Welcome everyone to this session also on renewable energy and we are delighted to have a wonderful panel for you this afternoon and we're going to start off in terms of thinking about this we're going to look at a variety of renewable energy technologies but also different ways that people use them and so to start off we will hear from Reid Spolik, who is the manager of renewable energy for Amazon Web Services. So Reid. Thank you for having me. Hi my name is Reid. I manage renewables for Amazon Web Services. Many of you I would assume have heard of Amazon. Today's Prime Day if you like deals you should go on Amazon but I work for the part of Amazon that's Amazon Web Services or AWS. AWS is the cloud computing division of Amazon and is actually the largest cloud computing company in the world. It's about a ten billion dollar business right now with over a million customers and so when we're saying customers we're not saying individual people we're talking about organizations like Netflix and NASA and Capital One and GE and even the Central Intelligence Agency host their computing their cloud on the Amazon on the Amazon cloud and so to power that cloud we have data centers all over the world and those data centers use power and we have a goal of powering those data centers with a hundred percent renewable energy and that's my team's job is to buy the electrons that march towards steadily achieving that goal of a hundred percent. We have a goal of being to forty percent globally by the end of this year and we think we're on track by a based on a pretty exciting last year last year we signed four power purchase agreements for wind and solar projects in the eastern United States. A power purchase agreement or a PPA is when we agree to buy all the power generated by a new wind or solar project for a set price and therefore provide that guaranteed revenue for the wind or solar developer to to build the project get finance because they know that there's an offtake so it enables the project to get built. So we signed four of these the first is with a hundred and fifty megawatt wind farm in Indiana this went live on January started producing electricity on January 1. After that we signed an 80 megawatt wind farm in Virginia this is both the largest I'm sorry solar farm in Virginia this is both the largest solar farm in Virginia and in the mid-Atlantic United States right now there's only about 14 megawatts of solar in Virginia so this additional 80 is going to increase that fairly significantly. It is on the eastern shore Delmarva Peninsula. Soon after that we announced our 208 megawatt wind farm in North Carolina this is not only the largest but the only wind farm in the southeast United States. The first turbine just went up last week pretty exciting the first wind turbine the southeast US just went up last week and then then with finally we signed up the hundred megawatt wind farm in Ohio so total of 538 megawatts of new wind and solar making AWS one of the largest purchasers of renewable power in the world. When these four projects are built they'll be able to generate enough electricity every year to power about 150,000 US homes that's about the number of people in Cleveland Ohio is kind of how I like to think about it and so these PPAs are also building new allowing new wind and solar projects to get built and we get excited because this is a really big new capital investment in the industry all told publicly these four projects are gonna be about on the order of a billion dollars of capital investment they're gonna generate about five million dollars a year into their local communities in the form of taxes and royalties to the local farmers for example who are hosting the wind turbines they're creating 1700 jobs for the design and the construction and operating of these plants and also new roads you think about it to get these big heavy wind turbines into these often rural parts they have to build these brand new roads to physically able to do that and then the local communities have these nice new roads left over afterwards so we're pretty excited about that it's been a it's been an exciting year and we're hoping to continue to do more but part of the reason we're here talking about renewable policies policy is an incredibly important part of the renewable energy industry and we want to acknowledge how important that is and talk about how it how it helps us you know we'd start with the extension of the ITC and the PTC last year every year it felt like a going out of business sale in the renewable energy space and finally we have the certainty to budget you know when you're talking about investments on the order of a billion dollars in a year these are incredibly important business decisions for groups like Amazon Web Services and so to provide that certainty is hugely helpful for us to hopefully continue to make these types of investments in April we also signed on to a amicus brief to the Supreme Court in support of the Clean Power Plan that was Amazon Google Microsoft and Facebook we called ourselves the tech amici standing up and saying we the big tech players support the Clean Power Plan we've got a bunch of other ones here that we've been involved in a solar bill in Virginia there's a set pack provision for wind turbines in Ohio that we're actively working on and I think the one that at the federal level we're now starting to look to is the MLP Parity Act master limited partnerships are effectively a tax construct that that fossil fuel companies coal plants gas pipelines have been used utilizing literally for decades since the 70s and they apply to fossil fuel industries this this tax construct currently cannot be used for renewable projects tax benefit over here for for fossil fuel production not for renewable projects and all the MLP Parity Act says hey why don't we just have this same construct for everything so everybody's on a level playing field you know everybody always talks about you got to wait for for for renewables to be at grid parity well a lot of these fossil fuel plants have had been subsidized for decades so all we're asking for is a level playing field it's being looked at at the federal level right now it's something we are out in favor of we think it it provides the long-term certainty for the industry so that all energy generation plants you know are based on the same economics and we think this will help us continue to invest heavily in renewables going forward thank you for your time thanks very much Reed and we can't wait for you to be a hundred percent renewables and then then you can really big party right okay so we'll now turn to Jim Riley who is the senior vice president for federal legislative affairs with a we have the American Energy Association thanks and we're thrilled to have customers like Amazon and others you know they're one of the stories of the last year in wind there's there's several good ones that I'll touch on but one of them is that the largest source of new demand did not come from utilities but it came from customers like Amazon Facebook Google who are entering long-term agreements for the product that when manufacturers sell and it's something that as you said there's a lot of benefit to companies that are purchasing that last year wind remained number one we we lead the world in the US here with wind energy China has more turbines but the ones in the US are better and are spinning more and are connected to the power grid so are actually generating and delivering more electricity also interesting fact there's there's now more wind power installed in the world than there is nuclear which is something that as we look at the future trend we think that that will continue to grow in the US the number one source of new electricity that came online last year was wind more than solar and more than gas we saw a the third largest year for new wind installations coming online was in 2015 today there's about 75 megawatts or gigawatts sorry of wind operating in the US it is enough for about 20 million homes the number one state for wind anybody have a guess Texas by far and above the number one wind state today is Texas and again that's a trend we expect to continue for quite some time the the other thing that's interesting with wind is it's at the national level it's five percent of the US electricity supply but in some states significantly above that and but guess what Iowa is generating their average wind contribution from or electricity contribution from wind 20 percent higher lower higher they're at 31 percent last year South Dakota is at 25 percent and Kansas is at 20 percent so in many states obviously where there's wind wind is a big part of their energy supply and in some states on some days we're seeing even higher numbers in Colorado during a period last year they were over 60 percent supplied by wind energy last year was a record job year for wind 88,000 jobs in the wind industry that includes manufacturing that includes construction that includes operation and the US Bureau of Labor statistics which tracks all kinds of interesting things said that the number one the job sector that was growing the most in the US as far as percent increase is the wind energy technician in Texas back to one of my favorite states 24,000 wind jobs last year and and what's driving all that demand or a couple of things and then I'll talk about what needs to keep it going wind is two-thirds cheaper to come online today than it was six years ago and the technology that goes into building the machines constructing the turbines and operating them continues to drive that price down so that wind is delivering a low-cost energy source for industry for homeowners and for other energy consumers and one of the really good stories we also have to tell is that manufacturing of wind turbines is coming into the US whereas there was a time where some of the machines were built overseas and shipped here more and more companies are seeing this market as a robust and long-term one and they're building factories here because as was mentioned these are not small things that you drive through a city environment you you want to build them as close as you can to where you're going to construct them and let me just close with two things about the future and then we'll leave time for questions wind the wind belt runs pretty much Texas up the Dakotas that's where most of the the rich wind resources that's not where most of the energy demand in the US is so like other energy sectors wind is reliant on a robust transmission system and we don't feel we have what we need today so working with Congress working with the states to provide a more robust and appropriately located transmission grid will be something that the wind industry is involved with and then some of you may have followed the comments from last year where we saw this Congress extend the production tax credit for at the time of five years so we have about three and a half years left on that and the industry is working hard to make sure that everything that they can do to deliver on the promise that the five-year PTC extension lays out that they take advantage of that and that includes again continuing to bring down costs develop new customers and work on transmission so we're very optimistic about what we are seeing this year and the next couple of years just look continually strong for wind energy we think it will meet the demand that we see today and also continue the track towards a 20 percent target by 2020 as I'm sorry 20 cent by 2030 is set out by the Department of Energy so happy to take any questions thanks Jim there are a number of federal agencies that are very very important to the development of energy and particularly renewable energy and so we are now going to hear from John Kalish who is the Chief for the Office of Renewable Energy Coordination at the Bureau of Land Management BLM at the Department of Interior John all right well thank you I'd like to frame this discussion a little bit and then tell you who we in the BLM are in a way to to frame what we're going to talk about in June 2013 the president directed the Department of Interior to approve at least 20,000 megawatts of renewable energy