Welcome to Stand the Energy Man here at Think Tech Hawaii. Dan Osterman coming to you live and direct from Kailua with my new webcam. I had to shave so I didn't look so scraggly because this camera shows everything. And I'm amazed that anybody's actually watching in real time today because we're just talking to my guest and realized that the presidential, first presidential debate for this year is happening as we speak. It just started and so I don't expect too many people are going to be watching this show live.  Anyway, my guest today is Mr. Sidney Higa. And he's a local gentleman who actually was in the military with me together for a while. And he does sustainability and let him talk a little bit about his efforts and his work. And he actually sent me a really a bunch of great questions and these questions were so good. I asked him to come on the show and share them with everybody. So Sid, why don't you introduce yourself just quickly and we'll get into the question. Sure. Sidney Higa, aka Sustainable Sid with Vivio Sustainable Solutions. We are a company that wants to have Hawaii be sustainable with water, energy, and most importantly food. So our efforts are to towards making us have clean water, great energy, and great tasting food. And we have a five pound approach right now for COVID because of the situation where we have a detection. We have sanitization and antimicrobial protection, air purification, water purification. And we have a way to put safe handles onto your buildings using an antimicrobial coating, physical coating. Basically that's a little bit of a lead in there. Hey Sid, I appreciate that. I'm going to quickly kind of go over some of the questions we had last time. The first one I'm just going to paraphrase the questions you were talking about. Why do we measure hydrogen and kilograms and gasoline and gallons? And the short answer to that was that normally we measure gases in by weight, so pounds or kilograms. And we measure liquids in gallons or liters. Well, hydrogen is a gas. So we normally measure it by weight and we somehow probably because it was all scientific research dealing with hydrogen, not so much commercial use. They chose kilograms instead of pounds for the weight measurement. And if we wanted to measure hydrogen as the liquid, liquid hydrogen is minus 252 degrees centigrade. So most people don't deal with liquid hydrogen except for rocket fuel and things like that. So it's just not convenient to keep them the same weight. But we do have some good formulas to compare them between each other. The next question was about hydrogen and using electrolysis to make hydrogen about how much electricity does it take. The reason you want to use electricity and electrolysis to make hydrogen is to keep it clean because you can actually make hydrogen a lot of different ways. You can steam reform methane. You can pull hydrogen out of all kinds of stuff because hydrogen is actually the most common element in the entire universe. But the one thing it does is it likes to stick to other elements. It sticks to oxygen and makes water. It sticks to nitrogen and makes ammonia. So you hardly ever find pure hydrogen just kind of hanging around by itself. So you have to split it away from whatever it's connected to. And splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen is actually really easy. I have a demonstration with a little nine volt battery and a paper clip, two paper clips, and a little bit of water. And you can make it right on your desk. But the actual conversion, it takes about 65 kilowatt hours of power to make one kilogram of hydrogen. That gives you an idea of how much it takes to do that process. And then let me see. Oh, why is hydrogen not used kind of like a gas like propane or something in an internal combustion engine? Why don't we just do that instead of doing electrolysis to hydrogen and hydrogen to a fuel cell and the fuel cell into a powertrain? And you actually can. There is a gentleman who developed a really great system for modifying diesel high compression engines to run on hydrogen. But it requires changing the glow plug to a injector slash igniter and changing the timing on the engine and stuff like that. So it doesn't work as easily as you think, but it's possible. Most of the engines that run on hydrogen that are at a fairly low pressure don't have much power because you need high pressure hydrogen pushed into the cylinder to get enough of a combustion to give you the same kind of performance as gasoline. But interestingly enough, hydrogen is really useful for cooking and heating and stuff. One of these days I'll show a picture of some of the flames that you get from hydrogen for cooking because it's a really, really great source of cooking heat because it doesn't radiate heat sideways. It only radiates, it only pushes heat directly where the flame is. So for example, if you have like a food truck, it wouldn't have all the extra heat hanging around in the food truck. It's just putting it right where you cook. So the guys who are in food trucks like to try and use that because it's very directional. That's a quick recap of the first show we did a couple of weeks ago. So why don't you hit me with some of those other questions you had, Sid? Okay, so as we move more into hydrogen economy and stuff, vehicles will become more and more prevalent. So Hyundai and Nikola are building commercial trucks for hauling containers. And Nikola recently announced they signed a contract for 2,500 hydrogen garbage trucks. What would it take for Hawaii to start to support and move to commercial hydrogen powered trucks? That would be wonderful. In fact, we've been trying for at least 10 years to get the state to at least start producing some hydrogen for fleet vehicles just to get it started. In fact, the first thing we did was, I don't know if people know where the foreign trade zone is. It's Pier 2 in downtown Honolulu. And they have five acres of warehouse roof. And right now 2.5 acres has already got PV on it and they can't put any more on because it overtaxes the Hawaiian electric circuitry in that area. They can't get an interconnect agreement. So what we're trying to do is tell them, well, don't connect to Hiko's grid. What you need to do is just put PV on the roof and then turn all that electricity into hydrogen and store it and run your forklifts and any state vehicles that happen to be hydrogen will just fuel them at foreign trade zone right downtown. So that's what we tried to do. And so far, we haven't been successful getting that project going. So it was even willing to give them 65 kilogram a day electrolyzer that we had a spare one we had at Hickam that the military said we could give to the state and we still couldn't get the money to bring that into into service. But what it would actually take is quite a bit. And your question sounds fairly fairly benign, but 2,500 garbage trucks would require just to give you a picture would require about as much electricity as Hawaiian electric can make for the island of Oahu in an hour. So at full for the whole the whole island, they can do just under a gigawatt of power at any given time. And so I did the math on how much hydrogen would take to run those 2,500 trucks, you know, constantly all day long. And it was basically three quarters of a gigawatt of electricity to make that much hydrogen. It was like 700 750 megawatt hours of electricity. So it was quite a bit of power so to run a fleet that big is actually a pretty immense challenge and that brings up an important point. So if you wanted to have like a really clean clean economy.  And right, they don't have a solution for getting off of that in the next couple years.  You'd have to almost, I want to say more than double whatever PV you have on your roof to make a really enough hydrogen to run your car or cars for an average week. It's not a whole lot, but people just don't realize how much energy transportation take. And that's why this 100% renewable portfolio standard that Hawaii has by 2045 is is a really good goal. The transportation part is even harder, because it takes more energy than the grid does at this point. And if you have to, if you can stretch your mind a little bit, you have to realize that as we, if we really want to move into clean transportation, we're going to have to move into all electric transportation and all electric transportation means battery plug-in vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, all three. You know, that's, that's important because it is a significant amount of energy. And right now I don't think our electric grid is up to providing the amount of electricity we need to solve the transportation issue all by itself. So, in that light, about how much electricity would our grid have to be producing to support an all electric and economy, including transportation. To try and just use round numbers so that they're easy to follow. Like I like I mentioned, Hawaii Electric here on a Wahoo can can produce a gigawatt of power an hour with all their turbines going and having their their spinning reserves and things like that. And so they basically are making a gigawatt of close to a gigawatt of power they're capable of it. And estimating that by the time you have all of Hawaii's