So, far we have seen what is language and what do we do in the whole field of linguistics. So, to answer that question based on what you know by now with all kinds of discussions that we have gone through, language is really a fascinating human capacity and it is a system in itself. It is not an arbitrary thing, it is natural to us and humans have specific capacity to speak. That capacity is rule governed and it happens to us. All aspects of language, all kinds of rules operating under language and all aspects meaning whether it is a phenomena of human mind or whether it is a social phenomena, whether we are looking at rules of sentences, these words and sounds or the rules of language used in society, broadly speaking e-language and i-language that is external language or internal language. All kinds of aspects related to language that we study is going to be the domain of the discipline called linguistics. This is what we have we have seen so far. We started looking at what is it that happens to us when we end up internalizing this whole phenomena without realizing much about it. What is it that when we say language in a way develops in us, it happens to us. It is just like a child grows incrementally, language develops. This is exactly what we are looking at. We will look at it in little bit more details and continue looking at some more aspects of it. So, this is the particular scheme of a language acquisition which is every human child is born with this capacity to acquire language. There are lots of questions related to it. Why do other species not have language? Do they really not have language? Do they not communicate with one another? There could be lots of questions related to this aspect. The moment we start saying every normal human child is born with this capacity to learn a language. To put everything aside right now, all we can say is a, we are not talking about other species and b, we do not know much about other species. We cannot blame anyone for that because we do not know much about human language right. Remember some of the questions that we raised when we were talking about connections between language and human mind. We really do not know which part of human mind actually functions for language. Neuroscientists with lots of efforts kind of know that set of specialized set of neurons are responsible for different kinds of activities. But we do not know which set of neurons are responsible for language. We do not know whether there is a set of neurons that is responsible for language or not. So, we do not, the point is we do not know much about human language. So, if we do not know much about language or communication system of other species, this is not a big surprise. We should, but if we do not, what can we do about it? So, all we can say, we do not know much about other species, therefore we are not talking about them. We are not saying that they, they do not have conclusively. However, some linguists, some people studying language can tell you conclusively that they, either they do not have, you understand the meaning of they, either other species do not have language or if they do that system is very limited in its functioning. That is like when dogs bark, that has a very limited function. That could be interpreted in couple of ways. It is like traffic signal, when we have the red light, it has a particular interpretation and when you have an yellow light, it has a particular interpretation and when you have a red light, it has a particular interpretation. So, that, that is also a language in a way, but those are limited in it, in their function. They are similarly, communication system of other species are probably limited in their function, but I would like to take a point, take a position, that we do not know much about that. Therefore, let us not even worry about that. What we know or what we, what we, what researchers have tried to understand, what happens to humans. And in that we say, we, this, this is the beginning point, which is of course, hypothetical as I have told you last time, that human children are born with this capacity. That is, that is point number one. Point number two, that capacity is called language acquisition device, which is not a physical device, it is a hypothetical thing. And this is what we mean, when we say, we are born with the capacity to acquire language. So, we are born with this language acquisition device. This device happens to have two things, two, two parts of it. One is principles and the other is parameters. And languages are structured around these principles and parameters, which we are going to unfold and see very soon, with various different examples. What else happens to this is, this, the, the set of principles and parameters together is known as universal grammar. And that universal grammar refers to knowledge of all aspects of language of humans. That is, all languages of the world could be hypothetically part of that, that universal principles of language, which is embedded in language acquisition device. All right, making sense so far? And then, when a child is born, it operates, it functions in a society and by society, here we do not mean a much larger society. Whatever the child interacts with and that child acquires the language of, of only that society. We have empirical evidence that a child acquires the language of that society. Based on this empirical fact, what again has been proposed that the input to child receives from that immediate society functions as a trigger to language acquisition device, which eventually triggers universal grammar and triggers, when, when we say trigger, we mean triggers the rules of that language. That unfolds such rules and that unfolding is called acquisition. And then, the output is the same language. A child is based, based on this hypothesis, based on this functioning of, based on this idea of language acquisition, we can say probably a child will be able to acquire all the languages of the world. Can we say that? However, there has to be a condition for that and that condition is, if I speak Telugu, only because I grew up in Telugu speaking area, my immediate society was speaking Telugu. So, if I grew up in a, in a society and my society was speaking all the languages of the world, then I will be speaking all the languages of the world. Only on the basis of that point, it can hypothetically be said that a child will be able to speak all the languages of the world. And this is, this is not a, not a small claim that this hypothesis, this, this acquisition principle is making. This is a very tall claim. The strength of this tall claim is, it is not empirically falsifiable. We cannot falsify this claim. Why? Why can we not falsify this claim? Experiment with the term, there is no such area also where. It is not possible for anyone to show a particular area that look, this area speaks all the languages of the world. But, children living in that area do not speak all the languages of the world. Yet this, therefore this will not be falsifiable. And, and however on the other hand, we do see that if a child is growing up in areas like Delhi, it, the child easily speaks Hindi, Punjabi and, and let us say, if you, if you look at more specific areas of Delhi, certain, certain places like Green Park speaks Bangla. So, a child growing up in Green Park will easily acquire Hindi, Punjabi, Bangla. And if, if it, if the child also interacts with English, they will acquire English. So, whatever is the languages around, the child has absolutely no difficulty in acquiring such, such languages. Therefore, the role of immediate society is very significant for what the child acquires. And again I want to underline and draw your attention to the fact that children do not acquire Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Punjabi or at least they do not know that they are acquiring Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Punjabi. They are acquiring the language that is spoken to them. And therefore, they, they speak whatever they speak. Alright? Good. Another important aspect of that acquisition is, I think we, we briefly underlined this thing last time when we were discussing this, that it is not very, the input is not very sophisticated.  This when we say input is not sophisticated. That is, input is not really very clear. Input is not sufficient. Okay? Which is, this is what we mean when we say input is fuzzy and limited in its quality and quantity both. It is really not, not clear. However, when the child starts speaking something, it is perfectly grammatical and infinite. I am going to send you a paper on the, on this particular aspect and I would like you to take a look at it. It is a, it is a easy reading by Ray Jackendorf which takes you through several steps of language acquisition and how child, how a child incrementally starts developing language. There is a claim in that paper. It is, it is part of a book which is about biological foundation of language in the, in the time frame of 18 months to 24. The total strength of vocabulary among children grows from 70 to 100 words to 10,000. 70 to 100 at the, at the age of, let us say 17 or 18 months by the end of 24 or it is, there is no hard and fast line of 24, 25, 26. The amount is approximately 10,000. Does this, does this not sound surprising? So, and that he brings as an evidence that the output through different stages and when we move to a particular stage really becomes infinite and then it keeps growing and growing to the extent that we do not even know how much we know, how many things we know about language and then when a child starts speaking, we continue, continue and never stop. That is the meaning of infinite. Grammatical simply means, what is the, what is the meaning of grammatical here? Can someone say, can someone tell? What, what is the meaning of the word grammatical that you in general understand? Proper structure for sentences. Proper structure for sentences. Good words. Yes, grammatical here also refers to, you, you are right, proper structure but then we need, we need to know what is the proper, what is that proper structure? Grammatical here also means acceptable. That is an acceptable is commonly agreed between people. So, when a child says something after a certain point we do not say that we do not understand. And that is also grammatical in the sense that at the, at the level of sound what happens is, see if there is a, if there is a word which is like, see this thing? This is like, this is the word like papa. What through these kinds of things what children figure out? And this is what is, what refers to underlying patterns is this pattern that a word requires a consonant, a vowel, a consonant and a vowel. You will not find any child saying things like, what is this word? Anybody? You do not know. Can you say this word at least? No. Do you know why you cannot say this word? Does not have a vowel, right? This word does not have a vowel. Now, what I want to tell you is children do not learn, I mean of course they learn papa but what they are not learning is, what they are learning is not individual words. What they are figuring out is the underlying pattern of word formation. That is, and again this happens on the basis of this limited input. As I have told you just now that until the age of 2018 months whatever a child goes through has only limited vocabulary of let us say 15 to 20 to 30 to 70 words. It jumps exponentially at a particular stage during a particular time frame. Now that gymnastics is not that important. What is important is, what happens is this. This is clear that you cannot have a word, which does not have a vowel.  