Hello, my name is Satya. Today I'm going to discuss about our paper on new constructions of printing values, when we function with encryption, and more. There's a joint work with Dishap Goyal and Bindwaters. Let's start with a brief history. In 2017, two hand others introduced this concept called Laconic Oblivious Transfer. To make oblivious transfer more communication efficient. They used really cool techniques in this paper to construct Laconic OT. Later on dotting and glug, I've started out these techniques in a beautiful primitive called communion hash with encryption. Later on this primitive and its variants found tons of applications like identity-based encryption, registration-based encryption, trapdoor functions, designated verifier zero knowledge, CPR2CC transformation, trapdoor hash functions, and so on. And that's a ton of applications. As it turns out, all these applications can be constructed based on a very few related parameters like one-way function with encryption, hash with encryption, signatures with encryption, and so on. These primitives are syntactically pretty similar and some of these primitives are even known to imply each other. Now we may ask, why are these primitives so powerful that they have so many applications? The reason is, they have a witness encryption flavor to it. We know witness encryption is quite powerful, so when these primitives are powerful. Since these primitives are so powerful, we certainly need more efficient constructions to build these primitives. And that's precisely what we're doing in this paper. In this paper, we concentrate on two primitives, one-way function with encryption, and hinting piages. Even though we concentrate only on these primitives, we believe our techniques would be helpful to construct even other primitives as well. I would also like to mention that there are other papers that also work towards improving efficiency of this framework. For example, Gagandhajibadi proved that one-way function with encryption implies trapdoor functions. And later on, three more papers work towards improving efficiency of trapdoor functions. In particular, these works try to improve the public key size of the trapdoor functions and the output size of the trapdoor functions. As I mentioned earlier, even we work towards improving efficiency of this one-way function with encryption, our efficiency improvements lead to trapdoor functions with short-up public keys. And that's it regarding the history part. Now let's see what one-way function with encryption actually is. As the title says, there is a one-way function component to it. So there is a function F that takes and protects and outputs a value of one. And there is an encryption component as well. So there is an encryptor that encrypts a message and there's a decryptor that encrypts a suffix. But what are keys to these algorithms? The keys actually come from the one-way function. Here Y acts as the encryption key and X acts as the decryption key. The correctness says that if X is a pre-major Y, then the decryption works. Well, that looks pretty similar to public encryption. To make it something different, the encryption algorithm also takes an index i and a bit b as input. And now the decryption algorithm works if X is a pre-major Y and if ith bit of X is equals to b. So not every pre-major Y works only as specific pre-majors of Y work. For this security part, F has to be one-way and two, F has to be smooth. Which means if X is a sample from a uniform distribution, then the corresponding Y should also resemble uniform distribution. For the security of encryption, if the adversary has a value X and if the ciphertext is encrypted with respect to image of X, which is Y, and if the encryption is with respect to opposite bit of X, in that case, the ciphertext should look uniform to the adversary. It essentially states that if the adversary doesn't have the right decryption key, then the ciphertext should look uniform. And now let me discuss about a cool construction of the sprinter based on DDH assumption. This construction is given by dotting and GERG. In this construction, the public parameters would consist of a group generator G and two-and-group elements, two-and-group generators, arranged just in the form of a matrix. Here N represents the input length of the one-way function. Suppose we have an input X. To complete the one-way function, from each column of the matrix, we pick one generator. How do we pick it? From the jth column, we pick the generator that corresponds to the jth bit of X. So that's going to be gjxj. And now we are going to take product of all these generators to compute the value of one. And now let's see how to encrypt a message. Here the encryption key is the image Y. And we encrypt the message with respect to index I, bit B, and randomness row. To encrypt the message, you raise every generator in the public parameters with the randomness row. And then you got all these entries as part of the ciphertext, except for i, 1 minus bit element. So you have 2n minus 1 of these entries as part of ciphertext.  And now let's see how to decrypt the ciphertext. Here the decryption key is the pre-mage X, such that X i equals to B. The decryptor would pick a generator from each column of the ciphertext, depending upon the bits of X, as N multiply all these generators. And since X is a pre-mage of Y, what you get is going to be Y power row. And since given Y power row, you can easily opt in the message given Y power row times N. And suppose X is pre-mage of Y, but i-bit effects is equals to 1 minus B. What happens then? In that case, the decryptor can't multiply all the generators in the ciphertext because one block is missing. And that's the basis for security. The security proof crucially depends on the fact that the ciphertext is missing in this block. As it turns out, the constructions of many other related primitives also proceed in a very similar fashion. Even their security proofs rely on the fact that the ciphertext is missing in a block. And that's what we call missing block framework. Recall this picture from few slides ago. We had tons of applications from the literature and all these applications are relying on a very few related primitives. As it turns out, the constructions of all these primitives all rely on missing block framework. So the technique is quite powerful. But there's a problem with it. Because of this technique, the ciphertext became quite long. That also means, if we use this one function function to construct tabbedo functions, the resulting tabbedo functions would have a long public key. And now I guess it's better to look for other frameworks and techniques to build these primitives. And that's exactly what we're doing this work. We develop our new primitives and we develop some new techniques to build one-way function with encryption. And we also show that our techniques are helpful in having a better constructions for hinting PRGs as well. And now let's compare the efficiency of our techniques with that of missing block framework. Here are the time complexes of DDH construction. Moving on to our construction, our first construction is based on factoring assumption. And as you know, we want to deviate from the missing block framework because this framework is giving out long ciphertext size. And that's precisely what we optimize. Rest of the complexes remaining same are encryption algorithm and ciphertext size are exponentially better than DDH construction. And but since we are relying on factoring assumption, our groups as is a bigger. So there is some trade-off here. We also extend the same techniques to pairing based groups with dbdh assumption, which is some pairing based assumption. We also optimize encryption time and ciphertext size. But this time, the time complexes of the other algorithms are actually higher. So there is some trade-off here as well. We also have to have a construction without pairings, but the efficiency is slightly weaker than that of pairings construction. So I'm not discussing here. And there's no clear winner. It all depends upon what you want to optimize. All right. So let's finally move on to the construction part. For the rest of the talk, we will see how to construct one-way function with encryption based on the assumption called factoring. The assumption states that, given product of two large frames, you can't easily factor it. In this construction, the public parameters would consist of an RSA modulus N, which is a product of two large frames. It also consists of a group generator G for the groups Z and star. So basically here we are dealing with the groups Z and star and N acts as a group description and G acts as the group generator. And now the public parameters also consists of two random large frames arranged as a matrix here. And again, represents the input length of the one-way function. And remember earlier, we had two random generators in the DDH construction. Here we're having two random large frames instead. And that's the difference. We want to compute the one-way function of input X and then from each column of the matrix, we're going to pick one element depending upon the bits of X. And we're going to multiply those. So that's going to be a product of EJXJ with an exponential G with this exponent. And that's going to be output value Y. Remember we earlier had to multiply a few generators in the DDH construction. Here we're going to multiply a few exponents instead. So that's a difference here. And suppose you want to encrypt MSSM with respect to key K, with respect to key Y, index I, a bit B, and randomness row. This avatar looks something like this. Remember earlier in the DDH construction, we exponentiate E generator in the public parameters with randomness row and we go to N minus one element. We miss one block there. Here it's exactly the opposite. We only give out, I come a bit entry and miss out the rest of the blocks. And that's where our efficiency kicks in. Here our ciphertext contains only two elements and our encryption time is also much less. For the decryption, we get the pre-match X such that XI equals to B. And the decryptor exponentiates the ciphertext with these bunch of EJXG values, just like when evaluating the one way function. But the decryptor is going to ignore the I, B entry because that's already part of the ciphertext. Clearly this is going to be equal to Y power row and given Y power row, you can decrypt the ciphertext but decrypt the misses given Y power row times N. And now let's move on to the security part. As we know, we got to prove three security properties, one-wayness, smoothness and security of encryption. Let's proceed with one-wayness first. Suppose the adversary gets public parameters and some image Y. We need to prove that the adversary will not be able to compute any inverse of Y. What we prove is if the adversary can compute inverse of Y, then it can also break RS assumption. Let's prove it. Suppose Y is sampled by first sampling X and setting Y equals to F of X. And now let's say the adversary returns some value Z such that F of Z equals to Y. We set up parameters in such a way that each image Y has a lot of inverses. So with high probability, Z is not going to be equal