transportation in electric and the grid, you know, all working off of renewables and the rail project up and running. You're probably going to need to be doing closer to four gigawatts of power constantly. So, four times what we're using now. And that's because transportation is going to take up at least double what just the grid takes by itself. You're going to have to keep some in storage so you're going to constantly be making hydrogen. And you were also going to have an increased requirement for hydrogen for things like the rail project. And we, as a society, we tend to be more and more energy hungry, especially if Hawaii is going to try and get an economy that's, that's running off of a sustainable economy like you mentioned, that we're, we're not importing a bunch of fossil fuel and things like that. And food and things being shipped in to Hawaii. So, for example, if you take a container ship and ship one container ship of stuff in Hawaii, that's an incredibly huge amount of energy used to move that ship from California to Hawaii. And that doesn't even talk to the rail and the trucking that gets everything to the ship on the mainland, the food and agricultural products and things like that. So, as we try and meet your company's goal of being sustainable here in Hawaii, that actually reduces all those energy costs, but that means that we're going to have to be running more tractors and things like that on the farm. We're going to have to be using more energy locally to be doing some of the industrial processes that we're eliminating by not importing things from the mainland. Very good. So, well, in that light Europe is investing heavily in hydrogen infrastructure to support vehicles. So what adaptations to our infrastructure can be made to keep the conversion price modest. I tell you what, we're going to take a quick break before they answer that question. So I'm just looked at the clock and it's about that time. But I'll get to that question in about 60 seconds. Okay, sounds good. I'll come back to stand the energy man around think tech Hawaii with the Sydney Higa calm sustainable said, and his question was basically Europe and I would add Asia are heavily leaning into hydrogen technology. And they're going full blast into it where United States is kind of hanging back and I'd say that's probably has a lot to do with politics right now. And the COVID situation it's like we just we're not focusing on it. But I can tell you that what the European track is to go into hydrogen in a big way. And so is Australia for, for example, the Australian science chief scientist presented to the US Department of Energy two years ago, made a presentation and right now Australia and Germany both have, or European Union both have hydrogen plans that are very detailed and how they want to move into hydrogen technology over the next 10 or 15 years with long term goals of converting to all fossil fuels to hydrogen. And the difference and what we need to do in Hawaii and actually think Hawaii has an advantage over the mainland US in that, as a grid, we're already just Hawaiian electric and quite utility. We've got it's own co op. But basically we have a fairly self contained grid system. So we could actually we have a lot of ability to manipulate that grid in ways that would make it easy to transition to hydrogen and renewable energy systems, compared to like Los Angeles that probably has 10 or 15 or 20 major power producers pushing electricity from Hoover Dam and every place else into their system. And they've got to make all that work together while they're trying to integrate more renewables and things like that. So what I would say is what I would envision for Hawaii is that we start off with the renewables that we're using right now. And we start to look at ways to divide up Hawaiian electric grid into what would be interconnected micro grids. So we would keep our overall grid infrastructure the power lines and everything for now. So we would start developing the ability for certain communities like maybe Mililani town, North Shore, Kaniwi, Kahulu, Kailua, Hawaii Kai, to be able to what we call island themselves, and have their own little community where we could put in more hydrogen energy storage with batteries and and wind power and maybe even hydroelectric to try and get us so our grids designed to be more sustainable, more survivable after hurricanes and cut out be able to at some point down the road cut out these big long transmission lines that go over the mountains and and and through the wide open planes that we have fires in and interrupt power from time to time and get us to the point where he can focus their grid system on downtown Honolulu, and that the majority of the rest of the island can literally be more self sustaining. One of the things I hope we look at is hydro hydroelectric, because we did have a great irrigation system in the state when we have pine upon sugarcane. And I know you look into that said with sustainable agriculture. Every time you move water downhill, you have the opportunity to put turbines in those pipes and generate electricity. All the way, you know, down the hill down the mountain from however high up you're starting, every couple hundred feet you could actually be pulling electricity off of that water flowing right down the hill. That's free electricity, or you know it's and it's all clean it's all renewable. So we need to be doing something like that. And I think Hawaii has to also come to grips with the fact that geothermal could actually provide all the power that the state needs. Completely, and probably could even export power. It's that much power that if we could get into geothermal which is also clean and renewable and sustainable that Hawaii could literally never have to get fossil fuel or bring energy in from any place. We could actually turn into an energy exporting state. If we use high geothermal to augment solar wind and whatever hydroelectric we could make from the ag system. Cool. Yeah, so are there calculations that compare the range of say a hydrogen vehicle to an electric power vehicle. Pretty much like on an apples apples basis. Yeah, it's really we use something called gallons of gas equivalent GGE. So, like I mentioned in the first show that we did together, a gallon of gasoline has about the same amount of energy in it as a kilogram of hydrogen. If you use it in a fuel cell in an electric vehicle will drive the car a little over twice as far as the gallon of gasoline. So if you had a particular vehicle you wanted to compare and you knew that it got just to make the math easy. 10 miles per gallon. That means that the fuel cell car would get at least 20 miles per kilogram, maybe a little bit more so call it maybe 20, 22 miles per kilogram. So you can if you have if you know what your mileage is for your car. So if you look at it like a Toyota Mirai, and say that for every kilogram of fuel in that Toyota Mirai, you're going to go to like 2.2 times the range of that gasoline powered car. And that's as close as you can get in there. And the reason it's hard to do apples to apples and you don't see it very often is because vehicles are designed to do different things. And vehicles are designed to go really fast, really quickly like zero to 63 seconds, and other vehicles are designed for really good fuel economy. They can go, they can go, you know, much further, but it takes them a long time to accelerate to that. They have a hard time going up a really steep hill because they don't have the torque and the power. Until you have two vehicles, you know, pretty much identical in most characteristics. It's kind of tough to do apples to apples directly. But that gallon of gas equivalent of 70 miles per kilogram versus whatever mileage you get on gasoline is about as close as you can get. Well, I would imagine that the hydrogen powered car would weigh a little bit less because of the weight of the gasoline versus a weight of hydrogen. Right. So a kilogram being what 2.2 pounds roughly. Right. So a kilogram of hydrogen weighs 2.2 pounds. There's five kilograms in a Mariah. So that's like 11 pounds of fuel. No, that's not a whole lot of fuel. And, you know, what's really interesting to compare is, and that that Mariah will go over 300 miles on that on that hydrogen. But a Tesla to go the 300 miles has literally 2,000 pounds of batteries. So instead of 11 pounds of hydrogen fuel and probably a tank that weighs 100 pounds because actually the tank to hold the hydrogen is pretty heavy. You're much a much bigger weight savings, right, using hydrogen for your energy storage. Well, that kind of leads into my next question, which was, you know, how long did it take to fill a hydrogen tank for a car versus an electric charge like you mentioned there, the Tesla?   