That is what a child figures out that they are going to be words which are going to be like this, where you may have two consonants as a cluster in the beginning. The child also figures out that at times you may have two consonants of two consonants as a cluster somewhere in the middle of a sentence and then probably we may have a cluster at the end of it too. However, again based on the same input which is for every child of every language of every place on this planet, input remains fuzzy and limited. But on the basis of the same thing a child figures out that probably the language that is being spoken around me does not allow a cluster. The example that I was trying to give you last time was from Punjabi that Punjabi speaking children who acquire Punjabi or are growing up in Punjabi speaking areas try to simplify clusters even from the languages which may have clusters and therefore words like school becomes sakuul for them or they end up saying sakuul. Words like scooter becomes sakuuter get it. So, they and they figured out they have figured it out get this point that that is what I am trying to say that the input is limited fuzzy output is grammatical.  Right now we are talking about pattern of grammaticality at the level of word with the similar kinds of pattern patterns are visible at every stage. Grammatical also means sakuuter and this is important for me to underline to you here that when a Punjabi speaking child says sakuuter this is a grammatical pattern for them. Is this making sense to you? Why is this a grammatical pattern for them? Because it is acceptable pattern for them get it therefore grammatical does not refer to what I think is right grammatical also refers to acceptable patterns and then there are overlaps between grammaticality and acceptability which we will get to some other time along with the with the paper from Ray Jackendorf which you should read which is a nice reading you should be done. It is a very interesting reading as well you would not stop reading it if you are interested in looking at how development takes place. I will also send you the book that has these things in it. Lillian Hagman's book on Government and Binding Theory which is about principles and parameters okay. I did not find it on the library website and it is available it was showing one copy but it must be somewhere and I will send you the electronic copy please keep that copy and not only just keep that keep reading that as well okay alright. Now so moving moving ahead from here we have we have seen these things in the sense that language learning is really not not very complicated for children it happens normally it happens on its own it does not take much of effort that is exactly what we mean by language learning with child's play and what what I what I do want you to understand that there are some key words that are that are important here key word is effortlessly there is no effort that is being put in it okay it happens without specific instruction okay these are the two key points in language learning when a child is learning a language effortlessly without any instruction based on limited input from the environment output is infinite and grammatical the role of human mind that is language acquisition device that is universal grammar and its components as principles and parameters are responsible for this before this this theory before this these principles came in to existence people did not pay proper attention to the role of human mind in understanding language in in acquiring language alright okay this is why we say language learning is a special type of cognitive ability this is the the the things that we have discussed that we learn other kinds of things like singing swimming dancing flying and and various other things when we are grown up therefore those there is a clear distinction between language and everything else and on the basis of that we say language as a specific special purpose cognitive ability alright just now what what I told you people did not pay attention pay much attention in the acquisition of language and particularly the role of human mind in it so so they simply simply believed that we learn through practice and this this is referred as stimulus and response so you hear something that was called stimulus and when you respond to that learning takes place so a child listens to the word papa and it says papa it finds out kaka says kaka mama says mama keep saying these things you learn this now we are we are not trying to laugh at this thing we are only saying that this was based on limited observation this was based on not not much of effort was put into understanding language and the simple thing which was not looked at was how is this that output is not equivalent to input where the the proposal from the theory would say the input will be the output will be equivalent to input which is not true at the at the age of 5 and 6 you see the output is infinite probably a child would not have gone through that much of input in 5 years of age 4 years of age so how how is that possible this was not paid much attention to and and they they believe that it is a matter of habit formation that you keep repeating things you you hear things and therefore you learn it even now when you ask people lot of not lot but in a in a simple way how do you think we learn language lot of things people would say without knowing the term behaviorism or a stimulus and response what whatever people are going to tell you is are going to be around these things that we listen to things we repeat things we we learn from our parents we learn from learn from people around us see huge part of that is true it is not that everything that they are saying is not true the only thing that we are not people we are not paying attention in this was the role of human mind in it and therefore this when when people started looking at the role of human mind that that is called in nateness hypothesis where you have you have seen how it how it works and then it becomes really a critical thing and therefore you you you must have a you must have I can say heard but you must have studied that human mind is different from minds of other species one of the ways in which it is very it is very different is language that we do not know much about that is the the the part of human mind responsible for language learning that is which part of it is responsible for language learning is something that we do not know now I want to come to this last part we have we have already covered most of it so so see did deducting the rules that is deducting abstract patterns from the available input right is actually what we mean by language acquisition that that is the reason I am listening to words and of course I am I am I am producing physical words like papa mama and cha cha and all other words however what I am what my mind is actually doing is deducing abstract principles of words word formation the capacity to do so is called generative capacity get this thing so you you are going to hear this word you are going to read these words in many chapters that you are that you when if when you look at book you are going to find this word generative and it is important to understand generative simply means the capacity to deduce to deduct rules and then the ability to produce new things on the basis of those rules so if we have other words like on of this pattern so what we know is this pattern that is it is an acceptable pattern of word formation which is c v c v that is a very regular and productive pattern once we have once we have acquired that then we can come up with n number of words through this thing every word every sound that you are going to fit into this every set of sounds that are going to fit here are going to be grammatical and acceptable pattern may not be in one language but definitely in some other language so can you can you come up with the word on the pattern of these this which you may not have heard so far you are smart engineers can you do you understand my question so on the basis of this pattern can you come up with the word which you think you may not have heard so far so that is that will be say it loudly I did not hear that so you you are you are we remember we are not talking about how we write it we are talking about how we say it so the the word will be zaza zaza have you not heard this word before zaza it we may not be writing it with x a x a but the word ja means go and ja ja means something of that sort right we have heard that word you can do much better than that try something that you we think we you think we have not we may not have heard I let me keep telling you while you are working on this and when you the moment you come up with that raise your hands and I want to get that word so all I am trying to say that even though you have not heard that word okay even though that word it does not mean anything that is an acceptable word okay and it is likely that it is likely that that word will acquire some meaning someday not necessarily it will acquire but it is it is a possibility that that will acquire some meaning someday okay also so so that that part of word formation tells you that association between the meaning and the word is also not really that important it is just a coincidence that rest of the words that we know