The southwest deserts can be rugged and impenetrable landscapes. The native plants and animals have evolved here to survive with little or no water. Often meager food and nutrient supplies and drastic temperature extremes. Sustaining any kind of productive agriculture in this landscape represents quite a challenge. These are the borderlands, the southwestern corner of New Mexico and the southeastern corner of Arizona.  Survival here depends on many intricate natural processes. When these interconnected components are out of balance, the lands ecological and socioeconomic functions are threatened. Over the past two centuries, many of these key ecological processes have been disrupted by natural catastrophic events, as well as by man's footprint. Livestock and humans have reduced surface and groundwater supplies across many of the areas watersheds. Historic grassland communities are being replaced by woody species, such as creosote, juniper and mesquite, depending on the site. This has been due to zealous fire suppression, long periods of heavy livestock grazing and gradual changes in seasonal weather patterns. Lastly, large expanses of contiguous open space and wildlife habitat are threatened as development pressures escalate. Where the land can no longer turn a profit in agricultural production, there is money to be made in land sales. Subdivided parcels of 10 to 40 acres are fragmenting important ecological connections across the borderlands, especially on the U.S. side. In response to these challenges, a group of landowners, land managers and environmentalists have put aside their philosophical differences. By joining together, they can work towards sustaining this Chihuahuan Desert landscape they call home. They have taken the name Malpai Borderlands Group. Their cooperative alliance sets an impressive standard for natural resource management at the landscape scale. The Malpai Borderlands Group started out as something of a discussion group. One of our principals here, a fellow by the name of Drummond Hadley, was active in the world of literature and had made friends with folks who were, in some ways, outspoken critics of the livestock industry in the Southwest. So he had this situation where he had friends in the environmental community extreme environmental community, as well as his ranching neighbors. And he had the perception that we all kind of wanted the same thing, and we shouldn't be at loggerheads with one another. So with this in mind, he invited some of us to get together and start talking to each other, and many of us went along simply because we didn't know how to say no to a friend, but after the first meeting, we realized that there really was something to this. Part of the mission of the Malpai Group is to bring fire back and turn around the brush encroachment trend, not to remove anything, but to look at the subtleties and manage the resources that are in front of us to improve ecological function and, in turn, have diversity in healthy wildlife populations while we have a sustainable livestock production on the resources. One common attitude that we're faced with in discussing the work we're doing out here, this collaboration of conservationists and ranchers, is kind of disbelief that we really share enough in common that we can successfully achieve our mutual goals. And in fact, when we look at maintaining the grassland quality of this landscape, that grassland and shrub and savannah mosaic, our goals are almost completely overlapping. We both share the goal of maintaining vigorous, healthy native grassland. You can dig in your heels and you can say, boy, I don't like it and I don't want to change, but that isn't going to make a difference. You have to adjust, you have to make it work, and you have to keep your eye on the ball at the same time and realize that you need to make a living and you need to keep this landscape open and productive and ecologically functioning so that those that come behind you have a chance to do the same thing and enjoy some of the same values. To understand the land management challenges facing the borderlands, it is helpful to understand historical events and conditions that have influenced the current landscape. At about the turn of the century, three things happened. We had an earthquake in the 1870s that changed the hydraulics of the area. It dried up springs. It caused down cutting of gullies. At the same time, there were some of the most severe droughts recorded around here. It happened in the late 1800s and livestock numbers were at an all-time high. And that combination of the earthquake, the overgrazing droughts caused some severe environmental impacts. Now, the Rio Yaki River Basin used to be home to eight different species of native fish. And basically all the species are state endangered now and two are on the federal list, the Yaki Topman on the Yaki Chubb. Because pretty much this water was drained out and this stream channel has incised almost eight meters. And basically it had dried out because of ranching and also mining and also farming practices. And so no longer does this stream channel flow. Some of it undoubtedly could be traced to the fact that active fire suppression followed that period of heavy grazing when there was a big reduction in fuels and the combination had a profound change on the landscape in that it tended to work to the detriment of the grasses and to promote woody species growth. And this was a problem that we recognized from the standpoint of forage for cattle, certainly. And the environmental community recognized this from the standpoint of species diversity and habitat. And fire played a major role, I think, in controlling that in the past. We had enough grass and ground fuel to carry fires. We had virtually no suppression efforts. And when the large numbers of cattle came in, they altered the fuels, fires ceased to spread. And then by, I was saying, in the 50s we were starting to get on top of the problem. About then is also when the federal agencies became pretty skilled and got modern equipment and got good at putting the fires out. We must also understand the current fluctuations in weather conditions, especially rainfall distribution. Just in the last 15 to 20 years, we've seen, although we've had annual rainfall equivalent to the long-term average, we've seen the seasonal distribution of rain move from the summer into predominantly the winter. And what that does is that tends to benefit the shrubs at the expense of the native grasses. One big thing that we've got to remember, no matter where you are, whether it's Arizona or Montana, wherever there's, you've got to manage these lands not only for the area you're in, but for the different weather conditions and things. Now here in the lower valleys, we have about half as much moisture, rainfall as we do up here at these higher elevations. Usually our annual rainfall in the lower parts of these valleys right in here would be from 8 to 10 inches a year. And that would be good for us. If we could depend on that, that would be good. Up here at the higher elevations, they would probably get 14 to maybe possibly 18 inches a year. Now this elevation where I'm standing is about 6, probably around 6,000 feet in the valley floor in there. It ranges probably anywhere from 3,500 to 4,000 feet elevation. So it's not a whole lot of difference, but it makes a difference. We get almost, in these higher elevations, as I said before, almost twice the moisture, the annual winter and summer rain, the annual rainfall as we get in the valley. Geologic formations and soil qualities also vary across the landscape. These physical features influence the management decisions being made by the group. As we're standing here looking out across the landscape, we're looking at a lot of geology here, which is the genesis of where the soils came from and what we have to work with in our management today. You notice the mountains and valleys, as you look in the background, there's block uplifting that form the basis, the basic foundation for the growth of soils in this area. That was followed at a later time by volcanic activity that produced a lot of heavy basalt rocks weathered into a heavy smectitic or clay with a high shrink swell capacity, which forms the plant communities. It also has the valley floors. The soil has a pretty high osmotic potential, which forms the plant community there. The plants have to be adapted to very drought tolerant soils. This is an arid climate, but the soils are also, they hang onto the water very tightly. You can see in the distance here, the patch of yellow vegetation in the swale below us is actually cured grass. What we're seeing is dry grass, and on the hills just beyond it, we see a patchwork of sandpaper bush and creosote bush, and in the background, the brighter green mesquite. All are different dominant species on different substrates. The geology leads to the soils and the soils support plant communities, and the way we look at plant communities within the natural resources conservation services is through ecologic sites, and there are different potentials for each ecologic site based on the management objectives and the soils and the climate you're working within. For example, in the valley floors here, it's dominated by tubosa grass, and to a smaller extent, cytotes, grama, and cane beard grass or cane bluestem with a lot of annuals. When the soil takes place, we lose the little bit of diversity we had with the cytotes, grama, and the cane beard grass, and the annuals start to become more a functional part of the plant community, and then as we continue with retrogression, our tubosa grass will lead to large barrier areas. Working out the logistics of large-scale control burning was a major catalyst for the group's formation. As we look at the needs of this landscape, and one of the overwhelming needs is to burn periodically, to rejuvenate the grassland and maintain that balance of grass and woody species, we see that climate is driving this system toward a woody or shrubbier condition, and that it requires that periodic intervention with fire to maintain the balance, and it turns out that without someone on the land to manage that, it really wouldn't happen very often. We've pretty much come to the conclusion that there needs to be somebody, a landowner, a land manager, who's out there taking an active interest in managing that landscape in order to take the actions that need to be done to sustain that grassland habitat. The Malpai Borderlands Group and all of the cooperating agencies are doing some pretty extensive fire planning for the Malpai area. This map depicts the area, from the Mexican border up to about Animus and back down the other side. In addition, we have some cooperating ranchers in Mexico to the south of us that are interested, also interested in fire management. So we have over a million acres where we're trying to plan for improved fire management. The thing actually came together. It actually got started.  And we are continuing with that process and we have a track record behind us. We have accomplished some very significant things. We have good records, both from tree rings in the top end of the watersheds and from sediment cores in ponds in the bottom end of the watershed where this country has burned on a fairly predictable return interval of between 5 and 10 years for millennia. And so one of the aspects of this that we can manage, the weather is out of our control and the soils are pretty much out of our control, but we can manage fire. By burning periodically, it knocks back the vigor of the shrubs, kills some of the shrubs. It actually invigorates the growth of the grass and we see it from three to five years following a fire. And it also causes a decline in the woody vegetation. The overall long-term objective is to restore some of these landscapes the way they were in the earlier years or in the 1800s so that we can get fire back, we can get the watershed back and healthy and functioning for the whole landscape. A healthy native perennial grassland is the most effective as a watershed buffer for managing rainfall runoff and maintaining perennial stream flows. Watershed conditions of the borderlands are influenced by sound management of both upland and lowland areas. This benefits livestock, fish and wildlife, as well as people. A healthy functioning watershed becomes an effective barometer for evaluating the effects of deliberate management practices on the land. We're standing at Blackdraw, which is part of the Yaqui River Basin, the real Yaqui River Basin. And at one time, this used to be a perennial stream bed. Eight different species of native fish used to live here in this stream channel. It used to look like a marshy grassland. So in places like downstream on the San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge where we have endangered fish and amphibians, having a more dependable year-round flow of water would be a great benefit to them. We knew we had some trees that were endangered. We knew we had some special birds. But a few years ago, we learned that in some of our stockponds, we had some very rare native frogs and that they were disappearing on, for instance, a wildlife refuge in some of the pristine areas in Arizona. So we decided we would try to work to preserve the frogs in order for the other areas to see what was maybe wrong or maybe right.  