هنا is one thing which is very important and we need to remember that any brother who is entering into an institution of marriage whether it is Muta or not Muta with the intention of misleading, he is committing Haram I will be with this sister only for one week and then I will walk away Haram و إذا كان يوجد فلوة أهل البيت you need to know that in terms of marriage you need to be sincere to whatever you say to whatever you do Don't give a wrong picture and then you go and do something wrong because eventually what will happen people will condemn Muta because of your action you have done this Muta is a holy institution so when we enter into it we need to be very much away and remember another thing according to the scholars of Akhlaq whatever you do to others that may come back to you if not to you, to your sisters, not to you, to your daughters so it may come back so we need to remember that if I am doing something wrong it will not just end up there my intention should be the intention, pure intention and that's why we need to talk to the one we want to marry to explain each and everything clearly


My name is Alice Chang-Riches. I'm a lecturer from the Department of Civil and Environment Engineering. It started with a random conversation with some of my friends who are medical professionals. They have seen quite unusual increased hospital admissions for young children and elderly people, and they suspected that maybe because of the very strange weather they had last year, it might be due to the unhealthy housing issues. In New Zealand every year we have more than 20 children die as a result of respiratory diseases like asthma and rheumatic fever. They made me ponder this problem not from the public health perspective, but also from the engineering perspective. In New Zealand currently we're building houses in a way we built many years ago. At the same time our building codes hasn't really affected the impact of climate change. As the temperatures get warmer and we got more wet weather, there would be more potential respiratory health hazards for at-risk populations. They are more prone to illness and other health related issues. So what we try to do is gain improved understanding about our housing system. How a changing climate can affect the healthiness of a home and then affect the health of the children living in that house. Then we will be able to tell the housing agencies and government about the critical dynamics at play in a house outside a house that would differentiate the health outcomes in home.


Good evening aspirants, welcome to the Hindi news analysis by Shankar Ayes academy. The list of articles which has been chosen for today's analysis along with the page numbers of Chennai, Bengaluru, Delhi and Tiruvannathapura medicines are provided here. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the time stamping for the displayed articles is provided in the description box below. And for the benefit of smartphone users, the time stamping for the articles has also been provided in the comment section. Let's move on to the first article for the day. This news article is an editorial about Neethiyayog. The discussion will be relevant in main syllabus under GS paper 2 in the area functions and responsibilities of the union and the states, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein. Then in structure, organization and functioning of the departments of the government, then also in important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability. If you see the name of the editorial, it says is Neethiyayog old wine in a new bottle. The old wine in a new bottle means a change or innovation which is applied or added to an established or long standing organization, system or method. So why the author has given such a name? This is because as we know Neethiyayog has replaced the erstwhile planning commission. The Neethiyayog was established in the year 2015. It is one of Indian democracy's youngest institutions. The prime minister is the chairperson. Neethiyayog is the premier policy think tank of the government of India which provides both directional and policy inputs. It has been entrusted with the mandate of reimagining the development agenda of India by dismantling the old style of central planning. Because as the Indian economy rapidly integrated with the global economy, there were many contradictions which arose between central planning and increasing private capital flows. So the Neethiyayog was mandated to foster cooperative federalism. This is to evolve a national consensus on developmental goals, then to redefine the reforms agenda, then to act as a platform for resolution of cross sectoral issues between center and state governments, then capacity building and finally to act as a knowledge and innovation hub. Whereas Neethiyayog's precursor that is the planning commission was established in the year 1950 by government of India resolution. The prime minister was the chairperson. The initial mandate of the planning commission was to establish heavy industries through public investment as a means for achieving rapid industrialization. Then the functions assigned to the planning commission were to assess and allocate plant resources, formulate plans and programs for area development, then determining the implementation methodology, then to identify the resource constraints and finally appraise and adjust implementation. The planning commission from 1950 to 2014 formulated 12 five-year plans but an internal evolution in the government revealed that planning commission was witnessing policy fatigue. That is there was a lack of energy and motivation in the policy framing. The assessment identified some problems like the collapse of public investment while the subsidies were rising. There was a huge demand on public resources from the Right to Education Act and from the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act and there was a poorly targeted public distribution system also. Further there were difficulties in releasing land for public housing and other public projects. All these necessitated the structural changes in central planning process. So a new institutional framework was needed. So Netiayog was the change in focus from central planning to cooperative federalism. Even the Prime Minister said that through the Netiayog India will move away from the one size fits all approach and it will forge a better match between the schemes and needs of states. Eventually the abolition of planning commission and replacing it with Netiayog is a major reform and also the reform is consistent with the insights of previous Prime Ministers. The author states even the predecessors of the current Prime Minister like Dr. Manmohan Singh and Atal Bihari Vajpayee faced similar challenges which were large economic, social, political and global challenges. The author gives certain examples for this. Like Atal Bihari Vajpayee was presented with a 9 point plan to increase the Indian economy's growth to 9% by a global think tank but Vajpayee highlighted that many stakeholders must be involved in the implementation of a plan because India is a large diversified and democratic country. The stakeholders include the states, the private sector, civil society and even the political opposition. Therefore, the author states that it is not good enough to have a plan but there must also be a strategy for the cooperative implementation of that plan. Like plan is just the steps but strategy gives the reasons. Plan is how it will be done and strategy is why it should be done. Then Dr. Manmohan Singh during his tenure also declared that reform of the planning commission was a long overdue that is it is already delayed. So at that time an intensive exercise for the reform was undertaken in which many stakeholders were consulted. Several practices were examined then an outline was drawn for the reformed institution. Dr. Singh noted that the reformed institution should have a capability for systems reform rather than making of five-year plans and it should have the power of persuasion with the states without providing budgets. This is because a commission which was chaired by C. Rangarajan who was the Chairman of the Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council at that time examined budgetary processes, divisions of responsibilities between the Finance Ministry and the Planning Commission etc. where the commission concluded that the budgetary responsibility must be concentrated in the Finance Ministry. So it was no longer desirable for the planning commission to have powers for financial provisions. This decision worried some people. They were confused about how the planning commission would persuade the states to act according to the commission's decisions if the commission cannot provide budgetary allocation. But in contrast the Chief Ministers of the states said that planning commission must improve its ability to understand the state's need and should develop ideas that the states would want to adopt willingly and solely not based on the money. So the author says the reformation of planning commission into Nitiayog was not surprising. The author adds even though Nitiayog was created with a wide vision if you see after the four years of its constitution the country's economy has not performed up to the high expectations like still the Indian government is struggling to make good plans and strategies to address its complex challenges. The complex challenges include the need to increase employment and incomes, then reviving investments and growth, then untangling or solving the problems and crisis in the financial sector, then navigating through the dull international trade, then solving the perennial problems of poor education and health and also solving the growing problems of environmental pollution and water scarcity. The author says among these challenges India has a long way to go to achieve economic and social inclusion and also restoring the environmental sustainability. Now these problems are complex because they are all interrelated. Just fixing the one part alone can make matters worse. Like for example providing skills to millions of youth before there are enough employment opportunities is a problem. This shows that Nitiayog has not performed well in these four years. So the performance of the Nitiayog is under scrutiny and this has led to the phase where many people are nostalgically recalling the Planning Commission. Nostalgically recalling means sentimentally remembering. In the starting we saw many drawbacks of the Planning Commission but still some are sentimentally remembering it. This is happening because a deep concern has aroused that Nitiayog has lost its integrity as an independent institution to guide the government. The author says that it has become a mouthpiece of the government that is it is speaking on behalf of the government and has become just an implementer of the government's projects. But many insist that Nitiayog must have the ability to independently evaluate the government's programs at the centre and in the states. Some also say that the Nitiayog Charter is a good starting point for a new journey in transforming the governance of the Indian economy. So an open-minded review of what Nitiayog has achieved so far should be scrutinized and whether the new role is same as described in its charter like being a catalyst of change should also be scrutinized and then it should be assessed whether Nitiayog has transformed its capabilities sufficiently to become an effective systems reformer and persuader of stakeholders. This is to make sure whether it has really just remained an announcer of multi-year goals and manager of government projects. The author says that Nitiayog cannot function on the traditional approach like doing evaluations after the plan is completed rather it should have a transformational approach to planning and implementation that the 21st century India needs. It should do evaluations and course corrections in the middle of action. Then it requires new methods to speed up its organizational learning among stakeholders in the system. Organizational learning is the process of creating, retaining and transferring knowledge within an organization because the stakeholders must make plans together and implement them together. And this can be achieved only through organizational learning. Then it should stop implementing the old ideas of budget, controls and export solutions because this will not transform India. It should rather adopt new methods of cooperative learning and cooperative implementation by stakeholders. Further, the author says that the stakeholders should not be controlled by any central body of technical experts with political or budgetary authority over them. The author concludes that the debate about Nitiayog's efficacy must focus on whether or not it is performing its new role and