Good afternoon and welcome to our afternoon session on cardiovascular genomics as well as an overview of the genomics and metabolic syndrome. We welcome all of you to this webinar and just a reminder, it is being recorded. Your microphones as attendees are muted throughout the presentation, but if you have a question, you can type the question into the polling area down the bottom of your screen. Dr. Kathleen Kelsom will now introduce our speakers and thank you so much for attending. So again, thank you for everyone who's attending and we'll have two sessions today and the first session we're really privileged to have all of the authors from the cardiovascular genomics paper who are going to be available and presenting to you and available to answer questions. So briefly to introduce all of those speakers, the first speaker is Xu Fen-Wang. Dr. Wang is an associate professor of nursing at the University of Arizona and her program of research has been focused on the assessment and management of common cardiovascular diseases resulting in myocardial ischemia and arrhythmias. Also presenting today will be Dr. Kathleen Hickey and she is an assistant professor of nursing and a nurse practitioner in the division of cardiology at Columbia University. Her research is on the interrelated areas of arrhythmias, cardiogenetics and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. And also of note Dr. Hickey is currently the president of the International Society of Nurses and Genetics. Dr. Jacqueline Taylor is also with us today and she's an associate professor in the pediatric nurse practitioner specialty at Yale University School of Nursing. Her research has focused on addressing genomic health disparities and hypertension among African-Americans and West African families. And then lastly but not least is Dr. Matthew Gallick who is an assistant professor in the College of Nursing at the University of Arizona and his primary research has been examining the role of genetics and genomics on outcomes following brain injuries including subarachnoid hemorrhage and ischemic stroke. So we'll turn it over to Dr. Wong and her colleagues. First I would like to thank the co-authors who contributed their expertise to this manuscript. This is the leading cause of death worldwide. Genetics play a role in nearly all cardiovascular disorders. In this overview we will briefly highlight the current knowledge on cardiovascular genomics using three example arts. I will be presenting genomics and myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease. Stroke genomics will be presented by Dr. Gallick. Dr. Hickey will present sudden cardiac death and finally Dr. Taylor will discuss health disparities between racial, ethnic and gender groups that may have faces in genetic variation related to cardiovascular disease and its risk factor. Since 1990s there has been an explosion of studies examining genetic markers in myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease linkage analysis of families, candidate gene approach and genome wide association studies. Using family-based linkage analyses, several chromosomal regions harboring MI-CAD genes have been identified. However identification of mutation only affected a single family or had no functional relevance in other studies. Worst mentioning is the linkage analysis performed by the decode group, finding a peak at the shore arm of chromosome 13 in Icelandic families with a history of MI. These researchers found an ALOX 5-AP gene associated with MI. The ALOX 5-AP genetic variants have been linked to heightened inflammation and disease. Under on these investigators reported that ALOX 5-AP gene was associated with CAD in British and stroke in Icelandic and Scottish populations. Using the candidate gene approach involved analyzed genes representing different pathways in the development of MI and CAD. Since 1990s association between greater than 150 candidate genes and coronary artery disease or MI have been analyzed. Among these, both positive and negative association were found for nearly all genes but reproducible associations are few. There are only limited genes affecting low density lipoprotein cholesterol such as APOE has been shown to be associated with MI and CAD. The genome-wide association study approach genotypes the complete genome and has the potential to identify disease associated markers in unknown genes. In 2007, three landmark GWAS studies identify ALOX on the shore arm of chromosome 9 associated with MI and CAD. Since then, several studies have confirmed the role of this locus on risk for MI, CAD, making it the strongest and most replicated genetic effect on MI, CAD risk known today. This 9P21 locus only harbors alone non-coding RNA. Researchers are actively investigating the role of this non-coding RNA in atherosclerosis. As recently a global consortium, the cardiogram analyzed GWAS studies data from more than 20,000 CAD cases and 60,000 controls and discovered 13 novel as well as confirmed 10 previously reported chromosomal loci associated with CAD. The majority of these established and novel loci are not associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors and they located in regions not previously suspected in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. This suggests that most genetic markers may act through novel pathways. However, these 23 loci are only able to explain a limited fraction of CAD herobrility about 10%. This indicates CAD are yet unknown. So in summary, research is still ongoing to discover comprehensive genetic marker in MI, CAD. However, several commercial cardiovascular disease genotyping panels are being marketed to health care providers and general public. However, there is no consistency on the commercial genotyping panels so far. For example, the genes being tested are not readily available from this company. They do test heart disease, but there is no information on what genetic markers are being tested. This company genotyping the NIP 21 focus and this company genotypes a panel of 23 genes. In summary, it's very important for nurses to understand current development of MI, CAD genomics and the inconsistency in commercial genotyping panels so that information can be provided to patients and families interested in genetic testing. Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death. There are approximately 795,000 strokes a year. That's a stroke every 40 seconds. The direct and indirect cost is estimated at $38.6 billion a year. And about 6.8 million Americans have had a stroke in the past. Stroke is a leading cause of adult disability. These disabilities range from minor weaknesses to a need for skilled nursing homes. 87% of strokes are ischemic stroke, 10% are hemorrhagic and about 3% are subarachnoid hemorrhage. Risk factors for stroke are similar to the risk factors for MI and CAD. These include hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, and inflammation. Only history of stroke or MI also puts one at higher risk for stroke. In fact, the paternal history of stroke puts a person at higher risk for stroke than maternal history. In twin studies, a five-fold increase in stroke was seen in monozygotic twins when compared to dizygotic twins. Estimated prevalence of stroke are as follows. Asian Americans at about 3.8%, Caucasians at 2.5%, and Asians at 1.3%. Most genetic research in stroke has been completed on Caucasians from North America and Europe. We are starting to see replicated data in other ethnicities such as Japanese and Chinese. However, we need to do more research in these other ethnicities. These have been associated with stroke. For ischemic stroke, the 9P21 locus that Dr. Wong mentioned earlier is also associated with stroke. Apolipoprotein E, pro-therombin, and ICAM are just a few of the other genes associated with ischemic stroke. With hemorrhagic stroke, it's been associated again with apolipoprotein E. Factor seven, factor eight, and endobline. While subarachnoid hemorrhage outcomes such as vasospasm have been associated with enos and haptaglobin. For a more complete list of these genes, there was a review in the annual review of nursing research, Volume 29. In addition, some rare genetic disorders have been associated with stroke. This includes mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, and febri disease. When there is suspicion of these rare genetic disorders, testing can be ordered by the healthcare professional. As with MI and CAD risk, the direct to consumer testing can be used to evaluate stroke, but at this time it's inconsistent what they are testing for stroke. There are no clinically recommended genetic tests for stroke risk, and the ones that are out there continue to have the inconsistent results. I'd like to pass the presentation over to Dr. Kathleen Hickey. Let's begin. Sudden cardiac death affects approximately 1 million people per year. It's a leading cause of death in the world.  There is a broad category of inherited cardiomyopathies and channelopathies, which accounts for sudden cardiac death in those under the age of 50. With the advent of the human genome and genetic etiology of many of these inherited cardiac monogenetic disorders, we now are able to test commercially via genetic testing for these disorders. So go to the next slide, please. The primary electrical diseases or channelopathies listed here, long QT syndrome accounts for about 1 in 3,000 people. QT goddess syndrome accounts for about 35 out of 100,000 people. Those with other disorders such as CPVT or ARVD or other primary channelopathies. QTG characteristics and the clinical history is very helpful in those disorders where we're able to see very specific changes on the EKG. In the case here on this slide of long QT syndrome, we see an upsloping of the ST segments in long QT type 1. A common trigger for this disorder is swimming and the incidence is about 30 to 35% of individuals. And those with long QT type 2 and auditory stimulation such as a loud doorbell or fireworks can account for this syndrome. And classically, we see a broad and flat T-wave. In the case of long QT type 3 syndrome, this occurs commonly with sleep, that's about 5 to 10% of the population, in the next slide. So in regards to the channelopathies or rather cardiomyopathy, excuse me, in this image what we see is in panel A, a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy part from autopsy. You can notice the very thick and enlarged septum and therefore blood and just volume is unable to be pumped effectively and efficiently. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy accounts for about 1 in 500 individuals. Shown in panel B is a normal heart, normal myocardial thickness, papillary muscles, normal cavity size and therefore normal function and contractility of the heart. Shown in panel C is dilated cardiomyopathy. This accounts for about 1 in 1,000 individuals and you can really see the extreme dilatation that occurs up the vessels there. We now also are able to identify the genes associated with many of these cardiomyopathies and test individual families from any of the mutations that are specific to individual members. The beta myosin heavy chain and myosin binding protein C genes account for the majority of the inherited cardiomyopathies in specifically hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Once we've identified a proband within the family who has a known mutation, we're able to