And you can fill your car up. Whereas an electric charger, depending on whether it's a rapid charger or just a simple charger, can take anywhere from a rapid charger can be like two hours, a regular charger can be like six hours. And so that's fine if you only drive between your home and work and you can charge at night when you're not going to use the car anyway. But that's one of the big pluses for hydrogen is the quick fill. So in other words, you're able to get off of a five minute fill 300 miles versus on a Tesla to about 300 miles, you're looking at eight hours to charge it or something. Yeah, six hours or eight hours to charge it, right? Big difference. Huge difference. So one thing I wanted to mention too was, you know, and it kind of goes back to your question on what Hawaii can do. And, you know, a friend of mine, Mike Stritsky from New Jersey says people have to vote with their wallet. You know, if people really want to get Hawaii to a cleaner energy state and more sustainable. One of the things that I'm really an advocate of and I really don't talk enough about it and I should is to use hybrid vehicles. Hybrid vehicles are actually pretty popular and a hybrid vehicle kind of gets you halfway there. A hybrid vehicle is an electric vehicle just like a plug-in vehicle or just like a hydrogen vehicle. All electric drivetrains and electric drivetrains are much more efficient using electrical power to torque. The nice thing about the hybrid vehicle is you could still put gasoline in it to give you electricity. Because what what you do in a hybrid vehicle is instead of having 100 horsepower motor, you put in a 30 horsepower motor that runs a generator. And you only run the motor at its perfect most efficient, you know, RPM and everything. So a vehicle that would normally get maybe 20 or 23 miles a gallon is going to get closer to 40 miles a gallon. And that starts to cut back on fossil fuel and it also gets you to electric drivetrain. And so it's much easier to convert a hybrid electric vehicle to a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle or a hybrid electric vehicle to a battery plug-in vehicle. So if you found a hybrid vehicle that you really, really like and you want to convert, just take that vehicle and, you know, find somebody can convert it to a battery or find somebody to convert to hydrogen. And that vehicle could probably go another 20 years using that electric drivetrain. So that's that's one of the things that I really I should be pushing more is hybrid hybrid vehicles. Well, that makes perfect sense. And then you're also easing your way into the next round of technology as well. Right, we already have the fuel system set up to dispense gasoline. You just be using a lot less of it. So it's really a good option. Well, believe it or not, Sid, we blasted through 30 minutes with your questions and I know you still have you still have some more. So we're going to have to do round three on this one. So be ready for an email in a couple of weeks and we'll get you back on. Sounds good. Great talking with you. Thanks for all the excellent answers. You know, a lot of questions on my mind that you're answering right now. No, thank you, Sid. They're great questions. That's why I wanted to have you on the show. I don't think I could have thought of such good questions. So thanks for your hard work on that. We'll have you back in a couple of weeks and for everybody, let's go watch the debate on our TVs and see who's winning. We're a half hour behind already. All right. Dan Austerman signing off until next Tuesday. Aloha.


My name is Anna Penchinger and I am an associate investigator of the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Institute of Health. And today I am going to present our paper, Publishing Human Mutation, with my co-authors Kosaka Kisimoto and Inga Ragoism. In the paper is entitled, Oncogenic Potential is related to activating effect of cancer with single and double somatic mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases. Receptor tyrosine kinases transuse signals from the extracellular matrix to the cytoplasm and they contain extracellular, transmembrane, juxtamembrane and catalytic kinase domains. Binding of ligand by the extracellular regions may induce demerization, cross-phase fibrillation and initiate the cascade of events which lead to regulation of gene expression implicated in cell division, cellular homeostasis and survival. It has been shown that kinases especially receptor tyrosine kinases are frequently mutated and activated in cancer and only a small fraction of these mutations is inherited. Due to the efforts of structural biologists, structures of different receptor tyrosine kinases were solved in active and inactive states. Structural analysis showed significant differences in conformations between the active and inactive forms of kinase domains and suggested that mechanisms of activation are linked to transitions between active and inactive conformations. However, the role of many mutations in the activation of kinases still remains unclear. In this work, we examined the energetic effect of cancer mutations on both active and inactive conformations of kinase domain in relation to the oncogenic potential in order to quantify the coupling between mutations, kinase stability and activity. First, we performed the analysis of the mutation spectra and tried to classify the mutation sites according to different mutation probabilities, debounding that each site should belong to only one class of mutations. The mutation spectrum of each class was approximated by the Poisson distribution and variations in mutation frequencies among sites of the same class were assumed to be due to the random reasons. An analysis of the mutation spectrum of different receptor tyrosine kinases revealed four classes of sites. But what is important here that the second class did not contain mutation hard spots since numerous sites with no mutations were also included in this class. While several obvious hard spots were present in the third and fourth class of sites, and thus we chose the threshold of 10 mutations or 10 samples for determining the mutation hard spots. Therefore, we separated all mutations into classes based on their frequency in the samples into class A, class B and class C. Next we measured the effect of the mutations, first of single mutations, on the stability and activity of the kinase domain. We collected pairs of structures of the same receptor tyrosine kinase in active and inactive states and mapped about 400 unique mutations onto active and inactive structures. Then we calculated the difference in unfolding free energy between wild type and mutated states. This figure shows the distribution of delta-delta-g values for active states. And you can see from this figure that all three distributions for active states are shifted to the positive values which indicate that mutations destabilize active structures. It's true that inactive structures, only mutations from class C destabilizing active structures significantly compare to random mutations. This figure shows the distribution of the difference in the unfolding free energy between the active and inactive states upon mutations. Positive values correspond to the tendency for the activation by mutation. And you can see from this figure that the distribution of class C is shifted to the positive side while mutations from the A and B classes do not show a significant effect on the stability compared to random mutations. All this indicates that the frequently observed mutations with the number of samples of 10 and higher have a different effect on the active and inactive states leading to the increased population of active states and overall activation of the kinase. In summary, here we showed that single mutations destabilize active states but to a lesser degree than the random mutations. Moreover, to a lesser degree than the single mutations destabilized inactive states, overall this led to kinase activation. Next, we tried to answer the question if we can predict the activating effect of mutations from the mutation spectra. In importantly, we showed that there exists a relationship between the statistics-based estimate of oncogenic potential of mutation and its activation effect. Namely, more frequent mutations have a higher activating effect. This effect is not linear though and for frequent mutations from 10 or more samples, the activity increases radically upon mutations. We also analyzed double mutations when two mutations occurred in the same gene, in the same patient. This figure shows distribution of similar properties of difference of double mutations on active and inactive states. And this third figure shows the distribution corresponding to cancel double mutations is significantly shifted to positive values compared to random double mutations, which points in turn to a tendency for activation for doublet. Moreover, we found a positive epistasis for double mutations. Indeed, activation effect of double mutations was higher than the total of individual single mutations. This suggests that overall double mutations have a synergetic effect and this trend is especially pronounced for double mutations observed in more than one sample. The observed and simulated spectra of double mutations were found to be statistically different from each other, which points to the different mechanisms of their origin. In summary, in our study, we attempted to link the stability of receptor tyrosine kinases with their oncogenic potential and differential activity, which combined with other experimental data may provide insight into the mechanisms of activation of different pathways by cancer mutations and may help to design effective cancer drugs.


