Welcome back. We are studying the properties of the convergence. We have proved that any real number theta has a continued fraction expansion constructed in a very natural way. Once you cut that continued fraction expansion at any finite stage, we get rational numbers, we call them convergence. They are denoted by the convergence P n upon Q n and towards the end of the last lecture we proved that the convergence to theta are the good rational approximations. So, in fact, these convergence satisfy the inequality that theta minus P by Q is less than 1 by Q square. The convergence P n upon Q n satisfy the inequality that theta minus P by Q is less than 1 upon Q square. We are going to prove that these are the best rational approximations, but before we prove that these are better rational approximations. We know what is a good rational approximation.  The difference is less than 1 upon, the difference is less than 1 upon the denominator square. These are called good rational approximations. And we are going to prove that our convergence are doing something better. So, these are not just good rational approximations, but they are better rational approximations. So, the result that we are going to prove is the result as follows. We have noted that our convergence are the good rational approximations, but we are going to prove that these are the better rational approximations in the following sense that if you take any P n upon Q n and P n plus 1 upon Q n plus 1. So, take these pairs of successive convergence, then one of them should satisfy that theta minus P by Q is less than 1 upon 2 Q square. So, we have already noted that the convergence are close enough to the real number theta in the sense that the difference is less than 1 upon Q square. But we prove that one of these two is going to be much closer to theta. The difference is going to be less than 1 upon 2 times Q square. This is what we are going to prove in this theorem. So, one of the two P n upon Q n and P n plus 1 upon Q n plus 1, one of these two should satisfy this better approximation. This is what we are going to do. Note here that P n upon Q n and P n plus 1 upon Q n plus 1, these are on two different sides theta. So, what does it say? We have these two numbers which are on two different sides of theta. That means, if I subtract each of them from theta, then for one of them we are going to get a positive quantity and the other will be a negative quantity. The difference will have two different signs. The differences of these two successive convergence from theta will have two different signs. This is the property that we are going to have. So, if one of them is positive, the other is negative. That is what we have. So, we now take their sum and put a mod.  We consider the sum of their mods. Now, this quantity can be positive or negative. Therefore, the mod will be equal to that quantity or its negative. So, you have that this is plus or minus theta minus P n over Q n and this quantity is also plus or minus its modulus. But if this is positive, then this has to be negative. And if the first one for the nth one is negative, then the second has to be positive. Therefore, when we take the first one to be positive, the second is negative. First one to be negative, second is positive.  And we note that this is equal to 1 upon Q n Q n plus 1. This is something that we have already denoted because the numerator here will be P n Q n plus 1 minus Q n P n plus 1 that is plus or minus 1. So, under the mod it is going to be 1 and the denominator continues to be Q n into Q n plus 1. So, we have that this sum which is the sum of the two moduli is equal to this particular positive number. This is the thing that we have proved. Further we use one inequality for any alpha beta which are distinct we have 2 times alpha beta is less than alpha square plus beta square. This can be seen because the if you take 2 alpha beta to the other side of this inequality you are going to get alpha minus beta whole square but alpha is not equal to beta therefore alpha minus beta is a non-zero quantity. It can be positive or negative but its square will always be positive. So, we therefore get that 2 times alpha beta is always less than alpha square plus beta square. We use this to get our final inequality by putting the alpha to be 1 upon Q n and beta to be 1 upon Q n plus 1.  Now what we want to prove is that at least one of the pairs P n and Q n should satisfy this inequality. If you assume that this is not true that means P n by Q n and P n plus 1 by Q n plus 1 both do not satisfy this inequality. That would mean that for both of these we will have that this is bigger than or equal to 2 Q n square and this is bigger than or equal to 1 upon 2 Q n plus 1 square. So, the sum will be bigger than or equal to the sum of these 2 but that is a contradiction because it is strictly less than the sum. So, if you have 2 numbers if you let us say have 4 numbers and you have a plus b is less than c plus d then you should have that a is less than c or b is less than d. If you have a bigger than or equal to c and b bigger than or equal to d then a plus b is going to be bigger than or equal to c plus d. So, when you have the sum of 2 positive numbers to be strictly less than sum of 2 other positive numbers then at least one of the 2s on the left hand side should be less than at least one of the 2s on the right hand side. So, this is the inequality that we get and therefore at least one of the pair of successive convergence should satisfy this even better inequality. So, the convergence give us a better approximation to the real number theta that we began with. So, we proved first of all that convergence to theta which we have obtained through a natural continued fraction expansion. The convergence give good approximation but they satisfy even this better result therefore they are better approximations. Of course, you have that one of the 2 will have this property. So, whenever you take p0 by q0 p1 by q1 one of these 2 should satisfy this better one p1 by q1 and p2 by q2 again one of these 2 should satisfy and so on. So, you get a sequence of rational numbers converging to your theta giving you a better approximation than many good approximations. We can improve this result even further. We can in fact prove that the 2 that we had in the denominator with q square can be replaced by root 5. So, let us see what we have done so far. We have proved that there is a sequence given by the convergence satisfying that theta minus p by q is less than 1 upon q square. This is true for all convergence. Then we proved that one of the pair of successive convergence should give even better approximations. And now we are proving that if you take the triples pn by qn pn plus 1 by qn plus 1 pn plus 2 by qn plus 2 then at least one of these should give even better approximation that these 2 can be further increased to be to root 5. So, at least one of these three successive convergence should satisfy this very strong inequality. That means these convergence are really close to the real number theta they are not less than just 1 upon q square not just less than 1 upon 2 q square but one of them has to be less than the distance from theta has to be less than 1 upon root 5 q square. So, this proof is slightly more complicated than the earlier proof which we proved for 2. So, we are going to skip this proof for the moment. But this proves one result which was proved by Hurwitz way back in 1891. So, let me just quote this result for you. It says that if your theta is an irrational number. So, this theta is an irrational number then there is a sequence of rational satisfying this very strong inequality. This was proved earlier by Hurwitz and what we have discussed so far if you prove this result it will give us another proof of Hurwitz's result. Now, you may ask can you make this root 5 even better? Is it possible to increase this constant root 5 and maybe get something better than this? And you may take one of the 4 consecutive or one of the 5 consecutive or whatever you want. Can you improve upon this constant root 5 that we get? And mathematics is interesting in both the ways. If you could improve this that would be even better or if you could prove a result saying that no, you cannot improve further this root 5 is the best constant that you get then that would also be an interesting result. Here we have that this constant root 5 is the best possible constant that we have. So, let me just explain what we mean by this. This means that consider the following statement. If theta is irrational then there is a sequence p by q of rational numbers satisfying mod theta minus p by q is less than 1 upon c q square. Suppose we prove such a result for some c. So, let us call this statement c then the statement holds for every c up to root 5. Of course, we have proved it for root 5 and therefore, it holds for every smaller c up to root 5 but it does not hold for any c bigger than root 5. And what does it mean to say that it does not fold for anything bigger than root 5? It means that there is one particular irrational for which the statement c bigger than root 5 does not hold. Because our statement is for all irrationals if you wanted to fix a c bigger than root 5 and you wanted to see whether that statement holds my claim is that the statement does not hold. So, I should give you an irrational for which that statement for a c bigger than root 5 should not hold and we are going to give that irrational. I will give you the irrational right away but to prove that the statement for c bigger than root 5 does not hold for that irrational will have to wait. So, we have not computed any nice genuine continued fraction expansion yet. Let us do that and compute the convergence or the continued fraction expansion to the golden ratio. Let me explain the term golden ratio here for you first. So, this was the question which was posed by some of the ancients to the other of the ancients that if you take a rectangle suppose of the sides the side is a and b and if a is let us assume that a is less than b and you cut out this square. So, this is length a and this is b minus a b is taken to be bigger than a. So, the remaining is a positive quantity. Here we get another rectangle then we assume that this rectangle the new rectangle is congruent to the earlier rectangle. That means the sides of these new rectangle their ratio which is a upon b minus a is congruent. So, the ratio is same as the new ratio which is b upon a. So, remember here b is this full length and so the question is what can this ratio be if I wanted to construct the rectangles with this property that when I cut out a square obtained by taking the smaller side. So, we put this thing here therefore this is equal to the length a and take it out take that square out the remaining rectangle should be congruent to the earlier rectangle. That means you expand the rectangle by a fixed quantity that means you expand both the length and breadth of the new rectangle by a fixed quantity multiply that by a fixed quantity and you get your original rectangle. Then what should the ratio be