So, last time what we have done was m by n composite switch and a blocking probability estimation for that and we also understood what is time congestion and what is the call congestion. So, we will just move it further, but before that let me introduce something called time switching because this will be an important thing and most of time in most of the commercial systems this is what actually is being used we will always try to use that. So, basically the idea is very simple most of the voice which is transported is basically usually you will be doing a sampling at 8 close samples per second that is and once you do the sampling you will for each sample you will use it you will do analog to distal conversion of that and what you will do you will get 8 bits for each voice sample and that actually means you will get 64 kBit per second stream and usually 64 kBps is a very small bandwidth and if you have a fiber if you have a higher bandwidth link you will not transmit one single voice channel. So, already there has been standards which make a higher bit rate stream out of multiple voice circuits will this is a very common practice. So, I think one of the examples I had done earlier in the previous semester was even carrier system even in T1 both. So, even carrier system is actually is going to have 32 slots and as I have already mentioned in the previous lecture that every framing whatever is being used anywhere is going to be of 125 microsecond duration ok everything is of 125 microsecond duration whether it is SDH frame whether it is a E1 frame T1 frame E3 frame whatever you take only number of voice slots which are transported is going to change ok. So, this actually means I am anyway getting a time multiplex signal which is available. Now, how to do switching with that is the question. So, usually there will be slots now another important thing that these frame boundaries are extremely important because slots location is what it will identify the circuit. So, when you are setting up a path from the source to destination it is a slot number which actually matters ok. So, if you say this is going to be from your phone to some other's phone this is the slot number being given your voice sample will only be going in this particular slot in this particular frame ok. So, now this is something which we are going to use to build up a time switch. Now, one thing is this frame boundaries need to be identified. So, frame delineation mechanism has to be there. So, usually there will be some mechanism of that kind. So, even system usually uses two slots one slot is for identification of the frame boundaries and second slot which is used is for signaling purpose ok. So, usually this will be and similarly there is another format called T1 carrier system. This one is still this not used in India what we use in India is this, but with voice over IP come in even this will not be required in time to come actually. So, T1 carrier system will be using 24 slots in 125 micros this is again 125 microsecond duration frame duration. We do not bother about this you have to push in 32 8 bit 32 octets in 125 microsecond duration. Because every person who is talking over the phone is going to generate one voice sample every 125 microsecond. We have to give him chance again. So, frame has to be over within 125 microsecond you cannot stop. So, usually in this case I think 16th 0 it goes to I think it is starts from 0 the 15th one and the 31st is what is being actually used for this one is used for framing purpose this one is used for signaling purpose that is the way actually it is ok. In this case there is no octet reserved for signaling. Signaling is done in a different fashion here one extra bit is actually going to be used for framing. So, here this one is used for framing the whole octet itself here there is only one bit which is being added ok. Now, this extra paraphernalia and similarly how the signaling will be done is every 6th frame. So, there are many frames you will usually create a super frame of 12 frames and 6th and 12th frame the voice sample will not be of 8 bits it will be of 7 bits ok. So, lower most order bit for every voice channel will be used for signaling. So, this provides a low bandwidth low capacity signaling channel between two end points ok. Now, the problem is the signaling this framing cannot be is not required in switching. Switching is a box is a device. So, first thing which you do is you remove all this extra stuff out of the frame. You generate your internal time frame and when the internal time frame is generated inside the box this will contain purely the markers where the frame boundaries are starting and ending is handled by the device inside handled by the box or the switch. It is either on a separate channel or a marker or a clocking whatever way ok, but it is not part of this stream this is a serial stream this is going over a single wire or single fiber. So, you cannot keep these frame markers cannot be sent separately within a device this can be done within a box this can be done. Similarly, the signaling channel is being already separated out signaling is usually separated out and whatever is a processor of the switch that will take care of that particular information. So, signaling is never required to be switched signaling is between two boxes which are connected. For example, these are two boxes connected signaling is between these two intelligent entities. So, that is either carried by that one bit in every octet every sixth frame in T 1 carrier system or either by this 15th slot I am starting always the slot number from 0. So, 0 to 31 it is a 32 slot system 0 to 23 one extra bit will be added. So, all this is going to be stripped off before you can do switching because this is usually is a confusing point to the students you should be careful in this you have to strip all these off before you can actually build up a time switch. So, you will get actually a raw frame raw frame will be like this there will be nothing, but voice samples voice circuits. So, these are for example, I am showing eight of them. So, these are channel numbers there is no separate frame markers these are internally being maintained by the device or the switch box. So, again the next frame will come one will repeat here and so on the eighth one. So, this is what will be the raw thing which will be coming into the switch box and how the switching will happen because the location of a slot inside the frame itself identifies the source as well as destination. So, this corresponds to some source one which will depend on the interconnection of the previous switch this also identifies to which output port it is going to go. If my this box can somehow swap these positions it can read this octet and put this octet here read this octet and put it here swapping can be done or moving the thing I will be able to achieve switching and that is what the time switch actually does. So, I can give an example I am just taking a four slot a simple system and I have to now this is the input and then there is output thing I am showing two frames. Now, the problem is if these are happening at the same instant I want to do switching between 1 and 3. So, the input which is coming from port number 3 has to go to port 1 I certainly cannot move it here that is not possible because this has already passed through there at the same time is what can happen is three can be moved to any slots which is later not earlier. Now, this is actually one subtle thing another two ways you can handle the switching in this case again and this is I think implementation dependent does not matter actually honestly speaking, but one important thing that all these actual values may not remain together in the outgoing frame that is very important. So, one very good example is say I want to do a switching I let me just put a switching pattern say 2 to 4 say 3 to 2 and 4 to 1 I have just taken something arbitrary. So, these are the again I am taking all unidirectional and not bidirectional switching. So, that is a way input to output macking inside a switch I am only worried about the switch part and switch is a generic device I can use this thing even for packet switching if I can change the circuits or these maps every packet duration I can even create a packet switch also. So, that is why I am doing it in a generic fashion, but voice you are right if one has to connect to 3 3 always has to connect to 1 usually it should be, but it need not be. If for example, I can give you an example if it is a voice circuit it is a radio transmission over a telephone there used to be that same this kind of service earlier days. Radio over a radio over a telephone used to be there. So, in that case there is no reverse channel is not required and it usually used to be a multicast. So, one is being copied to multiple slots kind of thing if it is a time switch or if it is a space switch I will do duplication. Remember in that space switches I have not discussed about that actually. So, if it is a cross bar this certainly can be done. If it is not a cross bar then this cannot be done if 1 to 1 map is there, but remember I have when we were discussing switching I have always told it is a strictly non-blocking switch and it is nothing but equivalent to a cross bar. So, if this input has to go to all 4 outputs this can always be done this can always be done that is my assumption. And if it is a true cross bar this can always be done this depends on how you build up the implement the switch mostly time switching time and space. Routers work in slightly different way. They are sorted structures they actually use they have a time and time is sorted into small things and switch will have cross or bar state or may be this interconnection per map I call it input to output map. So, for one slot duration there is one I O map depending on whatever packets are coming they will move to the output depending on that I O map. And next slot again it will change and this has to be dynamically computed depending on the packets which are going to be there in the head of the queue. And if your speed here is very fast. So, number of packets which are coming per slot is 1 outgoing packet number of packets going per port per slot is again 1, but incoming I can actually do the transfers at much faster rate which actually means I can actually read 2 packets for same output port and transmit them simultaneously that is also possible. So, that will lead to what we call the blocking will not be there in that case and that is known as speed of factor. So, if it is running at end times higher speed even if all packets are for same output in port in one single slot I can read all of them and then put it at the outgoing thing, but outgoing port cannot transmit it remember. So, it has to use something called buffer. So, it will put on the queue, but only one packet per slot is still will be going out when this buffer is full packet will be dropped you cannot help it actually. So, technically it is similar thing switching is the core internally. Routing is identifying what we call the paths. So, who is the next destination to whom I should forward the packet. Switching is actually creating the path forwarding is by looking at routing table finding out which outgoing port it has to go. So, these are three different processes which run in every router or every switch. Well if you call them switch or router, but it contains all the three things actually embedded. So, in this case once you do this map I can just I will actually do the exact implementation of this particular time switch, but as of now you assume we are going to implement it through delay lines, some kind of delay. So, this