IDME of course has been around for the last 7 years and it has gained prestige over time but I think today's evening has been a fantastic culmination of a 7 year journey. It is a great step towards making sure that IDME gets its due respect as an award ceremony and the way it was managed today was fantastic. The awards are being specifically done for digital because it really recognises each of the initiatives and branches under digital much better and what agencies and are doing for clients and what clients are also doing in the digital. That IDME is a great platform where a lot of this work are getting evaluated and recognised. Great platform and great jury this time especially debating all that points and also how they have demonstrated that, how they have really liked some of the great work Very excited about the win today at the IDME. Hindustan Unilever winning the mobile market year of the year is a really exciting news and it is all a culmination of a lot of work that we have done through the year. Mobile is of course a very critical part of our communication strategy and when it gets recognised by peers and others it really makes us feel great. The award that we won is actually for clients for doing unique things on both the set of clients that we won for so that's also a pleasure. The mindset today has been fantastic as we win the digital and social media agency of the year so for us we are really really happy and an awesome evening. E4M IDME 2016 and the jury board congratulates all the winners.


Hey guys, it's Lily and today I am doing the You're Not Good Enough book tag. This was created by Chammy from Read Like Wildfire and she tagged me when she originally did this video and it's taken me this long to actually do it. But hey, at least I am. So I've got to fill up this little jar thingy with characters and I honestly can't be bothered to count how many I need so I'm just gonna keep writing them until I can't stuff anymore into this jar. I'm gonna try and limit it to like one or two characters per book slash series because I don't want it to just be like all the characters from like the Luna Chronicles even though I love them all. Where are my gays at? So this tag basically entails writing a bunch of character names into a tub and mixing that up. Then you pretty much have to put these characters into like questions slash situations where you then have to choose which character is better for that situation. So basically one of those characters just won't be good enough to fit into them. So let's just get started. I don't even know how many questions there are so yeah.  Who would you pick to complete your team? Okay so we've got Luna Lovegood and we also have Kel from the Adaka shade of magic series. So who would I pick on my team? You know what? I'm just gonna go Luna because from what I can recall she's smart. Maybe a little loopy but I think that having her there would definitely encourage me to be good at spelling bees. Because I'm quite clearly good at words.  Which one would you kill first so you have a better chance at surviving? So I've got Morrigan from the Court of Throne and Rosa series and Elias from the Ashes and pretty much I'm screwed. I'm dead no matter what. Um well well this is really tough because I don't think I could ever kill Morrigan like I love her to bits but I also know that I probably have more of a chance of surviving if Morrigan was dead. So I think I would have to get over it and kill Morrigan and then I would take down Elias because he would learn to trust me and then I would go for his weak side and kill him. Number three, you're on the bachelor slash the bachelorette and you're down to these two characters which are you going to give your rose to? So we have Thomas from the maze runner and Percy from Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief and honestly I can't be Percy because those books I just picture him as a child and you know when I think of Thomas I think of Dylan O'Brien so I'm gonna give him my rose because it's Dylan O'Brien and I love him. Number four, you have been chosen for the Hunger Games. Who would most likely volunteer in your place? We have Leia from Enembran the Ashes and Leita from Anti-Darken and that's easy no way would Leita step in for me I'm gonna have to choose Leia from Enembran the Ashes she is probably the nicest out of the two. She would save me. Number five, you are stranded on a desert island which character would you sacrifice to engage in cannibalism?  Number six, you're the next DC slash Marvel superhero with your own TV show of course who is your sidekick? Noah from the Raven Cycle or Aristotle? Oh my god these are both cinnamon rolls. Anyone who's watching this knows how much I love Aristotle and don't have to discover the secrets of the universe by Benjamin Williams and I recommend that you guys read that book but I am going to have to go with Noah because he has some very good sidekick ghost skills that I think would come in very handy on my TV series. I'm so sorry Ari, I'm so sorry. Number seven, you are a manager of an avocado admiring company who would you fire for lack of communication skills? Aiden from the Illuminae Files or Jane from My Lady Jane? Lack of communication skills. You know I'm actually going to go with Jane because if any of you guys have actually read My Lady Jane there is actually quite a bit of miscommunication and I think that she would be fired for that and I wouldn't be working out in the first place because I hate avocados. Yep you heard me. Number eight, you've just finished a book in which your favorite character dies. Which character is most likely to comfort you? There's a character in this Janus. Where'd it go if I get him? We have Inej from the Six Acro series and Isabel from the Model Instruments and this one again is a very easy one. Inej is not going to comfort me but Isabel I would happily, happily allow her to cuddle me when I cry into her arms. Number nine, oh it's high school. Who would most likely be part of the popular clique? Annabelle from the Percy Jackson series and Hermione from Harry Potter and who would be in the popular clique? I'm gonna have to go with Annabelle because as much as I love Hermione she is not in the popular clique. Although she is a favorite she just wouldn't be. I know it so I guess it's gonna be Annabelle and if you think about it all like the Percy Jackson gang is the popular clique and we all really do wish we were in that clique right? Number 10, the day has arrived. You're finally one year older. Who would have the nerve to forget your birthday? We've got Kestrel from the Winner's Curse and we also have Emi from Everything Leads to You and I'm gonna have to go and say that Emi would forget it because Kestrel's like the smartest character that I know so she's not gonna forget my birthday. Number 11, you have just found an upcoming Booktube star. Who would that most likely be? Adrian Ivershoff from the Vampire Academy series and The Spin-Off Bloodlines by Rachelle Meade or Delilah Bard from A Darker Shader Magic and honestly I can see them both just being Booktube stars. Adrian would be absolutely hilarious and I've just pictured Delilah Bard like looking like Lily from Lily C Reads and just completely being amazing on Booktube but I honestly think that them together on a Booktube channel would be the greatest thing in the entire world. That would probably be the best channel ever so I'm gonna have to say both of them. Are we allowed to do that? Are we? If I'm not supposed to do that, say something now. I get to do it. Number 12, sleepover time. Unfortunately you can only invite one person. Who would you invite? We have Alice from Alice on Wonderland and we have Thorn from the Lunar Chronicles and I'm gonna go with Thorn because he is so funny and I love him and I honestly just think that I'd be laughing the entire sleepover. Number 13, BAM! You are pregnant. Who is the mother slash father? Um, we've got Jon Snow from Game of Thrones and then we also have Manchi, the dog from Chaos Walking and this is probably why I shouldn't have put animals in here because I'm obviously going to be pregnant with Jon Snow's child. I'm obviously going to be pregnant with Jon Snow's child and I guess that we can keep Manchi as our pet forever. Number 14, you've just written a super important text. Who would see it but not reply? Bilbo Baggins or Alex from the Yacane series. Bilbo Baggins is definitely the one who would see it and not reply because he is too busy having adventures. This is the last question and I have like four thingies left so good, good, good. Number 15, you've just woken up and it's time for breakfast. Your mum has been replaced by who? All right, we have Aileen from the Throne of Glass series and we also have Ryse and from the Accord of Mist and Fury series and honestly if I had written Selene around here I would have picked her but I wrote Aileen and I just can't even handle all of her problems at the moment because like I don't want to be dragged into all that actions.  