Hi guys, this is Jason Zach from Nathaniel School of Music. In this tutorial, we are going to dive into one of my favorite modes or scales if you want to call it that, the Dorian, the Dorian mode or the Dorian scale. I've used it a lot in my music, I've used it a lot in my classes, I tend to prefer this among all the other scales with a minor third as we'll talk about later in the theory. Now what we are going to do here is hopefully help you to compose music, to develop chord progressions, melodies and also practice them on the piano or pretty much any instrument and hopefully grow as a producer, a composer and an arranger and this scale is very useful if you want to create some new stuff, some new cutting edge music which no one has really heard because it's not major or minor which is what most people compose on. It's a very film score kind of scale, you'll find it in a lot of movie theme scores, you'll find it in a lot of brave songs, in a lot of rock songs and in a lot of songs where the perspective is one to many, it's one person trying to write to the whole world maybe this song where Michael Jackson is just trying to tell all of us to stop polluting the earth and things like that in earth song. So generally speaking the scale is used for a brave kind of sound, it's used for the rock genre, the funk genre, the blues genre, it's used a lot in fusion music, a lot of Indian music, whether it's Karnataka or Hindustani seems to use this mode a lot and we also use it in jazz, we use this sometimes more often than even the natural minor scale or the harmonic minor scale, we prefer the Dorian more at times. Now before we get started it'll be really nice if you get your keyboards out, get a book out so you could perhaps write down the chord progressions and the essential theory, also pianos to help you play as I slow down a lot of the melodies, we've also notated a bunch of these melodies for you, all of these are my compositions or riffs as we release them as, you'll find them as a full video on YouTube, the links will be in the description, you can check it out and I'm gonna brainstorm those compositions, so it'll also be easy for me to teach one being I have made it so I can tell you what was going on in my head, what was I thinking as I was writing that kind of music, so before we get started it'll be great if you could consider hitting the subscribe button, hit the bell icon for regular notifications and the notes and the chord charts and a lot more are waiting for you on Patreon, not just for this lesson but for a lot of the other lessons, let's get cracking. So let's first get the theory stuff out of the way, the Dorian scale, let's take the key of D, so any Dorian scale would be a flat 3 as well as a flat 7 with respect to the major scale or with respect to the natural minor scale you raise the 6, so usually when we notated on sheet music for example you're notating D Dorian, all your B's would be written as B natural in your notation scripts because staff notation tends to support only the major and the minor, the major and the relative minor, even for harmonic minor you'll have to put a sharp that's why they say the 7 is raised in harmonic minor in the Dorian the 6 is raised so this would be natural, this would be the natural minor where you flat the third, you flat the 6 and you flat the 7 with Dorian you raise the 6 versus the more melancholic, the more pensive minor Dorian's a lot more brave to me whenever I use it from a story perspective it's always a weaker force from their perspective trying to you know fight or you know be part of or take down a stronger force it's always a brave scale to me I hear this a lot in movies and with the movies I watch it's generally some battle going on or some fight so right so Dorian has a flat 3 and a flat 7 the 6 is normal left alone or with respect to the natural minor you play it just like a natural minor but raise the 6 not that this one that's your Dorian in there now coming to the chords of the Dorian to harmonize the Dorian we have one minor a two minor a three flat major we actually play around with them you get a very funky kind of sound very jazzy if you add the 7s or the 9s you know here we go so anyway moving back to the triads one minor two minor three flat major four major it's the only minor sounding scale which has a four major all the others the natural the harmonic well not the melodic melodic also has a four major you have a one minor going to the four major so this is a very important cadence as we call it in the Dorian the four to the one that's the four cadence going to the one okay and then we have our five minor okay so one minor so far we have one minor two minor three flat major four major five minor then you have your six diminished you need to remember that in the Dorian scale one two three four five the six is always diminished we rarely use it though but it's there and then you have your seven flat major so which are the major chords in the Dorian scale the four the three flat and the seven flat so just off the top if you want to get a very brave sound you can just imagine a story which starts off by being pretty sad so you have your minor bass you're setting the bass as your tonic minor and then there's a bit of hope developed there with the four major and then you can just do a four to one cadence and you pretty much have the essence of the Dorian making it very different from both major and minor which I think is very important when you're learning a new scale this is the cadence and then we can gang up some of the other major chords that's your three flat D minor and then you have a very nice rock progression that's your one minor three flat major seven flat major and then your four major however you can even do some minor to minor stuff like I showed you for the door stuff you can also do two minors and then end with a major that gives you a very brave sound you know it's pretty much the word I'm gonna use a lot in this lesson that's what the scale means to me five minor four major and then if you want some more positivity go to the three flat major seven flat major and then end with your four major right so this is about the Dorian scale and the reason I really love this scale is first of all that brave mood or that brave emotion and it also is a very from a perspective of songwriting you write these kind of join my cult or clan kind of songs it's it's you against them kind of a thing you're always against the system so to speak with this scale and even if you take the lyrics of some of these songs you know by Imagine Dragons we have this song radioactive so if you read the lyrics it's very you know against the system or what Michael Jackson will do in earth song it's a one to many he's not even using lyrics in earth song at the chorus he's just going it's kind of obvious that the scale itself or the chords the chord progression of the scale is giving you the mood which Michael Jackson wanted you to feel right in earth song so most of the Dorian songs or the Dorian compositions are composed from a one to many perspective to kind of join my cult join my group we are against the system we are the weaker force against the stronger force it gives me that kind of a vibe it also has a very mystical touch to it if you use it in a more textural way or a more atmospheric way like you're discovering a new world kind of a thing very mysterious so it depends also on the rhythm how you use it the chords could be the same so this has some very interesting themes which are major and minor scale are never going to give you major and minor scales are more personal and more discreet it's very happy positive or very sad there's nothing in between the Dorian is that brave in between scale and it and a cousin scale of the Dorian is a is the mixolydian which I hope to cover in a in another video as well so do check out the mixolydian tutorials too so what I'm going to do moving forward in this lecture is play for you a few compositions and let's try and learn those melodies on the piano and then let's try and understand the chord progression so in a nutshell you need to know the chord theory of the Dorian which happens to be the one minor the two minor the three flat major the four major five minor the six diminished the seven flat major and finally the one okay so we have a few pieces for you which we've notated also for piano we learn them and we'll also dive into and study what chord progressions are used in the in the section of the song and if you want to listen to the whole thing you can consider visiting my riffs website which is riffs.jasonzack music dot com what will happen there is you have filters you can filter to Dorian which is the mode we have a filter there and you can filter it and all these riffs will pop up and you can even key in the the riff name or anything then we have a nice little story which can kind of inspire you or motivate you to learn it and with all the riffs there's a slow version so stay tuned after you watch it at the end there's a slow version so you can learn that on the piano and we are also introducing backing tracks for these riffs if you want to kind of make them your own you can write to us and we will also have this on the website very shortly so let's dive into some Dorian music right so in this rather energetic brave rock song it's on G Dorian so let's try and break this down now so it's on G Dorian and so what I'm doing here in this melody is I'm just hovering with D G D G D G F E D G D G D G F E D and I'm making sure that there's an E there that so when you're composing a Dorian riff or a Dorian melody try to keep in mind that you need to have that six natural I didn't do that would have made it minor and you can hear a huge difference I guess and even if you play G it still feels Dorian you don't need chords to make it Dorian just the melody alone will make it sound that way and to add some Dorian chords you can fool around here you can say one minor G minor I did a three flat major then I like to always do my four major makes it very epic and very brave if you want to learn this melody you could check it out in the notation we have it there for you so let's try and listen to a few more brave sounding riffs and try and dive into the chord progressions so this is another approach for the Dorian where I'm not using a chord progression I'm just using thirds and I'm droning just droning that D then and if ever you add a new bass note try and add it lower and lower on and then you can kind of compose further on the f Dorian I'm doing a three flat and then a three flat and then a seven flat let's break that down on the f Dorian key f minor would be a one three flat would be a flat and then if that would be a seven flat it's a more kind of a ambient rock kind of sound you know and then f minor a flat what I like about these sort of compositions if I start with Dorian I can kind of simulate in a song which which has two sections let's say an A and a B this could be the A and go to the B make it major you know make it very positive or you can even drift to minor maybe with brave you're going into the battle and you either kind of end up victorious or you end up defeated so it creates a story with an A and a B section so let's look at another Dorian riff which is a bit more rock sounding that's G sharp Dorian let's try and break that down so the G sharp Dorian so that's one minor three flat major and then you have your seven flat major and then ending on that four major which I always like to end on anyone who makes Dorian likes to kind of do a one minor go into a four major so the melody I have over that is let's learn that maybe a bit higher again again so let's now do chords in the left hand with an arpeggio pattern it's on three four