what progress it has made in acquiring capabilities to perform these roles rather than discussing the need for a planning commission. With this we have come to the end of this analysis. The displayed main question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next article which is an editorial about the India-Nigeria relations. The article discussion will be helpful in film syllabus under the area current events of national and international importance. The discussion will also be helpful in mains in general studies paper too under the area international relations especially under bilateral agreements involving India and affecting Indian interests. First let us see some geographical facts about Nigeria. Nigeria is a country in the African continent. It is located in the West African part of the African continent. If you look in the world map you could see that the country is not so far from equator and also not so far from the prime meridian. So, this could be used as an interesting option to trick you and to confuse you during the exam. So, be clear that both equator and prime meridian does not pass through Nigeria. Also know that prime meridian is the special longitudinal line called as 0 degree line of longitude which is helpful in measuring the 180 degrees to the east and 180 degrees to the west from this 0 degree line in the earth. One another thing which you should remember is there is one country that is situated immediately to the north of Nigeria. The name of the country is Niger so do not think Nigeria and Niger are same. Both are different countries that are neighbors to each other. In the news article you could find a name as Lagos. Lagos is a city in Nigeria and the capital of Nigeria is Abuja. Let us come to the editorial news article now. The article states that the prime minister of India and the president of Nigeria has started their second terms as the leaders of both countries and this has happened very recently and that too on dates next to each other. Second prime ministers swear oath on May 30 whereas the Nigerian presidents swear oath only a day before that is on May 29, 2019. Next if you note the challenges faced by both the leaders during their first term were uncannily or surprisingly similar. The similar set of challenges faced by them during their first tenure include security against terrorism. Know that according to Global Terrorism Index of 2018 India is the seventh worst affected country because of terrorism in the world and Nigeria is the third worst affected country because of terrorism in the world. Then next challenges monetary and fiscal problems then the communal and sectarian division among the masses in the country. In India this division is seen predominantly between Hindus and Muslims and in Nigeria it is seen between Christians and Muslims. Then another challenge is chronic unemployment, rampant corruption, rural distress and fragile or lack of stability in the neighborhood countries. By lack of stability we mean lack of stability of democratic governments in completing a full term of government. Sometimes this also means frequent changes in top leadership of the government that was unexpected or accidental or by overthrowing the leadership by violence, by military or by protests or by democratic actions. The author says Nigeria is important to India for three reasons, one Nigeria is the most populated country in Africa, two it is also the largest economy in Africa, third it is also the sixth largest oil exporter in the world. As simply speaking Nigeria is important for India for human resources, for market, for economy, for oil. In Africa India's largest trading partner is Nigeria. If you take on a global scale it is 19th largest trading partner of India. Nigeria is a sizable market for Indian manufactured exports in areas such as machinery, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, textile items, iron and steel articles and plastics. If you ask on a global scale who is the largest trading partner for Nigeria it is India. India is Nigeria's largest trading partner. The author says this is mainly because of oil imports from the country, since India is the largest buyer of crude oil from Nigeria. One positive factor in the bilateral trade between India and Nigeria is that even though there was stagnancy in India's global exports, the exports to Nigeria has increased by 27% last year. The overall bilateral trade is currently four times in favour of Nigeria. This is because Nigeria exports to India which is four times the value of Indian exports to Nigeria. When we say bilateral trade we mean trade between bi-countries that is trade between two countries. Here bi means two. Indian investments in Nigeria values at around 15 billion US dollars and an additional 5 US dollars worth investment is in various levels of planning. There are around 180 Indian companies operating in Nigeria, mainly in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, steel, power, retailing, fast moving consumer goods and skilling. By fast moving consumer goods we mean the products that sell quickly at relatively low cost and have a short shelf life because of high consumer demand and hence they come into non-jurable category. They are mostly perishable in nature. Best example could be dairy products such as milk. Note that these goods have low profit margins. There are around 50,000 Indians residing in Nigeria. Most of them are professionals such as engineers, accountants, bankers, trainers and healthcare experts. Now, coming to the issue between both the countries in the bilateral ties there is very less or scant or minimal government support. The author states that whatever we have seen above are substantive nature or important part of India-Nigeria ties and these achievements are possible mainly because of individual efforts like business individuals. Then stricter visa procedures, lack of direct air connectivity between India and Nigeria are hampering the people to people ties and also business to business ties. These are also serious and as these have a potential to affect the Indian exports to the nation. Note that India exports just 25% of what China exports to Nigeria. Despite the export potential of Nigeria in the areas such as upstream hydrocarbons, agriculture, healthcare and skilling. Here upstream hydrocarbon means the exploration and production of hydrocarbons while the downstream sector deals with the process of refining. The author says that the political relations between both the countries are not regular. This is because Indian Prime Minister visited Nigeria in 1962. Then it took almost 45 years for the next Indian Prime Minister to visit Nigeria. This is the second visit by Indian Prime Minister to Nigeria which happened only in 2007 after 1962. After 2007, no visit was made by an Indian Prime Minister to Nigeria. In 2016, Indian President visited Nigeria and the Nigerian President visited India as the third Indian African Foreign Summit was held in New Delhi in the year 2015. The defence cooperation between both the countries is mostly episodic. That is not happening frequently and the defence cooperation is mostly related to training. Then as suggestions, the author suggests that the leaders of both the countries should give a push to the bilateral ties as soon as possible. This may happen through a meeting or summit between them at the earliest. This is more important at least in the scenario of oil commodity becoming sellers market. When we say sellers market, we mean the price determination leverage is with the seller. The countries should also evolve a multi-pronged strategy to take advantage of mutual economic complementary roles in the sectors of hydrocarbons, infrastructure, institution building, defence and agriculture. The author says that joint economic commission comprising the members of India and Nigeria happened in 2011 but no follow-up session of the meeting was conducted later. Therefore, the author calls for an immediate follow-up session of the joint commission. Then the author calls for relaxation of visa norms from the Indian side to facilitate thousands of Nigerians to come to India to avail the medical and educational facilities and for the promotion of better people to people ties. The author also calls for facilitating the direct air connectivity between India and Nigeria. He calls for facilitation in banking and shipping for better business-to-business contact between both the countries. If all these suggestions and issues are handled skillfully and swiftly and with political will, then both the countries will be able to tap the economic potential that is untapped for decades. With this, we have come to the end of this discussion. The displayed main question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next news article which is about the aviation sector. The analysis of this news article will be relevant in your prelims syllabus under current events of international importance and also under general issues on climate change. The statistics provided in this news article can be used in any of your mains answer related to emissions from aviation sector. So it will be relevant in your GS Paper 3 under environmental pollution and degradation also. The overall theme of this news article is that aviation sector is responsible for higher carbon dioxide emissions and subsequent global warming. The news tells that the climate activists are convincing travellers to boycott air travel. This is because of the concerns of higher carbon dioxide emissions. If you see a Sweden based school girl and campaigner Greta Thumburg is spearheading or leading the trains over planes movement. She has also created a buzzword or a popular term called Flight Scam in Swedish language. It is called Flight Shame in English. It has become very popular in Sweden which is one of the Scandinavian country. The other Scandinavian countries are Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland. The chief executive of the International Air Transport Association has also admitted that the aviation sector is under considerable pressure due to the concerns over higher carbon dioxide emissions. According to the European Environment Agency, the air transport emits 285 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometer for one passenger. The road transport emits 158 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometer for one passenger. The rail transport emits only 14 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometer for one passenger. So we can see that air transport emits carbon dioxide at least more than 20 times higher than that of rail transport. Therefore you can say that this is the reason the Swedish activist is leading the trains over planes movement. Also the climate activists are calling for boycott of air travel. Then a green tax on aviation industry is also being suggested by climate activists. A green tax or environmental tax is a tax that is imposed on environmental pollutants or on goods whose repeated use contributes to pollution. This is imposed to limit the use of such goods. Here also know that European Environment Agency is an agency of the European Union. This agency provides targeted and reliable environmental information to policy makers and the public. Now under pressure from frequent flyers who are alarmed over climate change, the news article tells that the aviation sector is focusing on reducing the carbon emissions. But the technology that is required to reduce its carbon emissions is still not available. The news article also states that the aviation sector has committed to improve the fuel efficiency by 1.5% per year from 2009 to 2020. Also the aviation industry is stabilizing its carbon dioxide emissions. It is aiming to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to 50% by the year 2050 compared to the 2005 levels. Also the companies are relying on a new generation of less polluting planes with updated engines, aerodynamic modifications and fittings that way less. However, an industry analyst notes that all these technological advances to cut emissions are tough to implement quickly due to the nature of the industry. If you see the aviation industry is already affected by high operating costs and this move may further increase this cost. But there is also a complaint over the aviation sector that it is underestimating its environmental impact. The International Civil Aviation Organization estimates that air transport is responsible only for 2% of global carbon dioxide emissions and states that it is roughly equivalent to the overall emissions of Germany. Here know that the International Civil Aviation Organization is a specialized agency of United Nations. It was established in 1944 to manage the administration and governance of the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Also India is a member of International Civil Aviation