have association between the word that is a product of this pattern or this pattern or this pattern or any other pattern and what it refers to I am I am talking about something where I need your attention I hope you understand this thing that it is a coincidence that that that connection exists in lot of them at the same time it is also possible that for lot of such words this connection does not exist that is there is no object associated with those words however they are possible words simply because they follow a particular pattern however some sounds that you may be familiar with if they if they come out of unacceptable pattern that is neither going to be acceptable as a word and therefore it is almost negligible as a possibility that that will acquire any kind of association with any object or a or that as a word I hope this is making sense to you now I am giving you this example to indicate what I mean by generative capacity what I mean by the word generative the word generative simply means the capacity to deduce to deduct rules the capacity to deduct rules to understand patterns and the ability to use that pattern for new words and this is the capacity that is responsible for infiniteness of what we do as language and that is the capacity which makes distinction between in nateness hypothesis and behaviorism that in behaviorism that capacity was missing that link was missing I mean not that people would not learn language the way that that we are learning people were learning language the same way it just that we did not understand we did we did not have things to say that we are saying about saying about now okay people were learning language the same way it really did people did not care whether you call it behaviorism or in nateness they were learning the same way ever since it just that we did not know that how does this happen that we have this infinite capacity to come up with words the only thing that in nateness hypothesis has done is it helps us understand that it is our generative capacity that is responsible for any word any sentence that we may be speaking in fact we can also come up with words that may not have any meaning but may be acceptable pattern may be acceptable word right I hope this is generative capacity is clear to you we will we will be giving lots of examples of such things you did not come up with a word of that sort it is okay if you did not come up with that word work on that work on that word okay which we may you may not have heard and that does not have to be from English or Hindi that could be from any language okay alright and this capacity develops miraculously I have just given you an example of 20 18 months to 24 months I am going to send you a paper you will you can see that so the important claim is this generative capacity miraculously develops this is what we mean when we say language happens to us language develops in us that is the capacity to deduct rules is the meaning of language learning and this is the capacity which is responsible for in for in finiteness I have told you about the words like effortless and other things you can see in the second point this process that is this process of deducting rules is so far so effortless that it requires no instruction this generative capacity recognize in patterns develops rules and generates perfect system called language this is exactly what I have been underlining so far and I will be giving you more more and more examples of these things and and and these things I am going to come come to this pattern very soon when we have looked at sounds so maybe very tomorrow we will look at sound systems now this whole body of rules okay that we this whole whole capacity that we know as generative capacity results into the bulk of things which is called knowledge of language and knowledge of language is under inverted quotes which which means knowledge of when we say knowledge of language in the field of a study of language we do not mean the knowledge of Tamil Malayalam English or French we mean the knowledge of these rules the knowledge of rules that are responsible for in finiteness get it and that rules that that rule refers that that rule also means that see we know all those rules that is when you learn you when you are learning words as a child you had also figured out this thing I had figured out these every child everybody figures out these things but if someone tells us how did we start learning words it will not be possible for us to tell them the first I figured out CVCV pattern in fact we we cannot even list all the sounds forget about abstract rules so knowledge of language has this specific thing which is it is a of course it is it is an outcome of universal grammar universal principles parameters and all those things but this is the specific thing that we need to know about it it is a specific set of rules that we have internalized long time ago that is we know all the such rules but we do not know that we know that if we did not know those rules we would not be able we would not be speaking get it but I do not know all those rules I mean I I do not know that I know all of them it is it is impossible for any human being to list them that is also part of generative capacity that is exactly what we mean by generative capacity look look at the second point third point rather here does the sound okay to you do you agree with this that these underlying rules help generative mechanism of a native speaker speak unheard of sentences and enable them separate grammatical sentences from ungrammatical ones right so if someone makes any error anywhere right and I am not giving you any example because I want to keep it open for all the languages so check with your language someone makes an error how long does it take for you to figure out that an error has taken place so Sandeep right and as I have asked you many of many of you understand Hindi right so and I am giving you an Hindi example because I speak and I understand Hindi so if I say Sandeep jati hai that a good sentence no an error has occurred how long did it take you to figure this out instantaneously we do that right now it will be unfair to a lot of people if I ask this question to a lot of people so what is this error about so what what is wrong with this sentence that that is an that could be an unfair question because I do not expect every speaker of language to understand significance of grammatical agreement in terms of gender that is not important but the fact that an error has occurred takes no time that is an that is a result of generative capacity that is to separate grammatical ones from ungrammatical sentences within no time okay and even if someone is speaking very fast you keep paying attention to that if if that person keeps making if if there are there are there are patterns that are not acceptable and someone is saying you immediately figure out that this person is not a speaker of the language that he is he is speaking that is at least not a native speaker of that language I will talk to you about native speakers and what we mean by non-native speakers and native speakers some other time right now I want you to understand these points that I have highlighted for you and also okay I will come to that in a moment so see look at look at the first point here I I know we are running out of time I will stop in couple of minutes linguistic computation and human cognizant uses socio-culturally grounded context now there are 3 3 phrases here linguistic computation human cognition and socio-culturally grounded context these are these are not complicated things I just want you to understand linguistic computation simply means activating generative mechanism that is how we come up with sentences how we speak something that is linguistic computation which is part of human cognition that is all that computation takes place here and we are not even aware of that that computation when it is going on because at every single point nobody knows what you are going to say next that is I do not have a sentence for the next moment I come up with the sentence instantaneously okay so these 2 things have a great have great coordination between them human cognition and linguistic computation however what is important for someone to be able to speak properly and to function in society with the explicit knowledge of e-language is not just these things but also socio-culturally grounded contexts that is what is appropriate and what is not appropriate remember the other day I gave you the I asked you the example of the when how do we say when someone dies there are different ways of saying things one is acceptable the other may not be one may be appropriate the other may not be appropriate right so what is appropriate is acceptable what is not appropriate is not acceptable now not necessarily what is not appropriate is ungrammatical get it what may not be appropriate may not be acceptable but may be grammatical so grammaticality is not the only condition for acceptability and appropriateness when we put the coordination between grammaticality acceptability and appropriateness that is part of what we know as socio-culturally grounded context my point here is first 2 parts linguistic computation and human cognition refers to eye language socio-culturally grounded context refers to e-language my point here is both are part of generative mechanism that is we do not learn about appropriateness and connection between grammaticality acceptability and appropriateness separately they come together get this point should not be very difficult therefore all of them are part of generative mechanism alright and the knowledge of language that grows in human mind is not an outcome of stimulus response that I just told you that is not part of behaviorism rather it is part of generative apparatus as a special kind of cognitive ability okay and third point is not really that important for us I mean it is an important part that knowledge of language has got serious consequences for learning and teaching where we need to understand what knowledge of language actually guarantees is that continuum that why it is difficult to name a language right which is part of external language remember the continuum that we have talked about knowledge of language in that continuum is embedded in knowledge of language so names of languages as external manifestations are our creations what we know is just language okay I will stop here and we begin talking about sounds tomorrow.