and the actually the question is does it hold again for the smaller rectangle. Now, here b minus a is smaller than a. So, you cut this square from here and what you have obtained here is a smaller length. So, we have this new rectangle it will turn out that this new rectangle will also be congruent to the first rectangle which we had obtained and also congruent further to the original rectangle. Then the question is what this ratio can be and this ratio turns out to be 1 plus root 5 by 2 and therefore it is called golden ratio it is very useful in many geometric configurations. In fact, there are these geometric polyhedral the regular solids and in their construction also this golden ratio is very useful you should perhaps see and search on internet for more material on this we are not going to spend more time on this information about golden ratio. But we will try to now compute the continued fraction expansion for our theta which is 1 plus root 5 by 2 theta is 1 plus root 5 by 2 we want to find the continued fraction expansion. So, we should compute a 0 first which is the integral part of theta. So, that should be the largest integer which is less than or equal to the theta how do we compute it. So, note that our root 5 sets between 2 and 3 root 5 is strictly bigger than root 4 and is strictly less than root 9. So, this is between 2 and 3 we add 1. So, we get that 3 is less than 1 plus root 5 less than 4. So, at least the numerator of this quantity is between 3 and 4 divide the equation by 2 and you get 3 by 2 is less than 1 plus root 5 by 2 is less than 2 which is 4 by 2. And of course, we have that 3 by 2 is strictly bigger than 1. Therefore, a 0 is equal to 1. So, we have that our theta which is 1 plus root 5 upon 2 is 1 plus 1 upon theta 1 where theta 1 is certainly bigger than 1. But we should be able to compute the quantity theta 1 from whatever we have obtained so far. So, theta 1 its reciprocal is 1 plus root 5 upon 2 minus 1. So, this is 1 plus root 5 by 2 minus 1 reciprocal. So, we compute theta 1 we are going to simplify this this becomes 1 plus root 5 minus 2 whole thing divided by 2. So, you have 2 in the numerator and root 5 minus 1 in the denominator. So, this root 5 has gone in the denominator. We want to simplify it further by bringing the root 5 to the numerator and the standard trick to do that is to multiply both sides by what is called the conjugate of the denominator. So, numerator is 2 times 1 plus root 5 and denominator is of the form alpha minus beta into alpha plus beta. So, that is alpha square minus beta square alpha square is root 5 square. So, that is 5 minus the square of 1 is 1. So, this is 4 we have 2 in the numerator we get it to be 1 plus root 5 upon 2 which is the theta we started with. So, theta 1 is equal to theta. Therefore, theta which was 1 plus 1 upon theta 1 is in fact equal to 1 plus 1 upon theta. And we just keep putting these values and we get the continued fraction expansion for the number theta. So, this is going to be 1, 1, 1, 1 dot dot dot. The continued fraction expansion for the golden ratio is indeed one of the most beautiful continued fraction expansion that we should have which is 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 and since these ones are going to just continue as they are it is customary to denote it by putting a bar on the top of the 1. So, whenever you have an expression in the continued fraction expansion where the some certain subset of the integers that you get keeps repeating after a stage then you put a bar on the top. Of course, here we have taken the first one out because that was the integral part but you may also write it in this way. So, the golden ratio has this very beautiful continued fraction expansion.  You can also check it by observing the quadratic equation that this golden ratio satisfies that will also give you this particular continued fraction expansion but you have to be slightly careful that quadratic equation will have two roots being a quadratic equation it will have two roots one of them is the golden ratio which is a positive quantity the other is going to be a negative number. In fact, it is one minus root 5 upon 2 that is a negative number and that does not quite have this particular continued fraction expansion. So, do not get confused although we will it may seem that you are using the quadratic equation to get this expansion it does not mean that any root of the quadratic expansion any root of the quadratic equation gives you the same continued fraction expansion. Here we have that our quadratic continued fraction expansion consists of only positive numbers and therefore it is going to converge to a positive quantity which will therefore be the positive root of that equation which is our golden ratio. I will just quickly tell you one more thing about what are called as Haimachandra numbers or which are more commonly known as the Fibonacci numbers. So, if you wanted to compute the convergence to this 1 plus root 5 by 2 we have noted that this is simply 1 1 1 1 repeated the convergence are the first one will simply be 1 next one will be 1 plus 1 by 1 which are 2 comma 1 and the one after that will be 1 plus 1 upon 1 plus 1 upon 1 which is 1 plus 1 by 2 which is 3 by 2 the next one is let us be patient and solve this out dot dot dot the reason for this is that P n by Q n is going to be 1 plus 1 upon P n minus 1 and here you have Q n minus 1.  So, the next ones the 2 that you have obtained here is 1 plus 1 the 3 that you obtained here is 2 plus 1 5 is 3 plus 2 the next one would therefore be 8 upon 5 after that you are going to get 13 by 8 21 by 13 and so on and these this sequence of numbers is very commonly known as Fibonacci numbers but you should note that the Indian mathematician Haimachandra had discovered this at least 10 years before Fibonacci and it is said that Fibonacci thought about these numbers by looking at the rabbits and the increasing population of rabbits whereas Haimachandra is supposed to have come to these numbers by observing the matras in the vrutas that we have in classical music and so on. So, Manjul Bhargava the Fields Medalist from Indian Origins has talked many times on this and I urge you to go to YouTube and find search for Manjul Bhargava Fibonacci and you will see video where he explains very nicely how the attributes should really be given to Haimachandra and not to Fibonacci. We stop at this level but we will continue with getting the better and better approximations by the convergence and we will be doing that in the next lecture. See you then. Thank you very much.


Okay. Hi, everybody. Hi. Thanks for joining us again. Welcome to our all day movie workshop. And we have the fourth installment of the gods not dead movies today. So this is the the final God, God's not dead movie for us. So it's beautiful. I'm looking forward to this. And for those just joining in anew. I'm Peter, and I'm going to be hosting today. I can just let you know about the flow of the day. So we'll start the movie with David. And then afterwards we have a 10 minute break. And then that's followed by breakout rooms where you can share any emotions and anything that came up during the movie. Then we'll have a 45 minute break. And then we have the Q&A session with me. So I'm going to pass it over to you now David. Thank you, Pete. Hi, everyone. Welcome. We're going to have a beautiful movie today and a deep dive down down down in our mind toward the light. That's, that's why we're all here. We're here to just dive into the light of our true being. And we have a couple new people joining us for the first time one from United States and one from the UK. We have groups sprinkled around our center in La Casa de Milagros in Mexico we've got the monastery here we've got groups over in Spain and I think the Netherlands it looks like a Netherlands group there. Yeah, I see. I see oh Isabel yeah you were just at the monastery is she's over back in the Netherlands hi Isabel. And my dear friend Anna is is based. She's over there in Europe with the whole team that's traveling Europe but she's going to be translating for into Spanish today on a polar. So thank you. Thank you Anna for stepping in marinas down at a wedding with her family down in Argentina so Anna has so graciously stepped in today to do the Spanish translations. Well, as Pete mentioned. We have the fourth God's not dead movie, and the subtitle of this movie is we the people. And these are the first words of the United States Constitution we the people. And basically to recap what the first three God's not dead movies were about is, you have a group of people, particularly in the United States that are trying to serve God. Believe in God believe in Jesus live a life inspired by God and Jesus. And in the first three movies we saw that these Christians were facing all kinds of obstacles as they move through their daily life. Obstacles that involved human rights obstacles that involved legal rights and rules of the world obstacles involving family.  In fact they may that they do may do more than disapprove they may break off communication entirely.  And of course as we've seen in the first three movies. The some of the things that everyone goes through. It doesn't matter what religion you belong to really it doesn't matter whether you're more philosophical or more you're more scientific, or maybe you've been an atheist, or maybe you're trying to be undefined and doing the best you can to be undefined in this world and struggling with the emotions that come up as you open your heart up and you start to tune into your intuitive voice and you we could call it. The Holy Spirit, it goes by different names and different traditions, but maybe you're just trying to tune in inside to follow your intuition or to follow Jesus within or the Holy Spirit within. And then every day you seem to encounter obstacles, and these obstacles can take a wide variety of forms but basically they're all ego obstacles. The only obstacle is believing in the ego. You know, the whole purpose of us joining together is to learn to be very intuitive, and then finally to be 100% intuitive, and then to transcend the ego entirely to just listen to that small still voice within, until you followed all the instructions, all the instructions, and all you're left with is a blazing light, the world disappears and, and you're like oh, oh I'm the Christ. Oh my gosh how mistaken I was in my identity but now I see oh my gosh I'm the Christ. And I really not under the laws of this world. I really see now that when I follow the Holy Spirit, I'm perfectly safe, perfectly secure. I have no cares, no worries, no concerns, no regrets from the past and no worries from the future because you start to rest in the Christ self that you are, and you start to feel peaceful. And that's so beautiful. Also I might recap some of my commentary over these last few weeks because I was kind of giving the picture or the story that that this cosmos this linear cosmos of time and space is is basically dark. It was made in hatred by the ego so this is a very dark cosmos. I mentioned I think last week that William