Organization. But the Climate Action Network notes that the aircraft also emits particles such as nitrogen oxides. These nitrogen oxides can trap heat at high altitudes. This means the industry is responsible for 5% of global warming. So we can clearly see that the aviation sector is underestimating its environmental impact. Here know that the Climate Action Network is a worldwide network of over 1300 non-governmental organizations which has presence in more than 120 countries. This network aims to promote government and individual action to limit human induced climate change to ecologically sustainable levels. If you see even the International Air Transport Association chief is lobbying or persuading heavily against the green tax on aviation. This persuasion is backed by several countries including the Netherlands. Next let us see about the International Air Transport Association in brief. IATA or International Air Transport Association is the trade association for the world's airlines representing some 290 airlines which amount to 82% of total air traffic. This association supports many areas of aviation activity and also help in formulating industry policy on critical aviation issues. With this we have come to the end of this analysis. The displayed problems question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next article which is about the death of male tiger in the Sariskar Tiger Reserve. This article discussion will be helpful in the prelim syllabus under the area current events of national importance then under general issues on environmental ecology. The discussion will also be helpful in mains under general studies paper 3 under the heading environment particularly under area conservation. Two months ago a male tiger was shifted from Ranthambore National Park to Sariskar Tiger Reserve. The Ranthambore National Park is located in the Sawai Madhopur district of south eastern Rajasthan. Sariskar Tiger Reserve is located in Alwar district of Rajasthan. This was done as a part of Tiger Translocation Project. There are three tiger reserves in the state of Rajasthan. They are one Sariskar Tiger Reserve, two Ranthambore Tiger Reserve and they recently declared Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve. Sariskar Tiger Reserve and Ranthambore Tiger Reserve were declared in 1970s. The Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve was announced as Tiger Reserve in the period 2013-14. In terms of total area of Tiger Reserve, Ranthambore Tiger Reserve is the largest in the state of Rajasthan. Earlier the first Interstate Tiger Translocation Project in our country was started in 2018. This was done by translocating two tigers from Kanna National Park in the state of Madhya Pradesh to Satkosya Tiger Reserve in the state of Odisha. In this one, one translocated tiger was founded while one translocated tiger became a man-eater. Therefore, the Translocation Project was temporarily stopped. In April 2019, a tiger is translocated from Ranthambore National Park to Sariskar Tiger Reserve. This is an Interstate Translocation or Inter-district Translocation within a state. This translocated male tiger has died. The reason for the death of the tiger will be identified after the post-mortem examination. This has raised several questions on the translocation of tigers. Know that now there are only three male tigers in Sariskar Tiger Reserve and eight tiger races. The purpose of translocation of tigers is to increase tiger population in India and to allocate territory for them to live freely as a part of conservation efforts. Usually after translocation according to the protocol adopted by the National Tiger Conservation Authority which is based on the IUCN guidelines, the translocation has to be accepted by the local community. There should be an evaluation of impact of relocation. This shall be done by a team of experts from the Wildlife Institute of India, Forest Department of the State, a qualified veterinarian and a qualified wildlife biologist should evaluate the socio-economic impact of the translocation on the people in the area. This should be done to ensure long-term protection of the reintroduced population from hunting, laws or alteration of habitat and other human factors. We do not know whether this evaluation or protocol was followed after the introduction of the tiger into the Sariskar Tiger Reserve. In 2004, because of poaching, Sariskar became tigerless. It is only by reintroduction of tigers in the reserve and by diligent monitoring the tiger population are existing in the Sariskar Tiger Reserve nowadays. Keep these examples in mind in case you need to highlight the failures of conservation efforts or for questions related to translocation of tigers for conservation. Now also know that the National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body established by the Statute Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 under the section 38, capital L. The chairperson of this authority is the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. With this, we have come to the end of this article discussion. The displayed freelance question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the last article for the day which is about the risks involved in genetic mutation or gene editing. This article discussion will be relevant in prelim syllabus under the area current events of national and international importance and also under general science. The discussion will also be relevant in your mains preparation in general studies paper 3 under science and technology developments and their effects in everyday life. Before going into the discussion, you should know about gene editing and very recently on 4th June, we have done a detailed analysis on gene editing. So please have a look at it. Now coming to today's analysis, last year, a Chinese scientist reportedly edited the genes of twin babies. This was done by the scientist reportedly to protect against the HIV virus. Recently, a research study was conducted by scientists from University of California about whether just this gene editing could have any negative effect on human beings. They concluded that the twins whose genes were edited may die early. That is between the age of 41 to 78. They have said this as they have concluded that the gene-edited babies are associated with 21% increase in mortality in later life. 21% increase in mortality means 21% increase in chances of death. They have found that people who have two mutated copies of CCR5 gene has a significantly higher death rate between the ages of 41 and 78. This rate is higher than those with single mutated copy of the CCR5 gene. This CCR5 gene is important because it is this gene that is responsible for allowing HIV virus into the human body. The CCR5 gene has a protein that allows HIV virus to enter and infect the human cells. So if this CCR5 gene is mutated, then the humans would become resistant to HIV. While we learn that CCR5 allows the human immunodeficiency virus that is the HIV virus. We should also know that studies have found that the same CCR5 gene protect human beings from the entry of the fatal western isle virus. Now to completely know about this western isle virus, please visit our video on 22nd May 2019. We have already done a detailed analysis on this. The link for gene-editing video and the link for the western isle viral fever video is given in the description box. Now also note that there are risks such as reduced lifespan as a result of gene-editing. This news can be cited as an example in your main exam answer rating. With this we have come to the end of article analysis session. Moving on to the last session for the day that is the practice questions discussion session. If you look at the first question it is about the International Civil Aviation Organization. In this if you see the first statement it is correct because International Civil Aviation Organization is a specialized agency of United Nations and it was established in the year 1944 to manage the administration and governance of the Convention on International Civil Aviation. And also know that India is a member of International Civil Aviation Organization. So this makes the second statement as the correct statement. Now if you look at the second question it is about the National Tiger Conservation Authority. In our discussion we discussed that the National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body which is established by Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 under section 38 L of this act. And this section 38 L deals with the authority. So here the first statement is correct. Now if you come to the second statement see the Chairman of National Board of Wildlife is the Prime Minister. The Vice Chairperson of National Board of Wildlife is the Minister who is in charge of Environment Forest and Climate Change. We saw that Chairman of National Tiger Conservation Authority is also the Minister of Environment Forest and Climate Change. Therefore the Vice Chairperson of National Board of Wildlife is also the Chairman for the National Tiger Conservation Authority. Here the question asks for the correct statements. And one is also correct and statement two is also correct. So the correct answer to this question is option C both 1 and 2. Let us see one main question based on GS paper 2. The vision, strategy and actions of Netiaio are a catalyst of change in a complex federal and socio-economic system of India. Discuss. For answering this question for the first part the vision, strategy and actions mention the vision of Netiaio which we discussed as mandate during the session. Then you can add what are the problems in the Netiaio. Like for the past four years we have not seen a proper economic out because the question says discuss. When the question asks us to discuss a question you can answer either in favour of the given sentence or argument or even against it. But if you see our today's discussion was more towards the negative aspects of Netiaio. So you can build your answer based on that. If you want to answer the question in favour then you can use the example of planning commission and say the limitations of planning commission and then add that Netiaio addresses these limitations. For example, now Netiaio functions as a cooperative federalism which was lacking in planning commission. But always try to substantiate that is try to prove the fact in whichever points you give for answer. Do not give vague points. Now let us see another main question based on JS paper 2. India is the largest trading partner of the Africa's largest economy. Discuss the common issues and challenges between the two nations and suggest joint measures in order to realise the potential between the two countries. This question you can answer only if you know which country is the largest economy in Africa. Some questions may come like this in examination. We saw that Nigeria is the largest economy in Africa and it is also the largest in terms of population in Africa. You may start with a brief introduction about the given statement that India is the largest trading partner of Nigeria. You say that and mention India is the largest importer of crude oil from Nigeria. Then you can say that in Africa the largest trade partner of India is Nigeria. Other than oil trade predominantly happen in the export of manufactured products from India in the areas of machinery, vehicle, pharmaceutical products, textile items, iron and steel articles and plastics. The common issues here what we have discussed we have to discuss is with respect to trade. Though there may be many issues between both the countries. Some of the common issues and challenges are lack of direct air connectivity between India and Nigeria because this will directly affect the trade volume movement. Then lack of facilitating agreements in the area of shipping and banking and this has been an issue and this is found to have influence on the business to business contact between countries. Then you can also mention about the potential trade areas for India in Nigeria like upstream hydrocarbons, agriculture, healthcare and skilling. Then also mention as joint measures there shall be frequent political visits between both the countries as better political relations could result in to better economic relations. Then a joint multi-pronged strategy must be released to realize the mutually complementary beneficial opportunities. Then right now India is having significant trade deficit with Nigeria therefore care should be given in framing the trade terms to adequately benefit India also. All these points try to mention all these points. With this we have come to the end of today's analysis. If you like the video don't forget to like, comment and share and do subscribe to Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel for more updates in UPSC civil service examination preparation.