And there are Indian sites found on the side of these, but now they're just dry grasslands with no form of water. And very possibly, the water table at one time flowed through and the frogs had just wonderful habitat. And then the long-range grazing trends and different things changed it. We put in man-made dirt tanks and the frogs were able to survive in those water catchments year-round, whereas they used to have just a year-round permanent water. And so it seems like a stretch, but in fact, through the connectivity of these, of landscape function and vegetation conditions, burning these valley bottoms and hillsides is probably one of the most effective things we can do to manage the aquatic habitat for the fish down on the bottom of the valley. Historically, relatively shallow, meandering streams flow perennially in this watershed. During the monsoon season, flash floodwaters would crest over the grassy low banks, spilling the flow out onto the floodplain and riparian areas. This slowing of the floodwater allowed it to steep into the aquifer, rather than be channeled away downstream. Seasonally, this would recharge the aquifer. The water would provide year-round habitat for native desert fishes and sustain stream-side vegetation. Now, deeply in-sized channels quickly flushed the sediment-rich water downstream, leaving aquifers and surface streams dry. Our long-term goal is to try and get this stream channel to actually function again the way it used to in the early or the late 1800s. Beaver work was the first thing that actually was taken from this land and almost made extinct. And they're a huge part of the wetland system. They're what forms the landscapes. And so what we're trying to do is to bring the beaver back to actually help us rebuild our wetlands, basically. We'll be reintroducing the beaver, and what we're hoping they do is dam the actual stream channels and build it up so that it would also help to drop sediment and to slow down water and to help recover some of these stream channels. The rich mosaic of landscape here provides many challenges and opportunities for land managers. As a conservationist, we're kind of stuck with a dilemma of reading the landscape and the resources we're working on and fitting that mosaic puzzle together and looking at the ranch we're working on or the farm and thinking in a larger context in how it fits in the total system and the way it was formed geomorphologically and the way the soils function and the plant communities help support. And if we can break it down into looking at soils and putting the plant communities that are on those soils hooked to the potential plant community or the managed plant community that's desired, we can get our ecologic building pieces and attain functioning ecosystems which should be our ultimate goal in any planning efforts we do. And a functioning ecosystem is usually not bounded by a single landowner. It's bounded more by a landscape as we're looking out across the horizon here. What we're looking at here is this little cactus. This is actually a large example of this species. This is the Robbins Pincushion cactus. And this little cactus probably represents one extreme of the scale of diversity that we're trying to manage in this landscape. The scale of diversity we're trying to protect here. And this little cactus, is an endangered species by virtue of its rarity. And it's actually known from only three limestone hills in this immediate area, the one we're standing on, the one just south of us across the border in Mexico and the next hill just to the east of us here. So these three hills represent the entire global distribution of the species. And so from the point of view of managing this species, which is known from only this location, we have to really focus on what's happening on the hill tops. And anyway, this represents kind of one extreme of the scale of biological diversity that we try to manage here. This being kind of the most local, most restricted scale. And at the other end of the spectrum, a good example of that is in the valley here, just behind us, moving down from the limestone hills that we're standing on here, you rapidly move into a different plant community in the foothills there. And then as you go across the valley, you go through a whole series of patches of different vegetation. And so we see that the landscape here is really made up of a patchwork of different vegetation types. It's a mosaic of biological diversity on a very broad scale. So we've gone from looking at the tiniest scale, an individual rare plant population to a broad scale of how to maintain diversity in the broad landscape. Livestock and wildlife have often been considered at odds with each other and unable to share a habitat. There have certainly been conflicts such as those between livestock and wolves. However, many species are impacted here in entirely unmanageable ways that have nothing to do with livestock. This is Black Bear sign here. They eat this shoot that comes out of the agave once in a lifetime after the agave shoots that stalk in the air and flowers out. That's it. The plant dies. But the bears break these off and eat them. These are bear teeth marks and claw marks, of course, on the stalk. He didn't finish this one. You didn't see that plant right there where he's crawled up in there. He bent the spines or the spears down. The concerns with the bears eating on the agaves is their critical habitat for nectar-feeding bats, which is a listed species. It's something we have to manage for in the system here. We have a hard time getting people to recognize that there are other resources that are affecting these plants and just livestock grazing. The bears probably have a much bigger impact on them than a cow would ever have just because of the form of the plant grows in. With the spines and the sawtooth leaf margins, it's somewhat protected from predation by cattle. They do eat it, but the bear, as Warner stated, just tear the whole thing apart and they're pretty fragile. It's a bolting plant. Just some of the dynamics we have to deal with. The fragility of the ecosystem is important, but the subtleties are where the flavor of it is and what we need to be sensitive to. Reading the signs on the land and putting the resources together to affect our management. How these lands are managed can affect biological communities across the hemisphere. The large ranches of the borderlands comprise a portion of critical wildlife migration and sea dispersal corridors that extend into South America. Diverse, often rare plants and animals need this relatively unfragmented landscape to complete their life cycles to fully reproduce. So we're looking at patterns of diversity on a large scale here, from just a matter of a few square meters for this cactus on the hillside to a few square miles for the movement of some of the wildlife in and out of the mountains to literally thousands of miles looking on a hemispheric scale for maintaining the migration of some of these birds and bats. Long distance migratory species that fly, both birds and bats, depend on food resources at intervals along the way throughout a migration of thousands of miles. And if that habitat gets broken up so that they don't have that high energy food source to sustain their migration, their populations could easily be seriously impacted or even extirpated. But these wildlife corridors, as you can see, in this area coming out of Mexico right up into the USA right here, we've got a tremendous amount of valleys and mountain ranges that come in right in and hopefully those will remain open. I was fortunate enough to take a photograph of Jaguar right here in these mountains about five miles from this spot and it was the first photograph of a Jaguar alive in the United States. So these corridors are working. They're working and a big thing we have to keep them open. In the late 70s and the early 80s when the biologists came in here to look at the opportunity for the introduction of the sheep into this country, they all pretty much reached consensus that there was an opportunity to create a herd of Desert Bighorn sheep in a continuous landscape. The herd would cover all some 60 to 80 miles and it would be a continuous herd that was totally uninterrupted. In 1998 when they brought the sheep into us they had rethought that process. The large landscape that those sheep require to be a viable population had been divided into four smaller portions so now they're looking at metapopulations that can survive with less than 100 sheep in each of those populations in four different areas. That's happened due to subdivision and cutting those corridors where those animals actually used to intermingle within the herds. Development, leapfrogging past urban boundaries threatens to fragment this once unbroken land. When subdivided into 40 acre parcels human impact can greatly degrade the land. Wildlife corridors are blocked and wildlife populations sharply decline. Sustaining ranching operations on a large scale becomes crucial for sustaining healthy ecosystems. We ranchers were concerned about what the future of this landscape would be not just for the sake of ranching but for the sake of the wildlife and the open space values that are here. There's a lot of pressure to the west and to the north, what they call ex-urban development that is subdivisions that aren't connected to the metropolitan area. We thought it would be a tragic thing for everyone who values what's out here whether they be ranchers or not if this area was to start to get cut up and developed. Fortunately through the efforts of the Malpai Borderlands Group we're working to try to sustain not only the landscape but the lifestyle that has been so fortunately presented to some of us to maintain a lifestyle with the cattle ranching formula that we use to actually just pay the bills on the ranch. In the course of meeting with these folks we begin to talk about ways that we might be able to take the bull by the horns and begin to preserve and maintain this open space that's out here and at the same time give the ranching livelihoods a chance of carrying on into the century that we're in now. It's changed a tremendous amount even in my lifetime and I think we'll continue to see changes in it and the requirements that people have for really wanting open spaces and scenic open spaces is something that we really need to contend with due to our air and water quality that those enhance for us. The landowners and agency managers of the Malpai Borderlands Group have learned to work together to find solutions to large-scale natural resource conflicts. This collaborative approach is crucial to the long-term viability of this landscape. The group has worked hard to understand their landscape and adjust their management accordingly. By managing for sustainable ranching operations here the people and the ecological communities they depend on will gracefully remain co-inhabitants and stewards of the Borderlands far into the future. All this is trial and error here. All we can do is try our best to see what works and what doesn't work. We don't know if bringing back to Beaver is actually gone to restore the stream channel but that's all we have right now to go by. I think we're all working this piece of the puzzle because none of us know exactly what's going to make it work. The most significant thing we've done is get folks to think differently about how they wake up every day and proceed. I rarely think in terms of just the ranch anymore. In the back of my mind it's how does my ranch fit in with this larger landscape and what do I do today? What is that going to affect a great number of things? It's not really as complicated as it sounds. It just simply is an attitude that will then pervade the way that you go about doing your business every day. When we started the organization we really looked at the process for not the next six months when we hope we get a rain but for the next 30 to 60 years. And if we can do that I think all of our ancestors will think we did the greatest thing in the world and we know that our children and their offspring will really appreciate wise planning and forward thinking of a little organization that's spawned in the southeastern corner of Arizona and the southwestern corner of New Mexico.


