Namaste and welcome back to the video course on Watershed Management. Today we will start a new module, module number 9. So, the topic is on Drought Management, some of the topics covered in this module include drought assessments and classification, drought analysis techniques and drought mitigation planning. In this module in lecture number 35, today we will discuss about drought assessments. So, some of the topics covered in today's lecture include droughts, assessments, classification, meteorological droughts, hydrological droughts, agricultural droughts, drought vulnerability, some of the keywords for today's lecture, droughts, assessments, meteorological drought, hydrological droughts and agricultural droughts. So, as we were discussing about the watershed management, it is one of the important resources water. So, it is the mainly the management of water. So, as we discussed in the last module if plenty of water is available with the rainfall exceeds certain limits and then various drainage problem then there is a possibility of flooding. So, that means plenty of water excess of water is needed, water water needed so that is the flooding problem. So, the drought is opposite to the flooding so where we do not have sufficient water for long time. So, for many months or few years time there is no sufficient rainfall, there is no sufficient water availability either surface water or ground water. So, that way when we discuss about the watershed management drought is one of the important aspects which we have to see all the aspects and then how we can reduce the vulnerability of droughts as far as when we discuss about the watershed management. So, in this context today let us discuss about the drought assessments. So, as I mentioned the definition of a drought is a drought is an extended period of say it is an extended period say may be for months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply whether surface or ground water. So, that way drought means say there is no sufficient water say the surface water or ground water it is not only for few months, but say may be number of months or so for few years. So, there is no sufficient water is available either surface water or ground water. So, that way we can say that a location where watershed is say unable to drought. So, when there is no sufficient rainfall say for few seasons or few years or say even whenever sufficient rainfall is there, but say for 2, 3 months and then say 7, 8 months or 9 months there is no rain at all and then there is no sufficient water available. So, that way it can be short term drought or long term drought. So, this way so droughts occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation. So, that way we can see that when rain is not at all taking place say to a normal condition or average condition. So, for say few seasons or few years so that way we can say that consistently below average precipitation is the condition for a watershed then we can say that that watershed is unable to drought. So, that way there is substantial say when we look in to look about to the drought situation. So, when we say look to the drought situation in many countries or many locations we can see that there is substantial impact of droughts on the ecosystem, agriculture, human being, flora and fauna. So, that way that affected region there is no sufficient water either in terms of surface water, ground water so that is a major issue. So, even a short intense droughts can cause significant damage and harm the local economy. So, as I mentioned the drought can be for short term or for long term. So, short term means even though there was rainfall say to certain average condition, but that is for a short duration, but say for example, 2, 3 months for rainfall, but then 9 or 10 months of there is no rainfall or there is no sufficient water is available due to various reasons. So, then we can see that is so for short term duration. So, that way the total watershed will be affected in terms of economy and various other conditions. So, that way the availability of water is so important as far as watershed management is concerned. So, we can see that this drought is a global phenomena. So, it is we can see it is not only in India or say in Asia, but all the countries all the parts of the world or the earth is affected by drought. So, it is the drought is wide spread and it has impacts on agriculture. So, you can see that if say agriculture needed sufficient say moisture or water. So, that way when the availability of water is not say reduced. So, then agriculture will be affected and then say when the agriculture say most of the the rural economy is based upon the agriculture. So, when agriculture is affected then the people will be migrating from say the considered watershed to other places in search of jobs. So, that the other impact will be migration and then human settlement will be say affected. So, if the drought is persisting for long time say many years like what we can see in many of the African countries like Sudan and Chad then you can see that the human settlement itself will be affected and then people will be migrating to other parts of the the world. So, that way say we can see this this kinds of problem droughts say so, the droughts can be short term drought or long term droughts. So, long term drought is very detrimental. So, the the total the settlement or the the the people will be very much affected especially with the long term drought. So, that way when we look into droughts so, on a watershed scale we can see that say drought is say we we we say that there is drought when deficit supply of moisture. So, that way so, it is a major natural hazards and it results in a significant social economical and environmental cause. So, the cause will not will not only in social terms economical terms, but also environmental terms. So, that means the ecosystem will be say very much affected. So, as we can see that this is a serious problem in many of the African countries you can see that this is a say world drought map. So, you can see that where all this black area is there it is it will say the the waterscourst it is too much. So, that way we can see that these are all these countries are very much drought prone and long term effect is there as far as drought is concerned. And then this blue region like India the another region it is waters stressed region so, there is we can say that many locations will be having short term droughts. So, the consequences as I mentioned say long term consequences like agriculture production will be affected then wherever whichever countries where say mainly depend upon hydropower production. So, when water is not available due to the droughts so, hydropower generation will be affected and then total economy will be affected. So, that way the consequences are very detrimental in many of the areas either on a say watershed basis or river basins basis or state basis or even the country wise. So, according to United Nations estimates we can see that about one third of world's population lives in areas with a water shortages. So, that means you can see that in many parts of India then China, Africa so many and the South America many locations water stress areas are there and even 1.1 billion people lacks access to safe drinking water. And then say almost about 70 million square kilometer area is say water stress area. So, that way the say on an annual basis we can see that about 60 billion people are affected say annually due to the droughts. And there is a gross domestic product loss of annually about 110 billion US dollars. So, that way this drought is a major disaster. So, you can see that now many developed countries like United States and European countries have done many many measures to to come back to with the droughts. And developing countries like India, China and then many of the South African many African countries are also now looking to various say interventions to deal with the short term droughts or long term droughts. So, now let us see what are the major impacts of these droughts. So, when we look into the impacts of droughts say most of the time we wish it is always better to critically analyze it by preparing the contingency plans. So, we have to analyze what are the the causes of droughts and then what kind of measures can be implemented so that to the the effects of droughts impacts of droughts can be reduced. So, that way it is always better to prepare a drought contingency plan. So, it is a document that identify specific actions that can be taken say before droughts during the droughts and after a drought to mitigate some of the impacts and conflicts that results. We can see that as we discussed the impacts are there on the economy, the agriculture, then the the the totally ecological system. So, that way when we when we prepare a contingency plans we should have contingency plans to deal say before the droughts situation can take place or during the drought and after the drought. So, after the drought what kind of measures to to regenerate back the system. So, that way we have to see. So, as I mentioned drought impacts say drought impacts a specific effect of droughts. So, there can be various types of impacts like a economical impact, environmental impact, impact on the human settlement. So, people also tend to refer to impacts as consequences or outcomes. So, that is say when we say drought impact it can be also sometimes we can call it drought consequences or the outcome of the droughts. So, impacts are symptoms of vulnerability. So, as we discussed so, we we can identify the the vulnerable areas due to the droughts and then based upon that we can have drought impacts we can assess the drought impacts. So, drought impact assessment is the process of looking at the magnitude and the distribution of droughts effects. So, how much intensity, how much is the magnitude say when we look into the drought and then what will be the effects of that magnitude say it is whether it is a very strong type of drought or the moderate or the the the same what what type of drought accordingly we can see that the the impacts and then its effects can be also analyzed. And then the next question is how what are the mitigation plans. So, when we look into drought mitigation so, we can have short time short and long time actions programs or policies that can be implemented in advance of droughts or in its early stages to reduce degree of risk to people property and productive capacity. So, with various climatic conditions we can predict in advance whether the possibility of drought is there or even some areas are always drought prone areas same and say that kind of areas we can take earlier measures to to come back this kinds of droughts and then say for example, wherever say reed or semi-reed regions we can implement say schemes like water harvesting schemes or total watershed management plans. So, that say that itself will serve as a mitigation plans and then so, that we can try to protect the people property and then the productive capacity of that particular watershed. So, that way on a watershed basis we can think about the droughts assessment drought impacts and then drought mitigations plans. So, now let us look into in details what are the consequences of droughts. So, here I have listed various consequences so, as I mentioned earlier there are significant consequences on environments. So, environmental consequences, consequences on agriculture then a health and economic consequences and social consequences. So, that way we can classify the drought consequences into environmental, agricultural, health, health, economic and social consequences. So, say some of the important consequences I have listed here. So, say for example, agriculture is concerned. So, consequences like say when the water availability is reduced. So, the crops production the crops yield will be reduced or even the crops itself will be affected. So, that say there is possibility of handling. So, diminished crop growth so, when the water stress takes place due to the less availability of water. So, diminished crop growth or yield productions and then carrying capacity of the livestock like either say flora and fauna the carrying capacity will be reduced.  