When wars happen, international humanitarian law sets out agreed rules for how they are to be conducted. States develop these rules to protect the civilian population from the effects of hostilities. These rules outline what targets may be legally attacked and how, based on a careful balance between military necessity and humanity. Like all of IHL, they apply regardless of the reasons for fighting. The three main principles are distinction, proportionality and precautions. The principle of distinction requires parties to armed conflicts to distinguish at all times between the civilian population and combatants and between civilian objects and military objectives. Attacks against military objectives including combatants are not prohibited. In contrast, the civilian population, individual civilians and civilian objects must never be attacked. Direct attacks against them are prohibited, as are indiscriminate attacks, that is, attacks that by their nature strike military objectives and civilians or civilian objects without distinction. Under the principle of proportionality, attacks against military objectives are prohibited if such attacks may be expected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects or a combination of these, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated. In simple terms, this means that a military objective may only be attacked if the potential accompanying civilian losses are not expected to outweigh the foreseen military advantage. The principle of precautions requires that in the conduct of military operations, constant care must be taken to spare the civilian population, civilians and civilian objects. In attack, so-called active precautions include doing everything feasible to verify that targets are indeed military objectives, cancelling or suspending an attack if it becomes apparent that the target is not a military objective and giving effective advanced warning of attacks which may affect the civilian population unless circumstances do not permit. So-called passive precautions require taking all feasible steps to protect the civilian population and civilian objects under one's control against the effects of attacks. The principles of distinction, proportionality and precautions are complementary and all three must be respected for an attack to be lawful. Distinction, proportionality and precautions, like IHL in general, do not stop wars from happening but these three principles work together as a tool to limit suffering and destruction. By outlining rules for the conduct of hostilities, it is possible for international humanitarian law to prevent or at least reduce war's most devastating effects.


And that's how you went there. So when I got there to sing the song, I'll be honest with you. At first it was like, my God, my God. And then I remember Chris and them came in and they said, you're not singing it the way you need to.  He was saying, think about a mirror. And when I got there, I started singing it and I kind of was mad. And so when you hear that, my God, I was kind of mad at God. I was like, why would you do this to me? Don't boss talk one-on-one, one-on-one. Here we go. I got kids.   How did, you see what I'm saying? That's a different place. Like the whole song, the tempo was something else. And I just want to know how you dig and find that place in that verse. I had a cousin named Amir. Amir Warkely Howard. And he had kind of, when we were broke, when we was trying to come up. And my cousin, he worked for Safeway. He used to do the bottling and the recycling. And we would come down to Oakland to record with the whole nine. And he, people would sometimes just leave him bottles. And my cousin, when he got the leftovers, he would just pile up and he would cash it in. And instead of keeping it for himself, he would actually, even though he was my cousin, he would pass it out to all the members in the group. And when we come, because we stay in his house, you know, and he would say, here's 20 for you, here's 20. I'll go eat and do all that kind of stuff. And when I got, when I decided to sign, I knew I was gonna be in the Bay because I was in Sacramento at the time. And I called him and I said, hey, I'm gonna be in the Bay with you. And then we was like, oh man, we're gonna, and we was like, oh man, we're gonna have Amir with us. And oh man, we're gonna, you know, be able to kick it with Amir and do all that. And the weekend before I got to go to Hams and start recording, there's a thing called sighting in the Bay area that they do. They rev the car up and he had just had a dream about dying. He had, his father had passed and he had bought a DeLorean. And he said it was too fast for him. He had dreamed that he was gonna die. So he went and bought a Trans Am and he got scared of that. So he decided that night to go out with his homies and let them drive and his homie had a Mustang and you know, the drop and he was in it. And he was in the back seat and he told his boy, hey, they started sighting and he said, hey, if you're gonna do this, let me out. Let me out.   And when his homie saw that, he got nervous and the car just started spinning, spinning and crash and killed the other guys well in the back. And then the guy in the front seat, the passenger, he became paralyzed and the driver. Nothing. Nothing. And that's the guilt of the side you went there. So when I got there to sing the song, I'll be honest with you, at first it was like, my God, my God. And then I remember Chris and him came in and they said, you're not singing it the way you need to. I had to make him cry a little bit. He was saying, think about a mirror. And when I got there, I started singing it and I kind of was mad. And so when you hear that, my God, I was kind of mad at God. I was like, why would you do this to me? You know what I'm saying? So that's why you hear that. Yeah, yeah, I could feel it was something there, man. It just, that's heavy because like I said, not only it was needed for the time because it was a place where a lot of people was at. And then my homie YB was gone. Yeah. People had to feel that. People had to feel that through your music to resonate with it. Yeah. And then I started thinking about all these homies.   All, you know, just silly stuff. You know what I'm saying?  There's nobody there to really tell you, hey, you don't need to do this. You need to stop. Yeah. The let go of his memory, his son will know.


Migrants have of course been at the forefront of the fight against the virus, contributing their skills and knowledge. Here in the UK they have played an incredibly valuable role within our health service on the front line of the fight to save lives. Yet, many migrants who too often end up on the margins of society have been disproportionately affected.


Good morning everyone and welcome to theCUBE's day one coverage of Google Cloud Next Live at Moscone South in San Francisco. I'm Lisa Martin. Dustin Kirkland is my CUBE analyst co-host. We're here with about 20,000 people. You can hear the din of the buzz behind us. There was a tremendous amount of announcements this morning. Lot of great Google Cloud execs customers, partners were here. We have Stream joining us next. John Coutte, the head of product, joins us. John, great to have you. Thank you so much for joining us on theCUBE. Thanks so much for having me. Super excited for this discussion. Yeah, would love to share with the audience more about Stream. What do you guys do? Mission, vision, help us understand that. Absolutely. Stream is unified data streaming for generative AI analytics and operations. We love helping our customers infuse real-time data into their decisions, into their operations and now generative AI which is becoming a top priority for many of the enterprise data teams that we're working with. It is. Gen AI is probably the hottest topic on the planet or one of. You talked about real-time and I think one of the things we've learned in the last few years is that access to real-time data is no longer nice to have for companies. It's an imperative. It's absolutely. For every industry, it's really hard to do that but I'm curious what some of the gaps in the market were when Stream was launched that you guys saw that you thought, we can solve this. Absolutely, so the company's CEO and CTO came from Golden Gate software which at the time of its acquisition by Oracle was the number one database replication product in the market but it was very pigeonholed into just copying data between databases and there was this obvious demand in the market to not only move data in real-time but to analyze it. And now with this big wave of generative AI and it's not about data going into some warehouse and you wait for someone to pull up a report, now you want data automatically making decisions for you. You want your customers to talk to a smart AI-driven bot that knows everything about them and can answer questions for them and this all requires real-time data. Absolutely and every company, whether it's the grocery store or the gas station or Starbucks has my data and they expect that they not only use it responsibly and securely but also use it to give me that real-time relevant personalized experience that I want. Every company has to be really, I've heard people say data-driven and I heard someone last week say no, not data-driven, insight-driven. There's a difference, there's a difference there. Talk to us about how Stream is working with enterprise data teams to really help them extract the value of data and especially working with Gen AI. Absolutely. Macy's.com who we presented with previously at Google Cloud next session. They power, and remember, they're not in the business of doing data, right? They're trying to sell clothes and they had a digital-first initiative. Stream helped them go from their existing investments in their on-premise, you can call legacy infrastructure and help make sure that that data's in Google Cloud within seconds because if they're building new digital applications, that data has to be there. So we're really proud to have customers like that and then we have other examples of airlines, for example. They want to run their operations on time. They need good customer experiences. They need to make sure that the aircrafts are safe. We help American Airlines do exactly that. We were presenting with them at a data and AI summit and with Stream, Databricks, MongoDB, they were able to, again, take their aircraft telemetry, action it for their operational teams that are there to maintain the aircraft, make sure that everything's safe, everything's ready to go and best of all, everything's on time. Yeah, that's what it's all about, right? Being on time these days. Yeah, along those lines, talk to me a little bit about the velocity in terms of how teams integrate this, how fast, how long does it take, how long till we see results from integrating Stream? Absolutely, we're really proud of being able to get our customers into production in a matter of weeks. Even when it's complex, it's breaking down, long standing data silos within the enterprise, a lot of technical complexity. For instance, at our presentation with American Airlines at data and AI summit, they were really proud of the fact that they went to production at global scale within 12 weeks of Stream. And it's because Stream is a unified data streaming platform, meaning connectors, the data movement, the modeling, the processing, streaming it into your target systems, meaning whether it's Google Cloud infrastructure, Databricks, Snowflake, all that data has to be there with quality and uptime SLAs that the business can trust. Where are your customer conversations these days? Are you talking with chief data officers, CIOs, is it all of the above? I imagine it can vary depending on the organization. But every company is so data rich, but they have to be able to figure out, how do we get access to this now? It's really important to be a catalyst for internal collaboration, meaning, yeah, you have to work with the CIOs, the chief data officers, all the way