So, why do we do nonlinear dynamical systems and control is because very very important most systems that we see around us are nonlinear and if you are doing if you want to study stability, if you want to understand that behavior is evolution asymptotically or the transient behavior you need to understand how to analyze these systems. So, that is sort of the first relatively big half yeah we learn techniques so everything we do in this course is deterministic we are not doing anything stochastic here. So, it is a deterministic course and we of course want to introduce a little bit of design. So, we especially in the second half of the semester you will see more and more of doing design methods of doing design and then examples of the design yeah. So, that by the end of this course if you have you know some example system yeah for example, if you have a robotic system if you have an electrical system anything yeah and you have a fairly you know good fidelity model for this then you can actually use some of the methods that you have learned here in order to do a control design alright. Mostly of course this is a very fundamental course for you know control theory practitioners a control theorist and control theory practitioners industry folks. So, of course a lot of SISCON students show up here because it is a core course yeah but it is also of a lot of interest for anybody who is working in the general area of dynamical system. So, I get a lot of students from aerospace mechanical I myself from an aerospace background so a lot of what I do is you know applying these theories to aerospace systems you know things like satellites attitude control you know spacecraft on orbits I mean my own background is that I did my aerospace engineering PhD from the University of Texas at Austin. So, it is one of the nicer programs in aerospace in the US I would say and Texas was also a very good place to be and we had a lot of exposure to not just doing a lot of theory but we also got to interact with you know folks from NASA air force research labs who were sort of coming in with their own projects you know and their own research which was sort of very real problems yeah and you know so it would typically work like it works here the faculty has a project and you typically get put on the project as a PhD student and then you contribute bits and pieces to it yeah of course you are not just running the whole thing but we did a little bit of satellite control design for a few of these agencies okay. So, lot of lot of applications in recent times of course I have seen applications in I have seen people work on applications in a smart grid control yeah I mean in Germany Siemens actively sponsors these projects with the smart grid control because in Europe a lot of this I believe this you know energy generation locally is very very highly encouraged so a lot of you know local folks do energy generation and then they supply to the grid but then the problem with these is that everybody is generating at their own pace at their own frequency so the parameters and everything is off right so you can just join things to a grid and expect a uniform frequency. So here you have in applications for non-linear systems in terms of synchronization so it is like multi system multi agent cooperative system sort of a problem where you are you know you are talking about how to synchronize the frequencies you know how to synchronize some of the power outputs yeah so that when you join one thing into the grid you know the grid does not start to fail so lot of applications now of course there are folks who are doing biological systems biological kind of application reaction rate during this covid pandemic there were a lot of models again I am not sure how successful those were but there are applications now more modern applications to you know reaction rate models which is sort of the infectious disease spreading models then there is a please come forward then there is lot of applications to you know more recently social systems yeah for example if you are talking about advertising and marketing alright there is a lot of applications there where a particular marketer wants to know which agents to influence for example there may be I mean a lot of you are on social media platforms right like Instagram so you see that there are a few people who have you know millions of followers so these folks are influences so if they say that you know by this toothpaste your teeth will be perfect forever then people believe them so it's like so typically these advertising agencies and these marketing managers they now want model based decisions right on who to target which particular you know which particular influencer to target or which particular you know social agent to target so that their campaign you know goes forward much more efficiently yeah so here also there is in applications of nonlinear dynamical systems yeah nonlinear dynamical systems to look at the evolution right once I introduce an opinion in one corner of the graph of a very very huge network of social graph there is you know what's the outcome and asymptotically after a long time you want to see how many new people got influenced to buy this toothpaste and the other end of a spectrum is how to influence where to introduce the new yeah so so things like these alright so let's see the syllabus is from as you can see 2021 I will fix it and then upload it to the moodle platform don't worry about it so the structure is pretty standard what we have here it's just lecture and credit we don't have tutorial and practice included here anyway we may have extra sessions you know with the ta is depending on how you know we think we are progressing if you want to learn more if you want to sort of you know you have trouble understanding some particular bit of material then we have some sessions but they are not officially included okay this is also wrong yeah like I said 2021 I'm going to fix all this you know the sections are Wednesday Friday 11 to 12 30 right here okay so this is what is going to be office as I'll actually put a formal set of office hours yeah not by appointment so this is also something I will sort of introduce yeah there'll be a formal office hours during the week and so that if any of you have doubts you can just walk in during that time I will be available during that time so you can walk in and ask your doubts no need for an appointment yeah if you want of course separately