then test for other family members and do cascade screening. Nursing implications, nurses as we know play a vital and critical role in cardiogenetic testing and are involved in the direct clinical care of patients and families. Nurses are on the forefront of obtaining EKGs, identifying potentially abnormal findings on the EKG, providing support, counseling, and education to patients and families. They're certainly leading the way and being aware of many of the rhythmogenic triggers and explaining to patients and families prescribed therapies for protection against sudden cardiac death. Some of these therapies may include beta blocker therapy or ICD therapy. In conclusion, the channel opethies and inherited channel opethies have really been evaluated in recent years with the advent of the human genome project completion and the availability of commercial and genetic testing and all likelihood in years ahead we'll see gene therapy and other advances in this area. Thank you for your attention. So as you can see here, we highlighted in our paper on table one some of the ethnic differences that you can find in the genomics of cardiovascular disease and some are even cited in some of the work that I do, such as some of the SNPs that are more deleterious for hypertension in African Americans than other ethnic groups, but I wanted to highlight some of the similarities that you can find as well within and between ethnic groups. So some that are highlighted in table one, you can find that there are similarities with the SN5A gene and the SNC10A gene with African Americans, Asians, Europeans, and that's with men and women. And in all of these groups, you can see that there is an increased prolonged PR interval on electrocardiogram. And then other similarities include the SCARB1 gene, which results in increased cardiac, CAC, common internal and carotid intiminal thickness. And this can be found with African Americans, Asians, Europeans, and his men and women. And then finally, another similarity that you find with Mexican women and Native American women are the FOCAD genes, which result in increased heart rate. So one other point that I wanted to make with racial and ethnic differences is that, particularly when you're doing genome-wide studies, that you should consider ancestry-informative markers when conducting work because we know that there is a lot of ethnic admixture, particularly with American populations. And that's all I have on this particular slide. Now turn it back over to Shufin. So in summary, genetic testing for common cardiovascular disease like MI and stroke is commercially available, but not recommended for clinical use at this time. However, there are some academic institutes, they do offer this in their clinic. However, I think health care providers need to know that genetic markers to comprehensively profile these diseases are still ongoing. On the other hand, genetic testing for lone QTs and Rung and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can provide valuable information for nurses to tailor prevention and management strategies for individual at risk for sudden cardiac death. We leave you some clinical resources that may be helpful when you wanted to look for genetics. We did it to cardiovascular disorders. Thank you. So thank you very much to the speakers. I appreciate that they're in different locations and some of them are a little bit lighter to hear than others. I'm sorry for that in terms of the technology. If you have questions now and clarification or anything you want to follow up on that the speakers were talking about, please feel free to go ahead and write those in currently and I'll submit them to the speakers. If no questions, then we'll move on to the next presentation and hold on one second Kathy and I'll let you introduce the next speakers. Okay so for those of you who are joining late, I will reintroduce our next set of presenters and we have an overlap and that's going to include Dr. Jacqueline Taylor and she's an associate professor in the pediatric nurse practitioner specialty at Yale University School of Nursing and her research is focused on addressing genomic health disparities and hypertension among African-Americans and West African families. In addition we also have Dr. Ian Cashin and she is currently the acting scientific director of the National Institute of Nursing Research Division of Intramural Research and prior to coming to the National Institutes of Health she was a professor and chair of the Department of Acute and Product Care in the College of Nursing at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center. Her research and clinical interest is focused on genetic and genomic environmental components associated with the outcomes of organ transplantation and then lastly we do have two of the other authors who are going to be participating and that includes Ansley Stansfield and Ashley Clark both who are doctoral students at Yale and working with Dr. Taylor on their projects. Okay, so we're going to start by giving you the general definition of metabolic syndrome. So our paper covered an overview of the genomics of metabolic syndrome and determining exactly what metabolic syndrome is really depends on who you ask because there are several independent and expert organizations that have different differing definitions of what metabolic syndrome really is. But generally metabolic syndrome is widely recognized concepts generally defined as a clustering of risk factors including hypertension, insulin resistance and obesity. This clustering of risk factors then leads to an increased risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. I can't see the slides but we're on the second slide. Metabolic