can be done by delaying 1 by 1 can be moved easily to 3 remember 2 can be moved to 4, but whenever this destination port number is smaller this cannot be done. So, 3 cannot go to 2 here. So, 3 has to go to this thing and of course 4 has to go to 1. So, 4 will go to 1 and similarly this 1 will come here. A third slot and 2 will come here at the fourth slot. Now this frame contains 2 octets from the current frame itself incoming frame and 2 octet from the earlier frame. So, this is one technique you do not worry, but you try to minimize on the delay of transmission ok. Second possibility could have been you will get exact one slot delay, one slot plus higher something. It will not be minimizing the delays actually if you want to maintain all these 4 together all the time. Then this 1 and 2 will be shifted here and remember the delay line length requirement for this kind of system will be what is the maximum. In this case I have already done 3 is going to 2 that is the maximum exactly this much slots 4 slot delay will be required 4 minus 1 actually 3 slot delay will be required in worst case ok. But in case other scheme where I am not going to do it this way the 1 has to go to 4 sorry 1 has to go to 3 in this case 2 has to go to 4, the 3 has to go to 2, 4 has to go to 1. Worst case scenario would have been if 1 would have gone to the 4 actually. So, you require 2 into n minus 1 that much maximum delay I have given this map I am trying to implement this map. So, this pattern will keep on changing if you change your map actually ok. So, but this will require higher amount of delay usually this is not preferred 2 n minus 1 is 2 into 4 minus 1 7. So, you require 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 if 1 is going to go to 4 you require 7 yeah that is that is the advantage of that scheme. But you are not putting the things together voice if it is a circuit switch system does not matter and if it is a packet switch system you will always be happy. A packet switching system does not have this time switching concept you just do the scheduling of packets and packets are just inserted whole packet belongs to one source n is going to go to one destination you transmitted faster rates the packet duration goes down here it does not matter 1 slot 1 octet is going to come every 125 micro second ok. So, you do lot of aggregation this way ok. No usually it will never be done it will never be done this cannot go to you cannot have any octet from here will not go to here that is not possible that is usually will never be done. And I think there is no case where it will be required 1 will come to 4. Then any. The 2 the 2 wants to go where for example, you give me the position for example, I change 1 to 4 that is the map you give me any other map actually say. So, in this case 1 will come to 4 2 will come to 3 3 will come to 2 4 will come to 1 that is it does not matter it will never be going to the another one within this you should be able to finish it. So, there are 2 possibilities actually. So, this is what basically is the time switching concept is. And the way I think it has been told at lot of places is by using multiplexer and demultiplexer. So, if you have. So, this is the equivalent and I put a time switching between which will do the job of mapping and I have 1 2 3 and 4 what I have created. So, I am still using a time switch, but using a MUX and DMUX rotary MUX and DMUX they do it synchronously actually remember. It always go to 1 2 3 4 that also goes to 1 prime 2 prime 3 prime 4 prime. So, if I do this I am able to create a space switch remember there is nothing, but technically a space switch. So, I am not worried about this input is sampled only every 125 micro second if it would have been analog. So, there is a ADC and then there is 1 sample generated to every 125 micro second that always goes into the first slot of the frame. And that can be switched to any outgoing port and there is a DAC you will put it will become nothing, but a crossbar. You put a DAC here distal to analog converter here you put ADC this is equivalent of a crossbar, but you can do time switching because you are using a distal format. So, far we have whatever we have done till the earlier lecture we are not bothered it could have been very well analog telephone, but only with distal format you can do time switching. So, so far this is fine, but we have also done a class network. Now can I expand on to the class network with this. So, can I use time switch there my question is this. So, let us draw the class network and then. So, as I told the class network is get total R 1 switches and you have M 1 incoming ports you have N 1 outgoing ports and you have here M 2 N 2 outgoing ports and then there is a third stage that is what I had done earlier. We also had the condition that N 1 is equal to R 2 is equal to M 3 R 1 is equal to M 2 this is 1 and N 2 is equal to R 3 that is what we had done. So, that is why this guy can connect to each one of the switches if there is some middle stage 1 it will connect to here. So, every switch is connected to everybody every switch in the next stage by exactly one link and we of course, have done the case I also proved what is strictly non blocking switch in what what condition if it is symmetric. Symmetricity actually means that M 1 is equal to N 3 and R 1 is equal to R 3 under that condition you have a variable R 2 you change R 2 N 1 and N 3 also will change that was the case which we took and intuitively I gave a proof that R 2 has to be greater than or equal to 2 into M minus 1 for the switch to be strictly non blocking. So, formally there is actually is minimum of something it has to be greater than or equal to that we will come to that thing later on. Now, my question is this purely is a space switch how to put in a time switch here can I do something with this time switch because time switch has a peculiar problem this interchange of slots will be done because you are writing into the memory and reading from the memory and memory or RAM as a access time limitation. So, you have to write 2 N words and you have to read the 2 N words back sorry N words you will be writing and you will be reading and this has to be done in 125 microsecond. So, if your access time of a memory is T access. So, 125 microsecond and the and read access and N write access 2 N. So, this is the access time which is available for each word for read write. So, this has to be always greater than or equal to T access which actually implies your N has to be less than equal to 125 microsecond by 2 into T access. So, you require very fast memories if you require a higher N. So, this value if you keep as less as possible. So, that you can have higher and higher N. So, N is also a limited in any time switch you cannot have N very large N is limited so how to solve this particular problem. So, I cannot create a very large dimensional time switch I have to do something and we have to do something here. So, any guess any suggestion from you people go ahead. One frame is coming with 4 slots right 4 sampled times now where you would like to put the time switch in this stage. That is a one possible configuration, but that is tricky to do, but a simpler version is I can use time switch here first and third stage, but I will not be requiring R 2 switches there that is the important thing. So, let me implement using time space and time combination we call it first stage at time, second is a stage, third is time switch is known as TST time space time this also becomes a class network nothing else. The whole mathematics which is represented which is actually is needed for this switch is also valid for this configuration. So, let me do it I will draw it here. So, let me take a time switch and these are the incoming frames I will define this thing as M 1 slots. I am not worried about signaling and framing. So, that we will take care. So, for me it is only pure M 1 voices voice slots which are coming in and I can now, but the problem is I have told you that it whatever is the number of incoming slots has to be the outgoing slot. I have not told that actually I have only used that thing in the example, but that does not mean it is always going to be true. You technically can have N 1 slots going out. Now, that is a complicated thing to handle because whatever scheme I have told for swapping by providing appropriate delays those cannot be maintained in this case. The whole octet has to be written whole frame has to be written first in the memory then only it can be read out at a different rate because remember it is still the frame duration is 125 microseconds that does not change. So, in reality I will again do this particular implementation of M by N time switch later on. We actually use two RAMs. So, when the first frame is written in first frame only writing will be done. Reading will be done the from the others RAM actually and that will be done with a different clocking rate that you can read faster. Only problem is this if this M 1 is smaller than N 1 only M 1 slots will be occupied remaining will be free that is possible switches are implemented that way. And if this N 1 is smaller than M 1 some of the slots have to be dropped those connections cannot be made. It means those voice slots here will be busy because what happens when a frame is generated the switch which generates the frame or the mugs will maintain the flags that which all actually slots are currently being occupied or busy or which are free. So, whichever is a smaller value of these only those many slots or those many voice circuits can be set up and that will be maintained as only those many will be maintained as free status sorry busy status remaining will be kept as free status. Now, this is exactly equal to this only thing M 1 was in space here N 1 was in space there it is in time that is the only difference. So, I can actually now put in the same thing multiple of them maybe I can put them how many R 1. Now, the only problem which comes is these switches. So, how this switch is connected you take the first input here first input from this first input from every switch here first input from every switch here. So, maybe common sense will tell I can actually do a demux here create physically 1 to N 1 and then I can have N switch connecting 1 from here similarly there is a mugs in this fashion this is not required actually I can implement it this way and I require again you will again have a time switch perfectly equivalent configuration both only thing the switching I have implemented in is time here and I have converted from time to space using this demux separating out all voice slots. So, first outgoing port first outgoing port physically is here I have separated out first is here. So, all first are being put together in one switch this switch is equivalent to this. So, this is going to 1 to R 2 this is clear so far or is there any confusion I can repeat they are this one this one will also have R 2 inputs you are right 1 to R 2 inputs. So, remember N 1 is equal to R 2 that condition will always be satisfied N 1 is equal to R 2 is equal to m 3 that condition always has to be satisfied it is a cross network. So, what I have done is or you look at this particular thing this is equivalent to what? Remember I have drawn a figure earlier if I can draw m time multiplexer with m inputs I can generate m slots I did the time switching I am doing demux this is nothing, but this switch. So, I have replaced this thing by a time switch actually is a equivalence. Now, only one important thing which you will notice during the period when the time slot number 1 is there which one of the switches in action now are all the switches in action all the