Shatner, who played the original Captain Kirk, and he went on voyages in Star Trek, you know the whole whole seasons of voyages with Spock, and the doctor, and, and Scotty down in the engine room. We need more power. You know, Captain Kirk went through a lot of adventures but now William Shatner's he's still living as an actor but he went up in a space capsule in a rocket. And he just reported back that it was, it was dark, you know, all his adventures part of Star Trek, kind of got washed away and he went up and he just said it's just dark space. There's nothing out there, you know, he was part of kind of making it into an adventure but he said it's it's black. It's, it's very very dark it's cold and dark. And let's not sugar coated anymore. You know now he's, he's up in years and he's like he's, he's letting the spirit speak through him that this world was made in hatred and therefore it's very cold and dark. And what I've tried to show in these last weeks is that 2000 years ago there was like, it was more than a blazing meteor. It was more than a blazing light streaking across the sky. Christ was demonstrated on earth, or if you want to use the word you rancher which is called in the cosmic scheme of things. The Christ was fully demonstrated by Jesus 2000 years ago, and that is the light is so bright that when the light made its appearance. The only thing the world could do after about 33 years of this is they just, they said crucify him, because that's what a world of hatred does to pure unconditional love and light. I mean, it's it's the ego's world. So what would you expect the ego to say, Oh, good boy. No. It was raging that the light came because when the light came, we got to see a pretty big contrast between light and darkness like, oh my gosh the light is so loving. It's universally loving it's unconditionally loving. It's so gentle, but yet it's so strong. It's so uncompromising. It's so brilliant. It's just, people are still buzzing today about what happened over 2000 years ago because it was such a demonstration of reality, and it also exposed the unreality of this world. Yes, that's right division is not the truth. Conflict is not the truth. hatred, guilt, shame, pain, fear, no, not a not a not a not a not a not a none of the ego emotions are true. It's just a misidentification of forgetting you're the Christ and taking on a personality and a body identity and getting identified with the screen of images that were projected by the ego. And Jesus is saying now the kingdom of heaven is within you have to let go of these images what mom dad yes, yes. Uncle Fred and Edna. Yes. My circle of friends. Yes, not my mighty companions. Yes, the light is the truth than the images are not.  They're just steps along the way you know, we should be grateful for those. Now, a lot of times when people see what's happened in the last 2000 years with all the education psychology and advancements and philosophy and everything. Here it is over 2000 years later and we're still trying to live the first two commandments love the Lord thy God with all my heart and soul and might, and love your neighbor as yourself. So we made progress. Not. Don't look to this world for progress. It's, it's, it's, it's not going to show you progress you can experience progress in your heart. When your heart opens up, you can experience progress in joy in peace and happiness. Don't look to the world to measure your progress because the world was made to blind you from the truth like Morpheus told Neo in the matrix. The world was pulled over your eyes to blind you from the truth. So this world is a veil.   One thing you recognize right away is you can't see anything, you can, you can't see anything when the fog is so thick so as we go on this spiritual journey we have to start to realize that when the course says, I do not understand what anything is for, it means it literally when the course lesson number one says nothing I see means anything. That's literal. That means that everything you perceive with the five senses has absolutely no meaning whatsoever. It has no reality because it wasn't created. It's a projection of guilt. So it should become clear that the only way to be completely happy and I mean constantly happy is just to withdraw all beliefs from this world. That's what the Buddha was saying when he said empty your mind and go into the void. It's what Jesus taught us. Ramana Maharshi taught us and the great mystics and saints have all taught us the same thing. Eckhart Tolle a modern day teacher, you know, emphasize the power of now he he he named his first book, the power of now. That's important, because the now is very important. And the linear time is not we go along we start to realize. William Shatner said it's just dark. Even going up into space he thought would be a thrill. It wasn't. He couldn't wait to get back. Actually, it was cold and dark and it was he was not happy at all with that. And that just shows well there's some mind training there. So, I want to talk a little bit about stepping stones because when people read a document like the Bible, or they read the bag of a data, the Hindu Bible, or the Quran, any scripture that you read, you notice that you do enter into the realm of morality, and you enter into the realm of ethics. Now in the ultimate sense if we're pure light, it can't be that we're really confined to a moralistic system of right and wrong behavior, or an ethical system of right and wrong. But I want to talk a little bit about morality and ethics because I've talked about this of course many times before over the years but maybe you didn't hear all my lectures. So morality and ethics are our reflections of pointing toward the light of truth, which is beyond right and wrong, beyond duality entirely. Jesus tells us in the course that truth cannot be described or explained, only experienced. So the truth is the light, it's just pure abstract love and light, oneness, it's the kingdom of heaven. And that's nothing that the five senses can show you, but it's actually who you are. So your destiny is to remember that light, remember God, remember oneness, remember eternity, remember bliss, remember true intimacy that never comes and goes. It's just constant state of pure love, pure unconditional love. And morality seems to be reflections of that. So I'm just going to use the Bible as a reference point today because of course we're on God's not dead. Number four, we the people and Christianity is based on the teachings of the Bible. So let's just pick a little bit from the Bible today and let me talk just briefly about the Ten Commandments. Some of you, you've heard of the Ten Commandments, Moses getting the Ten Commandments. Most of the Ten Commandments are behavioral. So most of the Ten Commandments are still within the moral and the ethical realms that involve behavior. And these are little reflections. These are stepping stones to come back to the light. When the Ten Commandments tell you to love God and really they're pointing back to that love and light, the I am presence prior to time, but most of them like thou shalt not kill, thou shalt not steal, thou shalt not commit adultery. Most of the Ten Commandments are aimed at behaviors. Why? It's because the mind is in such a thick fog. It is so deeply asleep. I mean, it's in a deep slumber, deep sleep, that if the light just showed up to this, this mind in a deep slumber and just said, you are love, you are one. The sleeping mind would say, I wish, but I've got a lot of struggles going on for, for pure love. And so the Ten Commandments were kind of like a framework to give you a moralistic ethical framework to try to move slowly in the direction of going inward and purifying your mind. Jesus taught us on the Sermon on the Mount. He said, blessed are the pure of heart for they shall see God. Well, Jesus knows that that purity is a very deep inward journey where you have to let go of all your beliefs of time and space, which means in the end, you have to give up all your beliefs of behavior as well. And moralistic and ethical frameworks always focus on the right behaviors and the wrong behaviors, the ethical behaviors, the moral behaviors and the immoral or the wrong behaviors. And Jesus is telling us in the Course in Miracles, well, that's where you believe you are. You believe you're in the realm of bodies. So those things are just stepping stones. It's like a ladder.   You want to be a good person. That's a good step in the right direction. But actually you're the light. You're the Christ that's beyond all persons, but you see how it's a stepping stone. So these movies are very helpful to start to say when people really start to open their heart to God, they really start to open the heart to Jesus, they're going to face a lot of seeming obstacles that seem to be in the realm of time and space that seem to be brothers and sisters that conflict with them. And we all know that because we've all done that. You know, everybody who comes to earth goes through this same dilemma.  You know, please get me out of here. Give me a cave, Jesus. I need to, quick, I need a cave. And Jesus is like, well, if you did go to the cave, chances are you'd be lonely.  You really have to face your mind in the cave, like you do when you're with the human so he's saying why not just use the human beings as mirrors of what's going on in your consciousness and quit trying to run away from the mind training. You know, if you really want to heal just move in with a group of people and find out how that goes.  I would say you'd never know how your spiritual journey is until you move in with your mom or your dad.  