syndrome is estimated that in the United States it affects more than 34% of the population and it leads to a three-fold increase in cardiovascular related deaths. This lack of consensus on establishing diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome leads to an uncertain clinical utility of the diagnosis. Next slide please. So what we have defined in our paper from the Alberti et al paper in 2009 is the harmonizing definition of metabolic syndrome that takes into account the definitions of the three major expert panels that define metabolic syndrome. So one of the first expert panels that we looked at for a definition of metabolic syndrome was the ATP3 which is the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel 3. And their primary outcome for metabolic syndrome focuses mainly on cardiovascular disease while the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists or the AACE, their primary outcome focuses in on insulin resistance. And then we looked at the definition of the World Health Organization which looked at a diagnosis being made of metabolic syndrome that focused mainly on markers of insulin resistance. So with the harmonizing definition of metabolic syndrome it takes into account many of the factors defined with the three major organizations that look at metabolic syndrome but it looks at many other factors as well. So it looks at obesity where you look at increased waist circumference by population and using country specific definitions, elevated triglycerides, reduced HDLC, elevated blood pressure levels, and elevated fasting blood sugar level or type 2 diabetes. Next slide. So some of the risk factors associated with development of metabolic syndrome are similar to those associated with hypertension, obesity, and renal disease and diabetes. And looking at these risk factors we do understand that although there are genomic precursors for each one of these risk factors in development of metabolic syndrome we also recognize that there are lifestyle, gender, and ethnic differences that have to be considered when examining development of metabolic syndrome. Many studies have been completed looking at metabolic syndrome and its risk factors including genome association studies, epigenetic studies, and proteanomic type studies. And although certain risk alleles that have relevance for the individual components of the disease may also have overlapping value in the overall risk for the development of metabolic syndrome. So not only do these studies look at metabolic syndrome as a whole they look at all of those disorders that make up metabolic syndrome. So hypertension, diabetes, renal disease, and obesity. So in our paper we looked at the possible contributors to metabolic syndrome individually and then as a whole. So what we're going to do here is first we're going to talk about cardiovascular factors in metabolic syndrome and we just went through, so we should be on the slide with cardiovascular factors in metabolic syndrome, slide five. So we just went through a whole seminar on cardiovascular genomics. So we're not going to go into great detail but we're going to talk about some of the factors that affect obtaining a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. So one of the most important major cardiovascular risk factors in metabolic syndrome is dyslipidemia and hypertension. So looking at dyslipidemia first, this leads to alterations in circulating blood lipid levels or predisposition to development of metabolic syndrome. And some of the things that we look for with dyslipidemia is a familial hypercholesterolemia or increases in triglyceride and HDL levels. And the major mutations that we found in our search were mutations in the LPL and APOE genes for the lipoprotein metabolism. Next slide on cardiovascular factors in metabolic syndrome include looking at hypertension which is one of the major risk factors for metabolic syndrome. When we did our search we found more than 50 genes that were associated with blood pressure or hypertension that were related to metabolic syndrome. So again when you look at hypertension it's important to assess a familial to do a family pedigree so that you can assess any type of inherited risk for hypertension. So we look at familial hypertension and this leads us to believe that these risks are, you have greater risk if you have familial hypertension rather than those that are due to secondary types of hypertension. And then other genes that are responsible for hypertension can also lead to proteins that may affect the renal electrolyte and water handling system in the body that lead to high blood pressure. And then these genes can be found and the seminal works completed by lifting at all. And some of these are even some of the rare renal disorders like barter syndrome, and the like. So next we're going to talk about diabetes in metabolic syndrome so we should be on the diabetes slide. So type 2 diabetes is what we're more interested in in terms of metabolic syndrome. And in type 2 diabetes we're looking at an overnight fastening glucose of greater equal 126 milligrams per deciliter or greater or and or HV A1C of greater than 6.5%. So hemoglobin A1C as you all know, that's a three month average of your blood sugar levels. And although diabetes may be more prevalent among specific ethnic and racial groups, we know that this can be true for the other risk factors that we're looking at in metabolic syndrome as well. So hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, all of those can have certain ethnic and racial pre pre existing factors or genetic predisposition for all of those particular risk factors. But here we just wanted to highlight some of the differences that