capacity on public lands by 2020 as part of the climate action plan for us in the BLM this is our challenge and for a subset of it the staff this is certainly a passion being on the East Coast I feel real obligated to at least go into a very short description of who the Bureau of Land Management or BLM for short is the BLM administers over 245 million acres surface acres more than any other federal agency in the United States most of this land is in the 12 Western States including Alaska we also manage 700 million acres of sub surface mineral estate throughout the nation including 58 million acres of federal minerals underlying private surface called split estate and we manage these lands under a multiple use mission set forth in the Public Land Policy and Management Act in 1976 mandating that we manage these lands for a whole variety a whole spectrum of uses from mining energy development livestock grazing recreation timber harvesting while also protecting a wide array of natural cultural and historic resources we also manage and protect some of the nation's most scenic and natural landscapes including 221 wilderness areas and 25 designated national monuments and if you've never been out west to see your public lands I sure encourage you to do so as you can guess these vast stretches of public lands have a significant renewable energy potential and as such can contribute to the nation's renewable energy portfolio of the 245 million acres of surface we in the BLM have determined that 20 million acres have wind energy development potential 19 million acres of land have excellent solar energy potential and of course they're mainly in the states in the southwest the six states and vast lands in the 11 Western states and Alaska have an untapped geothermal energy potential essentially over a hundred million acres of that potential just a little history of how BLM got into the renewable energy business the BLM started in the wind energy business back in the early 1980s in the Sangagonial Pass near Palm Springs, California and if you've been out there you've seen the wind farms and the it's quite a wind resource 1982 BLM completed the Sangagonial Pass wind energy project EIS assessing wind energy development in that area and responding to development demand the first wind energy proposals were initiated shortly thereafter and Sangagonial Pass has developed over the years into today's 21 wind energy authorizations within the past encompassing 3,500 acres of public lands totaling a thousand wind turbines we do have some old ones around 65 to 100 kilowatt all the way up to two and a half megawatt machines and an overall install capacity today of 239 megawatt megawatts so this program is really grown over the years and really allowed BLM to kind of cut his teeth on renewable energy development we also really work to expand wind energy development on other lands throughout the Bureau lands that have excellent wind resource we developed interim policies that would guide that process for the rest of the Bureau but in 2003 we prepared a programmatic EIS relating to the development of wind energy on public lands completed in 2005 and this EIS analyzed the development of wind energy projects amended 20 I mean 52 BLM land use plans to allow for expansion of wind energy development across public lands and then BLM offices utilize this EIS and analyzing impacts and it was very valuable because of a set of identified best management practices designed to facilitate wind development and very importantly to protect resources on public lands the BLM then in 2008 issued more detailed policy and guidance pertaining to protection of of various resources birds wildlife habitat resource values visual resources really trying to make a wind energy compatible with other uses on public lands we also updated rental fees and bonding requirements and continue to refine the policy to deal with issues such as eagle protection facilitating project proposals by stating what should be in a project plan of development and ensuring protection of BLM lands through important through appropriate levels of environmental analysis the success of all this Bureau wide is that it has resulted in BLM authorizing 40 wind energy projects that total approved capacity of 5608 megawatts enough to supply the power needs and nearly 2 million homes in addition the BLM has authorized hundreds of wind energy testing sites with 59 pending and 23 authorized wind testing applications the BLM currently has 20 pending wind energy development applications over about 20 about 264,000 acres of public lands across Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming so the wind energy program is expand as expanded from the early days we are developing also a project is called the West wide wind mapping project it's a collaborative effort between BLM and DOE's national renewable energy lab and argon national laboratory to generate maps and geospatial data reflecting high value wind areas and potential conflict areas and this is really a way to focus in on the best areas for development moving on to solar the energy act of 2005 spurned interest in solar energy development on public lands by 2008 the BLM was receiving or had received 125 applications I was working in an office in southern California and I felt like we had 125 in our office just by ourselves it was interesting times in an interest to respond to that demand we developed a programmatic EIS with the Department of Energy that did some really important things that provided a blueprint for utility scale utility or utility scale solar energy permitting in these six states by establishing solar energy zones 17 of which that are areas of essentially low conflict areas of of high quality solar development potential but areas were low low resource conflict trying to focus in where we could in a more efficient manner proceed in processing solar energy projects and then last time we wrote very quickly on a geothermal energy development we do handle geothermal leasing across BLM and four service lands and 11 Western states we have in 2007 published regulations that dealt with competitive leasing simplified royalty calculations and providing administration of geothermal leases and presently we generate over 12 million million dollars in federal royalties that year each year with 50% of those royalties are shared by the states and 25% by local counties we have two things that are going on our competitive wind and solar leasing rule for public lands is in its final stage this rule sets out to address fair market value for renewable energy development incentivizes development and pre-screen low conflict areas and promotes a predictable predictability for developers in permitting and refining what are appropriate reclamation bonds for our wind energy projects so back to that goal of 20,000 megawatts renewable energy by 2020 we've come a long way we presently have approved close to 17,000 megawatts our efforts to make permitting more efficient and focus on development in low conflict areas will keep us on track and ensure that development is done efficiently and in the right places thank you thank you John and that gives us a good segue in terms of thinking about geothermal to Carl Gaywell who's the executive director of geothermal energy didn't know you'd make me sit next to my landlord Ali would you take a minute and pass out the I have a presentation which we can't show you we're gonna give you a copy of and Carol I learned the value of having structure when from David Brower famous environmentalist I was on a panel with David once and he got criticized by someone in the audience saying you know you just ramble you just ramble I always have structure to my time no there was no structure here I said yes I was it was the beginning when I started talking it was the middle when I was in the middle of talking there was a conclusion when I finished so this will keep me on track geothermal energy as everyone here is going to tell you has great benefits as they're so does win so to solar etc I want to note that of 39 power plants we bought on brought on nine in the last 10 years 38 of them have been essentially zero emission power plants so we've really come a long way and our prices have also come down not as much as win but they've been reducing we have firm and flexible output as well meaning for example the power plant in Puna Hawaii can ramp up and down to match the needs of the grid so if you had more wind and solder it can come in and help fill in those those blanks to meet the demand in a reliable manner in the USA we got about 3700 megawatts of geothermal installed we have we estimate we have 1250 plan megawatts into the development pipeline that's about a 30% increase in the pipeline but that's still only a fraction of the resource the USGS estimates there's at least 30,000 megawatts of conventional resource yet to be developed and the MIT study looked at advanced technology called EGS which could bring on another 100,000 megawatts in short we have great potential for enormous growth in the future and we're for relatively optimistic the some of the things they have is optimistic are the PATH Act the PTC was extended at least to the end of next year we did not get the generous treatment solar and wind got but we're hoping that Congress will address that and I'll get that done in a minute but at least this year projects that start will qualify for the production tax credit the Senate has passed the Energy Policy Modernization Act which includes significant provisions to help streamline the leasing and permitting for geothermal projects and what we're seeing at the state level has is very optimistic with California, Hawaii, Oregon and other states looking like they're going to major RPS's which is the RPS's as they move up to 50-55% we think are going to have more room for geothermal assembly because of the analysis which is now underway in California. CERT the Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Technologies worked on a low-carbon grid study there's one of the findings in their study was that a diverse portfolio gave better results so for example they looked at one case called the heavy solar case where they had 55% renewables with solar dominating new procurement they compared that to a case where they substituted 1250 megawatts of base load power for solar or actually for 3,800 megawatts of solar that case came in with almost no curtailments and the actual cost was $1.1 billion less per year to have a diverse portfolio with technologies such as hydropower, geothermal, biomass involved as well so you can see as you move out to these high renewable portfolio standards the value of other technologies becomes important to recognize I'm not saying that we will replace solar or wind in terms of total megawatts but it's getting the right mix and that's where the states are clearly headed and particularly in the West which is where geothermal has most of its technology so what are what's holding us back in the market or the asymmetrical subsidies that the PATH Act also had a small problem that it treated different technologies differently 2005 energy policy I would say and I think Jeff would agree was the first time there was an attempt to make sort of a across-the-board treatment of renewables with incentives PATH Act really singled out wind and solar for major benefits left everyone else hanging there's been a lot of discussion about what we call the orphan technologies but we hope that Congress will find time this year maybe in September to address that and pick up some of the issues that loved hanging back back in December we also the other things holding us back at the state level it's the states often look at what's cheapest they're not they're trying to figure out how do we make this into a system-wide element or just look at what's the cheapest thing to do to my house today if I have to put an insulation my rope or insulation my windows but look at it as a system and say what technologies fit in that system and as I said the search study and others E3 study and other studies are showing that the systems approach means that based on technologies and geothermal will get more of a role