this is the arpeggio pattern nice three by four go to pattern melody again let's move on so it's on B flat Dorian B flat minor F minor B flat minor okay that's four at the four I'm playing an F minor B flat minor D flat major which is a three flat major and I'm ending it with a four major but I'm suspending it to give it a bit more interest so the piano going on with the melody maybe some block chords in the left hand let's learn it D flat again D flat can go nicely to the next section that's F F Dorian that's one minor three flat major four major and there's an interesting chord here which I'll show you now a flat B flat E flat over G B flat F minor the G bass so that's F minor that's one minor three flat major and then a four major and then we do like this for Dorian as well so that's a two with a E flat slash G so E flat slash G in the key of F Dorian would be a seven flat major over a G it's a slash chord it gives you a lot more bite it makes it a lot more it pulls it's a lot more tense so to speak and there's a lot of hope in this chord I feel when you land it so you want to listen to a full song which I have composed with this progression you can check out redemption from one of my earlier albums we leave that in the description so this is more of a kind of a fusion riff I would say because it has a very rooted D at least in the A section and the melody is giving the Dorian and a nice turn around there which I'll show you let's try and learn that so it's on the D Dorian and I'm playing just a D in the bass would be nice till you get acquainted last time just with the D and when you play this D drone for a long while when you play a chord like that's a G over B now I did a B flat there so I'm kind of using the six Dorian and then kind of sliding it to the six flat which is a borrowed note it's a borrowed chord making it even more uplifting and then back to Dorian minor let's do that again that's G over B the borrowed chord B flat which is not part of this Dorian but it comes back to the D minor pretty well right let's try and break that so the lick was that climb that C sharp or a major over C sharp right so a lot of these epic brave sounding riffs which could be of any genre I guess this could be treated like a fusion song and the Dorian seems to work very well for this stuff so that's a four and one cadence Dorian cadence so four major one minor I chose this it's very easy to hear the Dorian and a nice nice swinging kind of rhythm get a bit folk like let's break that down four going to one minor some weird notes there you hear the whole composition I think it's pretty cool you might like it it's on our riff website this is on a rather odd time signature two three four five six one oh four five two three four five six seven one two you call this as a six by four the drummer and the bass player went crazy in this one it was a pleasure to make this song with a blessing chimanga band all the way from Simba way we collaborate with different artists from time to time so this is E flat Dorian just simple let me just show you what's going on there it goes and they do a nice harmony we play this to you bringing out that Dorian as a twin lead that'll be a three-flat going to a three-flat major going to the usual Dorian major which is the four major what you'll find very often with funky stuff is you go from a one minor to a four major and you can make those chords a bit more sophisticated with seventh extensions one minor seventh and the four dominant seventh let's break that down this is how I'm playing the one minor seventh a flat to the D flat and this is how I'm playing the D flat dominant so if you're having a problem playing seventh chords you can do what I do which is the root in the left hand remaining notes in the right hand and you can easily glide to the dominant so just vamping with a one minor and a four seven or a four major four dominant seventh would be very funky you can compose a lot of things let's kind of take it to the key of D and a couple of other keys just to show you this funky option that's a D minor 7 going to G dominant we will be doing a few funky videos as well on just the funk genre so do stay tuned and follow our channel you might want to hit that subscribe button that will be pretty helpful to find our lessons okay moving on yet another example which I do with this I kind of made the chords a bit more sophisticated last time I showed you 7s this time these are 9s and 13s and all those jazz extensions so what did I do do here that's a G minor 9th going to this rather sophisticated C 13th sound that's your 13th there because you have a flat 7 9th also it's a nice way to play a C 13 there's a lot of bass which goes on in funk music we leave that for another tutorial right moving on to some bluesy and some R&B soulful stuff we can't forget those genres let's do a couple of those and then sign off so this is very inspired by the doors they do this a lot the one minor and the two minor it just toggles between so that's pretty much what you do you just take a C minor and then a D minor can embellish it with 7th chord so that's one minor 7th two minor 7th pretty easy just one and two something bluesy on the key of D so you have that tritone which makes it bluesy but you sneak in the Dorian so this is an example which you can understand the use of the Dorian in a very blues riff or a lick kind of context so if you take that's pretty bluesy but but adding that braveness of the Dorian we can bring in the G major and toggle it very quickly back to the home use a lot by Pink Floyd I'm sure you know the songs Pink Floyd uses it almost actually stolen this from guitar players Pink Floyd check them out if you haven't already so in this tutorial I've tried to go over a few of my compositions on the Dorian mode and you'll find all these compositions available cataloged very well on our riffs website do check it out in the description or in the comments and you don't have to just find this you can filter and filter by anything you can even filter by emotion maybe you want a riff which is adventurous or you want to search for it without the musical words with some more English easy to understand words like brave brave will actually be there and we have a lot of other ways to select the riffs from a more musical metadata perspective you can find it by time signature by time feel by scale by key if you're a singer you can find it and like I said earlier these will be available very shortly for you to download and use into your in your own productions using a DAW of your choice it'll be available in a drag and drop kind of way so have fun with that and moving forward we will try and do a lot more of these riff breakdowns as a lot of you have requested for it in the comments and do check out the daily riffs which get released as well by hitting that subscribe and hitting the bell icon for regular notifications you'll be notified because we release one every day pretty much around the same time so try and listen to it and give the channel your support thanks a ton for watching the video cheers and catch you in the next one


2019, the media dishonestly portrays the Covington Catholic students as racist bigots because one of them smirked. In 2020, the media dishonestly portrays Kyle Rittenhouse as a racist bigot and murderer. Turns out, it was all lies again. Now in 2023, the media once again dishonestly portrays an eight-year-old kid at a football game as a white supremacist. What did you expect? Hello and welcome back. If any of this seems very familiar to you, that's because we've been through this media playbook several times now. In fact, I attended the Antifa protest at Covington Catholic School and made a video, which you can check out here later. So this eight-year-old kid innocently dresses up as his favorite team's mascot just as thousands of people have done before him.  It's that media deception meme in real life. Did I mention that this reporter has a very documented history of hating white people? I'll tell you all about it right after I tell you about this opportunity to secure your retirement and get a free silver coin while you're at it. Are you new to investing? And do you have savings that need protecting? Right now, with the Middle East War, the Ukraine War, and maybe Taiwan very soon, you need a playbook that allocates some gold right now and avoid the frenzy panic of the unprepared. Let's hear from actual Noble Gold Investments customers. The staff answered all my questions and helped me every step of the way. No pressure sales tactics, just honest guidance. Securing my future is less stressful thanks to Noble Gold's expertise. So don't settle for financial uncertainty. They'll suggest options and see if you can diversify into gold and silver. Right now, Noble Gold Investments is offering a free 5-ounce silver America the beautiful bullion coin for qualified accounts. Don't settle for financial uncertainty. Noble Gold Investments has an A-plus rating with a better business bureau and countless 5-star reviews. So why wait? Let's get started right now. Go to noblegoldinvestments.com now. That's noblegoldinvestments.com, the only gold company I trust. And remember, there's always risk of investment and there are no guarantees of any kind. Alright, so this chud of a reporter, Karen Phillips, released this picture of the 8-year-old boy at a football game dressed in a chief's headdress at a Kansas City chief's football game. With the headline, the NFL needs to speak out about the Kansas City cheese fan in blackface native headdress. They're doubling down on the racism. Are you going to say anything, Roger Goodell?  Alright, so I have a few questions. Who is doubling down on racism? And where's the racism? Why would a kid dress in blackface with a chief's headdress on? It's clearly just in support of the team. And this guy's supposed to be a sports editor. But no, it's a white kid. That's how Deadspin knows that he's up to something nefarious. Except a non-deceptive picture shows that the kid's face was painted in the team's colors. Again, like probably millions of fans have done over the decades. Wait a second, I think I finally just noticed what's going on here. He's different when this kid does it because he's smirking. And we know how they all feel about white guys smirking. The reaction was swift, causing Karen to respond on Twitter X, saying, For the idiots in my mentions who are treating this as some harmless act because the other side of his face was painted red, I could make the argument that it makes it even worse. What? Those are literally the team's colors and literally millions of people do the exact same thing.  I can't keep up. Who hates Mexicans? Who's wearing some Briaros?  No seriously, just look at this feed. I highlighted a few of his posts in a Twitter post, which you can find a link for in the description and pinned comment. But it just goes on and on.  As Ed Wiltness pointed out, his entire agenda at Deadspin seems to be demonizing whites.  Racist! That's his white supremacy! White people in Flint, Michigan? That's concerning! That right there is unreal. Do you think that any white reporter could ever get away was saying that he was worried about black people being in a certain area and that it was concerning?  At the time of editing this video, Deadspin still hasn't commented and I wouldn't plan on them doing so because they probably hired this guy to do exactly what he's doing. However, it could prove to be an expensive smear job because this seems to be a pretty clear cut case of defamation.  Hopefully the parents are already getting the papers ready to serve. I'll keep you all updated on the latest news. But for now, that's all I have. Thanks for watching and make sure to keep checking back.


