Good morning, everyone. We are fortunate to have Bob along with us. Welcome Bob to the functional conference. And Bob is going to talk about COSI APL. Over to you, Bob. Okay. I want to say hi to the international global crowd and indication from that of how COSI is both very old and perhaps the newest language that's here. And let me go over here. This is actually COSI running. And let me put down a timestamp. It's 7.30 a.m. here. Let me loop that out. COSI has evolved and lived my life in APL in the 70s on. And I learned of FORCE, which I consider the minimal machine. Well, I'll go through this. But it's Ken Iverson is the daddy of APL. And Chuck Moore, who's still with us, is the creator of FORCE. And the purpose of COSI, I put it, is to artificially aid my intelligence. I learned APL in the first place because I needed to learn math of multi-dimensional algebra and geometry. And as we talked, there are other talks on APL which give you a flavor of that.  As long as you're dealing in menus and so forth, you can't truly have control over it. You need language. And so the effort is for very, very simple language, but at the same time profoundly deep. Because one of my particular interests, for instance, would be making a boxing model of planetary physics and temperature physics in particular. So it's for the computer-aided individual's purpose. And thus the interface itself, and this is COSI divided by MIM, is integral to productivity. So a desire is to maximize the derivatives, the real productivity per unit time, and the acceleration of that, continual acceleration. And one of the things is the goals is not so much system programming and all of that as, again, the use of more or less ordinary people who've never heard of GitHub and COSI language is more powerful in any case. So I just have all the code. The code is all open code. And it's simply index because that's easy to deal with. And this is one of the things relative to a lot of the things spoken at this conference. The code is material. And this APL notions from APL went out to Archive Witness K. But bottom line, instead of having a lot of vocabulary about things, you know, when it gets down to it, particularly because all the code is open, so you can look at it and see exactly what it does. And that represents that is the theory. APL and forth shares some attributes. And I've been accused also of taking it to the extreme. And actually I will go and just, there's a quote from Chuck Moore. There's some links to simplify and there's several other quotes. This is Paige, it's got a lot of the, well, one of the things that's interesting is Hello World versus Python. At the top level, they are interpreted. So you're sitting there and you're able to go and do things in the interactive. This is essentially the APL concept of the workspace. This is essentially my workspace. And you have this is essentially the log section. And this is any result we'll see coming up with results. And the other thing about both APL and forth, they are languages for creating vocabulary as opposed to making programs. So the vocabulary that works together, words that work together in sentences rather than making, if you will, massive programs and set programs. A couple of design principles is great video on the design of the Apollo 11 computer, which of course is very minimal in 1969. There are a couple of design principles that are fundamental and cozy. One of the things is when I hit, I just hit control up, then we'll get to control it. But one of the first design principles on the incredible, you know, just absolutely minimal moon lander computer was use a high level language. And that's why APL, APL is the highest level language as you can see from some of the other presentations. The other one has become quite important because it's trivial to go right down and see when I start executing things, right down something that will blow cozy away. The other, like there, I'm not sure what I did control off mine. Yeah, the others restart on failure and because it just did. Now APL works on entire collections on order checks. As you've seen in other presentations, and it put the overall goal in terms of the vocabulary of cozy and it's very, very much derivative of both the witness K and check out kx.com for sort of on an enterprise level. What what these languages can do, but put it in terms of wanting to have a vocabulary that is easy. It facilitates become the tort application of functions or Arthur and Iverson before start calling verbs to data or nouns. And APL factors and notes which you see continually into operators or what what can we call adverbs. And an aspect of APL the level of APL is just to have a vocabulary so that you can think it's done. This is the thing for people that to have an extremely powerful replacement for a slide rule in a sense except, you know, orders of magnitude more powerful. And I don't like to have to think something twice, which is why I'd like to be able to go and and define something. Arthur Whitney, the APL you've seen out with Whitney simplified that to this list, which actually box is that suggested you're talking about Iverson's work back in his original touring award lecture. And Arthur made the structure much more transparent. And cozy is taking that absolutely further so it's open code all the way down to the chip or all the way down to the processes on on an FPGA, his fourth processes are actually run directly in FPGA. This, for instance, is the definition of a dot product. Classical about product in cave. They now will shift to to the fourth and things which is what a is not just sort of. The alternative to the languages like C and Java and so forth that are generally used before it was generally used for very, very small very compact embedded systems and so forth. But most fundamentally it's a minimal vocabulary. The goal is a minimal vocabulary to create a dictionary capable of extending itself, the way I would put it, but you can create language in the language of chip word by word to interface with other languages, including human. It's the ultimate flexibility. And it's RPM reverse Polish notation, read it do it syntax, but you can make a word words that look ahead in the input, as you'll see. Get down to what it actually looks like. So you can construct any vocabulary and since that you can see all of the languages presented here could be written probably more succinctly and directly than whatever languages have written and I'm actually I'm not that clear on. See is fundamental or this job is left. I don't know that any of these other languages directly in assembly. And here. There's basic basic rules for for. The extreme simplicity of force and. Whoops. And I'm cozy. A word in force is what is any non blank string of characters, okay, and space is the prime denominator. This simple brilliance by Chuck Moore is tremendously opens up the nature of the words you can create. Very simple and as I said syntax is essentially now noun verb. Because it's a stack oriented language. And in cozy. You'll see. Well, I'll get to that. But one of the things all nouns and this. And at the fourth level, you'll see, they have, well, I'll get back over here and get back to where I was. But here actually, this is an important a very, very, very easy indexing is modulo. So it's like zero one, two, three, four, zero. And that that replaces for this syntax extension, which is talked about an APL and so forth. And, yeah, let me just be good over here. I'm not a fashion is going towards this. Yes, I'll go to to here's the. Now here actually check. Just simply returns you the name of the non blank string of characters after you. And let me, this is a comment symbol, let me put in a comment symbol. So that just returns that string, let me take out the, the comment symbol. This will start this job. Which is the, the job that you normally, this is the beginning job. You'll see actually the definitions of the other function keys and function keys that execute things. The most important one is that six whatever line. The cursor is on this will execute it and shift up to that you'll see will execute as raw force. And the other one you'll see me use is, is control which you see me whenever anything I open up everything in a browser. Those are the main keys and then there are timestamp keys because keeping a time stamp log of all your businesses is important for the ordinary for the business of life. But everything is in this. And this is most most fundamental. This is, this is back to here is names. This gives a list of names. I'm going to just go through here because again, it should become interested in it. Then we can get together and follow up and so forth. But the first three items in a cozy word. Word. Any, any list are tied counts and reference count. Let me come back over here. I'll refer back over to this. But here I'm going to go and starting when I talk about force being right at the chip level. And this happens to be at 86. I'm just going to just execute this and I'm using the shift that fits which are, as I said, go and execute just in raw force. And looks. You'll see. I'll go through this step by step and what it does. But this essentially is reverse Polish. So it puts things on status. There is actually a vision of the staff down here at the very bottom of the screen. But that can't read. So God asked those and puts me shows me the contents of the staff. And so when I execute the one it puts a one on the stack. Two puts it now it's got one and two on the stack. Minus is obviously a verb that takes the difference of the two and puts that on the staff. And then, and then. God goes in and prints out the one and now there's nothing on the staff. Um, as I said, the a cozy objects. Um, let me come I'll go and kind of figure out the sequencing of going through things to get through things. This is I'm sure rather foreign to most people here trying to get the sequence to go through things. To take that one to take the one off the staff. Underline nine is also underline after they go floating points. This goes and and I'm hitting it. That's six. Now. Not sure why that happened. Yeah. Um, but again, that's why the restart on failure is important. Um, that puts that return to actually one item. cozy object and and to show you how directly. Uh, what what that created. Is it actually created a, a, a, it's allocated a. It was just tight. The first cell type four is integer. It's four bytes. It's the count is one. It's the one item. And actually, uh, here. Um, it's got, um, it's got zero is the reference. There's no other, there's no other objects watching it. When, when things are allocated, they start off with the reference count of zero. When something else is referring to them, then that count will increase. This is never managed dynamic objects. You can see. And when it returns to zero, then it's free. It's following Arthur's hit me structure. Greatly out of this. So, um, I can go and execute here. The difference in at the x86 level and then converted it to an industry. Now to make the word. Then in, in, in, of course, it's just colon, the name of the word. And then the, uh, the, uh, sequence. Um, in. For this, sort of the original concatenated language, that's a word that's used. It's not quite as pure as I wish there were various things, but this is where we're starting. But so this, this creates the