So, the science storms will be taking place. So, like dust storms can take place then due to the agricultural problems related problems there can be famine. So, there is when the production is reduced then famine possibilities are there. And then say if an area becomes say drought prone then habitat damage will take place in say water availability will be reduced and then there will be related issues. Then as far as the health of the people is concerned malnutrition since due to lack of availability of food and water good quality water then dehydration and related diseases. So, especially in African regions many countries like Chad then say Ethiopia and all these regions we can see these kinds of issues health related issues like malnutrition dehydration and related diseases. And then the people migrated from one country to another country or one area to another area. So, mass migration will be the outcome of this. And then say the areas wherever the electricity production is power production is from hydroelectric power plants there is possibility of reduced electricity production since sufficient water will not be available then shortage of water for industries. So, industry yield will be reduced industry output will be reduced and then even there will not be water for sufficient water for domestic supply. And then all these related issues can create social unrest between the communities and then even there can be wars between the countries or between the states or between the regions. And then also when the temperature rises I mean there is no sufficient rainfall for long say many seasons or many years there is possibility of existing forests will be affected due to wildfires. So, that way we can see the consequences are too much as far as droughts are concerned. And it is too intense and then when we discuss about the watershed management plants especially we have to assess whether the concerned watershed is drought prone. And then we have to see that what kind of measures can be adopted to reduce the droughts problem or to mitigate the drought related problems. So, now let us look into some of the issues like the risk and vulnerability related to the droughts. So, when we discuss about the risk and vulnerability. So, risk is the potential adverse effects like a product of both the frequency and severity of the hazards and corresponding vulnerability. So, this is the definition of risk. So, in say the area is concerned we have to go for risk analysis. So, based upon the potential adverse effects and then risk analysis is the process of identifying and understanding the components associated with a drought risk and evaluation of alternative strategies. So, we can assess the what will be the risk related to the droughts say for the particular area or particular watershed. And then we can look into alternative strategies based upon the vulnerability analysis or risk analysis. So, then the time like risk management. So, risk management is opposite of crisis management a proactive approach actually we are looking for risk management. So, crisis management is once the situation become worse or the things happen then we have to see how to deal that is crisis management. But risk management if this particular area is say prone to risk. So, then we can have advance measures like in advance of droughts mitigation can reduce drought impacts and then we can have a relief and recovery decisions may timely in a coordinated and effective manner. So, that way we can go for risk management and then when we look into vulnerability. So, vulnerability indicates the characteristics activities or environments that makes them susceptible to effects of droughts. So, when we say about the drought vulnerability means. So, these are the characteristics or activities that make them susceptible to effects of droughts. So, we can say calculate the degree of vulnerability. So, for the particular area depending upon various conditions. So, this degree of vulnerability depends on environmental and social characteristics of the region and is measured by ability to anticipate a cop up with resist and recover from drought. So, when we discuss about the degree of vulnerability we have to see that with respect to the environmental related issues or social characteristics of that particular region or particular location we have to see that how we can say anticipate the issues and then how we can cop up with this the drought situations or how we can resist with respect to the situation arise from the droughts or we can once the drought occurs then how we can recover from the droughts. So, these kinds of questions to be answered. So, this is possible through risk analysis and vulnerability analysis related to the droughts. So, now let us look briefly into say the how the the which are the locations mainly drought prone or drought generally occurs. So, as I mentioned droughts can be either short term or long term. So, the droughts when we look into the say the drought situation in at various parts of the world.  So, especially in many of the African countries. So, this droughts say occurs say it is normally it is a recurring feature and then. So, this is actually the drought is actually one of the earliest documented climate events. So, you can see that many of the the epics test books or the Bible or the the the Hindu test books or all these say epics test books we can see that this droughts have been mentioned. And then say the recurrent droughts as I mentioned then we can see many parts of Africa like countries like Sudan, Chad, Ethiopia, East Africa etcetera. There are many countries where say year after year the droughts are there. So, decades of droughts in some of the locations some of the countries. And in especially in Asian countries like Himalayan basin say say in Mansun season say 3-4 months there will be severe floods and that will be followed by drought conditions. Since immediately the the the once the say rainfall occurs all the what will be drain say due to the topographical nature of the region and then next few months there is say possibility of droughts. So, these droughts are actually short term droughts, but in a country like India Rajasthan where erylt regions or semi erylt regions we can see that this this areas are very much drought point. Since generally in this region say the available rainfall is very very less even some regions just 20 centimeter average annual rainfall in in states like Rajasthan. And then Gulf countries some parts of China and then America say especially west coast of USA and then Amazon basins say for example there were some drought in 2005. And then say largest part of Australia these are these areas are erylt or semi erylt regions. So, where the normally the rainfall conditions are less and then say the the below average rainfall takes place for a number of years then this area become very much drought prone and then great issues will be there. And then as far as now we can see that in the the last few years we are discussing about the climate change and its effects. So, we can see that due to the climate change impacts say more areas will be affected by droughts and then the droughts become frequent frequently droughts may take place. So, the the climate changing impact assessment shows that whenever say due to the climate change say the the the possibilities are that the the the the short the rainfall may increase many locations, but that the rainfall will be short term. And then the the due to the increase in say evaporation and various climatic conditions the the frequency of droughts will be increased. So, these are some of the recent assessment which we can see in the literature. So, now let us look into various courses of droughts. So, we were discussing about the consequences of droughts occurrence of droughts. So, now let us look into what are the important courses of droughts. So, as I mentioned earlier say the mainly the important course is that the the the below average rainfall in the region. So, main impact is the main course is the rainfall effects. So, the so, this rainfall say wherever average annual possible rainfall conditions are not taking place say 25 percent less or 50 percent less like that. So, that locations become drought prone depending upon the other conditions also. So, rainfall effects can be changes in normal pattern. So, the just like reduction in presence of water vapor and its upward movements. So, say sufficient water vapor should be there and that should be upward movement should be there that way only rainfall takes place. And if it does not takes place then rainfall will be affected and above average the prevalence of high pressure systems then winds carrying continental rather than oceanic air masses. So, oceanic air masses means there will be say more vapor in the air masses, but if it is coming from say continental then there will be less say the vapor. So, that way the possibility rainfall will be reduced and then ridges of high pressure areas. So, that way the main course is say less rainfall taking place. So, that way these are some of the causes of this the rainfall effects. Then conditions like oceanic and atmospheric weather cycles. So, like say El Nino, South Southern Australia, Enso or Lany, El Nino that kind of phenomena like make drought a regularly recurring features of the of the various continents like America's along the Midwest and Australia. So, this can be also not only the rainfall effects, but rainfall is the main course, but the rainfall will be reduced or the monsoons will be affected due to oceanic and atmospheric weather cycles. And then also like other than the natural causes like human activities also can cause this type of drought situations. So, human activities like a deforestation, overfamming, excessive irrigation, soil erosion, then urbanization etcetera trigger droughts. So, that is we have a large number of examples. So, these kinds of problems like in say for example, India and some Gujarat-Kath region and Rajasthan regions say wherever say like deforestation, overfamming all those things taken place for say on a long period then we can see that the all the adverse effects takes place and that one of the effect is the possibility of droughts. Then say as we already discussed the climate change effects like greenhouse gases