I forgot Vdell had a DP. You don't see a lot of Vdell's online anymore. They didn't get the down tech and I got reset. Okay, I think we should up-tech, honestly, against Vdell. EX is it? Foohoo! That was sick! I didn't even know Vdell can do that. We have to spark. How's it going, everybody? Dato do it here, back with some more online rank matches for Dragon Ball Fighters. This time, playing on the PC version of the game, though. And man, those loading times do not give you a lot of time to do a YouTube intro. Don't ask me how I know. That last intro was definitely not recorded after the game. I definitely missed it. Okay, here we go. Genumba vs. Gojira, unfortunately not on the correct stage. Man, the PC version of this game looks amazing, dude. What is this mix? PC players. Hold on. Hold on, PC players. Oh my goodness. He tried to- Never in my life have I gotten mixed like that. Overhead, you got to respect it.  Get him. Caught him good, dude. Gojira blue. All right, well, we have to finish him off with somebody else, because that move does almost no damage. But still, dude, the connection on PC, the visuals, the mix. I didn't expect the mix, I'll be honest. Kind of did skip. All right, the adaptation is crazy. Wait, why are they judging him by his Mexico West Coast rankings? Oh! That's such a random stat. Unless he plays over there often, but I'm literally US East Coast. Also, I just died. I literally got too touched to death there.  Yeah, two bars. Man, that color on 17 looks amazing on this game. Y'all mind if I switch over to PC a little more? I know, I know, I know, I know I'm higher right up PS4, but dude, he found the real one. He found the real one for sure there. That was definitely me. Oh, I was going to say, I don't think that hit. Nice super dash. Oh, we are taking a lot of beatings here. I'm just going to do it. It was too obvious. I shouldn't have vanished afterwards. Probably should have just taken my lumps, honestly. Uh, down tech? No, we're getting swapped again. Damn, moonsault! DP there! All right, I'm fine with that. Waste the bar, get him in the corner. 17 assist. Okay, all right, cancel. It works. We didn't get punished for that. Man, intense games already, dude. Woo, that was sick. Super dash, where you at? Where am I at? I'm super dashing. That's where I'm at. That's why I wouldn't tell you to do something. I'm not capable. I forgot, Videl had a DP. You don't see a lot of Videl's online anymore. They didn't get the down tech and I got reset. Okay, I think we should up tech, honestly, against Videl. EX is it? I didn't even know Videl can do that. We have to spark. Okay, we might actually be able to kill here. No, we would have. I thought I'd touched the ground, though. So we're not going to be able to kill, actually. Oh, my god, Gina. I knew they'd get up and block, dude. I was so confident that conveyor grab is actually, this guy, the reach, the reach. We're just going to call it what it is. What a great Halo game. And what a great 17 super. Yep, we probably just lost this game, unless my options actually clutch. Which, you know, I'm not going to go ahead and say it's not, but. Okay, wait a minute. Let me get a level three here. Probably worthless, because I'm definitely not going to be close enough. Uh, wait, wait, wait. He got me. He got me here. We got. We extended it. Will he get three bars? Don't get three. Where did that?  That was, that's a frame trap. That was sick. Unlucky for him, but sick for me. One, two, three. I think I'm in love with PC. That was nice, dude. That was really nice. Great way to finish the game. Unfortunately, we did not bring the heat. Hold on. Let me, y'all know where you sit up in your seat. Let me just adjust the whole operation here. It's time to adjust at all. That was so almost good. Got him. Oh no. Oh no. I can't believe that didn't catch it though. I was real confident in that DP. Okay. Up tech and get caught in the buttons. Why did I hit heavy there? We dead? No, we shouldn't be dead. I'm going to waste it. I forgot I didn't have another one of those. Not the change. That was so quick. Videl, please don't do it. Snap me. Okay. All right. Come here. Come here, Jinob. I got some. Jinob can't do is level three in the air, right? He can? I didn't know we could do that. Honestly, I didn't. How did I forget that? Did I have I ever done that in the air? I'm actually going to need people to go back and watch all my Jinob videos. There must have been a moment where I let a kill slip because I just didn't do a level three in the air.  I thought about it, but even then I, it was more, it was, I only said it out loud because it was a joke. In my head, I was like, no, of course, there's no level three in the air. I hate myself. All right, level three. Can he DP on frame one? Nah, he ain't got the sock. Okay. Well, I reflected the Gohan didn't really do too much for him. Oh, I get hit by that every time. You can, you can avoid that by crouching, but I tried to mash. I thought that might be a window was not for me. Come on. I thought the dragon was last a little longer. Okay. Okay. So we learned a couple of things.  And two, I won't try that on him. Oh, that was, I didn't even know Gohan was back there. It's that day, but we did get a follow-up dragon rush. So I won't complain too much. I don't think a level one would kill. That was delayed as hell. Do I switch out into Videl or take the two? And I'm just going to do it. I'm just going to do it up. No sparking to heal. Actually, I think I made a pretty poor choice here. We'll see how it turns out. I'm liking what I'm seeing so far. Please kill. No key blast game. I was throwing two and then a beam no matter what. That was that. That was the player for the very get go back it up. That was bad by me. And I got double. I've gotten double tapped like that every time I go up against this character. I love a three miss. Oh, double tapped again, bro. What do I do to avoid that? Just keep my eyes on the wheel. I mean, keep my hands on the wheel. I got it like up tech or something, dude. I'm getting destroyed by the double tap reset. Every time it's a no content. I'm losing a lot of points. I'm actually about to get demoted on PC. This was not what I foresaw. All right. Well, that's fine. Actually, that's not fine. I thought the beam would cover me there. Didn't block on two. That's cool. All right. I'll I'll guard cancel. All right. Nevermind. Goku, I got it. I got it. I got it. That was in case you DP. Boom. Put him down. There it is. That's that's what I called Goku F4 last time. Throw me. But can you keep me here for? Yep. Yes, you can. Can you keep me here for long? Block it. Crouching dust. Just what did I do? Nevermind. All right. Come back here, Videl. Truth be told, I was not done with you. Nice. Is that Videl dead? I don't regret using sparking, I guess. Big bang coming. I'm going to kill. Yes. Two bar kill. Gojira has never looked so good. The crisp visuals combined with the fact that I'm about to just do unspeakable mixes to this man. Nevermind. Nevermind. Nevermind. And Videl, I did use both assists pretty soon. He blasts. Does he level three here? No, he doesn't. Overhead. I don't know if this is going to kill, but I wanted to try. Oh, it's not going to low jab. All right. We're in a really good spot here. A really, really, really good spot. Nice. Gojira, take it away. Take it away, Gojira. Damn, nice, heavy. Follow it up to the reflect. Don't let me get away with it. That's immune to the super dash. I understand completely. I just wish I didn't lose Gojira for it. We got to get him to pop that spark. Somehow we have to force it, dude. No way, the barrier hit from that far? Oh, and I clicked jabs. I thought he would just land. Oh, no. Don't throw it away now. I got caught by the 3H. Level three. Yep. Yep. Yep. We're choking. We're choking. We're choking. Clean up on aisle five, because I'm about to wake a mess. Not the best catch rate. Pretty good. Okay. What's the mix? What's the mix? Not that time, baby. Not that time. What's it? Where are you going? Where are you going? No, no delay. Was it good enough? Get down there. What are you doing? Throwing those out to him. No, it didn't delayed enough. Yeah, just overrun him. Just get random with it. Let's go. Let's go, dude. Oh, my goodness. We brought it back from the brink of a choke. I shouldn't feel as good as I do, because admittedly he should. The game should have got to be there with the lead we had. Too obvious. Got double Sunday immediately. I was hoping he'd block it a little longer. I'd get the yonch assist, get the mix out. All I ended up doing though, realistically, was killing both my assist. He got hit by that, but I vanished already. Hit by that, but not by the 2M I threw up. Oh, what the? Yo, back up. Back up. These buttons don't come cheap. Ah, yeah, they do. I hate whenever I run into a normal like that. Admittedly, the switch is just cheese, but he pees all around. I'm dead, actually. Two bars. Actually, maybe not. Maybe not. Yeah, we ain't dead. Oh, we damn near almost died, though. She just threw out Gohan. Twice. I didn't think she'd do it twice. Also the angle, I played it pretty poor. Okay, hold on. We're not out yet. If you're wondering why I stopped short, it's because I didn't throw out the heavy. Okay. Okay. Oh, no. I'm just mad. I was mashing there. Wow, this game. This game has been our poorest yet. I like to think this game has been our poorest yet. Now, Videl can actually dodge sparking. That's the one thing her reflect can do that no other reflect can. And watch, she's probably going to do it here. No, she didn't. Okay, good. Really? That was airtight? Okay. Sliding. My cat is behind the computer. I do expect to lose vision of this pretty soon. Get down. Game it. That's fine. Got him. No, no level three from. Kick me in the face. Got him. Guard cancel. I panicked. I panicked. I panicked. I reflected. Didn't want to get caught by a 2M or anything like that. Panic vanish all the way. Level one wasn't even necessary, bro. Actually, actually, yes, it was necessary. Now that I'm thinking about it, that move was necessary. The other one would not have reached that thing. All right, Goku Super Saiyan comeback. That would have been easy money. All right. Well, it wasn't too hard money either way. I thought the DP might scare me off. Oh my God. Okay, we can bring this home. We can bring this home. No sparking on the table. We could we could realistically do it. It's not impossible. A comeback here would be crazy, but not impossible.  