Aloha and welcome to the Hawaii Smooth Jazz Connection. I am your host, Gwendolyn Harris. This show every week will showcase some of our amazing local artists and there are many. There will be from time to time a special guest, so make sure you stay tuned. Now, as a lover of music and growing up playing music all the way through college, I am very happy to have this special guest on the show today. This gentleman is one of the most and amazing versatile saxophonists in pop, soul, and contemporary jazz. He grew up in a well-known musical family here in Hawaii and has played with Algero, James Ingram, Rick Braun, Peter White, Oleda Adams, Kenny Loggins, Jeffrey Osborn, Bobby Caldwell, Johnny Mathis, and Herbie Hancock, just to name a few. He has played in many jazz festivals around the world, including the largest one in the world, the Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival in Indonesia. Let's welcome Mr. Michael Paolo to the show. Hello, so far. Aloha, Michael, how are you? I am so glad to have you on the show. Well, thank you for letting me be your inaugural guest. Well, you know, you're the one that really started all this with me here with the smooth jazz here in Hawaii, so I thank you. Now, let's get straight down to business, okay? Let's get straight down to business. Oh, thank you, business.  So how was that growing up in that household? I can just imagine. Well, basically, you know, the music everywhere, right? When we have parties, the whole family would entertain, so we never lack entertainment.  We have students come in and out, and so I grew up with music everywhere, you know? And early on, you know, my siblings, I mean, they would play the Beatles and all those old rock bands and Sinatra and everything. So I heard it all and a lot of people surprised that I didn't really play music. I didn't start till I was 15 years old in high school. But growing up in that environment really helped out a lot. Wow. So what made you pick the saxophone to play? Just by chance, really. I went to, like I said, I didn't start till I was 15. I went to St. Louis High School there and I decided to play, join the band on a whim, because it was an elective course, you know, and in high school you could choose physical education or band, right? So the first semester I chose PE and I got tired of running, because that's all they did was run. So I thought, let's forget this. So a lot of my friends, I mean, you should take band because it's an easy aid. You know, the teacher was very lenient, so I said, okay, so I signed up for band. And fortunately, I didn't start on the saxophone. He put me on the oboe. Oh, wow. It was a big charmer instrument and it was terrible, right? But I had to play it in Symphony Band. I learned how to play it. And finally, I got so fed up, I said, look, if you don't let me play something else, I'm going to quit. Oh, wow. So anyway, he said, well, you know, we're kind of showing the instruments. If you can borrow an instrument from somebody, you know, I'll let you play, right? So my uncle had a saxophone and my dad's younger brother. So I called him up. I said, hey, can I borrow your saxophone?  And he said, yes. And so that's how I got started. So I got the saxophone. I played it and I fell in love. And that was the second half of my freshman year. And I practiced all summer long. I was so enamored with the saxophone, right? And every day I drove my siblings nuts, you know. They were pounding on the walls and every day. But I literally practiced every day. I couldn't let the horn down. So by the time I went back from my sophomore year, my sophomore year, I mean, first year in all the band. And that was, you know, from all that hard work over the summer. Now, what other instruments do you play? I know you play more than just the saxophone. Well, I play the flute and of course I play a little piano, you know. I tried to learn the ukulele, but I gave up. See, that's what I played. I started out playing the clarinet. And I played the flute as well. I played the flute all the way through college. Yeah. My mom loved the clarinet. She said, someone should play the clarinet. And I had a really good clarinet. But I just couldn't get used to the octave changes.  When you go to lower register, the fingering for G is actually a C. And so I just forget that. Now, now from 1975 to 1979, you played with the Hawaii Pop Rock band Kalapana. How did you get started and connected with them? Well, I was playing after I graduated from high school, I was playing different bands and shows and Waikiki. And of course, I made a reputation really quickly. And I was playing with everybody. So when Kalapana, they made that historic first record. And it's a big hit record. And they had a session saxophonist when they made the record from LA. It was great, Jackie Kelso. And so when they came back to Hawaii to do their big premier concert at the Becky T. Shelton, I think it was like that record. 11,000 people. They needed a saxophone player because of the work on the album. So I guess they heard about me.   I said, yeah, you know, and it was kind of baptism by choir because I met the band. I never met them before. The band, they flew in that week at the concert. And I met them. And I don't even remember if I rehearsed. They just gave me the music here. I learned to stop, you know.   And it was an experience. And I had never done that before. Of course, I was just playing in Waikiki show band and all that. So, you know, that was a great experience. And that kind of launched me. And from that point, I moved to the main hall with them. I actually gave up a scholarship to go to college in North Texas. And decided to just hit the road with them. And, you know, I learned everything. We were in the studio making records. We were writing songs, you know, traveling, touring, everything.  So that was a great experience. And, you know, over the years, I've always kept in contact with the people watching the new Malani lead singers. That's the way, recently. But I learned that it was Malani that actually got me in the band. Yeah, I actually seen you play at the local club that they used to play at. On jazz, jams on Sunday. Right. I used to go play. And I used to do a thing with two saxophones. Like, got some rolling foot and stuff. And when it came time to get saxophone, Malani said, hey, how about that guy that goes to the jam sessions and he plays two saxophones. He's pretty cool. And so that's how I got the gig.  When I moved to LA in 1981, and I was playing around different clubs. And I was actually playing with the members from the band Rupus. Bobby Watson, Andrew Fisher, Maxine Lewis, and Tony Maiden. So I was question that they found me and they asked me to play with this band. And we were playing at Josephine's club in New York City. And I was just talking about this with my wife because it was Al Jirol's birthday, by the way. You know, my mentor. And so Al used to come into Josephine and we were playing in the band there. And I remember when he would walk in and everybody would go, wow, who Al Jirol's in the corner over there. It was like a big deal, right? So this is what I know. He was actually checking me out.   But when they finally said, hey, we know this guy from Hawaii and stuff. And he already knew who I was. So when I met him at the first rehearsal, he looked at me smile and he said, hey man, I've been checking you out. Wow. It's amazing how you can see, you know, like that jam session on Sunday. I got to get with Kalapana because the lead singer saw me there and playing at a little club in Studio City, Josephine. And Al Jirol saw me play there and that's how it got discovered by him. You never know who's watching you. You never know. No, no, you never know. You never know. Now, in 1988, you recorded your first major solo release, One Passion, on MCA Records, which you are critically acclaimed as one of the most influential recording contemporary jazz artists. Now, for people, when we talk about jazz and we talk about smooth jazz, some people don't really know the difference. So when we talk about contemporary jazz, smooth jazz and our alternative jazz, what is the difference and how did you get into playing smooth jazz and contemporary jazz? Well, jazz is such a broad, broad idiom, you know, I mean. And it's not to the point where basically if you improvise over a music base, you can call that jazz because jazz is all about improvising, right?  So we went from new adult contemporary jazz to smooth jazz, to some quiet storm. I mean, all the formats, they try to identify, you know, what the instrumental music of the day was. So basically just a label that they can mark it. So today, smooth jazz has become a melding of really pop, R&B, and jazz, you know. So basically you take popular songs and R&B songs, and then you cover them, right? And then you make it an instrumental, and then you solo it. So that's basically what smooth jazz is, and it tends to be more groove-oriented, right? So as far as widespread appeal, that's why it got really popular, is because a lot of the artists were recording songs that the baby boomers, you know, that loved the format, they recognized the songs, you know. You know, Junior Walker, and then, you know, I mean, Geoffrey Oz's point of song, whatever, all these standards, so they would record instrumentally, rearrange it, and then it would become popular, and that's what really smooth jazz is. Wow. Now I learned the lesson, and I love smooth jazz. I really didn't start listening to it until when I was deployed, is when I really started listening to it back in 2005. And then, of course, 2007 when I came here, and you started me with this, Michael Paolo, with this smooth jazz here in Hawaii, starting listening to it. 12 years ago, you know, I started doing shows in the Waikiki Nisho Room. Yeah, and how that got started, actually, there was a smooth jazz station, in Hawaii, and I was riding in the car with my uncle, who's also a smooth jazz fan, right? And all of a sudden, I'm riding in his car, and Boney James is playing, right? So I'm like, I looked him up, and I said, wow, there's Boney James, and he goes, yeah, that's the jazz station here, right?  