okay guys so as I was supposed to take class on few topics so I'm just going through those topics and I'll stop the class let everyone join only four people have joined so I'm just going through those topics and I'll stop the class let everyone join so I request all of you to kindly sit with your physics book because mostly I would be referring that book only because this class would be focused on your exam is anyone else joining okay I'll start the class no issues people are not joining then I cannot do I cannot help it out so the first concept that I'll be taking up today is moving coil galvanometer so what is a moving coil galvanometer why it is used what is the usage of it so moving coil moving coil galvanometer is a kind of amateur what is the use of amateur to find the magnitude of current in any current carrying conductor now then why do we need moving coil galvanometer so moving coil galvanometer will not only tell you it will tell you also about the presence I mean if it tells the magnitude of the current presence of the current is established it will tell you two other things so it will tell you two things so it will talk about I and it will talk about direction of the current so first thing first about moving coil galvanometer it gives you two things it gives you magnitude of the current it gives you direction of the current now try to understand here let me download a moving coil galvanometer now look at this this this is moving coil galvanometer and how it is constructed so I'll talk about construction of the moving coil galvanometer so in constructs construction of the moving coil galvanometer you have two terminals so here you see you have two terminals here one is your positive terminal and second one is your negative terminal and then you have these magnets so this is your south pole of the magnet and this is your not this is your north pole of the magnet and this is south pole of the magnet now this magnet is a kind of cylindrical magnet so why do we need cylindrical magnets here though it looks bar magnet here generally we use cylindrical magnet over here we need cylindrical magnet in this particular construction because we need radial direction of the magnetic field to be radial why do we need direction of the magnetic field to be radial because suppose you try you understand that suppose in between you can see here coils my conductor coils are kept over here so these these coils are copper coils which are insulated thinly and in between you have a iron ore or a soft iron cylinder which is placed inside it so what happens over here is that when our external magnetic field as I have already told you in the class that whenever an external magnetic field would be there and a current would be applied to the conductor the conductor will feel a force which is I L cross B now what do you what do I mean by radial magnetic field so I'm removing this particular so look at here what happens suppose I have a coil like this so magnetic field is radial it means that plane of the current carrying coil is in direction of the magnetic field so this is the plane of the current carrying conductor and this is the direction of the magnetic field now what will happen if the plane of the current carrying conductor is is in direction of magnetic field suppose this is B1 so on these two particular wires I will not feel any or on these two particular wires there would be no current applied sorry no force applied because if F is equal to I L into B if I and L are in same that sorry L and B are in same direction so angle between them would be 0 degrees so the force applied would be 0 while on other two conductors there would be force applied so what will happen on this conductor suppose current is going in this direction and these in this direction so if I use right hand rule so I'll put my fingers in this direction and I'll put Pam in this direction so a force upward would be applied here a force downward would be applied so what will happen because one force is acting like this and one force is acting if I take correct complete coil like one one wire like this from one side the force would be applied like this and from one side of the force would be applied like this so here if the force is in this direction or upward direction here the force would be towards downward direction so what will happen due to this force acting on two different coils force acting in two different direction the coil will start rotating and as soon as the coil will start rotating what will happen is that here is the elastic spring so what happens as soon as this coil starts rotating there would be some tension which will be developed in the in this elastic spring so due to this 10 develop I mean as soon as the tension develops in this elastic spring and this coil starts moving in this particular direction suppose it goes in this direction so what happens this will make certain angle with horizontal this particular spring and this angle can be measured out as soon as I measure out this angle so that there is one formula I just give you the formula so in class 9th you might have studied torque so what happens when two forces are acting something like this so what happens there would be torque developed on this body and due to the torque developed this will start rotating the same will happen with the coil that's what I was explaining on the other page that whenever a radial magnetic field will cross this current carrying conductor so on the parallel wires there would be no force but on the vertical wires there would be opposite force from two sides due to this kind of opposite force a torque would develop due to the torque this spring would get elongated or this spring will make certain angle with horizontal or vertical whichever angle you take so what is the torque developed torque developed would be n n is the number of coils I because this is the total amount of current into B and multiplied by a and that this torque would be equal to whatever is angle whatever angle this particular thing is making this is not given in your book I am explaining it from my side so that you can understand how do I measure current I know number of coils in in the conductor I know what kind of magnetic field I'm producing I I know the value of a I just measure the value of theta here and as soon as I measure the value of theta so this torque would be equal to C theta which where C is torsional constant so if it is a torsional constant what will happen so if it is a torsional constant I know the value of constant also so from here I can find that I is equal to C theta divided by NBA so I know all these quantities that's how I can measure I from here so this is what moving coil galvanometer is is there any doubt in this any doubt tell me guys so once again guys give me a moment is cross sectional area and C is torsional constant you don't need to know the value this is a constant which is called constant of torque or torsional constant so I'm not giving you values of this you just understand that here as soon as the torque will develop this will start rotating due to rotating this this spring will lose its initial condition and it will make some angle theta as soon as it makes some angle theta this can be this can be measured out as soon as you measure it out as soon as you measure it up measure it out you can find out the value of I so that is the thing so I'm moving to the another topic where leveling screws has been given Ravi Kiran let me go through your this thing time see I'm getting so many question age cross sectional area of the of the coil material and C is torsional C is torsional constant I'm not finding Ravi Kiran where in the picture what you are asking leveling screws where are leveling screws see it it has been placed on this this particular thing is placed on certain base so leveling screws are not for this leveling screws are to put this base in proper manner so that the base doesn't start moving here and there that's what is for base the construction is here this is the construction of your moving coil galvanometer you just know the construction that this these are the magnetic fields which provide external these are the poles magnetic poles which provides external magnetic field this is the moving coil galvanometer radial magnetic field is produced like this why we need radial magnetic field I told cylindrical I'm sorry it is hemispherical so hemispherical in nature this this these poles are hemispherical in nature which are able to produce a radial magnetic field due and when you pass a current through it what will happen force would be applied on the coils of the conductor so parallel coils will not have any any any any force vertical coils will have I mean these wires will have force these wires will not have force and due to force acting on two ends of this complete coil arrangement there would be torque developed into it due to the torque this will start rotating as soon as it will start rotating so this particular spring will have certain angle with horizontal so this is the formula and Nib a which has been given equal to see theta so from here I know theta I know see so I can find out the value of I that how much current is passing through it so as simple as that so any other any other particular concept that you want to know tell me so I'm not getting any reply so let me move ahead what else do you want to so now conversion you can already see it has been given in the question that once again I'm okay what is the other topic I'm just going through the list of topics just give me a moment so now there is a concept of electromagnetic induction so now I'll teach you electromagnetic induction and what happens in electromagnetic induction so what is electromagnetic induction a little bit of brief I have already given it to you so what happens in electromagnetic induction so I'll in this particular thing I take moving coil galvanometer I have already taken so I will be taking your electromagnetism and generators and motors all these things I'll cover up cover up now so let me go to electromagnetic induction now so let me make the diagram for electromagnetic induction so till now what we have studied is whenever a current carrying conductor is placed inside a magnetic field a force is applied on the conductor now suppose I have kept a coil this is my current carrying conductor in in form of coil and I have a magnet here suppose whatever you take North Pole and South Pole like this so suppose distance between it is D and I don't touch this magnet so certain magnetic field would be crossing this particular conductor now what I start doing for experimentation is that I keep on changing the distance between this coil and this magnetic material continuously so this will never be D it will always keep on changing if I keep on changing distance between this magnetic material and and and this coil what happens is the amount or magnitude of the magnetic field or the magnetic field lines with which would be crossing this particular coil will