Gonna have to spend literally every dime, though. Literally every dime goes into killing 17 here. But now look at this, dude. It's it's could be anybody's game. I don't know if he can one touch me. Definitely if he gets to level three, but hopefully that's not the case. No tech. I don't think he, you know, I don't think he needs another touch. He needs another step. Level three. No. Hey, level three. No. No. Oh, the bar building. You never just did. Levins. Levins. No. Is it last take? Okay. There was a few. Oh no. I can't add like that, dude, but it did three one. That was a crazy Vidal player. I'll give it up. Man, that was a fun set. Hopefully you guys enjoyed this video. If you did, let me know. Let me know down below. And if you want to see more PC videos, also let me know down there.  Make sure the like button and subscribe. And hey, check out the other videos on your screen right now. If any of them catch your eye. Once again, I've been Datsudoya. Thank you for watching to the end, and I will see you in the next one.


Perfect So I'm here to talk about engineer and I'm gonna do that for about five minutes, and then I'm gonna do some code so Scary risky code, so I just want to sort of go over what engineer does I'm pretty sure you guys mostly know but I'll get you off the date in case you don't we have Hosting company for one thing which is focuses on deployment So we do we have done for a bunch of years basically deployment assistance through our hardware hosting company We have we do everything right now from a couple of slides or slice all the way up to full cluster Slice basically means you get a slice of our infrastructure and that includes slice of database a slice of hard hard drive Pretty much a slice of the entire infrastructure and a slice of support That's the hardware offering. We just announced something called solo which really what I want to talk about Which is basically fully automating what we've already done what we've learned from the hardware offering AWS so basically you go on There's a screencast online that you can look at for more details But the bottom line is you go on you specify your git repository your svm repository you specify your specify your gems and You specify your units dependencies all that you click go five to ten minutes later You have the site that's up and running it's accessible over the internet. So that's pretty much awesome It's the only AWS based offering I know of them has that level of integration with rails and it's based on the fact that we've been doing it Person-to-person for a bunch of years now So at this point we pretty much know what it takes to get a rails app up and running and what sort of the 8020 rule is and Trying to push it more towards 9010 with getting rails apps up and running. That's why we include things like unique dependencies and Pretty much you can just get up and running very quickly and you should check it out There's a screencast like I said or you can you know sign up try it out Definitely worth it on the other side of the business. We do a bunch of open-source stuff. So probably know I worked on Merb for a Year ish just now merged into rails. I don't really have to say more about that topic other than the fact that I'm working full-time on rails now and Engine yard is putting another resource on rails Sometime in March, so we'll have to full-time people working on rails by the end of March It's pretty cool And then we also have a couple other projects one called vertebra, which is still in it's pretty early stage And we just released as open-source basically it's a cloud computing platform So the goal is to make it so that you can put all a bunch of stuff in the cloud gets it's agnostic to what is To what's going on so you can say you can have one node say anybody who is of this customer Restart your slice or you can say anybody who's able to decode FLV video Go decode or one of you guys basically the idea is to remove out the idea of end points So you don't have to know which server actually does something you the servers broadcast their capabilities Effectively and then any other server can make requests of the servers by capability And there's a whole bunch of other stuff like workflow management and security and it's all open-source. You should check it out It's pretty cool. It's based on Erlang Stephanie still very early like I said, but we it's Moving moving on far enough that we felt comfortable open-sourcing it and people are playing with it. It's cool stuff and We also have the other thing is a Y express which is basically a VMware image of our hosting environment So it's mainly designed for people who are actually our hosting platform to be able to have an image that is exactly like our Hosting environment locally, but it could also be used in general in that it will get you up and running with rails or more Very quickly because it's a ready VMware image that has everything installed So and and you can always refresh it you can pretty much delete it and start from scratch whenever you want It's a clean environment. That is the same environment that we install on our servers. That's pretty cool So that's engineered I wanted to show you a little bit about what I've been working on which is rails But I'm going to give you a simple example of something I can I'm going to do some dangerous live coding here During a vendor talk It's crazy Mainly because there's no other way to really explain this without just showing it so I'm going to show you is basically what I've been working on in rails with the callback system, which basically takes the old callback system, which was very Very slow and very simplistic and converted to a much faster co-generated beast So I'll do it by a simple example here So here I am. I don't know if you let me make it much bigger so Is that readable? Okay, so basically callbacks are this a simple concept You have a class you say include callbacks then you could define a callback This is basically how active records callbacks work internally. You say I want to save callback Then you could define one on this case of I'm defining to one That's a symbol which basically means call that symbol you're probably familiar for this from before filters and then another one That's a proc just basically Do something which is effectively the same Then I'm making an initializer which sets up a history instance variable and then I'm just manipulating it so that through tasks will be able to see that the callbacks were actually called and Then insane. I'm just saying one callback save Right So let's write a quick test that basically just shows that that happens. So I have my class so do my class so you know club object equals my class new and object that save and object history should equal and I think method and Obviously, I haven't written any code yet. So this is not gonna work. It's pretty easy to write the code that makes this work out We want to make something called save callback here. So let's just By the way, this is a cool trick here If you use intense mate Ruby eval it'll actually continue syntax highlighting or anything with Ruby in it Continue syntax highlighting inside So we want to make something called so we're defining callback with a name. So we want to do name Callback And it will take something an object So we'll make a simple callback chain. So let's say so we're gonna set up basically we're gonna have a list of callbacks and It should be already close actually So what we have what we've done here just to recap is When you say to find callback with a name, we're gonna make a method called that name callback and if you go back here, right, we said to find callback save and now we have safe callback and It takes an object and all we're doing here is we're Making sure that that in an instance variable with the name callbacks exist and then we're pushing the object onto the staff and Then we also need to make the run callbacks method, right? Actually, this needs to be self-taught