in the coming markets and of course natural gas prices remain low compared to the US the world market is going very strong we're seeing sustained strong growth in the world market where we're seeing 13 gigawatts today we're estimating that by 2020 there'll be an additional 5 gigawatts or more online worldwide in the US we can't make that prediction given the short-term nature of the tax credits it's going to be difficult to come up with any prediction for the United States today but I think the per Washington there are three key issues first is equalize the tax credits come in with a cross-the-board long-term tax credit that applies to all the renewable technologies based upon their carbon reduction or some other factor that's rational and systematic it's a number two is leasing and permitting that's not to beat up on the BLM because their problem is often resources I mean you're talking about when you're in the office in California the problem wasn't they didn't have enough people coming in asking for permits they didn't have enough people to process the permits many offices I've seen the problem there is resources they need to have the people to do the job right and then they need to have Congress write laws which they can administer properly and then lastly R&D and I want to command the Department of Energy for a strong R&D program for geothermal I think their new forge effort is really looking at the advanced technologies that we need and together the tax equalization leasing and permitting such as proposed by the DEA by the Senate energy bill and good R&D program will make a strong future for geothermal in the U.S. and worldwide so with that I'll take questions thank you Carol. Okay thanks Carl and I must say I think that geothermal is a very underappreciated renewable resource that actually we have in this country and quite abundant so I really encourage you to learn more about it it's very very important base load technology as well so it's again part of the whole family of resources and so we're going to talk about another important base load technology as well as part of this whole family and we are very glad to have our neighbor from the north Jacob Irving who is the president for the Canadian Hydropower Association. Thank you very much Carol and thank you we really honor the opportunity to be able to come and speak about hydropower from a Canadian perspective and widen the perspective a little bit to a North American one and really appreciate it. So I'll ask a question to the room when they do cross statistical analysis of professional sports who comes up as the number one professional athlete of all time any guesses yeah now Ali I think would probably win in terms of individual for sure for professional sports teams professional team sports and yeah you guessed it it's Wayne Gretzky beats up Michael Jordan beats up Babe Ruth beats up many others and why few different reasons one of them is that in his career he had 3,000 points number two I'm rounding number two behind him is Mark Messier with about 2,000 points so Wayne Gretzky is one and a half times ahead of the number two ranking person he's untouchable and it also just so happens that Mark Messier scored many good many of his goals racked up a good number of his points while he played with Wayne Gretzky for about four years and the reason why this is important is Wayne Gretzky is considered the best of all time because yes he does hold the scoring record he has scored more goals than any other hockey player and he is a country mile ahead of the number two in that department as well but they call him the great one because he also has the largest number of assists he set up more players than any other Mark Messier was the beneficiary of this and so what does this have to do with hydropower and and and Canadian hydropower in particular I often like to say that hydropower is the Wayne Gretzky of electricity generation in can't in the Canadian context it is the greatest and why because it is clean and renewable in its own right Wayne Gretzky was the number one goal scorer in Canada hydropower is the number one source of electricity generation it's not just the number one renewable source of electricity generation it's the number one source of electricity generation in Canada it's over 61% of our electricity that's how we make electricity in our country but it also makes other forms of generation great the new renewables that are coming on in Canada and the United States wind and solar and the assistance that they sometimes need an integrating to the grid while hydropower is the most dispatchable form of electricity generation that there is point finale if you put aside even issues of climate change and pollution etc you would still be building hydropower today because it is the most dispatchable form of electricity you can turn it on and off faster than any other source and so in Canada our great one our hydropower enables the other new renewables that are coming on and that is all to the good the more incremental wind and solar you can bring on and that you can graft on to the backbone of a Canadian hydro system the better it is for Canada the United States in the world in terms of driving down greenhouse gas emissions so this is something that we're very good at and as I often put it I think in the Canadian context and I'm proud to proclaim this and I'm even proud to debate it with people at different forum hydropower is in Canada anyway hydropower is the best way to make electricity is it the only way no is it perfect no one is but when you look at the way that it's created and the way that it helps other forms of generation it's the best choice and so we're very proud of the fact that it's number one source 61% of our electricity but the good news I would like to share with everyone here is that it is growing and then it can grow even more in the last 10 years we've brought on about 5,000 megawatts of new Canadian hydropower and over the next 10 years will bring on about another 5,000 megawatts and we are interconnected with you we do trade electricity back and forth our two countries Canada's a net exporter of electricity we send you more electricity than you send us but the majority of what we send you is hydropower it's about 80% of the electricity we send you and you in turn use that to drive down your emissions every terawatt hour of hydropower that we send you drives down U.S. emissions but you also use it to firm up your other renewables your wind and solar and it works out to be quite a good arrangement in fact in the middle of the continent we have a stellar example of international cooperation not just energy policy but international cooperation between the province of Manitoba the states of Wisconsin Minnesota and North Dakota and this is energy policy by design between the two countries it's it's three states one province in two countries getting along to have each other's clean renewable electricity enable each other and what's essentially happening is that the wind in North Dakota is being unlocked in part by Canadian hydropower to the north the load centers are Minnesota and Wisconsin and what will happen is new wind energy will come in and feed those two states it will lessen their reliance on coal and other emitting sources it'll drive down their greenhouse gas emissions but of course what happens when the wind doesn't blow and it needs to be backed up that's when you look north to us and Manitoba to the north is blessed with hydropower the province itself is 98% hydropower driven it gets all of its electricity practically from hydropower and what it will do is when the wind isn't blowing in North Dakota it will send down dispatchable Canadian hydropower to back it up and so what we have between our two countries is we have a stellar example of clean renewables enabling clean renewables and the best backstop to wind and solar and others is hydropower because it is the most dispatchable form of electricity you can turn it on and off faster than any other and it is also clean and renewable in its own right so what I mostly wanted to do is just share with you this good news let you know that we already have these arrangements but also let you know that as much hydropower as we send you and as big business and as important as this is to Canada it represents less than 1% of your annual electricity consumption in the United States so this good news is less than 1% of your electricity we humbly submit that maybe that should grow a bit if it grew to 2% we'd be over the moon and you might not even notice and this and this is the kind of opportunity that we have before us and I'll just end it by backstopping that I think that our leadership of our countries get this your president came to visit us in Ottawa just a couple weeks ago and there was a along with the president from Mexico and you may all be aware of the new target and the target is going to be to have 50% of North America's electricity be clean by 2025 it's an ambitious target I think it's quite doable right now we're about 37% we want to grow to 50 one of the reasons why we are at 37% is because Canada disproportionately contributes to that base we're quite we're a big part of that base one of the reasons we'll get to 50 is because we can really help you all you've got to do is let us and so we're just here to say that we've got a great arrangement things are going terrific let's just do more of the same to our mutual advantage thanks okay Jacob do we get free maple syrup to go with the maple syrup will cost you okay so we're now going to turn to the other part of the North America hydro situation and we'll hear from Jeff Lehi who's the deputy executive director of the National Hydro Power Association well I feel like Jacob just you know basically did everything I needed to do with my presentation but really what I'll do is I'll talk a little bit about what's going on in the United States which is a little bit different than what's going on from Canada in in scope and also in the new development that we're working on some statistics for you hydro power makes up six to seven percent of total electricity generation in the United States today a little less as a percentage than Canada but still for our system a significant amount of clean renewable electricity that translates into almost half of all renewable electricity generation in the United States today just under half so if you add up all of the renewables and their generation we make up the other half of that generation currently and that's even in a year in 2015 where states like California and the Southwest had a significant drought and reduced generation in that year the hydro power industry in the US the my organization we represent any technology that makes power from water so that includes conventional hydro it includes pump storage resources which if you don't know what that is you can talk to me afterwards and also now new marine energy and hydrokinetic technologies as well so all of those member companies are involved in my organization every state but two has hydro power generating facilities in them I think it's Mississippi and Delaware are the only two states that don't have hydro power facilities but every state gets hydro power generation provided to them by one of the companies that that owns it and in some parts of the United States obviously we are very much like Canada the Pacific Northwest gets 70 to 80 percent of their electricity from hydro power US hydro power again which forms the backbone for bringing in a lot of other renewables into that system as well one of the big misconceptions in the United States today is that there is no growth potential in the hydro power industry and that is completely false and as a matter of fact one of the key things I want to leave you with today is that in about two weeks the Department of Energy is scheduled to release a hydro power vision report very similar to what was done for the wind industry several years ago we've been working as a partner with them I think as we did on the wind vision for the last two years we're very excited about it so stay on the lookout for that again that should come out in about two weeks we're going