word. I've just created the word. Minus minus two. So now I can go and execute this and I'm going to show. But that returns this, this one, oh, here's the, or the minus one. Here's the minus one action. So one of the things you see, I'm like any, this is the person. I think seen actually the x86 level. Um, um, What's, what's actually at the bottom of, of, of, of these, um, Languages. So, um, Oh, here we've got iota was, was mentioned earlier. And let me put it in again. One of the things that's very convenient about this RPM. Notations. See it do it notation. Is that iota actually mentioned as an APL. And when I first heard APL, I thought, boy, that's weird. This returns first in injuries. They wanted to show that, that in APL, this, this would not work. This is again, you have these, these, this is times and it's integer time. This is one of the things that a level of generic generic, genericization has not been done in pose. Yes. It's after has done that. In any case, I've done things that were reduced the, the variance and unknown going in generalizing and making tables to go and then have it. No, whether something is an integer or not, I mean, type is, that's why the type is the very first shell in the, in a, in an item. This doesn't show us it's typically it just used this modular index and causes it to use one minus one one minus one. And you see the multiplied top and bottom and so forth. You seem to use this word. Pick, which just essentially, or I'm calling it quaw. It just simply returns the following word as a string and I found this extremely useful because the names of things and this is all about having an interactive, you know, computing environments. Now, one of the most fundamental, extremely powerful words. And I think I may want to get back over here. You show this tick versus tick. This is extremely powerful word because what it does is it returns the address of the following word the address of whether it's a noun, or a verb. So, here's, here's the dot product. We just use that in, in, in cozy. And so it's floating point. It multiplies the voting point and then check those and returns the address of this verb. And blank over here. Again, there are these iterators. I guess I've heard that word is here, but essentially you can have several different forms. And these these follow monadic and dyadic and not terminology is from a pl. And there's also this is something that Arthur really sort of I think added is left and right versions. And then there are various scans and so forth and I guess another language is called maps. So, this is, this is taking. So this multiplies the two items and then goes and then applies it adds across them. This is a scan across. So essentially that's the same. That's equivalent to the definition and you've got a plus slash. Okay. So, and this is one of the things is here if I have six this and now defined it and see actually goes and there's actually the x86 code. And then it's it's it's not the address of that. Plus. And then it's loading that and then it's just calling us across to go and then some across the list. You can see I guess in other languages, a lot of evaporation to call like maps and so forth. And let's see where. Oh, okay, let me just show that the thing works. Taking 10 out and let me go and put a comment symbol right in there. So there you have, I would attend converted to floats. And dot dot makes, puts to make, you know, duplicates it and then got. Okay. Just to show, again, they actually be on the fourth end of things people do not have any sorts of objects. There's a difference if I do it and flip it and then do it dot. Now, one of the things is you see here that that I was able to define something just with a colon. And that starts that says essentially go and instead of executing this, go and add it to the dictionary, the fourth dictionary and because that you see actually the fourth has a different relationship between compilation versus any, any, any traditional language. And there's actually quite a vocabulary to do things that just are inconceivable in other languages. And so there's a fair amount of vocabulary that that just is about definitions and turning on and off from definitions, this in particular those and stop compiling and switch to the middle of the definition, you can go and say, okay, execute something now, while I'm watching the action of defining and then go and put that on the stack and then go and, you know, so again, these are things that are inconceivable in other languages. That is not essentially, I think, derived, I guess, post script to understand this and stuff. A lot of similar features. In any case. Oh, one of the things. No, I think I've got it over here. Yeah, you have a vocabulary of since you're working on lists all the time. And they can be numeric they can be very general type zero. In type is actually the list of lists. The list of the addresses and so forth so. You have let me come down here. Oh, all of the the entire dictionary, everything that is saved when, whenever I execute something any, any of these languages that actually saving my entire environment so that's why it restarts where it is. And all of that is stored in a in a root directory are. And our is a list of two, two lists. Let me go and show the status is count because how many that's. And so I got to items and it's a list of let me quickly. Each of those just got 28 items in it. And the first the first column. Let me put a comment in there. One of the things you can see is that this is definitely an environment for this interactive action and so forth. So, these are all the items, the names of the items that are in each of those groups, which is saved every time I had a and that's it can execute something. And in particular you can see. Oh, here's the text. This is this is actually. This is actually a little bit of cleverness to show, which is going to take me that person. And it's the size of each of those. It's going and catnating connecting them in a very list like way is two items, and then it's flipping them so I'm going to just execute that. So this is the size, the number of bites of each one of those for instance the text is currently 36,000 bytes. And which is Yeah, let me take off this. This is conceived. This is all the same text and so forth that is right here. The tabularies tend to be big. Because we'd like to have, again, it's just thinking you go and I'm trying to word that will go and get things done and there's a tremendous amount of a tabular that is dealing with the splitting and bicing strings and so forth might protect yourself. No, just go. Yeah, this is this is actually x words goes and returns a list of their these contexts and these are these are the words and all of the different contexts. And this is essentially grabbing the first items out of those. The one thing I want to, you know, get across because going in is a lot to get done very succinctly. And this environment you see has got this result variable. And it's got the text which is just like a log to use like a log and this bottom one which I haven't gotten to state. This contains one of the things you can see is virtually any single line you have is like having a, it's like menu, every line is menu. All you have to do is that fix it, execute it and so forth. So there are a lot of things kept around just simply to do in that in that manner. One of the thing is cozy. I don't know how you count all it's got is my man use and it's at this point. And it needs a hedge to make a community. I know that this is an awful lot. And I'm not the most straightforward under, you know, mind to follow. But if this gets across the notion that here is something to express with something that despite it has very, very. You can start if you will foundation and APL goes back to potentially not the same age and risk. Chuck Moore slightly later around the end of the 60s. But these two languages. APL and simplified some of them. Okay. Are the, the queen of language that are, you know, the mathematically, the most succinct there's simplicity in the mathematical sense of being able to express algorithms. Very, very succinctly and definitely to go and look at what these languages are capable of the main uses. Well, for instance, I mean, the main uses are in global and global finance. Arthur came out of Morton Stanley and K is that's kx.com market you go and look at that. Because essentially for cozy is that opened up to the chip. And even to to the, the fourth processor, which is the fundamental fourth language is consistent as few as about 30 definitions. And I know that these three projects one by a friend another that's going to be spoken about the Silicon Valley fourth interest group conference this Saturday. Another fourth processor as a core on on an FPGA so you can have entire fields of fourth processors on an FPGA and cozy is there to be able to express the parallel algorithms and have that implemented. You don't know and like recompile from big thing. If you've got something that needs to be changed in cozy you just go down to that vocabulary that is relevant and change you to that level. I, yeah, need definitely at this point, and this is harder perhaps in creating languages creating the language community, the language pool, the ecosystem and business. And one of the particular needs is replacing this, this IUP GUI which is one has its own bugs, and is used because that was what got connected to the V before this was building. But it needs to be, you know, this is, you know, let me talk about it. This is where it is. This is both with very old roots, but youngest language, and definitely something you've not seen before. But one of the things I plan to have a zoom next Saturday morning and email me to RSVP if you want to get that. Since this has been up all night, and now the sun is out, I'm not going to hang around after the talk, but let me. Any, any, anybody. Yeah, any questions, whatever. Hey Bob. Thanks. Thanks for the time for the talk. It's something completely different. Yeah. And it's very, very, you know, I think you can see that all the confusion there's a tremendous amount of power though. Right. Yeah. Yeah. Right. And there's definitely not seen nobody else has shown you actual machine code. Right. There are a lot of definitions. I know that one of the things that impressed Jim, Jim Brown, who wrote the IBM's APL two. That's one of the things that impressed me when he was impressed by the fact. Oh, wow. The assembly language, but the actual words are the definitions tend to be various to shape to. But again, it's an awful lot to just go into and, you know, right. I wedded some people's appetite. Right. Right. I just like want to see like if anyone from the audience has any questions. Superficially complicated. Yeah, they're both, they're both, they're both complicated and simple. That is this sort of, yeah, that's actually sort of this duality there.  I learned APL because I recognize that I really needed to learn multi dimensional algebra and geometry. And I, the complexity of even summation signs was too much for me. I really couldn't get things until essentially, I learned a times B where A and B were two matrices. Okay, that I can bet that fits in my brain from one to end of, you know, this and so forth. That's too complex for me. So thank you everyone for joining and thank you all for this amazing talk.