to talk to me then of course you will alright ta is also I will make this change soon yeah we just have met Ray and Pallavi STS not so we put all right this is one of the key things I sort of expect although I know we have newly joined students who probably don't exactly have this background but we sort of stretch this okay so the general expectation is that there is a graduate level competence in ordinary differential equation so you must have seen some kind of a state space ODE course okay so that you know even the models shouldn't look like you know unfamiliar and foreign to you all right so because that's what we work with we start with models yeah okay so if you're unsure of our academic preparation please talk to me after the class yeah this is the first class so usually a lot of people show up and anyway so please talk to me after the class if you have so I expect some basic MATLAB or Python or some alternate programming experience because see I do some bit of design aspect also in the second half so there I can assure you if you unless you do some bit of you know hands-on coding and things like that at least you don't get a good feel for you know whether what you did work well or not okay so so I expect some basic MATLAB or some programming experience yeah all right again if you're unsure please talk to me and if a lot of you are not on the same page with terms of programming then of course we may have to chuck it but I prefer not yeah you will also enjoy a little bit of a programming all right you see some real systems and then working under the controllers you design yeah and then you learn also things like things that we don't talk about this like how to tune the gains and I mean it's still a little bit at home yeah yeah all right okay great the topics this is the very very broad overview of the topics okay we may choose not to do some of them depending on how much time we have yeah but this is a generally broad overview more or less you can assume that we will cover at least 90% or more of this okay so it's not going to change significantly like I said this is a very fundamental course so unfortunately I don't have a lot of freedom in you know talking about a lot of new areas okay so if we do have time of course we will but usually be a fundamental course so the methods that we talk about are by now classical okay not classical in the sense of 1800s but classical in the sense that everybody knows this in the community yeah we just learn it better here okay so first we start with some non-linear systems introduction example some preliminaries yeah which all of you will require which will sort of set up notation okay for how things will look how the mathematical notation will look all right then we will have we start immediately with the Lyapunov stability okay so this is the fundamental stability notion for non-linear systems like for linear system well again these notions are also pretty much valid for linear systems okay so there's no real difference as such the only thing is that linear systems you are used to working with input-output stability yeah so you hardly talk about there is notions of internal stability right and there you pretty much characterize it with what do you characterize it by the way how do you characterize internal stability for linear systems eigenvalues yeah just write the matrix x dot is a x and just check the eigenvalues of the system if they are on the negative left of plane whatever I mean the real parts are negative you are good okay so so this is how you evaluate but that's a evaluation method yeah that's not a definition all right it's an evaluation method and not a definition so let's be very clear definition still remain the same okay so you you see a lot more evaluation methods when you talk about linear systems you hardly look at the definition most of you when you did linear systems you would not have seen definitions you would have seen tests like you know check if the poles are on the left half plane and things like that you would not have talked about what exactly stability okay so Lyapunov stability definitions are the universal standard for what is stability okay how do we characterize what exactly is the notion that we are talking about so things immediately get mathematical here yeah so welcome to the course very quickly all right then of course we talk about Lyapunov theorems yeah these are the tests for nonlinear systems okay in nonlinear systems notions of eigenvalues and all that no questions about it because you cannot write it as a matrix a constant matrix okay and so if you even even if you have a linear time varying system I hope all of you understand that just checking the eigenvalues of a linear time varying system does not tell you anything about stability yeah even if for all time the time varying matrix that you have has negative eigenvalues negative real eigenvalues it doesn't guarantee stability okay this is a well-known fact yeah so for time varying linear systems also these eigenvalues test do not work you know the way you expect them okay so there is no question of them working for nonlinear systems yeah I mean obviously not of course there is possibility of doing linearizations and things like that we do not talk about linearizations okay we directly test stability of nonlinear systems via Lyapunov theorems okay that's the idea all right then we talk about invariance theorems which are give a little bit more flexibility in terms of sort of an extension for our Lyapunov theorems then we'll talk about input output stability this is sort of the linear system equivalent yeah also has its advantages in nonlinear systems in modern nonlinear systems there is notion of notions of input to state stability yeah so ISS results and input output stability these are important when you're talking about disturbances okay so any real system is affected by disturbances yeah whatever I do in theory you cannot expect that you know the real system is going to have a very similar sort of an outcome you know you may apply the same control yeah you design a control for a quadcopter and you put it on a quadcopter it will not behave how you think it is expected yeah these are all effects of disturbances okay of course there is no there's actuator saturation and so many other things but all of these can be clubbed as disturbances if you want okay so input output stability is an important notion it sort of connects linear system notions yeah then