Actually, we need to do this a little bit differently So we need to do a typical Know if people have seen this idiom before sorry So this is actually a standard Ruby idiom here, which basically allows you to take a module and Have that module basically be inherited from so here we have a class up to be module callbacks Right here We have a module called callbacks and what we want to do actually is we want to have both class methods and instance level methods that get included so if you go back over here, you'll see that Define callback is on the class itself, but run callbacks is on the instance and When you include from a module in Ruby that module actually only will include the instance methods that are defined So here what we're doing is it's a standard even if you don't know it. You should look it up and learn it awesome Basically, we're just saying if you get included into Extend these other methods these class methods which basically means that defined callback is going to be available on the class level So now we should go back to including callbacks and we can just define the run Right here. Okay, so now Assuming everything went well here and actually we shouldn't have to do that Just do everything well here. We'll find out when we run the test in a second We have what we have where we're gonna have when we run callbacks is this list of callbacks that we Added via the callback method and we want to check to see what it is now, right? So if it's If it's a symbol Then just send it. It's a proc then you want to do The case callback right you want to call into it. Let's see if this works probably not Yes This line Well something else went wrong and find local variable. Oh, that's the reason I'm the fine method save callback So where's that coming from callbacks back line seven? Let's see if we can get this working before I'm out of time So we have undefined method save callback for my class So we are doing we're creating it here, right name So we should be defining one it's definitely getting called So I'm actually out of time sadly So are there more lightning talks today? Because I will finish it and show it that anyway I'll explain basically assuming this works what the next steps are and one and a half minutes Which is basically once this works. This is a very simple way What sucks about this technique over here is that what ends up happening is that? This iteration over here this run callbacks has to actually go through the whole callback list every time That's to do this case statement Which actually is quite slow especially when you start getting a longer list of callbacks and was quite extraordinary Is that actually as I looked at this what was going on? It was actually like 20% of our world was just spent in various callbacks throughout the system So that was crazy. The technique is basically to do the same Class eval over here and define a special method So that is the one callback method that contains the iteration So instead of saying, you know one symbol one proc basically do Basically have a method called something like internally called like run save callbacks Which does effectively save and then Let's say the proc. I'll call self So this it ends up being that method is what ends up getting brought internally instead of that iteration And that's obviously much faster. So that's what I've been doing and Been integrating it with rails in general and that should help bring down that overhead from like 20% to 1% ish Yeah, I'm gonna make this actually work a okay, and then post it or something sweet


Whatever it is that you're selling, your customer is the hero, not your brand. Welcome to the We Are Slam show where you'll learn marketing agency insights, best practices, and ideas to help your business grow. My name is Tyler Kelly. I'm the co-founder and chief strategist at Slam Agency. We are a full service boutique digital marketing agency really designed to help you captivate, motivate, and inspire people to action through advertising. And I'm really excited because today I'm gonna introduce you to another one of my favorite books when it comes to copywriting, storytelling, developing a message. So last week we talked about the importance of understanding the sales process as a marketing professional in order to level up your marketing expertise, you really have to understand sales, why people buy, what motivates people, drives people to action. If you can understand this, then you can really level up your marketing game. Now, if you're a marketing director that's just always done marketing, then maybe you haven't had a chance to get out in the field. This is obviously the best place to start, to understand how your sales organization operates, the challenges that they face, you know, what are those conversations that they're having with people in real life. You really should absorb these types of things.  And number two, what are the types of messages? What are the types of responses that help people get just a little bit further along in that buying cycle? Without understanding the literal nuts and bolts of your organization's sales process, then it's gonna be really hard to market. You know, no longer are we in a day and age where marketing can be here and sales can be here. We really have to bring these two together, break down these silos, bring these two together, align them so that marketing and sales are both operating, you know, with similar KPIs, with the same end goals in mind. Working as a unit and that's how we can get more done. And so, you know, when it comes to understanding sales as a marketing professional, the first way to do that is to just, you know, get on the ground with your people and just absorb the same way that, you know, in branding, we would absorb the attitudes, interests, opinions of the brand, the voice of the brand and we would work that out through a branding guidelines in the same way you should really absorb all that there is to absorb when it comes to sales. Now the second best way to kind of get this into your way of thinking as a marketing professional is to read copywriting books, okay? Copywriters, the best copywriters, the copywriters, the legends of years past, these are the people that understood human behavior, understood how to get people to buy. Now what I really like about copywriting books is that they combine, you know, all of these important elements, the user psychology, buyer psychology, a thorough understanding of the sales process and then putting those things together, how to craft a message that drives results. And so really the best copywriting books put all of these things together and you're able to get all of this knowledge in one book, okay? Otherwise you're reading books on psychology, on why people buy, you're learning about the sales process, reading books on just sales process and buying cycle and these types of things and then, you know, messaging and storytelling but the best copywriting books are gonna combine those three elements. And so last week I introduced one of my favorites, Scientific Advertising. This week I'm gonna introduce another favorite. This one is Building a Story Brand by Donald Miller, New York Times bestseller. This guy runs an agency at a Nashville, Tennessee, has had some pretty high profile clients over the years but I think now he's primarily focused on driving this methodology into the marketplace, helping agencies, helping small businesses kind of get up to par when it comes to story brand and the story brand framework. Now in this book he talks about how companies waste an enormous amount of money for primarily two reasons. Number one is that they just fell to focus on what matters to buyers, right? And what matters to buyers, what really when it comes down to it the reason people buy is because they're either looking to survive or thrive. They're looking for a transformation. They're looking for your product or service to take them from their pain point to success. And in reality we waste a lot of money because we don't get to the point and we don't tell users, tell our buyers potential prospects what's in it for them. And specifically what's in it for them is like what's that result? What is that after effect after you've utilized my product or service? The second way that as a company you can waste a lot of money is just being confusing. You know we've heard this Barry Schwartz talks about analysis paralysis and this whole idea that the more confusing your offer is, the more likely it is that you're just gonna run people off. I mean you have to keep things simple and the beauty of a storytelling framework is that it allows you to keep things simple and really that's what this book is all about. It gives you a framework that you can use. And by framework I mean it's a fill in the blank framework that if you just take it step by step you're guaranteed to not be so confusing in your offer and your pitch. And you're really gonna focus on the things that matter to buyers which is surviving, thriving, that personal transformation taking them from that pain point to that success. That's what a framework allows you to do. Now in previous episodes we've dug into frameworks and we've introduced several different types of options when it comes to frameworks. And Donald will tell you himself that he didn't invent this. His framework is based off of the narrative framework, the narrative storytelling method which has been with us as human beings for thousands of years. And what he's done is he's just taken this, put it into this book in a way that you as a business owner, as a marketing professional can understand and utilize and put into practice right away. So I wanna give you some highlights. And in the show notes we will definitely have a link to this book so that you can purchase it and we're available should you have any questions like on this practice, this framework methodology. So building a story brand. So when we think about the framework itself, the story brand framework, it's really quite simple. Here's how Donald puts it. A character has a problem, meets a guide who gives them a plan, calls them to action and that action either results in failure or success. It's the SB7, there's seven steps to it. It's super simple.  