to X. Let's say ith bit of X is not equals to ith bit of Z. Given that both F of X and F of Z is equals to Y, we have this equation here. By moving E as EI to the opposite side, we have the second equation. And now we use something called Shami's trick. I'm not going to the details of the trick. All you need to know is that by using the trick, when we have an equation of the second kind, you can compute G power one over EI ZF from it. And that means we can solve RS a challenge for generator G and prime EI ZF. So the adversary is breaking the one-manus property. He can also have break RS assumption. And now let's move on to the security of encryption part. This property says that if the adversary does not have the right decryption key, then the Cypher text looks random. Here's the structure of a Cypher text. We know that from RS assumption, given a generator H and some exponent E, computing H over one by E is how? And that's what RS assumption states. If we apply the same assumption with H equals to Z power root times AIB and E equals to AIB, then RS assumption states that computing G power row is hard. Suppose we assume slightly stronger assumption called firing assumption. We can do that. Not just computing G power row is hard, G power row also has high entropy. If G power row has high entropy, then certainly Y power row also has high entropy. And that means the second part of the Cypher text looks random and that's our security. And now let's move on to the smoothness property. The property says that if X is sampled from uniform distribution, then resulting Y also resembles uniform distribution. For these types of functions, general in cryptography, we prove this property by proving first that the function is two universal and then invoke leftover hash lemma that implies the function is smooth. Unfortunately, this kind of proof doesn't work here. Well, why doesn't a traditional proof work here? It's because a good old statement says something like this. Product of EJJ mod T, this function is two universal. If one T is prime and if EJJ values are sampled uniformity. Let's see if this statement is true here. Here we have product of EJJ modulus FFN, that is the order of the exponent. So the modulus FFN is certainly not prime here. The first condition is not satisfied. And then we are sampling EJJ values as random large primes. The primes are not certainly uniform or T. So even the second condition failed. So we have two issues with the proof. Let's see how to solve both the issues one by one. The first issue is we are dealing with a modulus T equals to FFN, which is a composite number. Since we want a prime modulus, let's prime factor T into R1, R2 and so on to RK. So here each of these RA values is a prime number. And then let's break the original function into K components, product mod R1, product mod R2 and so on to product mod RK. Obviously you can combine these K components into the back into the original function by using Chinese humanitarian. So these K components are just a different way of representing the original function. If you can prove each of these K functions is smooth, then obviously the original function is smooth. Since each of these functions RA values is a prime number. So for each of these functions, the first condition is satisfied. So the first issue solved. And now let's move on to the second issue. The second issue is each of these values are not sampled uniformly. They are random primes. You know, primes have a bizarre distribution. We can't really improve much about primes. So what to do? Fortunately for us, we have a cool theorem down here which says that if you sample a large primes and take it modulo R, you will get a distribution which is close to ZR star. And once you have this theorem, our both conditions are satisfied. We know the modulus is prime and each of these values are also close to uniform. So that's cool. This beautiful theorem down here is called a prime number theorem for arithmetic proctions. This proved way back in 1800s and it's famous in math literature. To the best of our knowledge, something like this has not been used in Kippur before. I also have to note that this theorem works only if the modulus R is actually large. So we have to deal with the functions with small modulus somewhat differently. And that's what we are going to do now. Let's break up proof into two cases. One first case when modulus R is large and the second case where modulus R is small. In the first case, the prime number theorem applies and EJXJ values are close to uniformly random over multi. And since, so you can prove this function mod R I is close to universal. Actually, we were able to prove something slightly different. We proved that this modified function is close to universal. And now we can apply leftover hash lemma and prove that this function is smooth. In the second case, the value R I is small, which means that this entire function value is which is at most R I is also going to be small. We were able to prove that this function value is so small that it does not affect the distribution of Y, original value Y by much. When you want to prove something about the distribution of Y, this small function value only acts as a small noise in front of the overall distribution of Y. For the proof of the first case, we did on statistical arguments leftover hash lemma, whereas for the second case, we relied on computational arguments. We used factoring assumption for this proof. I proved words by combining both the statistical argument and computational arguments very coherent. And now let's finally move on to one function encryption construction based on paving assumptions. The idea of the constructions are pretty similar to the factoring based construction. Even in this construction, the public parameters consist of a group generator G and a bunch of these EIB values. Here N represents again the input letter, the one function. Remember in the factoring based construction, these EIB values are random primes. That's not the case here. These EIB values are actually correlated. In fact, we choose this by sampling alpha, some random value of alpha, and setting these EIB values to be consecutive, just like this. So E10 is going to be alpha plus two, E11 is going to be alpha plus three, and so on. So EIB would be alpha plus two Y plus B. And now if you want to evaluate one function on input X, the function just courses the same way. For each column of the matrix, we pick one entry depending upon the bits of X. You multiply these values, so that's EJXJ, product of EJXJ, and you expand your G with this value. If you expand this function, then you're going to get G power product of alpha plus two G plus XJ. Actually, I want to tell something here. Remember in the factoring based construction, what was the secular assumption there? Given H and E, it's hard to compute H over one by U. Since we're using similar techniques here, we also need a similar assumption here. So given H and E, we require that, it's hard to compute H over one by U. But that assumption is not true here because these are primordial groups. So what we do is to keep these E values secret so that computing H over one by E might be hard. And that means we don't give out alpha in the public parameters. We don't give any of this matrix entry as part of public parameters. But then how do you compute Y? You need alpha to compute Y, right? So we include Geo power alpha, G power alpha square and so on up to G power alpha power N as part of public parameters. And now the assumption states that given these public parameters, it's hard to compute G power one over alpha. And given these values, you can expand this polynomial over here all product of alpha plus two G plus XJ in the exponent of Y. And you can compute these entries from public parameters. And now let's see how to encrypt a message. Let's say you want to encrypt with respect to encryption key Y and index I, bit B and randomness row. The ciphertext format again looks pretty similar to factoring based construction. It's G power row times EIB and Y power row times M. Remember in the missing block framework we gave two elements as part of the ciphertext and we missed one block over there. Here we do the opposite. We only give out one missing block that and ignore the rest of the blocks. And that's where we get our efficiency. We only have two elements as part of the ciphertext. And now suppose you want to decrypt the ciphertext with the decryption key X. Here X is the pre-image of Y. The decryption again was pretty similar to the factoring construction. But we have a problem here. The decryptor doesn't know these EJXJ values because those are not given part of public key. And so decryptor can't explain it like this. Here we use a pairing trick. The ciphertext instead of consisting of Y power row it turns off E of the pairing of G and Y power row. And the decryptor works by pairing the first element of the ciphertext with G power product of the EJXJ values. And since FFX equals to Y, this entry over here it's equivalent to E of G comma Y power row. And once the decryptor computes this element it can easily compute the messes given the second element of the ciphertext. In our paper we also give a way to solve this problem without pairings but I'm not going to do those details here. As you can see the techniques for both factoring construction and pairing construction are pretty similar. It's just that we need to make a few modifications here and there to make it work. And that's all I want to discuss about the constructions. Let's move on to the results part. We implemented our constructions and measured our runtimes and here's a comparison for 128 bit security. You know, we optimized for encryption time and ciphertext size. As you can see, whatever parameters we tried to optimize our constructions work pretty well. The DDH construction time, encryption time is 1.0 upon 1 4 seconds. Whereas for our pairing this construction it's 0.002 seconds. So that's 70 times faster. And the DDH ciphertext size is 32.7 kilobytes whereas our ciphertext size is 0.67 kilobytes. So that means there's a 50 times improvement. So that's pretty good. The time taken by other algorithms is slightly higher than DDH construction. I agree. So there's a trade-off here. There's a reasonable trade-off. You can choose which construction to use based on whatever the application is. And let me conclude the five five. Let me finally conclude the talk. In this talk, we discussed about one-way function with encryption. We saw that previous papers are using missing block framework and we proposed a framework that is different than a missing block framework and we had improved efficient, we got efficient ciphertext because of this framework. In this paper, we also extended the same techniques for hinting priorities as well. And that led to hinting priorities with shorter public parameters. We finally evaluated our performance and we believe that the techniques can be extended to other very related printers as well. It would be cool to have more techniques and frameworks for these. And with that, let me conclude the talk. Thanks for listening to my talk until the end. And here's the reprint version of the paper.