increase in greenhouse gases and climate change effects and global warming are also the causes of droughts. So, generally we can say that the all the effects will be the environmental degradation. So, this environmental degradation leads to the short term or long term droughts when we critically analyze the drought situation in many of the locations all over the world. So, now same with this background now let us look into the classification of droughts. So, we can classify the droughts into four categories depending upon the nature or the what is the after effects of the drought. So, we can classify the droughts into meteorological droughts, hydrological droughts, agricultural droughts and socio economic droughts. So, meteorological droughts actually defined by climatic variables say like a precipitation, humidity or evaporation and the duration of the dry period. So, this is actually meteorological drought is defined by this climatic variables. Then hydrological drought means it is associated with a effects on surface or subsurface water supplies. So, like stream, flow, reservoir, lake levels and ground water. So, even though rainfall takes place due to various reasons if the availability of surface water or ground water is reduced, then there is possibility of hydrological droughts. Then the third category is agricultural droughts. So, this links in backs of meteorological drought to agricultural like a focusing on precipitation shortages, then differences between actual and potentially vapour transpiration, soil water deficits, crop failure etcetera. So, this is actually the outcome with respect to the meteorological droughts and then socio economic droughts actually this occurs when the demand for an economic good exceeds supply as a result of a weather related shortfall in water supply. So, when water is not available, so the impacts related to socio or economical say related issues. So, that generally we call it as socio economic droughts. So, now, let us look into all these classifications into details. So, first one is the meteorological droughts. So, meteorological droughts, so as we discussed say whenever prolonged period with less than average precipitation takes place, then we can say that meteorological droughts takes place. So, this we can classify into three categories say when the rainfall in a particular location is say 25 percent decrease is there with respect to the normal that is one category. So, that is maybe we can say mild type droughts or say when the rainfall is or the precipitation is say 50 percent decrease with respect to normal then we can say moderate and when the rainfall is say 75 percent decrease with respect to the normal condition, then we will say severe drought conditions. So, that way see we can define the drought situation on the basis of degree of dryness. So, in comparison to some normal or average amounts and the duration of the dry spell. So, accordingly we can classify the meteorological droughts. So, based on the degree of dryness say for example, say according to the norms of Indian meteorological department IMD. So, they have adopted the following criteria for sub classification of meteorological droughts. So, like total seasonal rainfall is less than 75 percent of normal value affected by droughts, then moderate drought is if seasonal deficiency is between 26 to 50 percent, then say the third category is say compared to this say earlier first one is 75 percent, then 26 to 50 percent and then less than this is up to 25 percent. So, that way mild to moderate or severe drought conditions so that way we can classify. So, this meteorological droughts when we look say the we can also see with respect to the probability of drought occurrence. So, if you define the probability of drought occurrence say which is say in a particular area and the area is said to be drought prone if the probability is between 0.2 to 0.4 and we say that area is chronically drought prone area when the probability exceeds 0.4 and say for example, say depending upon this whether it is simply drought prone area or chronically drought prone area we can classify the area and then see with respect to various conditions or with respect to the probability of the drought occurrence. So, say for example, in India about 33 percent or one third of the total geographical area comes under drought prone area. So, say some areas like Rajasthan say Gujarat-Kach region these regions are chronic drought prone area and some areas are say depending upon the weather conditions or various conditions say in some part of Maharashtra, Vihar or Madhya Pradesh say simply drought prone area. So, then this meteorological drought depends on the onset breaks and withdrawal times of monsoon say for example, if we consider the monsoon condition in a country like India. So, this meteorological drought we will say that say what time the monsoon starts the onset of monsoon and whether the monsoon is continuously proceeding to the various locations of the country or whether it breaks or say what time it will be withdrawing the withdrawal times of the monsoons. Accordingly, we can say that whether meteorological drought takes place or not. So, actually Indian Meteorological Department generally predicts the rainfall conditions say one month before the monsoon and then they assess the drought situation with respect to various data at various locations of the country. So, then prediction of occurrence of drought is related to forecast of deficient monsoon season and its distribution. So, in India this is done by Indian Meteorological Department. So, then say as I mentioned the meteorological drought when we consider say severe drought if deficiency is above 50 percent of the normal value and then say we say that a drought year is there when the area affected by moderate or severe droughts either individually or collectively is more than 20 percent of the total area of the country. So, say a country like India when we say that this is a drought year say for example, 2000, 23 or 2009 say some of the drought years. So, we say that more than 20 percent of the total area of the country is affected by moderate or severe droughts. Say if we look into the literature we can see that say for example, India if we consider the data for between 1875 to 1991 about totally 23 drought years were there and say for example, 1918 being the worst year of the drought say 70 percent of the area of the country was affected in 1918 and then say this drought when we when we talk is say two concurrent or consecutive years drought years then it is becoming a severe problem. So, say for example, India 1904 and 1905 2 years were drought period and then 1965 and 1966 were drought years. So, actually even though this occurs rarely, but if it happens then the condition becomes very bad as far as the economical situation and various other conditions as far as the drought impacts are concerned. So, now next category is the hydrological droughts. So, hydrological droughts actually brought about when the water reserves available in sources such as aquifers, lakes and reservoirs fall below the statistical average. So, we can have a statistical average like if you consider reservoir groundwater aquifer systems like that. So, we say that there is a hydrological droughts when the water levels in this storage systems goes fall below the statistical average. So, this can be due to various reasons as I mentioned say in Kongon region in Maharashtra. So, even though severe heavy rainfall takes place during the monsoon season, but immediately after the rainfall this all the water will be drained due to the topography of the region. So, then there is say hydrological drought will be there next say 6 months like that. So, this hydrological drought means below average values of stream flow then condensing tanks, ponds and reservoirs, groundwater and soil moisture. So, all this will be less than the average values or minimum say mean values. So, that way when we look into hydrological droughts we can say 4 components of hydrological droughts we can see there are 4 components of hydrological droughts like what is the magnitude. So, say how much is the deficiency with respect to the statistical average in the reservoirs or other storage systems.  So, and then what is the frequency of occurrence. So, whether it occurs say every year or once in 10 years like that. So, that way we can say certain the hydrological droughts. So, this hydrological hydrological droughts that way we can classify into surface water deficit and groundwater deficit. So, surface water aspects when we look into respect to hydrological droughts. So, the surface water aspects of drought studies related to stream flow and following techniques are commonly adopted like same whether the through the river or to the reservoir or in the pond what is the level of water. So, like low flow duration curves or low flow frequency analysis or stream flow modeling. So, all this indicates the surface water aspects. So, the importance of this surface water assessment or aspect is same when we look into design and operation of reservoirs we have to see the possibility of this type of hydrological droughts. Then diversion of streams for the reactions say when we are diverting the water from one river basin to another river basin or one a watershed to another a watershed we have to see. And then power whether the electric power is produced from hydro power then we have to see its related issues and then availability of drinking water and then water quality. So, when the level in the rivers or the water level goes down or the reservoir levels goes down then we can see the water quality will be affected. So, all these issues we have to see with respect to the surface water aspects. And with respect to the groundwater aspects we have to see the quantity the water level going down in the aquifer system. So, that the the beds become dry and then also the quality of the water will be also affected with respect to the groundwater aspects. So, these are the issues related to the hydrological droughts. So, now the theoretical classification in the agricultural droughts. So, droughts that affects crop production or the ecology of the range. So, that is so called the agricultural droughts. So, the principal criteria is the deficiency of rainfall or deficiency of the soil moisture. So, that the crops cannot grow properly and then yield will be reduced or the crop will be died. So, variety of definitions for drought studies at plant level we can put like root level or regional level or the with respect to soil moisture condition level or the the evaporation level like that. So, not only regional specific, but also crop and soil specific and this considers crop growth and water requirements. So, say for example, in India when we look into the kharif crop or the rabi crop say kharif crop is due to the monsoon time and rabi is after the monsoon time. So, now especially in the rabi season say the crops mainly depends upon the soil moisture available and then if there is no irrigation then we have to see say how much water is available and then with respect to soil moisture available how the crop growth is affected. So, this is with respect to time scale for water efficiency in agricultural drought. So, this may be