The mysteries of Islam fascinate us time and time again This is no different from the life story of the Prophet Who was Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wa alihi wasallam? An illiterate doesn't merchant who one day stumbled upon amazing Arabic rhetoric Or was he the creation of Allah's greatest light? Sent down to earth to pull man out of ignorance and bring them to the purest of truths I Ali Burji, I'm on a journey to discover the real story behind the Prophet The real story behind our religion the roots the beginning the cradle of civilization So doctor regarding Benny Hashem Were they in charge of the Kaaba by means that they were appointing people different roles to run Run the the the town if you could be called the town or settlement or by then was it a town? It was a town wasn't it doctor? Yeah, I think yeah, so were they the ones responsible for appointing people different Responsibilities or where they Carrying them out themselves for example with regards to what water Providing water to the pilgrims were they just gonna go themselves? So did they have that recognition by everyone that they appointed people to do these jobs? By virtue of their Conduct as well as their piety They were recognized By the people of Makkah if you like and probably others surrounding the city of Makkah that they were unique individuals and They had this status social status by By you know providing helping the needy Providing food and water during hunger When there was famine and hunger and people were desperate they went out of their way like Hashem and So by default Because of the state social status that they had gained and the respect that they had gained through their help to the people They became the if you like the custodian of the of the Kaaba and this was past on from Hashem to his son Abdul Muttalib and he continued that so probably not We don't have any evidence at least we're not aware that they were doing running the whole city Probably other leaders of what I was were doing that But they they had a special status through their help and conduct Towards the people social Help which they provided Whether during hunger or during the pilgrimage pilgrimage season when pilgrims used to arrive at Makkah to perform the Hajj They used to provide according to reports for their food and water Which of course they probably is appointed people to help them whether with the water and the food and so on goes without saying but They were the driving force behind that and they were If you like planning it and making sure they provide they Make these provisions for the for the other on cause because the reports say that Hashem is to kill his own camels to do that So they acquired this respect in the eyes of the people through their Conducts through their piety. They were known. They were following a monotheistic religion the religion of Ibrahim alaihi salam So that added to their social status to their respect rather than following the What had become the trend of everyone sort of setting up their own God? An idol sort of worshiping it They still had that sort of special respect because they stuck to their to their religion or the religion of their forefathers Which is the religion of Ibrahim alaihi salam All of these added For their standing so in society in the eyes of the Mekken people Did were there any other tribes who were? Let's see powerful in Maccadre than Benny Hashem The power of Benny Hashem comes through their as I said through their status in terms of piety and helping others rather than Any other power at least we're not aware that they had armies and so on So probably there were other other tribes who were more powerful in respect of army or wealth or whatever The main focus of the of Benny Hashem, Benny Hashem, Hashem, Abdul Muttalib, Abu Talib They had a lot of respect because of their conduct because of their piety Because of their help either for the pilgrims or during famine time so in a way there were They were recognized officially as They were they were custodians of the Kaaba that was Recognized but with regards to leadership Was anyone ruling Mecca or was it left unruled? Yeah, there were there was all these collect porridge if you like, which is a collection of a collective of various clans They were if you like they taking care of the If it can be said a ruler there wasn't such a such a single ruler who like a king or a Head of state or whatever at that time So it was more tribal rather than anything else. But the thing which stood up basically was the Behavior Individually and socially piety and helping others which I call the eyes of the people as far as Benny Hashem are concerned as far as Hashem Abdul Muttalib and Abu Talib are concerned Well, where I was trying to get to is I've I've heard and read about Ben Umeya the claims that they have Been written about them being related to Benny Hashem I wanted to get an understanding regarding that because later on during the lifetime of the holy prophet So long, but even more later on after Imam Ali and Imam Hassan and Imam Hussein, we all know very well what has happened between Benny Hashem and Benny Umeya When did this start and how did it start? this clash between these two clans this Because Benny Umeya have always shown that they wanted to be superior from Benny Hashem as if they were always jealous from them they envy them for their status and When did this start? Is it clear so Benny Hashem is because of the standing of Benny Hashem they became if you like automatically by default through consensus because of the respect that they'd gained in the eyes of the people whether the Meccan people or the pilgrims and so on that Hashem and his sons were really worthy of being the custodian of the Ka'ba by virtue of their apiety and the services they provided Food and drink food and water that are giving to the Pilgrims which is extremely important if you imagine at the time of scarce food and facilities and so on and The kind of desert area of the value of Mecca and so on Giving food and water is extremely valuable as far as the recipients and of course must be hard work for An effort and as well as the investment that they make As far as the donors which is Hashem and Benny Hashem for example So yeah, that was that was that you weren't mentioned about Omeya so according to what has been said and known that Abshams and Abshams was the Nephew of Omeya No, Abshams was the brother of Hashem. Sorry Abshams was the brother of Hashem and That Omeya and they say that Omeya is the son of Abshams. Yes. Is that true? No Okay, it is it has become known that They refer to Omeya as Omeya Ibn Abshams Omeya the son of Abshams and So it's been taken for granted that Omeya and Hashem are related and if you like Omeya is being the son of Abshams is the son of Abd Minnaf and Hashem is the brother of Abshams and the son of Abd Minnaf So they all descend of Abd Minnaf, but and this has been unfortunately one of the Notions which has paid which has taken a lot of Well firmly established if you like But we have scholars and researchers who Published their works and so on they say they have proven that Omeya was not the son of Abd Shams and In fact, he was a Roman slave who was adopted who was like bought by Abd Shams and then he freed him and He adopted him as a son, but he wasn't The son of Abd Shams, he wasn't the he had there is no blood relationship between Abd Shams and Omeya Is this many Omeya and people like Muawiyah and so on are they pride themselves that to say that we are from Quraish Omeya are from Quraish and because their father is Abd Shams Abd Shams is the brother of Hashem and they both And And they they pride themselves that they're related to Benny Hashem and Because their father is Abd Shams the brother of Hashem, but this is not true According some research work was done in a book which is been established by an expert in lineage I can if you like I can show it to you, please The details that I've recorded In a book by Sheikh Abdul Hamid Al-Khaqani and Najafi In his book, Ilm Al-Ansaab the he was expert in lineage He says that in refuting this notion that Omeya is the son of Abd Shams He recites he cites the communication between Muawiyah and Imam Ali alaihi salam Imam Ali wrote a letter to Muawiyah in response Muawiyah wrote back Starting with this at least he mentioned this phrase that inna ma nahnu wa antum Benua abd manaf Muawiyah addressing Imam Ali says we and you at least we are if you like cousins because we are both Are the descendants of abd manaf abd manaf being the father of Hashem and the father of abd shams and They claim that Omeya was the son of abd shams but Imam Ali rejects that and says He wants to show the difference between him Imam Ali and Muawiyah He says He says The migrant those who migrated from Makkah to Medina The migrant is not like the Taliq. Taliq means the one who has been set free if you remember Ben-Nusuf Yaan and all those people who Fought the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa alaihi During the many campaigns they waged against the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa alaihi When the Prophet If you like at the conquest of Makkah when he conquered Makkah Without any fighting and without the Any bloodshed whatsoever Makkah was overrun and overcome by the Muslim army if you like under the leadership of the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa alaihi and Quraish Probably Abu Sufyan the father of Muawiyah who was the spearheading the campaign against the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa alaihi They were very worried. They were very worried and they were concerned and obviously frightened that he's gonna The Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa alaihi is going to punish them Given the all the hardship that they had caused all the killings that they had caused killing the Muslims including the uncle of the Prophet Hamza But despite all that the Prophet who had all the power and authority in Makkah He said them free for the work and to mutlaka you are free and I'm not gonna impose any punishment against So Imam Ali as-salam says those who out of their free will migrated From Makkah to Medina with the Prophet Are not the same as those who been set free after waging all these wars and against the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa alaihi And they were when they were in in weak position.  There's no ambiguity about that. Kalla siq La siq means someone who's been attached If you like to the tribe Like omaya omaya was attached to the tribe. He wasn't he didn't have any blood relationship to abd shams and It continues in here color of me fees have been at the bar in the book safe enough to be hard The author says reports from Kamil al-Bahai Inna omaya kana gulaman room in a little abd shams indeed. Omaya was a Roman slave To owned by abd shams When he fell in love with him in fatan, but I think what about now he when he found him clever and so on and He set him free But he wanted him so he adopted him as a son and therefore the Arabs at that time At the time of the Jahiliya because he adopted him. They used to say omaya bin abd shams So that's how it became known that omaya is the son of abd shams Whereas was it something clear back then adult at that time at the time of the holy prophet? So long was it something clear or was it something clear as I said So basically after ben yomeya, they used that and they fabricated hadiths To create a connection with them and no, I mean just it just became known that they didn't mean to Fabricate anything it just that here omaya a mouawiya claimed that Abdu Benu abdu benal and the Imam Ali said no and Kamil Bahai said omaya was a Roman slave to abd shams Okay, he set him free and then he adopted him as a son and the public referred to him as omaya bin abd shams Okay I express It says for Benu omaya Kaafatan leesum in Quraysh, therefore Benu omaya the tribe of omaya the clan of omaya The in their entirety they're not from Quraysh. Wa inna ma luhuqu wa lusuqubih. They have been just if you like Attached to them and because of Abd shams adopting that Omaya as a son, but he's not there is no blood relationship if you like That's why my ma Ali aleyhi salam refers to him as la siq and he's not sariha Whereas they are sorry. So that is that me that needs I thought that needs to be clarified. Yeah, thank you Yes, of course, they had their animosity towards a little bit. Alayhi salam Benu omaya They are referred to in the Quran as shajr al-mal'oona the curse tree if you like and And Yeah Quran way You mean which I am yes, the eye is Surat al-Israa and I a number 60 With Colna Laka in a rabaka a hatab al-nas Wama jahanna Ruiya Latie a Reena ke illa fitnata Lina si what shajr al-mal'oona to fill Quran When I'll have with them my Yazid Fama Yazid om illa toyanan Kabira And the translation of that at least I start from halfway Arkansas from the beginning is that And remember when we told you verily your Lord has encompassed mankind I they are in his grip and we made you Sorry, and we made not the vision which we showed you o Muhammad but a trial for mankind and Likewise the accursed tree in the Quran we won't and make them afraid But it only increases them in not save great disbelief oppression and disobedience to Allah Yeah, I say that's a shajr al-mal'oona the the Mufassir in if you say tafsir al-Quran they say by shayr man-oona means bani umayyah and The Ruiya the dream that he saw the Prophet saw was that he saw Monkeys Going up the member of the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa alaihi and that really distressed him and This is their There's a woman. I don't know what you are a naka. I love it. Nata Linna's It's a trial and tribulation It's a testing for the for the people what you get a man-oona to put on so yeah, they had animosity to to Ahlul bait Ali Muslim to the Prophet and I'm bait Ali Muslim Abu Sufyan and and his wife hind They had they were spearheading campaigns against the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa alaihi and of course we had others who unfortunately showed animosity To a little bait Ali Muslim to the Prophet and a little bait Ali Muslim You know the first rule a second ruler and so on who came a third ruler who came to rule after the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa alaihi They had They were staunch enemies of a little bait the Prophet Sallallahu alaihi wa alaihi imam Ali alaihi salam Fatimid al-Zahra al-Hasan al-Hussain in their entirety they They and they did all they did all they could to destroy That household the Prophet his household his teachings and so on Of course we can come to that inshallah in the future Muawiyah was his job to pay pay people money to fabricate hadith and these Fabrications have reached us today to the extent that his uncle Abu Talib Becomes car for the parents of the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa alaihi become coffee and so on so they try to distort The hadith they tried to distort the fact the historical fact and we just The least thing we need to do is to put them right