That is what I'm used to Nobody forgets to use brakes and they use you as their braking point Hello, everybody. I'm evil rabbit. We're here on forza motorsport in our first Online qualifier in the Hondas. So we are currently in practice. I believe we qualified Second So far when we ran our qualifying run, we have the fastest lap time in The practice session so far So it's definitely something That could turn into a very good race. So make sure you guys follow me on social media I'll try on description box below. We're about to see what Forza Motorsport Online sessions are like and hopefully I don't get a Shunt into a wall. So it's time to do our first official race. Hopefully we don't get bend in the first turn We are currently in third That already did not start off great. I have a feeling this is going to be quite interesting Already not starting off the greatest. Oh Yep feels like for the lobby Definitely feels like a force a lobby, but hopefully we can stay clean now That is what I'm used to Nobody forgets to use brakes and they use you as their breaking point and he got looks like a penalty for that too We'll have to figure out if we can Manage to not have that happen again. Yep. There it is One thing I don't miss about for the lobbies. I know I'm probably gonna get smacked into right here So he's probably gonna try and block me. Oh, we missed the turn He's in the wall He's in the wall now. I kind of run our line. I think the guy behind us is gonna Smack into us Got a little bit of gap on him. I don't know if we'll be able to catch first, but We're definitely gonna try Mogan our tire is trying to catch him. We should have plenty of Fire Kind of push the front tires really really hard. I don't like that wider line that that he took I think I need to take that line. We're gaining a little bit of ground on him though and we're pulling on them so We may be able to get past this guy Maybe I'm gonna try to raise him clean See if you'll give me that line. He probably won't. It's a little. Oh a little collision. Nothing major I cross over We getting dicey. Oh No pounding on that collision, so we're good. Oh, this is gonna get good I feel like that's as clean as you can get in Forza. We managed to get first place. Don't know how As long as we can hold it. Oh We got the draft though, but we need to be able to do that. We need to keep him from drafting me really Got two laps to go Four cease tires as much as possible He's gonna get me on the draft again, but we can cross him over on the final stretch. You might be able to keep First you may not be able to catch me. I'm not miss my breaking zones Always close. Oh, we might be okay. We have one lap to go. Oh We've got a bit of a gap on him. I've got a four-star tire a little wide But all that's gonna help us gonna get the draft on us now. Hey, he's gonna get the draft Hopefully we can get to the breaking zone before him. He tried to he tried to cheat move He tried to pump me. Oh, it's gonna come down to the final turn. We are gonna get him with a miss shift. Oh That was an intense final lap, so we managed to get our first win in our first one. Holy crap I don't know how we pulled that off That was definitely awesome Make sure you guys follow me and also should be the all-time scripture box below first event in first win no penalties and We're gonna take that win. So make sure you guys follow me and also should be the all-time scripture box below As always, I think I should come back and watching. I'm before I hit. I'll see you guys on the track


Empathy is a very strong leadership skill or trait because putting yourself in others' shoes and treating others the way you would want to be treated is very important. But I also have had a few jobs in this sector. And so resiliency is important. Being able to adapt to change, that's so important now more than ever before because as we emerge from the pandemic, this is so much we don't know. So being a perpetual student, being able to adjust to the changing market, it's very important.


Hey Aloha and welcome to Stan the Energy Man, Stan Osterman here from Tiger Shark Energy Consulting H2, it's my little LLC, so send me donations I haven't made any money yet. Anyway I was getting ready for today's show and I was inspired by a lot of folks who actually one of my hydrogen safety shows has almost 50,000 hits on it so I thought I'd kind of review some of the stuff because a lot has changed a lot is up to date so I was looking through some of my videos and I actually found one that was done before I even started working for the state which was 2013 and it was when the video was done back in probably 2006-ish 2005-2006, Governor Lingels in the video, Senator Akakas in the video, the active-duty wing commander JJ Torres is in the video and it's all about the hydrogen vehicles who are making it hickam and what really caught my attention was how much they were talking about carbon, CO2, greenhouse gases, climate change. This is 15 years ago. You know how far we moved the needle on almost any of the energy stuff that we talked about 15 years ago? Almost not at all. So other than our new energy goal of being off of fossil fuels for the grid by 2045 it's it's scary to look back 15 years and think how much or how little we've actually done. But anyway I want to talk a little bit more about hydrogen today because for me hydrogen is the answer and I'm not sure people really understand why so here's a few things about hydrogen that I think you kind of like to know. Most folks understand that hydrogen is the very first element on the periodic chart but it's also the most common element in the universe not just this planet but the entire universe. But here's the catch as an atomic particle it's attracted to almost everything so you can't fly hydrogen all by itself like you can other elements like iron or oxygen or gold. But you will find that hydrogen is common in things that need energy. Did you ever wonder why water is so important to life? Think about it water is the most essential element on earth. When you ask scientists about the potential for life on other planets the first thing they do is look for water and wouldn't you know it? Water is only made up of two different atoms hydrogen and oxygen. So not only is hydrogen in water but it makes up two thirds of the atomic composition of water and wouldn't it be amazing if it turned out that water could be just as useful as gasoline in moving your car or truck or even a big train or an airplane? Well amazingly enough it's entirely possible and surprisingly the technology is not brand new it's over a century old and it's also interesting that two-thirds of the atoms that make up water are often accused of being dangerously flammable. Isn't that weird water flammable? In fact for over a century people associated hydrogen with one of the first disasters ever captured on film or broadcast live over a radio. The disaster was the Hindenburg and many people blame hydrogen for the disaster but it's just doesn't it's not true. But in reality hydrogen is very safe. In fact professionals the firefighters we've trained and many others would argue that hydrogen is even safer than gasoline or jet fuel. But at the same time it's also the favorite choice of many engineers when it comes to putting a rocket into space. Liquid hydrogen is one of the key components of rocket fuel. It would also come as some surprise to many that oxygen that friendly element that we so we so require with every breath is one of the most dangerous gases when in its pure state. So I think it's time that we did demystify hydrogen and we study the history books to learn all we learn about all we know already know about this marvelous element and then look around us and see all of the amazing things that have been developed around hydrogen technology particularly in the last 20 years. Let's start by asking the question we already have oil and gas and coal and and we know how to use them well so why should we change? Not only do we have plenty of those things but they're also inexpensive. While many people today are obviously concerned with greenhouse gases and climate change and burning these these transportation fuels and power and using it for power in our homes and our industries with electricity made from carbon-based fuels like oil and coal just don't seem to make sense from an environmental perspective. Even natural gas which is much better for the environment when it's burned other than rather than coal or oil is still carbon-based and releases greenhouse gases. So let's start there. Many power companies still burn fossil fuels to make electricity and unfortunately not many states have the rivers and topography to have big hydroelectric dams and even relatively clean nuclear power comes with a lot of baggage particularly what do you do with the spent fuel which can cause serious environmental and health concerns for many many centuries. Obviously we should be able to do better in generating power particularly with all of the solar and wind that's available to convert to power but the grid and heavy industry only account for about half of the greenhouse gases and particulate matter that come from burning fossil fuels. Transportation is the other culprit so wouldn't it be nice if there was a common solution to clean up our grid our industry and even our transportation sector? I'd like to propose that hydrogen is the alternative for the grid is an alternative for the grid and for the transportation sector they're kind of symbiotic. So for starters let's talk about transportation and its automobile origins. When we stopped using animals to pull us around in carts or on their backs and the automobile came about most of the best automobile designs used electricity and motors for their drive trains. Many people are actually astonished that the very first Porsche made in Germany was an electric vehicle. So why is it that we don't all drive electric vehicles today if electric drive is so much better? We're all driving gasoline and diesel vehicles why? An answer is simple it's all about energy storage. Back when cars were first being developed battery technology was in its infancy and the batteries at the time were heavy and could not store a lot of energy but the emerging internal combustion engine industry used fuel that could give a new automobile the range that everyone desired and as they say the rest is history. So interestingly enough in spite of the incredible progress we've made with battery technology batteries are still limited and vehicles by the way require a lot of energy just for example my house would require as much energy as to drive my car 30 miles in one day so that that's about the energy equivalents. So not only that but in spite of all our marvelous batteries on the market today they're all handicapped by weight and cost so wouldn't it be interesting if there was an electric vehicle that had a self-charging battery? A battery that you didn't have to stop and plug into an outlet for several hours or batteries that weighed thousands of pounds and you are moving around those things with you at that cost of moving that heavy weight. Aviators realize that when it comes to transportation it's all about weight so whether it's cars or buses or trucks or airplanes the more weight you carry the more energy you spend carrying your fuel. So let's get back to hydrogen. Hydrogen can be made or you might even say refined because it's just attached to everything else from many common elements including methane, natural gas, oil and yes even water and the cleanest hydrogen