So when I say self-identify, that means that if you're developing a radio commercial, if you're developing an online video, if you're writing website copy, right there front and center, your character has to identify themselves and the best way to do that is by identifying themselves with the problem. And so for instance, if you're a marketing director who is struggling with trying to make sense of digital marketing and how best to utilize digital for your goals this year. If you can say yes to that and that's the first thing that I lead with and you say yes to that, then you've identified yourself as a potential customer for what we're offering in that case. And so really a character who has a problem, these first two steps is that self-identification. It's a question that you can ask this person, this persona, this customer avatar of yours, this customer segment. It's a question that you can ask them that they say yes to. So for instance, if you run a barbershop, it could be as simple as is your hair a little too long? Are you looking forward to getting a haircut? If you can say yes to that, then boom, the story has begun. What's next meets a guide. Now here's the thing, a lot of times when we think of storytelling, especially as marketing professionals, we think that we're the subject of the story and that's actually not true. We are not the hero of the story. Every good story, that hero is on a journey. And for us, our hero is the customer. So the customer is the hero. Whatever it is that you're selling, your customer is the hero, not your brand. Where does the brand come in? Where do you come in? You come in as the guide. You're the guide that's gonna take them from that pain point, whatever problem it is that you identified, you're gonna take them from that before state as Ryan Dice likes to say. That before state.  You're gonna have this transformation.  You're gonna thrive if you do these things. That's a guide who gives them a plan. Once you've done those two steps, then you gotta call to action. If you don't ask, you don't receive. So let's call this person to action, okay? How do you do that? Maybe in a radio commercial? What might you say? You might say, dial this number. Visit www.mysolution.com or whatever that may be. You gotta call them to action. You gotta say, do this. If you do this, you'll receive this. If you don't, you won't. And that's the final step. It's because this call to action, if they don't take it, you have to kind of point them back to where they are and say, listen, if you don't visit www.mysolution.com, then you're gonna be exactly where you were yesterday. You're still gonna have this confusion, this pain point. It's gonna be with you. But if you visit www.mysolution.com and sign up and follow through with the steps and take action on that plan, then you're gonna have this success that you're gonna survive.  You're gonna see transformation for your brand as an individual. You're gonna realize success. And that's the key. A character who has a problem meets a guide who gives them a plan that calls them to action, hinting at that failure that you're avoiding, reminding them of that and then pointing them to success. That is how in Seven Simple Steps, this book, Donald Miller says that you can clarify your message so that customers will listen, okay? So like I said, we're gonna leave a copy of this, or I'm sorry, we're gonna leave a link to this in the show notes for today's show and read this. I mean, this is great storytelling. This is the type of book that will help you grow your business.  We have been telling stories for thousands of years as human beings and storytelling, it's really, at the end of the day, it's copywriting and Donald is an amazing copywriter. So when I think of copywriting books that can level up your marketing game, this is one of them, okay? So check it out. Thank you for tuning in. If you enjoyed today's show or if you've read this book, let me know in the comments. I'd be excited to hear who's already read this and what you got out of it. If you read it, make sure to tell me what you got out of it. And if you haven't read it, but you're gonna order it, let me know that too, because I wanna follow up with you and figure out what were some of your takeaways from this book. At the back of the book is a lot of really actionable, practical things that you can do with your website. And so there's a lot here. There's a lot here for marketing professionals and for business owners. So I highly recommend it. Again, building a story brand by Donald Miller. Now, if this is your first time tuning in, be sure to subscribe, rate and review. We do this every single week. You can get marketing agency insights, best practice and ideas to help your business grow. And if you've been tuning in for a while, do me a favor and share this with a friend. Tell somebody about it, especially somebody that is in the marketing profession because we do this for marketing professionals to help you kinda increase your knowledge so that you can increase your revenue, increase your salary, whatever that may be. So thank you for tuning in. I'll see you next week. Thanks for watching. If you like what you saw, subscribe and hit that bell. You'll be the first to be notified when new content goes live. After that, you can watch more videos from Slam Agency. We've picked something we think you'll love.


Here's a pretty messed up video for you. Number 88 on blue. I don't know if that's PSJA or Edinburgh. Edinburgh's winning 21 to 14. Number 88 comes in, blows pass. Number 84 on offense and ruffs the passer. I'm guessing he gets flagged for roughing the passer. Then they flag him again for something else because he's probably throwing punches because his teammate, number 44, sees what's happening and sprints in to help out. And then the coach sees what's happening and he sprints in to help out. And more flags get thrown. And then they eject him from the game. They're like, A, it's a second quarter. This kid's a problem. Enough is enough. You're gone. You're out of here. Number 88 on blue. He's got some anger issues. He's got probably a lot going on in his life.  And his coach is trying to keep him off the field. He's got his helmet on. And finally his coach starts walking him off the field. Gonna get him to a safe place. Get him in a better mindset. A little better head space. Very important for young men to find some tranquility through the anger. I'm a big fan of panic rooms. He doesn't have that. I mean rage rooms, not panic rooms. He goes to the sideline. He's walking. He's pacing. He's trying to figure out what to do with all this rage he feels. His body is probably like closing up. Number 72, his teammate, he sees something going on. Maybe he's screaming. He runs onto the field and this is where it gets ugly. And he tackles the referee who's an older man and just completely bombs. And number 72, big dude. Oh, the ref did trip that guy, which come on ref like you don't gotta hurt the other team just because you got hurt. Number 72 on blue, good teammate. Probably a good friend. Just probably realizes he's probably one of the bigger guys out here that can maybe stop this kid from doing anything else. Everyone handled this pretty well besides obviously number 88. Because if you see the other angle, now the referee's coming to that guy and he's probably like, yeah, that kid. And the guy's like, yeah, we all saw it, man. Like we were all watching and then they tell security guard, that kid. I believe that kid got arrested. It's probably gonna press charges of some sorts. And then the referee got a concussion. But if we go to the other view here, you can see his teammates run in to help number six on white checks on the ref right away. 11 goes to check on the ref. Everyone did well. Everyone got to the middle and then they started to break it up. They started to hold each other back. See, they got to their places. So celebrate those people. Number 88, come on, dude. Can't be tackling refs. They're old men. They're old men. That guy's bald.  Come on now. Big fan of rage rooms.  You get filled with rage. You don't gotta suppress that. That's just worse. Just go take a tree branch and break it over the base of the tree. That'll help. That's therapy for young boys.