keep on changing always and as it will keep on changing always what happens is due to remember always due to change in magnetic flux crossing a conductor a voltage difference which is also called emf electromagnetic electromotive force which which which I'll not use emf I'll use voltage also a voltage difference would be a voltage difference would be induced in this coil so what is happening what I am doing I am I am putting this particular current carrying conductor in varying magnetic flux and due to this varying magnetic flux a voltage difference is induced across its terminals so what happens this kind of electromagnetic flux which is induced due to change in magnetic flux is is known as electromagnetic induction why it is known as electromagnetic induction so suppose there is no current in it so let me draw again draw it again suppose there is no current in it I have just kept this current can I just kept this coil like this there is no current I is equal to 0 initially now what happens when I place this particular coil in a magnetic field which is varying changing electromagnetic flux means either the distance between this and the magnetic pole or magnetic material is changing or somehow I am changing the magnitude or the direction of the magnetic field passing through this particular current carrying coil due to change in this magnetic flux what happens a emf is generated or a voltage difference is generated if voltage this voltage difference is generated what will happen V is equal to IR so this V is induced in this particular coil because of changing magnetic flux as this V has developed this particular coil will have certain amount of resistance in it and due to it a current will start flowing through this conductor if the circuit is closed and the value of current would be I is equal to V by R so that is what electromagnetic induction is now the other rule of electromagnetic induction is that the whatever this voltage difference so whatever V is induced it is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux so if I assume that try to understand if let's say that the flux is suppose I denote flux by Phi suppose I denote flux by Phi so what happens this Phi keeps on changing so V is proportional to rate of change of flux rate of change of flux would be D Phi by DT so V I can write down as D Phi by DT now try to understand there are two three things that I would like to clarify over here the first thing that I would like to clarify is the emf around this or the voltage difference around this particular coil is created getting created only because varying magnetic field is crossing it as soon as the magnetic field becomes constant this voltage difference will become 0 so till till when the voltage difference will exist the voltage difference will only exist till the time the magnetic field is varying if there is no if there is constant magnetic field there would be no voltage difference which would be developing across this particular coil now what about magnitude of the voltage difference magnitude of the voltage difference is proportional to the change rate of change in the magnetic field so these are the two things that we need to take care of while we study electromagnetic induction so as we discussed this electromagnetic induction application of electromagnetic induction can be applied on or can be studied through the concept of electric generator so I'm getting into electric generator so let me check in your book what kind of generator it has been given so AC generator has been given in your book okay part from it what has been given okay lens lens law has also been given guys give me a moment hello yeah sir good afternoon tell me okay yes sir what happens is my class and Raghavendra class both has been scheduled in same classroom 316 but but because the next classroom is empty so sometimes I go to the next classroom or no not opposite just just just behind 316 which are whichever classroom is there so okay no it's not next to Mr. Pawan's office it's next to the washroom yes so just near to miss Sonia's office 3 room number 316 is there and and and no I don't go to the opposite room also no not near the staircase on one side we have this toilet on the other side there is a classroom so across the aisle on 317 or 318 one of them right in front of the lockers that that's the same no I don't go Raghavendra is going now to the that class yes yes okay what a what an urgent call so let me take you through the Lenge's law what is Lenge's law so try to understand what Lenge's law says that direction of the induced current is such that it opposes so it's actually Newton's third law or law of inertia whatever you can say Lenge's law is application of law of inertia or every action has equal and opposite reaction so by Lenge's law what it tells that suppose this is my conductor and there is a varying magnetic field which is coming like this and it is crossing my conductor and due to this a voltage difference is produced across it and due to this voltage difference a current is produced in this I have already discussed it now what would be the direction of the current so Lenge's law defines the direction of the current produced in a current carrying conductor because of when or when it is put inside a change in magnetic field so Lenge's law tells me that the direction of the induced current this current which is getting induced due to this varying magnetic field VMF would be in such direction so that it can oppose the change which produces it it means that whichever magnetic field is producing this particular current inside this conductor the current would be in such direction so that it can oppose this magnetic field so what happens is that or let me directly go to how to find out direction of current so direction of the current by Lenge's law can be find out by Fleming's right hand rule Fleming's right hand rule tells me that suppose this is your thumb this is your thumb this is this is your index finger and this is your middle finger so middle finger or middle finger I will make it make it like like this so middle finger shows the direction of the induced current and though your index finger or forefinger will tell you the direction of the magnetic field and your thumb will tell you the direction of the force or the motion because motion will be always in the direction of the force so what happens is that in Fleming's left hand right hand rule we have three we take three fingers the three fingers used are I am writing here the index finger tells me the direction of magnetic field middle finger tells me the direction of current and thumb tells me the direction of induced sorry motion or force so this is how it is so Lenge's law is all about determining the direction of the current induced and the principle to determine the direction of the current is that the current would be generated in such direction so that it can oppose the incoming or the crossing varying magnetic field so the current would be developed in that direction so that it can oppose the magnetic field which is due to which this current is created and for that I have Fleming's right hand rule so I have given you three fingers you can apply that and you can write it down in exam now let me go to alternating current gen generators or dynamos alternating current generators are also called dynamos now in your book a figure has been made let me check the page number for you on page number 29 all of you just go to page number 29 no real motion does not refer to the motion of magnetic field it's not see the motion which has been kept over there or the moment which has been kept over there is not the motion of the magnetic field it's the force which is getting applied so actually even when the current carrying conductor you know that a current has started flowing on in the conductor and it is placed in external magnetic field there would be a force developed in that magnetic field so that's the direction of the force as simple as that okay so all of you go to page number 29 of your book so a construction has been given I'm just reading the construction and I'll explain you from your book itself so what is the construction given so as I start AC generators AC generators are also called dynamos now what is the main function of generators so electric generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and alternating why it is called alternating current generators because the because if electrical energy is getting generated so what kind of current is getting generated into it so it is called electrical sorry AC current generator because the output of the generator is AC current so you should not feel that input is AC which it has been named AC generator because the output the current which is coming out of the generator is AC that is why it is known as AC generator now let me go to the principle of it the principle said that it works on the principle of electromagnetic induction where the magnetic flux through coil changes and induced current is produced so how does it happen it has been explained in the construction so in electric current generators what happens is you have magnetic pole and inside the magnetic pole the magnetic pole is fixed and inside the magnetic pole I mean in the space between the magnetic pole the coil is kept suppose the coil is named ABCD so what happens is I rotate the coil if I rotate the coil what will happen if I rotate the coil the magnetic field passing through the coils will keep on changing how it will keep on changing so magnitude remains the same but what about the direction of the magnetic field tell me suppose I have a coil here suppose I have a coil here and this is this I am rotating like this so it is kept between North Pole and South Pole and this is getting rotated so how it is getting rotated so try to understand this this this coil is coupled with a driver here which rotates it so this driver is rotated and as soon as this is rotated this coil is also rotated and once the coil is rotated there is a changing magnetic field through it and due to this change in magnetic field a current is generated in the coil which is received outside as the output current so this is what electric generator is so electric generator is a concept of electromagnetic induction so now I'm going to your book so your book tells that alternating current generator consists of rectangular coil ABCD called armature so what is armature armature is the coil rectangular coil which I am which we are using the armature coil consists of large number of tons of insulated copper wire won't over the soft iron the coil is kept between poles of strong magnets R1 and R2 are two slipperings connected to two ends of the coil and convey the current produced outside the circuit so see what I'm trying to explain is the same thing I have told you five minutes two minutes before that what happens the coil keeps on rotating and as soon as the coil will keep start rotating due to induced voltage difference induced current would be