the design part yeah which I'm hoping a lot of you will be excited about yeah so the first is Lyapunov redesign where we use the notions of Lyapunov functions to design controllers we learn how to do that okay then we have one of the most most powerful techniques of designing Lyapunov functions so once you design a Lyapunov function of course you can use Lyapunov redesign to get a controller right so this is called back stepping design so it's like a it's a step-by-step way of coming up with a Lyapunov function so it's a rather powerful method I talk about it even in adaptive control course because back stepping is the sort of central idea for designing controllers there then we have feedback linearization which is one of the oldest ways of designing non-linear controllers and then finally we have passivity and energy shaping which I have clearly said is subject to time availability okay so again depending on how I feel I may add some more design elements yeah the the fundamental analysis elements are standard there's no change all of you have to learn this if you have to even talk about design and talk about non-linear system stability and so on yeah so this there will be hardly any change in this first section but in the design part we can choose to do a little bit more here and there depending on what our interests are and what is the time that okay so these are the references very standard okay Khalil's book by non-linear systems for the invariance design very very good book very good reference for that Vidya Sagar's book is one of the most mathematically precise non-linear systems analysis book yeah then all the geometric notions feedback linearization all of these are best explained in Alberto Isidori's book yeah very good book again and then you have this Christik the KKK book so it's the Christik Kanalakopolis and Kokotovic book for non-linear adaptive control since it's so difficult to say I just call it the KKK book so usually I will tell you which book I am somehow referring material from but of course as you will see I have I have hand written notes and things like that so so maybe in the future become printed notes but right now it's hand written notes so mostly we will have this sort of these are the sort of key references here okay very good books all of them very good books I mean over time if you want to be in this area of non-linear control I think you should own all these books yeah over time I'm not saying you have to buy it now or I'm saying these are really really good books to have as references for life yeah good


Venom is one of the most divisive and polarizing movies of the past decade. There are still many surprising and incredible facts about the movie that might have escaped your attention. So here are 20 interesting facts about Venom. Venom was originally supposed to be female. Venom's signature well-built physique and his coarse male voice were almost written out of the original draft of the 2018 movie's script. Venom was supposed to be played by a female protagonist. Eddie Brock wasn't even among the supporting cast of the movie. The original story was about a pregnant woman who loses her husband and then has a miscarriage. The rage and the agony the woman faces attracts the alien symbiote towards her and she becomes Venom. While the original story was obviously changed, some part of that draft was inculcated into the script. Michelle Williams' character gaining the powers of the Venom symbiote and saving Brock was not a fluke. It was actually how the original script played out. Hardy agreed because his son was a fan. Tom Hardy is not as much of a comic book nerd as the studio would have you believe. In fact, before Venom, he was kind of vocal against the superhero genre, but he still agreed to play Venom. There is one particular reason why he did that. Tom Hardy's son, Louis Hardy, is a huge fan of Venom. When he heard the news that the director of the movie had approached his father for playing the anti-hero on screen, he was ecstatic and convinced Tom to take up the role. Hardy was not at all familiar with Venom and his character backstory. His son had to teach him most of those things before the shooting began. Tom Hardy recorded his lines for the Venom symbiote during pre-production and they were played back to the actor through an earpiece onset during scenes where Brock and the symbiote talked to each other. At around one hour and 30 minutes, the Venom symbiote recommends chocolate. According to the 1995 miniseries Venom, The Hunger, symbiotes need a chemical called phenethylamine, which is available in brains and chocolate. Eddie Brock protecting the homeless Venom may be a headbiting alien freak, but he cares deeply for the underprivileged and the homeless. In the comic books, the primary reason Venom was considered an anti-hero was because he used violent means to protect the ones that live on the streets. Many a times he attacked and killed people for hurting the homeless. In the movie, Eddie Brock shows similar traits. He's the first to notice there are a lot less homeless people on the streets. That's because Drake's corporation has been experimenting on them. Brock is the first to raise questions and he's ostracized by his own fraternity for doing so. When he becomes Venom, he continues the same tradition. At around 44 minutes, the restaurant scene was shot once with the live lobsters and once with the fake lobsters. The lobster that Tom Hardy bites into was actually candy-coated marshmallow filling with chocolate syrup. Tom Hardy did a ton of improvising off various weird bits he noticed in various filming locations, including the infamous lobster tank scene where Eddie climbs in and takes a seat in the lobster tank as he's burning up from a fever. In the comics, the Venom symbiote was initially worn by Peter Parker as a Spider-Man suit after he finds it on another planet, before eventually separating and bonding with Eddie Brock. However, the movie makes the symbiote's independent discoveries of the Life Foundation, removing any connection to Spider-Man whatsoever. Indeed, the giant white spider insignia that typically appears on Venom's chest is absent. The Venom movie's protagonist, Eddie Brock, is more or less a very eccentric character. Tom Hardy, who likes to get into the inner sanctums of the characters he plays, needed to replicate that eccentricity. In order to do so, he took multiple inspirations from some of the greatest celebrities