so I think Trump will if he's not happy today if we do have a hawkish cut he may well start to pick up some hawkish rhetoric on the the trade front and we could be due for a bit of a correction lower I guess from a technical point of view we're not far away from this incredible trend that was just so well respected going back to July and that's looking to come in we could get that today around 3059 could that be a top technically why not and then if we do have it on the hawkish side and Trump starts slamming home about China that they're not buying enough agricultural goods like he did on overnight or suddenly stories you know pick up more of a negative impetus and we do come down as well we'll see time will tell power is likely to communicate a pause while saying they're flexible they are flexible with your comic outlook shifts significantly interestingly power is also following the playbook at the moment of a mentor Alan Greenspan who cut rates three times in mid-cycle adjustments of course the word mid-cycle adjustment is how we started it back in July that Greenspan did this 1995-96 and 98 to counter risks September forecasts showed the FMC saw interest rates hitting a bottom this year before raising slightly in 2021 so next year to remain at the levels they would be after today however investors as we were saying slightly more dovish on this and they're actually pricing in another quarter point cut by mid 2020 so there's that difference between what the market are expecting and then what the Fed are suggesting hence why I'm on the Fed side but I do think this will be the last one and therefore we're going to see that hawkish reaction and you see a bit of dollar strength come back in you see stocks perhaps come under a touch of pressure and gold as well but that could be a good opportunity to get in gold lowered down as then trump returns more hawkish on trade talks that's just my view at the moment of course to trade what you see not what you think as well so yeah a couple of comments from surveys here surveys from from Bloomberg Bloomberg economics experts officials to adopt a meeting by meeting approach to evaluating the need for additional stimulus so as to appease hawkish leaning members of the committee however from meeting to meeting in the slow growth low inflation environment officials will see greater need to provide additional support as well the FMC is divided between policy makers which favour insurance against risks from a manufacturing slump we saw that as the worst in a long time the ISM number a couple of weeks ago the trade war with china while it is getting a bit better that's still obviously going to be you know a divisive issue brexit I mean we just saw on the the no deal being taken off the table in general election stocks actually rallied and then came under pressure of poor news which hasn't really been the case I have to say it was a bit of a shock to see stocks globally really get a push of positive brexit news but that's starting to pick up now become a serious matter to to consider and of course slower global growth is another issue they will consider versus those who see domestic data largely supporting their outlook for solid growth I mean there's a lot of positive numbers still in the US unemployment and employment numbers pretty good overall in the grand scheme of things and of course stocks are on all-time highs let's not forget as well so those that are going to be the dissenters those that believe we shouldn't cut you looking at Feds George and Rosengren both likely to send this to dissent again so that wouldn't really come as too much of a shock when those numbers come through at 6 p.m. so they're likely to dissent again tonight if the Fed cuts rates they will have some company the Fed September dot plot of interest rate projections so five officials didn't favor the cut delivered at the meeting and another five who saw no need for another cut this year since then there has been yes the manufacturing slump yes negative trade talks that have come through brexit is still not resolved and global growth across the world is still not great and that's led to this another rate cut being priced in but you're going to have some people on the Fed count that aren't going to be too happy with that so I've just you know while recently we've seen the dollar weakened we've seen stocks push higher gold is still elevated overall it could be a bit of room for all of those to come under the pressure as well so this all creates a possibility of a surprise economists putting at 20 percent odds that the FMC will decide not to cut on Wednesday so we've gone from 90 percent at the beginning to possible 20 percent no cut rate change that for me all brings in the opportunity for a good interest rate decision touch wood obviously you know when we're going and delivering live it will be an interesting one and opportunities to trade from it about 20 chance there any pause who would also certainly be opposed by the big man himself donald trump so expect him to be on the wires post six and then 630 is well but yeah we'll have to wait and see for that so just having a look back at the the calendar for for the day just to wrap things up before I'm going to quick look over the charts it's going to be a busy one you've got the EU numbers as