to be in Minneapolis Minnesota both Jacob and I for an international hydro power conference well that will be released it's first of its kind it'll talk about the contributions of the existing hydro power system what it means in terms of emissions reductions and and costs and benefits but then it'll also talk about growth opportunities I also want to talk about two couple of energy policy priorities and Carl mentioned this and I think some others in the earlier panels have mentioned this Carol we should have had you like giving us updates on whether or not the Senate has voted to go to conference on the energy bill which is about to happen in about five minutes I think but the energy bill both for us in the Senate and in the House contains important provisions for hydro power licensing improvements for R&D for the new technologies like marine energy and hydrokinetics as well as for the promotion of new development of all types of hydro power in the United States domestic development including pump storage so we are very much looking forward to that vote and we hope that it will be successful we believe it will be and obviously that the Senate and the House can get to the work of the conference and get to an energy bill by the end of the year the second issue that raises again the tax incentives as many of you have heard and I think as what sometimes is lazily reported in the press is that renewables received long-term extensions at the end of 2015 that is not the case not all renewables received long-term extensions at the end of 2015 hydro power marine energy did not as Carl mentioned did geothermal biomass biogas a whole bunch of technologies will see their extent their incentives expire at the end of the year that will be a devastating blow to realizing some of this potential that is going to be coming out and analyzed in this DOE report if we do not see those tax incentives extended by the end of the year so we have plenty of opportunities for new development my industry and our developers are very engaged in this issue we are looking to partner with other companies including the end users who may ultimately be utilizing some of that power that would come from those projects you know as was mentioned before some of the high-tech companies like Google like Facebook like Microsoft like Yahoo they like hydropower rich areas of this country because we do provide predictable affordable low-cost generation so and they have cited their facilities in areas which do rely heavily on hydropower so I think I'll end it there so that we can get to questions I thank you very much for your attention particularly as you had to sit through six of us to get to this point in the conversation so thank you once again thank you


Hi everyone, this is Emily Flynn. I'm, there it is. Took a few minutes for my PowerPoint slides to show up in the browser. Okay. Oh, I still can't see all the chats and everything. So I'm going to do a test audio please chat and let me know if you can hear me right now. I'll pop back out and check the chat and then get started. Yes, you can hear me. All right, so I'm gonna go back to PowerPoint. Again, we do have a chat section, which is great, but we also have a Q&A portion of Hoppin. Hello everyone. So go ahead and put any Q&A into that separate area from the chat messages and I will get to them at the end. Okay. I'm gonna go back to my slides here. All right. Welcome. This is the Ohio Link ETD Center User Group Meeting. A quick agenda. I'm gonna go through an Ohio Link ETD Center update. Then I will cover the major release 3.0 that we had this summer, along with a feature overview, give some more in-depth into some of the new features and capabilities that we added and then open the floor up for some Q&A and hopefully get some feedback from all of you who've been using the new system. So the Ohio Link ETD Center update. As of the fiscal year, we have 106,000 ETDs now. Most are full text and open access. So they're freely available to users. We do have over 107,000 as of currently, but this was a fiscal year pie chart that I pulled together. This summer, we celebrated our 20 years of the Ohio Link ETD Center, and I'm very proud that we were able to give it another major release and a brand new interface and update. It's kind of fun to celebrate 20 years with a new system in that regard. We have over a- Emily, I'm starting to interrupt. Your slides aren't advancing. No, they're not advancing. No. Okay. Oh boy. Okay. Let me pop out and try that again. Oh, go back to the browser. Oh. I've also got a little helper here this evening. Oh, thank you. Here, take this. My PowerPoint is selected. Okay. Can you see the slides advancing now? Yes. Okay. So here's the pie chart. Going through the bullet points, we have 36 contributing institutions to the Ohio Link ETD Center. They're all Ohio Link members. We're an academic library consortium and have Ohio Link has over 100 members itself, 36 of whom have decided to use the ETD Center and contribute theses as well as dissertations to our open access system. Currently, we have 107,000 ETDs and over 110 million downloads to date. And in fiscal 21 alone, there were over 11 million downloads. This does include things like repositories that use our metadata, such as NDL-TD or our preservation system, which is Rosetta, as well as individual users who are downloading ETDs. As part of this summer, we had major release 3.0. And so I'm gonna go over that and some of the features from it as well. So we had, the major release went live on August 2nd, that included our ETD admin, which is the backend of the ETD Center, ETD search, which is our public website for the front end. And that's where all of our published ETDs end up. We also have an OAI PMH feed that was updated and we were able to add a mark records format that's now available and it produces RDA cataloging records that are currently up to the national and international standards. So we're excited to offer cataloging records through that feed now as well. We did have a couple of minor releases since then to do a few bug fixes. And also we customized the from field for system emails for ETD notifications. And then when there is a reply from a student to one of those system messages, it'll go to an institution instead of an OhioLink mailbox itself. So for ETD admin, we have a new user interface and faster performance as well as digital accessibility. We have improved search capabilities, including a quick search box on the homepage. And that helps find an ETD no matter what status report it's in. Usually those are pretty siloed, but this just searches everything the account has access to and shows you a list of results no matter what status it's in. We also have a ready to publish status which was requested by the community. This is an intermediate step to say that you've reviewed an ETD and it's ready except you don't wanna publish it immediately. So you set it in a ready to publish queue and then it takes it out of submitted. So it just helps with reviewer workflow and then you can publish them all together in a single batch when you're ready. There's also a customized stats dashboard to give insight into ETD downloads. And then we've also added a new feature called preview ETD that students and reviewers and admins all have access to that shows you what the ETD will look like when it does go live. So it's that sense of what it will show when it's published and hopefully offers another chance to catch any errors before something is submitted or published. So in lieu of a live demo right now I'm just gonna show a few screenshots just to give you a sense of these new capabilities and features. So here we have the new homepage for a logged in user. This is an admin account. So they have accounts and institution at the top for settings and more quick links down at the bottom to help get them to particular important parts of the site quicker. Hey, Emily. Yes. This is Tim. Hi, Tim. I'm not seeing your presentation advancing here. Oh, you're still, it's not doing it anymore? Now it's with the page with the quick links and all that. Okay, so you can see it now. Well, can you advance? Can you advance another? Can you see that one? Yeah, we can see that. Okay, yep. So did you see this slide with my bullet points? No, I didn't see it. Okay, I'm gonna jump back just a second to show these slides. I guess I'll stay in this view. I don't know why it wouldn't be showing you my other ones, but so this is just the major release for August 2nd. And then we had the minor releases on August 5th and September 16th. And then I'll put this up just for a moment so people can have it. These are the bullet points I just talked through. And then I had just flipped over to the first screenshot. So this is the logged in homepage with a quick search bar here. And then my ETDs is clickable and we'll show a dropdown of all the ETD reports that are available to an account. So for admin, it'll have many more listed than a reviewer might. This is a screenshot of the ready to publish report. As you can see, there are three here.  And then you can either select them all or do the checkboxes and hit publish selected and then they'll immediately go. This is that intermediate step to get them out of the submitted queue. But if you're not quite ready to publish, you can put them in this temporary holding area. If you need, you can always revert something back to submitted and it'll put it in that submitted status report and queue again which you can then return to a student or look at it later and publish it. The stats dashboard, this is the upper portion of it to show the defaults and all the various settings that can be set. You can run it by submission site if you have multiples or even by department. We do have some preset ranges but we also give you the ability to select any date you'd like. And then the number of results you want returned. So here's a brief sample for John Carroll. We didn't filter by department. This is just all time. They don't have too many ETDs but they still have some with a few thousand downloads. So that's the beginning of their report to show the download in descending order. As part of the submission form now we've added this preview ETD right next to the submit button. And so you can click that as a student or other user logged in and you can see this is what the ETD would look like if it went live right now and was published.  