And so the light went off, I said, wow, they got radio here, and you gotta bring the artist in, right? And so that's how it started. So I started bringing them in, and for a long time, I had a great opportunity, and I did so many jazz concerts over the years, which many of them you attended. Of course. But then, of course, we all know the Blue Note came in, which is a great big jazz club and iconic, and so they started actually booking a lot of artists that I was working with. So unfortunately, that made it more difficult for me to do my shows in Hawaii, which is okay, because for the fans there, now they have some place that can go on a regular basis, and they can see how great it is. So I'm glad I started the trend, and now it's something that is a regular situation, and it's great for the fans over there. Well, we miss you, but we have to go on a quick break. So everybody, just stand by, and we'll be right back. Aloha, and welcome to At the Crossroads. I'm your host, Keisha King. I'm live at five every Wednesday, where we have entertaining and educational conversations that are real and relevant, both here in Hawaii and across the globe. I'll see you at the Crossroads. Aloha. My name is Amy Ortega Anderson, inviting you to join us every Tuesday here on Pinoy Power Hawaii. With Think Tech Hawaii, we come to your home at 12 noon every Tuesday. We invite you to listen, watch for our mission of empowerment. We aim to enrich, enlighten, educate, entertain, and we hope to empower. Again, maraming, salamat po, mabuhay, and aloha. Aloha, and welcome back to the Hawaii Smooth Jazz Connection with my special guest, Michael Paolo, Hawaii's own Michael Paolo. Welcome back to the show, Michael. Thank you for being here. I'm the first one. Yes, you are the first one. You are the first one. You are the first one. So prior to going on break, we were talking about the contemporary jazz, smooth jazz, but this question, next question that I have for you, is you just completed your 11th album, Beautiful Day. What can we expect to hear from this album versus your other albums? Well, when you get older, you tend to get simpler. And like I said, I went through all the idioms of jazz, and at one point fusion jazz was a big thing, like Jeff Warbur, those kind of groups, and the yellow jackets, and all that. So when you're young, you want to do all this stuff in riffs, and then lines, and then get complicated, and everything. But then at the older you get, basically, you just want a group, as a melody. So this record is that. It's really, it's a reflection of all my different influences. And I did a bunch of cover songs, I did actually songs by Sting, and then your song Elton John, El Tirol arrangement. So Europa, that's a Bombardian song. So I have the record of cover songs that basically I was playing, and then I also composed different songs. And most of them are just really a simple group with a melody. So it's a very accessible record. But like my mom said, it's not crazy. So I guess we're going to have a special treat from you today, or are you going to play for us today? Yeah, you know, Grover Washington was one of my influences, and I just came back from Java Jazz, and hung out with my good friend Harvey Mason, great world-class drummer. So one of the great things is that Harvey actually played on the original hit of Fogogo, Mr. Magic, which is a song I'm going to play. And that's one of my materials that I've enjoyed in my career is moving up to LA and actually getting to meet, become friends, and play with all these superstar musicians that I only looked at the name on the record when I was growing up and stuff. So that's pretty cool. And I actually met Grover once. Oh, wow.  And like I said, one of my influences growing up.  Okay. And that's one of my favorites. Awesome. Awesome. Awesome. Awesome. See, now you have to come back to Hawaii and put on another concert. So for everybody that just saw him play, if you see Michael in concert, he is off the chain. He'll jump up on tables, chairs. So what you see is just very, it's very mellow, but you need to see Michael in concert. He is amazing. That was just a sneak peek, a sneak peek of him. Yeah, you just had back in the chair. Yeah, so you really need to put on another show, Michael. Thank you so much for that. And that kind of leads me into my next question. Your company, Apollo Productions, is involved in producing many jazz concerts in California and Hawaii, including the Temecula Wine Festival in California. You also produced the Pacific Rim Jazz Festival here in Hawaii and the Asian Heritage Jazz Festival. What are your future plans to make sure jazz does not die on the island? Well, I mean, like I said, I'm going to keep trying to bring back my favorite artists.  I mean, you have all these great artists I'm circulating to now. And what I love about what they're doing is they're mixing it up. They're bringing, you know, straight ahead people, different kind of jazz. I mean, you've touched on Boots, Gordie. And so they really have different kind of genres coming in. You know, once in a while, they have a pop act and all that and R&B and stuff. But it's really cool that, you know, every week they have something you can go check out. Right? And then, of course, they're giving a forum for a lot of the local jazz artists to play there. Yes. You know? So it is pretty cool. So, you know, I think that's why it's a great environment for them, you know, to keep doing that.   So we'll see what happens for the future. Well, I think you should, because like I tell everyone. I might do a smooth jazz festival. Well, see, that's what you need to do. Because I get the question all the time. It's, yes, we need a smooth jazz festival, Michael. We need to talk. It's in the works. We need to talk. We need to talk. Because we need one. Talk about that. So our people that are, we have some people that are traveling to that. I have some friends that are actually going to that festival. So talk about that. So it's, you know, it's my 15th annual. I started 15 years ago. And basically, you know, I kind of, it was an offshoot from another festival I was involved with on the Big Island of Hawaii, the Dolphin Days Festival. So I did that for about 14 years. And I brought so many great artists there and stuff. Unfortunately, that ended. But when that ended, I kind of started my own event in California. So this is our 15th year. And, you know, I've made it about, part of it's about great music, of course. I've had a lot of great artists over the years. But also, since Temecula's a hotbed for wineries, we also make it into a unique wine case in its fair. So we have what they call wine we roll. You can just kind of go from each booth and sample wines from all over the world. You know, and of course we all know that wine and jazz will go well together, right? Yes, it does. So the whole concept is really great. And then, you know, we have some local vendors and everything. But like I said, we always raise money for local charities. So we raise money for different organizations like the Shriners Hospital for Children, All from the Heart, Wounded Warriors. And currently, we're benefiting, we're helping out the Boys and Girls Club. So because it's important for kids to have somewhere to go after school, you know, in these days, parents are so busy working, both mom and dad working. When they come out of school, you know, sometimes they get into trouble and everything. So the Boys and Girls Club is a great organization because it gives kids somewhere to go and do activities and hang out and not getting trouble. Awesome. I'm all for that. So if we have some people from Hawaii, if we have some people, which I have some friends that are going, but if we have some people from Hawaii that want to come to the Temecula Wine and Jazz Festival, where would they go to get tickets? Just go to TemeculaWineandMusicFestival.com, or else are afraid to place T-I-X.com. Okay. That's my ticket. Yeah, same like the shows in Hawaii. Okay. T-I-X and just key in my name or whatever the festival and then, you know, it'll come up. And yeah, tickets just went on sale this week. Okay. Awesome. Awesome. So I'm excited. Actually, you know, along with the jazz people that we have, I got actually a special guest who Oachma is going to play. Oh, wow. Yeah. Oh, Patrice Russian. Forgive me not and everything. And I'm working on a legendary blues singer, jazz singer, Barbara Morrison. So I have many different artists appearing. But this year, one of our headlines is the band Pablo Cruz. So, you know, from the 70s and 80s and kind of like in the vein of Kalopana, you know, we should tour it. And they were always on the same circuit. You know, we were hitting the same venues and stuff. So I always love their music. And so I called up the band named Corey Lysaroff and nice guy. He said, oh yeah, we'll come down and help you out and then play. So it's going to be a fun, fun day. Yeah. Oh, wow. I wish I could make it. I wish I was trying to make it this year. I'm putting it on my list for next year. But I know you also have, I know you also do a lot of concerts with the Weston. Yeah. We moved at the Weston. Uh-huh. And we actually, we just had guitars, great Chiquiso. And they partied that. I had my good friend Peter White.  But this next show coming up April 6th, I got GW3.  They're on the Dave Coscoos, they're everywhere right now. They're really getting popular and stuff. So they're going to be playing along with Gail Johnson from Jazz and Tink. Uh-huh. And I love this girl. Her name's Grace Kelly. And I've seen her. Uh-huh. Yeah. I've seen her. And she's a great girl, sexfulness, and she's amazing. You know? And then, so now she's singing, she sings, and she plays and everything. So, yeah, I have fun putting together these combinations of artists that nobody thinks about. And so, so I got GW3 playing with Gail Johnson and Grace Kelly. And they're all going to jam together. Oh, wow. Wow. Yeah. That's coming up. Yeah. Michael, I thank you so much for being on my inaugural show. Thank you, thank you, thank you. I hope there will be much more. Oh, yes. I'm sure there will. And for everybody, all the viewers that are watching, Michael Paolo is the one that really inspired me in this smooth jazz and what I do and trying to keep it alive and to know about artists here on the island and elsewhere. So again, I thank you, Michael, for being on this show. Thank you. Great job, Gwen. Thank you. Say hi to your beautiful wife for me and kiss the grandbaby who I have never met, but I always see. I know. Okay. Aloha. Aloha. Thank you.