generated which would be received outside and that would be output of the AC generator now how does it work so working principle also I have explained it to you that working principle also have explained it to you so go to the other page the working principle has been given given to you so what happens on the other page on page number 30 it has been shown that between North Pole and South Pole two coils have been kept sorry a coil has been kept and coil is getting getting rotated and through brushes the current are coming outside so that is what the principle is now what do you mean by AC current so AC current means I discussed that in class in details now you understand that what difference between DC current and AC current is that DC current will never change its direction AC current will change in direction so that is why in your book it has been written written that AC current changes its direction 100 times in one second so the frequency becomes 1 by 100 in India so that's how it is and now application has been given one thing which is very important and is asked in the examination is difference or advantages of AC current over DC current so one thing which is how it is economical I'll explain you in details the second thing is the most important benefit of AC AC current or AC voltage is it can be a step down or a step up easily so I have already explained to you that the transmission of the power happens at very high voltage why it happens at very high voltage because we need to lower down the current why we need to lower down the current we need to lower down the current because I square R losses are there so when a current having when a current carrying conductor having current I is flown through it the power loss would be equivalent to I square R so more the current passing through a current carrying conductor more the power loss hence we need to reduce the amount of current through the transmission line to reduce the amount of current through transmission line we use transformers in some time I teach you transformers also that is also best on the principle of electromagnetic induction only so to reduce this I what I do is that so what happens in transformer try to understand transformer this side I give some input as I give input there is alternating current into it due to alternating current what happens on other side I have another coin as alternating current is flowing through this alternating current will produce varying magnetic field due to varying magnetic field it is as this varying magnetic field will cross cross sectional area of this coil as varying magnetic field is there a current would be established on this side this is the principle of transformer so what happens is that how many of you are there can you please give your attendance now because people are leaving then why do they tell me to conduct classes when they are not interested in it people who are there give your attendance quickly who is there who else is there Kirchana is there who else is there only two people I'm teaching now okay no issues just look at here then I'll explain you transformer first and then I go to advantages and disadvantages so look at here so transformer what happens have you guys studied transformers is it there in your syllabus let me just check yes it's there in your syllabus so let me teach you transformers and then I'll come come to so what happens in transformer is that here input coil is there or primary coil is there input coil is also known as primary coil why do I call it input coil because in input current suppose a current is coming from generator and I need to step down the current or I need to step up the voltage so the current which is coming suppose this is generator and from here from the brushes of generator I am feeding this current to the coils of the transformer and what happens this goes and this is AC current so on the other side of this we having secondary coils now why this is called secondary coils because try to understand this is core type transformer I have taken shell type transformer has been given in your book there is no difference in the construct the construction of the shell type is different the principle remains the same so try to understand what happens is whenever this current will go always remember this AC current so I have told you that magnetic field produced due to a current carrying conductor is this if this I is changing which is changing in AC current so this magnitude or the direction of the because I is changing in its direction in AC current what what is happens AC current is denoted like this I is equal to I not sine omega t plus phi so it means that this is a sine curve and what how the sine curve is sine curve is something like this so if if the current is sine curve it means that for some time it is positive and for some time it is negative what do I mean by positive and negative I mean by positive and negative what I mean by positive and negative is that sometimes it'll be flowing in this direction and and half of the time it'll be flowing in opposite direction as the direction of the current is changing what happens over here is the magnetic the direction of the magnetic field produced due to current in the primary coil will also be changing I mean you will have varying magnetic field over here the change in there would be change in the direction of the magnetic field as the direction of the magnetic field would be changing due to that a voltage would be developed across the two across the two terminals of the coil due to this induced voltage a current would be generated in this coil in the secondary coil and which would be collected by the other wires which is called the grid system so it will go to the grid is it okay so what happens over here is the fundamental of transformer is that there is one thing called transformer ratio what do I mean by transformer ratio transformer ratio is or you can say that it the power transferred from this side would be equal to power transferred on the other side and what is the power power is known as V into I so power may be on this side on this side input current I write VIII and output voltage I write VOIO so what happens here is VO or try to or let me write it like this VI by VO is equal to IO by II so you try to understand if VI is more it means that if input voltage is more then output current would be more because if here numerator is more here also numerator would be more if output voltage is more to keep this multiplication cons equal on both the side VO will reduce so if try to understand if voltage is VI here and VO here if VI is input voltage is greater than output voltage it called step down transformer what do I mean by step down transformer step down transformer means the no Kirken I I saw your message so doubt now the coils are of same material both the sides but the number of turns are not same in both the sides so what happens is there is another relationship which says that if N1 turns are here and I am sending a current I1 to primary coils and in secondary coil N2 coils are there N2 turns are there so N1 I1 will be equal to N2 I2 so what happens is I2 by I1 is equal to sorry this this I have written it wrong this would be I1 by N1 is equal to I2 by N2 so N2 by N1 is equal to I2 by I1 so what happens whichever side more turns would be there in the coil that side more current would be generated so in a step down transformer step down transformer means I am reducing the voltage reducing the voltage means to keep the power same I am increasing the current so what happens I increase the current increasing current means you should know that if you have to increase the current you have to keep more number of turns here so whichever side more number of turns are there that side more number of I mean more magnitude of the current would be established now in that particular scenario or in case of transformer look at here so what I told you initially is that generally here when the current comes from the generator I need to reduce the current on the other side on the secondary side so if I have to reduce the current it means that if N2 coils turns are here and N1 turns are here and current has to be lesser than this primary coil it means that N1 has to be greater than N2 if N1 is greater than N2 then I1 will be greater than I2 if I1 is greater than I2 as Vi has anti-proportional relation relationship V2 will be greater than V1 it means that output voltage will be greater than input voltage as output voltage is greater than input voltage this is called step up transformer so this is the principle of transformer now how does it happen now so I was on AC generator and AC dilemma or AC generator and I was telling you that why AC generator is better than DC generator so AC generator is better than DC generator because first thing I told you that they are stepping up or stepping down the voltage is easier in AC generator the second thing is the electric current can be transmitted to distance places without any significant line loss what happens in DC current as the current is never changing the losses are more in DC current the losses are very less in AC current so benefit of having AC generator over DC generator is it is economical stepping up and stepping down the voltage is easier and line losses what do you mean by line losses so wherever power is generated that point is called power station from power station that power is transmitted to different distribution houses now in the transmission of the power i square r losses are involved for AC current those i square r losses are lesser as compared to the DC current so these are the three main advantages of AC generator over DC generator disadvantages so disadvantage is one as it is always changing there is some peak voltage because it is sine value so you can understand that v is equal to v0 sine omega t I am writing as the value of omega t will keep on changing value of v will keep keep on changing so as soon as this becomes omega t becomes 90 degree v becomes its highest value v0 and suppose you touch or get a shock when v is equal to v0 it's very dangerous for you so peak voltage is dangerous in this case and there are different uses like they have given electro typing and electro defining and all those things so in that AC current cannot be used in that only DC current can be used so those things are very important okay so any other doubt that you guys have you can send me okay any other doubt that you guys have okay conversion of moving coil galvanometer to okay so i'm getting two three doubts one second just let me go through it okay let me just open that conversion page then i'll tell you so Ruhi try to understand you have asked a question that why AC losses are lesser than DC losses so AC losses or DC losses will all depend on the current now what happens in case of AC current I can step it down so I can bring it down to a level where it is optimum where I can afford that loss DC current I cannot whatever DC current I am producing the same has to