time you tell me that only first switch will be operating only first switch is operating all other are silent because their output will second output will come only during the second period I am not doing any time expansion in the demux if I simply just split them I have just used that pointer thing. So, 1 by 1 by 1 is just splitting out whatever is coming in the frame here. So, only first switch will be operating at this time when the second slot time will come second one will be operating then R 2 will be operating then again 1 will operate then 2 will operate and so on round robin fashion they are actually all operating 1 by 1 I can do something smart actually I can use this itself gives a clue that I can replace this whole thing by nothing, but one single space switch and this is space switches of which how much dimensions R 1 by because the R 1 inputs are there M 2 is equal to R 1 and N 2 is equal to R 3. So, this will be R 1 by R 3 switch technically. So, there is instead of having R 2 switches I have only one switch only problem is when the slot number 1 will come it has to have some interconnection pattern it will act like switch number 1 or middle stage when slot 2 will come my interconnection should change. So, I should be able to build up a control system by which this switch configuration will keep on changing with every slot. So, it will be able to operate as R 2 switches because they are happening in different time slots. So, it is technically possible and this is known as time multiplex switch because of this. This switch is a single switch, but it is acting as R 2 switches and it is in happening in time multiplex mode. So, it is a time multiplex space switch actually. So, it is not multiplexing of signals it is a multiplexing of a space switches which is happening in time. So, it changes every 125 microsecond and 2 times it will change sorry n 1 times it will change. So, n 1 is the number of slots which are here. So, it will take n 1 different configuration every 125 microsecond and this is nothing but equivalent configuration of Kloss network, but this is a time space time configuration. Now, we did the strictly non blocking thing last time. Now, can you give me the condition using the same clues what will be condition here for strictly non blocking switch? How you will find it out here? You should be able to do it actually use same principle that how many these ports will be busy in worst case there is one free port here one free port here they have to be connected. So, how many maximum ports here will be busy how many maximum ports will be busy here. So, how many slots can be in worst case will be busy here m minus 1 take a symmetric case again the way last time we did. So, here it is m n this is again n and here it is again m. So, in worst case here m minus 1 will get occupied because one is there one slot is there to which need to be connected to one slot here. So, only m minus 1 slots are occupied. So, only m minus 1 will be occupied here and this switch is operating as in every slot some switch. In worst case scenario if you look at this particular frame and this frame the occupied slots may not have any overlap they will be like this if you take these two slots this is another one. So, you have m minus 1 being occupied here worst case scenario from here onward again m minus 1 occupied there is no overlap of time is very similar condition and if I can have I have these extra stuff available extra slots available I can always use that to set up the connection. So, condition is 2 into m minus 1 plus 1 and that condition was a number of switches here. Here switches only one it is in time multiplex mode. So, the condition is now on the slots here is condition is on the slots and this condition will turn out to be same 2 into m minus 1 greater than or equal to is m by n switches in the first stage and n by m switches in the third stage and whatever number of switching elements you use here that is a cross bar size in the middle stage, but it should be able to switch very fast. So, we will actually do this exercise of actually building up a circuit or a circuit schematic by which we will figure out how this switching actually happens right you are right this should be this you are right. So, now actually I can also do because I have about 8 minutes. So, blocking probability estimate now this is going to be valid for this case as well as for the earlier class network both. So, this approach because Carnot's approach will take time. So, let me do what is called Lee's approach and we already know when the probability of blocking goes to 0 and you will be able to find out that under this condition Lee's approximation does not give you the blocking probability equal to 0. So, the case here is incoming port it is connected to middle stage switches 1 link 2 on switch. So, this is my free outgoing port free incoming port probability of blocking is when both are free I will not be able to set up the connection. And we assume that this switch has n incoming port I am just let me keep it m only because this for consistency we are using m by n and these are n outgoing ports. There are other switches of similar kind those does not matter for us actually I can only take this it will also give me the same blocking probability. So, when the switch will I will not be able to set up the connection I can now do some approximations one very simple is I can assume that this link is going to be busy I can estimate a probability of that let this probability be p is a probability with which the link will be occupied or busy. Now, remember these two links are independent I can even I can make that assumption actually that is not true, but I am making that this assumption, but you may say because there is only one path this whenever this is busy they should be busy know that is not true there are other switches also. So, if I set up a connection this way I can occupy this one, but this link is free that is possible. So, input links and output links that is the way we define are independent of each other and they get occupied with probability p both of them. So, this also gets occupied with probability of p it is a symmetric condition. So, this is m here this is n here and when you will not be able to set up the path if you can find out even one switch and any one of these for which incoming and out way input and output links both are available you will be able to set up the connection this is strictly known blocking this element and this element is also strictly known blocking. So, probability of blocking now this two pair is not free what is the probability of that 1 minus that both of them are free that is a probability that will happen either this is busy or this is busy or both are busy you have the sum of these three possibilities. So, I will do 1 minus p that the link will be free both the links will be free because they are independent. So, I can simply multiply the probabilities 1 minus of this is a probability that the path will be through that switch will be busy. So, 1 minus of that and how many such links are there n such bridges are there n such branches. So, this is a probability of blocking estimate, but how you will get the p. So, we take here simple example n usually is larger than m if it is smaller than the blocking will happen at this itself. So, blocking is not happening because of switch it is always happening because of the interconnection network. So, I will assume that a is the arrival rate or arrival probability a link incoming link will be busy that occupancy probabilities a. So, a into m should be equal to p into n the balance condition always statistically because whenever this link will be busy one link has to be busy here and since the n is larger. So, probability a link will be busy will be lower actually. So, n multiplied by the p should be equal to m multiplied by m. So, I can get p from here as a into m by n. So, because n is larger m is a smaller. So, a is multiplied by a fraction. So, p will be smaller actually. So, I can write that thing here. So, this was one of the crudest approximations which was invented earlier. Now, you put value of n is equal to 2 m minus 1 do you get a 0 m by n sorry you put n is equal to 2 m minus 1 you cannot get a 0, but we know we get we actually have no blocking at that point p b should be 0. So, this estimation is an approximation this does not give the actual estimation and reason is that there are actually the reasons are that your arrival rate here is dependent on the state. I can define the state as number of incoming links is busy and number of outgoing links is busy probability of blocking dynamically changes actually with that depending it is a state dependent. So, if I define this sigma as a state technically probability of blocking is function of a state sigma. So, I have to average it out over all states. So, here it was all state independent thing. So, tomorrow's class what I will do is because we are making the recording. So, quiz will be done separately this time it will not be in tomorrow's class. So, most likely tomorrow night you have to sit on your computer. So, we will do a trial run and after that I think quiz will be done live online itself. So, there will be a time window it will be open for I think 20 minutes within that you have to write down the answer on the computer ok. So, we will try that thing out because I cannot afford to waste time in taking the quiz otherwise recording will be of shorter duration all recording has to be of 50 minute duration. So, tomorrow we will have a regular class. So, quiz most likely will be happening I think tomorrow night I will be doing the I will be doing trial and then. So, that you also know how it is done you will get some mock result and mock marks also in that. So, day after tomorrow we will actually have the regular quiz depending on the state is a result. Marks you will get automatically at the same time it will be automatic grading by the machine objective. But then the problem is certainly made in such a way that you have to do something before you can give the answer it will be with negative marks ok. So, you can get minus also. So, your mark sheet will can contain negative marks. So, that is the only thing they can be more they have to be made more because you should not get time to do the cut phase from all them one more percent you all might sit down on the same laptop. So, from one single laptop two people cannot give the answer I have to ensure that ok. So, that way our system will also get tested. So, tomorrow we will do the trial around I think it will be 10 midnight 10 evening it will be fine. So, all of you can be in your halls and do it from there itself, but you have to arrange for a machine that is the only thing ok. So, and everybody has the connectivity and machine login the same recipe login will work. So, only thing it opens at that particular time it actually closes also at dot time. So, if even if you are one second late it will not accept the answer after that. So, that is why I will give multiple questions if you miss you miss only one question not one not actually there is no it will not be one question may be say 5 questions. Most likely it there should not be that is why there is a rear cell. Now, if it is true for that time most likely it will be working. We have tested the system and if there is a problem we have to understand and resolve that issue and we make it more and more steady. We should be able to figure out that there is actually is a problem you cannot simply say there is a problem. And if it is going to be a problem I will take I will just call you for 15 minutes probably on Saturday and have the quiz that time.