This one likely has an embargo requested because we're not seeing the file, we're seeing text instead. So that's what that is and we can see it has an orchid in there just to give the user a sense of what it's gonna be like and what information is available. For ETD search, it also has a new user interface and we're very excited to add full text searching to all the documents. We have digital accessibility on ETD search as well along with updated institution web pages and updated advanced search and filters on the search results webpage. And now there's a way to share a link to a saved search which was also a community request. Someone wanted to send it out to program reviewers for accreditation and show a certain subset of their ETDs. And now you can do whatever search you want, put the parameters and then share that link and someone will get the same search run. So now to walk through the screenshots. This is the new homepage and the updated institution pages. We now have totals for ETD accounts that we didn't have surfaced before. So this is by each institution. We break out submission sites as well as departments and author names. Here we're seeing the top 10 downloads and then down below there's also a section for recent ETD uploads. The advanced search, when you do a search, it'll remain at the top of the page and now results will be below. So you can scroll down and see stuff but you can also scroll back up to see what your advanced search was and make any adjustments and rerun it. And then here's the saved search link I was describing. So I ran a search and then there's this little hyperlink that says link to the search. You'll get the search box and you can either copy this URL or just hit this little copy icon with the clipboard and it'll save it in your browser for you so you can paste it somewhere else. And when a user runs that search, it's good for up to a year of activity. So if you use it, then it'll extend another year and if someone else clicks it, it'll go another year out. So inactive searches won't get, you just would generate another link for it if you need another one. And what this means is when they use that link, the same search and filters and parameters will be run on the new current content of ETDs. So over time, it could increase in search results but they will get the same subset of results that you initially ran it for. Just briefly, I wanna touch on mark records. We have a website that was previously used and for cataloging and created by the wonderful people at Kent State University. It's called ETD Cat. Our developers, because it's a separate code, we've decided to use OAPMH, which is a feed that we already upkeep and they were able to add a mark feed to it, which with help from Ohio Link member catalogers, we were able to bring up to RDA standards to the most current ones. And with the help of mark edit, which is a free cataloging software, you can pull really good preliminary records from the ETD center using this feed. So I'm currently working on a manual. I'll be doing a short little video and a quick start guide for people in order to help with explaining and learning how to use the new feed with mark records. It'll mean that maintenance is easier for the developers and quicker to update as needed. So we will be retiring the ETD Cat website and more information will go out on our user listserv for ETD listserv. Just a quick screenshot, mark edit has a harvester built in. So you put in the URL, you put in the set name. So this is the prefix on your accession numbers. You put in a start and end date if you want, you click okay, and you get your mark records right there. So we'll have more information that goes into further detail, but that's just a little preview of what we've been working on for cataloging records. So at this point, I'll open it up to Q&A, any feedback. I do have my contact information, but I'm gonna jump back to the browser since PowerPoint's been given us trouble here. I guess that's still showing up, isn't it? Okay, does anyone have any questions? I'm gonna go over to the Q&A section. I don't see anything. Again, feel free to unmute your mic too if you wanna ask me something or. Hey Emily, thanks. Just really wanna say that I think the updates are great. The speed in particular has been really, really helpful. So just navigating through the system is much better. So really appreciate that. And then some of the new features as well have really enhanced things. So I don't really have any questions, but just really appreciate your guys' efforts and I think it's paid off. So good job. Thank you. I would second what Tim said. And I also especially like some of the updates regarding embargoes, being like, it doesn't default. You have to select and I think that's just a really good safeguard to avoid something slipping through an embargo. Yes, that was the whole point of that. So in order to, so I told the developers I want it to be a required field, but it has to be set to blank. But in order to, so that the reviewer would choose yes or no grant the embargo or not. And in order to do that, they had to make the student say, yes embargo my work or no don't. And then once they did that, it opened it up so that they could require the field and then make sure it gets checked appropriately. So that's, I'm glad we were able to do that. And also Terry, I think you helped with wording as well for explaining what exactly gets embargoed. So now it's more clear that it's the document only and metadata such as the title abstract will be available, it's only your document. And I think that will hopefully help users as well. Yeah, that's a great addition too. We've had, you know, renown and somebody would say, well, I didn't know that was gonna be out there kind of thing, you know. So we tried to make that clear, but it's great that it's, you know, supported there as well. And then hopefully with the preview button they'll be able to actually see, oh yes, this is actually what it's gonna look like. So I'm happy about that preview feature. Hopefully people will use it. I really like it, because I think it's nice to be able to show people. We also have Jasmine with us.  So anytime I have a call or webinar, I don't know if she's been given you stink guy yet, but she's trying to work me for treats. So that's what she's doing here. She had to make her. And Jasmine, I looked over under the people column. I'm like, I don't remember seeing it just, oh, yeah. The cat's name is Jasmine. Yeah. She likes to attend our morning meetings and. She's pretty content. Well, she's bugging me for treats. So she looks nice and friendly, but she's gonna start putting her paw on me in a minute. Hey, I just, I did have a question. And I don't know if this is an update or it just happened here recently. We've had a couple of students write us and say, hey, I just got a notice that says my draft is going to be deleted. And what's happened to my document? And of course, then I look and then, yeah, they got a copy in the draft section. Was that done before? Did they send them a notice that their draft was expiring? Thank you, Kitty. They did, except I'm not sure it worked 100% of the time. So that was also a bug that was fixed before we ever started working on this project, but they're probably going out, well, they're certainly going out consistently now. What happens is usually students will have multiple copies of their ETD in the system. It's not uncommon, but I don't know. I probably most don't do it, but some do. And in that case, if an ETD has been and inactive, we mean like no one has gone into the submission form and made a change or update to it for 30 days, it's considered inactive. And on the 29th day, the system will say, hey, it's going to be deleted. On the 30th day, it'll actually delete it. And then email them again to say, hey, your draft was deleted. It's a way to help keep the system clean so that we don't end to avoid duplicates. So if someone who has a published email gets one, that just means they had a duplicate in there. Account. So I know sometimes we cleared out, I think it was our test system, which emailed people a while ago. And some people had multiples in there. And so it was confusing cause they were old, but they were set to go out anyway. Usually it doesn't happen too often, but if you do get that question, that's what it's for. I had two over the last, as you know, over the last like month and a half. And for both of them, they were, they didn't differentiate between draft and something that was already accepted and submitted, you know, whether or not it was published. And so I don't know. I mean, does a draft email specifically say a draft? Yep. Can't remember. Okay. It's very explicit. Your draft ATD will be deleted because there's been no activity on it. Right, cause I got, you know, a couple of panic emails. Oh, you know, here's my confirmation that, you know, I submitted it and everything. It's like, right, but you had this other one. So you don't have to worry about it, but you know, people are panicky anyway. So that's what I got too. You know, that might be worth putting in the student manual then, maybe in the troubleshooting section cause not everyone will see it. I don't know how many of you actually use it. You're free to use those manuals or not as you choose, but you know, letting people know if you see anything about a draft deleted, that's likely because they had a duplicate copy. If, and like you said, Terry, as long as they got, you know, your submission has been, your ETD has been submitted. It's no longer in draft status. So that's not what is being deleted. And especially if they've gotten a, your ETD has been published email, you know, it's just that draft before they've submitted it. So it's just sitting there and they made another copy. And of course they submit the one and then forget about the other. And that's the one that they're getting notified about. Any update on the emails that come to us that are coming to, you know, a specific person? Yeah, so we did, I probably didn't email out the group cause it's just been so, it seems like it's been super busy. And here we are at the end of September. It was updated and you now have access to it in submission site settings or submission site information. So if you log in Tim and you go to the submission sites, you should now where the notify and the library email addresses, there's now a from email address on the very end of that column or on that row. Okay. And you can go in and edit it and set it to, you know, ideally a departmental email or whichever email you'd prefer. Okay. You can leave it blank and it'll come from the system but then any replies will also go back to the system and I'll have to catch them at some point and forward them.  Fantastic. Will you email that out about that? How to do that? Yeah, I'll make sure to forward you the information. Yep. Okay, just in case. Yeah, that's great cause I, my name was all over those things, you know and I kept like, what is all this? And then, you know, oh yeah, it's a published and then when somebody publishes a document of course I got an email from that too. So I was getting an email on my account and so anyway, I had to move those over but so that's really good, that's really good news. Okay, good. I know that's the tricky thing and it sounded simple, right? Like of course just set it to the admin and it'll just come from there but now it looks like it comes from people. And so I've also had an admin tell me like students will email me thinking I physically sent this email so they think it's appropriate to respond now so I'm getting more responses. Yeah. Cause with the mailbox I hardly saw anything but we'd sometimes get replies and I didn't want them to get lost, right? Cause some of the students are like I'm waiting to hear back from you. I'm like, oh no, don't reply to a system email. So it's been more complicated than I initially realized when we made that change. So yeah, we've made it customizable by you guys now so you can edit it. That's great. And of course we had a couple of occasions where they would respond to the Ohio length thing and we didn't know and then, so this will be, it's great that we get notice. We definitely want them to write us with any questions during the submission process so that's a big plus as well. You're at update. Excellent. Well, is there anything else people wanna know or ask? I see we have six people and we're clearly three of them. So I'm not sure who else. So Vim was here. I saw her name in the chat. Okay. Yeah, I guess I can't see the list of participants. So that's okay. All right. Well, I'm glad you all were able to join us and if you have any more questions, as always let me know or email support because if I'm in the office or not, someone will be able to help you sooner. And Tasha has been expanding her breadth and depth of ETDs as well as we have more tickets going into the system that she sees too. So she's been helping me out with some of the easier ones and getting them answers sooner. So that's good too. Tasha's always our tech support guru who's taking care of tickets. So if you see something from her, it's a good thing.  So important stuff. That comes through the work. I noticed everybody seemed like everybody was home and I think I think I'm the only one that's in the office. I'm in the office. I just work remotely, but this is still coffee. So you know, gotta stay awake this evening. Well, hi, Sevim, hi, Steve. Thanks for making it over. Glad to hear it's fast and nice for you too, Steve. And thanks for Sevim and Joan for helping with the cataloging manual and testing out the records. They're making sure everything looks good on those. So glad to have their help with that. All right, well, we can end a few minutes early so that you guys can go get whatever drink you need or take a bio break before cocktail hour happens. Enjoy the rest of your ETD conference. Good to see everyone. Thanks, everyone. See everybody.