Daily Tech News Show is made possible by its listeners. Thanks to all of you, including Chris Smith, Mark Gibson, and Reid Fishler. Coming up on DTNS, should you take your e-commerce problems to Crab Court, plus Meta's prototype VR headsets of the future and a big advancements in tech for 6G cell service? I hear me right here. This is The Daily Tech News for Tuesday, June 21st, 2022 in Los Angeles. I'm Tom Merritt. And from Studio Redwood, I'm Sarah Lane. From Studio Colorado, I'm Shannon Morse. And I'm the show's producer, Roger Chang. Oh, my goodness. I'm so excited to talk about Crab Court. But first, let's start with a few tech things you should know. Google dropped its appeal on a French $592 million antitrust fine. France's competition regulator issued the fine in July of 2021 for Google's abusive negotiation practices with publishers on payments for content reuse. As part of the settlement, for at least the next five years, Google agreed to good faith negotiating with news publishers on content reuse payments, like offering a compensation proposal within three months of negotiations and agreeing for an arbitration tribunal to settle disputes. The terms also mean that publishers aren't bound by previous deals inked with Google and are free to negotiate under this new framework. The US imposed sanctions on Chinese tech companies over the last few years, most prominently, probably heard about the ones on Huawei. It involved restricting the kinds of chips that could be imported for Huawei and other companies to use. That has spurred China to invest in its domestic chip manufacturing, and Bloomberg results that 19 of the 20 fastest growing chip industry firms over the past year are now in China. A year ago, that number was eight out of 20. Revenue for those fast-growing Chinese chip companies is also growing faster than companies like ASML or TSMC, with total sales from Chinese chip makers rising 18% in 2021 and even established companies like SMIC in China, because you might think, well, the new companies, of course, their percentage rises are huge. They're coming from nothing. SMIC reported a 67% surge in quarterly sales, and it definitely was not coming from nothing. The Chinese government is investing billions of dollars into its domestic chip companies, and the products are decent. Apple apparently considered using Yangtze Memory Technologies as a flash memory on the iPhone. Speaking of Apple, the company shared technical details on a feature in both iOS and iPadOS 16 called automatic verification. When enabled, this would automatically and privately verify a device and Apple ID through iCloud, presenting a private access token to a site rather than using a CAPTCHA. So CAPTCHA haters rejoice, or potentially. Cloudflare and Fastly announced support for private access tokens already, and Apple also said that macOS Ventura supports the feature as well. Microsoft hasn't suffered the same number of Xbox shortages that Sony has for PS5, but Microsoft has confirmed there is now a shortage of Xbox controllers. Microsoft says it's working as fast as possible to improve the supply. Meanwhile, Microsoft also is pulling public access to several of its Azure face facial analysis tools. That includes one that attempts to read emotions. Microsoft will also retire Azure faces attempts to identify attributes such as gender, age, smile, facial hair, hair and makeup. New customers will lose access right away and existing customers lose access June 30th. Microsoft will continue to use the technology in its own seeing AI machine vision aid. Well, whatever this metaverse ends up being, and we still don't really know, many hope it will be an open place where companies, products can interoperate with each other rather than a series of sold lands tied to certain manufacturers hardware. So to further the end of openness, several companies have joined up to form the metaverse standards forum. Amonging the founding members are NVIDIA, Microsoft, Wayfair, IKEA, Adobe, Alibaba, Epic Games, Huawei, Qualcomm, Sony and Meta to name a few. The organization is open to any member at no cost. So Apple and Google can speak yearsly apps and I wonder if they knew about this. Oh, I bet they knew. I'm curious when Google usually joins these standards organizations, I'm curious why they did not in this case or if they will shortly. Maybe they're just trying to get around to it. Apple doesn't surprise me at all. They're often late to these standards organizations but maybe they'll eventually join in and I hope they do because we are starting to get more little things from that metaist of all metaverse wannabe companies, Meta. Yeah, we really are. So the idea of the metaverse, you can't really go any farther than the company that renamed itself Meta. That is a company that really cares about it, hence the name. Continues to sign up big brands to open up virtual spaces in horizon worlds, joining retail company Coach, handbags, make a lot of shoes, high-end brand and others is Fender musical instruments with a guitar shaped island called the Fender Strativerse and the BMW group with its mini Cooper oriented miniverse. So yes, brands are in the metaverse. They are alive and well. The new horizon worlds apps were announced at Cannes Lions event and are available to all US and Canada MetaQuest two users. But Meta also wants you to focus on the hardware that will access the metaverse in the future. At a round table last week, virtual round table, Meta showed off several VR headset prototypes and talked about the company's goal of developing one that will pass a visual Turing test. That's one where the virtual display is indistinguishable from the real world. Yeah, that would be cool. Yeah, this round table was for particular reporters and they all seem to get the same presentation at the same time. Meta gave four basic concepts to achieve their goals. They want high resolution. So you should be able to experience 2020 vision without your glasses. Variable focal depth and eye tracking so that as your eyes focus on far away objects, they come into focus naturally. The eye tracking can tell what your eye is doing and change the focus of the screen to adapt. That is something that's shown off before in its half dome prototypes. Number three, fix optical distortions caused by lenses. And number four, implement HDR, which will give you realistic brightness, shadows and color depth. So let's run through the prototypes. There's four prototypes here, I think. The first is a way to achieve these goals with Hollow Cake 2. I know you're like, I barely even knew Hollow Cake 1. Well, welcome to Hollow Cake 2. It's the thinnest VR headset Meta has made and uses thin holographic lenses. The holographic lenses use optical folding to polarize the light so that a nearly flat panel can be used instead of a thick lens which has to focus the light through the thick lens. If Meta can develop a self-contained laser light source, it could make Hollow Cakes as flat as a pair of sunglasses. Shannon, does that sound good to you? Oh, absolutely, it does, Tom. See, the biggest thing for me when it comes to VR and I was an early adopter way back in the day when Google came out with Cardboard and we have Google Glass for AR and then I currently have the very old Lenovo Mirage, I think it's called, but I haven't really gotten into it lately because they've been kind of uncomfortable. They're too big and bulky and I find myself not wanting to put them on my face just because if I'm going to use it for a long period of time, like if I'm playing the Star Trek game, for example, I don't want to because it's uncomfortable. So the fact that they're trying to make something that is a little bit more self-contained, a little bit thinner, hopefully like sunglasses, that is very intriguing to me because as a current glasses wearer, I feel like I would be adapted to that much more comfortably. Yeah, I mean, I'm a Quest 2 user, formerly a original Quest user and one of the things that has been, I mean, it doesn't really preclude me from playing anything and enjoying it, but the way that the headset sort of falls comfortably onto my face, no matter how I put it on my face because it's heavy, it always ends up being like, ooh, my eyes can't quite see this, but it has to be like, if it was just slightly different angle, which the headset can't really do, then I could see everything a lot more clearly. Obviously the lighter the headsets get, the better this is for just the general being able to see what you're supposed to see in VR, but I have found that the Quest 2 is a little harder to secure on my head than the Quest 1 and I think it's because it's lighter. So it bounces around a little bit more. I play a lot of exercise games, so I'm jumping around, you're not necessarily always doing that in VR, sometimes you're sitting quietly, just having some fun with your controllers, but these are all really interesting factors to kind of see where this is going next. Yeah, it's interesting what you say about the Quest 2, it's too heavy to just sit on your face like a pair of sunglasses, but it's lighter than the Quest 1, so it doesn't benefit from its own momentum, which sounds like what you were getting with the Quest 1. Yeah, at least with me, yeah. That's definitely been a factor. It feels like HoloKic 2 would fix that because it wants to be super thin. Now these actually look more like a headset than the HoloKic 1. HoloKic 1 really did look like a pair of glasses, but what you really want out of VR besides weight is resolution. Butterscotch is the next prototype we'll look at. It cuts the field of view roughly in half from 110 degrees down to about 55 or so. So this is a prototype. That's obviously not an acceptable field of view for a shipping product, but in order to do, the reason it does that is to achieve retinal resolution at 1832 by 1920 pixels per eye. That puts it at 55 pixels per field of view degree, and Meta itself defines retina as 60, so it's close to that. Varjo is a company that ships retina screens in its headsets. They're several thousand dollars. It has 64 pixels per eye in the pixels per field of view degree. Still, Butterscotch has enough to let the user read the bottom line of an eye test in VR. Which I can't even do right now with my current prescription glasses. So if they can make that happen and I don't have to wear my glasses, then I'm down. Yeah, I've had a strange VR experience where I need to wear glasses. I mean, I wear contact lenses day to day, but if I wasn't wearing these, I would need to wear glasses. Glasses are usable in VR, but there's a bulkiness, it's a thing. So the idea that if you needed to have the highest resolution possible, not everything is gonna benefit from the smaller field of view, certainly, but I don't know if you're watching a movie or something like that. I mean, then you kind of get into other situations where I can see myself walking onto a plane. Let's say I'm late, everybody else is already seated and everybody's wearing their VR headsets because they're watching their movies. Well, let's get brightness then because you definitely need to not have super dark, even if you have high resolution, the Starburst HDR prototype. That's the one that's gonna make it look good, not just high res, but make it actually look good. That's what HDR does. Can produce up to 20,000 nits of brightness. Compare that to your Quest 2's 100 nits right now. It almost fits my eyes to think about that. Right now the amount of fans and wires it needs to operate means you can't actually wear the prototype. You could just sort of hold it up to your eye with handles but it works. Obviously not usable since you would have to hold it up the entire time. It almost looks like a robot, it's so cute. Yeah, yeah. Oh, sorry, go ahead, Sarah. Well, I was just gonna say, I'm like, do we need 20,000 nits of brightness? Everything seems so nice in there right now. We need the capability for it so that we never feel like we're... That's what we said about standard def, right? Like, come on, who really needs HD? Who cares about 4K? It's like, once you get it, then some people did.  And then they tie all these into a concept which they haven't built yet called Mirror Lake. So it gets the holographic lenses that are flat, the HDR, the mechanical varifocal lens and eye tracking, and creepily, it would use high-res LCD displays with laser backlights. No, that's not the creepy part, that's a good part. High-res LCD displays with laser backlights means flat but they're toying with the idea of external displays to show your eyes and facial expressions. That sounds weird, but if I could customize it so that I could have anime eyes, I would love that. It's not the first time they've toyed around with that concept. So hopefully it gets better. Would the external display be for, I don't know, someone else who's observing you? Yeah, to make you look natural as you're wearing these around. So you could wear them to the grocery store? Yeah, I'm sure you'll look real natural someday. I kind of do love the idea of that.  