So there you guys have the You're Not Good Enough book tag and I have made an absolute mess of this room just by writing names and paper. I just I'm horrible mess. I will tag people below. I don't actually know who I'm gonna tag right now because everyone has pretty much done this video. I'm like super late to the party but I did it so I will tag links to people below. This is why I'd be terrible at the spelling bee okay? I can't even form coherent sentences. If you guys are watching and you guys want to do this tag go ahead. I tag you guys so just do it. It's really fun and you get to like look at all your books and think of characters that you love so that's also really good. Thank you guys for watching and hopefully I'll see you guys again soon and until then have a lovely bookish day and hopefully great things happen to you. Hey guys it's Tilly and I bought a few books this month again. Probably a few too many.


Welcome to All Hands Update. I'm Perry Officer Nicholas Lopez here in Orlando, Florida for the 2016 Invictus Games. Today marks the end of a week of competition where sailors took to the field in rugby, swimming, cycling, and sitting volleyball. Where the U.S. won gold over U.K. of vegging their 2014 Invictus loss. While the U.S. team did well in the medal count, winning medals is ultimately not the goal of these events. The strength of what you see here is it's not about who's meddling, but it's about the story as a recovery. And when I'm amazed at when you have the crowd participating, it's not the person that finishes first that gets most cheers. It's the person that finishes to the end across to that finish line. The next stop on the road to recovery for many members of the U.S. team is the Warrior Games in West Point, New York. Check out All Hands Magazine for a feature on Invictus Games 2016 and All Hands Update for more information.


I'm here with my family, my husband, my grandkids, my sister and her boyfriend.  I used to be like, do we really need to get the flu shot? But knowing that I've lost two family members and my husband does have a chronic condition so it's very important that we get him in and get him vaccinated and set example for the grandkids. You never know how bad the flu is going to be at any season so I do feel much better knowing they're vaccinated. I encourage everyone to get the flu shot because it really can save lives. We got our flu shot!


Let's get over to Ahmed, Mr. Basil Chapman, as we do each and every Tuesday, and don't forget, folks, Basil has an outstanding show right here. Every trading day, 10 to 11 Eastern standard time, also has a great newsletter. The opening call. Now, it's very easy to get the opening call. Just come over to our website at TFNN. You're going to see the opening call. You hit newsletters first. You see the opening call right on the right-hand side. You hit that baby. You are off to the races. Now, Basil not only has an outstanding newsletter. Inside the opening call, when you get it, he has 10 webinars that he does that he has done that you can go through the archive and you can really get to understand how he looks at the market every trading day. Basil Chapman, what's going on? What's going on is I don't have that kind of background here. It's gray and cold. It's gray and cold. Yes, we are in the Florida Keys, folks, and my little grandson is swimming right behind me with Tommy right now. It's a beautiful thing. It certainly is. I'm telling you, man, life is tough. How about the volatility in this market, man, right? So there are a couple of things. You know, we've been talking about for quite a few weeks since we had that high that I consider to be quite a serious high in the Dow on the 8th of November. The Dow hit $36,565. We actually initiated a short position, just about 40 points off that, and we had money in it, and we got stopped out for a profit, but never got back in. But we've been trying to time all the different indices. And my rule of thumb is that most of the time there are coincident lows where if you watch the volatility index and many other aspects to the market on a technical basis, there's some kind of climactic move to the downside where we're just throws up their hands and says, this is it. We're going down forever. And that's the day that it turns around. We saw that March the 23rd last year. That was actually the day we went longer down the diamonds. But what's really important is that on the way down here, there are patterns that I look at. And one of the patterns that I spend some time in my show in the Tiger Technicians Island for subscribers to an opening call is I look at three different focal points in the market. One is a straight line up or down. The other is a cup formation where there's a price point that drops and then comes back. How it deals with that left side high is very important. Or in the red one on the right here, that's where it's an arch formation going from one point up and then it comes down. This is a pattern that we had put the two together, either the straight line up with a cup or the straight line down with the arch. And that's the pattern I call the dreaded H. And one of the reasons is if it takes out that left side low, it can go down quite a bit. And I'm going to keep this here just to show you on the down. There was a little doji candle on the 11th, on the 8th of November at 3656. It pulled back sharp into the 14-period moving average. It rallied and then it failed at a peak AM. My rule of thumb here again is if the arch formation turns around and comes back off the one peak in A or a B and takes out that left side low, you've got to be careful because you could have a one-to-one down or you could continue down, which we've just seen today. It's down on leg E on the dating chart with a huge arch formation. So I've been trying to pinpoint the turnarounds in the other indices. So we've been short the QQQ almost from the high and we are still short, but it has only made a leg A. It had that high at peak D. The fourth highest peak is we always get a little bit cautious. That little what I call a silent doji candle the day before on the 22nd in winter 4 or 8.71. Pull back sharply and now it's in the pro, I think it's in the process of making this H formation. Now we won't know until it takes out. If it's going to the 387 389 377 low or three days ago, it has arched over. This is a single leg A. We haven't even made a peak yet. So if there's a lower high than today's higher 401.19, that's going to suggest, all right, be careful here. So I'm trying, I always think that the tops are made sequentially, but the lows are made in unison. So if that's the case, you've really remember, I just said that the down made is high going back quite a few weeks. In fact, that was back on the 8th of November. And then the IWM, which is the Russell 2000 made is high also on the eighth and the SMP is a slightly different chart pattern. It made its high on the 22nd. And now we're watching the QQQ to see whether this is going to be a significant turnaround. It's been together with a semiconductor index is being absolutely the strongest index. So for me, it's something when we look at the Dow, right? Can you put the Dow chart back up again? So we look at the Dow, right? It looks like it's breaking your left side also. So when we take that, like I'm looking at the green canyon on the left and the reds coming up to it, right? So is that the one we're talking about? If it breaks that, if it breaks that, do we, you know, projection wise, can we take the bottom of that to the top of it and flip it over? Yeah, so let me just do that. Let me just show you something that's very important. On the left side, there was a low in the Dow back on the in October. And that was on the 13th and it went down to 34,115. Okay, the number of bars it took to get to the top. Yeah, is