Okay, so let's do the deed. Let's expand out this portion of the cladogram and look just at the plants. Now, what I want you to remember, I want you to keep the big picture in mind because I actually am going to expect you to be able to bring, to put the whole thing together at one time, which is totally doable and kind of an important activity, but I can't do it here because I can't write small enough to where you can read it. I mean, you can't read my writing anyway, so we're going to expand out the plants and hopefully you'll see what I'm talking about. So let's start by remembering that the sister group to our land plants are algae. So all I'm doing is taking the clade that we already identified and now we're going to look at, okay, everything beyond here is a land plant. It's a multicellular organism. You know what? Let's just throw it in here that has chloroplasts and it lives on land, although some of them moved out away from land. They're like this land stuff's garbage. I'm a land plant, but I don't live in the water. All right, so land plants. The first group of land plants is a group called mosses and the fact is they're also called bryophytes, bryophytes. And you probably should be familiar with bryophyte. If you're doing like a short answer question on an exam, mosses is perfectly acceptable, but if I ask you about bryophytes, you probably should know that bryophytes are mosses and I want to show you a picture of a moss. Mosses are pretty familiar. They are often confused with lichens. Lichens are not land plants and we're actually going to look at those when we talk about fungi because they are fungi, algae, like families. But mosses are a familiar group of organisms. Mosses, the ancestor that gave rise to the mosses also gave rise to a group of plants that had a characteristic that mosses don't have and that's water vasculature, vasculature. So tell me, what does vasculature make you think of? Blood? Well, it's exactly the same thing. I think of water tubes like blood vessels. Plants got water tubes and if you think about it, mosses don't have water tubes but everybody beyond does. What kind of environments do you see mosses living in? Humboldt County? Yes, because it's very wet. They don't need water tubes. They can just absorb their water from the environment. If you think about cacti, cactuses live in deserts where they're not going to be absorbing any water. They're going to be losing water to the environment. So if you can keep your water in a tube inside your body and move it around, it's less likely to evaporate. So this is super handy adaptation for moving farther into land and away from water. And the first group of critters that has this water vasculature trait are ferns and these guys are also called teridophytes. Nice. So ferns. Let's take a look at a fern. Familiar. This is actually a baby fern. Plant life cycles. I had to skip it because we don't have enough time to talk about it, but it's so cool. This is like a haploid. It's like a sperm. It's like a grown-up sperm that is walking around and it gives rise to this other plant. It's super cool. I wish we could talk about it, but we can't. So teridophytes, they've got water vasculature tubes. The next thing that plants get, and this is really cool, they get seeds. And the first group that branches off from the seeded plants are conifers. These guys are also called gymnosperms. Again, conifer is familiar. It's a Christmas tree. And gymnosperms are the name of the fancy name, whatever the science name of conifers. So take a look at our gymnosperm. They do have seeds. Seeds are an incredible adaptation that plants came up with. Basically, they take their babies, their sperm and their eggs and whatever, and they package them with a lunch. You think about what a seed actually is. Like we talked about our corn babies when we did the genetics stuff. And they really are like their baby plants. They're in there. The baby plant is in there. But mom and dad packed them a lunch. So the seed is all this food that really is there just for the baby to survive. So it's a pretty cool adaptation that lets the mom and the dad not be together. It lets the baby go off and have its own life because it has a lunch that got packed for it. So a seed is an awesome thing. And everybody beyond here has seeds. And the last group, who are we missing? Aw, I'll give you a hint. They have flowers. They're flowering plants. Oops, not flowering plants. Flowering plants. And flowering plants are called angiosperms. Angiosperms, holy diversity. We could truly spend an entire lecture just on angiosperms. They're super interesting. They have all these amazing reproductive adaptations with their flowers. And they've done all this kind of really cool co-evolution with animals that pollinate them. So I could spend lots of time on the angiosperms, but I can't because look, we just did our land plants. You're done. This whole thing, you could take this whole bit right here. Am I right? Am I right? That whole bit. And there it is, right there. We just expanded that one place. So, challenge yourself, go in and make this cladogram again, rewrite this cladogram and include all the four land plants that we are going to be accountable for. All right, fungi. We're not fleshing anything out here, but let's talk about those amazing things.


Okay, again now welcome to the next lecture of the Linux programming and scripting today we are going to continue our discussion on Perl we have seen some introduction to Perl we introduced some data types we went into an in-depth analysis of the scalar data type and a few control structures that we talked about so let us just do a recap of what we discussed last time we also talked about some operators we already covered the operator presidents I hope you remember the presence table because that will be used in all the lectures going forward so just keep in mind anyway let us talk about that so in the last lecture we covered the auto increment and the auto decrement commands which are these plus signs the double plus signs and we also like saw some differences between to put the plus first or towards the end we also saw the auto decrement which is actually the negative commands and again we saw like how they can be perl and how various things will be interpreted differently we also talked about the chop and the chomp commands the chomp command is the command that you this used to remove the newline character from the words essentially we saw that and then we took several examples as to how to use the chomp function which is pretty much like I mean used everywhere today like I mean also make you read the command read any line from a file you want to chomp and get rid of the newline characters again then we talked about some of the scalar interpolation basically like once you have a scalar variable how it is calculated within a command within a print statement inside perl we will we will talk about talk more details about this form in the next slide we also talked about the STDIN and what how that functions you briefly looked at this $ slash as a delimiter basically and then how we can use it to read multiple lines from a file or multiple lines from a standard in input and then finally we also saw this under form essentially so I am going to actually take some more details about these three like I mean just what we talked about last time in case the last time what we say what we bring the same so let us look at the interpolation of the scalar variables mainly we talked about the rules governing this the variable interpolation occurs inside a double coated string essentially so this is one of the differences that we saw in the previous lecture where if the singer the difference between a single code and the public code and if the variable has not been assigned the value then the variable is replaced with an empty string so that is another key differentiation essentially or key rate to distinguish so the program will not generate an error instead it will basically it is the unassigned value with an empty string one other thing is like there is no double substitution meaning cannot substitute once and then have that as an another variable so that you can substitute it again so it is only one time use essentially so that you can understand the thing then in case like I mean you are you have letters basically that are continuous and then part of it denote a variable then you can use these the brackets essentially to separate the variable from the surrounding text this will be more apparent when I talk about talk about this next rule which is right here which is the longest possible name will be used as a variable in a string so if you say like okay my name on a higher and then you put a dollar this whole thing is treated as just one way to do this point say like I mean you want to actually variable is so dollar Anand and then there is higher is just some set of text basically to denote this you may want to put the parenthesis here so that it knows that okay dollar Anand this one variable and higher is all the surrounding text so so you can now see like I mean the how this rule will be applied and why these two rules rules go hand in hand so the other thing that we talked about was the STDIN every time we you we use a standard in in place of a scale of expected the pearl reads the next line from standard in so the essentially we can ask it to read this any any amount of text from the terminal by just using the standard in one thing to note here is the line read includes the new line character so if you want to remove the new line character you will do a standard in and then you need to do a job to get rid of the new line character and then the default STD IN even though like I mean you can see that this is actually a file handle this is a terminal essentially so you read in from the terminal and then you can do things with it and then as I mentioned basically almost always job the new line of after we read in the STDIN so this is the key things about the STDIN we also saw some examples I am not going to code the examples this is still talking about the recap and then finally the undef value that we saw essentially the undef is actually you can think of it as a value and that value is used value is used before it is given a value so before you give it a value value is what is the undef essentially it is not equal to 0 or it is not equal to a null string so I think like I mean that is one thing that you want to understand only like for the number of reasons the undef is treated as 0 so if you have any kind of a dollar a plus dollar b where the dollar a is not defined then this will equal to 0 or this operation essentially so otherwise like I mean it is like not the 0 but when you perform an operation with that value with that variable then it is treated as 0 and it is also treated as an empty string for string operations again these this rule does not hold good when you perform an operation and then a city IN returns undef there are there is no more data so now we will start today's topic I think like I mean so this is fairly clear we will encounter this under in many programs in the coming lectures I just wanted to again understand and keep in mind how to use that so today we will start our topic with the discussions on array and list data mostly we will be focusing on array today and lists are basically we can talk about it in the next one again what is an array array is an ordered list of a scalar data in for one good thing is like there is no declaration needed to define an array and the size can be 0 to any number mostly like this number is limited by the amount of memory that is that is allowed in the machine and we can easily increase the size of an array by just adding new elements to it so we will see like how we can define the array and how we will do addition of arrays so the array