for shorter period and compared to the hydrological or meteorological drought studies. So, when we look into the the agriculture droughts we can derive an index called erudite index. So, actually this erudite index is a numerical indicator of the degree of dryness of the climate at a given location. So, the erudite index indicates how severe is the agricultural droughts. So, there are number of definitions available for erudite index one of the commonly used definition is say erudite index is equal to potentially vaportranspiration minus actually vaportranspiration divided by potentially vaportranspiration multiplied by hundreds. So, the erudite index we can calculate either on a weekly basis or say once in 2 weeks like that and it is an indication of possible moisture stress experienced by the crops. So, we have to calculate the potentially vaportranspiration by equipments like lysimeter in particular region and then based upon that this calculations we can find the erudite index. So, erudite index anomaly actually it shows the departure of erudite index from its corresponding normal value represents the moisture shortage. So, when the moisture shortage is taking place then the crop will be affected crop will be water stress and then the crop yield will be affected. So, accordingly this erudite index same with respect to the erudite index we can say that when it is varying from 1 to 25 we can say it is mild erudite and then at 26 to 50 we can say it is moderate erudite and then when it is greater than 50 we can say it is severe erudite. So, and then some some other indexes like palmar index say which shows monthly moisture conditions and how it is departing from normal or conditions it is actually a short-term drought and wetness and then moisture availability index. So, these are all used to identify whether the particular area is say that area agriculture drought is there and then accordingly say whether it is short-term or long-term we have to go for various mitigation measures. Say for example, Indian Meteorological Department IMD produces erudite index anomaly maps of India on a weekly basis based on data from 169 stations spread over the country. So, say these stations are in various agroclimatic zones and then this erudite index will give an indication say how the crops will be affected whether the crops are water stressed and then whether corresponding agricultural droughts possibilities are there or not. So, that way this erudite index are useful in planning and management of agricultural operations and recently now we can use remote sensing techniques also to identify whether there is agricultural droughts or whether the area is arreared say through the when the remotely sensed data we can say it can be either microwave or specific type of say remote sensing data. So, that shows the soil moisture variation in the soil. So, this can be used for monitoring the agricultural droughts. So, this is about the agricultural droughts. So, now, let us look into the socio-economic droughts. Actually, socio-economic drought is a not a real classification drought, but what will be the impacts with respect to the either meteorological droughts or the hydrological droughts or the agricultural droughts. So, what will be the effect on the what will be the social effects or the economical effects. So, that is we are trying to indicate by socio-economic droughts. So, socio-economic drought are associated say it is associated with the supply and demand of some economic goods with elements of meteorological hydrological and agricultural droughts. So, with respect to the these meteorological hydrological or agricultural droughts we are coming with the conditions of socio-economic droughts. So, the socio-economic droughts occur say occurrence depends on the time and space process of supply and demand to identify or the classify or classify the droughts. So, what time the droughts takes place or how much time it takes place and what location. So, accordingly the socio-economic droughts occurrence will be there. So, water, forage, food grains, fish and hydraulic power. So, all these say depends upon weather and then correspondingly the variations say in the these the economical say the activities will be depending upon that. So, that way when the water availability is say reduced due to the droughts. So, then economical impacts will be there. So, then corresponding economic droughts and then corresponding social effects will be there that is the socio-economic drought. So, the demand for an economic goods exceeds supply as a result of a weather related shortfall in water supply and then we say that there is occurrence of socio-economic drought. So, that way say we have to assess with respect to the drought situation how the economical impacts will be there and then what are the social impacts and then corresponding consequences we have to analyze and then we have to see the remediation or mitigation measures. So, that way when we look into the socio-economic droughts the consequences are reducing hydraulic power production required the government to convert to more expensive important petroleum and stringent energy conservation measures to meet the power needs say for example, if it is the area the location the power production is through hydraulic power plants. Then demand for economic goods increases when population of per capita consumption increases say that can be another consequences. Then increase in supply by adopting efficient technologies for production construction or construction of reservoirs we can reduce the impacts. Then relative rate of change like critical factor if both are increasing say is demand increasing more rapidly than supply then we can see the relative rate of change how it is taking place. Then above criterion for future predictions or depending upon the consequences or the demand for economic goods. So, accordingly say we can assess the socio-economic impacts and corresponding socio-economic drought situation for the particular watershed or particular region. So, now say we have seen the classifications with respect to droughts. So, now let us look what are the impacts and then the vulnerabilities. So, we discussed this aspect earlier also we defined the the the risk and vulnerability. So, the drought risk is based on a combination of frequency severity and special extent of droughts. So, as a physical nature of droughts and a degree of to which a population or activity is vulnerable to the effects of droughts. So, as we discussed so, this is a combination of say frequency severity and special extent. Then degree of regions vulnerability depends on the environmental and social characteristics of the region. So, what are the environmental effects say what are the social effects. So, accordingly we have to define the degree of the the degree of vulnerability of that particular region. So, we have to investigate the drought vulnerability. So, first we can identify the relevant drought impacts and the trends over time and then we can rank the significant drought impacts with respect to the conditions and then we can investigate the underlying causes of drought impacts. So, that way we can have we can investigate the drought situation and then we can come up with say vulnerabilities and then even we can produce a vulnerability maps. So, when we discuss the drought vulnerability. So, we have to identify the relevant drought impacts and trends. So, like impacts are often symptoms of other underlying problems like vulnerabilities. So, for example, drought impact reporter developed by United States of America. So, this drought impact reporter shows how the system how whether particular areas vulnerable or not. Then we can have a ranking. So, ranking drought impacts. So, like ranking based upon the cause, area extents, trends over time, public opinion, fairness and ability of affected area to recover. So, according to various parameters we can produce a ranking and this ranking ensure equitable policy formulation. So, like you say economical helps or economical fund say particular funding for particular region. So, we can have this kinds of ranking and so that we can have equitable policy formulation that helps say for public and community advisory committees and groups of relevant scientists and policy makers. So, this kinds of ranking of drought impact is very important. So, for example, drought impact ranking matrix we can have a state or community level business or individual scale and from that we can easily identify what will be the possibility of the particular area affected to be affected by the droughts and what is that rank. So, then accordingly the various economic various mitigation measures or economical measures we can go for. So, when we discuss about drought vulnerability analysis. So, we have to investigate the underlying causes of drought impacts as we already discussed. So, drought vulnerability analysis provides a framework for identifying the social, economic and the environmental causes of drought impact. So, these all these issues we have already discussed earlier. So, then we may have to give some direct attention to underlying causes than to its results. So, what are the causes? So, according to the causes say we had to go for the mitigations or the the remediations. So, first we have to identify the causes than only to the results. So, that causes say for example, if we can go for say water conservation or inverter harvesting or build a dam. So, what kind of direct attention is needed. So, once drought drought risk causes is assessed action to mitigate the drought impacts we can look. Say for example, reduced crop yielded to lack of precipitation. So, then the results of vulnerability analysis the farmers did not use drought resistant seeds because they did not believe with them to be useful or cause were too high or because of some commitments to cultural beliefs.  