so far equaling the number of bars, but we haven't gotten to the bottom. And you can see I drew in from the plum line of the doji candle of the eighth. Yeah, measured move. And that says that roundabout by the end of the week, the real test is going to come on this left side at 34,115. So this line is something that I've developed and I show subscribers is called Chapman Wave. This is the inside wedge target support line because it's on the way down pink line. And today we've just touched it. So we could be ready for a little bit of a bounce. But wow, if it breaks this, it could be a quick ride down to that left side low. And now what's really important is that the weekly chart has made a peak D and alternative count peak D. And it's, I don't know what it's going to do. But at this point, it's in a cell signal, I have to wait for the end of the week, because the weekly candle looks to me, I might get a cell mode, which is a little bit deeper implication for the Dow. So I'm going one at a time. And all I can say is that it's, it's fascinating to see because the strength that just keeps coming in. I mean, look at this Nvidia. Nvidia made a high on the 22nd at 346.47 made a 319 round number low. What is trading a 322 now that that low if that gets taken out, that's going to be very important. So I've got certain numbers that I'm looking at. The fascinating thing you know, I love round numbers. Look, applied materials, AMAT round number the 16th perfect round number 159 all time high round number right there at the high little two dodgy can retest candles and has pulled back quite sharply. So there are a lot of things we're looking at as well as this rectangle formation. The IWM had the same thing sideways rectangle formation says you can break to the upside, but the magnet of the inside of this, this rectangle says that there's a good chance you need to come right back in and it's already done that. So now even as we're talking the Dow went down 150 points as we've been talking. Well, what's really interesting is that that move on Friday when everybody I mean, I must I was really surprised when I woke up on Friday and looked and I said, what am I rubbed my eyes? I couldn't believe down at that point was down 450. And then by the end of the day, Dow was down 906. And then yesterday, the clue was that that it was a false break to the upside was that the Dow didn't do very much. And in fact, the rallies, the rally, it was it was really sustained by some of the prime stocks in the QQQ and the semis. So that's why I'm watching them really closely to say, are they going to be pulling back and then do we get a rotational correction? The Dow's done a lot and it could start to focus on it. It's very easy to get battles. Check it out. It's here for them. Bowser, you have a great one. Safe one. We look forward to show tomorrow morning.


From the Silicon Angle Media Office in Boston, Massachusetts, it's theCUBE. Now, here's your host, Dave Vellante. Digital transformation is the operative watchword today, but what does it mean from a CXO's standpoint? And how do you take those perspectives and bring them into an organization to affect its strategy and turn that strategy into action? Hi everybody, this is Dave Vellante. Welcome to this CUBE Conversations from CXO Perspectives. I'm here with Paul Lewis, who is CTO of Americas from Hitachi, Ventara. Paul, thanks for coming down from Toronto. Thanks very much. I appreciate it. It's always great to be in Boston. Okay, let's start with you and your background. You're a CIO by trade, been with Hitachi and now Hitachi, Ventara for a few years, but tell us about your background. Yeah, so I've been here about five years, running the Office of the CTO, which is a highly vertical-based organization. Prior to that, I was a CIO CTO of a financial services organization for about 17 years. Operating technology, sort of being a practitioner of what it means to create applications and operate IT and implement projects and worry about, you know, the blinking lights in a data center. So it's a very different world being on the manufacturer side, but getting to see different verticals, different industries and applying that has been intellectually appealing. So something I want to come back to, so you were CIO and CTO, which is not uncommon, but oftentimes, CIO is more in a strategy or a pure business role, you had both. So we'll come back to that when we talk about organizational issues, but let's start with digital transformation, as I said at the top. It's the buzzword, you go to every conference, digital transformation, you must not get eaten by your competitors, you must be the disruptor, et cetera, et cetera, but what does digital transformation mean to you as a CTO, CIO, from a customer's perspective? So I see it much more as being, having a customer perspective when you look at your business strategy. So in as much as people say, sort of customer 360 or you're taking a customer-centric approach, it's not really that. It's saying, how do I look at my business and evaluate it from the customer's point of view? So, you know, the three aspects of digital transformation is operational efficiency, new business models, and of course, the new customer experience. So operational efficiency says, you know, if I'm doing a whole bunch of things or to deliver value, a product or service, but the only thing the customer sees is what's on the shelf and what's available to purchase, then everything I do behind the scenes logistics is up for grabs. Maybe it's not as important to me as what's on the shelf, so maybe somebody else can do it, make that efficiency. In terms of new business models, if all my competitors, especially those new digital disruptors have a new way of engaging with the client on the payment, maybe it's a credit card versus cash, you know, capital versus OPEX, maybe I need to diversify my portfolio to be equivalent to that, to find customers that I'm currently not getting, and then finally, new customer experiences. This is the customer point of view to say, the customer wants to buy from you in a certain way, so you better start to sell your products and service in the way to which they want to buy. Just because your product's on the shelf and the customer wants to buy from you online means you have to also be online, and if your customer wants to buy from your competitor, your product should be at your competitor, right? So you've got to think about how the customer buys, not just how you sell. So all that sort of business strategy. So we can poke that a little bit in a positive way. So when you go back to pre-internet days, the brands had all the power. The retail companies knew what the pricing was, you know, the spreads in the stock market were really large, we had NASDAQ on last week at Pentaho World. All we talked about is how they're becoming basically a technology company to sell their services to others, they are transforming digitally. So my point and question to you is, isn't a lot of digital transformation about how you use data to compete and actually maybe regain some of that, you know, market power or at least catch up to where the consumers are, because the consumers today have all the advantage, don't they? Well data certainly is a value producer versus sort of a side effect that it used to be. But it is fair that the consumers have much more buying power than they have before and that's in many ways because of those disruptors. Those disruptors are creating new options for consumers and now consumers have that choice. In fact, the consumerization as a whole has changing how consumers even perceive companies, right? So if I can download an app and if I don't like it now or I can delete that app and download another, they can also choose your product in the same way. They're going to buy your product, they don't like it, they're going to throw it away and buy somebody else's product. They now have the ultimate choice to do anything they wish by from anybody they want to. Locally or globally, the globalization concept is changing the way you need to distribute your products and services too, yeah. So the power actually, an influence has gone to the consumer and it's only data that you can produce and you can consume externally that'll give you that insight to determine where I need to put my puck, right? Where I need to, a hockey analogy, where I need to ensure that I need to have my product in service and