literal is a list of comma separated values imposed in parenthesis so we will see like how to become a real literal and then there are some special operator one is this one this is there called the range operator it has two meanings depending on the context and we will see that so let us first look at some of the examples of memory so this is an array literal basically the two parenthesis and then the values are enclosed even the parenthesis and they are comma separated this is another array which has a string as one of the element and then there is a number of another element this is another array if you define this basically then the dollar a becomes the first element and 99 becomes the second element otherwise this becomes an undef or 0 in any operations it performed this one essentially like I mean it is an automatic operator so with an array and then this is an empty array of array of size 0 and then we have the range operators 1 through 9 so actually here it will be like 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 that is your array and in this one it is 1 2 3 4 5 10 and 20 so now what will this array be essentially so again here it is we will talk about the rules as to how to do how this array is defined but essentially like I mean it will be like this 1 2 3 4 5 and even for this one it is 1 2 3 4 5 because it only takes the integer from the first and increments one at a time until it reaches the final number so these will be known this will be more so let us look at the two contexts that I mentioned for the range operator so the first one is the list context which is pretty much what is defined in here all these four examples define the list context of the array in the list context it returns the list of values counting up by once from the left value to the right so the left value is greater than the right value then it returns an empty list so that is another key thing that do not so but in the modern implementation so like I mean if you look at some of the Perl book the older Perl books you will see like this one caveat written in that where if you use this kind of a number one dot dot one underscore 10000 10000 then it can burn a lot of memory because it creates an array for your temporary array for you but this temporary array is no longer created in the newer implementation of Perl so this statement even though it is not a very good use it's it's it's a it's a safe statement it's not a it won't cause any issues in the statement the second context that I meant to mention is the scalar context in in scalar context the operator dot dot actually presents a boolean value so it is like a flip-flop it emulates the long-range operator of said arc and other editors this is the line-range operator is also known as the comma operator so each of the dot-dot operator maintains its own boolean states even across calls to subroutine that contains it so the way it works is it is false as long as the left operand is false once the left operand becomes true then the range operators stays true until the right operand is true after which the range operator becomes false again it doesn't become false till the next time the range operator is evaluated so you can test the right operator operand and become false on the same evaluation and it becomes true but it still retains true at least once so these are all like I mean big set of rules let's see like I mean an example because that pretty much gives us how this command works so here is a simple scalar context essentially where we use this number here 101.200 print so the way to interpret this command is essentially it prints the 200 to the second hundred lines essentially so basically it prints from line number 101 to 200 but it is the short for these conditions basically like dollar dot equal to equal to 101 and dollar dot equal to equal to 200 print so the question is like I mean this is another dollar variable we saw like two of them before and now this is the third one which is the dollar dot operator so the dollar dot essentially it's the it's the short hand for input line number essentially like I mean what we're saying here is this 101 is actually the line numbers so the line number is equal to 101 all the way to line number 200 print so here actually like I mean this corresponds to the quality operator but there are other ways of using the dot operator as well so in the scalar context and so you can test multiple conditions and then come up with these answers for that so now let's talk about the array variables so we saw like the scalar variables actually they start with the dollar the array variables are they start with the ampersand or at so since they have different prefix compared to a scalar variable you can have the same name but you can you can treat them as two different variables for example the ampersand a and dollar a are actually like two different variables so you can use them interchangeably or you can you can I mean you can each will have its own value so it's not dependent on one value of the other okay so that is one thing and the array assignment essentially where arrays can be assigned by using the assignment operator the value of the assignment is the entire array so how do we use this so here are some examples first of all declaration of an array we know that this is the way to declare an array and then we assign a variable which is the ampersand a and here this is then string array containing colors the names of colors so at color is red white and blue and at be equal to one this is also interesting array containing this one element here is another one dollar C is basically 0 at a and 9 so this can be you can replace this here so that it becomes like 0 1 2 3 9 and then the same thing the gray is actually updated towards the end to the app called a very and you can see that actually means used both places and this is a multi assignment case where actually like both dollar I mean at E and at B are assigned same as color so here so one more clarification here which is the one I mentioned basically is a single element array so it's basically it will be promoted to like the parenthesis so that it can be the it will be an array type so here the same thing like the 0 1 2 3 9 and then here again the grace added to the end and then this one is so both the dollar D and dollar E are assigned the same color as the variable so the array literal essentially like we saw this briefly essentially like I mean the little contains only the only variable references does not have any expressions or constants the array literal can be just used as a variable it can be used on the left-hand side of the assignment so let's see some array literal so here dollar a dollar B dollar C equals 1 2 3 so what this means is form essentially like the dollar A gets 1 B gets 2 and C so let's define here and then the second command is essentially like dollar A dollar B equal to dollar B dollar A even though you can see that actually they are the same this is what is called a swap so we just swap the elements so now the color A becomes 2 and dollar B becomes 1 so now let's look at that the first dollar first and the dollar rest is dollar A dollar B dollar C and so the first is whatever be the first and that gets assigned to the dollar first so the first is in this array it is a 1 so it gets 1 and then the rest is dollar B dollar C and 99 which is 2 3 and 99 so here again like I mean we are not doing the swap this is before the swap so that is why like I mean it says this values are 1 2 3 and 99 if it is applied after this statement then this will be 2 will be assigned to first and then 1 3 99 we applied to the second all the rest now you can also have an array followed by a scalar variable inside the assignment so in this case like a dollar all and dollar empty essentially the dollar all contains the dollar the ampersand rest so or sorry the ampersand all contain all of the elements from ampersand rest which is in this case it will be like 2 3 and 99 and then the empty is essentially like I mean it returns this under so it has nothing in it and it just returns under past the next level so I hope like again this these examples illustrate how the array structure array little can be used so this will begin using many many programs essentially used to collect information and then also like disseminate that information to the other sections of the program so now another question is how do you estimate or how do you determine the length of an array the the length of an array is determined by a scalar variable and if the array variable is assigned to a scalar variable the number assigned is the length of that array so what does that mean so you can just say basically okay dollar a equal to the all or at a so in this statement essentially like I mean whatever the number of elements in at a is assigned to dollar a actually to just slightly bit more complicated than that essentially so this one now it takes the number the thing so there is also a special variable which is dollar hash array this is essentially like stores the upper bound of the index of in the array what that means is the bound the index of the last element of the array is stored in this variable so for example in this case it will be like the dollar hash a will hold the the index of the the last element so typically the array goes from 0 to the the index of last element the index so usually we want to add 1 to the last index to get the number of arrays because the it starts with 0 so so that is the reason why like I mean the array the whole array to the dollar side the value of size is actually dollar hash array plus one so this one denotes this one that is needed to represent the 0th element and then this will be the big index of the last element in that array so some examples here so here basically the % a is 1 2 and 3 so now when we print the just the whole array basically prints 1 2 3 then prints this square brackets also because they are marked as literals here now we want to print the size and can you take a guess so the size is actually 3 that is what we got and then the next one we are doing essentially we are just adding additional one more element which is last to the array and then we are printing out the that essentially with a square bracket beginning and the end so now we get this and then finally we have this size equal to % a which it should now denote size as 4 because you added one more element so now the element array access itself we kind of figured out that we know we can use it with the subscript operator which is a square bracket and then use the dollar or the substance variable the array subscripts typically starts at 0 we already saw that in this slide that when we ask for sizes 3 but essentially it denoted as this 1 2 and 3 so essentially like I mean it is that dollar pound or dollar hash array plus 1 so and if an array index is outside the boundary the value is so this is one of the key concepts of why we want to understand what understands for in the very beginning now there are some examples so the ampersand color is red white and blue and dollar X is dollar color 0 so you can say what this has and now the dollar color 2 is changed to yellow so now and then here there are some more some more ways of accessing the array so here actually like I mean so one thing to notice like I mean so this color 0 means like so dollar X is equal to red actually yeah and then here color 2 is yellow that means that color 2 is the last element of the array which is blue and then that is replaced by yellow and here again like so this is more like a string array or string array now let us look at these examples here the array is declared as a numerical array which is 0 1 2 3 and then we increment the third element by 1 so that means that the 3 is becoming 4 and then we write out so here we are doing like a 1 a 2 is same as a 2 a 3 that