down to the people who are in the trenches building the pipelines and build alignment there. And that's something that we're also really proud of. And because at the end of the day, yeah, you're solving technical problems, but you're delivering on business use cases and initiatives, and that's the most critical thing. What are some of the key use cases that you see that maybe have more horizontal play across industries that stream is involved in? Yeah, that's an amazing question. So right now, data teams, you know, they already had years worth of initiatives on their plate, and now a generative AI, all the innovation that's happening here at Google Cloud Next and across various platforms, there's a very high priority mandate for data teams to adopt generative AI and really bring their data into generative AI and then do the reverse, which is bring generative AI to where their data is today. So those are some of the use cases that they're looking at in terms of making sure that data is making decision on its own. Yeah. Can you share a little bit about the partnership with Google, what you guys are doing together, how you're helping customers really unlock the value of AI and gen AI? Absolutely. We're really proud of our partnership with Google. If you're a BigQuery user, you go into the add data button, Streams right there. You can launch it from your console. Stream is a Google Cloud native product. Our CTO, Alok Parikh, presented up here at Google Cloud Next since the beginning when they were doing these shows, and we're really proud of helping enterprises quickly realize the value of Google Cloud by complimenting their existing enterprise investments, getting that data into Google Cloud and making sure that it's reliable and the business can build on top of that using the modern infrastructure that Google is providing. Yeah, that modern infrastructure, we talked a lot about that this morning and for the builders, it was probably like music to their ears. Yes, Stream's clearly an important piece of that, for sure. How do your customers think about the return on investment, you know, the Stream, Google Cloud, all that making their investment in you and seeing a return? Look, when I work with the data team and I try to work with them on their goals and OKRs and things along those lines, if their goal is to move data from A to B, that's not good enough. We have to talk about what your actual business initiatives are and how this data project or tactic is going to help you there. So in the example like I brought up with Macy's, they can tie that to customer experiences. Having more fresh, reliable data is critical. American Airlines, their aircrafts moving, making sure that those are operating with as fast as possible. Aircrafts are taking off on time, well-maintained. And that's really where you see the ROI's. Like, how is data helping your business meet their mission statements? When you're in customer or prospect conversations, John, and they say, why Stream, what do you say? What are those key differentiators that really shine a light on the value problem? Yeah, absolutely. The fact that it's simply a unified platform with just a couple clicks, we're spinning up a lot of complex infrastructure that you don't have to know about as an end user, making sure that it's very reliable, it's very fast. Instead of Stream vendors were, I mean, sorry, companies were pulling in six, seven vendors to do the same thing. Now you get the whole thing in one single pane of glass. You get your connectors, you get your data processing, your data delivery, monitoring data quality and freshness so that the data stakeholders know that there's ultimately trust in that data. And that trust is currency these days, right? It absolutely has to be there. But sounds like what Stream is doing to me is you're really, are you helping companies to kick out six to seven other vendors so that from, I'm hearing workforce productivity, cost efficiencies, ROI, as Dustin was talking about, it seems like those are some of the big outcomes in general that organizations can achieve with Stream. I always think about it as very purpose-driven. You have a specific business problem you're trying to solve rather than it taking years of development and expensive investments. You can get your initiatives off the ground and into production very quickly. And that's just with the power of the platform and the way that we partner with data teams as well to make sure that they're tying it to their business initiatives and getting that value out of it. Yep, it's all about getting trust. Making sure the data is trustworthy, responsible, secure, and extracting that value. Last question, John, for you, as before we wrap here. Anything new, exciting, coming up for Stream that we should be looking for? Any events, any webinars, things that you want to plug? Yeah, in fact, tonight, we're doing a What's New in Data Live. This is a thought leadership session that I run. We're really excited to have Bruno Aziza, who's formerly a Google's, yeah, head of data analytics. Now he's at Capital G, Alphabet's Capital G. And we have Sanji Mohan, who was previously at Gartner. And we have Radima Khan, VP of Dapper Labs, who's going to talk about modern digital consumer experiences. So that's tonight at Salesforce Hour. We're going to record it so it'll be made available to everyone. And we're going on tour with What's New in Data and bringing all the data practitioners, data leaders to really talk about how they're innovating with data and meeting on these business goals that they're trying to deliver on. Awesome, lots of stuff going on. Best of luck tonight, Sanji is a CUBE analyst from time to time. We know Bruno, he's been on the show. So lots of great folks, that's stuff we were talking about before we went live. Like tech is just like two degrees of separation. John, it's great to have you. You're now officially a CUBE alumni. I probably can get you a sticker. We appreciate you sharing with us what's going on at Stream with Google and how you're really enabling those data teams to maximize value and use Gen AI. Thank you so much. Thank you for having me. Our pleasure for John Coutet and Dustin Kirkland. I'm Lisa Martin and you're watching the CUBE Live, day one of our three days of coverage of Google Cloud Next. Dustin and I are going to be right back with our next guest, so don't go anywhere.


Morning everyone! I can't do a lot of vlog on my camera. It's over there. I'm in bed with another human. Hello! Today's a day in the life video. Um, I'm not work today. Bepper is. Uh, I thought I'd see what day in life is like. It's mail time. I think it's stickers. Must be really, it probably is stickers for me. My leaves! They're spot blocking. We're going to our prescriptions and I'm going to go to my make-up and make sure my prescriptions are ready. I'm just calling to see if my prescriptions are ready. I've been counting it down for the last two days. Yeah. We've arrived home completely. I've got prescriptions, got some food, got some caffeine. Bepper's got a bit of that to work. Um, I'm going to leave some videos. Welcome to my kitchen. I'm waiting for my hand to deliver his chair. Um, probably in the room. I will show you how I salt my medication out. It's what I do every single week. If it doesn't matter, I'm on weekly prescriptions for most of them. The two items I don't get every week are milkshakes. And my inhaler, I get the inhaler every other week, same milkshake, but I get nothing for it. Um, my migraine met, I request as a mining. I've only got three boxes, nine tablets, not many, but it's enough for now. This is another one that I put into a box that's coloured. I do this with all my medication, essentially, because it is easier to grab it out of a box than it is on the box. This is soft for a lot. I don't know why this isn't already in a coloured box actually. I don't know why that was in a white box. I try and keep boxes to a minimum in this because I'm on a considerable amount of different medications. So, having white boxes in that just, it makes things so complicated. I'll insert a picture of what this looks like when it's done. There we go. It's a hypo-peen 200mg tablet. I do have a coloured 200mg box that I'm going to use. Um, because again, easier to identify. So, coloured box then goes in with the 200 facing upwards. Now we've got the Zopi-Koyon 7.5 tablets. Again, I've already got a coloured box. They're just going in there. And then the last one is Konazapan. Konazapan, 21 tablets. Same old, same old. Same over a week. Take three times a day. Nice lot of that. I'll whack it into the coloured box. And that's that. That's my meds done. And for someone who takes, like, a lot of meds to survive, um, having a system like with this box, how I do, is so much more effective than if I was to just have white boxes everywhere. That's a question I always get asked, why do you not use the white boxes? Why do you use outdated boxes? Blah, blah, blah. I use boxes that are coloured because I can identify them easier when I'm half asleep and trying to medicate myself.  And this is the system and it works. I have my inhalers. I do a few spare because, um, the UK did our shortage so my GP prescribed a few for me in a week so I could, so I had, so they knew I had them. I use my, I'm supposed to use my inhaler four times a day. I don't always remember to. Um, so Rebecca actually got me and I find it so useful because I can set up my days. So right now I'm just going to quickly put Monday to Tuesday back in with my anti-depressant and I'll have the other pills later on because this is something that does take a lot of time for me to do. So I'm going to work on the whole process because it's not that interesting. I hope you have enjoyed this day in the life. My life is not that interesting. It's not that fun. I work now and that's life, you know. I'm going back to uni in September. Um, so Rebecca, and I know we're both looking forward to it. So thank you for watching this video. Um, if you found it insightful in any way, would love to know. Sorry that, like, it's very jumpy and I didn't record all day. Um, like I said, today's been pretty eventful in itself. I don't want to talk too much about that because it's not my play still. Um, but yeah, there's my meds sorted nice and neatly. And I just put the box next to my bed and I go on top. Works nice and easy and we're well a while away. So yeah, thank you for watching this video. And if you are new, make sure you hit the subscribe button. It would mean the absolute will to me. And yeah, if you haven't already, please feel free to check out my Etsy store. Um, monthly mental health boxes are now available. The June box is up and ready. So yeah, thanks for watching and I'll catch you guys soon for a new video. Peace. This is what I store my medication on. Um, this has got most of my meds in. Um, I just need to add from a physician to this. And I'm also having Zoppy clone. I think. So in the evening I take what type he been the packs in Zoppy plan. Misoprolon, folic acid. I basically have one of everything out my box. It's kind of how this works. I'm not sure if I'm going to have Zoppy clone tonight or not. I threw it in here last night. I've only got nine of them. So, um, we'll get my meds tomorrow anyway. I'll see if I can go without the Zoppy clone tonight I think. I have two packs of it, which is just a normal ventilant inhaler. I'm not checking my blood pressure today, but I'm supposed to. I'm tired to be honest. I had a nap today and it lasted a few hours. So I actually missed my evening dose as I'm going to have to take it later today. Just fine. So obviously this is the day's worth. So morning, noon, evening is empty. The night is where we are. I just need to check that the cut's high up in my chest definitely in there. Yes, I've only got three left so that's it. And then this goes back in my box because there's no need for me to keep it out anymore. So yeah, my medication routine's pretty basic. Um, yeah. Thanks for watching this day in the life video. Peace.