Everybody forced here. I've got six boxes of 2023 Bowman University's best football delight that's six boxes for Steve C Thanks for the order Steve. Let's pull some heat right here. These things are awesome They are awesome six of them Everything needs a good top but all the all the cars that light will get top. It's all numbered basically. It's out of like one refractor Or maybe an insert per box Refractor of Dante Moore Holy cow dude Julian Fleming red refractor numbered four of ten Red Fleming the ten has to start the new Nittany lion actually right Fleming Blue refractor is Keon Keely at of 150 25 Ruben Owens and a gold Malik Benson to 50 That is a nice start with the autos. It is numbered to five. It is Jorian Dickey Three of five Jorian Dickey auto. That's a good one. That is a Jordan Travis Jordan Travis base auto Nick singleton on the autograph to 75 nice singleton We are Penn State Gold studio stars to 50 is a Brock Bowers Six to 50 Brock Bowers and an orange Malik Benson orange I don't know what the most eggs are called more orange 25 Malik Benson. All right. Good first box solid first box You get the price they were they're all pretty good keep going here second one Relic auto this time All right refractor cleaning McKinstry is clear for the draft blue refractor should earth Sanders. That's a nice one Should dirt to 150 in the blue Brady cook to 75 nice Brady cook. He's picked up some some hype recently Out of 100 Malik Benson 25 another orange Owens how many orange Owens we're gonna get here 10 of 25 and 6 of 25 Yeah, we're out of these giant. Yeah, these we flew through everything we had today. They sold out incredibly fast Braille and Allen gold auto to 50 A lot of the 50 Braille and Allen should have more coming in early next week sometime, but The price these are at Never stood a chance I guess Old Braille and Allen auto Ty Simpson on the auto and Jersey auto Travis Hunter Grats on the Travis Hunter player worn Jersey auto there we go Steve That's sick. There's a bow. Nick's this has a weird warp to it. It's not Now there's a crimp. There's a crimp. Yeah, it's weird It's like that would probably straighten out on top of it There's like a crimp all set a box and wrapper just a bow Nick's elements of the game non numbered a huge huge card But you want to get a replace that we'll send a box and wrapper and there's a gold Jason Marshall out of 50 Same kind of issue here. It's not Either way you got to get a box wrapper if you want to get those replaced so I got that here These boxes were 275 earlier Jury and Dickey refractor blue to 150 nice Drake made true blue Not quite the Carolina blue color match, but that's a nice one Yellow Joe Milton is 75 200 and Michael Pratt UBS showing up here Blake Corum out of 99 Sweet Corum. Oh man to 50 gold auto Michael Penich jr. Come on, man This this stuff is so nice. Congrats Steve Penix the 50 on the gold auto They're Dylan Gabriel auto as well That's a decent one. This is big too. This is a JJ McCarthy Jersey auto Holy cow, dude McCarthy and penix in the same box That's the showdown right there. We're gonna get that penix magged a fusion die-cut Dorian singer and Caleb Williams, that's awesome your fusion die-cut singer and Williams and Jaquory Brooks on the gold number to 10 number 50 Yeah, this stuff is too good man. It's too good. Yeah, I don't know what you guys think box prices will be tomorrow I don't even know how many people still have this stuff. They didn't make a lot of thick patch auto That'd be a number one. All right, Buckner refractor gold to 50 as a rocku blue to 150 camera rising 200 Nick singleton Yeah, the fusions are good the die-cut seem a little rarer that some of the inserts are pretty rare singleton at 100 at least in At least in delight you only get one insert per box typically They all feel pretty rare. It's a 99 Mason Smith on the green mini diamonds It's a blade quorum auto now. Oh The title game players here quorum on the auto Makaya lemon 415 on the auto nice low number lemon. It'd be nice Whoo Dante more 39 of 49 on the patch auto great hits Transferred to Oregon, correct Very nice former five-star recruit. He was highly highly touted recruit out of a high school See he doesn't organ patch auto on the Dante more very nice hit studio stars of Tyler Buckner and Red Bull a quorum two out of ten Goodness gracious Red quorum to ten Great running back. He'll get drafted playing it for a national championship a couple of a couple of days here Yep, yep, yep stuff is sick. Let's keep going It'll be maybe first. You're probably second rounder a quorum. Well, good runner really really good runner There's Jones refractor green mini diamond Riley Leonard at a 99 The new Notre Dame QB actually Riley Leonard Little 150 shooters Sanders again 91 of 150 this time yellow Tyler Buckner out of 75 200 Marvin Harrison jr. That's Jackson Arnold auto to 75 masterpieces. You could be a star Jackson Arnold there on the auto next is a Gold auto of cam rising the 50 Lake quorum Jersey auto now a lot of Michigan a lot of Michigan That is nice a Drake may wanted Gunslinger number to 50 on the gold Gold Drake made a 50 inserts at a sweet 19 to 50 and Quinn Shaw Jenkins number 37 to 50 The gold are let me get some sleeves. We'll finish the last one Yeah, it's got to be somewhere around there Eric. We had PYT's priced at about like A little over 275 a box and they were just moving They were flying our refractor Marshawn Lloyd green mini diamond Jaden DeLaurent a 99 blue 150 Antonio Gage jr. 200 is Phil Maffa Louis 150 Casey Thompson. Oh julian Fleming the five on the auto one of five julian Fleming Very very very nice Each box seems to be very good. It just all feel pretty good. Makai lemon on the auto Caleb Williams Jersey auto player worn Gorgeous Caleb Williams player worn Jersey auto love it congrats Steve doing super well, man Horseshoe heroes. That's a cool one horseshoe hero signs at times Harrison and it and a book a gold Phil Maffa to close it out Steve, thank you very much. Congrats gonna get some of those mags. We'll get this out to you


This video is going to talk about multiplying polynomials. So a couple things we need to remember, because they will apply when we're multiplying here, is our same base multiplying property, a to the m times a to the n. Remember, same base, so we add the exponent, so that would be m plus n. Add those exponents. And the distributive property, remember, you had to distribute the a to everything inside. So that gave you a, b plus a, c. We're multiplying monomials, exponent property. And that distributive property is really what we're dealing with. Both of them come right into play. So I have x times x squared. Well, I have two factors of x here, and I'm going to multiply by one more factor of x, same base. So I'm going to multiply and have x to the third. Now when I do this one, we're going to multiply our numbers, and then we're going to multiply our b's, which will be the same base and use our exponent property. So my numbers are 2 times 3 gives me my 6, and then my variables are b cubed and b, so it's 3 plus 1, if you want to see the work for what we're doing. And that gives us a final answer of 6b to the fourth. Now when we multiply a monomial by a binomial, that's what we were doing at the very beginning. We just have to make sure that this 5 gets multiplied by everything inside. So it's 5 times x, and 5 times 1 would be plus 5. Numbers aren't so bad. What happens when we have variables? Well, let's do this step by step. What we really have here is 2z times z, and I'm just going to write it just like that. I have 2z times z, and then I'm going to have a negative 3 times 2z. So I have negative 3 times 2z. So what does that give me? 2z times z gives me the 2, and then the 2 factors of z would be z squared. And then again, we do our numbers. So negative 3 times 2 is negative 6, and then I don't have any other z's, so it's just minus 6z. What happens when we get bigger polynomials? Well, we have to distribute each term in the first polynomial to everyone in the next polynomial. Now again, I have a monomial here, but I've got a messier-looking thing going. If I just do the distributive like I'm used to doing, then I'm going to have 4x squared y, and I'm really going to multiply that times x squared y squared. And then I have plus 4x squared y, and I'm going to multiply that by 3x squared. That's going to the second term. And then I have a positive 4x squared y on the outside, so I'm going to write plus 4x squared y. And then in the parentheses, I'll give me my negative 7y squared. So 4 is the only number, so I don't have to multiply that with anything. x squared times x squared. Remember, we're going to add these two exponents, so add them. So that gives us x to the fourth. And then y times y squared, again, we're going to add those two exponents. So we have y cubed. And this next problem, we've got numbers this time. So 4 times 3 will give me a positive 12. They're both positive. And then I've got x times x. And remember, we're going to add those exponents, so x to the fourth again. And then I don't have any y's on the inside, so it's just carry along the y from the outside. And then this last one, again, we have numbers. So positive 4 times negative 7 is negative 28. And I don't have any other x's, so I'm going to carry my x squared on the outside to get around. And then I talk about my y's, and I can add my exponents, and that will give me y cubed. So my final answer is this 4x to the fourth y cubed plus 12, oops, plus 12x to the fourth y minus 28x squared y cubed. That was a lot. All right, so we have this example here. And we can choose which way we want to go. And I'm just going to go ahead and do the distributive property. So I'm going to take my 6a squared and make sure it gets multiplied by both terms inside this polynomial. 