comes from water. For many years the problem with making hydrogen from water was that it required a large amount of electricity so it did make a lot of sense to make hydrogen when gasoline and diesel were a fraction of the cost but an interesting thing is happening around the world we've discovered inexpensive ways to harness solar energy and wind energy on our grids and turn it into electricity and that's a really good piece of news for customers of electricity but it's really bad news for the electric utility because wind and solar power are not consistent like turbines and hydroelectric dams. The sun doesn't shine all day long and the clouds come on go and the wind changes direction constantly so the utilities have a hard time balancing their electric grid when the power is coming from all these little intermittent renewable sources whether they're big fields or just your rooftop and the energy is constantly fluctuating while the demand for power on the customer side is also constantly fluctuating. The power from the generators and hydroelectric dams is called firm power and the power from solar arrays and wind is called intermittent power so how do you take all of that intermittent power that we plan to produce and turn it into firm power for the grid and the answer surprisingly is also the answer to making clean and expensive hydrogen it's it's turning it into hydrogen with an electrolyzer because you see the electrolyzer that makes hydrogen and oxygen from water can handle the fluctuations in the power easier than the grid so all of that intermittent power that the utility would normally have to throw away the official term is called grittailing by the way can now be used to make something good for transportation but wait there's more that hydrogen can be stored at a scale huge scale for a long period of time and it doesn't deteriorate like in batteries and then it can be used to put electricity back on the grid and that large-scale hydrogen storage is far cheaper than battery storage so that's why i'm i think hydrogen is such an elegant solution for many of today's problems environmental problems especially so let's talk about hydrogen a little bit and demystify this wonderful element so as we said before hydrogen is the most common element in the universe we just have to extract it from other molecules and one of those molecules being water which happens to fill our oceans by the way and there's big oceans and they really are the really neat thing about hydrogen coming from water is that hydrogen when you use it in the in the equipment to make electricity you get back some of the water in fact you get back quite a bit of the water and while you're making hydrogen you're also making pure oxygen which can be used in hospitals welding and many other industrial applications so there's plenty around plenty of hydrogen it's non-toxic and when you use it it turns it back into clouds how how good cannot be no particulates and no pollution no carbon dioxide no greenhouse gases so here's some interesting facts about hydrogen it's 14 times lighter than air it goes up at 45 miles an hour which is about 60 feet per second and that's why 150 years ago they used it in balloons to lift payloads high above the earth for transportation and for the military but hydrogen is powerful as well as i said earlier one of the main reason or main components of rocket fuel is hydrogen and even it even powers the stars in our galaxy when it comes to weight you cannot store more energy by weight than in hydrogen for example a typical 12 volt lead acid battery can can store about 50 amp hours per kilogram of weight the typical nickel cadmium battery can store about 165 amp hours per kilogram of weight the most typical lithium ion technologies today can store about 500 amp hours per kilogram which is huge that's like 10 times more than the lead battery but would you like to take a guess at how many amp hours you can get out of a kilogram of hydrogen not 55 not 500 answers a mind-blowing hydrogen will give you 26 thousand amp hours per kilogram so the transportation world hydrogen should be king because remember i said earlier that weight and transportation is everything it costs you money to move a lot of weight so you shouldn't be moving heavy fuel if you can use a lighter fuel that's why the engineers use hydrogen for rocket fuel you can't get more energy by weight than with hydrogen and when you mix hydrogen with oxygen you get a great combustion the big bonus is your exhaust is only heat and water vapor but when people read about hydrogen there's a lot of disturbing questions that come up one question is but hydrogen's explosive and the flame is invisible so you can walk right into it and and be burned to death and not even know it was there so when i get those kind of questions or comments i know i'm engaged with someone who just doesn't know a whole lot about hydrogen from a practical standpoint yes hydrogen will burn but only when it's mixed with oxygen or air which is air is actually only about 20 percent oxygen mostly nitrogen but the reality is that it's very hard to get hydrogen and oxygen to mix to a flammable or explosive ratio unless you can find it and give it time to blend to homogenize the hydrogen that we produce for vehicles is pure hydrogen and it's not flammable at all when it's stored in a tank and the tanks themselves are strong and have safety valves in their design and in fact the army is starting to look at hydrogen for some of their transportation in combat because it's much quieter doesn't emit any smoke has a lower heat signature which is important for imaging and an internal combustion vehicle can even compare on the heat side and they're concerned about hydrogen volatility of course so they went to the range and they set up some fully pressurized hydrogen tanks with high power and shot them with high power rifles the basic bullet just ricocheted off and ricocheted off the tanks because they were so tough the armor piercing bullets went right through the tanks and made a clean hole in and a clean hole out and the gas escaped through both holes but there was no fire then they shot at the armor piercing then they shot armor piercing high explosive rounds thinking that that would make the tanks blow up but what happened is a bullet went made a clean entry like on the first second one and a clean exit but then the hydrogen it was escaping was mixed enough with oxygen once it got outside to catch on fire so a blow torch like flame came out of the tanks and after 10 minutes the hydrogen burned off and the tank was still sitting there pretty much intact with two holes in it and no explosion obviously that wasn't good enough for the army so they also attacked the hydrogen tank with a rocket propelled grenade and some plastic explosives needless to say they did some serious damage to the tank but it was hard to tell whether it was hydrogen damage or whether there's explosive damage from the explosives so the army concluded that hydrogen was pretty darn safe what i'd like to do now is actually show you a quick video and then we'll come back and talk a little bit about hydrogen to wrap up the show city fire department and go to different fire stations all around the islands here to the fire houses and teach the guys preparing them for fuel cell eds the facts about hydrogen and dispelling all the myths and misinformation right so there's basically first of all hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe everybody knows that it's one of the periodic people it's the lightest and smallest as well it's 14 times lighter than there twice as light as helium so it goes up at 45 miles per hour that's 66 feet of seven so if you went 1001 it's six stories away in a second wow it's hauling ass it's hard to keep it around so the buoyancy is one thing that makes it safer than any other flammable gas because hydrocarbon gases are heavier than that so they stick around so in a classroom usually with an eight foot acoustical ceiling i go you got a leak of hydrogen make sure everybody can hear it in the back conventional wisdom the river spark is what it's doing well you can see a little bit of distortion maybe right there where it was actually converting it to water vapor but it's moving so fast by the time it's an inch from the hole it's hit air molecules and scattered to it's not even combustible mixture anymore the ratio is not there anymore that's already left to build before i even started talking about it hit the ceiling and went up events at the top it'll go through the drywall this stuff is really hard to contain right so that makes it safer than any other flammable gas the second thing is that you're gonna have to come in close to this because since there's no carbon in this fuel it's pure hydrogen there's almost no radiant energy and put my finger no touch on top it's over five to a thousand degrees on the side but down here don't touch it you touched it okay i warned you because i'm a carbon based life form it likes to like to jump right out and get you yeah okay so put it in perspective this walk burner way over 200 dollars abuse we never repainted it we never touched it okay and it's because the lack of radiant heat the heat goes straight up unless you put something in it's way like a finger and none of this is heating up or the paint would have been oxidized you know after 10 hours of use so that is the second thing that if you have a leak and it ignites it doesn't heat up everything around you you've ever seen the video of a gas car and a fuel cell car on fire the difference is so dramatic in 30 seconds everyone in that car is burned they're gone the gas only ruptured the tank the gulfs the entire car the fuel and fire the hydrogen is shooting a torch out the back so you got a six foot torch and even the gasket yeah the rubber on the windshield isn't there's no radiant there was a there was a tanker tube trailer in california that was moving hydrogen and it was a covered one like the one you saw down at nelha today with mitch's thing and it had a small leak in one of the second row of tanks and apparently a spark ignited it blew the top of the tanker off and just the the sheet metal and started a fire so of course they evacuated a half a mile around this thing they called in two fire trucks to put water on it and put the fire out and it was a non-event after the non-event the truck still drove out of the 25 cylinders 19 of them were still usable and the only ones that weren't were above the fire where it was in the flame and that it damaged the tanks there was a tree right on the sidewalk within five feet of the thing didn't even scorch a leaf and underneath the tanker there was no damage to the pavement now if you've ever seen a vehicle fire on a highway it damages like concrete so badly you you can't use a bridge anymore if a big truck or something catches on fire huge differences this is my theory but i'll stick to it so as you saw here the lack of radiotherapy the dirigible was painted with an aluminized waterproofing compound that's what they painted the fabric with to make it waterproof today we call that compound thermite okay the thermite lights it burns incredibly hot and it can't be extinguished it's impossible it has to be consumed so lightning struck the the bladder caught the thermite on fire the skin started burning lots of radiant heat from that an enormous amount it ruptured the hydrogen bags inside and a huge hydrogen fireball in the suit that fireball is what saved the people from being baked to death it pulled all of the heat including