of the world. Hardy used three people as the palette of his inspiration, Woody Allen, Connor McGregor, and Redmond. The rapper Redmond's mellow and quirky attitude, Connor McGregor's aggression and Woody Allen's comic timing was merged together to create the basis of this character. The planet of the symbiotes almost appeared in the movie. The symbiote homeworld is a very elusive and mysterious location in the Marvel comic book universe. It lies far beyond the reach of anyone and is actually a prison to keep the symbiote god named Null incarcerated. The planet was almost featured in the Venom movie. According to director Ruben Fleischer, the planet was almost a part of the theatrical cut of the movie. The scene was later taken to the director's cut. It was then completely removed since it didn't add any substance to the movie itself, and rather complicated Venom's backstory. Tom Hardy describes Venom as a tragic clown. There's something funny about the circumstances of having a tragic gift. It's a superpower you don't really want, but at the same time, you love it. It makes you feel special. He's both a reluctant hero and an anti-hero. At around nine minutes, Ann reminds Eddie of his firing from the Daily Globe and his being forced to leave New York. In the Spider-Man comics, Eddie was a reporter for the Daily Globe, a rival newspaper of the Daily Bugle. In the comic, a serial killer known as the Sin-Eater was going around and murdering people. Eddie interviewed a man who claimed to be the Sin-Eater, but eventually Spider-Man caught the real Sin-Eater, and it was discovered that the man Eddie interviewed was a compulsive confessor. Eddie was subsequently fired from his job because of this, and shortly after becoming Venom, moved to San Francisco. Ann Wang works for a law firm called Michelini and McFarland. These are the names of Venom's creators, David Michelini and Todd McFarland. The name of Brock's apartment building, Shuler, after Randy Shuler, a Marvel Comics fan who in 1982 suggested the idea of giving Spider-Man a black costume. The costume would debut in 1984 and would later evolve into the concept of a sentient alien being, and later into a symbiote. This film was well known to have an extremely difficult production history. The film was originally envisioned as a direct spin-off from Spider-Man 3, though Tofer Grace was not slated to return to the role. Shortly after the films were rebooted, the film was announced once again, though this time within the continuity of the web series. Chris Silke expressed interest in playing the character's Flash Thompson iteration, which was currently running in the comics at that time. Once the amazing Spider-Man 2 was released, Sony announced that Venom, Carnage, would be a part of their Spider-Man cinematic universe. Soon afterward, Sony and Marvel decided to collaborate with the Spider-Man films, opting to reboot again, and placing a Venom spin-off on hold. Prior to the release of the second trailer, it was rumored that the movie would feature the Venom character only during the film's final act. Fans were relieved when the second trailer showed plenty of scenes with the character. The final film also heavily featured Venom in action sequences, though Tom Hardy has revealed that 30-40 minutes of the film, including his favorite sequences, were removed. The Venom symbiote was bonded to Eddie in the comics. However, its connection to his body was essentially in the form of a glorified second layer of skin that would often take the appearance of civilian clothes. This film sees Eddie bonded to the symbiote similarly, but it's also become a part of his body, similar to how his ultimate version was bonded to the black suit. The last film featuring a Stanley cameo to be released during his lifetime before his death on November 12, 2018. He filmed two more cameos that were released after his death, Captain Marvel and Avengers Endgame. Riot was merely the brute to the life foundation symbiote squad and not particularly powerful. All he could do is shape shift his limbs into blunt weapons like hammers and maces. He's upgraded to big bat in this movie, not only being able to shape shift into sharp objects and being more deadly, but also being Venom's superior in power. In June 2017, Marvel producer Kevin Feige confirmed the movie would not be set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. However, Amy Pascal contradicted this by saying it would. It was later announced that same month that Venom is its own universe. Eventually, the sequel would see Venom get transported to the MCU because of the events of Spider-Man No Way Home. In the comics, the Venom symbiote was initially attached to Spider-Man during the Secret Wars event in 1984. When he realized his costume was alive and was controlling his body, he disposed of it. It would later come in contact with Eddie Brock and the two would be bonded together to form Venom. This film omits the Spider-Man part of Venom's origin. Instead, the film uses the life foundation experimenting with symbiotes. Venom also has no design elements from Spider-Man, instead using a unique symbol. Drake tells a little girl at a field trip that it's not wrong to ask questions and warns that there will be those who try to silence the questioners.  Thriceover does Drake establish himself as hypocritical in a single scene. He tries to comfort a homeless test subject with the biblical story of Isaac, talks of sacrifice, and promises the homeless man he won't abandon us. At around 1 hour and 26 minutes, right before Venom destroys Drake's rocket, he tells Riot to have a nice life, which is the same thing Drake told Eddie when he interviewed him in the beginning of the movie. After Eddie is fired, Jack tells him the exact same thing. At around 52 minutes, after beating up the men Carlton Drake sends to Eddie's home, Venom suggests that he and Eddie bite off all their heads and pile them into a corner. Understandably, Eddie is horrified by that suggestion. Later on, at around 1 hour and 18 minutes, Ann ends up doing exactly that to roll in Thrice after the Venom symbiote temporarily uses her as a host to save Eddie. After transferring the symbiote to Eddie via kissing, she expresses a similar reaction to Eddie after realizing what she did to Thrice. At around 10 minutes, when Eddie is going through Ann's email, there is an email from someone named Bode. Riz Ahmed played a character named Bode in Rogue One, a Star Wars story.