6a squared times 3a squared, 6 times 3 is 18, and a squared times a squared gives me four factors of a. And then I'm also going to take that 6a squared and multiply it by my negative 2. 6 times negative 2 would be minus 12, and I carry my a squared along.  So negative 2a times my 3a squared will give me negative 6, and I have three factors of a. And then I take my negative 2 and I multiply it negative 2a and multiply it by negative 2, and I have plus 4 and then carry along the a. And finally, I'm going to take this 5 and I'm going to multiply it by the 3a squared. So that's plus 15a squared. And then I take it, the very last thing is to take the 5 times the negative 2, which will give me minus 10. So now it's time to combine like terms. So let's see what we have. We have an a squared term here and an a squared term here. And I've got nothing else in common. That's the only like terms we have. So let's rewrite the problem. 18a to the fourth, negative 12a squared plus 15a squared would be plus 3a squared. So I've taken care of that and I've taken care of my like terms. Negative 6a cubed plus 4a, that's a 4, and minus 10. Now if you were to look at this in the back of the book, they would put it in descending order. 18a to the fourth minus 6a cubed, then plus the 3a squared and plus 4a minus 10. But I would accept either one of those. Alright, last time we did a nice distributive. Let's try this one with a box just to see what happens with a box. So I need three columns for my first polynomial. So there's going to be my three terms right there. One, two, three. And then I need three. This one never has anything. So there's one term and there's my second term and there's my third term. So let's fill them in. It doesn't matter which one goes where, but each box gets a term from a polynomial and one goes side to side, one goes up and down. So this one is first, so I'm going to go side to side with this one just because I want to. X squared and then the second box would be minus 6x and the next one would be plus 5. And then on the outside, going up and down are going to be my purple ones. X squared is the first term, plus 3x is the middle term, and then minus 8. You need to make sure you put the signs in the box so that all your signs work out right. Alright, here we go. X squared times X squared is going to be X to the fourth. X squared times negative 6x will be negative 6 and then we have three factors of X. And I've got my X squared times my 5 and that will give me plus 5x squared. Now I'm going to do my 3x times the X squared. So that gives me plus 3x cubed. There's three factors.  So negative 6 times 3 is negative 18 and then X squared.  I'm going to take negative 8 and I'm going to multiply by X squared. So I have negative 8x squared. And then I'm going to take my negative 8 times my negative 6x. And that's going to give me a positive 48x.  And if you look real carefully I did my like terms in light colors. My like terms end up being on a diagonal. So let's combine our like terms then. X to the fourth is the only one that we have that's to the fourth power. On this diagonal is my X cubed. So 3x cubed minus 6x cubed. So it's negative 6 plus 3 would be minus 3 and then X cubed. And here's a little bit more work here. We have negative 8 and negative 18. So let's do it over here. Negative 8 minus 18 plus 5. Well if I do negative 8 minus 18 that's going to be a negative 26. And then plus 5 and negative 26 plus 5 will be negative 21. So we have minus 21 and those are all X squareds. And then we have 48 plus 15. They're both positive. So that's going to be plus 63x. And then we have minus 40. Wow.


Good afternoon everybody, I'm Tommy O'Brien, coming to you live from TFNN 1pm Eastern time on Friday, three hours left to go in the trading session and we have markets near highs of the session. You have the S&P's, positive by a point right now, trading at 44.39, you see the acceleration right out of the gate. We come into the opening bell at a price tag about 44.15, we're about 25 points above that price level in the green in the S&P's. All the other three indices barely in the red, you got the NASDAQ 100, negative by 22 points, the Dow negative by 15 points, that's barely in the negative in the Russell, negative by a 10th percent, two points at 22.52. We'll jump to Bitcoin, China making Bitcoin illegal in all forms basically, trading down on that news at about 5am from 45,000 down to 41,000, we bounced a bit, 42,285 just taken a look out of curiosity, they said what kind of a bounce that actually was right near the 382, 42,535 and that's just a bounce from the acceleration lower just from 4am until about 7.30am this morning for Bitcoin. Ethereum, let's jump over to Ethereum, similar price pattern trading lower on that news bouncing a bit from 3100 down to a price tag of 2800, maybe 2750, we're up at 2915, we jumped to Crude, how about $74, look at that acceleration, Crude does not stop. Taking a look at the daily, we were just trading at $61 folks, yes, $61.74 on August 23rd, it's September 24th, barely a month from 61 to 74 within a few dollars the highs we had back on July 6th to be exact, we got gold catching a bit actually, was lower I believe, yeah it was lower today down at 1740, you're back in positive territory by a dollar and gold at 1751, bounce somewhat right near the lowest that we had yesterday afternoon as well, silver was lower dramatically, bouncing as well today down to 2210, we're 2240 right now in silver, jumping around notes and bonds, lower price and higher yield right now, we're talking about 1.45% the yield on the 10-year, you take a look at the daily and you're talking about coming back pretty quickly on that day yesterday, a price tag in terms of that bar, a high of 13306, a low of 13205, more than a full point to negative territory, higher yields 13202 right near the bottom boundary of where we've been previously, 1.5% the yield. Alright folks, stay tuned, Steve Rhodes is coming up, he did his program at 8 o'clock, we're going to have that program up right now, Dave White's live at 2 o'clock, Tom O'Brien, he's out, Larry Pezzavento is live today at 3 o'clock, Larry's filling in, Dave White live at 2, Larry at 3, we have Steve's program coming up right now, have a great Friday everybody. The reality


The National Broadcasting Company and its affiliated stations present the Pacific story. In the Mounting Fury of World Conflict, events in the Pacific are taking on ever greater importance. Here is the story of the Pacific and the millions of people who live around this greatest sea. The drama of the people's whose destiny is at stake in the Pacific War. Here, as another public service, is the tale of the war in the Pacific and its meaning to us and to the generations to come. Siberia's people, the secret of her strength, came out here from Leningrad. The Fonyin, the mine director, pointed to a blonde Russian. That man down there came from the Ukraine. From the grain fields of the Ukraine, out here to Siberia. That man over there came from the Donetsk Peace. He came out here to teach these Yakuts of mine with modern machinery. 500 miles inland from the Sea of Akhut, in the region of Yakut, men from all over the USSR are working alongside the native Yakut. The slant-eyed Ishiatics, who for centuries have trapped and traded in this frozen wilderness. The European Russians worked with them with zeal and enterprise. Those Russians came out here to Soviet Russia, not in chains as I came 40 years ago. They came out here because they wished to come. The Fonyin had come to Siberia as an exile. 20 million Russians came out here to Soviet Asia in the first year after Hitler attacked us in 1941. 20 million in the first year. More have come since. The slow migration to Siberia, which had begun long ago as a mere trickle, had overnight turned into a flood. The European Russians came back and baggage to work out their destiny with the Yakuts, the Tunguses, the Lupare, the Koryaks, the Gilyaks, the Samoyed. The hardships of Siberia tempered and toughened them, made them strong and resourceful. The Russians mixed with these people and with the pioneers, and with the descendants of the exiles who had been sent out here in the days of the Tsar. Today, Soviet Asia is humming with activity. But it is not the blast furnaces, nor the mines, nor the aircraft factories, nor the steel mills that make Soviet Asia strong. It is the people, the people. The people made the city's rise out of the wilderness. First came the trappers and the fur merchants. They penetrated across the thousands of miles of Siberian wilderness, even across the bearing straits down into Alaska. Then came the Cossacks, who were given large parcels of land on the frontiers in return for military service. Then the exiles. Ah, another one. Poor miserable wretch. Come in. Come in. He was appointed with 26 when he was arrested in Moscow in 1905 and locked up in the house of preliminary detention. What are you here for? Hey, he did not tell me. He just came to my quarters and took me and brought me here to this cell. What's your name? What's your business? My name is Saponian. I'm a writer. Have you written against the government? I've written for a newspaper in Paris about our national affairs. Why are you here? No, I am a chemist. And you? I am a professor of history. He had no warrant for my arrest. Nothing. He just took me. Didn't they say why they were taking you? Only that my presence was prejudiced to public order. Yes. They said my presence was incompatible with public tranquility. He did not even give me a chance to let my people know what had happened to me. I must get in touch with my people or my friends. Is it not the same thing to happen to them? Can I do nothing? Am I simply to stay here in this cell until I am tried? You will not be tried. You will not even have a hearing. How long have you been here? 15 months? Almost 16. And I've been here a year. How long would they keep me locked up here? Last week a girl who had been locked up in this place for two years went insane. Then they took her out. And a young woman who had been here for only two months was sentenced to 20 years in the minds of Kara. Kara? Yes, to Siberia. And you remember Bukarin? To journalist? Yes. They held him here for 18 months in solitary confinement. He slit his throat with a piece of glass. Does no one escape?  