be transmitted so suppose I am producing uh suppose 100 ampere AC current and 100 ampere DC current and both has to be transmitted 100 ampere DC current will have to be transmitted in form of 100 ampere 100 ampere AC current can be converted I mean can be stepped down with the help of step up volt step up transformer where I increase the voltage and take take the current down make it from 100 ampere to 10 ampere and and with the help of that 10 ampere current I transmitted so what happens is that as the transformers can be used in case of AC current I it is possible to bring down the current level in case of AC current as I bring down the current level in case of AC current it is possible for me to reduce I square R losses by reducing the value of I so I am not saying that you can directly compare AC current and DC DC current losses when the value of the current is same the loss would be same but as the value of the current can be reduced with with the help of external equipment which is known as transformer hence by reducing the current the losses can be manipulated that's what the answer would be for your question so now let me move to okay so let me move to changing of one second so go to the page number which page number it is all of you I'm just referring your book I will teach you from your book itself okay so what is an emitter emitter as I have already told you that it is a device to measure current in any circuit so what happens is how do you convert a galvanometer into an emitter so construction has been shown in in a particular in the particular diagram on page number 23 of your book what happens is the the construction is like this so you have a galvanometer you have a galvanometer so we have a galvanometer for our reference so here is our galvanometer a current is passing through it current I is passing through it now what I do is that I put a resistance in parallel with it and this particular diagram I'll explain how it is used so this is used as an emitter so what will happen is obviously there would be some resistance over here so the current would get divided into two parts of this circuit so suppose the current going over here is IZ and current in this particular part would be I minus IZ now see what happens so now listen to me how it happens so an emitter is connected in series with the element so that the current is to be measured actually passes through it so what happens you always see whenever I make a circuit what I do is that what I do is that I put an emitter in series with the circuit why I put emitter in series with the circuit because I have told you that series connection of any particular equipment means same current will pass through that particular thing so that is why it has been written in your book is that the emitter is connected in series with the element so that the current because whatever current I want to measure I want to measure it directly so it passes through passes through that in order to ensure that its insertion in the circuit does not change the current and emitter should have zero resistance so emitter is designed to have been very small effective resistance in fact an ideal emitter should have zero resistance an ordinary galvanometer instrument it gives full scale deflection with a small current of few micro mps to measure large current with it small resistances connected in parallel with the galvanometer coil why do we connect parallel see here I have used this galvanometer what will galvanometer do galvanometer will detect the current then why am I using this parallel parallel resistance with this so try to understand let me make parallel resistances like this so what happens suppose this is 2 ohm and this is 2 ohm so 2 ohm and 2 ohm if I find out the resistance of it 1 by r will be equal to 1 by 2 plus 1 by 2 how much it is it becomes 2 by 2 and 2 by 2 is equal to 1 by r is equal to 1 ohm so r is equal to how much as simple as that so this is how it is so this parallel current because the resistance over here has to be very very small if I take resistance of galvanometer suppose this is rg I want this this has been put in series I want this particular resistance to be very small suppose I suppose this resistance is not small how can I make this resistance very very small so put it in put a parallel resistance to it the combined resistance would be very very small and you can find out the value of resistance passing you can find out the value of current passing through it and and and and the current can be measured so that's what it has been written so conversion of galvanometer means you have to put it in the series with the in series with the current carrying conductor or in the circuit why it has to be put in series because in series the same current same current would be passing through it the second point that we need to take care of is that the resistance of the ideal emitter should be zero generally it is not zero so to make it zero what do we do we we shunt it so that is why it has been written in your book that resistance connected in this way is called a shunt only a small part part of total current passes through galvanometer and remaining current passes through shunt so in this way the current measuring happens over here so did you understand this concept yes or no tell me okay great fine so that is how that you can understand once again let me go to voltmeter now now voltmeter what will happen voltmeter would be connected in parallel because i want voltage to be same so voltmeter has to be connected in parallel but the current passing through that would should be very very less so what will i do i'll put a resistance in series that is why resistance in series why two things again two three things in common which i which i want here is how do i measure voltage by putting things in parallel so i put things in parallel how so i will put galvanometer in parallel to the points where i need to measure the voltage but galvanometer will have certain resistance i don't want small resistance here i will like to increase the resistance so that very small current is wasted due to connection of this galvanometer that is why with the resistance of this galvanometer i will put our resistance in series if i if these if resistance of galvanometer suppose this is rg and the series resistance which i'm putting with it suppose this is rs so what will happen in that particular case rg and rs they will combine together and increase the resistance of this path of the circuit as the resistance will increase very very less current would be passing through this galvanometer and that's how the voltage would be measured across it now tell me any doubt any doubt that you have okay fine so you guys are not saying so now what i'll do i have covered most of the portion of your book what i'll do is that i'll wait for your doubts if you have any doubt you can tell me i can take over those questions otherwise i'll wrap up the class am i getting any doubt okay who you are saying that with increase in rv across the galvanometer will also change no why will v across the galvanometer change i am saying that current is passing through it when the current is passing through it it'll deflect resistance has been put here resistance why resistance has been put here so that very amount of one thing for perhaps i forgot to tell you that galvanometer is very sensitive to even a small amount of current so why a galvanometer is used in place of ammeter because galvanometer can measure currents even in millimeters and and and something lesser than that that is why a very small amount of current is going through it and a very small amount of current will able to deflect the needle of the galvanometer and the current would be detected or the voltage would be detected so region behind putting this resistance is to increase the resistance in this path such that the circuit current is not affected that much if there is change in circuit current suppose the change is i or suppose 5 ampere current goes suppose i have let me remove it for you so suppose here i have put my galvanometer and i have put this resistance and i have to measure voltage between these two points a and b now suppose 5 ampere current is going here and if resistance is very small here what will happen suppose 2 ampere current goes here so in the circuit only 3 ampere current would be left out so here that the voltage v a b should be equal to or v b a should be equal to v a b should be equal to 5 ampere into resistance over here resistance between a b so 5 r a b now suppose 2 ampere goes here it it remains 3 r a b then when there would be change in or there would be error in the measurement of voltage to remove this 2 ampere or to reduce it to negligible level I will increase this resistance such that of small current goes over there so that this v a b would be this current which is 5 would be nearly equal to 5 into r a b so that's how this arrangement would be made are you understanding it okay fine any other doubt that you guys have asked me do you guys need any other class on sunday or perhaps any other date you can post it in the group okay nobody is asking me any doubt so perhaps i need to wrap it up any other doubt in this chapter or any other chapter please ask okay fine okay so i'm wrapping up the session now thank you so much for attending the class if you have doubt you can still ask me but i'm not getting any doubt so i've covered up the portion i needed to cover so thank you so much


Welcome back. If you haven't already, please check out the first two videos in our series with Dr. Randy Anderson. Yes, and in this video, Dr. Anderson concludes his talk with a real-life example of the soil health regeneration process. This example is from the Great Plains. You know, the standard procedure was winter wheat follow CT stands for conventional tillage. And this will give you a picture of the wheat in early April. This was a rotation that the innovators were doing, innovative no-tillers. They were doing winter wheat, corn, proso millet, and then dry peas. And if you look and compare the canopy here, you'll notice there's a drastic difference. Just imagine being a coca plant emerging right here, and then that coca plant emerging here. It's going to make a lot of growth and most likely survive here. Here the crop likely will compete the wheat and cause it to die. This has showed the drastic difference. In fact, if you think about efficiency of resource use, this is wasting a lot of sunlight. This is capturing all the sunlight, therefore there's getting more use of the resources. This is why the innovative producers are achieving sustainability. They have much more protection of the soil and they're getting much more efficient use of the resources. You really don't need to be an agronomist to see the difference here, do you? Dead right. Dr. Anderson has given us some of the literature that supports his soil health spiral, which you'll see next in this video. Stay tuned for our next video on Merit or Myth. See you soon!