What's up everybody, John Hammond at Pico CTF 2019. This challenge is called The Numbers. It's for 50 points in the cryptography category. It simply says The Numbers, what do they mean? Hint here it has the flag is in format Pico CTF, all capital letters. So let's go ahead and figure out what this is. I'm going to W get this. Just make a little directory for us. The Numbers, if I could type, wow, third time's the charm. Let's W get that. Let's throw that in there totally filled on that copy and paste. So let's throw that. All right, now we have the Numbers. It's a PNG file. Let's go ahead and open it up with I of GNOME. So we have this picture here. And we have seemingly just some Numbers represented with lots of MS Paint, the spray tool there. That's really funny, red, blue, and gray, whatever. I note that I can see a curly brace in there, kind of opening and closing. And what could these Numbers mean, right? That's kind of the question here. What you might notice is that they're all within the range, or at least seemingly, they're all less than 26. I don't know if you can kind of delineate the space as well enough, but I see a 16 here, a 9, a 3. This is a 15. And it might be kind of tight to determine which is a space or which isn't for actually putting a number together. I think I know a friend of mine that actually had some trouble with that. But that is what we're looking at, 16, 9, 3, 15, 3, 26. And all of these might map to actual letters in the alphabet. Maybe trying to build out the flag just with its numeric representation or the index or the location of where that number is in the alphabet. So let's try and piece that together. I'm going to use Python for that. So if I were to take a look and I were to see, let's just grab the alphabet from string. Let's do from string import lowercase. Can I do that? Or is it ASCII lowercase? I guess I need ASCII. And if it's going to be in uppercase too, because the flag format, let's try ASCII uppercase. I'm going to just save that as uppercase. That's nice and easy for me. So I can do uppercase. And there's our whole alphabet. And let's index it at 16. It puts us at Q, but that doesn't particularly help us. We wanted P for pico CTF. Don't forget that this is 0 based. So when the picture tells us 16, we still actually need to go minus 1. And that would get us 15 for p. And what was the other one? 3, right? Or something. Let me split my screen here. EOG, the numbers, it was 9, 9 and 3. So that would mean 8i, 3, which would mean 2, which would be C. OK. So you can see, PIC, we're starting to spell out pico. Therefore, this has to be the correct analogy. Maybe we're just looking at our flag here. So let's write a simple script to burn through this. I'm going to keep our numbers script available to us, so I can just simply write that. Subtle, do a little get flag dot pi. And we'll create a user bin environment, Python. Let's get our pictures back. And let's say numbers can equal. We had 16, we had 9, we had 3, 15, 3. This is exciting. This is thrilling. I know this is absolutely what you wanted to see here. And let's just use a string here for that. Let's use 28, 5, 14, 21. OK, so now I have all of the numbers put into a script or an array here that I can run through in Python. Nice and easy for us. Let's zoom in on that a little bit, so it's a little bit easier to read. And let's say for C in numbers or n, whatever we particularly want, doesn't matter. We can say, pull that from the alphabet again, from string, import, like that, maximize. I brought that to my other monitor, sorry, import, ask the uppercase as uppercase. So let's get, let's start a flag as a list. Scrolling through my subline text tabs here, my bad. Let's do flag.append the uppercase index for n minus 1. But if that n happens to be a string, will that work for me? Then let's just do flag.append.n else we'll do that. So now if I were to take a look at what my flag actually looks like, if I join it all together with an empty string as a kind of delimiter there, run this, run it with Python, I have an error because I'm bad. Python command not found.  Let's go ahead and run this here. Let's use Python, get flag, and picoctf, the numbers, Mason. That's it, that's what we were looking for. Let's go ahead and copy that. I'll redirect that to a flag.text. So we can save it, paste it in here, there we go. That's correct, that's the right flag, and we're done. Let's finish that, and now the numbers is complete. That's that, I hope you enjoyed that. Let's go take a look at that script one more time. All I did was work with it. Let's mark that as executable real quick. Cool. All we have here is just the numbers all on new lines. We can actually modify that. Let's make all the new line characters a simple space. Oh, that was bad. I did them for the whole file. Let's do that one more time with just the selection that we're actually looking at. And all my tab characters, in no way, that looks kind of funky. Let's remove the tabs, also two spaces. Now I have two spaces, so that just looks funny. So all of our numbers are imported into our Python script. We just create a simple array or a list that we can actually encapsulate that all in. I removed my tabs here on accident, but Python will deal with it. I determined if that current iterator, Rn, is a string for these curly braces to note the beginning and the end of the actual flag. We just dealt with it, we added that N itself. If it were a number, something that's not a string, right, our else condition there, we took that index as part of the alphabet and it's all uppercase renditions and we would go ahead and print that out when that list is all joined together with empty string. So that's that, hope you guys enjoyed it. That's a little bit quick Python, just looping through the alphabet nice and easy, but I hope you enjoyed. I'll see you in the next video. Hope to see you on Discord. There's a link in the description. Please do join that server. Lots of crazy smart people, much smarter than me. Discord, Patreon, PayPal, Instagram, Facebook, LinkedIn, all the stuff. Love to see you on social media. Take care, guys. ["Discord"]


You may recall the very first significant cross-racial appointment of an African American to predominantly Anglo-Church. Sure. Can you share with us about that a little bit? Well, yep. In the 1990s, in the early 90s. Yeah, it was early 90s because I was still fresh on the cap. I think there was a sense of which that it was time for us to try to make a step forward. And at the time, the church that was viewed as the church that was probably more open and more liberal at that time than any other place. And that this was the more likely place to make a change. And I think that that appointment became a little problematic early on. I think, namely because there were some misconceptions about whether being a liberal, a white liberal, accommodates cultural change from the other side. It's one thing to talk to talk. Yes. It's another thing to walk to walk. I think that a lot of learning took place in that because there was a place in a time where black pastors wanted to make sure that their blackness was not going to be in any way swept aside. That's because I'm in a predominantly white church. And I think in some ways we're still wrestling with some residues of that, whether or not the perceived liberals are as accommodating as one think they are on paper. It didn't work out very well. It didn't work out well. And I think to some extent, there were lessons learned from that, I think. There were lessons learned from that, that you can't just assume that what looks to be the case is the case. We got to do a lot more talking and a lot more serious conversation about whether this is really a good match.


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