mentioned at 10 o'clock before that the German unemployment rate and unemployment change 855 ADP starts off the afternoon with then the bank of Canada rate decision German preliminary CPI numbers and then obviously the the DOE coming in earlier around 230 and and the Fed six o'clock 630 year press conference it's going to be a good day and I'm certainly looking forward to it opportunity wise are you going to want to get to involved in the dollar beforehand I guess it's it's a case of letting the trade come to you again we've already had yesterday's high tested in the euro pretty much to the tip so you could argue that we're we're looking quite technical already yesterday's afternoon lows a nice double bottom around 128 63 we're just finding support on a previous high of the day but I would be also marking up that triple bottom that we had from yesterday and then the low on the 25th as well so a couple of areas really to keep an eye on and these would be where I'd more just wait for price to come to for the for this the pound sorry for the pound and then the euro as of course we broke through of course yesterday's high I'll be marking up that triple bottom from yesterday's low the low of the morning as well and a couple of levels in between but really just wait for price to come and before looking to to get too involved I reckon S&P and gold no harm in in sitting on the hands ahead of the Fed and and start planning for different scenarios so ahead of any potential shock you are completely ready just like for example you know that returning server in tennis is prepared for a you know a slice serve serve out wide serve serve to the inside and they know their reactions already ahead of that and that's very much what I'll be looking to do today if that was to be the 20% that they keep rates on hold what am I going to do what markets am I going to trade if it comes in as expected then what's the opportunity or is it a case of waiting to 6.30 oil will run through as we go through the day for the DOE just a quick look at the API candle you can see from 8.30 very small reaction usually is the case and this market contained again by what was strong resistance to now be support so keeping an eye around 54 68 the level we're trading now while chopped up yesterday is important also keeping an eye on any potential retest of this trend line however we would have to come through an important area around $56 to get there as well any questions as usual guys to please let us know just remember we're on line live on YouTube from half five so any questions ahead of the Fed please do let us know and we can include them as well hope you have a good morning good afternoon and I'll catch you all later on


Hi and welcome to this video on flashing KalexOS on your phone. So why would you want to flash a free operating system like KalexOS on your phone? Well for one the manufacturer might have discontinued the support for the software on your device in which case you don't get any more security updates on your phone and potentially also can't install the newest apps anymore. Secondly, the device might have become slow to respond with all the pre-installed apps and trackers. This not only means that you're giving a lot of personal data away by default, but also drains the battery on your phone a lot faster. So a free operating system generally supports the software on your device for a longer time and also has a lot fewer apps pre-installed and of course doesn't have any trackers. If you want to know more about our campaign you can go on the FSE website slash Upcycling Android. In this video, we are going to show you all the steps that are needed to flash KalexOS on your phone on Ignore Linux system and you will see that it is quite easy. On the KalexOS websites, we click on get KalexOS and we are presented with two options here. One is to buy a new phone with KalexOS pre-installed and the other one is to install KalexOS on your phone if you already have one and since we already have one, we click on install and now we're presented with a list of devices. In our case, we have the Google Pixel 3, so we click on Pixel 3 and now are presented with a couple of different systems. As I said before, we are on the KalexOS system, so we say install from Linux. The installation instructions page shows an overview of all the steps that are needed to flash your device and I'll go through them with you together. So the first part is about preparing your Android device, which basically boils down to enabling a setting that will allow us to unlock the bootloader, which then allows us to flash the device partitions. The second part is about pairing our host computer, which means that we'll install some UDef rules using our package manager and this is important to be able to talk to the phone from our computer. Then we'll download the device flasher. The device flasher is a tool that automates some steps in the flashing process, namely unlocking the bootloader, flashing the device partitions with the factory image and then locking the bootloader again. Although for the Fairphone 4, it does an extra check because locking the bootloader can lead to a brick phone in some cases and then we'll download the factory image and of course, we'll also verify the checksums using the SHAD 256-SOM tool