We described the 2020 crisis as the great lockdown. The containment measures that have been put in place are generating the scale of contraction and activity that are just historical numbers, incredible. Welcome to World Versus Virus, a podcast from the World Economic Forum that aims to make sense of the COVID-19 outbreak. This week we talked to the chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, Gita Gopinath. Nature strikes in ways that we cannot imagine and we've seen one and climate change could be even worse and so we have to prepare for that. Gita Gopinath tells us how the great lockdown will hit countries both rich and poor and what is the future for our globalised world? The world has benefited tremendously, if not perfectly, from globalisation. At this stage, to move back into a very protectionist stance, it's just going to make it that much more difficult. Also on the programme, we find out what business leaders see as the biggest risk from COVID-19 and how the pandemic has changed their outlook in just a few months. There's concerns about a prolonged global recession. This is not something we were talking about back in January. There's a number of these sort of economic or socio-economic concerns that have really risen to the top. World Economic Forum managing director, Sadia Zahidi, tells us about the COVID-19 risks outlook, a wide-ranging survey of opinions published this week. We asked leaders to look at the next 18 months and I think in the current context, 18 months even is a fairly long timeframe. Subscribe to World Versus Virus on Apple, SoundCloud, Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts. I'm Robin Pomaroy and this is World Versus Virus. She's one of the world's most influential economists, so we wanted to ask her to gop in earth where the global economy is headed now after what she's called the Great Lockdown. She spoke to my colleague Max Hall, who started by asking her how the current crisis is different from the financial crash of 2008. This started out as a health crisis. It's led to an economic crisis. And we hear a lot of experts saying it's completely unlike the 2008 crisis, which started in the financial sector. The response back then was emergency liquidity. Given that now the cause is so different, what should our response be? And at what point, if at all, can you see economies getting back to normal again? You're right. This is a very different crisis. I mean, we say this is a crisis like no other. And what it means is that the policies obviously will be very different this time around. Very glaringly, this time around, the number one policy has to be with regard to health, because this is a health crisis, which means that governments have to spend on ensuring that they have enough health facilities, that there is enough medical equipment, testing, contact tracing. So these are kinds of things that has not been initial in previous recessions. And this is going to be number one. This is needed not just for mitigating the crisis, mitigating the health problem, but also for ensuring a sound recovery once we come out of this health crisis. So that's one big difference. The second big difference is the speed and scale with which this crisis is leading to job losses is something that we have not seen before, which means that policies have to be very targeted in helping firms and workers that are directly impacted by the lockdowns that countries are putting in. I mean, we call this the great lockdown. I mean, we describe the 2020 crisis as the great lockdown, because if you look around the world, the containment measures that have been put in place, which are needed to deal with the health crisis are generating the scale of contraction and activity that are just historical numbers. It's incredible. And the collapse in consumption that we have seen in terms of the data coming in is just really at record highs. So this is why this is a different crisis. Now, of course, there's a financial aspect to it. And you're seeing a lot of support coming from central banks around the world to support financial markets. But again, the crucial role here is to ensure that households and firms can get back on their feet as quickly as possible. And that we can return to more normal activity once the health problems are more under control. I also want to ask you about the debt crisis. So people are talking about the coming pandemic debt crisis. Which economies do you think will be most affected? Is it emerging economies? Is it Europe? Is it the US? How do you see this? And how do you see this crisis playing out?  I mean, coming into this crisis, we had, I would say, about 15 countries that we would say were already in debt distress. So about 40% of low-income countries were either already in debt distress or in high levels of high risk of being in debt distress. So that was what countries came into this crisis with already. And now we have, of course, the additional spending needs that are required. I mean, these are critical spending needs. This cannot be postponed. Governments have to spend on health and on livelihoods of people. And that is necessary. So that requires further spending. And that has implications for debt levels. So I would say that there are two kinds of issues we need to think about with respect to the debt problem. One is countries that are already in debt distress with very high levels of debt that are not able to borrow at reasonable terms on international markets. For these countries, the approach has to be to provide concessional financing, for the poorer countries to provide debt service relief. And at the IMF, we are doing both of those. We have rapid lending facilities to countries. We've doubled the access limits to that. We have about actually over 100 countries that have approached us for rapid financing needs. Secondly, we're also providing forest member nations a debt service relief on the debt that's owed to the IMF for the next, till the end of this year, for about six months. And I suspect that this will have to be a discussion that continues going forward. I suspect there will be countries that will need this more. We thought there was a G20 effort to also, for other official creditors, to provide debt relief. And that is very welcome and that's progressing. But I suspect more will be needed in the following years, both in terms of the time scale and in the nature of the debt relief that's being provided. Then of course, there's a second bucket of countries where there is no debt crisis at this point. We need to make sure that they are received the right amount of liquidity that they need to prevent them being pushed into a solvency problem, which is that they should be able to borrow at reasonable rates on market. Now, a lot of interventions that central banks have done, I mean, for instance, the US Fed in terms of their liquidity measures, I think has actually helped calm the market some for some of these countries. But that's not guaranteed in the coming years. And so liquidity facilities will be needed. And that again, there the IMF is playing a role. We just put in place a new short term liquidity line for countries. So I would say there's a solvency issue, there's the liquidity issues and both of these need to be addressed, not just now, but in the next many months to ensure that there is not a full blown debt crisis. So that's the response over the next few months. How do you see things panning out after say six months time? In 12 months time, in 18 months time and what should our response be? Well, I mean, in six months time, it looks like, you know, for many countries the health problems will still be there. You know, there is no medical solution yet. The prospect of a vaccine are there, but the best case scenario is we're talking about another from now on would maybe another, you know, 10 months or so or maybe the earliest end of the year that there could be a candidate vaccine. So for the next six months, I think we're in this phase for a lot of countries what we call phase one where there will be containment measures. And then there will also be several countries in phase two which are reopening their economies, but without a full medical cure, they will need to continue to support their economies. And you know, there's these and they might be what we call stop and start measures in terms of lockdowns. So if your question is, okay, once you come out, say maybe we get to phase three where we have the vaccine and our countries are dealing with the more normal kinds of problems that they face. And we have very elevated debt levels, how our country is going to deal with that. Again, now there, it depends on the country. So what is quite likely is that interest rates will stay low for very long, very low for very long. That obviously helps a certain countries, advanced economies especially, to roll over their debts at very low rates. And once we start recovery and growth, that should help bring down the debt levels. For other countries, especially the poorer nations, I think that debt restructuring, debt relief will have to continue to be done. And therefore, I would say also for countries, they have to find ways of raising revenues and progressive taxation could be one form of it. We talked about solidarity tax that may be needed in some countries. So again, it varies across countries, but this will be an issue the countries will have to deal with because it will be one of the big legacies of this crisis. What advice are you giving out to leaders on what to do with their economies? So again, we think of this crisis in three phases. The phase one is what's the strict lockdown, the strong containment measures. And there are actually many countries that are still most countries, I would say are still in that stage. Then there is phase two, where you have countries reopening because they've had more success with containing the spread of the virus. But this second phase is going to be very nonlinear in the following sense that, in the absence of a medical solution, you might see a resurgence of cases. You might need to reimpose measures on that. And then there's a third phase when we're past it and you're in the full recovery phase. And the advice niche phase is very different. In the first phase, the advice was, you have to do whatever it takes. You have to obviously address the health problems, spend on that. You have to ensure that firms and workers are able to survive this crisis and be quite generous in who you help. We don't broaden the scope of unemployment insurance that you provide. Now, in the second phase, I think the questions start coming up, of course, is that you can't do this on an unlimited basis. And a decision really will have to be made about how many firms can you actually protect going forward and how many would fail? And the reason we think about that is because some sectors might see a very permanent shift in demand. So any travel related industries, international tourism, and these can take a quite large hit, or very large entertainment activities that require big public access. These can take a very large hit. So then we enter a phase that you cannot support everybody. And you have to think of which ones that are more systemically important, strategically important. And for the other ones, the smaller, for the other firms, you would have to let them go into bankruptcy, but then figure out a way of how they can come back very quickly when things resume, assuming there's enough demand for them. So there are all these different phases of the crisis and the advice is very different. Despite all the uncertainty that exists, I think what we have learned is that there's one very good set of things that you can do which helps every economy at every stage. And that is testing, contact tracing, ensuring you