Welcome to Eyes on Hawaii on the ThinkTech Live Streaming Network series, broadcasting from our downtown studios at Pioneer Plaza at the core of downtown Honolulu. I'm your host, Carol Cox. Joining me in the studio today is Mr. Janard Frazier and Ms. Bridget Hemakwis. Carol is Mr. Mr. Janard Frazier is from Oocala and Ms. Hemakwis is from Kaloa on the island of Kauai. Remember that our talk shows are streamed live on the internet from 12 to 5 June every weekday and earlier Sundays shows are streamed all night long. All our shows are streamed on livestream.com. If you want the links to our live streams of previous broadcasts, which are available, youtube.com, or if you want to subscribe to our programs or get on our mailing list and get our program advisories, go to thinktechhawaii.com. If you want to pose a question or comment during one of our shows, please tweet us at thinktechhawaii, that's T-H-I-N-K-T-E-C-H-I. Okay, well, thank the two of you, Ms. Hemakwis, Mr. Frazier. Thank you for joining me and I was excited of getting you here because there's a number of things that are developing and we've been chasing some issues and some concerns that the community had Oocala on the big island and there's some legal actions being taken today in fact regarding that matter on the big island. So if you could, for an opening, what was the legal action that was filed or proposed now regarding this, Madam Bridget? Oh, an attorney from Oregon, the law officers of Charlie Tabott, who specializes in agricultural, big ag, industrial operations that are hurting communities. That's kind of been his environmental law experience for now more than 18 years, 28 years I think, actually. And he's come to the front and agreed to represent the community along with the Center for Food Safety and my understanding is they just served a notice of intent to sue on the owners of Big Island Dairy, which is the first step in a Federal Clean Water Act case because the dairy is polluting the community and the ocean and the fresh water in the area and has been now for three years that we know of. Well, this area that we're talking about, Oocala, is a very beautiful area, quaint, nice little chalet if we can describe it, borrow that term. But there's some concerns, Jeannard, that being presented and that you guys are raising the community members there. What are they? Most of the concerns is more so water, how they're polluting on water, and the stench of that dairy. The stench from that dairy creates a lot of issues for a lot of the elderly people that's there. They have headaches and you can't just open your window and spell that mountain breeze like before when we used to live there. Growing there, you could you could have your windows open and sleep throughout the night, a nice cool breeze. Now you've got to lock yourself, close the windows up and just try to stay away from that smell. It's just really bad. And what is this smell emanating from or coming from? What do you think is the contributing factor? The contributing factor is the dairy because we do have mountain winds come and they're directly above the whole community. So as soon as that mountain wind starts to blow in the afternoons or late evenings, that smell comes from the pond that they have up there that's creating that stench. If you could, because there are a lot of people that say naysayers and they don't understand or believe in the Ahupua or subsistence living. Can you describe just a normal day involving hunting, gathering and what have you? If you could do that for our viewers and bring home the reality that this is a real impact that you are experiencing and this is not manufactured because you're not opposed to the dairy in 100%. You just saying they need to do it right, right? So go ahead and if you could describe a day, a general day activity.  And the younger ones that's next to the rivers, you know, they'll go into the rivers, go catch the opi, the prawns, the fish, and then that follows all the way down to the ocean, you know, where they go fishing and grab the opi. So that becomes, especially when you have community functions, you know, and that's part of what they pull out for the food. So it's not aquarium gathering, it's for food and for food resources. And this is a reality. And so what has, have you noticed any kind of impact or noticeable impact or things that have caused you not to go there? Is it the stench? Is it the water or what, or have you stopped going? We stopped going into the rivers because of the stench and all that fecal matter that's in the river now. So all the river, like the opi, the prawns, they feed on that. So now they're contaminated. You know, seeing like the fish, it goes down to the ocean, they get contaminated. And then the pigs, you know, they're up in the corn fields and in the dairy, but they're also meat eaters.  And then if they're getting sick, then we're trying to catch that pig, and that pig becomes sick. So it's introducing to the food chain. Now, Bridget, to bring this home as a reality, you, your organization, Friends of Mahalapu, actually sponsored a study of the biological impacts and the bacteria in the waters. Can you elaborate on that? Sure. Carol, as you know, we've been working for three years to try to keep a large industrial dairy from operating six-tenths of a mile above Mahalapu Beach on Kauai, on our south shore, the kind of the starting beach of that whole south shore coastline. There is an interest in putting 2,000 dairy cows up there, much like the size of the Okala Dairy, right, Genard. And we've been very concerned that you can't contain the manure. It's too great the production, and it will contaminate the water. And I was contacted by somebody who found our website, and he sent me an email, and he said, you guys, keep fighting, because you don't want to have on Kauai what we have here. And so I emailed the man back, and I said, what are you talking about? Because we hadn't even heard about it. And so when I emailed this gentleman back, I said, what are you experiencing? And he told me about how the stench wakes people at night. They have headaches. They have eyes burned. And I said, well, and then he told me about all their streams are brown and stink, and really bad odors, and they feel like manure is coming right into their community. And they actually had a few manure slides where people even from the Department of Health came out and confirmed, yeah, that was manure in the mud. And so don't go near it. They told the people. And I said, well, has somebody done any water quality testing yet? And they said, no, not that we know of. And so we contacted a Department of Health lab on the Big Island and asked if we could have some water quality sampling done for them because the community really didn't know where to begin. And we were fortunate on Kauai. We have the Surfrider Blue Water Task Force that does test the water around the island that's going to the ocean. And so we learned about that process. So we contacted the lab and the owner of the lab said, yes, they could go out and they could run some samples. They didn't think they would necessarily find much. But in fact, when they got the results back, they were so bad that she called me and said, you know, I have to report this to the state like she wanted my permission. And I said, well, you know, I yeah, absolutely, we want you to report it to the state because we're trying to help them. And these people are sick. I mean, I'd had community members tell me about hospitalizations for respiratory illnesses for E. Coli. There was a man who had was in intensive care for a really bad E. Coli infection. And the doctor said, where could he have gotten this? And that's one of the bacteria that cultured out. So what were the what were the levels? They were high. Extremely high. The normal in the state is 130 bacteria colonies in 100cc or about three ounces of water. They don't want to see it beyond that. And these are numbers 2000 and above that they were getting. So what was found at E. Coli was 2000 above and the actual limit that the state observed is 130. So that then can present problems, health risk and health concerns. And in your community there at E. Coli, Genard, you are actually witnessing or seeing and have knowledge and I've spoken with the few as well as you where people have actually gotten sick and one is actually deceased or died from we don't know specifically from what but the symptoms and all of the circumstances seem to point back or suggest that aerosoling of the bacteria from the cow manure and what have you. These are some of the concerns that people are thinking and trying to get to the point to decide. And has the state approached you or the community or the state health department to address the health issues? As of what they we talked on and they still can't come up with a confirmation of what they can find so far. Right now they keep saying we don't know we don't have the manpower etc. So what we're telling them is you know we need to do something now because we cannot wait until somebody gets sick or start dying and that they seem to just keep dragging their feet on even issues they don't have enough manpower you know they need to get more people on board and so it's get it gets really frustrating. Because this is a reality people are being sick and already having staff infections and that are all concepts and septic conditions and so where are we now now we'll talk in the next half of this show about the incidence or the increase or the infestation what appears to be an infestation of the semi snails or the semi slugs that is known to be carrying or host to the long-warrant disease and you guys are ground zero apparently that's in that area and has been to my knowledge or just brought to me was that that was that area has been identified as a major problem. Just a bit if you could OP now the plumes that there are some pictures there we're showing in the background and and these are shots that we shot from helicopter and and looking down and it's quite interesting runoff there was a flood in 2015 2014 when was the flood there's been more than one okay the most recent one where the houses and the homes were impacted that was September of 2016 okay so that brought a lot of detritus down and did you see an increase in the number of those snails and are all the insects or mollusks or slugs or anything definitely definitely once that flood came down and that all that mud came through and that rain there was definitely an increase in that slug population I mean you'd walk outside on the cement slab and just see them everywhere you know one time you could walk out and go oh there's one slug now you walk out there's 15 20 of them you know so definitely a huge increase and this is a semi-slug the one that has no shell but appear to be and there's a normal slug but it's presenting a problem and and the uneasiness now that we find in that community and speaking to them people are afraid they're afraid to garden anymore they're afraid to eat and even in your gardens you're threatened so they were studied or someone came there to inspect them but there's so much and are you hoping that that this process does not affect you groundwater eventually I there's a potential we had a meeting and what they found is a dairy is built right over our water table so with the two streams on both sides and the middle the potential for contamination is is going to be greater you know so with them keeping all that money on the ground spraying it on the ground the rain precipitation that's going to eventually leak into the water table that are drinking water and so this needs to come to a stop or a cleanup so that that potential can dissipate okay we're going to take a short break i'm carol cox this is eyes on hawaii on the think tech live stream