and compare them to the checksums that are displayed on this page to be sure that we've downloaded the correct files. The last part is about installing Calyx OS. So this means we run the device flasher on our computer and this will prompt us on the phone to agree to some operations, namely if we really want to unlock the bootloader before the flashing process begins and then after the flashing process has completed to lock the bootloader again. Now I've changed the window layouts. On the left-hand side, you still have the installation instructions page from Calyx OS Open and on the right-hand side a Google Pixel 3 phone shown via webcam feed. So let's start by preparing our Android device. So first unlock the device and first of all, we can see that this is indeed the stock operating system from Google being installed on the phone currently with the Google Play Store. So the first thing we should do is enable developer options and this can be done in the settings menu, scrolling all the way down in the settings menu, finding about phone and then scrolling all the way down again, finding the build number option, clicking on it as many times as I needed to become a developer. Now that we are a developer, we can find another system, another option in the systems menu, sorry for that, which is called developer options and in developer options, we toggle OEM unlocking to true and also USB debugging. So that's it. Now we're done with preparing our Android device. Now that we've prepared our Android device, we are going to the second part in preparing our host computer by installing the UDEP rules using our package manager. So since we are on Debian, we're going to issue the following commands, sudo apt update and then sudo apt install Android SDK platform tools. So let's just copy that over to a terminal I have open here, which prompts for the password. This time should work now. Okay, now it works. So yeah, now we've successfully installed the package and we continue with downloading the device flasher. So clicking on the button, prompts us where to where to download it to and you see I've already downloaded it, so I don't need to do that again. And what I would like to do is to verify the digest though. So I copy this over and then I need to type SHA-256-SUM in the file name. So back to the terminal, say SHA-256-SUM. Well, let me first actually echo the checksum and now say SHA-256-SUM in the file name. So now you see we can compare it pretty nicely and we see that they seem to match. Now that we've downloaded the device flasher and verified that we've indeed downloaded the correct file, we are going to proceed and download the factory image. And you see that this is already downloaded as well, but still we want to verify that the file is the correct one. So we again copy the checksum over and then issue to command SHA-256-SUM in the file name. So this is going to take a bit longer this time because it's a big file. Around one and a half gigabytes big. So we see that it finally returns and that the checksums seem to match. If you want you can now verify the signature as well for the highest level of confidence, but I'm pretty confident that I downloaded the correct files. So that brings me to the last part, installing Calyx OS. So we run the device flasher, but first we need to connect the phone with a USB cable to the computer. So let's do that. Great. So if we unlock the phone we see that there's a prompt saying if you want to allow USB debugging and we want to do that. So we press OK. And back in the terminal we should make the device flasher file executable and then execute it. So let's do that. So the command to make it executable is chmods and then plus x by splasher Linux and now we simply execute the file. So now this is telling us that we should have done all the steps that we already did, like having developer options. We am unlocking basically all the things that we already did. So we can press enter and it detected our device and we can again press enter. So now you can see that the screen changed on the phone. It's prompting us to unlock the bootloader. So we simply press the volume down button until it reads unlock the bootloader and confirm with the power button. So now you can see that the bootloader is unlocked and the flashing process can begin. So the flashing process completed and it's prompting the device flasher is prompting us to block the bootloader again. So we'll just do that and use the power buttons to navigate to lock the bootloader and confirm with the power button. Now we can see with the green text that the bootloader is locked again and that the flashing process completed. So it's booting into the system and the last step is to disable OEM unlocking from the developer options menu. So just wait for CalXOS to boot. So now we agree with the setup installer. So we'll just run through it. So we'll just run through it very quickly. Okay, and now that we are in the system we navigate to the settings menu. Go all the way down to about phone click on the build number to become developer and now we should be able to find the developer options menu and here we can disable OEM unlocking which is already disabled. So yeah, nothing more to do. We've successfully flashed a Google Pixel 3 phone with CalXOS. I hope you liked the video.