So, now that we have the cosets forming a set of elements that we can compare, we can try and define a binary operation on these cosets and see if we can form a group. So, let's start off again with our subgroup nz, and again, this subgroup nz and its cosets form a quotient thing, with that we describe as z over divide by nz, and we can turn this into a group if we can define a binary operation, where I can take two of the cosets and form it into a third coset, and again the other thing we have to do is just defining the binary operation is not enough, we do have to make sure that we have the other group requirements. So, let's think about that. These cosets are represented in terms of p, q, and r. All of these things are elements of the set of integers. So, I might try to define the coset addition in terms of the addition of p and q. And one caution here, one thing we should be careful with here, is that when we write plus here, it actually means the group operation on the set of cosets, that is to say in z divide by nz. On the other hand, when I write the plus here, p and q are both integers, so this is ordinary integer addition. Now, one way we do have to distinguish between the two is we can introduce our special symbol circle plus to represent the binary operation in our set of cosets, so I'll replace those, and we can leave plus to indicate the addition of integers. Now, so let's define our coset addition as follows. Take a coset, take a coset, circle plus them together. What you get is the coset that is represented by the sum of the representatives. And so, we've defined our binary operation, well, not quite. So remember, anytime we try to define a binary operation on equivalence classes, we do have to worry that we have something that is not well defined. So, I've defined coset plus coset to equal this, but what happens if I have a different representative for the same coset? Well, then first of all, again, when I do that coset sum, I'm going to be adding the coset representatives, and the thing I have to worry about is because P and P prime are different than P prime plus Q is different from P plus Q. So, conceivably, this coset sum might be different from this coset sum, and so we want to make sure they're the same because I want to make sure that the sum does not depend on the individual representative. So, we have to check to see if our coset sum is well defined, and we'll go ahead and do that. So, let's see. We'll try and show that this is going to be true as long as P and P prime represent the same coset. So, suppose P and P prime 2 represent the same coset. As we've done before, we're going to start with what we want and see if we can get there. We want these two to be the same things. Let's go ahead and write that down as our goal, what we have. Let's see. So, there's a definition of coset sum. Now, since these two cosets are the same thing, then the difference is a multiple of n. Remember that these cosets are drawn from the subgroup nz, where z is the set of integers and is some defined number. So, two cosets are equivalent if their difference is a multiple of n. So, that gives me some information. I know that the difference is n times something. And let's see. Well, also down here, I know that if these two cosets are the same, then their difference also has to be a multiple of n. And I do a little bit of algebra. I do a little bit more algebra. And yeah, it seems like I can get from here to here without any difficulty. So, I can start with the two cosets are the same. The difference is a multiple of n. And that gets me here. And it seems like I can go all the way to the end. And we may want to add a couple of extra notes just to make sure that we can actually take the steps that we've undertaken. So, I know the difference is a multiple of n. That's from our lemma. That's just algebra in our set of integers. All I've done is I've replaced the a with the b, and I'm allowed to do that. A little bit more algebra. Again, everything inside is an integer. So, I'm allowed to do algebra, more algebra. Again, if two things differ by a multiple of n, then they are going to represent the same coset. That's again from our lemma. And our definition of circle plus is straight out of here. And so, here's our proof that we have a operation that is well defined, except the mathematician inside your head should be asking, do we need to prove that this is true when I change the second term? The other mathematician in your head should answer, yes, absolutely we need to prove it.  And, well, that's true. Well, for me anyway. I don't always listen to the voices in my head. But if it's a mathematician asking, I will try to answer it. Well, so now I want to prove that this and this are equal. And so I could follow the pattern of the previous proof. I could just go through all of these steps once again, and then prove that coset addition is, in fact, well defined. But it's often useful to find a different way of proving the same thing.  And again, I have to take this step backwards because I can't really do anything with it. And, well, here's something interesting. P and Q are and Q prime. These are all integers. And one of the things I know is that the addition, which is what this symbol is, commutes. I don't know whether this is a commutative operation because this is coset addition and I have no guarantee that it works. But this is just the addition of ordinary integers. And I know I have commutativity. So I can reverse these two. I can reverse these two and I can disassemble. I can deconstruct my coset addition definition. This is Q prime plus P equals Q plus P. And that's exactly what I proved in the previous theorem, previous result. So this is by the previous result. If I change the first term to something that's the same, if I change the first representative, it doesn't change anything. I still get the same sum and then everything else follows through by definition or algebra or by the definition of coset addition. Now, why did we go through all this trouble? Well, because plus and Z is commutative, the key step was interchanging the sums here. But because plus and Z is commutative and because circle plus is the sum in Z by definition, I know that I can reverse the sum and I can get the reversal of the coset addition. This little proof here suggested we could actually do this because we made use of that commutativity in Z. And so by looking for a different proof of a result, we found something new, which is that circle plus is also a commutative operation. And this leads us to the following result. When we put everything together, the cosets of Z divided by NZ, where we define coset addition, this way, we get an abelian group out of it. Now, you should prove that all of the group properties are in fact present, that we have the identity inverse and so on and so forth. We'll leave that as an exercise, but here's the bigger question. Can we generalize this process to groups other than the group of integers? Can we go further and make similar quotient groups from subgroups? And we'll take a look at that next.