So, that way the drought impact assessment is very important. So, based upon this drought impact assessment only we can generate to the vulnerability maps. So, the impact assessment examines the consequences of a given event or change. So, drought impact assessments actually are useful identification of direct consequences and indirect consequences. As far as the drought is concerned there are certain direct consequences like directly the water will be reduced and then agriculture will be yield will be reduced and then indirect consequences will be the total ecological system will be affected. So, the flora and fauna will be affected like that. So, direct consequences of the drought like reduced crop yield livestock losses and the reservoir depletion. So, these are some of the direct consequences and then secondary consequences or the indirect consequences then corresponding socially affects. So, the people will be affected the society will be affected. Then the initial assessment identify the drought impacts, but does not identify the underlying reasons for these impacts. So, we can have an initial assessment as far as the drought situation is concerned and then we can go for a final assessment based upon the initial assessment by critically studying various aspects. So, that the drought impact can be properly assessed. So, when we look into the drought impacts. So, we have already discussed there are mainly three common types of impacts like first one is the economic impacts, second one is social impacts, third one is the environmental impacts. So, the economic impacts as we discussed can be agricultural, industrial. So, tourism related, energy related, financial or transportation related. So, these are some of the important economic impacts. Then so, social impacts like the social stress or the health of the people are affected, then malnutrition and then there is no facility for recreation and then public safety is affected, then the cultural and aesthetic values are affected. So, these are some of the social impacts of the droughts. Then we when we look into environmental impacts like the flora and fauna are affected, the planet the area is affected, ecosystem is affected, then if the wetland is affected, then surface water and groundwater qualities are affected. So, like that. So, the number of environmental impacts will be there. So, say when we look into the drought assessments, we can produce say various tables in tabular forms, various parameters and then we can come up with a checklist whether the with respect to various condition, whether it is there are historical situation is there or current how it is or there is potential drought. So, that way say a checklist selection can be based upon either a common or extreme droughts or combination of the two and then historical droughts that identify the drought of record for the area and to assess the impacts of that droughts. Then a current drought like with the current knowledge that you have about your local area, if another drought of record were to occur tomorrow or what the local impacts may be and then record them on the checklist under the current column. Then potential droughts like that speculate what the impacts of the same droughts would be for the area in 5 or 10 years time and then record this in the potential column. So, that way we can come up with a checklist with respect to the drought when we look into the drought impact assessments and then with respect to the conditions like a severe moderate or low in bags or we can put with historical drought situation, current drought situation or the area is potential drought situation. So, that way say for example, here this checklist are taken from western drought coordination council of United States. So, here they have put an economic assessments. So, the checklist for economic impacts. So, like loss from crop production various columns are there and loss from diary and livestock production. So, the columns are given like what is the historical situation, what is the current situation, then what is the potential drought situation. So, we can keep we can give ranks for the each of this and then see whether the area is say historically drought prone area or current drought is there or the area is potentially drought prone. Then say with respect to the environmental impacts this also taken from western drought coordination council website. So, their environmental related issues like damage to animal species, then damage to planet species, loss of wetlands, wind and water erosion of soils. So, like that here again we can have the checklist like historical situation, current and potential. So, that way we can put the way the tick mark or checklist and then we can come up whether the area is how much drought prone and we can have the drought assessments. And then if you consider the social impacts are concerned, then the social impacts like mental and physical stress, then health related flow problems, reductions in nutrition, the loss of human life, then public safety from forest and range fires like that. So, this is the checklist for social impacts and whether it with respect to historical or current or potential what are the possibilities. So, this checklist shows how the system will be behaving. So, that way we can have the checklist and then we can assess the drought. And as far as drought assessment is concerned say around the world various agencies assess the drought situations not on a drought other natural hazards like earthquake, tsunami and other flooding etcetera all these disasters. But drought is also one of the disaster which various agencies are monitoring like national climatic data center, then say NCDC, then International Research Institute for Climate Prediction, then Center for International Disaster Information, then relief where United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. So, all these agencies with respect to various parameters with respect to various checklist they assess various locations whether it is drought prone or how much severity can be there with respect to drought. So, all these situations and they will be assessed and then it will be put there in their websites and from that also that their websites we can identify a particular region or particular areas drought prone and related drought assessment can be done. So, we are discussing today the drought assessment and related issues. So, some of the important references used for today's lecture are listed here. Then before closing down few questions like total question like a study critic with the drought problems in India, analyze the causes of droughts in India, then what are the consequences of these droughts, how the drought vulnerability can be assessed. So, these details you can get through from various websites of Ministry of Water, Source, Environment Ministry, Agriculture Ministry like that. Then say few questions for self evaluation, what is droughts and what are its impacts, discuss the drought occurrences at different parts of the world, what are the major classifications of droughts, illustrate adoragical droughts and related issues, describe socio-economic droughts, discuss drought vulnerability analysis. Then if you assignment questions what are the major consequence of droughts, what are the important causes of droughts, discuss the meteorological drought and related issues, what is agricultural drought and how to classify it, what are the common types of drought impacts. So, say today we are discussing about the droughts and its consequences and then the classification of droughts and then how we can do the drought assessment.


I'm not going to fight your war. I'm going to end it. Hey what's going on movie fans, comic book fans, Marvel fans from around the world. We are here for another MCU film, the 21st film in the MCU with Captain Marvel and you all want to know is Carol Danvers, is Captain Marvel and this best thing, is she going to be the strongest Avenger?  Let's find out. My name is Brandon Keith Avery and this is just my opinion. Hey what's going on guys thank you so much for tuning in to my opinion slash review for Captain Marvel I really do appreciate it. Now you guys know if you know me and you see my reviews and videos before you know that I love comic book movies, movies especially MCU movies these are the films that I look forward to the most out of anything put out there and now we have Captain Marvel starring Carol Danvers of course I'm a big fan of hers Miss Bree Larson. I'm not a Captain Marvel fanatic I don't know much about her like I do Captain America or Black Panther or Iron Man but I do know a good amount about her especially from the Avengers, Earth might as heroes which came on TV many many many years ago but when they started promoting this film the first trailer and the first well actually the first few trailers it was kind of so so some of them I was liking but you know some of them I thought they were just okay and kind of repeating the other ones but as more material started coming out from the studio Marvel Disney I did get excited and for the most part guys you know all of my expectations you know were met and after seeing this movie the first thing I want to say about this movie is my goodness gracious I cannot wait to see Avengers Endgame if you're excited for Avengers Endgame I don't blame you you should be but after you see Captain Marvel you're going to be that much more excited now I'll go ahead and get this out of the way as we all know there are two credit scenes there's a mere credit scene and then there is a post credit scene at the very very end and you know Marvel they always do that the mere credit scene that's the best that's the one that's going to get you hopping in your ceasefire actually I don't want to hype it too much but I was excited about it everybody else in the theater was excited about it as well and that's what kind of just sitting me over the moon like dang can Avengers Endgame hurry up and get here now the post credit scene you know you got to wait through all the credit since like 10 to 15 minutes you know it may do something for you it really didn't do anything for me there is something there but you know it would just kind of so so but let's actually talk about the movie now this is being directed by Anna Bolton and Ryan Fleck and I'll go ahead and admit I don't know much about them I haven't heard of them before until this movie started being promoted but they both their their co-directors not just on this film but on a number of films they did films like Sugar Mississippi Grand and it's kind of a funny story and I've never heard of those before it's just what I looked up on there a filmography on IMDB and to say you know they really don't have that much experience with big budget films and things like that and that's okay I mean Kevin Feige is at the helm of this but you know they really did do a great job I really did enjoy this film and the starting off what I liked about it first is you know the world building now we with the MCU you kind of hear some people you know complaining sometimes that oh this is just another MCU MCU movie it kind of seems like some stuff that we've seen from the past before and that is not the case with this at all this is truly a standalone movie even with it taking place on earth and parts of it taking a place in space and across the galaxy kind of like what Guardians of the Galaxy did but it still stands alone and when we have the earth setting with the main Avengers Captain America Iron Man and things like that but we did get another sense of the world or of the MCU with Thor, Thor Ragnarok and Thor the Dark World you know but we also got a different sense of the world the MCU with Black Panther that stood alone that was kind of like its own thing and then of course of Guardians of the Galaxy you may be saying yourself okay how many times can they do that and they did that in this movie and that's just one of the things that I noticed at the very beginning is the Kree world the Kree Empire and how they built that and I mean you only got like a couple of wise shots and it was beautiful it was still breathtaking to me but besides all these visuals and worlds and designs of buildings that you've never seen before I think it was just the character development and the chemistry between the two leads in this movie with Jude Law playing Ron what is this name always but Jan Rock and of course Brie Larson playing Carol Danvers, Verz or Captain Marvel they had a great chemistry on a screen I love them it seemed like you know they have had a relationship a platonic relationship for the longest and it just kind of was not like forced into