Countdowns, Aponion. Do not be impatient. By a personal use case of the Tsar, the Aponion was sentenced to exile in Siberia, and within the professor and the chemist, their destination, Yakutsk. Stained together, the convicts started their long march to Siberia. Among them were positions and merchants, a nobleman and a bootmaker, an author and three students and a Caucasian princess, two government officials, the daughter of the leader of a forbidden society, a lawyer, a geologist and a baker. Slowly they crouched over the long, long exile road into Siberia. Cannot stop but till we reach the Atopi. The village is not even in sight. Over this road, many prisoners have gone before, covering about 18 miles a day and arriving at the end of each day's march at the Atopis or barracks at the edge of a village. There. There it is. Yes, there with the big wooden wall around us. Hurry, we will not get a bench. There was no space for all in the Atopis. The lucky ones got benches to sleep on. Every third day they rested. Then they marched again. This is Chelyabinsk. There is the railway station that everyone talks about, and there is the hated prison. This is Omsk. This is where Dostoyevsky. The author was exiled back in 1850. This is Novosibirsk. You are only halfway to our destination. This is Yenisei province. In this province, at Shoshenskoe, the brilliant lawyer, Vladimir Ilych Lenin is exiled. This is Krasnoyevsk. We are now about 3,000 miles from St. Petersburg. Just south of here, at Minyushinsk, is where Prince Alexander Kropotkin and Matinov the naturalist were exiled. Yarkutsk. From here we must go by sledge with dogs or reindeer. Nerchinsk. We are only 1,000 miles from Yarkutsk. Yarkutsk. We are at the end of our march. This is our place of exile. Yarkutsk on the Lena River, almost as far north as Fairbanks, Alaska, was called the People's Prison. A village of dreary log huts on the wilderness. Here Alexander Pushkin, the great Russian writer, and many other notables have been exiled. Zabonian and the others among the exiles learned the language of the Yukutsk and made friends of them. Did the police chiefs... No, we do not believe in the same thing. You dressed the same. These are the only clothes we have. The police chiefs and the officials of the Tsarist government cheat us. They do? We work all season to catch ermine and sable and mink and squirrel and martin.  How often do they come? Two and sometimes three times a year. Everything we do is for them. Can you help us? Yarkutsk was a thousand miles from a railroad. In the summer, boats moved up the Lena River to the village. And in winter, the frozen river was used as a road. The main traffic was in furs. But gradually the talents of the exiles found other things in this wilderness. Today, I went exploring in the Lena River basing around Yarkutsk. I collected some interesting specimens. Some of them were bits of ore which show what riches abide in this soil. And some tell the story of this country. The story of the ages that have gone before and the people who have lived here. These little journeys of exploration are all that relieve the horror of this unbearable loneliness. There is no hope. Nothing but the day-to-day struggle to keep alive. What the exiles suffered in Yarkutsk, they suffered in varying degrees in other prison posts in Siberia. In Yarkutsk and Kara, they worked in the mines ewing out the frozen soil. In Chelyabinsk, in Petrovsk, in Minishinsk, they endured the bitterness of Siberian exile. But they came to understand the value of this great frozen country and what it could mean to an enterprising government. Down it is hard.  You'll not get lost forever. Don't put the imperial government. Revolution swept through the land from Europe and Russia across the thousands of miles of wilderness to Yarkutsk, to blood of a stock, to the shores of the Pacific. Revolution and counter-revolution. To the exiles in Siberia who were isolated principally because they were against the government of the imperial Russians, it meant a new and brighter day had dawned. Their chains were broken. Violent conflict raised in Soviet Asia, one faction against another, and the Soviets against the Japanese who had landed in the maritime province with some 70,000 men. At last, in the early 20s, the Japanese were gone. The Soviets set about putting their house in order. Russia and Russia started migrating eastward. They are coming with the hundreds of thousands. Now we can develop our industries out here. Our industries? Yes. But they must have more funds. They must develop our industries to make the weapons to defend Soviet Asia. As they have enough food, they can have no industries. Each of us is dependent on the other. The area is rich in gold and birds and timbers. They have other gates to the source. They get untouched. All these they can lose but we are not able to feed the hundreds of thousands who are coming out here. Along with our industrial development, we must have a great agricultural development. That means that our entire development of Soviet Asia must of necessity be slow. Slow, perhaps, but it must be balanced. Suddenly, the settlement of Soviet Asia became an immediate necessity. The Japanese had created an incident at Wukton and were invading and occupying all Manchuria across the river from Soviet Asia. Soviet Asia must be converted into a fortress to withstand both onslaught and siege. There is everything in Soviet Asia to make it strong. We must develop these resources, build cities, railroads, highways. We must construct military installations, air bases, shipyards. We must raise an army who saw beauty it is to defend the Soviet Far East. And we must hear on these planes raise the food to feed them. This meant people, more immigrants. It meant farmers. It meant that experienced farmers from the fields of European Russia must be brought out to Soviet Asia. The government will move me and my family out there? You spoke Russian farmers in Ukraine? Yes. The decree has been issued by Stalin. All those who migrate to Soviet Asia within the next six months will be given transportation and housing and supplies. It will be hard starting from the beginning in that new country. The government will do everything to help you. The government is very anxious that you succeed. Yes. And you will not have to give part of your crop to the state for five years. And if you are not yet able then to contribute, this will be extended to ten years. Farmers left their lands in European Russia and headed eastward. The great plains of Soviet Asia were opened up to agriculture. And meantime, industrial cities were springing up out of the wilderness, growing not by accident at a given point, but growing according to plan at the points where there would be of the most value. The people, the enterprising, far-seeing people of Soviet Asia were breaking the ground at a thousand places. Our research experts found these deposits here at Yakutsk. The Ponian, the exile, had become the Ponian the mine director. This is copper we are mining here. And in this basin we are also mining silver and lead and nickel. Long before the Russian revolution, the exiles of Yakutsk had known these pressures were in the ground. Now they are being taken out and fashioned into implements and weapons. And there are even greater riches here. And we are now mining. This... This is a state farm. I am in charge of it. This Russian came from Europe. This is the headquarters of the trapping collective. I am in charge of it. This Russian also came from Europe. This is the headquarters of the reindeer collective. I am in charge of it. Under the hands of these people, the Siberia of yesterday was transformed. And yet even they could not dream of what lay ahead. By 1941, millions of Russians had migrated to Soviet Asia. As Americans migrated to the Wild West, the Russians migrated to there Wild East. Yet even millions spread out over the vastness of Soviet Asia were not enough. But most important, the pattern had been set. Instead of developing healthy scouter according to the whims and enterprise of individuals, Soviet Asia developed according to a great plan. The plan was to make Soviet Asia self-supporting and strong. 