And that's a good thing. You want to face it and release it. So, we're going to have the movie today some of the characters you have seen in the previous movies, like there's Martin from China. Martin got all fired up about God and Jesus, and his father disowned him. Basically, since he got all fired up about God and Jesus, his family won't even speak to him. He has come in completely cut off from his family. And then there's another woman from Iran. Aisha, we saw her earlier in earlier movies. She is completely cut off her father will not speak to her. So these are Aisha and Martin will see them in this movie. They've been completely cut off. They started trying to follow God and one of the first consequences was their families were like, that's it. The old Jewish thing was ripped the, ripped the collar, you know, when you're disowned, they ripped the collar, their families are from Iranian and also from, from China and they don't have the tradition of ripping the collar but they basically won't answer the phone. They are not going, they're not on speaking terms with their family. And this is what Jesus meant, you know, when he said when you, when you follow me, he said father will be turned against son and mother will be turned against daughter. And that's in the Bible. And when people read that they go to Jesus really say that what was he talking about. He was talking about when you start to go for the light. All of the past associations that are not in alignment with that inner movement to the light will seem to react with extreme measures, basically and we're seeing Martin, and we're seeing Aisha and their families have cut them off. And we have Pastor Dave in this movie as well and Reverend Dave is he's trying to be a good Christian minister and we've seen the last episode and basically in all the episodes. He is, he's struggling with his faith, because he's trying to minister to his brothers and sisters as a minister would do but he's facing huge emotional challenges. And in this movie, he's going to try to help out a group of families that that want to homeschool their children and basically are being denied the possibility of homeschooling by the government. And so he's going to try to step into join with them to pray and to be truly helpful. We also have a judge in this movie and that judge is representing the legal system, the legal laws of the world. And we have a number of different characters that are going to kind of come back to what was the original founding founders of the United States that wrote the Constitution what were they thinking, what were they hoping for. I've addressed that a little bit previously that that the original founders of the United States. They actually were quite religious, and they, they believed in God, and they founded the United States so much so that on the currency if you, if you read some of the currency in the United States it says in God, we trust. They basically believe that there was a creator, and that somehow the founding of the United States was meant to serve the creator. Now, some of the founders back in those days back in the 1700s 1776, they were some of them were slave owners, and some of them were not. So the ones writing the Constitution about we the people and finding liberty and pursuing life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Some of these people actually were were slave owners and others weren't. Now, you can see as as time progressed when we got into the 1800s, almost 100 years later, then there was an American president that came along, called Abraham Lincoln, and Abraham Lincoln just basically said, Okay, I'm the president and slavery is wrong. The history is just plain wrong. And he poured his heart into reading the slaves, and he was assassinated. Some of you may have noticed throughout the throughout history the ones that really are the ones that bringing forth a very new vibe like john the Baptist.  Most of the prophets in the Bible. They bit the dust. Even the modern day prophets like will say like Gandhi assassinated Martin Luther King assassinated, you know there's even Billy Joel you know ends up writing a song called only the good die young. But what he was really getting at I think was that for those that bring radically true ideas into a realm of ego of division and separation. Oftentimes the ego will just try to snuff them out. The same thing happened to Jesus you know it's like 33 years and he goes like that's enough of that. That is just the ego thought Jesus was disgraceful because the ego is a great. The three letters of the ego. The synonym, it could be like EGO edging God out all of education that the ego built was to edge God out all of the rules, all of the wars, all of the division. All of the conflict is just part of the ego's plan to edge God out, because the ego believes it is the ruler, and it rules time and space, and God is to be edged out. See these beacons these beams of light from Jesus and all the mystics and saints shining through the fragmented screen of the world, saying, love is real. Actually love is real conflicts the illusion war is the illusion. Conflict is not real. So, so basically we've gone through these three movies and here is our final presentation called we the people. Now, as usual, you have voted on themes and the top theme that one with the most votes was let my words come from my heart. Really, that's the whole purpose of everything in this world is just let the spirit in you come through your heart and come out.  So let me be as St. Francis prayed you know let me be an instrument of my peace, and the ego is going whoa, no way. The ego is going to say, you're going to upset people, you're going to be thrown away people will just toss you away if you start letting the light come through, and the ego says you're going to pay a price. The ego is the belief in sacrifice so the ego says if you just speak from your heart in every situation, the ego is saying you're going down your your personality self is going down. And you're going to have a terrible life if you live an intuitive life the ego is saying, but the first theme is let my words come from my heart. That's really all this movie is about is, is we get to watch Reverend Dave pastor Dave. Again, one more time for the fourth time he's going to try to speak from his heart, and, and really just from his heart with no people pleasing no compromise, just let the spirit speak through you from from the heart. The second theme is experiencing true freedom. And, you know, this has been a struggle for human beings because the basically the construct of a human being was made to cover over true freedom which is within. So when you go into the light of your true being that's where you experience the freedom. Humans have sought for freedom. And Jesus says, in the course in miracles, what do you want you want freedom of the body, or freedom of the mind for both you cannot have. Basically he's saying that freedom of the body is an ego construct and ego pursuit. And he's, he's telling us, don't try to free yourself in the form, try to free yourself in your mind by releasing attack thoughts and grievances and judgments.  I don't think you're going to free yourself in the body terms but but the ego is made the body as a limit to block love. So you won't find the freedom in the device that the ego made to block the freedom. You have to actually abandon the control and don't use the body as a goal. You have to use the pleasures and conveniences and comforts of the body as a as a goal, because if you do, you're going to use your mind as a means to reach the ego's goal, and that's not going to work. But if your goal is inner peace, and you allow the Holy Spirit to use the puppet for a little while, you'll finally realize that you don't need the puppet. You're actually beyond the puppet, but you can't reach that without letting the Holy Spirit show you the truth of the light in you and the nothingness of the body. You need to be in to see the power of the mind and the nothingness of the body. And this world was made by the ego to keep you mindless. And that's why it invented the body and says you have a brain, and you have a neurology, and you have organs. Nada, nada, nada, nada to the brain, nada to the organs, nada to the neurological system. It's a projection. It's a projection it has nothing to do with reality.  And you will feel that way because you realize that you were never in a body, you just were mesmerized into believing that you were inside the body. And you were looking out through its eyes and listening through its ears. It's a big trick. Okay, next. Seeing that everything is connected. Nothing is at random. Oh, you're going to love it in this movie Wow, you're going to see all the synchronicities, all the nuances of the dance, how Holy Spirit is using the whole dance, just for one purpose is to free your mind. The Holy Spirit doesn't have any other purpose for the world other than as a device to free your mind from believing in it. So Jesus says you made the ego by believing in it and you can dispel it by withdrawing your belief from it. That's what we're doing. We're going to go on ego fast. We're going to give our holy mind to ego thoughts, you know, it's enough. I think we finally reached a point where enough is enough enough of this time to come back to the glory. It's time to come back to the light. I'm not fooling around tinkering around with these time space thoughts anymore. I'm going to let the Holy Spirit use them to guide me for a while while I still believe in them and then he will guide me to release them. And then you don't need guidance. You are the light. You'll even laugh at the guidance thought when you get when you open up to heaven, but until you really experience that light the rinse is extremely important and it's not meant to be minimized. It's not meant to be distracted from. Next, don't attempt to bring the truth into the illusion. Yep, I know this world is famous for statues and churches and synagogues and temples, but actually Jesus is saying no your heart is the church your heart is the temple your heart is the synagogue. Your heart is the altar. And when you purify your heart, then you realize how silly it was to think that you could bring God into structures. Because remember, beyond all idols section Jesus teaches God knows not form. This is a world of idle images and we have to cough it up and and let it go, we have to forget it. We have to reverse amnesia. We forgot God, and we made up images. Now let's forget the images and remember God. Yes. That's what we're doing. We're going in the reverse direction, reverse amnesia. We're going to forget the ego and remember God, ego invented amnesia the Holy Spirit says okay let's turn the tables let's just forget the ego and remember the light. And finally show me that only the truth is true. We're going to see that in this movie that that as we go deeper and deeper, we're going to start to see that what Jesus says the truth is true and only the truth is true. It's going to be an opening to light and a fading away of the darkness. When I watch a movie there's something that jumps out of me. Some of you know if has any of you been to Washington DC has anybody been to Washington DC. I have, and I went around to see all the statues in the sites and one of them of course is the Lincoln Memorial I had to go see Abraham Lincoln, because he was the president that freed this that abolish slavery. I want to see this guy's face. I want to thank him to his face. But, but also, there is a, there is a big tall monument that's like 55 feet wide and it's like I don't know, like 555 feet tall. Washington monument in honor of the first president of the United States George Washington, and it's a very tall white structure that goes more narrow as you go up and then it's got a little point at the top. I actually found out when I was looking at this movie again it just jumped out of me was that basically at the top of the this monument is basically a saying and the saying it's a little cap on top of the point a little pointy top of the Washington monument 555 feet I think above. There's a little cap on the point, and then way up there where nobody can see it, which is really strange they put two words, and the two words were Laos deal. So, at the top of this high monument and the very point where nobody can see it. It says Laos deal and Laos deal means praise be to God. You have to be, you have to have a drone to see it. See how even the ego hides that that I would have liked to know that that at the top of the Washington monument