The FAIR principles provide a framework for ensuring that data can be found, accessed, integrated, and reused by researchers. These principles have been adapted to address the challenges of AI models and datasets, such as the need for transparency and reproducibility. Researchers from various fields and geographies discussed the importance of incentivizing FAIR AI research and its potential impact on the field. This article was authored by EA Hueta, Ben Blasic, L. Catherine Brinson, and others.


So I mean all of the speakers basically talk about as a man, you want to be masculine, you want to be result driven, you want to have a purpose. But meanwhile, you want to be playful with women. So for me, having a sense of purpose within me is good, but it kind of hinders me from being playful with women. Because when I'm interacting with her basically, I'm here to do what I'm doing. And then it's like Johnny said, your bigger, dangerous creature coming up to a woman, you kind of creeps her out. So is there any thing or advice, something I can do to maintain a playful vibe while not losing a sense of purpose? Yeah, I'll jump because I have the mic and I was asked. Quite honestly, I cannot be playful when I'm terribly serious. And when I'm taking myself seriously, I'm not very playful. And so in that regard, if I want to actually slip into a playful mentality or flirt and play, I think of a little boy. Particularly myself as a little boy, how would I have interacted with the ideal little girl, the teasing, the playfulness, the tension, the push-pull. And then the real honest, innocent desire to enjoy the moment without expectations that it's going to lead somewhere sexually or something else. The other is, I'll play like, what would her cat do? And one of the things is I'll knock kind of a cup towards the edge of a shelf or a table and push it right to the edge. And then be willing to kind of push a little bit more just to develop tension and see if she course-corrects. And then ultimately, if she doesn't, I'll be willing to push the thing off the damn table even if it's filled. Just to be playful and then sit down and jump up and go, now that's why we can't have nice things. And again, but I can't do that when I'm being really serious. So being able to handle the dielectric tension between two kind of polar elements of being terribly serious, directed and focused and dedicated to that, you know, driven. And then being playful and being able to throttle back and forth. I'm just not all go. I do throttle. It's almost like driving a car where you can actually use a stick shift, you know, work to clutch, work to gas, and actually run that machine. And that's typically how I approach it. That was for Sakhti's and Johnny and Eric, I think. There is, or used to be a very brilliant psychotherapist named Eric Byrne who wrote about something called transactional analysis. There's a book called Games People Play, which is a wonderful treatise on this. It explains that everyone tends to be in one of three different states through which they'll move during the course of their interactions with other people. They'll either be in parent mode, adult mode, or child mode. Some people will immediately go into child mode when someone else is in parent mode. The parent mode person takes responsibility for everything and becomes driven by, you want to call it, the super ego. They expect things from the other person and criticize them and try and control them. And sometimes the oppositional, defiant nature of people will put them into child mode. So, na na na, not listening to you or whichever.  I never ever go into parent mode. There's no value there for me, no interest in spending time with people who make me feel I should go into parent mode.  When I have to be serious, I'm in adult mode, but it's a very lightweight thing. I don't take things that don't need to be taken seriously, seriously. Life is actually very lightweight. There are a few things where a decision you make is either going to cost someone their life if it's a wrong decision, or tremendously set you back. And generally, most decisions are reasoned, rational, will likely have the outcome you want. And if it doesn't look like that's working, you simply go back and course correct. As soon as I'm with people whom I trust and I feel confident with, or in circumstances where I know that whatever happens, I'll grab the reins if I need to for a few moments, course correct, and then be able to return to it, I spend my time in child mode, being playful, being light, attentive, frivolous, sometimes glib, because why not?  But the rest of the time, I treat things very lightly. Anyone who spent any time with me will tell you, I'm constantly joking. I don't take things seriously unless it's absolutely necessary. And it's very rarely, absolutely necessary. This doesn't mean I'm trivial, I accomplish shitload, I take care of all sorts of people. I'm constantly doing the best I can for everyone. But I do this without it being heavy. Do you follow? I think you really got to respect the fact that in my view of the world, I think laughter and playfulness is one of the highest states of consciousness that you can reach. And the ability to understand that and do your own stuff and get it out of the way.  And when you're fulfilled and you're handling the stuff that you need to handle, it's good, you have more abundance to give, you have more laughter to give.  So the more you take care of your shit, the more you look forward to bringing one of the highest states of playfulness and laughter upon mankind and womankind. You're doing them a service. It is one of the most healing things that can go on in a person's life. And so when you really look at it like you're bringing them such a gift, because so many people are stressed out in life when you can get them laughing, when you can get them to say, hey, life's not as serious as you think it is, because it's a nightmare to think that life is serious, especially this day and age.  The faster you realize that laughter and, like I said, playfulness, you're bringing such a wonderful treasure and gift to a person that they appreciate it. That's why a lot of women like to hang out with me, because I get them laughing. I get them out of a short circuit that seriousness that they have. And that's how I personally look at it, is I want to help them and heal them. The best way to do it is to get them to laugh and to look at it through humorous eyes.