you can find in terms of ethnic and racial break breakdown for a particular risk factor. So although you can see that there are more than 15.7 million non-Hispanic whites that have received a diagnosis of diabetes, non-Hispanic blacks have a greater percentage base of the population. So they, although there are only 4.9 million non-Hispanic blacks with type 2 diabetes that accounts for 18.7% of the black population. And then you can also find differences within ethnic groups as well. So when you're looking at Hispanics, you can see that 7.6% of the diagnosis for diabetes can be found for Cubans, Central and South American Hispanics. While when you look at Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans, they have a greater prevalence at 13.3 to 13.8%. So just something just you want to keep in mind when looking at different ethnic groups and ethnic risk factors for particular disorders. Next slide for type 2 diabetes risk alleles. So when looking at risk alleles for type 2 diabetes, the major variant that we found in the literature for type 2 diabetes risk in metabolic syndrome was the TCF7L2 gene. And although we know that this particular gene can cause excess fat, glycogen deposition in the liver, hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance and lead to type 2 diabetes, we know that the effects of individual SNPs are relatively small compared to some of the synergistic effects that you can see that contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome. And we have added in a supplement of a schematic of the synergistic effects of type 2 diabetes risk alleles on development of metabolic syndrome that can be found on the online version of this paper at the Journal of Nursing Scholarship website. So now I'm going to turn the presentation over to Ann Cashin who's going to talk about obesity in metabolic syndrome and some of the clinical resources for implications for practice and research. Thank you, Jackie. Can you hear me? Okay. So, Kathy, if you will continue to work the slides, that would be wonderful. Body mass index or BMI has been used to clinically evaluate obesity for the last several decades. In terms of metabolic syndrome, we are most concerned about individuals who are overweight, which is a BMI greater than 25, or obese, which is a BMI greater than 30. The reason for our clinical concern about these individuals is that those who are overweight are five to six-fold more likely to have metabolic syndrome. And those who are obese, the greater than 30 BMI, are actually 32 times more likely to develop metabolic syndrome. So those are significant numbers, and we need to think about that in terms of obesity may be a genetic trigger for metabolic syndrome. So an individual may have many risks for metabolic syndrome, but then when they become obese, it more or less is the straw that breaks the camel's back and it flips on the on switch for interactions between the genes that actually lead to the metabolic syndrome component parts. So we are, however, we also see that some obese patients are not at risk for metabolic syndrome, and that can happen. So there is some factors such as the guanoid fat distribution in women that may actually protect against metabolic syndrome, whereas those with central fat obesity, which is the accumulation of the fat between the organs, that these individuals may be at greater risk for metabolic syndrome. If you could turn to the next slide, the obesity risk alleles, thank you. Now let's discuss a few top obesity gene candidates or alleles. The two main ones that are implicated are now important receptor 4 gene, which is called MC4R, and it's been associated with that accumulation. The another top gene frequently mentioned, and I can basically tell of the name of this gene, how people thought it was going to be very important, because the name of the gene is fat mass and obesity gene, and this has also been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome. MC4R gene is most commonly associated with monogenetic forms of obesity. Possibly it's also involved in some polygenetic forms of common central obesity, and in some cases specific SNPs in the MC4R gene have actually been shown to protect against metabolic syndrome. The FTO gene actually is thought to control increased intake of nutrients and decreased satiety. So that means that when the FTO gene is active, people feel hungry, and they actually eat more. But you can tell from the fact that we know these two particular genes, but yet we can't treat obesity using a genetic approach that there's not a common, it's not consistently found what response these genes have. So two other genes that can be implicated in that syndrome that Jackie talked about a little while ago was the L gene and the APOE gene. Next slide, please. Go down a few more slides to the implications for practice and research. People are probably guessing that we changed our slide for. So with the implications for clinical practice, we're looking at, we would love to have some genomic based applications, but unfortunately they are not clinically available at this point, but they are certainly being developed in lots of parts of the country. The combination of environmental and genetic factors adds to the complexity of the clinical management of metabolic syndrome. Because of this complexity, at this time the best approach is to manage your clients individually based on what components of the metabolic syndrome they have. For example, if they have cardiovascular disease, then manage that according to clinical guidelines. The same with obesity and diabetes. So there's no real solid clinical management of met syndrome at this point. It's managing the individual components. Using