is Laos deal praise be to God, because in the end that's what the founding fathers wanted the country to be. They wanted the country to be a praise to God. Now that's a good way to start a country, even though John London taught us imagine there is no country. The country is an illusion to, but I think it's important to look at the purpose, why are you doing it. That's what Jesus says what is it for. What is the purpose of a country if you're going to found a country you better have a good purpose. And you have to go all the way to the top of the Washington mountain monument to see the term that means praise be to God. Now that's what we're going for. We're going for God, and we're going to have to let the Holy Spirit use all the concepts that the ego made including country, and all of the education that we've experienced. What's the point of education, if it's not to know thyself. What's the point of psychology except to know thyself. What's the point of philosophy and religion. Know thyself. It's the Greeks had it right, even centuries before Jesus they they knew the meaning was know thyself that that's the purpose of Earth is simply to know who you are. What's the purpose of Earth is spirit. It's pure spirit. This is a dream of separation it's a dream of forgetfulness Jesus calls it, and we're here to remember the truth. Now, if you guys stay with us in the coming month you're going to see we're going to have some shifts and changes that we're still going to be showing movies yeah we'll show movies but I think I'm just going to. Come back right after the movie. In November, some point I'm just going to come back and I'm going to get back to the good old fashioned questions and answers. We go through an uplifting movie together your heart opens up and you want one on one interactions with me. You want, you want to deal with what you're dealing with in your perception. Wow, that sounds good but here's what I'm dealing with. And then we have one on one so we're going to be open. It'll be more interactive and actually we're with as we get more into Christian mysticism we're also going to we have a new app we're going to introduce next month. We're, you can have it on your on your phones, you can have it on your tablets, you can have it on your computer you can put your little push notifications, because we're going to start going live. You don't know we're going to show up at any time of day. We're going to come into your world and you're, it's going to be highly interactive. So that's what you've been praying for that's right we want a little more interaction all right we'll give you interaction. It's going to be your phone might start flashing. We've gone live, and then you can say what what I'm in the middle of cooking dinner well just put your phone there in a holder and enjoy the live interactions. We've got a lot of interesting things coming in the next month. Laverne's probably Laverne's like yeah push push notifications let's go let's let's push this right into everybody's life. Right into their world. Let's have God streaming through right coming at you wherever you seem to be I'm at the park. Oh no my phone. Oh, they've gone live again. It's going to be spontaneous where we you know, there's no place to run. Maybe you care your smartphone around in your pocket.  It's going to come at you everywhere. You got to not you got to watch an apple watch watch out. Watch out for those live notifications coming at you on your watch even. So I hope you enjoy the movie today because we're going to take another deep dive and we're looking at human rights we're looking at religious rights, we're looking at. Can I follow my heart. Can I have some help navigating time and space, because on certain days, the ego seems to say it wins you know if you have a bad day the ego is in in the mind going haha I won. And we want you to have days filled with love. So love is bursting through your heart just radiating and shining the light to everyone and everything everyone that you meet or think of you're going to be radiating light. And this movie is is another great teaching device for let's all turn to the light and let's give way to where the light wants to take us give way to the Holy Spirit and to Jesus. So enjoy the movie and I'll be popping in for some commentary. See you soon.


There's a revolving theme that I keep hearing from people Lately on Mondays and Tuesday. I've been taking incoming calls from YouTube subscribers like yourself who have some questions Spitting about 20 to 30 minutes on the phone with them helping them work through their questions If you're interested in doing something like that, please at the end of this video Send an email to eric at score contracts.com or info at score contracts.com and we express your interest and participating in a one-on-one talk with me Exclusively for those subscribers who are interested in learning a little bit more about what we have to offer And how can I help you achieve your goals in a federal arena today's video? What we're talking about is how do you spend your time a lot of people are asking me Eric? I just got registered in Sam. I have my Duns number I have all this stuff and I'm bidding projects and I'm not winning any jobs And so I keep bidding projects and unsuccessfully nothing's happening So what I did was I created this pie chart on the screen and What it shows is the majority of the people who are calling me This is the ways in which they spend their time and I'm finding that there's a common theme And so I wanted to discuss that in today's video. How are you spending your time now? The average person spends the majority of their time bidding jobs And what happens is when you spend all of your time bidding jobs? It leads to frustration It leads to getting burnt out because there's a lot of time and effort that goes into putting together a bid Getting pricing getting quotations verifying specs verifying requirements There's a lot of effort that goes into putting that whole package together And thus if you're spending the bulk of your time doing that you can easily get burned out Now what I find is that those same persons are spending very little time and doing business development and networking market research and Other ways that are intangible Activities that actually lead to more efficient more scalable growth. So what we want to talk about is how? To take and utilize your highest and best use of the time that you have which is a limited resource We all know that time is neutral. It's not good or bad, but how you spend it is really important Now on the other side Let's take a look at how I've been spending my time with a recent client of mine that I've taken on We've actually in two months have spent the bulk of our time doing market research Doing business development sending out emails reaching out to contracting officials. We've done a lot of actual networking We've done marketing to people We've spent time at events And in the in the actuality the thing that we spent the least amount of time doing was bidding projects. Why? Because we want to put ourselves in a position so that the contracting officials know who we are They like us and they trust us We want to put ourselves in a position to where they want to do business with us and that actually takes a special skill set that takes business development that takes nurturing creating establishing a relationship with the person if you don't have that with them then the chances are Unlikely that you are going to be awarded a negotiated bid a sole source contract anything under SAP Simplified acquisitions procedures, you're not gonna be awarded anything under the micro threshold and so thus you're basically Gotta be spinning yourself around and that hamster will right over and over again and just Another vendor out there another contractor out there another supplier just providing price into the government and the whole basis for why I teach federal contracting is so that you're not being chosen Selected or selected just on the basis of being the lowest bidder Remember you want in a federal arena They choose best value which a lot of times means you don't have to be the lowest bidder Again go back to watching the video that we talked about simplified acquisitions procedures They don't choose the lowest bidder In fact the government even states it not it's not even efficient use of their time to determine whether or not your bid is too High because why the amount that of contracts that are out there the size the scope the scale These things that are a million dollars and less are very minute compared to the actual macro picture of what we all were dealing with here and Keep that in mind when you're considering How do I want to spend my time moving forward if you are like the people here on the screen? And you're spending all your time bidding jobs Believe me. You're gonna want to change careers. You're gonna want to change scope You're not gonna want to do this anymore You're gonna find this more of a maze and more of a puzzle then you're started out But if you start taking your time learning Studying taking advantage of all the free free courses that we have Taking advantage of all the classes that exist, you know reading blog posts and studying the marketplace investigating Who are the people that should be buying your services if you spend all that time developing those race relationships Cultivating those relationships becoming like a pest sort of speak, you know a pest of those persons at least they're gonna know you When something comes up and when something is available that pest is gonna be the one that gets the phone call That pest is gonna be the one that gets to email I hope this will help some people out there today. Keep watching stay tuned for more We've got more coming down the right line as always. Thanks for watching Eric scorecounter.com. We'll see you next time


This time we're going to be converting a couple of jump instructions into machine language. So I'll begin with my opcode again. The opcode for a jump instruction is 2. And then the opcode for a jump and link instruction is 3. So those parts are easy. Now I have the address. So I've got a 32-bit address for both of these instructions. And I'm going to want to encode that into my address field using only 26 bits. I've got two rules that I'll use to do that. I'll drop the upper four bits, which are all zeros in both cases, and the lower two bits, which may not be quite as obvious, but those are also zeros. So I'm going to start by just writing down all of the bits in both of these addresses in binary. So there's my first address. My second address is... So I'm going to drop the first four bits of both of these. And I'm going to drop the last two bits. As expected, the last two bits were zeros. I will convert both of my opcodes. So now I'm going to convert both of these machine language instructions into hexadecimal, so they're easier to read. At 0, 8, 1, 8, I get 2BBF. The second instruction, I get 0, C, 2, 3. And then I have C992. So there's the hexadecimal representations for both of those machine language instructions.