have very good medical facilities, very good communication of how the health situation is evolving in your countries. That we have seen, if you look at which countries are having greater success in recovering, that is a number one factor. The second factor is countries that are putting in substantial fiscal measures to help their households and their workers and their firms. There was also other ones where we are seeing a recovery coming back up. So those are two big blocks. I think an important next step what's needed is as medical solutions are available and vaccines get discovered, that they produced at sufficient scale that they can be made available to everybody in the world as fast as humanly possible. And that is another big initiative that's needed. So if people are not earning, they're not spending, they're not economically active, is there a point in economies at which essentially the money runs out? I guess what I'm asking, what's the tipping point and what worries you as an economist? So if there is such a collapse in activity where nothing is getting produced and nothing is getting, there's no income and people aren't consuming, then of course that is a tragic outcome for any economy. But I don't think we are anywhere close to that. We are seeing a rapid collapse in economic activity. So we have seen, because of the great lockdown, we are seeing a big drop in production everywhere in the world. We have seen a significant collapse in consumption but a big part of that just is a reflection that people aren't going to retail stores and they're not going to restaurants just because the rules don't let them do that. So there is an important aspect of that too. But the whole point of policy at this point is that the factors of production, as we say in economics, what does it take for an economy in terms of the health of an economy in terms of the strength of an economy? What are the things that matter? What matters are the people, the human capital that's involved there, the physical capital in terms of the infrastructure that's built and how productively both these inputs are used. There is nothing that's changed with human capital. I mean, we still have the same level of human capital that people have before the crisis. There is tremendous physical infrastructure. There's a lot of physical capital that still is there to be used. So the policies are just about making sure that we can restart as quickly as possible. I think the scenario that we should expect is that all of these, the human capital, the physical capital can be used to bring economic activity back to where they were. But the fundamentals of what drives an economy remain. They have not disappeared. I'd like to ask you a little bit about how we value the state, how we value public services, how we value the private sector. How is this crisis showing the value of the state of public services of the private sector? I mean, we talk, for example, about essential workers and we use the words essential. Should we change the way we talk, the way we make policies about what's essential for our economies? Well, I mean, firstly, you're absolutely right that in dealing with this crisis on the frontline are the nurses and the doctors and the first responders who are doing an incredible job to maintain lives, to make sure that people feel that they can get the healthcare that they will need. And so just kudos to them. And I think every country has to be very, very thankful to all of these professionals. And not just in terms of words, but I would also say in terms of providing them policy packages that can support them. Secondly, I think it is what this crisis has made very clear that countries that have very strong healthcare systems, and especially those that are available to the vast majority of people are able to cope with this crisis much better. And that is something that I think should be a given even before this crisis, but this has made it even more apparent. Third, you have to find a way of providing a strong social safety net to people. Again, having systems in place where you can transfer resources to people in situations like this and the fastest way you can do that, using digital technology, those are the countries who are able to deal with this much better. So I think it's quite clear. Crisis of this kind, always you end up with much bigger role for the public sector. That's traditionally what happens. The same thing will happen now too. But I believe it is very important for countries to recognize that there are some essential services that need to be provided in terms of healthcare, in terms of education, in terms of good governance, in terms of social safety, that cannot be compromised on. And that has, that I believe this crisis has made that abundantly. I think what has also made it abundantly clear is the need for global cooperation, which is, I mean, this is a virus that doesn't respect borders. It crosses borders. And as long as it is in full strength in any part of the world, it's affecting everybody else. So this requires global cooperation to deal with it. Should stimulus packages, should they have strings attached? Should we, for example, be asking for conditions around climate resilience, lower emissions, public funding of healthcare, support for workers, support for things like bridging the digital divide? Should there be these conditions attached? Depending upon the phase of the crisis, the kinds of conditionalities you put can change. So for instance, now in most countries that are in phase one or phase two of the crisis, the goal is to make sure that workers and firms stay connected and stay matched because we don't want to see very disruptive job losses that make it difficult then to bring back workers onto jobs. And what that has implied is that, when governments have provided money to firms, they've put in conditions that if you want this loan to turn into a grant, you should prove to us that you've had a significant fraction of your workers continue to work for you. So that is a conditionality which helps the economy from a, from, you know, from everybody's perspective, it helps to have workers and firms matched. And that's a conditionality. I believe secondly, it's important that if you're going to provide money to any companies or banks that, you know, that money doesn't get turned around and sent to shareholders in the form of dividends or to share buybacks. And that is again, there are several countries that have put those kinds of conditionalities in there. So they have come with strings attached in a meaningful way. So the other question on climate, I think that is a very important issue. And it's quite clear that nature strikes in ways that we cannot imagine. And we've seen one and climate change could be even worse. And so we have to prepare for that. But the question is, how do we get the, to get to a much more greener economy, to get a much more planet friendly way of doing economic activity? What is the best measures that we can take? And I think what's clear here is that what is needed of course is to ramp up production of alternative forms of energy. That has started out, but you need a second push for that. Second to have infrastructure that's much more climate friendly. And in both these measures, the public sector can play a very big role. And we can see that as, especially when you get to a phase when countries are trying to stimulate the economies through doing more traditional public spending, public infrastructure spending that takes the form that are climate friendly would be very, very helpful in this regard. Once you have those in place, so you have alternatives to energy and you have these kinds of greener physical infrastructure then you can obviously put on top of that carbon pricing so that companies and firms internalize the impact of their activities on climate. So these are the things that need to be done. And I think this is a very good opportunity for all of this to happen because people are recognizing that nature can have a really dramatic impact on this case, your social health but also on your economic life. What do you think is the future of capitalism? What do you think is the future of globalization? I want to be optimistic and I want to say that the world will come together and we will come out of this eventually in a stronger form in terms of globalization, global cooperation in a better form for sure. But I am worried at this point. We entered this crisis already with weakening appetite for globalization and countries looking more inward. And this crisis has exhilarated that partly because of the nature of this crisis. As you've seen, there's been shutdowns on travel across borders, global supply chains have broken down because individual countries are locking down their firms. But of course, the bigger concern is that countries will then turn more protectionist, decide to move production more to their countries to put controls on exports. And that has been a big concern, especially with respect to medical supplies. So we are seeing that happening and that is a major concern. So I think we just have to remind ourselves that the world has benefited tremendously if not perfectly from globalization. It has created a lot more jobs. It has reduced cross-country inequality by raising incomes in poorer countries. This has reduced poverty in many countries in the world. Now it's not perfect, it needs to be fixed and much more needs to be done. But at this stage to move back into a very protectionist stance and drastically cut interactions with other countries in terms of goods and in terms of people will just make it very difficult to recover from this crisis. Because firms rely on global production to get the cheapest inputs. If that is not available to them, then they just can't bring back workers on to their factories. So it's just going to make it that much more difficult. The IMF's Gita Gopinath was speaking to my colleague Max Hall. Every year the World Economic Forum asked business leaders what they see as the greatest risks. The last edition published in January when COVID-19 still didn't have a name showed environmental concerns such as climate change and extreme weather events right at the top of risks for the coming decade. So how has the pandemic changed things? With partners Marshall McLennan and Zurich Insurance Group the forum has just published a report based on the views of some 350 decision makers on how they see the risks over the next 18 months. Forum managing director Saadia Zahidi told us what they'd found. Just in January when we asked business leaders to look at the biggest risks for the next 10 years climate change was very much up there. And I think we can see now with the Shorter Shorm Survey and with the current outlook that the concerns around climate and the green transition have fallen lower down the agenda. So there's risks of that nature and then there's sort of really specific risks that have risen to the top. So there's concerns about a prolonged global recession. This is not something we were talking about back in January. There are concerns about possibly another pandemic or certainly a resurgence of the current one. There are concerns about what this economic downturn means for supply chains and the knock-on effect that that might have on the movement of people and goods across borders. There are concerns about what some of the wave of bankruptcies that we're likely to see. I mean certainly what does that mean for job losses with the number of livelihoods that are being impacted but also what does that mean about the state of various industries in a year's time? Are we likely to see huge concentration of just the largest firms surviving and a lot of the small and medium-sized players disappearing? So there's a number of these sort of economic or socioeconomic concerns that have really risen to the top. We ask leaders to look at the next 18 months and I think in the current context, 18 months even is a fairly long timeframe especially if you look at the interconnections between different risks, right? So I think unsurprisingly, a lot of the economic risks are at the very top but then when you mix those economic risks with other factors that are also unfolding, that's where you're likely to see a new second order set of effects emerging. So for example, concerns about the rise of cyber crime comes out as one of the top risks. There's a lot of predictions that say that automation is likely to increase even more given what's just happened. And that of course also exposes the hastily adopted technologies that we're now all using. It exposes those to cyber crime. Sadia Zahidi was talking to my colleague, David Knowles. For more on the COVID-19 risks, out look go to weforum.org and search for the article. Several crises in one, what effects will COVID-19 have on the global risk landscape? By John Scott, head of sustainability risk at Zurich Insurance Group. And you can find the full risk report on the website too. Remember, you can find all our coverage of COVID-19 at weforum.org and follow us on Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, TikTok, YouTube and on Twitter using the handle at WEF. Thanks as always to Gareth Knowles for helping with this week's podcast. Please subscribe to receive it every week. Just search Will vs. Virus on Apple, SoundCloud, Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts. Thanks for listening and see you next week.