a stat with clinical guidelines. Nursing management frequently includes to promote lifestyle strategies that target the prevention of metabolic syndrome and the management of the individual components of that syndrome. One of the things that we do recommend is to look at between a minimum of a three generation pedigree. In the article, it referred you to the Surgeon General's website for obtaining family history. And I know that I have used that website for years to teach how to obtain a family history and ask students to do that on their family. And it's been a very well received component of the teaching of genetics to my undergraduate students. Next slide, please. So when we're looking at clinical practice, then one of the first things that we need to be thinking about is the personalized healthcare that we hope to see come about soon. And hopefully it will revolutionize the treatment of metabolic syndrome because we'll be tailoring the healthcare of the person to their individual genetic makeup as well as to the environmental factors. So the responsibility of a healthcare provider at this point to be aware of the best practices for interpreting and delivering results to the patient and using them to manage the care. I do want to discuss briefly the direct to consumer genetic testing websites. Using these websites is cautioned by the lay person and even so by the healthcare provider as well because we're really not sure at this point in time about the clinical validity, the reliability, and I think most importantly the clinical utility of these websites. One of the largest concerns being that you may find out that you have an allele that puts you at risk for a specific component of the metabolic syndrome but yet there's no actual treatment or management of that. So we're just not sure how to approach that at this point in time. Next slide please. So the implications for research are also many. Our side has progressed a lot in the last two years and we are now able to look at the biologic underpinning and identify specific genes that are associated with metabolic syndrome. So researchers are moving their research studies from a single gene approach to more of a complex disorder approach. We've gone from linkage analysis to genome wide association studies to the current one for epigenetic approaches. So however there are multiple limitations for each of those specific types of designs and technologies. So for example on the genome wide association studies, while they have been prevalent in the literature, what we see is that they actually account for a very small percent of the variability in heritable disorders such as metabolic syndrome. We also need to take into effect particularly the genome wide association studies to affect the ethnic ancestry and admixture mapping that Dr. Taylor has already talked about. So if you go to the next slide, as I said, we looked at, we, most researchers are using technologies and designs including linkage analysis and genome wide association studies and epigenetic studies which is looking at actual changes in the genetic makeup due to environmental reasons later on in life. And then we're also moving into the area of proteomics. Next slide. However, we really think the future of genomics and metabolic syndrome probably lies in the area of system-based approaches. And this is using expression arrays, particularly genome expression arrays or other technologies such as mass spectrometry. And then combining bioinformatics techniques to actually analyze large data sets. This is what we're seeing and what's being called the big data approaches to understanding the biological underpinnings of disease. So using these systems, researchers can actually address input from hundreds of genes and environmental factors. The interactions of the components may be more important than the individual components themselves is what we're finding. So direct sequencing of the entire genome is also coming into the future and because of the decrease that we're seeing in the cost of actually sequencing the large components. For clinical practice, the goal of genomic healthcare is the integration of clinical and biological data for improving health outcomes. Next slide, please. These are our clinical resources that we have used to identify and the identify in our clinical resources, so the evaluation of genomic applications. I think you can basically read through these and see which ones are most helpful to you. Thank you. Next slide. So I'm going to open it up for questions. There were two questions that came in after Dr. Wungs and her group's presentation. The first was, can you address the connection of medications with the genomics of cardiac disease treatment at this point in time? And that question came from Ingrid and so Xu Fen, I will open it up for you and if you want to identify yourself or someone else to answer the question. Xu Fen, does anyone else in the group want to answer that question in terms of? Yeah, I just got a question. Who is this? Hi there. Can you hear me? Yeah, I'm here. So in the case of, can you hear me okay? Yeah, yeah. So in the case of the long QT syndrome, we know that certain beta blockers are preventative of sudden cardiac death, for instance, in long QT type one or two. But in fact, we find that in long QT type three, they can be more detrimental. So knowing the genotype and the actual potential to either prolong the QT interval or have an adverse effect is important. Now in the case of general cardiovascular disease, I'll turn that over to some of my other members. But in the case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, we know that beta blockers and calcium channel blockers are in fact very