Now, we are coming to one of the final topics of using Linux tools. Many people had been asking about editors. So, we will first see Nano, we will see a little more of Nano, we will see G edit also, then we will see Vem. Vem I would like to say is the best, that the close competitor is far behind. So, why do not we see Nano, Nano filen Nano test dot txt, extension you will choose depending on the purpose. So, we are writing, we are beginning to write, write a new file, enter for next line. If you go on typing on the same line, then it will not put enter by default, it will hide all those into this dollar character, this dollar character in Nano. We will say there is much before this also, there is just some way to represent it, dollar has not actually come into the file. After you write all that press enter. Now, it is only showing one line at a time, again it says there is this dollar means there is some extension. It is there, it is just that it is not showing it to you. You might choose some wrap line option, etc. So, as it shows, do not worry about it, the file is intact. It is exactly the way it will put a enter only when you press enter. If you do not press enter, it will just go on putting and it will hide unnecessary things inside a dollar like it is hiding here. After you do all that, you can do control X. What all to use? Those options are there here, because Nano is one of the first things to learn. They all those comments are always below. Control O for write out, write it, write all this to a file. If you want to cut a line, cut line means what? It says control K. Control K will cut the line, control U, then uncut it right there. But you might want to uncut, you have to paste it somewhere else. You can paste it again and again. So, this is how you use a Nano editor. One can do many advanced things for quite a few years, I use just the Nano editor. It is at least as useful as Doc, let me tell you. You can do copy, paste, everything that is possible in open office, copy, paste or Microsoft Word copy paste is possible in Nano also. But this is a simple text, plain text editor. Whatever is written in this, why do not we save and came out, whatever has been written is plain text. That is why we can see using less. We can see grep, we can use grep on this. It is a plain text file. That is what all your shell scripts, your Python scripts, Latex, all are required to be plain text. They should not have been written in any fancy program package. These plain text editors, we will not like to call it a package. It is best called as a plain text editor. But this open office or Microsoft Word, these are all some fancy packages. To read that particular file, you need that package only. You cannot do command line grep, cut, paste to fish out the information that is required. For example, let us, I do not even know what word was put. There is a new word. Word new was there inside this, grep new.  Because this particular information was written in a plain text editor, grep, cut, paste, cat, concatenate requires, all of that requires it to be plain text editor. Cat might concatenate even if it is not a plain text, even if it is not ASCII. For it to be visible on the screen using cat, it requires to be plain text. What is de-edit now? Why do not we continue to edit the same file? The fact that you can use a different editor to edit the same file is because finally the text is a plain text file. It was written by any editor no longer. This plain text is the only one that is Unix, Linux, Mac, DOS, Microsoft Word, Microsoft, any operating system, plain text will be compatible. That is why it is very universal. Also file sizes are very small. So now we open the same file using de-edit. De-edit does not even know that previously when you wrote this file you had used nano. It will not complain. Now all these other fancy packages complain that this was built using some other package is not made for this. Here, plain text editor, we have opened this in de-edit. De-edit allows you to use the mouse. Now we can copy it like this and we can copy another word and we can right click it and cut, copy. You can do various things. You can go here and control V for paste just like the commands that you are used to. You can also go here, another place and you can paste it. The mouse is all very much accessible. De-edit is a very simple helpful editor. It is simple. That is why you cannot do many complicated routine things. Any questions about this? So you can have a look. I do not use de-edit. I cannot tell you various nice things it can do. For those of you who use de-edit can help us tell all these things. It appears like you can edit multiple files. Open multiple files as different tabs. You can open a new one. You can open new one here and copy one file and another file. You can copy here from this one. We have copied. Then we can go to this one and we can paste here. Control V for paste. Also you can right click. You can right click for paste. So we encourage all of you to use plain text editors whether you use nano or de-edit or vim or emacs.  For turbo, you will give zero marks.  But what editor you use is completely up to you. Same file you can open in notepad or in wordpad. Some of these end of the line characters for wrapping, etc. It is important to know that wordpad is the one that opens more properly in Microsoft. When you are working in Microsoft Windows, the same file can be very much opened there. Do not worry about compatibility issues when you are dealing with plain text editor. So that finishes g-edit. We will spend a few minutes on vim before we take up questions. So now why do not we just quit this? It will say look all these are, we are not interested in saving it. You can also save it and quit. You can save and then quit in g-edit. There is some file we wrote. We have now opened an editor called vim. So whatever I am going to explain now is about only the vim editor. Those of you who are not interested in vim editor can now start spending time on various exercises in the slides that we did not pursue. For for loop, if while those exercises in the slides we did not pursue, you can get started with that directly. If you are happy with g-edit or nano editor, you can get started with that directly. If you are interested in vim editor, then you can spend a few minutes now. It might appear very difficult. But believe me, I will show you how you can do really complicated things in a very quick way. But if you feel it is too difficult, do not worry about it. Do not blame Linux in any case. It is vim editor that is complicated. Do not blame Linux for vim being difficult. Vim is a purely personal choice. I understand it is very difficult for initial users. But you can do many complicated things very easily. Once once somebody masters it a little. It takes 3-4 hours only to master the basic things.  That also was not done. So here was, why do not we suppose we have these, we decided to remove the colors. So here is our while x.sh file that we had seen before we broke for lunch I think. Now if you want to comment, there is no block comment. If you want if you want to comment this entire part, then it is not, I think it is not possible to go in the start and say hash hash from here onwards up to up to here. Such a thing is possible in C C plus plus. I think it is not possible here. If it is possible, we let you know on moodle. How will you comment this entire thing that we had block, we had whatever is highlighted. One thing to do is go here, yeah again come here, again come here, yeah. If you have to do this block thing, you have to put a hash in the first line, first character of every line. Not necessarily first, the first non-space character has to come as hash. This is multiple line if you have to hash the entire block, you have to put a hash on every line. This you can do actually by going in G edit, G edit, you can go to the first character, put the hash there. If you are unhappy with typing the hash each time looking at the keyboard, you can copy it once like that in G edit, copy it and then again take the mouse each time to first line and paste, paste, paste, paste, paste, paste, yeah. So, first of all let me tell you, even hash I did not spend any time, yeah. So, wherever we are beginning of the line, this is how I did. Even easier, if there are more lines, so I can just copy like this, yeah. Let us copy the entire like this. So, there is some vi syntax, yeah. We will cover in a few minutes some basic things. I am trying to motivate how it is very easy to do all these complicated things. Search replace for this entire patch, replace the first the begin line character with hash, yeah. It has performed all of this in one go. If there are many lines, if there are thousand lines, all those thousand lines can in one go be done. What is one go about it? I press colon once and typed this long thing. That is all, yeah. As soon as I typed, it has done again. If I want to undo, you for undo all of them, again you all of them are done. So, you see that if you want to do many, you see in things, if you want to navigate in the file, then we all spend so many hours per day editing a file. For example, it might be editing a email that we have to send. It might be editing a program. The program might be a tech file. It might be a latex file that we are editing. Given that we spend so many hours per day, why should we not learn some really powerful editor and make our life easier? If we have to comment, why not use a very strong powerful editor like vi and do everything more efficiently rather than copy, paste, one by one, hash, hash, hash, yeah. So, I took this very simple example of multiple line commenting, but almost anything is really easy in vi, yeah. That is why we spend a few minutes on vi. So, we will put up some slides about benefits of vi, how to use it on Moodle. Important thing to remember is when you start vi, all these keys, when you type, they are not going to come on the screen. They are all commands, yeah. So, we are now speaking of commands inside vi. These are not Linux commands, which we have learned since yesterday morning. These are all commands within vi. We have already opened this particular window. There is no command prompt. This is not Linux. This is not bash shell. This is not command prompt. There is vi editor for DOS. There is vi editor for Microsoft Windows. There is vi editor for every operating system. We are not dealing with command prompt anymore. As far as this vi is concerned, command means what you are doing inside. Inside the vi command, h is for moving, moving left, l is for moving right, jkl, yeah. All these commands are for just most of them are for navigating, yeah. w for moving to next word, yeah. Control f for moving to the next page, control b for moving to the back page. So, most of the commands, most of the keys now are commands. Only some of these are for going to a different mode, where we start inserting all this information. For example, if you have navigated enough, if you have navigated to one's heart's end, why do not we start putting in some text, yeah. One way of putting the