The research aimed to develop a technology for producing thick walled duplex steel welded joints. The material used was X2CRMON22 duplex steel in the form of a 15 mm thick plate. A hybrid laser arc welding, HLAW, method was employed to produce the root pass of the double but welded joint while the filler passes were made by submerged arc welding, SAWL. Non-destructive and destructive testing was conducted to assess the quality of the welded joint. The results showed that the joint had high strength properties, tensile strength, TS, 790 plus or minus 7 MPa, and high ductility of weld metal, 160 plus or minus 4 J, heat affected zone, 216 plus or minus 26 J, and plasticity, bending angle of 180 degrees with no macro cracks. Hardness on the cross-section of the welded joint did not exceed 280 hv10. This article was authored by Richard Krautschik, Jacek Slania, Jaegorz Galanski, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Please subscribe to this YouTube channel mentor talk can do press bell button for notifications. The European Court of Justice being Europe's highest court has struck a massive jolt upon the companies that count on transferring data between Europe and the United States. The court has declared the privacy shield data sharing agreement as invalid as it did not adequately protect the data of European citizens from the United States surveillance activities in the same way they are protected in the European Union. The ruling came just a day or two back in a case filed by an activist lawyer Max Kirams. The data sharing agreements have far reaching bearing on the social media companies, banks, law firms and many other types of companies. In fact, a privacy shield was intended to replace the previous safe harbor agreement as many of you would already know. The safe harbor agreement was to be replaced by this privacy shield which was that agreement safe harbor was also judged as null and invalid by the court way back in 2015. This new ruling will unsettle the structure of most companies because they rely a lot upon transfer of data between the US and the European Union. Due to this ruling which goes to protect the EU citizens, the European Commission has come under a lot of cloud and criticism. Many experts feel that the European Court of Justice had to step in for the sloppiness of the European Commission or perhaps their negligence in taking care of the private data of its subjects. It is believed that the European Commission ignored the legal opinion of data protection experts and civil society who urged against the privacy shield arrangement adoption. The European Commission is yet to respond to the court's decision. Let's see what happens when they respond.


Good morning. I'm going to talk today about permafrost modeling, but before going to permafrost modeling I'd like to give a little background on what is permafrost and how we measure it. So permafrost is a frozen soil and the actual definition is it's the soil material which stays frozen for more than two consecutive years. Another definition which I'm going to use in this talk is the active layer sickness. So the active layer sickness is the depths of seasonal soil. So it occupies 24% of the land in the northern hemisphere and 80% of the land in Alaska. And when permafrost starts to sow, it influences on the infrastructure and you can see that from the pictures and it's also influenced ecosystem. And the example is if there's a catastrophic event such as a forest fires then the forest fire burned the trees but it's also burned the organic layer on top of the soil and if that burn is quite severe then that organic layer might be severely burned which means that and it turns out that that organic provides the necessary it protects permafrost from sowing because it has a very low conductivity during the summer and when it's gone then the permafrost is vulnerable to sow and if the ground has enough segregated ice then what might happen that small pound, small pound might cure and depending on the amount of ground ice that pound might be developed into a lake and that lake called the thermocars lake. Okay so if we're going to do any economic planning for the state of Alaska I think it would be wise to include some results from a permafrost modeling. So how do we measure permafrost and this is the basic setup we have permafrost this is how the permafrost observation station look like so it's the air temperature we measure air temperature we measure snow depths and we also measure the ground temperature and this is the example of shallow borehole measurement station so it's the sensors usually at every 10 centimeter depth and they measure temperature on an hourly basis but besides those temperature measurements we also have soil moisture sensors which measure soil moisture at the unsaturated zone and it's usually up to three soil moisture sensors and the depth usually up to 60 centimeters so and that soil moisture makes the modeling of permafrost a little bit complicated because depending on a soil structure it might hold different amount of water and you can see I showed on the table the different soil structures so and what happened when the temperature drops below zero degrees it steals some amount of that water remains unfrozen and of course we don't input that explicitly into our model I mean the information about soil texture what we do instead instead we try to fit our unfrozen we call it unfrozen water function or in this case it's a curve to the measured soil moisture data from the site and we do that by basically yeah fitting it and the A and B it's our parameters it's gonna be more clear on the next site here is the mathematical this model so it's it's one of the formulation of the heat flow equation and in this case we use the enthalpy formulation and the advantage of this method is that we don't have to explicitly treat the free south front three from a free cell moving boundary and that's in order to have a unique solution it's of course have to be equipped with boundary and initial condition and that's the general setup we have a air temperature at two meter depths and then the some ground flux at the bottom and it's usually and I was set up it's which I'm going to talk later it's 700 meters below the surface and initial temperature distribution and the unfrozen water function it has the following form so here is the volumetric soil moisture content and this is the coefficients which I talked previously this is the thermal capacity and the thermal conductivity latent heat okay so how we define active flare and there is a two major definition of the active flare one is based on the zero degrees divider so when whenever we hit that cap then we say that after that depth it's it's going to be active flare however in our model we define a little bit different way based on the unfrozen water content so we defined the so-called unfrozen water saturation coefficient and whenever that saturation coefficient intersects with unfrozen water function then at that whatever depths it happened we treat that depth as the active flare depths and this is the schematic representation of the model so it's GIPL2 MPI and GIPL stands for Geophysical Institute Permafrost Laboratory and we try to build our input in all in ArcGIS format format and the output is also in ArcGIS format but now it's in NETCDF as well and I'm going to talk a little bit about my project which I was involved so I did the modeling of in high special resolution for the state of Alaska of the permafrost dynamics for 120 years starting from 1980 till the end of this century and I used the GCM data which