network we're talking with mr nard frazier and miss frigid hammer quiz we'll be back in a minute so stay tuned for more of this story i'm going to the game and it's going to be great early arriving for a little tailgate i usually drink but we'll be drinking today because i'm the designated driver and that's okay it's nice to be the guy that keeps his friends in line keeps them from drinking too much so we can have a great time a little responsibility can go a long way because it's all about having fun on game day let's go match day is no ordinary day the pitch hallowed ground for players and supporters alike excitement builds game plans are made with responsibility in mind celebrations are underway ready for kickoff mls clubs and our supporters rise to the challenge we make responsible decisions while we cheer on our heroes and toast their success elevate your match day experience if you drink never drive we're back and we're live i'm carol cox and this is eyes on hawaii on the think tech live streaming network series talking about oh oh kala and the impacts of the big island dairy and um let's dig into this again because with all of this said and this legal action and legal actions don't come on just because someone has uh nothing to do in life because these are very costly and and all of that and assembling them and you got to have your facts some of the facts are the dairy has been there how long it was purchased 12 12 yeah the big island dairy that's because it was originally a smaller dairy and uh so of 700 cows are so correct correct and then in 2013 that small dairy was sold purchased by the people that owns big island dairy's white sides right and uh that dairy then increase its numbers yes became a kaffo can you explain to our viewers and listeners what a kaffo is real quickly sure it's a confined animal feed operation and the epa defines what a kaffo is and when there's more than 700 cows in confinement it's considered a large kaffo and there's special regulations they have to satisfy and in this case they grew the herd to almost 2000 and most of the herd at least 80 percent is now confined in stalls so their manure is collected in troughs and swept into a holding area and then it's fed into wastewater ponds and into manure solid um composites that they're used to spread on the ground and so um it became a very more intensive operation putting a lot more they're making at least two million pounds of manure and wastewater a month and their practices are the way they operate and the operation requires some kind of permit or discharge of wastewater right that manages that do they have a wastewater discharge permit no but we did find in fact emails that suggests that the state had concluded the experts had concluded in the enforcement body had concluded that they needed the research but yet none was actually taken or applied for issue no a farmer can start an operation and say that they're going to control their waste and not discharge and if they take that position the state can't force them to get a discharge permit or an npds permit but the minute they discharge the law says that they then do need to go get a wastewater permit because if they put manure into freshwater streams that go to the ocean that's waters of the us and they can't do that legally under the environmental protection act now they did that they being the state and and you know often we were critical of the state but this one instance where the state in 2014 uh an inspector by the name of Neil Mukai yes the the public should be proud of him because he actually went there did his job served as a professional as a public servant documented but for some strange reason no notices violations no citations or anything were issued you know jennard jennard you were in fact privy to seeing some of this water run out of various holding pens or whatever can you describe what you found and have actually have photographs of it i found you know we hunt those gouches so we kind of know how to get in and out of them and so going into the gouches we see the wastewater flowing in them you know so they got a dryer that's up there right next to the gouch and we can see the water and every time it rains that's where the water is going to go and they come flowing right down in between and through people's yards to the gouch and create a nasty smell in the gouch especially when it starts to dry up you know you got all these fumes so um so they're drying it and and the interesting thing is is that they are drying the the cow manure extracting the cow manure the solids out of the wastewater and then putting it through a dryer and then taking that dried material and using it as bedding for the cow for the cows some of it is being used yeah well i don't know if it's using a tablespoon or a bucketful but per their statements they're using it for bedding so i quite naturally if you got 2 000 cows you would be concerned that it's more for one large cow to lay down so it would be it's substantial it's kind of like a double-edged sword because you have dry stuff going on the ground and yet the liquid that they extract gets sprayed on the ground right and leeches into the rivers so it doesn't catch us and i want to take this opportunity to make sure that we will extend an invite to big island dairy in the white sides and in fact we'll do that now that if they would like to come on and give us a call at carolcox.com or call thinktech hawaii.com and then we'll make some arrangements and send an email we want to be fair and give equal time and we don't want to be spreading the bull so to speak and we want to avoid that but we want to convey that when i flew up in the helicopter and witnessed the large plume that you spoke about off the coast there and you can see it over the years i've seen i know the difference between sediment suspended sediments from storms and high waves this was a unique pattern and we could also see by taking the helicopter down to the lowest level of the cliffs within 10 feet of the cliffs and you could see the brown staining from the coming down the gulfs that have deposited on the face of the wall and you can see straddles of different colors materials you know intrusions of ferrous high levels of iron and rocks but this was not rocks this was more of manure stain or urine stain ammonia stain having that color of uh as you as you described straw colored yellow stain so and when you talked about the 2014 report the one thing they did differently was they did go from the dairy all the way to the ocean and the young man who did that report Neil Mokai was able to document the flow and the direct connection in 2016 when they came back they didn't make that trek they didn't try to go to the ocean they didn't track the stream down they found a road on the farm inundated with feces they said right janard yeah feces and wastewater but they still didn't track to see where it was going and they just concluded their report was there was still a very high risk because the lagoons were full to the brim and you know they found all this wastewater running around loose on the farm so now one of the things is this this is a community this you're not activists you're not uh you're not coming from the old days of being you know involved in protests and all but you were you've made sick and tired of it yeah so in that process all of you got together and you found it uh kupale oh oh kala and uh that is a protect and defend and interpreted as in the Hawaiian language so your community has put this group together with the assistance of others and what are you going to do now where are you moving forward to this you you have a legal action you have representation legally what is the next step just waiting i think the next step is have them clean up the pollution and if that's something that they can't do then we have to clean up the dairy you know and whatever happens from there now going back to these inspection reports one occurred in 2014 why did that inspection take place they had had um complaints from the residents and they had had run off and through the community and they were well they were doing actually were reporting about all the bad odors yajira and the and the wastewater in this train and so and so they this was triggered by the public complaining but what kind of pre uh arrange inspections normal inspections you know unannounced inspections did any of those take place was it just triggered by the concerns no follow-up and I've learned that in 2016 there was another inspection conducted and it seemed to avoid looking at the areas that were inspected in 2014 and found to be and and interestingly enough there's this one word a term in 2016 they emphasized that all things that were bad had the potential of spilling into the environment or spilling into the stream or running off the potential but in 2014 the same practice nothing much changed it was clearly violations yes you know they found a point source of discharge in 2014 they tracked it all the way to the ocean in 2014 the difference was in 2016 they didn't track it they saw it running and flowing on the site but they didn't go look in the gulches and try and track it down that was the difference and when we say they it's the state health department now uh taken all of that off the table the interesting part about this these are two state agencies that are really involved in this process the state department of agriculture owns the land a large portion of it and then in turn they are advocating for the dairy because it's part of the plan of the quote economy and sustainable farming so how then do we have a sister agency this might explain why the state had a difficult time in enforcing anything in 2016 because it is their tenant to borrow a term from scott inright the chairman of the department of agriculture it is their tenant who is would be violating but the state agriculture department would take ownership or take responsibility and then offer to pay the state to health department to do address any of these issues what's what has taken place in that has anything come of that offer that scott inright the chairman of agriculture have you heard anything no um he's promised the world to do stuff do testing do this do that nothing has been done health department all the inspectors nobody came up and did inspections they say they're going to do inspections but not one okay we're real quick we got about 20 seconds you got anything to say and we'll try to come back again and do this but anything real quick i think the the most important thing is that they even the state confirmed the bacteria levels they did do one set of tests after ours okay we'll be back and thank you guys for joining me we're out of time and we'll have a wrap up and i'm carol cox this is eyes on hawaii on the think tank live streaming network series we've been talking with miss bridget hammerquist and mr jenard frazier advocating for the community benefits on olcala big island thanks you to you all of you for coming on thank you and i appreciate it thanks to our engineer mr bob latman and the full manager and uh jay fidel our executive producer who puts all of this together and thanks to you our viewers and listeners if you want to get our email and social media program advisors click the link on think tech hawaii dot com if you'd like to be a guest or on the rider or volunteer if you want to join us in our downtown studio in pioneer plaza contact j j a y at think tech hawaii dot com if you want the links to our live streams or our previous broadcasts on youtube or you stream just go to think tech hawaii dot com go there and to our facebook and page and tell them you like us we love you to like us and of course i'll see you next week and i'm carol cox and aloha thank all of you


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