text is going into insert mode. So, till now we were in command mode. Whenever you open vi, you will automatically be in command mode. And if you are in command mode, nothing is at the bottom, yeah. So, when to come back to command mode, from wherever you are, just press escape several number of times. If you are on command mode, see please notice at the bottom here, there is nothing written there. At the bottom here, whatever is highlighted in black, nothing is written there. But if you go to insert mode, for example, by pressing I, sorry, by pressing I, we have gone to insert mode. Immediately this place that I had highlighted, it says look, we are in insert mode, yeah. So, now as soon as you are in insert mode, you can start typing various things. Now, all the keys now are suddenly no longer commands. They are all, when you type, they will come into the screen, they will come into the file, enter, etcetera, yeah. So, I am giving a loose chance to my fingers to go on putting whatever they want. You can type more meaningful words, I am sure. So, all this has come in. After you have put in enough characters, press escape to go back to command mode. Press escape a few times extra, do not worry about it, nothing will go wrong. Inside the VI editor, escape means coming back to command mode. If you are already in command mode, it will again come back to command mode. Nothing is different about it. Now, all the keys are again for navigation, yeah. So, right now I am pressing H, J, K, L for navigating. You can also use arrow marks, yeah. You may not know what keys I am pressing, but whatever keys we press, they are most of them are for navigation. Now, we might want to delete a line, double D for delete, another D, yeah. If you have done some complicated editing, then dot will just do the same thing again. What I am doing is I am just deleting one by one all of these. U for undo, whatever you did, it will undo it. It will again put all these back. Finally, after you have edited everything, you want to save it and quit out, yeah. First, quitting colon WQ, yeah. So, please note, all of you should know how to open a file, how to go to insert mode, type various things that you want. Press escape to come back to command mode. Whenever you start the file using WIM, it will default be in command mode.   From wherever you were, the cursor will come to the bottom and WQ will quit out of this. It has written that file to while dash x dot sh. And now we are back to the Linux prompt. In the Linux prompt, notice the previous command we typed was WIM. WIM, I am not sure whether we have asked all the computers to have WIM in the various centers, yeah. WIM. If you are using our CD, then WIM also will be there. So, WIM will be there, very likely you can also do hands on or whatever I have told. Now, we can again do WIM and again we can open that file and do various editing. One can do various things. In particular, let me at least tell you how I did this block editing, block commenting. So, I used v for visual mode. As soon as you press small v once, now you can use your cursors to mark the patch, whatever patch you want some work. After you are marked, press colon, that part, whatever your mark comes down as some symbol. That says that is the marked pattern. For the marked pattern, s small s for substitute, s for search and replace actually. Search and replace hat, hat for beginning of the line. Important thing to note is, if you have spent so much effort in beginning of the word, end of the word, beginning of the line, end of the line, all syntaxes are available here also. They are the same. Underline grep, they are all very closely linked. That is why you do not have to remember hat for beginning of the line character. It is not different in Vi nor in the Linux prompt. They both are the same. Now, we are going to replace this with what? Hat. If you replace actually the begin character will not get lost. It will continue to be there. Put a space also. There is search, search and replace only over this particular region, whatever region has been marked. In this case, replace this pattern, search and replace with this pattern, with hash. And now, when we press enter, that will have effect. That is how we did this. After we do this, colon, again it brings a prompt below, it brings a cursor below. W for write, write and quit. Write and quit will exit, exit after writing. If you want to just quit, you can do this. But it is look, you did not save your work. It is telling you did not save. No write. If you want to quit without writing, then you have to force it. Queue exclamation mark, one minute. Queue exclamation mark will help you quit without saving the file. This is in short about WIM. Details about WIM, we will put up a nice presentation by a person called Ananya Sain. He has kept his PDF file on the web. We will send you the link. So, let us see what is typed here. So, whatever about WIM is not been prepared really like a slide. It just happens to be here. So, perhaps that is why this is also not there in the Moodle slides. For another piece of information, something called site, some of you asked about a good editor and for that Shikhand answered site. Site is a source code editor and has also many, is very powerful. Both WIM and site will let, will highlight the syntax. Depending on the extension, it knows this is a tech file, this is a SH batch file or this is a python file. From the extension, it will guess that this, these are all commands because this extension suggests that it is a python code and from the extension, it will automatically give nice color to the syntax. Let me give you an example. So, let us see WIM num check dot SH. So, all these colors are not there because the colors are not visible. Why do not we again bring back colors into our lives here? This is showing that this is a command. I can understand that this yellow color is not visible on the screen there. For that purpose only, I have disabled all these colors by setting, going to some different term. So, on your own computer at least you can keep the colors and you can see that all these different syntax gets highlighted from the SH. We can also see a quick tech file. Here is a tech file. All these commands are showing in different, different color. All math is coming in different color. This is an example of how VI, just like site, just like site will allow you to do syntax highlighting and that syntax highlighting is done very intelligently. It is done depending on the particular language you are doing and that language is guessed from the extension. If there are any questions, we can take the questions now. Otherwise, we want everybody to practice those problems that were there in the slides for if, for and while loops. Are there any questions? Somebody has asked how to say file in WIM if name not given as command line variable. That is one thing we can answer. How to change default permissions for every new file being created. This is already somebody helped yesterday as uname. Uname is the one that one should use for this purpose. For bash, somebody has said you can use three codes for multi-line and again put three codes for end of the bash. Does Anindya know this? Anindya has just now walked in here. Not as a participant. To participate in this would be very trivial for him. He happens to be here for a different purpose. So, let me ask him that in bash, we are trying to explain about bash and we put hash as a command. So, for multiple lines in C, you can start that from here. This line onwards should be command until something else comes. Do you know what to do for bash? So, he does not know but somebody here has told, somebody from INCC Pune has told that you use three codes, three single codes I presume to do this. This is really useful information. I encourage people to try this out and it is good for us also to know this. Are there any other questions? No audio video. Only in one particular center. How to create tar from files of multiple format? Tar will just create all the files in that directory, that sub directory, whatever you specify. It will not even worry whether the formats are same or different. So, that is why we do not have to worry about multiple format or same format. Now, somebody had asked how to save also including files with tar. So, the same question has asked, same person has asked, can we create a tar ball which itself has, can we create a tar ball of a directory and the directory itself has other tar files? Yeah, why not? Tar will not worry about it. Only that the file size will become very large except for that tar does not have a problem. So, if we say WEM, we have just opened WEM, plain WEM and we can type various things. Now, when we do WQ, it says we did not specify any filename when we started WEM. So, we can do W filename. Now, it will allow us to quit. Let us see the most recent most file that was created. So, where is this file that has got created? LS minus ALRT I did. I did, it has, the filename has come now. I think I typed something wrong. So, filename is the recent most file that we created by choosing the filename from within WEM. Any other questions? Difference between tar minus C, V, Z, F, C, V, F, Z. Somebody has asked the difference between whether the options, if you give the options in different sequence, whether it matters or not. My guess is that does not matter, but you take this yourself. One thing one can check oneself. If there are no more questions, then I recommend each one of you to start with the various exercises. Why? Because our test today will require you to have tried them all. You please try them all and ask us questions as soon as you can. Triple course is not working is what Srikant here told. There is one other resource I forgot to tell you. So, there is something called WEM tutor. WEM tutor is a command. You run it and as you read, it will tell you various commands. It says approximate time required to complete the tutor is 25 to 30 minutes only. So, if you spend little more time, it will take little longer. WEM tutor is ideally, it is a WEM file actually. Inside this WEM file, you can edit it. While you see, you can edit it also.  