this movie and that's just kind of what was speaking to me at the very beginning of this movie now I also like that with this Kree Empire this Kree world building like the technology and the fighting and things like that the technology is of course something that we've never seen before I mean we've seen Iron Man Tony Stark do a whole bunch of stuff you know with Black Panther and Wakanda we got vibranium and then over here in Thor's world we got Uru Metal and Guardians of the Galaxy are doing their own thing over here but and they don't shove it down your face but with with Captain Marvel in the Kree is very subtle but you can't help to notice like oh my gosh the technology that they're using is just like really out of this world like this is something new this is something that I've never seen before and just you know give me more of that and then when you have Guardians of the Galaxy I mean this stands alone from the Guardians of the Galaxy but at the same time it ties into it because you know we have Lee Pace coming back as Ron and the accuser and he doesn't have like a big gigantic role in this movie but his presence is felt and I did appreciate it and I did not really care for his character in Guardians of the Galaxy the first one that came out with August 2014 I thought it was horrible I thought that was like the absolutely worst part of the movie the villain and that was just trash and I'm not saying like I said he's not coming through shining right here but I did notice him but with the technology and the way they fly through space and things like that like I said it stands on its own but I was just kind of noticing like wow I kind of like the way that they are tying this in and kind of expanding on this world that we are that we already know something else that like us this just stood out to me and just makes this movie stand on its own it's just kind of like the missions and like I don't like action just for the sake of action I like plot within the action that's one of the reasons why I'm not just the biggest fan of the latest Transformers movies that were directed by Michael Bay not this last Bumblebee movie I mean I like the first Transformers movie and I like Bumblebee but the other Transformers movies just a bunch of action and explosions and they're just all you got to do is like no go unplug this or press the button and then your goal would be accomplished no there is a mission in hand okay we have to do this and we have to attack it this way and we can't do it this way because you know we'll be exposed and then this person that we're trying to save will be eliminated annihilated so we have to do it like this and we have only this amount of time and you're good at this particular skill and you're good at this so we want you up here and we want you down here oh wait a minute what is it what if it's a trap what is our backup plan what is playing bc and all this it's just kind of like you know just like a little 90s adventure or something like that and that's just kind of cool to kind of see that in an often I'm saying Avengers movie in an MCU movie it's just something fresh and I you know I haven't really seen any other reviews from anybody else but it's just something brand new that I haven't seen or experienced before I've experienced in other movies but I haven't experienced that in the MCU another great thing that I like and I'm just going to go ahead and get all the good stuff out the way the scrolls I really do like the scrolls and I will say early on in the marketing material for Captain Marvel some of the effects when they was releasing the trailers and and featurettes and things like that it really did not seem like the effects were done and I just really never I understand that they have to promote the film early on but I'm never really understand or understood when studios will release footage out to the public when the when the effects are not done that just seems like it'll be a turnoff you know but it worked in this I was worried a little bit how the scrolls look it looked like it was just a bunch of cracked up play-doh sometime in the marketing material but the way that they were transforming back and forth and if you if you knew that this the scrolls is alien race from far on the other side of the galaxy if they see an object person or thing or well I'd just say a person they can mimic that person down to their D and A and in the little bit that I know about the Korean scrolls they can get all their memories and I don't want to spoil too much here this is a non-spoiler review I like the rules that they said when you are building when you're having a film and you're building a new universe especially when people have not seen it before something that is very important is setting the rules of the universe and sticking to that and they did a very good job with that with the scrolls they you know there really isn't like uh well no I'll talk about that later but I really do like the way the scrolls were infiltrating earth and shapeshifting and things like that some of it is predictable but that's fine and we're doing that on purpose but some of it was like oh snap I didn't realize this was a scroll or whatever y'all are really good at this you know I'm saying y'all been doing this for a long time you know I'm saying I'm they're being obvious with that and so am I but you know there were a few times in this film that I was getting tricked with some of the scroll scroll transformations and shapeshifting thinking that this is a normal human or something like that but it's a scroll or whatever and you know the way that you know Nick Fury and Captain Marvel the way that they would have to go about finding out okay are you a real human or are you a scroll I liked it it was very intriguing it was it was neat um it was well thought out it was well paced and I just got to give it up to everybody involved that brought that to the screen because they did a great job another great thing about this movie is it did waste no goddamn time or whatever you know I'm saying no pointless dialogue or you know low hold let's go over here and have ice cream combs just to stretch out the movie no no no no when Samuel Jackson comes onto the scene when Phil Coulson comes onto the scene and they're trying to interrogate curl Danvers Brie Lawson's character there is no time wasted of course she's she's from she's or she's an alien or she appears to be an alien she thinks she's an alien she's like hey my name is Verz and I'm across the galaxy and these scroll creatures are invading your land is this c53 and how do I communicate with this and a normal human is going to be like okay what the hell is going on what is wrong with this chick right here are you mentally insane but at the same time the film reveals itself right then and there at the perfect time to pull okay this chick is not lying she may be an ally or she may be this but something's going on and we need to get to the bottom of it and I like that when when when the film is not wasting time it doesn't get bored it does not have time to get bored it just continue to go on firing on all cylinders and that's just great entertainment for me and just stuff that we've never seen before in the MCU and I'm just kind of eating it all up another great thing is when you're looking at all the promotion of material for this film you know you know that uh Brie Larson's character captain marvel uh miss excuse me captain marvel Verz or Carol Danvers you know that she's having some trippy things with her memory she doesn't really know her origin she thinks that she's a kree but she's really here on earth I love the way that they were doing the things with her memory and all the camera tricks and effects and editing and all that good stuff that was very very very very well paced and thought out and um they just they did a great job there of just kind of mixing it in and revealing itself to the audience to me to you in little pieces and not just kind of you know not all at one time just kind of shoving up on your face or anything like that I was okay I like this I like to build up the plot is getting thicker thicker and thicker also I forgot that this film took place in the 90s I mean I don't want to necessarily say how the film starts off and stuff like that you know but it's the kree it's the scroll and intergalactic empires and islands and things like that their technology is like out there it's like whoa you know I'm saying but then when you come down to earth you're like oh snap I forgot this is in the 90s and they don't shove that in your face either it's very subtle these are points that where it takes its time it has a ton of nostalgic value to it I'm like oh my god I remember that oh I remember this store I remember that store it's not just blockbusters oh I remember this song and I remember that song oh man remember how we used to have to wait this long to do this and that and sometimes when they're doing that the comedy in it is just like perfect or whatever comes out of nowhere I mean you we all know how long it used to take for a while dollop of all that crap I mean it's just crazy and they have like little sprinkles of that throughout the movie and it's brilliant or whatever and the thing is you know some some and these are legitimate complaints even coming from myself in the past that some there's a difference between funny moments and jokes funny moments are just natural and genuine and they just you know happen on their own jokes is when they actually shoehorn it in there are really no jokes in this movie that they just shoehorn it in they're really all just really funny natural moments and that I mean you can't help but laugh at it and the laughing is not distracting as soon as you're done laughing you're able to get back to the plot and enjoy them and excuse me and enjoy the film now let's just talk about the characters themselves the acting in this movie it's great not anything well no no oh actually it is great and I'll get to that for a second but let's talk about Bree Larson here now this film right here is a great representation for women you know women feeling strong and empowering themselves of course you know the DC Warner Brothers they already did that with Wonder Woman but now it's Marvel's turn we haven't had a female lead superhero movie of course we've had Black Widow and we've had Scarlett Witch and they're great but we have not had a female lead solo movie and this is the first in the MCU with Bree Larson now you know some people are stupid and lying to my social justice warriors and dumb crap like that get out of here I don't I don't that's just stupid talk but this film is not remotely close to that it's not like I'm Bree Larson Captain Marvel and I'm here to save the day and I'm strong girl parah not crap it's not like that at all it's it's it's you know I liked her attitude I mean you know in this film she was able to put men in their place when they needed to be put in their place and I was like okay snap I'll see you girl okay you know I'm saying do your thing and the same thing not just with her you know for like a white female representation there's also great black female representation here as well with Monica Rambeau and she's a character that I'm not too familiar with as well but I've seen other