available before the customer wants it or they even perceive to want it versus sort of waiting behind the scenes. So the big difference between, let's say being digital versus non-digital is the data. But what does that mean to a CTO and a CIO? So, okay, data, that's the big difference, not what. I would say let's take it from the top. So if the CEO now is focused on creating more value quicker, they probably hire a chief digital officer that's focused on those three pillars. If the organization's not that big, they might have the CIO perform that function. That means the CIO is less about order taking and more about value creation. The only way they're gonna be a value creator is if they move from an application-centric world of IT to a data-centric world of IT. And I use an analogy of applications, infrastructure, and applications. You want me to go through that way? Yeah, absolutely. I'd love to hear more about that. So here's the difference between infrastructure applications and data. If I look at infrastructure at last, let's say three to five years, I might be able to sweat it out any longer, but if I do, I'm gonna have performance, scalability, availability problems. If I add more infrastructure to infrastructure, it's gonna cost me more money. I need more space, I need more power, I need more rack, right? Same kind of true on the application side. If that, the last maybe seven to nine years, maybe sweat it out any longer, I have same performance and scalability problems. If I add more applications to applications, I have modernization and simplification and rationalization problems. And it's not the number of applications that matter, it's that I have the same function point recreated across five to 10 different applications and five to 10 different teams worrying about it. Same cost issue. And data quality issue. Absolutely. But data is in fact the opposite to that. Data is valuable to me from the point that I created to the point that I deleted if I ever deleted. In fact, seeing data change over time is more valuable than seeing it static in its initial state. If I add more data to data, the bigger potential pot of gold I have and the nuggets that I can find, the more precise my algorithms become, the more insightful I'll be able to create from a client's perspective or from product or transaction perspective. In fact, it is the value creator for IT versus the side effect that it's always been. So if you remove the centricity from the CIO from application, which is red, green, yellow projects, to data being the value creator, you start to be a major player in the digital transformation organization instead of sort of being the order taker of projects. So there was a lot of things you said in there that made a lot of sense to me. Let me start with sort of the infrastructure. A lot of CIOs have to spend their time keeping the lights on. And that's not a value producing activity we can agree. There were, and still are, many CIOs that were application centric, as you were saying, and they would add a lot of value through those applications. They had a sharp application development team. They could differentiate through those applications. But increasingly, when I talk to CIOs, you see more SAS coming into play and they're trying to avoid custom modifications. So when I ask them, well, how do you differentiate? The differentiation is the data. The data and the IP that we build around that data, the way that data helps us monetize, whether it's directly or indirectly, is our new differentiator. But that's a big shift, isn't it? It's a large shift because they're completely application centric. All their projects are about versioning of applications, all their infrastructure is creating highly available for applications. So the big shift is say, how do I create an organization that's data centric as a whole? How do I create a chief data officer? And that data officer is elevated to be the peer of, in many ways, the VP of application, the VP of infrastructure. Their organization has all the data centric responsibilities. They have storage and protection and governance and analytics and stewardship. They are the measured by the value they produce for the organization, whether that's operational efficiency or revenue versus the projects to which they deliver on. And that way the output of IT is not just projects, it's not just spend, but it's in fact revenue or profit. Let's talk about the organizational roles. I said I wanted to come back to that and I do, you know the jokes, CIO stands for career is over. I was interviewing John Halamka, who is the CIO of Beth Israel Hospital, a while back at MIT, one of the shows we do. And he was not optimistic about the role of the CIO. He said, hey, it couldn't disappear. And the conversation, it was a CDO conference chief data officer conference. The conversation was, well, CIOs need to pick a path and you've got some experience here. They either have to become CTOs or they have to become chief data officers. Now that was maybe two years ago. I think the narrative has changed a little bit and people have calmed down about that, but you've seen this, these roles emerge, chief data officer, chief digital officer. We just talked about how digital equals data.  But I wonder if you could weigh in as a former CIO slash CTO, current CTO. You talked to a lot of customers. How do you see organizations, you know, what's the right regime? Right regime's not the right, not the proper term, but what's the regimes that you see emerging? I think the big shift determining what those organization roles are from standardization to diversification. So it's less about single provider, single process, single implementation, having a single set of IT services for all the potential workloads and more like what does the business and specific the lending business require and then how am I gonna support that? So it's now I'm gonna have internal services, I'm gonna have a private cloud, I'm gonna have use public cloud offerings, I'm gonna have managed services, I'm gonna go to third party offerings, I'm gonna use a bunch of SaaS, I'm gonna consume a lot of cloud versions of ERP type products and that's the complexity of my environment. And if that's the complexity of my environment, that's the complexity and change of the shift of the roles. The CIO now has to be less about project delivery, in other words, creating applications and more about managing an ecosystem of diverse deployments. They have to manage relationships with public clouds. They have to manage and create business offerings with the CFO and the CEO and the chief corporate officer in terms of creating new acquisitions or mergers, right? The CTO is focused on creating a highly secure framework of delivery so that not only the IT shop can deliver on value but all that shadow IT that's happening out external to create a platform and a secure platform for them to deliver. Because the reality is of every $100 that the CIO has, there's $250 out in the business. So why don't you make a $350 IT budget instead of 101? You do that by providing platforms. And so therefore the CIO is part of the business leader versus being the IT leader. The CTO is looking at platforms and therefore the chief data officer becomes the value producer. They're the one focused almost entirely on creating revenue or creating so much efficiency in the organization that the profit margins dramatically increase. So now business perspective, business perspective, business perspective and everything underlying is ecosystem. It's not everything that I built. It's things that I consume externally. Wow, okay. So again, a lot of things you said in there that make some sense and I want to better understand. So the chief data officer, as you described it, sort of job one for her or him is to understand how to essentially make money with data. Right. And again, I don't want to say go sell your data because that's not always the answer but you're saying you can drive efficiencies. The simplest form, you can cut costs or you can increase revenue. Or you can make better decisions, right? That's the whole champion and challenger concept. You can have a better understanding of your clients or your products and more importantly have a better understanding of clients to which currently don't purchase your products. Right. How do I look at internal information and compare it to external data to say, well, how are those other