So here we go, this is the future. Just making part of your face. Finally, Meta Reality Labs chief scientist Michael Abrash says the key to all this is making the tech thin and flat when you're talking about the holographic lenses and the polarization that lets you pack in more functions without adding weight and thickness. Meanwhile, if you're wondering what they're actually gonna ship, Project Cambria is still on schedule, they say to ship by the end of the year. We'll offer eye tracking, high-resolution pass-through cameras for VR and AR, and after Cambria comes out, Meta plans to develop two lines of headsets, one that stays affordable like the Quest and a high-end professional grade line that they'll be shipping to enterprises and prosumers and companies and stuff like that. All right, let's talk about Gs, Shannon. Okay, let's talk about some Gs. Now, I know that 5G hasn't even rolled out very far enough to fulfill its ultimate low-latency high-capacity promise, but the folks who make standards are already working on 6G as in golf. The goals are pretty predictable, so it's gonna be faster, of course, almost zero latency and 52, 100 times the capacity of 5G. So to achieve the aims of 6G frequency bands, those must pass 100 gigahertz, AKA terahertz, well above the current few gigahertz that 5G services use. But the equipment used in telecommunications now can only resonate and absorb microwaves up to approximately 70 gigahertz, so there's a slight problem there. So a new technology needs to be developed that can achieve the higher frequency resonance, and we do have a promising development for that. Yeah, scientists at Osaka Metropolitan University published a study in physical review letters about something called chiral spin solution lattice. You can just remember it by the abbreviation CSL, that's how they tend to abbreviate. I know there's two S's there, they just call it CSL. The theory for using it to achieve broader frequency ranges than your typical ferromagnetic material, your typical iron magnets, has been around for a while. The theory's been there, but it has not been observed in experiments till now. The scientists created a crystal of a material made of chromium, niobium, and sulfur, if you're into your chemical symbols, it's CRNB3S6. The observed resonance in three models, but two of them weren't that great. The Kittle mod, or three modes, the Kittle mode is similar to what you get in an iron magnet. It would require an impractically strong magnetic field to achieve higher bandwidth in CSL, so that one's out. The second mode, asymmetric mode, didn't produce the desired effect either. But the third, the third called multiple resonance mode, increased frequency, when the magnetic field decreased, that is a win. It means a weak magnetic field could boost frequencies above 100 gigahertz. It means a weak magnetic field. In other words, you don't need as much power for this. First author on the paper, Dr. Shimamoto noted that the resonance frequency can be controlled over a wide band up to the subterrahertz band. So if anyone asked you about 6G, you can say, well, CSL seems to have solved the increased frequency band problem, and then refer them to fizz.org or the paper itself for more details. 6G rollout isn't coming anytime soon. It's currently targeted for 2030, but this was one of the obstacles to getting there, and it looks like we have a great solution to it. I love it because it sounds like this would be more environmentally friendly than what we currently have, because it's supposed to be using less energy. So in that fact alone, I'm very intrigued to see how this would work in actual real-life scenarios. Yeah, there's a lot of other advancements being done, and Samsung and several Chinese companies have shown the ability to do super fast transmissions and all of that, but this was one element of the practicality of being able to roll out that they needed to solve, and it looks like they have solved it. Now it still needs to go out in the field and be field tested, but it works, and it looks promising and saving us some money, which is good too. Shout out to the physicists. Yeah. We're like, hey, the Kittle mode needs a strong magnetic field, but it just is impractical. But hey, the multiple resonance mode actually requires the weakest magnetic field. So yay, we're on one here. Sometimes you just, yeah, we totally are. Sometimes you just do something and it works out even better than you expected. So hopefully this will pan out. If you have a thought about this or anything, send us an email feedback at dailytechnewshow.com. We love your emails, send them. The Wall Street Journal reports on an online court used by Chinese e-commerce shoppers to get judgments on bad shopping experiences, problems resolved in these court cases include a self-changing trash can that actually only self-sealed, oh no, a takeout dish of garlic oysters that had no garlic. Ooh, I know, how dare they. Pulpy watermelon juice that also had seeds. No good. No good, yep, one star. The journal describes the process used by Idea Fish, which is a Chinese online marketplace full of independent sellers. It calls its court the idle fish jury, but everyone else calls it crab court because it's presided over by a crab that has a unibrow, powdered wig, and a gavel. And I think we need to know more about this. Yeah, no kidding, Shannon, yes we do. So presiding over may be a strong word, it is a crab by the way. Judgments are actually carried out by a panel of anonymous fellow customers. So that's what's going on behind the scenes. Hence the word of the word jury in the official name. But the system apparently is working. More than 95% of all disputes brought to idle fish jury are resolved there in less than 90 minutes. 90 minutes, not 90 days, not 90 months, 90 minutes. But the system handles about half of Idle Fish's customer disputes and Idle Fish isn't the only one or even the first. I kind of love it, to be honest. I think it's really cool and that is correct. So Maituan has a customer court that used to be called the kangaroo jury because Maituan's mascot is a kangaroo but is now called Little May's Panel of Judges and Alibaba had its own version called Public Jury, though that one strangely enough was discontinued in 2018. I am fascinated and confused by this. I have so many questions. I respect the numbers. It apparently is working. 95% of the disputes are handled that way. And I get it where you have a seller and a customer who disagree, right? The seller says, I ordered a large, you sent me an extra large or the customer says that and the seller says too bad, that's still a shirt. That's what you ordered and the jury weighs in and goes no, you can't say that seller. Like it seems unreasonable, but sometimes you need somebody else to step in and resolve those things. But I also wonder if this would work anywhere else. Like, is this just unique to the culture of e-commerce in China or wouldn't this just descend into gamesmanship in other markets, including the United States? Yeah, that was my question is like, you would think that if for whatever reason, I don't know, Shannon's a seller, I'm a buyer, I buy something from her store. For some reason, people want to side with her rather than me. I mean, how is the court a impartial jury, so to speak? I don't know that it is. And maybe the people involved don't care. Maybe it's just kind of fun to be a part of this. They would be impartial because they're random and anonymous, right? So the chances of you picking someone randomly that was on the side of any individual seller or customer would be low. I guess the sellers could try to pack the pool with people by paying them to go in there, but that seems like you'd be paying for things that wouldn't always work. It's, yeah, I can't imagine. I mean, unless you were, I don't know, a seller that has lots of money to burn that you would even bother. It's kind of like small claims court, right? Well, hopefully given that this is a bunch of independent sellers, hopefully it holds some accountability to the marketplace, the sellers that are on these marketplaces to actually be selling their customers the actual product that they are describing on the website, which oftentimes I've found purchasing online is not necessarily the truth. And don't forget the company's still there to handle a lot of these cases. A lot of these cases don't get worked out this way and get appealed to regular customer service which weighs in and does things.  It just filters out the easy to resolve ones where any given bystander would go like, no, no, they ordered a large, give them a large, come on. Quit trying to be like that. Well, PS5 lovers, you might like this next one. Sony's slim version of the PS5 hasn't happened yet. You might say, what, what are you talking about? Cause this is a thing that has been happening for various iterations of the PlayStation for quite a few years. A YouTuber called DIY Perks has already built that slim PS5. He disassembled a PlayStation 5, subbed up some components with similar parts and his own homemade creations to end up with a device that's 1.9 centimeters thick. That is a thin little box in order to deal with the power supply and cooling system Perks built his own in the long slim and external case designed to hide behind a TV or be otherwise hidden in the shadows. Based on the temperatures that he took while playing Horizon Forbidden West, his cooling system was more efficient than the standard PS5s itself. Yeah, cause he water cooled it. That's so cool though. Like the cooling system and the power supply makes this look more impressive than it is. Cause when you look at that power supply, it's huge and long and you kind of have to set that out of the way. But in the end, that slim is very slim. I watched through this video and I love it. I love that he's like cooking his own components in a microwave and like forming them himself. Like, wow, that's on another level. Like that's really cool. Yeah. If you like good hackering. Very impressive. The DIY Perks channel. This is your ASMR harp. Totally. It was very ASMR for me in my hacker mindset. I almost want to say he sacrificed his PS5 for your entertainment, but he didn't. It still works. It works. In fact, it works better now that he put in all that effort. So pretty cool. Smaller and more efficient. How about that? All right, let's check out the mailbag. Let's do it. This one comes in from Douglas. This is in response to conversation we had with Rob Dunwood on Friday show about EV cars and performance driving. Doug says from someone in the biz, EVs can beat anything in short accelerations such as quarter mile sprints. The torque is higher and available immediately. Beyond that, pure EVs would lose. They're carrying more weight and they have a heat problem. The first few times you go to full current and to the motors, they're fine. But once they heat up, they lose efficiency quickly. Nothing a day-to-day driver would ever see. But in a road race where you're accelerating and decelerating hard all the time, this would become a problem. Doug says performance driving isn't efficient either. So range would also be an issue. But like all things EV, there's a lot of work going on to address these issues. New motors with less heat rejection, individual motors at each wheel, that can deliver exactly the torque limit on the available traction all the time, and of course improvements in the batteries. On top of that, the batteries are low, which means that the center of gravity for EVs is actually great for performance driving. Yeah, man. If you get the heat problem down, suddenly these things are, you know, formula EV racing, it's gonna be really cool.  If you could get that heat problem down, formula EV would surpass formula one. Well, thanks so much, Doug, for the really good intel. Thanks to everybody who emails us and says, hey, I've got a little something to say about one of the stories that you talked about or something that you might talk about in the future. And we'd love to hear more from you. Feedback at dailytechnewshow.com is where to send those emails. Also thanks to you, Shannon Morse, for being with us today. Wonderful work as always. What else has been going on in your world? Thank you so much, Sarah, and thank you, Tom, for having me on. YouTube.com slash Shannon Morse is where you can always find me. And most recently, I did a comparison between the Pixel 6 and the Pixel 6a. So if you are curious, if you should upgrade this year or skip the next generation of Pixel, definitely check out that video. Very cool. We also wanna extend a special thanks to Andy Beach. Andy Beach is one of our top lifetime supporters for DTNS. Thank you for all the years of support, Andy. Good to see you around the internet. Thank you, Andy. You're the best. Yeah, absolutely. And folks, there's a slot for your name right there. You can either stick around and help us for a long time like Andy has, including coming on the show and explaining tough concepts to us. Or you could just become a new patron right now and your name's on the show tomorrow, like that. Andy, Andy, I mean, make it sell. How fun. I don't know, I'll do a car wheel or maybe my piñata wheel. There is a longer version of the show called Good Day Internet. It's available at patreon.com slash DTNS. We roll right into it as we finish up here. But just a reminder, DTNS is live Monday through Friday for PM Eastern, 2,800 UTC. And you can find out more at dailytechnewshow.com slash live. We are back doing it all again tomorrow. With Scott Johnson joining us. Talk to you then. At frogpants.com. Bob, I hope you have enjoyed this program. Ha, ha, ha, ha.