the frame and the skin and the hydrogen heat up and away from the people given the time that they're on the thermite scale that is the most plausible explanation for what happened i would never have known it if it wouldn't have been from my experience with hydrogen and testing it when i started 2012 with this the first time i lived this stove i had it on a stick anyway that's it so i started learning more and more and more and more and more and you see how visible this flame is yeah it's a beautiful flame that's totalist non toxic blah blah blah need a signature oh thanks for so this was made with sunlight and water okay well it's it's burning some dust in the air but it's mostly just hydrogen with the oxygen in the air making water vapor right and if you put your hand up and you can feel the moisture in the flame it's kind of a damp heat so it's really nice if you barbecue it doesn't dry your food out right but it's all going to vaporize you have a puddle of water underneath uh no because it's making this vapor it's just going off it's just been making clouds from it but the fact that you know i i've done i don't know how many people have come through here by now but i had a group of food truck guys come through one time they went nuts because they cook themselves inside the van when they're cooking it's so hot they went crazy would you fill our bottles if we buy i mean the heat goes where you want it to Paul Pontio from Blue Planet Research on the big island does that uh that he does a tour inside of his lab there and he gives that tour a couple times a month so maybe three or four times a month and that's one of the demonstrations i think impresses people the most but as i hope he answers some of the questions and you know one thing i mentioned before we went to the video was some of the questions i always get and one of them is isn't the flame invisible and paul talked a little bit about that but it turns out the flame is hard to see in daylight but it's quite visible at night and as you can tell in the video even indoors it's kind of bluish and occasionally as impurities go through from the air it'll it'll give off a little bit of orange color but the notion of walking into a hydrogen flame innocently is not realistic one of the things i did is as an example is i would i would vent some hydrogen on my gas station to show what a pressurized tank releasing hydrogen sounds like it's actually deafening the gas escaping out of a small hole and burning uh is without a sound is like impossible it's going to have a sound so you can hear that like it's a torch sound like a blue torch and it'd be very hard to walk into a hydrogen flame unnoticed in fact even the heat waves of the flame outside you can you can see them on the sidewalk so that's that's some of the questions i get from hydrogen so i've got a really good video that i just showed you from paul that he loves showing that um that hydrogen walk and i think he said it in there that the the walk burner um has very little wear and tear on it it's actually in pretty good shape because hydrogen doesn't have any carbon in it it doesn't radiate any heat out the side so it's it's really really clean so thanks to paul for letting us see that so the last thing i got to say is um about hydrogen is that most folks really just don't appreciate hydrogen for all that can do but it's valuable on the grid because it can help stabilize the grid but the only way that'll help stabilize the grid is when we have a lot of intermittent renewal on board and we need to have a load during the daytime when there's too much solar and wind power to be used so instead of having to shut down generators you would just keep on using the electricity and make hydrogen and just keep storing the hydrogen that hydrogen could be used for transportation or to put back in a stationary fuel cell and give you grid power back has to be converted converted from ac or dc to ac power for the grid but you can use it for both so there's a neat relationship there if we could really get our heads around it that if you are using curtailed power to make hydrogen it could help you with your long-term storage on the grid and it could help with your electric transportation because all a fuel cell does in a car is it turns hydrogen into electricity heat and water and there you go you've got the perfect system if you make it from sunlight or wind it's clean from beginning to end with no carbon in it when it gets used in a fuel cell it puts off heat electricity and water and all those are good things that's what i think we ought to be doing and so i hope that this is a refresher for those of you that know a little bit of a hydrogen or if you don't know it's a it'll get you thinking about what we really should be doing and how hydrogen can be a great solution in our world today as we try and use more intermittent renewables and try and clean up our environment so that'll do it for today for stand the energy man and i thank you for joining me here at think tech and we'll see you next week same time tuesday three p.m hawaii time and on think on youtube think tech on youtube so i'll see you next week


Lopane getting the better of Dane Ingham. Not Jordan Elsie, but here's Adama Treyore now into the box trying to drive it in. Troycey back in the touch of Bugarkovic and in the sixth minute of this contest the home side are in front. Stephen Bugarkovic with his third goal of the season. As we have a look on the Harvey Norman replay a great driving run in from Treyore and Nugarkovic. He just puts a little deflection on it to put it past Duncan, but it's a great early start for the Western Sydney Wanderers. The defence has been their Achilles heel so far. Born in and there's a second. Rodwell strikes again. It's a near post head up and all the talk about the Jets. Last chance saloon for them and it's not working out in the west of Sydney so far. It's a fantastic corner in. The run to the near post from Rodwell. He had a lot of attention but he manages to slip it in the near post. Well over 40% of their goals coming from set pieces and look at the space here for Bugarkovic. Looked a long time at the shot now. Nazarene again with the little chip. It's perfect for Castles. Final dreams are being dashed in a storm of goals here. This is another beautiful goal for the Western Sydney Wanderers. It starts with forcing the turnover in the midfield as we look on the Harvey Norman replay and it ends with Rami Nazarene. A cheeky little chip over Duncan.  Grossof still has it though. Gets the better of Nazarene. His ball in towards Hoffman. Nikol Tadze. Contesting once. Oh and again. The mistake by Margoosh. He's claiming he was fouled. It will go to the VAR. Daniel Margoosh's furious claiming that Hoffman had an arm in there. The goal has been given. VAR check. Finished decision upheld. Daniel Margoosh cannot quite believe it. It's been a tough couple of weeks for him. Grossof. Silver again with Hoffman. Cross in. Oh great ball. It's a fantastically worked goal there for the Newcastle Jets and it's a great cross from Hoffman into the middle of the box by the substitute and the Newcastle Jets are well back in this game.


Okay, welcome back everyone, we are live in San Francisco for our beloved world, 2014 is theCUBE, our flagship program to go out to the events and expect to see them as I'm John Furrier, the co-founder SiliconANGLE Media Show and Jeff Frick, general manager of our CUBE operation. Jeff, we're back here with more expertise around Cisco. Sean Donaldson, our next guest CTO of Secure24, welcome back to theCUBE. Thank you, thank you for having me. So we didn't get the interviews, two mini-man interviews with you at VMworld. Absolutely. First was the HNOS, he's hot, V-Sphere, we cover that all day long. But here at the show is Oracle, it's security, it's Cisco. Given the breaches this week, I mean, how do you feel? I mean, are you on top of these recent security snafus? Yeah, absolutely, absolutely. So security's always a hot item, right? It's always a hot topic of conversation and it's always something that we're very much looking at. You know, if you look at our name, our name's Secure24, right? So it's very well established in our culture and in our brain. And what we're really looking at specifically with 2015 is security moving past simply the technology aspects of it, the firewalls, the DLP, the IPS, all those technology capabilities and really going a lot more into the people in the process, right? The capabilities from a security perspective of, I'm going to give you a Starbucks card if you give me your password, right? And working on the process around that and the people around that and the policy and the procedures in place to mitigate data breaches. So talk about how the landscapes changed since you were on in 2013, because that's a great example in this security, the places where security, the war is fought, I guess, continue to change and evolve. So talk about how that has evolved since 2013. Where is it today and where do you think it's going next? Yeah, it continues to evolve upstack, right? So it's from the very traditional firewall that would simply be blocking internet ports and protocols, moving upstack into more of the application layer, application layer securing advanced persistent threats, different types of attacks and then even moving farther than that into the people and the policy and the procedure, right? Social hacking, right? Hacking by calling in and getting a password or a username or access and you're not supposed to have it. Yeah, it's interesting because we talk about tech, people in process all the time and I don't think people give enough really thought about the people in the process and it's interesting on the cloud and like an AWS perspective where someone will say, you know, your stuff might actually be more secure in a cloud that's managed outside of your internal company because you don't have some of your internal company that might be disgruntled or whatever the reason is that are causing some of your security breaches. So it is really a multifaceted approach that you've got to take. Absolutely, this is kind of a good opportunity to take a step back and tell you a little bit about Secure24. So Secure24 we specialize in critical application hosting and a lot of that really focuses around obviously availability and performance from an application perspective but security and compliancy as well. So as the market evolves and as there's more and more compliancy requirements, just about every industry today has a variety of business requirements that revolve around their compliancy requirements whether it's SOX, HIPAA, PCI, FTI, ITAR, and you can keep going down the list but just about everyone today has those types of requirements and that's really where we try to focus is that higher level of compliancy and process. But then if we go back the other direction to the lower level now all the rage is internet of things, all these devices are going to be connected. Absolutely. All kind of data this transferring back and forth so does it kind of shift the game back out to the edge on some of these other appliances because it looked like something today that a printer is a PC that's unprotected. What a great access point into your network. Well, that's a great question and I don't see it so much as, I don't see it so much as shifting so much as I see it expanding, right? So that technology, that network, that endpoint security, that mobile device management, those are going to continue to still be hot topics and big areas of focus. I