41. Hitler's powerful panzer divisions today struck across the Russian border in a surprise attack on the Soviet. The Nazis are driving ahead into Russia and the Soviets are making a determined but unsuccessful. Before the furious onslaught, the Russians fell back. Behind the lines in the great Soviet industrial centers, the Russians worked to carry out Stalin's famous scorched earth order. Comrades, here is the order. To the enemy must not be left a single engine, a single railway car, not a single pound of grain, not one gallon of fuel. Now, let's get this machinery loaded. Every small piece of it. Right up with it. Move it up on the car. Entire industrial plants were uprooted in European Russia and the regions endangered by the Nazis. Massive machinery was loaded on trains and with the machinery were loaded the workers. Everything is loaded on this train and ready to move eastward. Very well. All right, breakman. Give the signal, take it away and we will start loading the next train. Over the railroad that had been so laboriously laid eastward to the Urals and beyond to the great spaces of Soviet Asia, the trains moved heavily laden with the transplanted industries. That was the greatest migration in all the history of man. Russians from every part of the Soviet in Europe flooded out here with every train load. From the railroad line a thousand miles away they came here to Yakutsk by truck and by wagon and many wars. These people mixed with the Russians who had been here so long and they mixed with our native Asiatics, the Gilyaks, the Koryaks, Yakut and all the others. And soon they were building new homes and new schools and expanding our mining operations here at Yakutsk. The Ponyin and the other exiles who had learned about this country in the long years before now were the leaders. Throughout the thousands of miles from the Urals to the Pacific the wilderness teamed with new activities. We are draining this marsh so that we can build a shipyard here. It will be strategically located so that it has access to steel from the new mills and yet be protected from attack from the open sea. We are cutting a corridor through this forest. Transportation is essential through this region and we are cutting the way for a railroad and a highway. They will have this bridge built in the record time. It will link two vital regions. The next Soviet Asia stronger both economically and from a military point of view. The dynamite is placed under the logs and ice but I do not know if this dam can be blasted out because the logs and ice are all frozen together. It is almost one solid man. You are new out here in Siberia. Are all the men clear? They are waiting for the blast.  The blizzards and the biting cold, the Siberian winter the millions of western Russians struggle healing the civilization out of the wilderness in the scorching heat of the summer they work fighting fires and mosquitoes never stopping in their enormous plan of development and construction. Is the ground here always frozen? The surface falls out in the summer time. But below the surface the ground is still frozen. There is no drainage so the water stays on the surface. I hardly notice it. How long have you been out here, Mr. Defonion? Well, nearly 40 years. 40 years. We have need of young engineers like you out here. I feel so insignificant. It is like having a whole new world to build. Everything is here to work with but they must do the building. In another generation, Soviet Asia may have a population as large as that of the United States. They can see it coming. I have seen these cities and valleys grow. From these we will move out into the back country until all of the communities are linked together. That is the job of you younger men. You will be the one. As the millions of European Russian workers fought into Soviet Asia, the Soviet Western Front blazed, fighting alongside the Russians at Lenin Grab and Smolensk before Stalin, Grab and Moscow were whole divisions of the men of Soviet Asia. Before the war, I belonged to this special Red Banner Far Eastern Army. I left Western Russia and joined the Far Eastern Army for duty in Soviet Asia because the pay was higher. When I had finished my service in the Far East, they encouraged me to stay there. If you wish to go into a profession out here, the government will pay you a bonus. But I am a farmer. If you wish to farm out here, the government will subsidize you until you are well established and then you will be permitted to sell your crops in the open market. Under this arrangement, great numbers of Red Army men from Western Russia settled in Siberia. They worked for the development of Soviet Asia and periodically they reported for training. Meantime, the tribesmen of Soviet Asia were formed into their own units of the Red Army. I am a Kazakh. There are three million of us in the Republic. In the last war, we rebelled against the tsar when the government tried to force us into labor battalions. Now we have our own Kazakh units in the Red Army, entire divisions, and we fight gladly for Soviet Russia. When the Nazis attacked, these troops were mobilized and rushed to the Western Front. The crack Red Army troops from the Far East, Yakuts and Tongues of Soviet Asia, are among the Russian forces who have stopped the Nazis' call before Moscow. These troops from the great frozen tundra of Siberia have distinguished themselves on the Western Front and are now playing the important part of the... Meantime, back in the frontier country that had become their home, Boomtowns were rising. Yes, Magnity Gorski is now our great chief. I remember when it was only a village. Today our blast furnaces burn off thousands of tons of metal each day. The population of Magnity Gorski now runs into the hundreds of thousands and where the icy wind whistled over the solitude of the lonely village, now there is the sound of modern locomotives. This is Serdlovsk. The most important railroad tractor in this region. We call it the Soviet Chicago. From here in the Urals, the massive trains roll out to Soviet Asia to the Pacific. But no longer is equipment and produce taken to Soviet Asia. Today, Serdlovsk sees the long heavy trains bringing to Western Russia the equipment and produce from Soviet Asia. Behind all this fabulous development are the people. The Russians who came out into this new country as exiles, or to escape tyranny in the persecution, and the tribes who have been roaming this unbelievable vastness of the people are harnessing Siberian resources. I am an Uzbek. Our Uzbek Republic is in Central Asia 3,000 miles from the Pacific. Once we depended on the little rain that came to our desert to help us grow our fruits and melons and cotton, now they have built dams in irrigation systems. Now, when the sun melts the snow in the mountains far away, the rivers bring the water down to us. The irrigation systems water our land. They enable the Uzbeks to grow more and better cotton. And to handle the cotton, mills and factories have been built. Today in this desert country, an industrial center is growing up. I am a Boryat Mongol. Our Boryat Republic is on the border of Mongolia in far eastern Soviet Asia. 1,200 miles from the Pacific. For years, we were nomads 300,000 of us. We roamed the pasture lands without hurt. Now, we have learned to work with machinery. Those of us who still are nomads roam only in summer. It's titled down in villages in winter. Today at Ulan Uda on the Trans-Siberian Railroad, the Boryat Mongols have one of the great locomotive works of Soviet Asia. I am a Yakut. And this is our capital here at Yakutsk. 500 miles from the sea of Okhotsk. I learned all I know of mining from that light-cared Russian down there. In the mine, the blonde-haired Russian from the Donetsk Basin directs the operation. Under the direction of exports like that man from the Donetsk Basin, great numbers of the Yakutsk have gone into the mine. And great numbers of them have learned the Russian language as we have learned their language. That has been one of the most amazing things out here, Mr. Zabonyin. We learned their language, which is related to the Turkish family who lived with them when we came out here so many years ago. And they learned Russian, not only to get along with us, but so that they could speak with the people of the other tribes, like the Gildiaks and the Samoyaks and the Tungus, and notice that even the Yakut children speak Russian. Russian is taught in the schools, along with Yakut. And our newspapers are printed in both Yakut and Russian. A library of 550,000 books. How different this must be from the place you came to 40 years ago. Yes, yes, it is different. We have here in this outpost of Yakutsk just about everything that every modern city has. Hospitals, the fire department, the radio station, museums, schools. But these are only the outward things. The things you see, what is behind them, that is what is important. And that is the people and their determination to be safe and strong. For a reprint of this Pacific Story program, send 10 cents in SAMHSA Coin to University of California Press, Berkeley, California to repeat. For a reprint of this Pacific Story program, send 10 cents in SAMHSA Coin to University of California Press, Berkeley, California. The Pacific Story is written and directed by Arnold Marklis. The original musical score was composed and conducted by Thomas Palusso. This program came to you from Hollywood. This is the National Broadcasting Company.