Gwyn i'r adithaeth y cyfnodau gũtaicol ar y cwylwyr 보시wn hwn i'r ddweud. Felly, mae'n iawn i'ch gũtaicol ar gyfer yr adithaith cyfnodau. Felly, mae'n iawn i'ch gũtaicol ar gyfer yr adithaith cyfnodau. Mae'n iawn i'ch gũtaicol ar gyfer yr adithaith cyfnodau. Pryddoch chi'n dweud yn gwerth â'r ddebyr oedd ar gyfer yr adithaith cyfnodau ar gyfer yr adithaith cyfnodau. of Police Scotland, who is currently leading the service well, the Post of Chief Constable, is vacant. My last meeting with him was on 28 March 2018. Daniel Johnson I thank the cabinet secretary for that reply. SNP policy on policing has meant police staff have been cut. Trained officers who should be on the front line are instead doing desk work that should be done by staff. That is what the SPA report yesterday confirmed. We now know that the 1,000 extra officers that were promised by the SNP were not doing what the public would expect. They were, in the words of the SPA, backfilling civilian roles. Does the minister agree with me that we should relieve the pressure on our local forces by redeploying those officers to our front line duties, as defined by the acting chief constable yesterday? If not, how many officers is he prepared to lose by the end of this Parliament from Police Scotland? Cabinet secretary, I am not clear where the member welcomes the fact that we did see a significant increase in police officer numbers under the SNP. That continues to be the case. The member may be aware or may not be aware that, when Police Scotland published its 2026 strategy last year, which is the first time that we have had a national strategy for policing in Scotland, they set out the need to rebalance their workforce to make sure that the level of staff they had alongside the number of officers and the change in nature of the crimes that they are experiencing, they were able to deal with that as they moved forward. That is exactly the work that has now been taken forward, something that, at that time, if I recall correctly, the then Justice spokesperson of the Labour Party supported and recognised the need to rebalance the workforce. That work has started and is now moving forward under Police Scotland with oversight coming from the Scottish Police Authority. Alongside that, there has been independent assurance being provided by HMICS, who are looking at the increasing operational capability that the force is focused on taking forward. That is the strategy that they set out last year under 2026 and which has now been taken forward. The focus here is in making sure that the service has the necessary operational capacity and at the increase in their operational capacity in order to make sure that that is in place. In relation to police officer numbers, which I know that the member has had a lot to say on in the last day or so regarding the three-year financial strategy, the member may be aware that, just yesterday at the Scottish Police Authority board meeting, the very issue was looked at. Police Scotland and the SPA have made very clear that their focus is on building police capacity. The paper that was provided to the board was for illustration to express how much it could actually create in terms of increasing operational capacity. The key fact here for the member is that the key is that the figures do not equate to reduction in officer numbers. The SPA made that very clear during the close of their board meeting yesterday. Liam Kerr In 2014, Mr Matheson told a parliamentary committee that there are no plans for us to change our position on the 1,000 extra officers. That commitment remains, and I intend to take it forward as the new cabinet secretary. Given that promise was broken, how does he expect the BTP officers to trust him when he says that he will protect their pensions? As often as the case with Liam Kerr, he often gets his facts mixed up and very often is not aware of events that have taken place since then. As he would be aware of the election that took place in 2016, where we set out very clearly about the need for the police service to be able to rebalance its workforce, what we are not doing is the approach that the Conservative Party has to policing in England and Wales. That is slashing almost 20,000 police officers. As a result, we can see the very significant problems that the police service right across England and Wales has as a result of the sheer incompetence of home secretaries over a number of years in managing policing in England and Wales. George Adam Thank you, Presiding Officer. As far as I can tell, Labour has expressed four different positions on police numbers since 2007, and Daniel Johnson, in a rather confused GMS interview, expressed another one entirely yesterday. His previous justice spokesperson supported decisions regarding police numbers being the responsibility of the chief constable, yet they now seem to be against it. Is the cabinet secretary as confused as me over the position of the Labour Party? I suspect that I did hear Daniel Johnson on GMS the other day, and I must confess that it was one of the most confusing interviews that I have ever heard about what Labour's position is on police numbers.  I am not clear about what the Labour Party's policy is in this matter or in the other matter for that fact, but I can say that ways of government are very clear about the need to make sure that we continue to support our police service, and that is why, over the course of this Parliament, something that the Labour Party did not do or any other party does is a commitment to maintaining police budgets and making sure that there is a real-terms increase, which allows us to invest an extra £100 million in our police service over the course of this parliamentary session, continuing with the reform fund of another £31 million being invested into our police service this year. Alongside that, we have been able to secure the money that has been pinched from them for years by the Tories and not been able to reclaim that, allowing them to retain that and invest another £25 million into our police service. This is a Government that is investing in our police service and will continue to do that in the years ahead. Neil Findlay. When the cabinet secretary last met the acting chief constable, did he discuss the call that I made repeatedly for an inquiry into the police and the miners strike. It has been 17 months since we met the cabinet secretary along with retired miners and their union reps and legal representatives, and we still have not had an official response. When will we get an official response to that call? The first part of the question is no, and, as I have said to him on a number of occasions, it is a matter that I am continuing to give due consideration to. To ask the Scottish Government what progress it is making toward introducing an opt-out system for organ donation. Minister Eileen Campbell. Thank you. The Scottish Government is committed to introducing a workable, soft-out system that will add to the improvements that are already being delivered and legislation to provide for such a system will be introduced before the summer recess. It is important that we take the time to get the system right. It needs to be developed in a way that will do no harm to the trust in the NHS or to the safety of donation in working with stakeholders to achieve that. Pulton MacGregor. I thank the minister for that answer. Last week, I hosted a roundtable event for Kidney Research UK on renal regenerative medicine. We heard from a range of stakeholders on how Scotland is leading the way in life sciences. Can the minister advise how the opt-out system can work in tandem with the regenerative medicine to improve outcomes for kidney patients? Thank you, and I thank the member for his question. Opt-out will work alongside the range of different measures that we already have in place, including the work on regenerative medicine. We know that, for opt-out to be successful, it has to work alongside other measures, and we will be part of the on-going improving outcomes for patients. We also recognise the potential for research in regenerative medicine to lead the transformative new approaches for the treatment of renal disease. Officials from the chief scientist's office are currently in discussions with Kidney Research UK on collaborative funding of research in this area. Question 3, Claire Hawkey. To ask the Scottish Government how it supports the promotion of tourism in rather glin constituency. The Scottish Government fully recognises the importance of tourism to the economy and endeavours to promote tourism across the whole of Scotland. We appreciate that rather glin, like all constituencies, possesses its own unique attractions, including its magnificent town hall, a five-star VisitScotland-rated arts venue, which plays an important role as a visitor information partner in the I Know Scotland scheme. VisitScotland will continue to work with local authorities, destination management organisations and businesses to ensure that each of Scotland's destinations is well positioned to offer an exciting and enjoyable experience to tourists. I thank the minister for his answer. The minister will be aware of some of the fantastic tourists destinations in my constituency, ranging from the urban park of Cunninghar loop to the David Livingston centre, the historic buildings, parks and cycle trails, as well as the place where William Wallace was betrayed to name but a few. Visit Lanarkshire and VisitScotland poorly served my constituency often misadressing venues, as in Glasgow, or not promoting local amenities instead directing tourist elsewhere in the area. Can the minister give an assurance that the Scottish Government will liaise with those agencies so that opportunities for tourism and visitors are not missed in my constituency? Although many of those are operational matters for VisitScotland, I recognise the points that the member is making. VisitScotland is committed to serving the whole of Scotland, and we want to ensure that its work is efficient and accurate. The information that is available on the VisitScotland website is often, it should be said, provided by businesses who may choose to self-identify as Glasgow businesses. However, I understand the member's concerns, and I will ask that the Scottish Government officials raise this as part of their regular engagement with VisitScotland. Rachael Hamilton Thank you, Presiding Officer. I am sure that the minister recognises that culture is a driver of tourism. On that note, would the minister agree with me that we should do more to see regions appoint cultural ambassadors who can play key roles in supporting and promoting tourism throughout Scotland? Well, certainly communities and ambassadors for communities have a major role to play in supporting and promoting communities, as the member says. For instance, VisitScotland has information partnerships throughout Scotland now, and there are many, I am sure, in the constituency in which the member represents. We are very keen at all times to look at new ways of ensuring that those measures have success. 