consumers they're going to other my other disruptors? What are they purchasing and why can't I produce something that's like or at least competitive in that world? So you started off this conversation with three things, the operational efficiency, new business models and the customer experience. So there's certainly the chief data officer, as you just mentioned can affect operational efficiency and ways to cut costs through data. And I guess they touch new business models as well. Hey, if we're going to monetize our data directly or a partner or bring in other data and we talked about NASDAQ before, that's a completely new business model. Or even working with the finance office to say, if I were to make changes to my business, here would be the net financial effect. Right, okay. Now, the customer experience, is that the domain of the chief digital officer really more in that customer facing? Still a combination, but I would agree that the chief digital officer is focusing on creating to matching the selling experience with the buying experience. And that might be new mobile interfaces. This might be creating omni-channel experiences or expanding upon that to say, how do we ensure that we have an integrated channel experience? It's not just that they can bribe a shoe and the website and a shoe in a store. It's that they can go online, look at the shoes, go to the store, have those shoes be brought down automatically as soon as I walked in and then shoes, whether I buy it now, take it home, buy it online, have it delivered to my house before I get home or it's $5 cheaper, five stores down. Right, so that experience will be chief digital officer, but all of that requires data. One can't deliver on all of that unless they have a deep understanding of their products, a deep understanding of how the transactions, a deep understanding of how clients buy. All of that's experience, data-based, whether it's mobile or human created or business data, all combined together. In fact, that's actually a great jump into the sort of the IOT world, the machine or the physical world where I now need to appreciate data that's happening in the store, in the kiosk. And all of that experience data needs to be brought back and combined with the financial data to really appreciate what the transition of that digital experience might be. So those roles do really span your three areas. I can see, just hearing you speak, the chief digital officer might go to the chief data officer and say, hey, I need this data so I can create a customer experience that gives us competitive advantage and I need that data to be accessible of high quality. I maybe need you to pull in some other data points. I need real time, I need it blended. I need integrated with my ERP. Make it so. Exactly, exactly. That can't be too hard, right? And then that involves the CIO to actually provide the infrastructure and whatever, SaaS or internal applications. Exactly, find a means to solve the problem and it's not going to always be built. It's likely going to be consumed. It's likely going to be by. It's likely going to be partner. And so historically it was the application kind of tail wagging the dog. Now it's the data that is really sort of the driver of the bus. Which is why you really need what we refer to as a data strategy for digital transformation. Creating a set of services or capabilities that are focused much more on data than IT. Like we're used to saying IT services. Make sure you have compute and storage and networking available to you. But now it's saying, you know what? You have business data. Let's make sure you have services like store and manage and govern. You have human sets of data. That's blend and correlate and match. And then you have machine data. Well that's much more about grid and point and IOT related correlations. And you need to bring all that together as a series of data servers to which IT provides to the chief digital officer. Okay, you talked about the edge before. How do you see, I mean we're seeing the pendulum now swing back from centralized in a cloud to sort of decentralize this notion of edge to cloud is probably not going to happen. It's going to be some stuff in between. But how do you see, let's follow the data. How do you see and Hitachi and Hitachi Ventara has obviously a perspective on this.  How, what's Hitachi Ventara's perspective on how the edge will evolve generally but specifically how the data model and the data flow will change? So we see an enterprise information model has having sort of four legs to this table, right? And that one should keep data where it is because sometimes it's physically impossible to move data from where it was created to where it needs to be for analytics. A train is an example and we produce a high speed train. That could be four, five, seven terabytes per day. Well that's almost physically impossible to move to a server to be able to deal with, right? And when you look at larger machines like nuclear power plants and well treatment centers all of a sudden it's almost impossible. So these four legs are, you still need an enterprise data warehouse. You still need a means to collect your business data and produce your thousands of MIS reports. They actually run the business. That is a $10 million machine to which you've created. You then need a content store, an object store because you have all this human unstructured data to which in fairness a good portion of it might be dark. A good portion of it like your 27 versions of your PowerPoint simply won't have any production nuggets of gold, right? But you still have lots of voice and video records and unstructured files that could contain nuggets. Then you have your big data lake where you want to put your information that you want to do perform an analytics on, right? You don't want to worry about the data model. You don't want to worry about how you're structuring the information until you actually do analytics on it. And then finally the edge, keeping data where it is. Have a federated distributed model and only when I want to do and perform specific analytics do I go collect that information, bring it to the core, perform the analytics, produce visualization results. We kind of refer to this as a data refinement mechanism where I'm searching for the appropriate information using those mathematical statistical algorithms in order to create visualizations that we can blend right back into the original sources. So a lot of data will be created at the edge and it'll stay at the edge. And in fact, a lot of data probably won't even be persisted at the edge. It'll be maybe acted on, thrown away and you'll save what you need to save. Is that- Exactly. And you could say that there's going to be data that's at the edge that persist or not. You might have data which might be referred to as the fog where you will collect it at the CO or at the PO, right? And you want it to pop.  You might bring some of that data essentially because you want to combine it and blend it with other information. And then you might actually put it into the cloud because you want to combine other organizational related data and do very complex, highly mathematical problem sets. So we almost see it from sort of edge to outcome where there's edge processing, fog processing, core processing and then cloud processing. Okay, so let's unpack that a little bit in the time we have remaining. So you got at least a three, maybe even a four. Maybe it's a three and a three ATR model. Edge, that second tier gateway aggregation point where you're doing some analytics. And then the third tier and I guess maybe the fourth tier, let's call it your own cloud, private cloud or maybe the public cloud where you're doing the heavy modeling and the training of the models. And then maybe you're shipping the model back down to wherever. Because it's now modifying the machine potentially or the machine's understanding of data. And then you're collecting new data based on that new algorithm to which you're now pushing out. All right, we don't have time, but that just totally changes the whole security paradigm as well. And so, well Paul, thanks very much for coming on the cube and having this cube conversation, really excellent work that you're doing. Congratulations and keep it up. Thank you very much. You're welcome. All right, thanks for watching everybody. This is Dave Vellante and this is Cube Conversations. We'll see you next time.