Hello, I'm Neil and I help as many people as possible to get ideas out of their heads and out into the world to make more people laugh because I think we might need it at the moment. Welcome back to the Happy Hearts. In this video, this will definitely help get some happy ideas out. I'm hoping that you've stumbled upon this video, upon, because you're searching for how to transcribe a video for free. That's right, for free. This is the way to do it. It's a really brilliant method. I've been using it for about a year now and oh my goodness, it's saved me so much typing, so much grief and it's so easy. All you need is a YouTube account and if you're watching this, I'm taking a wild gamble that you have a YouTube account. So let's dive in and I'll show you how to do it. So this is the video that I want to transcribe. It's a video of me on BBC News 24 from a hundred years ago back when I had hair. Comedy awards like the open mic offer new comedians much more than prize money. And I wasn't looking for a free transcription service. Let's get rid of this guy. I wasn't actually looking for a free transcription app or websites. I just wanted to get to the subtitles file that contained the subtitles that YouTube auto generates every time you upload a video. Let me back up a bit. Every time you upload a video to YouTube, whether it's public or private, it automatically auto generates a transcript. That's why when you press on this button here, the subtitles or closed captions button, it brings up the subtitles that it has automatically detected. Let me play you a bit of this video just to show you what I mean. Productions and that all-important 15 minutes of fame. But the prize every comedian would give their best line for is this one, the Perrier Award. So let's pause it there. This is absolutely amazing. It's got better within the year. I'm recording this at the end of 2019. I swear in the last six months, the standard of the auto-generated subtitles is just phenomenal and it even manages to capture English accents or as you can hear here, Scottish accents. I mean, we're all speaking slowly and clearly. And sometimes when I go a bit southern England, it struggles the key part. But by and large, it pretty much captures all the words that are in the video. And as you can see on this line here, the only word it couldn't catch is the brand name Perrier. So all I wanted to do was to get a transcript, which is also generated out of YouTube so I could use it as a transcript on my blog or I could even put it back into YouTube as my own correct subtitle file where I've corrected the words that it's struggled with. At an extreme, you can even use this to transcribe a video and use that transcript to release a book. I even managed to release an entire book on Amazon based on that. It's a chat with my dad about being a taxi driver in the 1960s in London. But then you do the suburbs. Afterwards. Yes. Kind of a couple of parents, you know. Can't think of anything. I hated it. I ended up releasing that as an entire book, that transcript there. And that was all from capturing the auto-generated captions, getting them out of YouTube and you can publish on Amazon if you wanted. It's a brilliant technique for just transcribing any words, any thoughts that you want to have written down. This method is by far and away the best that I've found. And also if you're interested in writing, it's often a lot easier to say the thoughts out loud and to then afterwards turn that into some kind of transcription and use that text as a thing to edit, rather than having to write it out by hand or type it. It does help to speak freely off the top of your head and then capture those words and use that text to edit later. So anyway, if you want to have a look at that video, that's up above and if you click on the I, it's there. But let's go back to the video that I want to transcribe. This BBC News 24 report. This BBC talent scout says, comedians treat the festival as a trade fair and the perrier is harmless fun. It isn't the only way to develop your career. All right, there I am back in the 1990s with Machunky Oatmeal Nitswear. Let's use this vision of turmoil to capture the transcription. I'll show you exactly where to go. Firstly, you need to upload your video or your recording to YouTube. There are lots of other videos on the Internet to show you how to do that. I'm going to assume that you've already got the video up. It doesn't have to be public. It could be unlisted, so nobody need ever see this. You can do this with MP3 recordings, but you have to transfer. I'm talking at the end of 2019. At this stage, you're not allowed to upload MP3 recordings to YouTube. So what you'd want to do there is to convert it to an MP4 file or some kind of video file and then upload that to YouTube. Once the video is in YouTube and you can see it, give it a couple of hours. It takes about an hour or two for the subtitles to appear. This has been uploaded for a couple of days now. I can tell that the subtitles are here quite easily by clicking on the subtitles button down here. You can turn them on and off there. So to get to the transcript, what you need to do is to look at these three buttons here, I'll zoom in for you on the screen. There they are. See those three dots? There's actually a little menu. So if you click on that, there's reports. Don't press that. That won't help. Go down to Open Transcript. Ka-ching. And there, as if by magic, on the top right hand corner of your YouTube page, you'll see it's even labeled transcript.  So I think the acts who are up for it you can see it scrolls for you. Now, what I did at first was to just drag my cursor down here. The trouble with this, as you can see, is that it's also capturing the time codes. So if I copy that and paste it into pages here on a Mac or into Word, if I paste that, you can see that it's brought up all of the times. There is a really easy way to get rid of that. Next to the word transcript, in that box on the top right hand corner, next to transcript, there's another three-dot menu. There's three dots for upwards. I wonder if that means something. If you click on that, it brings up the option for toggle timestamps. I think I'd like to call my third child toggle timestamps.  It toggles the timestamps. So all we need to do is scroll up to the top and I'm going to drag, clicking down on my mouse and just dragging all the way down to the final words, which I thank you, Philip. And then I'm going to hit copy, which for me is the command button and C, or you can right-click on your mouse, go down to copy. Then I go over to my word processor. Now, on the computer I'm on, it's a program called Pages. If you're on a PC, you might have a word processing program like Word. So I've pasted in the transcript and I don't know if you can see, but it has kept the sentences truncated, it's kept the lines truncated as almost as if they are appearing on a screen. And it's put some hard returns in these lines, which doesn't look very elegant. So you can take these out manually, but that will take forever because even on a short video, that's over a page worth. There's a quick way to do this. This was really difficult to find on Pages for Max. You might have stumbled on this video looking for how to remove hard returns or carriage returns on Mac pages. And the way to do it is this. If you click on Find, which is in the Edit menu, go down to Find and then click on Find. You'll see it's brought up another menu saying Find and Replace. Now what we're gonna look for is a special character. So we have to type in the coding for it and the button that you want to press is a backslash n. So here's the backslash, it looks like that. It's not the one underneath the question mark, which looks like that. It's the one that is under this weird line and it looks like that. And then the code letter is n. So backslash n, it's gonna find all of those. And you can see it's highlighted all of the carriage returns. Maybe n stands for new line, I don't know. But anyway, so it's backslash n. And then in the Replace line, I'm gonna hit space. I'll do it really loudly so you can hear me hitting the space bar. There you go. So it's gonna look for all of the carriage returns that it's highlighted and it's gonna replace them with a space. So if I hit Replace All, and as you can see, it's giving you a complete transcript that flows. Let me show you how to do that on Word. You paste the transcript from YouTube into a blank document. And similarly, you click on Find. Now the character, the code character we need to find here, it's like a hat sign. I'll show you a shot of that. On my keyboard, it's above the six. And then letter p, that means, I think it means new paragraph or paragraph return. All of those new line commands which are hidden in the text. If you go to Replace and just hit space once and then Replace All, it replaces all of those paragraph marks with a space. I wish I could find a way of doing this for Google Docs. I cannot find anywhere how to find the hidden code and replace it with a space. If you know how to do that in Google Docs, please, please, please leave me a comment. I've skipped over some assumptions here, like you know how to find the hidden characters. I found the invisibles. We're going to View and then down to Show Invisibles. There you go. But if you have any other questions, please leave me a comment. It'll be lovely to hear from you anyway. Just say hi. And I hope this helps you transcribe any video or any recording that you want and turn that into a transcription that you can use. If you have reached this point in the video, I hope this has helped. Give me a thumbs up. If you reached this point in the video, it'd be lovely to know someone reached this far. And if you're feeling even kinder, you don't have to watch any video of mine ever again. But if you hit the Subscribe button in the corner or on my face, it'll help us reach our cherished goal of hitting 1,000 subscribers. And good luck with your free transcribing. I hope this does the trick. And leave me a comment if it doesn't. Bye. Can you please help my daddy get 1,000 subscribers? Just click in the space. Thanks, bye. How was that?