So, we will send you a link of the presentation file that Anish Sainath prepared, which is kept in his homepage. So, if there are no more questions, then we can start with exercises. There is a question from VIT Vellore. Sir, actually I did a program to find the bigger number among given two numbers by using command line arguments as input. It do that program gives the output as the right one, but I cannot add the two numbers. Suppose for example, that the program I executed with the command line argument as a three and four, it will give that four as a big number, but I cannot get the result as a three plus four as seven. How can I get it, sir? Yeah, thanks for your question. You see, in Bash, we can compare two things. See, which is larger, which is smaller, but how to add them is something I have not done before. But I really want to learn how to do this. And we have not covered this in the course. Incidentally, Prashant is the person who knows this very well. And he will answer this question. Hello, ma'am. To add two numbers in Bash, you have to use expression or let. So, like expression A equal to dollar B plus one where B will be some other variables. So, this way you can add these two numbers. But you have to use extra syntax that is EXPR at the beginning of that thing. Or other way of doing is defining each like let A equal to something and let B equal to something and then adding using let C, let again. So, you can try this out. I will send you a particular example on modal also if you want. It should be in quotes actually at the beginning of the line. See, we will just check this and tell you. It is some small syntax very close to what is written, what is visible. So, very soon Prashant will check this and answer back to you. So, one can add only integer manipulations allowed. Add, subtract, divide, multiply. This he will tell in a while. So, the next question is from Ufa Khamja College, Hyderabad. Please ask. Good afternoon sir. I exhibit this simple C program in Linux as well as Windows. But output is different. Why sir? So, his question is that there is a simple C program whose output is different in Linux or Windows. It is hard to say without seeing the program. Perhaps Windows compiler is not working properly. No, if you tell the program I will not understand. You please send it on modal, not now in the evening. Anyway, it is many years since I did any C programming. You please send it. Any other questions from Ufa Khamja? Hello. Yeah, the answer for that EXPR is it should be written as A equal to backcodes A equal to, A equal to backcodes EXPR space to space plus. Please tell slowly. No, EXPR should not come first. It should be A equal to. A equal to backcodes A equal to backcodes EXPR space for space 5 plus 5 backcodes. Okay, thank you very much. Thank you for participating from there. Yes, very good. It is indeed adding as expected. So, the syntax is now I know the syntax. Thank you very much. Any other questions from Ufa Khamja? This shell is not available. So, how to add this shell in our system? Can you please repeat the question? How to add C shell or con shell? Sir, other shell, we are covering. Sometimes when we try to run the shell script using C shell or con shell, one which is not the default shell. I do not know. So, how to add these shells in our login? Okay, thank you very much for your question. So, the question is instead of C shell, if you have K shell, if you instead of bash, instead of K shell, how do we do these other shells? I think this KSH, let us go to this. KSH is not installed in this. So, it appears like these other shells are there. ZSH is also not there. So, you just run that ZSH will go to that. So, in my computer, these shells are not installed. But if you install, then just write TCHSH will go there. For example, just type bash, we are running into, we have gone into another bash script. We have gone into another shell within our earlier shell. You just type ZSH and you would have gone into that, provided it was installed. But then we are not going to spend time on other shells, only bash. So, now that you asked, I answered this. After you installed these other shells, just type ZSH will go there. At least SH might still, SH is there. You can see what all shells are running. So, SH is another shell that is running now. But do not worry about the other shells. Please learn using Linux tools and just bash nicely. And you will have learnt much already. And you would already be very effective. Okay, the next question is from College of Engineering, Bharamati. Can I get output of one shell script into another shell script? Yeah, yeah. Yeah, the output of one command can very much come on the screen. If it can come on the screen, it can be taken as input to another command. Maybe pipe is not really that. One can write functions in bash. Yeah, and the output of that function is what can easily go to another function. So, this is very much possible. Yeah, we have not seen an example on this. But this would be an advanced topic. I do not know how to do this properly. One has to use something called function in bash to do this. Somebody has asked one chat. Tell me in the command to search all files having any specific word. Yeah, so this is something we saw once and very useful. Why do not we search through all the files? Here they are. So, all these files, inside all these files, we inside this list of files, we would like to grab for an, sorry. Yeah, so what has this done? An character, an pattern is being searched through not just one file, but a whole list of files. That list of files is getting generated using the find dot command. Yeah, why? Because find dot command, when you do find dot, it just lists all the files, directories, sub directories, files, inside sub directories, everything it will just spit on the screen. Instead of spitting on the screen, we want that to go as input to something else. This incident is list of files. So, why do not we grab through a pattern, grab for a pattern through all these files. That is what this back quote, open quote is doing. So, it has given all this. Does this answer your question? Dot. Find dot minus name. Now you give an. An. The an. Whether an is part of the file name. Okay. This will work for txt. It will give us all txt files. Txt is not there surprisingly. Yeah, stars. Star is also required. Yeah. So, or sh. Yeah, it will give you that pattern is there in the filing. Yeah. Somebody is asking, explain the usage of scd. Scd is very, if you know when scd is not hard, you already when is outside the scope of this course, so would scd be. Yeah. I would say scd is very useful. We will not discuss more than that of scd. There is a question from Jaipur. Please ask. Hello. Hello. Sir, you mentioned slide number 80 with option x. How could we expect files within Archive? Hello. Yeah, we are able to hear. We heard your question. Archive. How to extract files within the archive? With hyphen x. Capital x. Capital. Small x. I do not think you can extract only one file from the archive. It will extract all the files from within that archive. This x means you extract all the files out of that archive, not just one file. To the best of my understanding, you need, you will extract all the files. Yeah. So, I forgot to tell one important thing when I was explaining Tarball. See, compressing a file, compressing a collection of files into one file and then compressing it, extracting out such a straightforward thing, but still you need some licensed packages for Microsoft Windows. It is really disappointing that such a straightforward thing and Winzip, why should Winzip be licensed when it is such a straightforward thing? Compressing and uncompressing, so many algorithms are there. So, I really want that each one of you should stop using Winzip to begin with. Then you should stop using Microsoft Windows also, but that is not as urgent. So, Tar, compressing, uncompressing, so straightforward, extracting out from an archive. So, any other questions? Yes, sir. Sir, can you please explain hyphen v? The v option is only for verbose. Verbose means those who give too much information. Too textual, too much unnecessary information. So, verbose, you might be interested in verbose because you might be concerned whether something has become okay or not. You just, whether you put the v option or not, do not worry about it. Do not worry about the verbose. Let me repeat and be verbose. Do not worry about verbose. If there are no more questions, we will take this question on chat. Is there no more questions? Before we go to this question to Saint Joseph College Kerala, so there is this question about RAR. I think WinRAR is free. There is, I think, I am not sure, but you can install RAR and UNRAR packages on Linux and it will run. RAR and UNRAR can extract out RAR extension files. So, RAR and UNRAR are commands one can install separately. Tar is of course a GNU one that is default there. So, you can uncompress RAR archives. Okay, the next question is from Saint Joseph College Kerala. Lab environment, we need to copy files from one system to another. Usually to students, we will prepare one exercise and distribute among system. How can we transfer the files from one system in Linux to another? Okay, yeah, that is a good question. Any other question from your college? We will take up all the questions and then start answering. Okay, sir, we also want to take backup into CD. So, how can that can be done in command interface backup process? Yeah, taking backup is very important. I am sure all of you should be able to do backup. Shrikanth will come and help us about that. So, how to copy from one server to another server? That is what I know. That is what I will tell. So, right now no other computer is connected to this because of SCP SSH is for logging into another server. Bairav happens to be some other server in our campus. It is not connected, unfortunately. But if Bairav is connected, one can copy file from here to Belur login inside directory there, file name, file name there. Yeah, this is some syntax. SCP is a secure copy. Nowadays because Telnet and all is not allowed for security reasons. It is not encrypted, I think. So, SCP means secure copy. Secure copy from one source to another destination. Either source or destination now can be across computers. You have to give the exact name of that server. Maybe you have to give IP address. My computer already knows the IP address of this server called Bairav. Some Bairav is some name inside IIT. So, you have to give IP address if it is another computer. If it is on LAN, IP address, etc., is the same. Whether it is Windows or Linux, you address that same computer by that IP address and you have to specify. That computer has to also be a SSH server, not just a client. While this server, this computer can be a client. So, after some server client relation and all is established, one can copy files across servers, across computers. Now, coming to this topic about backups in Linux. That is something Shrikanth can come here and answer. Regarding backups, we have many tools in Synaptic Package Manager. So, I do not want to mention the tools name exactly. You can search as a backup tools. There are many command line backup tools and GUI based graphic backup tools. And what was the other question? DVD, CD writing, CD writing things. So, we have many CD writing tools on Linux. So, K3B, Bracero, they are popular among GUI tools. And we have command line tools also. So, but predominantly we can use K3B or Bracero. They are very good and we can do all kind of DVD writing and CD writing functionalities with these two tools. So, is this answer the question? So, this is the plan for today. So, we have skipped certain slides because they were supposed to only be seen from the slides and put on a editor, use nano as we suggested and execute them and check. But then it is important that you do this for doing well in the test. And you doing well in the test is very important. Only those who do sufficiently well will pass the course. Only they get this participation certificate.