Greetings, laddingtons! First and foremost a massive and heartfelt thank you to everyone who signed up for Subscribestar to the greatest podcast truly means the world to me.  So one hour of your time It's something you should respect. You should respect your own time that you don't Invest an hour of your time into something that isn't worth. So what you feed your mind? It has the time aspect and more importantly, it also has the aspect of How it impacts your mind So everyone knows that of course what you eat if you eat something bad It will have a bad impact on your body if you eat something good It will make you perform better Now same thing if we're talking about what you feed your mind So I would say that, you know, you can invest something you can invest an hour into something and it can give you You know informative content for example, but also something to keep in mind is that how does it make you feel? how does a certain podcast or YouTube or Odyssey video how Does it make you feel when you watched it? Do you feel? You know, do you have an additional hunger for life? Do you have a joy of life or do you feel? Sad and despair now. I'm not saying that you should completely shut yourself off from what's going on in the world But you should also think in terms of this podcast. Does it make me hungry for life? Does it make me, you know full of energy? Do I want to continue on my path to enlightenment or not?  I'm just mentioning something here Even if you know everything they say isn't based on fact, but they present you with a sense of Mystery and adventure which you can use to you know fuel your own path. It can make you want to go to the gym So same thing when I make my podcast episodes I always come with our training updates because I want to use magic on you I want to imbue your mind with it's fun to train. I've trained this is what I've done So you always get that reminder So hopefully if I'm talking about something completely else, but I still mentioned what I've trained I will imbue your mind with a Joy of training. I wish to train Everything like that. I am interjecting into my own video to let you know that the greatest podcast Episode number 13 the philosopher prince is now available to the public So all you need to do is click the first link in the description and then you will see the latest post on Subscribestar and yeah, you can just either download it or press play and listen to an episode and After that you can decide upon whether it's worth to subscribe to the greatest podcast or not it is now back to the video and also you can look at yourself in an objective manner and See that if you listen to a certain type of music if you watch a certain type of TV series There are some good TV series which yeah, they can imbue your soul and and mind with a desire to strive upwards and onwards Then of course you have series which will make you not Pursue greatness so to speak Many such examples So be very mindful of what you feed your mind think to yourself When I've consumed an hour of this a video a podcast a TV series will it make me? Have a certain hunger for life So when I feel in need of additional motivation, I always know that I can watch Lord of the Rings or even Batman Then I have that sense of yeah This makes me motivated to write or train or even make videos or whatever it might be So keep that in mind when you pick a podcast when you invest your time you invest an hour of your time Will that? Hour you invest will it aid you will it make you happy? Optimistic full of life again. I'm not saying that you should not Partake in the news what's going on. You should stay updated, but you should also not You know spend an hour and you're just sad and without hope after listening to such a podcast or video or whatever it might be So anyway long story short. I wanted to get to the point. Maybe I ran to the bit I have no idea. Hopefully it's informative. Hopefully it's Nice anyway that I imbue you with this beautiful forest behind me and Yeah, keep that in mind. See if you invest time in a podcast Make sure the podcast is also something that brings you a certain type of fire So that being said check out all links in the description box below and I will see you in the next video xoxo


So, if you lived in ancient Mesopotamia, canals were something of a fact of life. This clay tablet shows a map of part of the irrigation system near the Euphrates River, and it dates back to around 1700 BC. And not surprisingly, when Mesopotamian mathematicians came up with practical problems for their students, a lot of the problems involved canals. And if you're digging a canal there's a number of quantities of interest, and in these canal problems there are three of particular significance. The sum of the length and width, the difference of length and width, and the area. And admittedly, calling this a practical problem is something of a stretch. The actual scribal problems involved units and required some unit conversions on the fly will simplify the problem, and a typical canal problem looks something like this. A canal 14 the sum of length and width, 45 the area, find the length and width. The scribal solution would be something along the following lines. Take half the sum of the length and width, 7, multiply this by itself, 49, subtract the area, 4, find the square root, 2. So we'll add to get the length, 7 plus 2 gives us 9, and subtract to find the width, 7 minus 2 equals 5. Now the scribes just gave these steps without any sort of explanation, so let's think about why this works. So again we have three quantities of importance. The sum of the length and width, the difference of the length and width, and the area. And there's a useful relationship between these three quantities, which you should verify algebraically. Even better, if you want to get some real insight into how the ancient world looked at mathematics, you should verify this geometrically. But the important thing here is that if you know any two of these three quantities, the sum, the difference, or the area, then you can find the third. Another useful feature here is that if you add half the sum to half the difference, you get the length. And if you subtract half the difference from half the sum, you get the width. For example, the difference of length and width is 10, the area is 75, find the length and width. So we find half the difference of length and width, that's 5. We square it, that's 25. We'll add the area to get 100, find the square root, 10. So we'll add this result to half the length and width to get 15, the length. And we'll subtract, to find 5, the width. And again it may be helpful to look at this from our modern algebraic perspective. So it's useful to remember this relationship. Half the difference squared plus the area is half the sum squared. We have the difference of length and width, so half of that gets us 5. Squaring gets 25. Add the area, now that sum is going to be 100, but it's also the square of half the difference plus the area, which our identity tells us is the square of half the sum. And when we find the square root, we have half the difference and half the sum. So if we add them, we get the length, and if we subtract them, we find the width. For a similar problem, we have the sum of length and width, and we have the area. So again, half the sum squared, this time we'll subtract the area, find the square root, add to find the length, subtract to find the width. And again from our modern algebraic perspective, we have the sum, so half of that gets us 6. Squaring, and since we have the sum of length and width, we want to subtract the area, which will give us the square of half the difference. And so we can find half the difference directly, and if we add, we get the length, and if we subtract, we get the width. Now the canal problems give rise to an important problem in interpretation. We could interpret a canal problem as a quadratic equation. So we have the sum of the length and width, and we have the area, solve for length, substitute, expand, and that gives us a quadratic equation. However, it's important to keep in mind that the Mesopotamians did not view the problem this way. They did not see this as a quadratic equation, but they saw it as a canal problem.