Let me introduce myself. My name is Van Lindberg. I am an IP lawyer, been doing open source for a couple decades now. I also run a company called OspoCo, which is an open source program office as a service where people were essentially were an adjunct to a lot of internal open source offices. So what the genesis of this really came from both discussions in the broader open source community, as well as specific questions that came from various clients. Especially in the past two months, this has really, really just exploded, really, really since chatGPT came out and got everybody excited about this sort of thing. And so it started out when proposed, this was about GitHub Copilot, but really we're gonna expand it just a little bit and we're gonna be talking about generative tools and specifically generative code tools. Now there are other types of generative AI. I think that's fascinating. I talked about it yesterday, but that's not the focus of what we're going to talk about today. Instead, this is going to be the advice that I have been giving my clients and that I think is what's going to happen from an open source program office perspective. What should we be advising our internal clients? Now why do the OSPOs get asked about AI? Turns out that AI is actually really, first of all, it's a really good fit for the OSPO because it has that same sort of mix of it's got open source licenses, it's got a mixed technical and legal question, it is very developer centric, and you've already got a group that has to do with new and to the regular lawyers strange licenses, it's actually a pretty good fit and so a lot of times OSPOs are being asked what should we be doing about this? Now before I get too far, I have to address the elephants in the room and that is the co-pilot litigation. Let me first say that there are two separate filings, I am personally not impressed at all with the quality of these filings, I do not think that they will be successful just on their own merits aside from the broader question that they really want to talk about and that we're going to talk about today. So if these are dismissed, you should take that as a weakness of these particular cases as opposed to something perhaps broader. When co-pilot came out, there was a lot of people who really were worried about what it means for open source and free software. The FSF put out a call for a number of papers and there were some people who talked about that. The software freedom conservancy had some positions that they put out. OSI had had some various things. And a lot of the issues really were around, the issues that people were worried about were, number one, is this essentially a, is this a derivative work? When you create this big co-pilot, was that a derivative work of our code? Number two, what about this code that comes out, particularly when it's going to reproduce some sort of internal, some sort of one of its inputs? Is this, if it inadvertently copies in GPL licensed code or AGPL or whatever licensed code and you don't attribute, even if you don't attribute, what is the liability associated with that? And then, but a lot of the arguments that were made were actually far more emotive rather than legal. The people were acting in some ways like very classical IP holders. They were like, I own this, I put this out in a particular way because I want it and now it is being used in a way that I didn't foresee and I am not sure I agree with. And while there wasn't the necessary call for, and they should pay me, which is the traditional way that IP holders really finished that sentence, but there was the, and maybe they should adhere to my license, which is the FOSS equivalent. Problem is that a lot of these emotive arguments really weren't really made about with good legal backing. And to be fair, there's a lot of things that are, a lot of this is unknown and up in the air. I've done an analysis, I'll talk about it in a second, where I think that it was very likely, very used to be able to train GitHub, or train co-pilot and code whisperer and all these various tools on all this code regardless of the license. But one of the things that I wanted to talk about and that we're gonna come back to was there was also a discussion about what is this going to do to our community? Is this going to make it so that people don't learn how to create software that it's going to splinter our communities, there's going to be a lot of low quality stuff, it's going to, we are going to be ruining sort of the wellspring of creativity that allowed them to make these large language models in the first place. That I think is an interesting and a little bit more logical, it is a motive but that's a little bit more logical policy argument. Now with regard to, let's start with what is it even okay? And I'm just going to spend a couple minutes on this, like I said, I talked about it a long time yesterday. There are a lot of people in the open source community that are more properly in the free software community who are saying, you know what, we believe that it was not correct that they were able to create these. The software freedom conservancy said, GitHub has meanwhile artfully avoided the question of whether the trained model is a work based on the input. We contend that it probably is. However, given that fair use is an affirmative defense to copyright infringement, they are obviously anticipating a claim that the trained model is, in fact, a work based on the inputs to the model. Why else would they even seem to be bringing up fair use rather than simply say that their use is fully not infringing? Anyway, we have no way to even explore these questions authoritatively without examining the model fully fixed in its tangible medium. We don't expect GitHub to produce that unless compelled by third party. The issue is that a lot of the things that are done in the model, it ends up being very transformative. When you look at, yes, they're talking about fair use, which is technically a defense. But there are certain precedents that are so well established that if you were to bring them up, you could probably get out of a lawsuit early and effectively cut things off.  It is, a lot of this idea of transformative-ness is about the idea is, are two things substitutes for each other in the marketplace? The fact is that the co-pilot model itself is not a substitute for the code. Anyway, this is, I think, part of what you were looking at, but I don't wanna go too deep into that. If you want the long version, there's a paper with footnotes and everything. You can read that, and that goes through the legality of creating and using the model. But I want to start talking about, okay, what about our people that we want to start using, they wanna start using co-pilot to add to our code? We wanna start using it, say I'm a project, a project maintainer. Someone says, I want to use GitHub co-pilot to start adding things to your project. What are the concerns and what are the things that we really need to be thinking about? And they usually come down to three things, infringement, security, and protectability. So we're gonna talk about each one of these in turn. Now, with regard to infringement, this is the big one. What we're talking about here is memorization and specifically the generation of possibly infringing material. This is a known issue, especially for code generation as opposed to other types of generative AI. Code generation is more likely to, because it's more likely to center on a smaller number of known patterns for solving a particular technical problem. In other words, it's more functional and that functional is gonna drive greater similarity, which is gonna make it more likely to have code that comes out that looks very similar to existing pieces. The other thing is that we as a community have created an ecosystem that has lots and lots of code reuse. This is fantastic, but what has happened is that you get duplicates of well-known code in the training set. And what happens is that the model learns, oh, if you want to write an SSL function, this is the way it's happened. Then it spits out part of open SSL. Now, while co-pilot has started developing the ability to detect certain types of inputs and alert you, this is something that Code Whisperers had since day one, which was good for them. I'm not sure that that capability's in wide release yet, at least to specifically help you attribute them. I think that they're just trying to block it right now. And what's more is that Microsoft or co-pilot or OpenAI with ChatGPT or Google with Bard or whomever you're talking about specifically do not take any liability whatsoever for infringement in the output. This means that if you do get inadvertent copying into your code base, you can and likely would be liable for copyright infringement. Because the fact that you went through the model but you were able to, but there was copying, but there was copying doesn't excuse the copying. You're gonna need to follow the license and it's going to be, and sometimes that can be incompatible licenses. In some ways, it doesn't even matter that it's inadvertent because copyright infringement is it's not something where you need what's called men's right. You need the intent to copy. You can do it unconsciously. And what they would probably say is, look, there's a transitive chain, co-pilot had access to this code. They gave you this access, you asked for a certain solution and it printed it and it came out with something that was copied. Through that, you essentially copied it. So what do you need to do? First thing is that this is, how many of y'all are familiar with snippet scanning as a tool for license detection? Excellent, not all of you. Basically, one of the tool, one of the primary tools for managing open source compliance has always been these scanning tools. And the original ones, Black Duck Protex, which goes way back, was a snippet scan where among other things, what it would do is it would go through and do a rolling fuzzy match of some lines of code against all these various things that it knew. And so it would be able to say, look, these 15 lines looked like they were cut and pasted from Stack Overflow or from this other thing. Because a lot of the concern, especially early on, was about copying and pasting as opposed to linking in later things that have come up. Snippet scanning fell out of favor because it is slow and because it causes a lot of false positives. And what most modern scanners do is they instead query the package manager system and they say, what are the packages that you're using? And they assume that you're not going to be actually doing any copying and pasting because everything is in libraries anyway. And why would you copy in the library when you could just use the library? The only way that you're going to be able to do to really have certainty about the things that you're doing is actually to get back to Snippet scanning and understand what are the things that are going to be inadvertently coming into your code. This is going to be a hard transition. It's also probably going to be one of the best things for open source compliance ever because all of a sudden you've got the AI people who are really excited about using these tools who will want to put in Snippet scanning so that they can use the tools. They're not nearly as excited about open source compliance. The second thing is, so take away number one, Snippet scanning. I always recommend it. Number two, there are ways in which you can use co-pilot or similar tools to drastically reduce your chance of having copyright infringement. And that is basically something that we've known forever and that is test-driven development. What is happening when you create one of these, what happens with infringing is you start out with writing a function and you write a function and it matches something that it knew and it spits out the rest of the function and a lot of those things are very, very similar. Test-driven development starts the other way and it says, I am going to define the necessary outcomes for the functions that I create and I am going to then write software that passes my tests. You can actually use co-pilot or chat GPT to generate, to help you generate tests for the thing that you haven't written yet because your tests and your boundary conditions are going to be something that is highly unique to your particular situation. It's going to make it a lot less likely that someone else has had the specific weird interaction of all the libraries and your particular work structure and code structure anywhere else and so you can generate this test and then you go back through, even if you have them and you say, now, help me generate functions that pass this test. If you do this sort of test-driven development, it has two benefits. The first one, like I said, it corners you in a place where it's unlikely to be copied. The second is, even if there is copying, the fact that you have filtered it through a functional, you put it through a functional filter because tests don't care about any of the implementation. Tests only care about whether it works or not. That's a functional filter and it actually allows you to, in some ways, do a semi-clean room type of re-implementation, even if it is similar. With regard to infringement, those are the two things and those are things that a lot of people are worried about. The second thing is security and I'm going to break this up into two