people online get excited about her and there was a line in this movie I was like oh god damn girl chat you know I'm like do you want to go to dinner what do you want to go I will take you there you know I'm saying like it was nice but it wasn't on stupid like rah rah rah you know corny girl power stuff another one with girl power I'm just saying like the corniness this was just like okay it was well placed you know sometimes women need to be put in their place sometimes men need to be put in their place sometimes people just need to be put in the places that they need to be put placed and it was some place putting in this movie by some it's some good women in this Monica Rambeau black woman and Brie Lawson Captain Marvel white women so you know you just got a good mix of everything and about that Monica Rambeau hopefully well we gonna see her down later on the future or her daughter Maria Rambeau now the daughter Maria Rambeau in this movie a little girl her name is and I forgot it's a where's her name at my I thought I wrote it down but I didn't write it down my goodness gracious and I'm gonna take my time too because I have to give her Akira Akbar oh my goodness gracious she was the cutest thing in this whole little movie I mean I wish this girl was like my little sister so I can just protect her and teach her everything that she needs to know about the world she was just adorable and usually when a little kid I think she in real life she's 11 when I looked it up but usually in movies like my little kids can be annoying sometime or I hear that complaint she was not annoying at all I love this little girl she was cute I mean like my goodness gracious she had her long curly natural black hair bouncing a wave and floating around and it was just beautiful let me just give me a second guys let me just go to real life real quick black women huh let me let me speak to you real quick because I know y'all got it rough you know we all grew up where our mamas and aunties and grandma stuff like that was putting perms in your head we all understand how rough it is I'm not going to stay on this table too long I understand and they conditioned us and especially you guys a certain way to feel about your hair we knew that our mamas and aunties grandma they couldn't get jobs in corporate America with their natural afros and things like that you know you go to cover braids dreads what's going on you know no I understand but and and it is really messed this a lot of us up in this in this in this world I understand but please if you just take for me women please get some confidence I feel you I feel your pain just please rock your natural black hair it is your natural black beautiful hair it is gorgeous and the way that miss Akira Akbar miss Monica Rambo was rocking in this movie or the appearance of natural hair it was just beautiful and it was just one of the things that I loved about this move the most and I just had to I just had to give it you know that credit where uh credit is due uh another actor that I want to talk about is Ben Milderson how he always plays villains in this film and he did uh and and films that he's in and sometimes people say that he's typecasting he is but he was great in this film he had a nice charisma and he was kind of like a he was kind of like a smooth swab type of villain you know I'm saying just like look you know I'm saying look you just start wasting time okay just listen to me my way is the way that we want to go all I want to do is invade your planet that's all I want to do is invade your planet you know he may he's thinking like you know all I want to do is have sex with your wife that's all I want to do and you may think the stuff like well all he wants to do is that it's like no that's just I'm just saying that's how he talks or whatever and I like the way it came through it was just nice I've never seen a villain like this before in the MCU uh I mean we had Thanos that was great we had Killmonger uh that was great we had uh what was the villain's name in um in uh Thor the Dark World uh uh y'all know what I'm talking about I'm having a brain fart right now but uh just a completely different villain and the film did not focus on the villain necessarily this was all Captain Marvel shine that's perfectly fine I you know I have uh nothing wrong with that whatever but uh again I like the 90s nostalgia I like how the plot thickens I like how this film standard on his own but also uh related to the other movies the kree world building the scrolls the technology the fighting and all that it was dope I loved it other than the memories the effects were cool too but now we got to talk about the bad we got to talk about the stuff that I just do not care about now the first act of this film was absolutely fantastic I was like damn you know the the first two acts was damn near perfect you know I'm saying I'm saying I'm myself like man this movie is great that's fantastic it's like one of the best films in MCU like top five I'm not gonna say top three but this could potentially be top five let's get to the bed first thing other than I like about this movie was semi-o Jackson's hairline I don't know what the hell y'all was thinking that shit was wax get sorry I'm the profanity but like come on man y'all kind of gave him a taper fade ball fade a straight line up I don't know what I was doing with his head but it did not now the de-aging from semi-o Jackson and feel close and all that stuff what's feel close it's real Clark Greg um that was great but the love the edge the edge up or whatever his edge up game was on wack it looked like you know they asked him up with a spatula or something it just wasn't going down um I don't know I wasn't feeling that another thing that I was not feeling in this movie was the damn cat goose um that's a flurkin or whatever now in my opinion the only reason they put the cat in this movie was to appeal to comic book fans I mean and that's fine if the cat serves a purpose and they try to give him a purpose in this film but to be honest with you in my opinion it was completely unnecessary and just didn't need to be in there now I'm also going to say this right here um I don't consider this a spoiler because I'm not given well I mean I guess I am well we all know that in this movie it reveals how Sammy L Jackson lost his eye I did not like it I thought it was stupid I thought it was corny I thought it was lazy I was very very very disappointed with the way uh Sammy L Jackson lost his eye it kind of delutes a line um in another MCU movie and I don't want to say any more because I'll talk about it that way it may be too revealing but I was highly disappointed I was hot well I mean even though Sammy L Jackson's hairline was wack it won a deal breaker but I was highly disappointed with the way Sammy L Jackson lost his eye and the cat thing was just completely unnecessary they did not have to include him in this in the film I mean they they just didn't and um yeah I'll leave that there another thing that I did not like is um I talked about how great the first act was in the second act but the third act was just not as polished as the first and second act when the the crap hits the fan and Bree Larson goes binary aka Super Saiyan all my Dragon Ball Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball GT Dragon Ball Super Dragon Ball Hero fans out there you know I'm saying like it was corny to me it was goofy it's like when she finally powers up or whatever I mean I like the way it looked it looked cool but the the way that she just kind of transformed to that next level of power I was like okay really excuse me this doesn't really make sense to me and then the film said that it was gonna explain it but it just never really did I mean it explained it but it was I just wasn't buying it I was just like okay and then when the the fighting and stuff came through I'm just like this is not intense this is just I I just was a little disappointed in that myself um you know the third act itself and then this you know Bree Larson I mean and that's what we all came I have to be honest guys I have to be honest that's what we came to see we came to see Bree Larson kick ass and go Super Saiyan or whatever and she did kick ass and she did go Super Saiyan I'm not saying the whole thing was bad but there was some parts when I was like okay like it was the song choice that they used and I'm just like y'all was jamming this whole movie why I mean it's just like a man you just at the club or the bar and they just you know got some bangers and they're like oh snap you know you know and then they like and all of a sudden you know it's time to go home and I love you you love me where you're gonna be like what come on DJ that's how I felt when I'm like what is going on I don't know I mean y'all remember Aquaman anyway I'm not gonna get into that but it was a ton of good I already talked about that but you know I didn't like Samuel Jackson's hairline I didn't like the damn cat um the song choice when she finally powers up was stupid and you know it could have been a little bit better with the with the fighting and stuff like that it was just kind of falling all over the all over the place or whatever with that but the movie was still great um try to see this film on the biggest screen as possible please try to see this in IMAX a real IMAX screen not this fake line max whatever where it's just a big screen but the ratio is not right you know look it up there's YouTube's on video just look up IMAX ratio and all that you can google the proper theater it is worth it because I was I was looking at the movie like damn I wish I was seeing this I can tell that this is like a massive shot wide and tall like I said wide and tall wide and tall I'm trying to say um but yeah and then of course the the their first credit the first um me at credit scene was dope as hell everybody was like oh my god I can't wait to see in-game but the last one was like really y'all made me wait throughout this I'm just not I mean you can wait if you want to but in my opinion it's not worth it if I had to rate uh Captain Marvel out of a one out of ten I'm going to give it an eight out of ten yes an eight out of ten but guys that is just my opinion have you seen Captain Marvel or do you want to see it how about turn you on how about turn you off do you agree with me or do you disagree disagree with me let me know now in the conversation below let's get this conversation going to keep it flowing if you like this video go ahead and give me the thumbs up if you don't that's fine but you can still subscribe to my channel you can also look me up on social media facebook instagram and twitter all the good stuff it's right there at the bottom of the screen and I made it very easy by providing links to all that good stuff down in the description box below and guys please share this video ever since january 20th of 2019 uh I've noticed that there's something wrong with my youtube channel that is one of the reasons why I have not been posting a lot of reviews and I have been emailing youtube and they're finally escalated to try to get it fixed hopefully it will but please share this video a lot of people telling me they're getting notifications way later it's just a bunch of stuff that I'm trying to work out but guys I just want to thank you again for tuning in to my opinion slash review for Captain Marvel and before you go don't forget that my name is brandy Keith Avery and that's just my opinion peace