means that we are swapping it so we actually have the array as 1 0 sorry 0 1 2 4 and then now we are swapping the first in the second with the second and the third so this means this will become like 1 1 or 1 2 2 4 and then if we print dollar a ampersand a minus 1 then it prints number 4 which is the last thing that is because dollar a denotes the current value of the current array essentially and then the current array line number and then ampersand a minus ampersand a itself is the number of elements of that array which is 4 and then the minus 1 out of that so this becomes dollar a 3 which is essentially it goes and finds out the last element and then prints out so that will be 4 so now we introduce another concept called a slice a slice is a shorthand representation to denote multiple elements of an array so in this small example ampersand a 1 3 and 5 is essentially to the same of dollar a 1 dollar a 3 and dollar a 5 the indices of the the slice does not have to be increasing for example ampersand a 1 0 5 is perfectly a legal one and also it need not be different it can be like this 1 1 1 which is essentially says that okay the first element of all the my file I want or my array I need the same value to be set three times so if you look at your essentially let us say 0 so it will come in so this is the 0 element so it will start printing just 1 1 1 okay so here are some more examples essentially so dollar a is 0 1 2 3 4 5 that is here we go actual array and then we replace 1 3 and 5 which is 1 3 and 5 we assign the 2 I mean actually like sorry 1 so 1 3 and 5 will be replaced by 0 2 and 4 so essentially like I mean so it becomes 0 0 2 2 4 4 as the as the main values of this array and then when you print out 4 2 and 0 that is those there 0 1 2 3 4 and so forth 0 1 2 and then it's been so 2 4 2 0 that's what we noted here and then finally we ask it to print $ a 3 and at it so then you see the difference essentially and then you can see how that will be printed out in this case both of them are the same for and so 2 and 2 $ a 3 is the same as here and dollar I mean ampersand each is also the same so one other key thing to note about the slices and array itself can be used as an index of the slides so here example is like $ name and it has the index of $ even which is also another array so here is another example $ a is defined as 0 1 2 3 4 5 and B is actually like just one shift to the left which is 1 2 3 4 5 and then then is 0 so when we print the $ ampersand a we get 0 1 2 3 4 5 and then we say print a and then in parenthesis probably so what will you get pretty much the same essentially like so it could be used the BS the next so you get the same results now what is like you use B once again and then try to print that essentially so now it's almost as if like I mean it's a shifter so shifting to the left so or essentially to the right so the the two actually like goes I mean actually the one goes to the toward the end and then you get 2 3 4 5 0 1 and then similarly like I mean you can actually increase the form on the side B and you can make it more and more a shift register so now the next topic is how to build array as a stack essentially so a stack is you can think of like a like a jar of say biscuits essentially so the elements that you insert first goes to all the way to the bottom and then basically like when you are popping essentially like I mean it only pops from the top so all the elements in order to access the last element of the first element that you pushed in you have to element all you have to access all the elements before it pop out all of them and then only you can take the the last one this particular kind of arrangement is also known as li fo I think this is quite familiar to many of you it is lost in first out so how do we implement this kind of complex data structure so one thing to notice when we talk about stacks the stack is still aligned at the lower end of the array as the next zero this is one keeping why we can easily access essentially like I mean and then if it is not aligned then the data can get copied so what we do is essentially like push a list with the new element so at least is the the variable that holds all the value so so this is one way to do it is at least and then new element use the push command this appends the element at the end of the array so you have like one two say five and then even your turn comes basically that gets added or six so somebody has to pretty much like do memory management all the time to understand what is going on the other main thing is the pop essentially the pop function functionality is shown here which is basically pop the list and then obtain the top one to the dollar top so you can think of it like this basically so when you this is for push this is 0 1 2 and then vice and continues on for the pop you have this array 0 1 2 3 and then essentially the way to pop the thing is basically final variable and then this variable holds elements from the top so so first you need to clear the third element before you can do the second element before you can do the first one so I think like I mean that is pretty much this topic now shall we go into the so before we go into it essentially let us do some examples again so here is an example where the array is defined as 0 1 2 3 4 5 and then we have a new scalar dollar new it's equal to 99 and then we say basically push this dollar new into the array so what that means is essentially like this push towards the end so 0 1 2 3 4 5 with 99 at the end now if you push two way letters 6 and 9 6 and 7 so now already distanced to 99 so when we push 6 and 7 it became 6 and 7 now let us look at the continue with the same example and into the pop section we assign dollar top to pop ampersand a so when we try to print ampersand a gives like 0 1 2 3 4 5 99 and then 6 and then we define another array variable called the dollar B then it is assigned to 1 2 and 3 and then we do a push dollar B I mean ampersand B to ampersand B that means that the concatenate this at least two times so we get 1 2 3 1 2 3 now if we push another array 7 8 9 that array will be like all these constructs are lost then there is basically it has a long array longer array now 1 2 3 1 2 3 and 7 so let us see some examples so so here we have a declaration where ampersand a is 0 1 2 3 and then dollar a we defined it as for 99 and then essentially like I mean so it the result of this statement is 0 1 2 undis and then 99 so now the dollar top is defined as we want to pop pop stuff from ampersand a and then so that was successfully done and then we say basically you can print the pop to the top and that prints out this information 1 2 0 1 2 and then undefined and then top equal to pop and then pop stop this will print out 0 1 and 2 okay so you will also like go to the lecture for shift and unshift so the shift and unshift is very similar to the pop up we say basically the this is the beginning of the array basically so this is the beginning this the end essentially like I mean now you have a partition here and you basically like memory they are going away essentially like on and then contractors so in this one essentially the so the way this will work will be basically the each element is pushed into the array so whereas in a shift actually so you can think of this as the so the push operation essentially like I mean pushes the existing elements down and pushes at the front so this is the beginning and this is the end so everything is pushed to the end so and then the pop is back the same way whereas the shift operation essentially it it is on the lower end of the array essentially like I mean so the index of that will be the new one essentially we will see some examples here so the array is defined as 99 0 1 2 3 and then we shift the array and then the result is essentially like 0 1 2 3 because now this 99 essentially goes into the beam essentially so the B becomes 99 and then the array stays the array has 0 1 2 3 and then when we say like unshift that particular element then it is back basically like it is pushed into the array and brought back and then we see say like unshift 4 and 5 so those 4 and 5 are added at the beginning of the array so it is 4 5 9 9 9 0 1 2 3 some more examples on the shift so if you say like unshift dollar tag the tag or the tag is defined as last and then that gets added as the first element from the array and then if you do an X dollar X equal to shift and percent a then the last gets assigned to the shift assigned to the X and then the array becomes just 4 5 9 9 0 1 2 3 so I think I am going to stop at this point we will talk about the rivers sort and those type of functions in the next course and again we are we are still talking about the arrays themselves basically so arrays are which data structure and it is used everywhere and in everyday life but we have like very little information about this functionality and that is one thing that we cover today this is quite useful so what we talked about just taking you back so we started our discussion with an array we understood how to declare an array and also like we saw how operations can be performed on an array we understood how to get the length of the array and so that we can act upon it we can you do other things with the name then we also went through some of the ways of creating an array creating an array and then how to use stacks and the shift registers or shifters basically so I think that is all for today we will actually continue from this point in the next lecture until then thanks thanks for listening thank you very much


Welcome to a new Endless Knot series, the Endnotes. You see, when I do research for my videos, I always end up with intriguing bits of material that doesn't fit into the story I'm telling or that I cut to stop the videos from getting too long. Up until now, I put some of those bits into the blog posts I write to accompany each video, and other bits sometimes get mentioned in our podcast episodes that discuss the videos. But now, I've decided to start putting some of the most interesting tidbits into what I'm calling the Endnotes. More videos that I hope will enrich the original piece. So here's the first one. In my video on the history of the Americano, and if you haven't seen that yet, click on the card, I talked about the origins of the drink, but I didn't discuss its appearance in writing, specifically spy fiction. The cocktail first appears in print in the 1928 book Ashenden or the British Agent, written by Somerset Ma. He sat in the cool and drank an Americano. Cocktails often have a connection with secret agents. James Bond's vodka martini, shaken, not stirred. And this novel fits into that mold. It's the stories of the adventures of a playwright turned spy named Ashenden set during World War I. Apparently, it's based on Ma's own experiences as a member of British intelligence during the war, just as Ian Fleming drew on his World War II experiences for James Bond. Speaking of James Bond, the very first drink he orders in the very first James Bond novel, Casino Royale, is the Americano. So it definitely has a strong spy pedigree. In other Bond stories, we find the famous super spy drinking a Negroni, so 007's tastes certainly extended beyond his now trademark martinis. So let me know in the comments what you think of this new series, and don't worry, I won't be changing anything about how often I put out the main videos, these will only be an addition. In particular, I'd like to know if you think we should go back and do some end notes on our earlier videos, whether it's material, or just make them for the new ones. And as always, you can hear even more etymology and history, as well as interviews with a wide range of fascinating people on the Endless Knot podcast, available on all major podcast platforms, as well as on our other YouTube channel. Thanks for watching!