Blare of the Mounties, a story of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. We present Episode 18 in Blare of the Mounties, being the second and concluding part of Kitilat Lagoon. Our story finds Inspector Blair and Sergeant Marshall on the west coast of Vancouver Island engaged in the investigation of dope smuggling. Posing as tourists, Blair, Marshall and the very efficient misguest of the special service are staying at the little hotel at Kitilat Harbour. Our story opens out on the lagoon where Blair and Marshall are enjoying a morning's quiet fishing. Caddy, I thought I had that one. Gee, with a beauty too. Always keep your line taught until the fish is landed, Marshall. What's that? Another piece of philosophy, sir? Well, yes, come to think of it, the same thing applies to catching criminals. Very like fishing, needs a lot of patience. Well, let's lay off a bit and go over this case. You know, of all the jobs I was ever in on with you, this is the most intangible I ever remember. I don't see anything in it. And yet you'll admit there's something wrong here. Well, yes. Probably bootlegging. Maybe. But I think it's something more than that. But just consider this place. It's only a few hours from Victoria. And yet it's pretty isolated. Only one board a week, and then consider its geographical position. You mean close to the track of ships from the Orient? Yes, that's it. And yet they'd have to divert that cost to get near this harbour. That would mean that the ship's owners were on the dope smuggling game. No, I don't think that's the case. The stuff is usually smuggled by men in the crew. Well, they couldn't smuggle a very big quantity in that case. Not of opium? No. But now that cocaine is running heavily, it's different. It's highly concentrated. A couple of hundred thousand dollars' worth can be dropped overboard in waterproof packages. Fastened to a boy. A motorboat can run out from a place like this and get it without much trouble. Yes, I see. Do you really think this is the headquarters this man Parker is using? I have an idea, Tiz Marshall. I didn't expect to stumble on the thing so soon. But I believe we're going to run into something big here. And you better give me the lineup. Yes, that's what I began to do just now. First, there's this man Parker. We were tipped off that he's the man behind the dope racket. He's running this fortune and mining company in Vancouver. I've watched him for three months. Got nothing on him except that he uses a seaplane. And his movements have been hard to follow. Ah, you think this mining business is a blight? I don't know yet. There are some very respectable people interested in adventure. He might have a genuine business and still uses it as a screen for criminal activities. People who invest money don't often worry how profits are made. Yes, I get the idea. But how about this old commander Richford? There's another phase of the thing. The old chap's eccentric. Has this big house and this state up here and keeps everybody off his property. Miss Guest's theory is that he's a tool of Parker's. She thinks Parker may be using the house as a headquarters. I will say that Miss Guest seems to know her stuff. You know, she's as sharp as a needle. That's right. First time I ever worked with a woman in the detective business, but she knows the dope racket inside out. Anyway, this thing is beginning to fit together. It might be what we're after, Marshall. Yes, it could be all right. This place is ideal. Hardly any people up here except a few Indians. They could pick up that stuff at sea by night and run it in here. Then the sea planes could run it from here in land. It's only an hour's flying time to the US border. The thing's plausible, all right. The suspicious way these people act at the hotel certainly looks bad. And then that girl yesterday, the commander's daughter, she was frightened to death when asked about fishing on her father's place. We'll have to find some way of looking around that house, Marshall. Yes. Maybe Miss Guest will have an idea. Here she comes back from her morning call. She certainly had her nerve calling at that place this morning after the broad hint she got to keep away. She has the nerve, all right. After all, they couldn't chase her off the shotgun exactly. Well, here she comes. Any luck? Not bad. What about you? Oh, I had quite a successful morning. Rather funny, Miss Richford was quite cordial with me. I saw her father, too. Wait a minute, Miss Guest. You mean you got into that house? Of course. Had a long talk to the girls. She was very apologetic for her discursive yesterday and seemed very anxious to make a man. And I got a warm invitation for you both to go and fish in the stream near the house. Miss Richford said the evening is the best time just before sunset. Well, I hope you dig it. That's fine. We'll be able to have a look around. See anything suspicious, Miss Guest? Just a couple of things, but they're very important. What are they? I told you that I saw the girl's father, Commander Richford. He came in suddenly as we were talking. Of course, she introduced me. What's he like? He's an invalid, she said. I wouldn't call him an invalid, and yet, in a way, it's true. Just what do you mean?  Good Lord, you mean he's a drug addict? Yes, he has all the indications. Mike, Joe, that's something. What was the other thing? That was Queer is still in a way. Somebody must have come over from Vancouver by plane during the night. What? How on earth do you figure that? Well, there was a newspaper in the house, The Vancouver Province, yesterday's date. It's an afternoon paper, and there's been no boat since yesterday morning. Now, that's what I call observation. Oh, Miss Guest, never misses those sort of things. Oh, but that was simple. What's the plan, Inspector? Let's talk it over. I wonder why they turned so friendly over there at the house. Any theory, Marshal? Well, no, I'd rather not do any guessing. Unless it was that the old man was afraid the girl's conduct yesterday might have caused suspicion. That might be. What do you think, Miss Guest? Well, there's that point of the Vancouver newspaper. If anyone came here by plane last night, it may be that they removed any evidence that might have been there yesterday, and now there's no need for keeping us away. You mean they might have taken a loadout last night? Yes. That sounds more like it. Then again, it may be a neat little trap. That sounds still more likely. Even so, we've got to go through with it now. They may have a surprise already for us tonight. I suppose the Dominion of Canada can afford to lose a couple of policemen. What do you say, Marshal? Fair enough, Inspector. Do you think they're onto our business? Oh, really. To tell you the truth, this thing is developing faster than I expected. I was quite prepared to put in weeks of observation work before we really got anything. And, of course, the whole thing may turn out to be a fizzle. Of course. We really haven't got anything definite at all. Only a series of very strange coincidences that take a lot of explaining. We've got to break into this thing and test out these theories. They might stay here a month and never get any farther ahead by just watching the place. Couldn't you put in a report and wait for the order? Yeah, that'd be all right, but I'm a little afraid we've aroused suspicion here already. And in that case, there is no time to be lost. I think that's true. It may already be too late. All right, we'll go back to lunch. This afternoon, we'll try that trout stream by the house and keep our eyes open. Tonight, Marshal, you and I will go back there and see if we can find anything. All right, start that mullet, Marshal. Which way, Inspector? Work round to the back of the house. There's a building on the other side that I want to look at. Careful where you step. Yes. Yeah, it's pretty dark. That place beyond is the Boat House, I believe. Yes, evidently. But I want to see what's in it. All right. Here you go. Here. Here you are. Here. There's a path here. I see. By George, they seem pretty quiet at the house. Yes. What time is it, Marshal? Close on two o'clock. They must be all in bed by this time. Unless there's a watchman on the job. Oh, we've got a chance at that. Funny, there isn't even a dog to give the alarm. I don't understand that. Now, here, here's that Boat House anyway. There's a door here that, but it's padlocked. And here, here's a window. All right. Try the flashlight. Let it keep it down low. Yes. There's a big boat in there. I see. A power cruiser. It looks like a fast one. See those side exhausts? Yes. Well, that makes the thing more plausible. There's no law against keeping a motorboat. Let's get back to the house. What? You're going to try to get in? Yes. Might as well find out all we can while we're here. See, it'd be funny if we got pinched for burglary. Yes, wouldn't it? Shall we try one of these windows? Hold on. Wait a minute. There's a basement door here. That's right, Marshal. I guess the thing's open. But be careful, Inspector. This is too easy. Either there's nothing at all here, or a lot more than we bargain for. Well, come on. We've got to look round. Here, Marshal, what a nerve. Switch that light off. Stand still, both of you, and don't move. Parker, by all this infernal. Yes. Parker's the name, Inspector Blair. I was expecting you. But it keeps still.  All right. What are you going to do, Parker? Move yourself down, Inspector, and your friend too. I'd like to tell you something about my business. Your business? Well, that's what you came for, isn't it? All right. What about it? It might interest you to know that I've been checking up on this little scheme of yours very closely. When I heard that the famous Inspector Blair was on the job, naturally I had to take precautions. Really? Yes. I thought you were going to cause me a lot of trouble, but I'm afraid your ability is a good deal overrated. What's the point of all this, Parker? The point, Inspector, is that you fitted into our little arrangement very nicely. When I gave you that lead to this place, I never dreamed that you'd bite so hard. I see. You mean the time you took the boat up here instead of coming in by plane? Yes. I should have seen through that. Well, what are you going to do, Parker? That ought not to be hard to guess, Inspector. A lot of men in your line have tried to meddle with this business of mine. I've always tried to cooperate with them. Detectives are very fond of clues, so I give them plenty. That's my system. Get the idea? Yes. Congratulations, Parker. It's a new angle. I'll bear it in mind. I'm afraid you won't have very long to think it over, Inspector. The plane is just coming in from Vancouver for our nightly shipment. I'm going to take you gentlemen for a little ride. You'll see our business in operation before we part. Very neat, Parker. Do you expect to get away with this? No, why not? I'm particularly pleased you brought Miss Guest along. My men has gone to the hotel for her now. She's a very clever woman, and the party wouldn't be complete without Miss Guest. I must say you don't appear to have overlooked anything. Thanks. Praise from Inspector Blair. His praise indeed. Here, Parker. What's the meaning of this?  Put that gun down, Parker.  Put that gun down. Quick, Parker. All right. Parker, you got it. You got it through the head. How's the commander? He's badly hit. They were within two feet of each other when they fired. This fellow's alive, and he's got a statement. Commander, listen. Sorry. Sorry, gentlemen. It's no good. Tell me, you might as well. Were you associated with this man here? Yes. Yes, I was... I was...in it. But I...I draw the line at... at killing policemen. You've gone, I'm afraid. Well, this is a nice mess. Wonder what that shooting is outside. I don't know, Inspector. Look out. There's somebody coming. All right, stand by. Hey, stand still there.  Oh, it's only me, Sergeant. Good Lord Miss Guest. Yes. Is anybody hurt? Yes, Parker and Commander Richard. They killed each other. Oh, dear, how terrible. What is that shooting outside just now? Well, you see, there's a seaplane just landed out there. So I took an awful chance. I blew a hole in the floater in my automatic. I'm afraid that it's sinking, Inspector. Did I do right? Miss Guest, that was very un-ladylike of you. You have heard Episode 18 of Blair of the Mountains. The next chapter in the series is entitled Robbery at the Canada Western.