just see the broader overall landscape expanding and really looking more and more into the people side of it, the process, the training, training resources, making sure there's good process in place to mitigate those things as well. Sean, talk about the why UCS. Tell us why you're working with these guys. What are some of the things that impresses you about what Cisco's doing? Yeah, absolutely. So as we were saying, as I was saying earlier, secure 24, we focus in hosting mission critical applications. So ERP systems that run a business, disaster recovery, business continuity, those processes that go along with that. So we were actually one of the early adopters of Cisco UCS and a lot of the reasons for it are around the ability to deploy quickly, the ability to manage a technical environment and have a level of consistency across that environment. So UCS allows a lot of API integration. So if you have various types of automation tools, various types of workflow management control tools, you can do a lot of API automation integration. If you have multiple systems in a cluster, you can create a profile that controls all of those systems profile and I can guarantee across multiple physical servers that I have a consistent landscape. I know the security of that landscape. I know the bio settings and all the individual settings that you might do to customize and tune a machine. That's all captured in a profile and I can apply that then to multiple physical hosts. And I know- It's not going good. Sorry, Indra. Oh, no, that's all right. So about Larry Ellison's vision of the cloud, what did you think of it? He did slam HANA. I don't know if you saw that keynote yesterday. He said the quote, the quote Jeff was, HANA powers the cloud. He goes, what cloud? And he was like pointing to what clouds does SAP HANA support? I know you guys have worked with SAP, we love SAP, see competitive jam there. Oh yeah, absolutely. You've got Oracle Cloud, you've got Enterprise Cloud, you guys specialize in Enterprise Cloud. How do you talk to customers about make sense of it? The Oracle is great for Oracle customers, but there's other clouds. Absolutely, so this is always an interesting topic of conversation, right? When you, there's a lot of different options out there. Cloud is a very ambiguous word and more and more there's a lot of want and need for this, the hybrid cloud, the flexibility, but then the offset of the security, the compliance to control around that, right? So where we really look at that is, yeah, focusing on that Enterprise Private Cloud, focusing on that control capabilities, but also always trying to look at how we can, how we can utilize a public cloud in an efficient manner, right? How can I utilize a public cloud to be able to run particular types of workloads still in a secure and controlled manner? So there's a trend out there called native as a service, which is essentially running native software at the SaaS layer in the cloud, which is essentially just your data center app, putting it on, that's what it sounds like Oracle's doing. Is it and or, there seems to be a trend for people just to put stuff in the cloud from a cost perspective and a consumption standpoint to be native, not so much SaaS-ified per se, we just, I want to run my stuff in the cloud. What does that mean?  Yeah, so there's a lot of different opportunities for that. So obviously the cloud offers a lot of different options. It offers everything from platform as a service to infrastructure as a service to software as a service. There's various degrees and tiers of that. Where we kind of see a lot of it going is we see that there's really becoming a shift in the overall IT management workforce. So we see this shift happening where now the traditional IT manager is kind of becoming that broker of different services. So their jobs transitioning from managing a bunch of employees now to saying, okay, I'm going to understand the business a lot better and I'm going to see what's my best use case for a true public cloud. What are my best applications to go to a SaaS, maybe a Salesforce or a Workday? What are my best solutions that I'm going to take to a secure 24 type company that are my mission critical ERP systems that still need to have that greater degree of compliancy? And I think there's enough demand out there for all of these different use cases. Does that answer your question? Yeah, it does. Cause this seems, it's a new kind of category but infrastructure serves commodity platform and SaaS. But doing the SaaS requires more of a DevOps philosophy. So we just want to roll in their windows apps in the cloud, for instance. These are kind of the new trends. So I brought up because we're watching it Jeff, one of those things where Oracle basically saying, we'll put Oracle in the cloud. I mean, okay, okay, it's Oracle in the cloud. It's not really cloud. It's just Oracle running in some service. It's nothing different than just putting a data center together. Absolutely. That's the challenge I see a lot of IT managers facing today is their job now is to understand what all these different cloud component pieces mean and understand the pros and cons of these different solutions and know, okay, for my business, what's going to bring more value to my business, right? If I'm talking about anything from big data, big data analytics, if I'm talking about email solutions or collaboration solutions, what are the ones that are going to bring the most value to my business and where are the opportunities to run it in a cloud such as you're talking about versus what auditing, compliance, security, availability, and all those understandings. They're really becoming more of that broker between the business and this plethora of different private, hybrid, public clouds that are available. And then they got to manage across all of them. Yep. So yeah, putting together managing the service providers, holding them accountable, managing the SLAs, understanding the SLAs. And at the same time, where we see a lot of that value though, is now they can actually, a lot of the CIOs and IT directors that we've talked to, they've spent so much time in the past, managing the day-to-day issues, challenges that came up. Where now they, through outsourcing and through using some of these services, they can take more time to understand the business, sit down with the CFO, understand what's the most important thing to you? What's the most important thing driving your segment of the business? And how can we put the right technology solution in place that's going to add more value? So you're seeing a lot of customers are pretty well down the road in terms of seeing this viable adoption strategy and really now moving into the business partner implementation focus and really optimizing it around the options that are available. And that's a big change we've seen over the last five years. Because five years ago, it was a lot of trying to convince people that the cloud was secure, that cloud was safe. And again, an enterprise private cloud, right? There's obviously different degrees of it. What we've seen is that transition happen where a lot of people are understanding now, okay, there's been a lot of adoption of this already. We fundamentally, assuming you meet all the auditing compliances, the checklist, we trust you, now it's more of a matter of how do I get there? And how do I get there making sure I'm delivering the right values of the business? And is it because they've had success kind of in the low hanging fruit on the early workloads that they put to the cloud that their trust and comfort has gone up? Or was there some other event that suddenly blessed it as being a viable alternative for somebody's kind of more sensitive applications? You know, fundamentally, it's not always success that has driven it. We've also seen learning opportunities through failures where they say, okay, I went in here into this opportunity and here's the things that worked, here's the things that didn't work. What we have now is a more educated consumer and this is actually helping us a lot because we can sit down with them and say, okay, well, here's from a customer service perspective, from a service delivery perspective, we can still meet all those requirements, but some of those challenges maybe you've had before, we can also address those and make sure we're putting the appropriate SLA measures in place and application delivery methods in place. So we're seeing maybe a more educated consumer now. Sean, really appreciate you coming on theCUBE. I wanted to get to the final word and share with the folks out there what is the most important thing happening at the show today, this week? In your opinion, technically, and or on the business front? Technically, or on the business front. That's a great question. I think it's great that Larry's bringing up security. I think it's a great message, I think it's a great point of focus and something we should always continue to focus on. And he uses the word, it's hard to do. Yeah. And it's really hard. Okay, Sean Donaldson, here inside theCUBE, we are live in San Francisco for Oracle over the world 2014, it's theCUBE. Stay with us, we'll be back after this short break, with our next guest live here inside the Cisco booth on the floor, on the ground. This is theCUBE. I'm John Furrier with Jeff Frick and the Right Back.


The radio service invites you to hear Piper McGee and Bolly in Backseat Driver. A tale well calculated to keep you in suspense. It can't happen to you. You read about stuff like that in the papers. Girls murdered and mutilated. Drunks left dying in the gutter for the handful of chains they had in their pockets. Lonesome old men tortured because some hoodlum gets the idea their miser's with a pot of gold hidden under the floorboards of the shack. Sure, you know it's real, but it can't happen to you. Oh, you get your fair share of trouble. I've been a professional man here in Los Angeles for 30 years. I've met up with bums and grifters and petty sharpers. They're around in any business. But the viciousness, the real deep down dirt, that's for somebody else.  And for a real bang up evening to break the monotony, you take your wife out to a movie. That's what I did that Saturday night. We'd driven all the way in from the San Fernando Valley to Beverly Hills, for a picture Ellie especially wanted to see. Wasn't that a good movie, Joe? Uh-huh. Just the kind I like. Songs and dancing and girls in pretty clothes. I get so tired of cops and robbers. What's wrong with cops and robbers? You know what I mean. Murder movies, honestly.  