4. Lewis MacDonald Very much to ask the Scottish Government whether it will remove any legal impediments to council-run bus services. Minister Humza Yousaf The Scottish Government will shortly introduce to your transport bill, which will give local authorities the flexibility to pursue partnership working, local franchising, or indeed running their own buses, allowing them to better respond to local needs. Lewis MacDonald I welcome that answer. The minister, I am sure, will be aware that First Bus continues to cut services in Aberdeen, most recently the X40, 25, 16 and 9, and that Aberdeen City Council has stepped in to secure alternative services for those communities. Does he agree that the city council should be able to set up in business directly if it is its judgment that that is the best way to secure frequent, reliable and affordable services in the future? If he does, I welcome the commitment that he has made to covering that within the bill, but will he ensure that the bill does not provide a veto to commercial operators for any such decision? Lewis MacDonald Once the bill is introduced, the devil no doubt will be in the detail and I will look forward to amendments through the bill process right across the chamber. However, yes, the premise of what he says is absolutely absolute. He agreed with the entire purpose of the bus element of the transport bill is to give local authorities more powers than they have ever had over their transport services, including the bus services. Local franchising will be of interest, and enhanced partnership will be of interest and, potentially, municipally owned bus companies. I look forward to his contributions once that transport bill is introduced. Jamie Greene Thank you, Presiding Officer. Whilst broadly supportive of the principle of municipally owned services, my concern is that those might prove disproportionately costly to councils and rural and island communities. As many of those services are effectively lifeline services, they may require quite substantial subsidies. Can the minister, if the Scottish Government has given any consideration to the concept of central funding support for those types of councils, and if so, what the cost implications of doing so may be? The member will probably be aware, but it is worth reiterating that we fund bus services to the tune of around a quarter of a billion pounds, of which an element of that is the BSOG grant that goes to the bus services operators direct. Of course, to local authorities, they have the ability to fund services that have been withdrawn but are perhaps not profitable, but socially necessary. There already exist some mechanisms for them to do so. Once the bill itself is introduced, it will be accompanied by a financial memorandum, and as I said, there will be a wide-ranging debate, no doubt, in this chamber around some of the provisions of that. What I would say is that, for municipally owned bus companies, or for local franchising, it will be important that we get the checks and balances right. We want to ensure that all of us hear that patronage increases on our bus services as opposed to the trajectory that we have seen over the past few decades. I will work with any member of the chamber, including Jamie Greene, on any sensible measures forthcoming. To ask the Scottish Government how recent developments at NHS Tayside could affect the delivery of patient care. The Scottish Government's position on patient safety is very clear, and it will remain paramount. That is why we have committed to continuing to provide brokerage to NHS Tayside to protect and maintain the quality of patient services. There is no evidence of any impact on the quality of care that is being provided to patients in NHS Tayside. John Brown and Malcolm Wright have made it a priority since taking up posts to engage with staff at all levels and to provide reassurance that day-to-day operations will be minimally affected. I thank the cabinet secretary for that response. NHS Tayside is now facing brokerage, approaching £44 million, which will have to be repaid in due course. When I and other members met the new management team at NHS Tayside two weeks ago, they were not able to give us any assurances that the cost savings that would need to be found would not have an impact on delivery of front-line services in Perth and Kinross, where there have been public concerns over a long period about services at Perth Royal Infirmary. Can the cabinet secretary give me an assurance today that, notwithstanding the problems at NHS Tayside, there will be no further reduction in the services that are available at Perth Royal Infirmary? First of all, the priority is protecting patient services, but that obviously does not mean that patient services will not evolve and change over time, and Murdo Fraser will be very aware about the shaping surgical services review. I am sure that he has had many meetings about it, as have other local members. The proposals constitute major service change and, as such, require ministerial approval. Of course, I will carefully consider all the available information and all representations before coming to a final decision in the best interests of patients. What has been very clear—I am sure that Murdo Fraser has told us on a number of occasions—is that the A and E services at Perth Royal Infirmary will continue. That is important for local people. What is being talked about here is where unscheduled surgical care is delivered. I think that we have to make sure that the two things are not conflated. Last month, when it was reported that NHS Tayside is on the cusp of the eradication of hepatitis C in Tayside, having treated more patients a higher proportion of people with hep C than in all other parts of Scotland, does the cabinet secretary agree that this is an outstanding achievement by NHS Tayside from which many other health boards can learn? Yes, I am aware that NHS Tayside has been at the forefront of efforts to tackle hepatitis C for many years now. I met the staff leading on this at the recent NHS Tayside staff awards. They are reporting excellent progress on their elimination aim, very much in line with the Government's aim of eliminating hepatitis as a public health concern across Scotland. I know that hepatitis C clinicians across Scotland meet regularly as part of the national network and are learning from each other's approaches. NHS Tayside has a lot to offer other areas of Scotland. I am also aware that the Minister for Public Health is due to visit the hepatitis C treatment centre in Tayside later this month, and I am sure that I will learn more about the approach at that visit. The cabinet secretary says that there is no evidence of impact on services, but treatment waiting times is getting worse at NHS Tayside. They also tell us that they have to make £200 million worth of savings over the next five years. The BMA, the RCPCH and staff are telling us that the pressure is like nothing before and that it is impacting on services. Surely the cabinet secretary accepts that savings and cuts relate to more pressure on staff, more pressure on services and more patients being failed. What is true is that NHS Tayside has to live within its means as other boards do. Over the past few months and years, NHS Tayside has been found to be an outlier on many aspects of service delivery, which is why, of course, it needs to address things such as agency spend for one where they have traditionally been a high user of agency spend and prescribing costs. Another example is where, again, they have been a high user of prescribing costs compared to other boards. There are areas in which they can make changes that can make sure that the front-line services that patients receive are not impacted. 6. Brian Whittle To ask the Scottish Government when the A77, M77 and Main are tailored route between Ayrshire and Glasgow is scheduled for repair. Minister Humza Yousaf. Our trunk road maintenance contractors have a responsibility to frequently inspect the A77 and the M77 to identify defects in repair, the most serious as quickly as possible. Connect the DBFO company that maintains the M77 between junctions 5 and 8 has a resurfacing scheme that will resurface at least seven and a half kilometres of lane length and is being carried out from 16 April for overnight closures between 8 p.m. and 6 p.m. It is anticipated that the works will probably take two to three weeks to complete. Of course, that follows severe deterioration experience as a result of a severe winter. Our operating company, Scotland Transfer, which maintains the A77 in other parts of the A77, has a programme of structural maintenance and patching planned for throughout 2018. The programme is currently under development and will be shared once it is finalised. Brian Whittle I met the minister for that answer and he is corrected. I met with Transport Scotland last week to discuss that and, lo and behold, the repair started the next day and far be it from me to suggest that it was that meeting that instigated that. As he said, trunk roads are inspected every week. How can roads be allowed to deteriorate to such a bad state before action is taken? It is so bad from south of Camarnock that there are now temporary road signs appearing on a dual carriageway from Montyn to Camarnock where there are no plans to do any work. I wonder if the minister is aware of that and what can the Scottish Government do to ensure that critical repairs are made to the arterial route? Far be it from me to suggest that the power of Brian Whittle is only limited by the ego of Brian Whittle, if possible. In all seriousness, I say that, of course, only in jest. In all seriousness, I would say to Brian Whittle that we have maintained the M77. £50 million has been spent since 2007. On top of that, we of course have the south-west transport study as well. Of course, if he has specific parts of the route, he should feed that into the south-west transport study. I take exception to his categorisation of a trunk road network. Audit Scotland, who, of course, are never shy to criticise the Government day in their Audit Scotland report in 2016 on the state of our trunk road, said that 87 per cent of the trunk road was in an acceptable condition. There is still work to do, of course, and we want it to be better. That is why we have increased the roads maintenance budget last year by £65 million between 2017-18 and 2018-19. However, if he has suggestions of where we can do further improvement, then, of course, we will feed that back to the operating company. Thank you. That concludes topical questions.


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta. In this video, I am going to demonstrate you how you can pass an array into a function in C programming. Before starting, you can note my information. You can follow or subscribe my YouTube channel through the url youtube.com slash Sanjay Gupta underscore tech school. You can download my programming app Techimage, which is available on Google Play. Now in this video, I will be demonstrating you how you can pass an array into a user defined function so that you can process all the elements which are which are available into array. So first I am including a header file that is STDIO dot h. Then I'm implementing declaration of a function so you can see here return type of function is void. Name of function is print and here in and square brackets or subscript is written. So it is indicating that print function will receive an argument, which is an array of integer type. So this is function declaration after that I am implementing main inside main. I am declaring an array and variable I then with the help of printf, I will be displaying a message and elements on console. Then for loop I equals to zero, I less than 10 and I plus plus. Using this for loop, I'm going to repeat scanf statement 10 times so that 10 elements can be stored inside a array at different indexes. So after this reading process, I have to pass the array a into the function print. So for that purpose, I am calling that function. So this is function call here I am calling print function and I have passed a as array. So this is the complete definition of main. Now I am defining print function. Here I have to write this void is written type, print is name of function and then int a. So from calling the arrays passed that will be received through this array, which is available inside the function definition. So this you can call a function definition inside this function definition. So I'm declaring another I variable. Now here I am showing a message array contains then for loop I equals to zero, I less than 10 and I plus plus. And then with the help of printf, I will be displaying the values which are available inside a array. So this way I have implemented the complete code. In main, you can see I have called print function with the help of this statement. So print function call is passing a array which is received here in function definition through this array. You can use any other name also here then that a array is displayed with the help of this for loop. So I have divided main function into two parts. So first main is receiving input from user and print function is printing the array which is received from the user inside main function. So this is a simple demonstration which is showing you how you can pass elements of array into another function for processing. Now I am executing this code. You can see it is asking for 10 numbers. I am entering 10 values and it is showing array contains and all the elements. So friends, I hope you have understood how we can pass an array into another function for processing in this demo demonstration. I have just displayed elements of array with the help of print function, which is a user defined function. You can do any other process in print function or any other function that you want to do. With this demonstration, you can learn how we can pass an array into a function. I hope you have understood the concept, whatever I have demonstrated to you. If you want to watch more programming related videos, you can follow or subscribe my YouTube channel that is youtube.com slash sanjaygupta underscore tech school. You can download my programming app TechMS which is available on Google Play. Thank you for watching this video.


I'm Chris Krat, and I'm Martin Krat. As part of the PBS Summer of Adventure, we're headed north for Wild Alaska Lives. It's a three-night live event. It all starts July 23rd, and our Alaska adventures don't stop there. Yeah, on Monday, July 24th, PBS Kins has our new special, Wild Prats Alaska Heroes Journal. Look out! So join us in Alaska.