Welcome back to an emergency medicine video on shock. We would discuss the first three types of shock in this part. That is septic, hypovolemic, and obstructive shock. We'll go through what each one is, how the patient might present, and how we should treat it specifically. First, septic shock. Septic shock occurs where there is an infection that causes significant peripheral vasodilation. Because of the significant peripheral vasodilation, there is decreased systemic vascular resistance. Because of the pooling of the blood in the periphery, there is decreased venous return. Because of that, intravascular volume now decreases. On the other hand, sepsis can also cause myocardial depression and causes decreased cardiac output. Those are the reasons that sepsis cause shock. The patient will present with signs of infection. Sometimes they can be settled. It's up for us to find them. They might have a fever. On examination, we want to be looking for any signs of infection, so we'll start with the ears, the throat. Looking for next stiffness that may signify meningitis, sputum production, cough for pneumonia, abdominal pain, any dysuria that signifies any urinary tract infection. We're also looking for cellulitis in the extremities or any part of the skin. Due to the peripheral vasodilation, the patient who is in septic shock will be warm and flushed. Also known as warm shock. They're often tachycardic. And the pulse pressure, which is a difference between the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, can be high. Remember in part one, we talk about the end organ dysfunction. So don't be surprised that the patient in septic shock may have changes in their cardiac output because of ischemia or arrhythmia. They might be confused or have decreased level of consciousness because of central nervous system involvement. On top of whatever infection they have, they may also have signs of ARDS or pulmonary edema in the lungs as well. So on examination, we want to look for those. What about labs? On top of what a shock patient might get, septic shock patients might also have a much higher white blood cell count and an increased lactate. In terms of other labs, we also want to look for the source of infection. That might mean urine and blood cultures, chest x-ray for pneumonia, may even lumbar puncture for suspected meningitis or encephalitis. The diagnosis of septic shock is a patient in shock who has signs of infection. The main treatment for septic shock is large volumes of intravenous fluids and early broad-spectrum antibiotics. It is not uncommon for patients to get three to five liters of IV fluids quickly in the course of their treatment. Sometimes patients might receive blood or a vasopressor after the fluids is being given. The vasopressor of choice can be dopamine or norepinephrine. We often insert a foley catheter to measure urine output. Sometime a central venous line would also be inserted as well. Next, we will discuss hypovolemic shock. This is the most common type of shock. It either occurs because of volume loss of blood as in trauma or GI bleed or fluid as in burn, vomiting or diarrhea. Patient in hypovolemic shock will be preferably shut down with poor perfusion also known as cold shock. They're usually tachycardic. Their pulse pressure will be narrow. On history and physical examination we'll be looking for any focus or sources of blood loss or volume loss. It could be asking for any bleeding history from the GI source to the GU source any vomiting or diarrhea any history of trauma and again on physical examination we'll be looking for any signs of bleeding sources or volume loss. In terms of lab, the hypovolemic shock patient might have a low hemoglobin if they've been losing blood. On the other hand, if all they've been losing is fluid their blood will actually be hemoconcentrated so their hemoglobin might look much higher. Their creatinine on the other hand might also be higher as well. On top of all the labs you order please remember to do a pregnancy test. On all child-bearing age women since a ruptured topic pregnancy can cause significant blood loss and therefore shock. The treatment for hypovolemic shock is fluid. We often start with intravenous crystalloids fluid such as normal saline or ringer's lactate. If the patient has significant blood loss we will try to do two things. We'll first try to replenish the blood loss. In number two we want to stop the bleeding. That might mean going to the endoscopy suite for a GI bleed or going to the OR for the trauma patient or the ectomic pregnancy patient. Next obstructive shock. It happens when there's blockage of blood flow from the heart. It can happen for a few different reasons. In a tension pneumothorax let's say this is the collapsed lung more air filled from this space will cause the mediastime to be squeezed to the other side and that would decrease the blood flow from the heart. In a cardiac tamponade there's now lots of fluid in a pericardium and now that is squeezing in the heart to decrease the blood flow. Also if there is a pulmonary embolus then the pulmonary blood flow is obstructed causing decreased blood going out from the heart. How do these patients present? In the case of the tension pneumothorax you expect the patient to wear shortness of breath decrease breath sounds to that side increase JVP and tracheal deviation to the unaffected side. In a patient with a cardiac tamponade you expect decreased heart sounds increased JVP because of poor venous return. In a patient with PE the standard PE symptoms such as pleurotic chest pain, shortness of breath any signs that's compatible to a DVT would also be present. In terms of diagnosis if you see a patient with a deviated trachea decreased breath sounds increased JVP you know there is a tension pneumothorax and you don't have to wait for a chest x-ray to make that diagnosis. In terms of tamponade bedside ultrasound will show you a pericardiofusion and ECG might show small voltages. For a diagnosis of PE if the patient is stable a CT chest would give you the most information. What about treatment? We often start with giving IV fluids first to patients who are in obstructive shock. However, as you are examining the patient if you have a suspicion of a tension pneumothorax we treat that by a needle decompression followed by a chest tube. If there is cardiac tamponade then a pericardiocentesis is used to get rid of the fluid around the heart. If the patient has a pulmonary embolus anti-coagulation and sometimes thrombolysis would be used to treat that. Those would be the specific treatment for these specific kinds of obstructive shock. In summary we discussed three different kind of shock. First there is septic shock where the patient might have a source of infection. The treatment is lots of IV fluids, antibiotics and vasopressor. The next shock we looked at is hypervelemic shock either due to blood loss or volume loss. The treatment is IV fluids, blood if necessary and stopping of ongoing blood loss. Lastly we talked about obstructive shock that is due to a tension pneumothorax pericardiofusion or pulmonary embolus and we discussed its treatment. Next we'll finish up with cardiogenic shock and anaphylaxis in part 3.


I was born in 1983. That's the same year that the first season of Netflix's Stranger Things is set. We've all spent countless hours dissecting the sweet 80's nostalgia of Stranger Things. The show references tons of classic films like E.T., Close Encounters, Alien, Star Wars, Altered States, Body Double, The Goonies, Jaws, The Last Starfighter, Nightmare on Elm Street. The list goes on and on. The whole series is chock full of homages and visual details that remind people like me of all the great stories we grew up with. The thing about that much nostalgia is that it can easily ruin a movie. But with Stranger Things, it works. I think the thing that makes it actually feel like all those great movies from the 80's isn't just the clothes, the cars, or the production design. It's that the kids themselves are the heroes. And they're not only fighting monsters, but they're fighting the authority figures in government who unleash the monsters and all the other adults that don't take them seriously. The story embodies a critical point in every kid's life when they have to learn to take responsibility for themselves and make their own decisions, especially when things get tough. And that makes sense. Stranger Things takes most of its cues from movies like E.T., It., and The Goonies. Movies where the adults are often absent or so far in the periphery that the kids are left with lots of freedom to explore the world, make mistakes, and develop into better versions of themselves. In the government, the ultimate authority figure was usually the bad guy. For those of us born in the 80's, this freedom was so important to the way we grew up. It's not that our parents didn't care or step in to protect us kids when we got into serious trouble, but for the most part, we were allowed to, well, be kids. To play, to venture out into the wider world without constant supervision or helicopter parenting, as people say today. To use author Lenore Scanesi's term, we were free-range kids. And that freedom made a huge difference. We learned to get along with friends and deal with conflict. We learned how to solve problems ourselves without running to authority figures. We learned self-reliance. And psychologists suggest that this freedom is actually really important. But between helicopter parenting and the ubiquity of mobile devices, kids are getting less time on their own and don't have the freedom they used to have. Schools are assigning more homework, they're reducing time for recess. And parents are filling up after school and weekend time with scheduled structured activities like tutoring sessions and sports. Boston College psychology professor Peter Gray believes that the dramatic decline of free play in recent decades has contributed to the sharp rise in anxiety disorders and depression among children. Perhaps stories like Stranger Things are set decades ago because they have to be. A story set in modern times in which children have the freedom and the boldness to head out on their bikes and find adventure just wouldn't be realistic. But we all need freedom in order to learn how to be better, more powerful versions of ourselves. We've got to be able to take risks, try new things, learn from failure, and build self-esteem from success. That's how kids grow into confident and responsible young adults. And it's how adults find meaning and fulfillment in their lives and become self-sufficient providers for themselves and their families. If we stifle the adventurous spirit we see in Stranger Things, we end up with kids who seek out safe spaces and who are always looking for someone else to solve their problems. But what we want is a society filled with people equipped to judge right and wrong and who have the individual authority to act on it. We want people to be skeptical of power. We want people to believe in themselves and to respect others enough to believe their freedom matters too. And that's what Stranger Things is all about. The series opens with the boys playing Dungeons & Dragons. They're playing a game where they have to make choices and live with the consequences of those choices. But it's safe. Then they meet Eleven, a young girl who was controlled and trapped in a laboratory who finally learned what it meant to be free. But she doesn't understand the responsibility that comes with it. So they screw up, they get hurt, but they learn from those experiences and in the end discover that they're the ones who have to help each other and save the world. Stranger Things is an awesome series that manages to balance tons of cool nostalgia with a really mysterious original concept. But the best thing about it is that it shows how we can all learn to be the heroes of our own story. Hey everybody, thanks for watching this episode of Out of Frame. If you liked this video, check out Fee's Essential Guide to Self-Directed Learning, which you can download for free at the link in the description below. And if you want to see more video essays like this, hit that subscribe button and check us out as at Fee Online on YouTube, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.