was downscaled by scenarios network planning for Alaska group to 2 by 2 kilometer resolution and this is monthly averaged air temperature monthly averaged precip input data also include soil organic matter initial temperature distribution and the most importantly the surfacial geology map for Alaska so each that class in the surfacial geology map has has a number of layer assigned to each class and each of that layer has its own thermal physical properties and has its own unfrozen water parameters we I equilibrate the model and after the equilibration I calibrate it for the several sites along the trans-Alaska and highway and this is the result from one of them and then after calibration we validate the model with the IPY dataset from 2007-2009 it's more than 60 stations it's a mean annual ground temperature mostly at 20 meter depths and here we have quite a good correlation and then I also validate our simulations with the mean annual ground temperature for US schools project for Alaska and those mostly shallow borehole stations from one to six meter depths and I went a little further and did the validation for the active layer thickness and here the measured data is from a circumpolar active layer monitoring station and my result look in a following way so I calculate the mean annual ground temperature which is above zero and which is below zero and for for every year and then I average that every 10 years so I have 12 decades and I mapped it for 2 meters 5 meters and 20 meters and on 2 and 5 meters I got the trend decadal trend which is 3.5 3.7 percent and for 20 meters I got it a little bit slower it's 2.4 percent so when I did all this modeling this is how the graphical results look like and now if you guys ask me the question so what's the very simple question what's the vulnerability and resilience of permafrost to sell if the climate will continue to warm I still won't be able to give a simple answer but if you're curious we can talk later about it I'll be in the neighborhood okay so I add a little intrigue I think I can move forward I was visiting CSDMS two weeks at the end of this summer and when I just got there we the idea was to incorporate GIPL model into CMT environment and we were able to do that in the very first day which was quite surprising but it's mostly because I did my homework before I rewrote the model so that it satisfied the IRF format and my feeling is that so far as your model satisfied that format it's quite easy to make it CMT okay and the ultimate goal of course to couple that was the ideological model and I hope that with a will funding and enough desire that can be done and at the end I'd like to acknowledge NSF and State of Alaska and express my gratitude to Arctic Research Supercomputer Center those people do a really good job over there they provide their really good services and I appreciate all this the consultations and of course CSDMS without them I want to be here thank you for those of you who have forgotten Elkin was a student award winning he did a student award winning job and his graduate thesis so questions for Elkin on permafrost modeling yes Michael this is very interesting so obviously knowing that the permafrost is is really important from a carbon cycling point of view I know that there are other efforts to try to do this because even your model requires if I understand this a lot of ground data so there are folks who are looking at things like and I don't know the details about this I'm hoping you call you will sort of say oh yes but there are folks looking at things like n-factor and degree throwing days to try to develop a proxy to then you know do these regional estimations have you compared your results to those type of proxies there is a yeah there is a thank you very much for the question it's very interesting but there is yeah many people and they are doing different they they basically work on different approaches and one of them it's doing the this freezing sound factor analysis and we have it in our lab we have different versions of the model and one of the version is actually which is exploring that approach yeah there is different approaches and there is different groups and the other group is I think CCSM they they doing that is a little bit different way but the idea is the same it depends on the on the model and depend on the dynamics and depend on the what the question you you employ and in this case it's a transit it's numerical based so it's it's more dynamic uh any other questions or Elkin okay thank you thank you


Parsons' image of why men obey. Parsons' response to the obedience of men in a society helps to comprehend better his image of power and authority. Parsons gave following reasons for such obedience, like the powerless comply with the powerful in a society because powerful have the capability to make binding decision on behalf of entire society. In any political sociologist's philosophy, what is the most important debate? The most important debate is about how they express the relationship between rulers and ordinary men. When Parsons gave the answer to this question that why men obey, why do ordinary people obey the rulers, the laws, the orders and the government? The first reason they gave was that the powerless are forced to follow the orders given to them and obey them. Another reason is that people do obey because they have freely selected to occupy such roles based upon the privileges those roles provide. Now this point is very interesting that the people who obey the orders basically do it with their consent because the roles they have given to them are agreed that they perform these roles and the authorities follow them. Those individuals who obey the commands of other individuals do so because of the obligation of their role. Now here this question is that why do Parsons think that they have to obey the orders that perform their roles because their role is that they have to obey God's commands so they have to follow. People obey because they realize that doing otherwise might compel powerful to use coercive means or application of force. This perspective is that point which is also present in the world nowadays. Even in today's modern times, people realize that if they don't obey the orders, then coercive means can be applied to them. So another important reason is that individuals obey because they realize that those commands which needs obedience needs to be obeyed because they are represented by the very highest values of a society. Now here this perspective is very interesting that people think that they have to obey the commands they have given to them because if they don't follow, then the system within the society needs to be obeyed so that the orders given by the authorities follow so that the system and the society continue to obey. So we can say that when Parsons presented his perspective on human society, why do people obey the orders? So different dimensions were explored that a human being follows the rules of law and follows the limitations of his role. People follow the rules of law because of fear. But in some cases there is another element and this element is very important and interesting that this is the nature of a human being. The nature of a human being is that if he sings along with his role, if he is satisfied with it, then he will follow the orders so that there is no harm in the society. If there is no such bitterness in the society that disturbs the social order of the society, the political order of the society. So these are the various dimensions when we talk about the Telcote Parsons philosophy that why men obey.