And all the crooks sneering out of the corners of their mouths. Yeah, the stuff those Hollywood boys dream of. You think the streets were knee-deep in blood and you couldn't hear yourself think for machine guns. Well, here we are, honey. You get in first. Okay. All right, Ellie? Just a second. All right, Joe. Forget gas. Take us out to the valley. I'll fill up at Bill's. Remember how that song goes, Joe? What song? In the picture. You know, two on the moon. The one the boy sang to the girl. Oh, that one. Let's see. Mm-hmm. Oh, heck, I don't know. Oh, well. We'll be hearing it again on the radio. How about turning it on? The radio? Why, sure. Set it around 1100. We ought to get some news in a few minutes. I'd like to hear whether they caught that fellow. That awful mass murderer? Uh-huh. They spotted him in L.A. this afternoon, but he got away. I know. You told us it's supper. Oh, it makes you shiver. Don't you worry. He won't get away with it. We left the lights of Beverly Hills behind and turned into cold water canyon. It's as quick a way as any to get us across the Hollywood Hills to the valley. It's dark and we came in quiet, with mighty little traffic at night. I cut my lights full up and we swept up the side of the ridge. The news program came on, but I didn't pay much attention. The fellow was talking about brush fires. They'd already put out the one near my place while they were still patrolling. We were over the ridge and sliding down to the valley before the program got to the part I wanted to hear. There it is. Put it up higher, Ellie. Mattrick wiped out an entire family in Greenly, New Hampshire. Today, he was spotted 3,000 miles from the scene of his crime. At 5.30 this afternoon, a patrolman saw and definitely identified Mattrick in downtown Los Angeles. However, by darting through heavy traffic at the risk of his life, the killer was again able to make his escape. According to neighbors of the slaughtered family, Mattrick was first appeared in Greenly about a year ago. From fingerprints in the Nolan home, Louis Mattrick has been identified as Lloyd Matthews, ex-conduct. He's wanted for questioning in the robbery and murder of a New York storekeeper a year ago. A crime that netted the killer less than $20. Mattrick or Matthews is 32 years old, height, tri-feet 9 inches, weight, 155 pounds. He has blue eyes, light brown hair, nose slanted to the left. When seen this afternoon, he was wearing a blue suit and gray pork pie hat. Awful, awful. Not pretty, no. Annie's somewhere around LA this minute. Joe, you think it's right us leaving Annie and Bud all alone while you're... No, Ellen. Annie's grown up and Bud's a smart youngster, if I do say so myself. You can't wrap kids in cotton wool. I know. Oh, I'm silly, I guess. Neighbor's close all around. All they'd have to do is yell. But now what would make a young man do a dreadful thing like that? Could be a lot of things. Maybe he's got a screw loose. Maybe he went nuts over a girl. Maybe he gets a kick out of killing like some of them do. You know all the answers, don't you? Joe! Hey, what the... Keep going, keep going! I got a gun here and I'll use it. Tell him you... Yeah! Ellie? Against the back of my neck. I can feel it. Cold. Well, are you gonna move? Okay. Okay, brother, you're the boss. Yeah, you said it, I'm boss. And remember it.  I've had experience in these things. Like we were skirting the rim of the Grand Canyon. With nothing between us and the bottom but a mile of country air. This was it. The thing that happens to other people. To the ones that end up on slabs and the morgue. But not to me. Not to Ellie. The first car we'd seen since we left traffic swooped down behind us. Not before the headlights caught our passenger clean in my rear view mirror. He was hunched forward, sitting on the edge of the back seat. So he could keep the gun rammed into the nape of Ellie's neck. He had light brown hair, pale eyes, a nose that slanted. His mouth twitched, jittery. As the car went by his eyes caught mine in the mirror and flickered. Keep your eyes on the road. Sure, sure. Lose your hat? Bright boy. Like I said, you know all the answers. No, I didn't lose it, I stuffed it down a drain. Still wearing the blue suit though. I figured it changed pretty quick now. Thank you, Oz will fit me. You can have the suit and the car, but just let us... Helen. But Joe, it's Mattrick. The Mrs is bright too. He crawled in here while we were in the movie. Joe, you should have that car door face. You know better. Honey, I meant to. I was going to tend to...  I'd say if you could both be bright enough to keep your trap shut. Turn left on Ventura, take a slow lane. Don't try plain old tricks. I've been in this work before. Okay, by me. That's real sweet, huh? Straight out the open country, Mac. And I'll take a Mrs up on that off with a suit and car. What happens to us? Why, you just walk home. What else? Play it safe and you ain't got a thing to worry about. That was a laugh, that was. Nothing to worry about.  Once we got out into the open country, we didn't have a chance of walking away from the car. All a murderer can hope for is time. He doesn't leave witnesses around to get the law in his tail one second sooner than necessary. All I could do was stall. And pray. To make what feeble gestures I could at Lady Luck. The thing that came into my mind was so risky it brought my hair up on end. But there was a chance. Provided that trigger finger didn't start jerking. In the bright lights of the boulevard, I didn't think he'd notice. But a traffic officer would. I turned into Ventura, took the far lane, obedient as a whip puff. We must have made two or three miles before I saw what I was hoping for. What's that? Huh? The red light? Oh, why an ambulance, I guess. We see a lot of them here. That ain't no ambulance. It's a motorcycle. Joe, it's young Mike Kennedy. He patrols this bridge. Look, what are you up to? What are you trying to pull? Nothing. The kid's a friend of ours.  I warned you. I ain't got a loan. You asked for it. Listen, listen, will you? The kid lives near us. Practically grew up under our feet. All he wants is to pass the time of day or maybe send a message to our Annie. Yeah? Yeah. That popping now and we'll all be dead. Keep your shirt on. I'll get rid of him. Okay. But it better be good. Mike came alongside. He sat balancing the bike between his knees and grin on his face was a mile wide. It had worked. At least we were still alive and Mike wasn't two feet away. Where did we go from here?  My tongue stuck to the roof of my mouth. Well, what do you know if it is an Uncle Joe? Something funny, kid? After all the times you've read us the riot act about observing the letter of the law. Brother, wait till I tell Annie. Mike Kennedy, what's the matter with you? I didn't notice anything wrong. Hi, Annie. Nothing much the matter. Just Uncle Joe here proceeding sedately out the boulevard with his headlights up full. Headlights? Oh, by golly, that's right. I must have forgotten to dim them. You ought to forget these things. Maybe a big, bad cop might come along and haul you off to the sta... Hey, is that Annie back there? No, no, no, it isn't. It's our new neighbor, Mike, Mr. Anderson. Oh, is that right? Glad to meet you, sir. Hello. I didn't know there were any vacancies out our way. Oh, there weren't any until recently. Mr. Anderson has taken the Charles place. The Charles place? Are you kidding? Nope. Looks like things got too much for old man Charles at last. He's clearing out for good. Kind of sudden, wasn't it? I guess so. Oh, it's too bad. For old man Charles, I mean. Mighty nice for Mr. Anderson, though. Good places are out to find these days. All right, Uncle Joe, I'll let you off this time. Give my love to Annie. Mike, watch it. Yes, sir? Uh, nothing. Just come see us soon, boy. Always glad to have you. Thanks. I'll be around the next night off. Got a date with Annie. So long. That was that.  The chance had come and gone. But it felt to me like half my mind went off with the boy yelling at him. Must have been a half minute before I could pull myself together and ease back into traffic. Nobody said anything. I didn't dare to and neither did Ellie. I couldn't see her, but I could feel her holding herself stiff as a ramrod. Scared even to turn her head. When two people have lived together as long as we had, each one knows what the other one is thinking. I went back to driving and praying. That and cutting my eyes up to the mirror, just in case there might be a white motorcycle eye following us. There wasn't, of course. Back in the back, I knew he was watching, too. Those flickering eyes darting like lightning between us and the rear window. He was too busy checking to talk. Not that that helped much. Rage and fear were pouring out of him so thick you could have grabbed a hunk of the atmosphere in your hand. It was queer to drive along that crowded highway, traffic streaming both ways, lights from drug stores and cocktail joints and eating houses, blazing to the sky. Nor if I lifted a finger for help, I'd sign our death warrants. It had to be luck. All luck. There was still a chance I'd get it. The way I'd figured it, we started out with just about enough gas to get us back to Bill's station. When we hit that, the meter ought to show empty. The gas gauge was hidden from me by the rim of the steering wheel, but I was pretty sure I was right. I waited until I saw the red and green lights above Bill's pumps a block and a half away. And very slow and easy, I slumped over for a peek at the gauge. I leaned just too far. Sit up. What now? What were you looking at? I was just easing the crick out of my neck. Yes, you was. You was looking at the dash. You what? Ah, so that's it, huh? Fresh out of gas. Look, I just remembered. Don't give me that. You know it all along. Now on, you keep your hands on a wheel, Mac. But you leave me through the drive. I want to turn in that filling station, get high-test gas and fill her up. Ah, heating, sir. Hello, Bill. Bill. Up to the top? Yeah. Ethel. Ethel, that is. People know everybody in the whole valley. We've lived here 30 years. From back when this was farmland, of course, we know lots of people. I don't like it. Get the gas and get out. Hey, uh, I was up to Miranda's for supper. Is that right? Boy, her chili gets better every time. Don't see how it can, but it does. Yeah, she's saving some for you. Said you'd be around after the show. Miranda. Oh, my, I saw Miranda this afternoon and told her we'd be by for sure, Joe. Oh. We'll be 350 on the nose. Three and 50. Thanks, Bill. Same to you. What was all that about? Nothing much. Come on. Come on, I gotta ask you everything twice. Miranda runs a drive-in up the road a ways. On show nights, we usually drop in for a carton of chili to take home. I just hope she won't call home when we don't show up and get Annie all worried. Wait a minute. Drive-in, you said? Yeah. And this Miranda could start checking on you. Why didn't mean it like that? It's just that I... They could call you and Annie in between the two of them. They'd have the cops on a lookout for you before midnight. You're crazy. Yeah, like a fox. I kept ahead of the buttons all this time by taking chances. We'll just pick up that chili. You want me to go to Miranda's? Why not?  