I hope on my laptop and it was playing the Elder Scrolls Online music. Hi, welcome back. Today it was a little bit of a rainy day. Good thing I got rainy day activities. I keep doing that forever but I think it's obnoxious. Anyways, I was online on the YouTube machine. I was watching a video of a pretty well-known makeup artist. Her name is Hrush. Hrush? Hrush? She does a lot of work with the Kardashians. I feel like, hi honey. I saw that she posted a video about using face tape to do an instant facelift. Julian, would you like a rainy day facelift? No. Why not? I feel like I knew what this was. This is the kit that I got. This is the one that Hrush recommended.  As far as I knew, I thought that this was like an old stage trick that people like used on Broadway.  Cher from stuck on you? Cher from stuck on you, yes. I just wanted to play with it because she made a video and it looked super easy and it's someone that doesn't have any Botox to fillers because I'm afraid of needles but more power to you for whatever you do to your own body and your own face, whatever makes you happy you live your life. I want to tape my face up because I want to see what it would look like.  You don't go to events. I don't know what something else that I would go to. Party. A party. You don't go to parties. If I went to a party. You don't go to parties. If I went outside. You don't go outside. She was saying that she used it because she had some swelling or something. It was self-conscious and that it was really helpful to her and I just think that that's really cool and she promised me in this video that I would look snatched and popping. So I'm ready to look snatched and popping. Are you? Yeah. Here we go. Is it plastic surgery or did I just really tape up my whole face, my neck? I don't know the answer. Today I'm gonna show you guys how I snatched myself from top to bottom. What did she say? How she snatched herself from top to bottom. If this could help you or make you feel more comfortable, not everyone has Botox or fillers. That's me. This definitely your whole face. So basically I'm gonna show you guys how to tape up your face correctly. Now I'm sure some of you have seen this here and there. I'm sure. I'm sucking it. You guys really know how to do it correctly. No. You will need a bare face while doing this. Why? Because I put a little makeup on. Little tapes will not stick on to makeup.   It's not worth it. Someone didn't do the research. I like it where like my eyebrows look a little straighter. You should put them like right there. And when you do mine, can you just drag my eyes down? This whole thing says that it's created by any award-winning makeup artist, art-harding.  You know what I mean? Whenever I post a video of me doing my makeup and I pull my eye to get my eyeliner, people are like, stop doing that. You're gonna get wrinkles.  I am. Wrinkles.  Don't tell me what to do. It's my thing. Do you have a baby wipe? Can you give me a baby wipe?  Give that to me. Snatch me. Snatch me like one of Liam Neeson's daughters. Oh, nice. Is this not a fun rainy day activity? So the first thing is to pull up your hair. Ouch. Now these little crocodile clips. I'm gonna look like my hands will go. Now, my hair's really dirty, so like leave all your comments to yourself. What if they won't write it in the comments? No. Stop. Stop taking my stuff, please. You got games on your mirror?  Help me. Because it's just like easier. But I'm just gonna do this. I don't have anyone to help me over here. I'm here to help you. You are incredibly unhelpful at everything. Hold on. Hold on. I need you to say this line, okay? Okay. Say this is for a special someone. This is for a special someone. The importance of this, you can't just like wrap hair and randomly throw it around. Do you know what my teeth are showing? There's a little metal piece over here. The metal piece goes in. Put the metal piece inside the tape. There are four notches on this and it depends on how tight you want to go. Tightness, I mean how I like to place it super close to my eyebrow and it's going to go under my tape extension. Do you guys see that? Well, this is very complicated. She taped her brow to with the tape that she put under her tape in extension. There's a lot of tape happening. So she said super close to the brow and then like that. Oh. The metal piece gives it away. Oh hers is under. I messed up. Oh bit.  Hold back. Yes. And then the other side. Make sure you have clean hands for this too obviously. Just hold them down a little bit. Wait, why does she just tell us her hands need to be clean? They've been dirty this whole time. You're like in the middle of breading something you've got one hand in batter and one hand in flour? Oh no. All right, I want it to be like tight. I want to be snatched and popping. Really close to my brow. Do you want me to try to tie them together? No, I'll do it. Oh, wait, what? Wait, does that look natural? Do I look snatched and popping or what? You look snatched and popping. So you're going to have to take it. Wait, it really hurts. It hurts? It's like my face is getting pulled apart. Yeah, it is.   You still have like upward mobility with your eyebrows. Wink. Wink. That's hot. This is a lot easier to use than I thought it would be. I thought this was going to be kind of difficult, but the tape is so sticky that it just like goes on. Kermit, not now. I'm snatched and popping. Kerm, please. Does that look natural? Wait, stop laughing. What? You look good. Really? Yeah, let's go. Wait, my eyes are like disfigured though. That's what you wanted. Wait, but like look at my eyelid. Like that doesn't look right. I feel like that doesn't look right. Like you look beautiful, but that just might be you looking beautiful. Wait, is this what looking beautiful feels like? Is it painful? Yeah. Yeah.  You look sick. Now that time is like going by a little, it's starting to dissipate. Like I can't feel it as much anymore, but like right where the tape is really hurts. Can you think? No, I'm having a hard time thinking. Wait, I want to see how easy it is to cover it with makeup. I feel like that makes it worse, doesn't it? Yeah. Like you need a really specific hairstyle to make this work. Like to fully cover it. It's a different like surface. It's like mad right now. But that's why I thought this was like a stage trick. Like that people wear under wigs because then this fully gets covered. You know what I mean? This is pretty sick. It's kind of I like how flat it makes on eyebrows because everyone always makes fun of my eyebrows, but like what if they looked like this? Would you guys stop making fun of me? I feel like it's making me look a little angry though. Is it?   It's kind of amazing though. It holds really well. Like I don't feel it slipping or anything like that. I want to try the neck one. Hey girl. I caught myself on my beautiful making thing. Can you help me? I'm putting a band-aid on my beautiful people boo boo. This is really fun. I feel like I've done worse things to my face. Have I not? You 100% have. I do one side and then squeeze my neck together. Did they see my neck before? No.  Oh so here's my neck. As you can tell it's it's hurting me. How's my neck look? Your neck looks sick. Thank you. It's kind of awesome. It feels like someone is just pinching the back of my neck like this. What do you think? I think you look snatched and popping but your neck looks identical. I mean I don't think you needed the neck lift. The neck is very uncomfortable.  Yeah it feels very choking. I think it feels kind of good. The choking feeling? No the brow one. Like the pain has gone away completely. My face has gotten used to it. Yeah and it just like kind of feels kind of good. Do you want to try it?  Wait I feel like when I laugh it gives it away because you can see my face like. Just don't emote. Okay really snatch me.  So I don't need to oh I'm gonna I'm gonna get some of your brow hairs. Oh god that's kind of her later isn't it? You're fine it's just tight. Actually I like this as an accessory. Just write a price on here. Are you ready? Oh I'm ready. Ow! You didn't How could you do this to me? It's slipping.  Oh that's like on your brow. If that hurts later I'm gonna be mad. Okay are you ready for your face lift? Yeah if it doesn't stick what happens. Oh my god I am focused. I feel so alive. Wait that looks good though. Just like just stop doing that with your eyes. Just like act natural. Yeah.   So no mustache no glasses. No glasses. Like that looks good though Julian. Does it? I don't know. Yeah it looks kind of good. I just feel more awake. I feel like I should do this in the morning. Right. So it's in coffee.  Like you know you can make the brows go straight up and down. I'm a me. We do your neck so your neck can be snatched. My neck is snatched already. No we need to snatch it more. We're having fun isn't this fun? Wow that that like changed my whole life. Did it really? No this is burning. I don't care. We're having a good time. You know what they should call us? What? Super snatched brows.  Ow.  Probably. My neck's not snatched anymore. Ow. How do you feel? I feel good. Normal. Let me do your cheeks. Well then hold it for me. Hold it. Hold it. Hold it. You're crushing my ear. This is so you're crushing my ear. What's the point of this one? Did you say something about me? How about we do one brow and one cheek bones? Ah! When you can't decide on one look so you do two looks. Three, two, one. Blast off. All right get out. I can't believe I wasted a tape on you. Are you happy you tried this? Yeah I'd like I don't know it's just so harmless. Like I love anything that's just like easy and not permanent if you don't want it to be like it's just a fun thing that I feel like might make you feel better or happy or who cares it's just such a good time.  I just think it was so fun and when I watched this video I really wanted to try it see what it would look like and here we are. Now you're snatched and popping. Now I'm snatched and popping. Congrats on being snatched and popping. Wait but I feel like once I take it off I'm gonna be sad. No you're beautiful just the way you are. Thank you Roosh this is a really fun thing. What it looks like just to be snatched imagine just being this snatched daily but again I feel like you know literally the arch is at the same level you're not gonna get that with like both that's maybe a muscle we'll give out it'll hang on for dear life and then give out more than the other one but this is like a guarantee you're gonna be popping at all times as long as it's on now. Baby you look so cute don't make that face. I missed my snatched and popping. No stop. Now I'm not popping at all. Otter don't make that face. Now that I know this exists how am I meant to live without it. Okay yeah that's it just wanted to hang out have a fun little rainy day tape facelifts. Where's the other half of this? Rainy day tape facelift band name called it. You look so cute always that it barely makes a different effect on you. Oh anyways that's it. What are you doing? Oh look at oh it's like that TikTok meme. you