helpful as well. Thank you. Then I will go to the next question. What is the next step for genetics research in cardiology? So this is Kathleen. I think the next step is going to be further genetic testing, but then specific targets and development perhaps of new medications or new gene treatments in the area of the myopathy and the utility of whole exome sequencing to its full capacity. I think is what we're going to see laying ahead for some of these arrhythmia-based disorders. Thank you, Kathleen. The next question is, in my view, metabolic syndrome is a very heterogeneous phenomenon with different phenotypes that could have different risk factors and different outcomes and or different risk for different outcomes. What is the best way to study metS linked to CBD, study the risk factors and corresponding outcomes separately or combine them together to study simultaneously? I'm going to open this one up to Jackie and Ann. This is Jackie. Can you hear me? Hello. Can you hear me? Yes. When looking at metabolic syndrome, because there are so many risk factors involved and so many traits in terms of defining the disorder, I think you do have to take a step back and look at these individually. Whoever posed the question, that's correct. It is a heterogeneous, polygenetic, multifactorial type of disorder. I think you do have to look at it individually in terms of the various risk factors, but then you also have to take into account some of the environmental factors that lead to some of the individual risk factors like diet, physical activity, and so on. I think that once we look at things individually, we can look at some of the interaction effects of the various individual variables and maybe start looking at it in terms of mixed modeling effects. I think I basically would like to agree with Jackie. I think the concern is really the numbers and subjects you need to actually look at individual components right now. And our science and our ability to analyze the data isn't far enough along for us to take smaller sample sizes and look at metabolic syndrome. So that's why we're limited to looking at each component primarily at this point in time. And I think that some of the larger genome-wide studies can be useful in looking at metabolic syndrome where we have some of the larger numbers of individuals with DNA available for us to look at various issues in terms of cardiovascular, diabetes, obesity, and the like. So some of the larger family blood pressure program conglomerates might be useful when thinking about looking at metabolic syndrome. Thanks to Anne and Jackie for those responses. We have about three more minutes. So if there are any other questions, I see hands raised, but I'm not very good at knowing how to address those hands. So if you have your hand raised and you have a question, please just type it into the question format for me if you will. And I'd also, while we're waiting on those last questions, I'd like to highlight that our next webinar will be held March 20th from 3.30 to 4.30. We'll have two groups of presenters at that time as well. Dr. Jane DeLuca and Dr. Alex Kemper will be presenting on implications of newborn screening for nurses. And Dr. Martha Turner from the American Nurses Association will be discussing the ethical, legal, and social issues in the translation of genomics into healthcare. And the sign up for that is also available through GoToMeeting. And you can find that link at the webinar site on genome.gov. So are there any other questions that have come in in the meantime or comments from the presenters? I've unmuted everyone. I can't think of anything else. It's hard. I keep hearing echoes.  Sorry. Okay. There is one more question. One says thanks to all of you and I agree. And is the effectiveness on exercise on CVA or METS depending on genetics? So I'm going to ask that of Jackie and Anne Cashin. Well, I think it's... Go ahead, Anne. Well, I think it's more than just looking at exercise alone. I think it's looking at the impact of physical activity, diet, the genetic risk factors for obesity, hypertension, all of those things that can contribute to those individual risk factors that lead to metabolic syndrome. So I think it's more than just one particular environmental factor. I think it's the additive effects of environmental and genomic risk factors that lead to the development of metabolic syndrome. I'd just like to add to Jackie. I did a little bit of research on this this summer. And so exercise actually attenuates the relationship between a person's genetic architecture and then the environment. So there is a link, but like Jackie was saying, it's also due to diet, not just exercise alone and environmental factors. Thank you. There's also a question about is there availability of continuing nursing education for these webinars? And unfortunately, we have not applied for that or received CNE process for this webinar. So it's more for your own learning. There's also a question about can I save the PowerPoint? And the speakers have allowed us for both these presentations to upload their PowerPoints, which we will do in the next day or so, along with the recording that has been done for today's session. So both of those things will be available on the genome.gov site. And I will post that before we leave. Okay. I've had a couple of thank you, wonderful. And thank you to the speakers. I'd like to echo that. I know it takes a lot with this technology to make sure that we're getting those who want to speak to be able to speak and to get the questions answered. So I thank you all for your patience with Doing Go To Meeting webinar and look forward to hearing and speaking with you on March the 20th. Thanks, speakers, very much.