I can cover a lot of ground before tomorrow morning. I ain't eatin' so good lately. I could use the food. With you and the missus to front for me, what's to worry about? I went back to driving and praying. Miranda's place is one of those goldfish bowls, mostly glass, with light pouring out across the space marked for outside service and music coming from the jukebox. She saw us pulling up, grabbed a quart carton off the back shelf and hustled to the door. Yeah, Ellie, I was just saying to Betsy, better fix up that chili, Betsy. It's about time Ellie and Joe was showing up, figuring the distance from Beverly Hills. Who's out in the back seat? Don't seem to recollect your face, young man, though anybody'll tell you I never forget a face. This is Mr. Anderson Miranda. He just came out here from the east. Is that a fact? Say, Joe, you plan to go straight up then to her home? Why, sure. Don't you do it. Go the back way, even if it does take longer. Of course it'll brush far between here and your places out, but there's still 50-60 men patrolling. What's that? That ain't nothing to what's going on further out the valley. That new fire is clean out of control. Just a licking up hundreds of acres. They've been sending truckloads of firefighters past here all evening on the road blocked for miles. The road is blocked? Well, for miles, they tell me, and all them poor ranchers losing their homes. Being from the east, you wouldn't understand. But brush fires is awful things. Yeah, yeah, yeah, thanks. Let's start moving. We take the back way to your house. To our house? Oh, you staying with Ellen, Joe? Yeah, until the road is... until I can get into my own place. Well, what are we waiting for? Night, Miranda. Well, bye. Be sure you come see me, Mr. Anderson. I've been looking for you. So there it was. We weren't going to the country. We weren't going to be left to rattle the foot of a cliff or very deep in brush. And while we were going home, home to the kids and taking a murderer with us, I still couldn't see Ellie, but I could feel her tensing up, tight as a pulled drawstring. Mr. Mattrick, you... you didn't mean what you said, did you? About coming home with us? You know, a better place I can hide out till the road's open. But it wouldn't be safe. We've got neighbors close all around. If somebody sees you... Nobody will see me. Nobody better. Joe, couldn't we get around the fire? Yeah, that'll be better. We could try. There are other roads through the valley. Listen, Mattrick, we'll nose round and find a way through. Cut it out! You heard the old pity, hundreds acres burning, firefighters cops? Get off the highway. We're going home. No, no, I won't have it. Joe, you stop the car right here.  You heard me, Joe. I won't have him in my house, not with Annie and Buzz.  Oh, for Lord's sake, Ellie. It doesn't matter about us, but the kids, I won't let him touch it. One word, I'm gonna... Joe, stop! Helen, hush. Joe, say another thing. I'm sorry, honey, but Mattrick's the boss. We've got to do like he says. That's telling her. Sure, do like I say, and everything will be rosy. You got no call or worry about it. The kids, I like kids. As long as nobody gives me the brush off. We'll wake them up soon as we get home and you and this Annie can fix up a chilly stuff, of course. And we'll have us a picnic. Then soon as the fires out, we'll all take a trip to the country. Another picnic, huh? Keep going. As long as you're breathing, you keep going. Even when it looks like there's no way out, you hang on by your toenails. We've poked up and down those black valley streets to twist and turn and sometimes wind up in dead ends. Ellie stopped crying after a while. She slumped down with her head rolling on the seat back. Limp as a rag doll with the stuffing reached out. It took a long time, but it had to come to an end. I saw the bulk of the house looming up. There was lights sneaking around the edges of the blinds up in Annie's room. She wasn't asleep after all. She'd be sitting up in bed, maybe plastering red stuff on her fingers and dreaming about the date with Mike. But the room was dark. He'd be wrapped in covers like a cocoon in dreaming. Whatever boys dream, I couldn't remember. I pulled up to the concrete walk. I'd poured with my own hands before there was any Annie. Or but, he'd cut the lights. In a second or two, my eyes got used to the dark. I could make out the high hedge Ellie planted around the place and the roof rising up beyond it. Out, Mrs. Face the house. Now you, Mac. Slide out same side. Stand beside it. Walk to the door. Slow, no funny business. Right behind you. Uncle Joe and Ellie. Ellie, Ellie, honey, are you all right? All right, indeed.  Nothing wrong with her. That's my girl. Don't just stand there. Help me out. I've got to get in the house before the kids come busting out here. I won't have them mixed up in this thing. How's he doing, boys? Got him through the gun hand and the right shoulder. See? Lucky shot, copper. You weren't lucky at all they called me now. Maybe. Mattrick, isn't it, Uncle Joe? That's him. Miranda described him to you? The old girl doesn't miss a trick. She even knew you were taking the back way home. Left a clear trail, Uncle Joe. Slick work. I had to get him out of the car before the fireworks started. Ellie didn't stand a chance. She helped, though. Ellie catches on quick. I'll bet she does. A mean guy like Mattrick. Make him think you don't want to do something and he'll break his neck doing it. I let on. I was trying to run out of gas. That got us to builds. Then we both made it out. There was no sense going to Miranda's, so we get bullied into going to Miranda's. It was a thousand to one. She'd run off at the mouth about the brush fires and scare him into hiding out. After that, all Ellie had to do was turn on the hysterics. He was dead set on coming here. Right, boys. Right enough. You're all right, too, Mike. I was watching the rear view mirror all the time you were trailing us. But you never showed. You knew I was there, though. When one officer starts double talking another officer, he wants to know why. Officer? Double talk? He never said a thing to him, except I'd bought some place out here. The Charles place. Poor old man Charles. In a tough spot and moving out for good. What's wrong with us? Mattrick, didn't anybody ever tell you it wasn't smart to take up with strangers? I'd better introduce myself. The name's Charles. Joe Charles. Detective. Homicide. Tonight I was off duty and just taking my wife to a movie. I'll service the voice of information and education.


Rain coming down though for this final here in bid gosh Greg Hancock a veteran of 70 at Grand Prix finals in his career now off the inside Yarra Kampaluw goes off game number two five GP wins to his name Christof Kasparzak the owner rider in this final Who has never won a Grand Prix and does he walk with just a one Grand Prix win to his name? He goes off the outside. Yeah, he does indeed. He won in Copenhagen last year on the return from injury The two poles on gates two and three kick your eyes on there Hancock's been fast all night, but he's been out gated there by Yarra Kampaluw Now coming up the inside is Darcy Ward brilliantly and here comes the man in blue Hample again And Kasparzak in white around the outside the poles are carving up the final here in bid gosh Ward's not out of it yet having to go. Hancock's in the back. Kasparzak and Hample having to go here down the back street Ward's still in the mix as well What an opening lap of speed where that was Kasparzak didn't make the best of starts But got himself to the front by the end of the first lap Ward round the outside off the fence coming into turn one for the second Time of asking right out wide Kasparzak on the inside look out for Ward Ward's done it up the inside brilliant stuff from the Australian superb move from there Kasparzak now Can he respond? Superb final into the last lap we go a fantastic move from Ward He has the lead Kasparzak's all over him though down that back straight we go one last gas swoop Ward holds mid-track Kasparzak switches Kasparzak switches on the inside Last corner Hample sewn up the poles are delighted with that Kasparzak overjoyed First time he's won a brawn free what a performance you want to move on the last corner But it's many congratulations to Chris stop Kasparzak as we savor the replay of a stunning final Well the opening lap here you couldn't take your eyes off it was non-stop action Initially Ward got himself to the front then he got carved up down the back straight with Hample and KK Just getting the better of him look at the movement Kasparzak absolutely on top of his game Making the right calls at the right time Unswide three a press through the first and second corner second time of asking Hample with the roll off streaming out the side of the goggles. He's there in second place Ward rides an absolute stormer here. Look at that. Oh That's marvelous to be able to do that switches to the inside at the very last second But Kasparzak he got the last laugh. It's his night Chris stop Kasparzak. How does it feel to be European Grand Prix champion? I know from 2001 15 years Managed job by raising England 10 years my dad helped me now Peter Jones helped me too I have fast engine and everything work together Rafa Levitsky my My trainer Maria Mishak everyone helped me and yeah, everyone send me message today Chris You have chance win and I think will be tough, but I win


Hey guys it's Tilly and I'm just here with like all the unboxings at the moment. I was super super lucky to receive this beautiful box here by Muse Monthly. This is another book subscription box but this one I absolutely really adore already and I haven't even opened it yet but it is basically a box for book lovers and tea lovers and I am the biggest fan of teas. I love them so much like I probably drink like six to eight cups of tea a day like when I'm not working. All I do is pretty much like hover around the kettle so excited to open this so let's just get straight to it. So this is the October edition of Muse Monthly and it was created by Margaret Atwood and her new book Hagsy. So this has got Margaret Atwood's favorite tea in it, her book and a few other goodies as well and so her favorite tea is English breakfast and so I have been given this cute little packet of 15 biodegradable tea and I'm very excited English breakfast although that might make me a plane Jane is one of my absolute favorites. I just I'm gonna go make a tea. I like my tea like my bookshelves strong very strong. I don't know how we're even gonna be able to top that tea. It tastes absolutely delicious so let's see what's next. We have a candle in this cute little tin. It is by Novelie Yours. It is a soy candle for bookworms which are the best kind of candles. This one is called Tempest which is seamless to black sea and crystal waters and I love the ocean so so that is like my new favorite candle ever. Holy candle. Holy candle. This smells absolutely amazing.  I need this as like a perfume. We've got a books and tea bookmark which is done like a super cool like way. Then we also have a letter from Margaret Atwood. We have a signed little book plate so then we have the actual book and that is Hague Seed by Margaret Atwood in this bright beautiful plain simple and yet gorgeous cover. This is in the hardcover which is like super amazing. I'm an absolute junkie for like hardcover books so I'm very excited about this and since I heard about this book coming out I've been really excited to read it and so I finally can. Next up we have a little illustration created by Obvious State. Team Shakes be a quote and that says we are such stuff as dreams are made on and our little life is rounded with a sleeve. Then we have a little bookmark with another Margaret Atwood quote on it and it says a word after a word after a word is power. This box was so much fun to open it was filled with so many things that I now hold dear to my heart. I'm very lucky and happy I got the chance to get the subscription box and for you guys who are watching you guys should totally take a look at Muse Monthly. I will leave a link below to Muse Monthly. You guys should go and check them out especially if you love books and tea just as much as me. I also have a discount code for you guys who are going to be buying this beautiful box for next month. Guys use the code Tilly00 you get 10% off so I totally encourage you guys to do that and to just get this box subscription because it was so much fun and amazing and I have so much praise for it right now. I hope that you guys had a wonderful bookish weekend and that amazing things happen to you and you're all happy. Thank you guys for watching and bottoms up.  I have like this endless amount of time to do the read books and ironically the best ones that I like are the books.