personal finance presentation, personal financial statements and bookkeeping tools. Prepare to get financially fit by practicing personal finance. When we get to the point of actually creating or compiling the financial statements, the balance sheet and the income statement, we wanna think about the types of tools we can use in order to do so. So the first thing we might think of is, are we gonna be compiling these financial statements by hand with paper and pencil or are we going to be using some kind of computerized softwares to help us with the process? Typically at this point in time, more and more, we're gonna be leaning towards some types of tools to help us to put together the financial statements if nothing else, often useful to use some kind of spreadsheet program, such as Google Sheets or Excel. We might then use other tools to help us to actually compile the data from the financial institutions into and help us to sort it into financial statements. We could use tools such as what I would call two major categories I'm gonna group these tools into to actually help us compile the balance sheet and the income statement. One is normal accounting and bookkeeping software, software that we would typically think of when we think of the bookkeeping process for a business that might include for businesses like QuickBooks or it might include something like zero or wave accounting, things that can connect to the bank but they're gonna be using a double entry accounting system to enter transactions on a transaction by transaction basis and then compile the financial statements. Now notes, you can use these softwares although they're used typically on the business side for the personal side and you have some of the same advantages of using a double entry accounting system to give you more assurance as we enter the data in that format. The other option to use software that can make things a little bit easier and also connect to the financial institutions but in a different way is what I'm gonna call financial or balance sheet software. This is software that is usually for like investment type software meaning it's kind of future oriented. It can also connect to the financial statements but you're not using the double entry accounting system but instead pulling in the ending balances. It could be a little bit faster to use but it doesn't give you the same kind of assurances. So we'll talk a little bit more about that in a second here but just realize that when you're looking at softwares you wanna categorize them into these two main categories I would think of them at these two main categories and then think about which would be best for you based on your particular needs. Then you have other software which I'm gonna call the budgeting software which may be something that you can use to complement these items up top or maybe the budgeting software will be in these packages up top. In other words, once you think about software to compile your financial statements your past history into balance sheet and income statement you wanna think can that same tool be used to help you with the budgeting process in the future or do I wanna think of other software that can help me with the budgeting process? In my opinion, no matter what accounting or financial software you use to compile the financial statements Excel or Google Sheets is gonna be part of your process generally to then make the budgeting software and then you might use some other software too to kinda supplement that process. So let's go over this in a little bit more detail. What if I was to use accounting or bookkeeping software something like a QuickBooks, a zero or wave accounting? What does it actually do? Well, you can think about it in this way if we look at our balance sheet we're gonna say or we look at our bank statement we got a mock bank statement on the right hand side you would say it can connect to the bank and you might say can I connect to the bank and make it as easy as possible if I use accounting software like this you can but when it connects to the bank notice what it's doing is it's pulling in the data from the actual transactions meaning it's gonna record the deposits and the withdrawals and it's gonna do so in such a way that if you record everything correctly it'll have the end result that will be the ending balance on the balance sheet. So in other words, it's not gonna create your balance sheet by just pulling in the ending balance up here it's gonna create the balance sheet by entering the transactions to result in the ending balance which means you're gonna have some issues when you first start the accounting records to make sure that you're in balance from the get go from the start so that everything will roll forward correctly. That can be a little bit more complex it's not too bad but originally starting up something in the accounting software can be a little bit difficult because you do need to set up those beginning balances. So it's gonna record individual financial transactions to create the financial statements and it's gonna create both the balance sheet and the income statement. So as you enter your cash inflows and outflows it will then populate using the double entry accounting system both the balance sheet and the income statement and you'll be able to generate reports not only generate reports but then drill down on those reports and see the detail as to what you included in those particular accounts. So you have a lot more information at your fingertips to be able to actually build it from the data. So we're actually taking it from the data down here it creates both the balance sheet and the income statement. It uses the double entry accounting system that helps reduce errors. So the double entry accounting system helps us to record each transaction basically properly. It's the biggest check what they call an internal control in essence against making errors. So the accounting software forces you to be in balance as you record each transaction in essence and therefore you've got that big check against an error when you do the data entry process. May be more time consuming to enter data. Now when you first set up the accounts and something like QuickBooks it's a little bit more time consuming because you're gonna feeding in the data down here and you still gotta kind of add that data and assign it to a particular account. You gotta set up your chart of accounts and you gotta make sure that your beginning balance is set up properly. Once that's all done the original setup process is done it's pretty easy going forward and you can use the bank feeds but it also means that you're gonna have to coincide any differences between a cash and a cruel basis that you're going to be using so that you make sure that you are recording things in balance, it's gonna force you to record them in balance which means you're gonna deviate from a complete cash basis from time to time when necessary for certain transactions which no matter what we do we always deviate from a cash basis when we buy a home even if it was for cash or something like that. And so we're gonna have to kind of understand those a bit better. Whereas if you use something like the financial software which is more like software that connects to the bank but it doesn't take the detail we're not.