different pieces. The first is the security of the code that you write. The second is trade secret security. The security of the code that you write is actually basically the same issue as the copyright infringement issue. What it has learned, perhaps bad habits or it has learned things that are known to be vulnerable in some way, but it doesn't have any external way of actually deciding or knowing whether one thing is good or bad. If you ask for a particular solution and that particular solution that is widely out there ends up having a built-in vulnerability or it gives you a little, because it has rembrandedness, it does something that gives you something that is vulnerable, well, then you've got it. You can't trust the code that comes out of an LLM to actually be good code and most of the time it's not. It's better as a teacher. Better as an interactive way of querying what you're doing. There are some tools that, like snippet scanning, look for vulnerable structures within your code as opposed to vulnerable libraries and help highlight those. It's a specialized type of winter, same sort of thing. This may be something that you want to invest in if you're going to be heavily using co-pilot or similar to write your code. Then what about this idea of trade secrets? In a lot of cases, what this is really about is what happens when I write my code and I ship it off to the service and the service, what do they do with it? Do they keep it? Am I violating any sort of my agreements by using this? And what are they going to do with it? Or are they going to share it with other people? The broad takeaway on these is that if you're going to use one of these things, have a paid plan because the paid plans, the APIs, they are architected to maintain confidentiality between them and it's really just a cloud service. If you trust Dropbox or you trust AWS to host your code, you're sending your code to another third party already but it's within the realm of your particular care control and custody and so you can say no, we're not doing that. However, if you rely on the purely public chat GPT, the terms of service actually say we can keep all of the code or all the code or all the inputs that you provide and we can use that for further training and we will. And there have been at least a couple circumstances most recently, Samsung, where they found that certain very specific information that they put in got used for subsequent training and then came out and leaked the trade secret to someone else in a subsequent session. So the takeaway on that sort of security is make sure you use a paid plan that architects it so that you have your own data. The last sort of issue is with regard to the protectability of outputs. In some ways, this is the least of the issues as even if you're going to be using it for internal code, even non-copyrightable code can be trade secret, it can be useful. Right now the law is that AI generated code is not copyrightable and of, and of sentence, I believe that that is wrong and that will not stay but that is currently what it is. The only thing that is copyrightable and therefore licensible under an open source license are the things that humans have then subsequently done with that AI output to add further expression. There are test cases going on to try and move that back to talk about what about the initial interaction, what about the back and forth? Is that sufficient creativity? But right now that's the line from the copyright office. And so if you were ever challenged, at least right now, there would be a question as to whether copyright applied to any of this code no matter how it looked. This is coming up in the FOSS community with articles like, if GutHub is my co-pilot, who wrote my software? And this idea that if we have this bunch of unattributed code out there, who owns it? Who was it? You know, it's floating out there. I would submit that for, if this is going to be something that's going to be put out in the public, if it is licensible and it becomes licensible and copyrightable, then you can put an open source license on it. If it is not, is it really a bad thing that there is lots of completely unencumbered code that is out there? I don't think so. Now what, these are the current issues. And I think a lot of this is driven by the current state of language models, the current state of training. Honestly, probably the next time they go through and do a big revision of CodeX or the various code-focused models, they're going to be a lot more careful about avoiding duplication. There's going to be other ways in which they improve the training process, so it's going to be less likely to generate copyright infringing code or also vulnerable code. This is where we get back to that policy argument of is this going to hurt our communities? What should Ospo's do about the long-term and thinking is this going to harm or help our communities? Well, there was an interesting article, there was an interesting internal article that was leaked from Google called We Have No Moat. This was a week or two ago. And in it, one of the Google engineers who was working on their products said, basically, we thought that we would be able to maintain a competitive advantage by having these large language models that take a lot of things to do, it was hard, we thought it was hard, it was big, it was expensive. And then they looked at what happened with Lama and with Stable DeFusion, and they said, as soon as the open-source community got their hands on these things, the amount of creativity and capability that blossomed was astounding. Now, Stable DeFusion is leading far and above Dolly and Dolly II, which came first. Dolly and Dolly II used to be, on the images side, used to be the focus of a lot of scholarly work. All of that has moved over to Stable DeFusion because Stable DeFusion has the capability to actually test and evolve with the new knowledge. This is happening in LLMs as well. And what this article talked about is, hey, you can actually do some of these low-rank adaptations and you can do these stackable things that turn out to actually be cheap and capable as capable as the things that we're doing and the open-source community is just getting started. So yes, AI is coming for open-source. You are going to, if you haven't already, your code internally or your projects are going to see a whole raft of new code that is going to be partially written by co-pilot or other AI tools. And of course, the rule applies. How many of you have heard the saying that 90% of everything is crap? It's true.  But that doesn't mean that it doesn't create value, that 10% or that 1% isn't something that we can use because a lot of these other things will fall away. I would actually argue that generative AI is going to be the best thing ever for open-source, ever. And the reason why is comes down to economics. What happens when you make something cheaper? People buy more of it. What generative AI does is it makes the cost of generating new code cheaper. It expands the range of possible people who can participate in the generation of code a hundred fold. This is going to be the best thing ever for diversity and inclusion because whole rafts of people who before maybe thought that this was going to be too difficult for them now have a tool and infinitely patient mentor. Someone who will explain the various the various libraries to them who will help them get a working implementation that they can actually submit for a PR for a human to start going through. Yes, a lot of that's going to be not great code. But the fact is that humans who are just starting out don't create great code. It's no different.  You're going and maybe only, you know, if only 10% of those become regular contributors or maintainers. Still you've gone up by an order of magnitude the number of people who are involved in your projects who are involved in the open source community. And that is where it gets its strength. So this is the last question. If that is the happy path and you may disagree with me, but this idea of we can harness generative AI to drive inclusion and to drive project health and to drive greater possibility, then how do we encourage and make this happen? And I would say it is really going to be about helping people understand and develop processes that are going to need to deal with an order of magnitude more code. Because that's what we're going to have. Maintainer burnout is already a thing that you and your offices are working at, that you're worried about. Investing in the people and investing in processes and automation that will be able to take those things up and take them to the next level in terms of capability. That not only has benefits right now, but that is also what is going to enable this new huge wave of coming AI generated code that is coming for open source. Now here's where I pause and I ask for questions. So the question was for anyone on the live stream, if AI is going to be this great democratizer of code, couldn't, doesn't that put more pressure on the bottlenecks? And he also said, but couldn't AI also be used for the purposes of alleviating those bottlenecks? I think absolutely it could. I don't have this specific structure or model in my head at this moment, but that seems like a solvable issue. That would be one of the concrete things that your OSPO could do to help sponsor, to bring us to that happy path. So the question, the comment was, doesn't this kill community metrics? I'd submit they're mostly already dead. And the reason why, man, I love me some chaos. And there are still meaningful metrics, but they're starting to be gamed a little bit. And what's also happening is just the bots are an increasing part and GitHub actions are an increasing part of every development cycle. And those aren't human.  So unless you are filtering for those things, well, then your metrics are already off. Now if it is going to be in every 15 second you submit these things, there are ways to filter that out if you want to, or you just look at different metrics. Limiting the size of the what? So the question was, in terms of infringement or whatever, does limiting the size of the generation that it puts out is that going to solve the problem? The answer is actually no. And the reason why is because they've actually been most successful in generating long runs of copyrighted material through successive prompting of shorter generations. So it's a great idea, but at least so far empirically it's false. Oh, then there was someone over here and then we'll come back to the middle. Who? Absolutely it is. Some people use an official guideline of 150 to 300 characters. There's a famous Supreme Court case about a single sentence because it was the heart of the work. I think that that's unlikely to be, but the answer is very lawyerly, it depends. Then it was always copyrighted. So what happens if as part of a product we've used generated code and made that part of it, it wasn't considered copyrightable when we did that and then if they were concerned that at some point in the future. Gotcha. Like they could come back to buy this basically. So the question is, all right, if someone puts out a bunch of chat GPT or codex generated code and we decide to use them in our internal product and it turns out that this is copyrightable, have we just bought ourselves an infringement lawsuit? In that case, perhaps yes. There would be things that you could argue, lashes, blah, blah, blah, but if something is posted by a human, which is somewhat, there's gonna be a human involved in that, assume that that human is going to be a copyright holder in every effective sense because my strong belief is that's more or less where the laws going to end up. Same question.  The answer is that in that case, things that you have added and changed are going to be due to your human input. Those changes are definitely copyrightable and they're going to be spread throughout the code and so that code is effectively copyrightable. By the way, again, going back to that last question, I think that that is essentially gonna be where the law ends up overall. So again, treat stuff, the more that a human went through it, the stronger the possible copyright code and copyright have never been great together anyway but the more humans touched it, the more copyrightable it may be but assume that you're gonna have the copyrighted code regardless of where it came from. That's a training question, maybe. Bigger models are actually better and less likely to cause copyright infringement issues and my strong argument is that it's going to be fair use anyway. Then there was another gentleman right over here. Great question. The question was, I spoke, I said the copilot litigation was not good, why? The answer is because in order to support a copyright infringement case, you need to have a specific identifiable work that you have registered the copyright in that you can point to that came out the other side. They don't have that. Instead, they're making a generalized argument that this model must be a derivative work because they used code to train it, therefore it must be a derivative work and therefore everything that it generates is a derivative work without actually making the argument and tying it through to any particular work at all. They're trying to do a class action. It's not gonna succeed. I think that that's our time. Thanks, y'all. Thank you.


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