My name is Matias. I'm filling in for my co-worker Carissa because she's feeling sick today So you unfortunately you're gonna have to do with me All right, I think it's turned on now saying I'm filling in for my friend Carissa Who's also my co-worker? We both work on the debt project and she's feeling ill today. So yeah So this is gonna be a little bit improvised, which is probably gonna make it even better. Yeah My name is Matias I go by a muffin touch online if you're on IRC or any of those things. That's how you can touch with me anyways, I'm gonna talk about that project and I'm gonna try to do some demos also and my computer didn't work on this Using this adapter because I have one of those new fancy computers. It doesn't work with anything anymore So Jeremy was kind enough to lend me his computer So that way you also know that this is actually gonna be live demos and not just cheating which is great Yeah, so how many in here have heard about that before Okay, that's pretty good. We've done a good job doing that. So I work mostly on the technical stuff But we're only three people so we all tend to work on everything. Basically that is an open source tool for sharing data and versioning data and What that means? Hopefully you'll get a little bit better understanding of after this talk We're a non-profit project primarily funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, which is great because they pay me I like that. I like getting paid Which also means that we are like completely non-profit everything is completely open source We try to do as much things as many things as possible in the open We tend to do all our meetings on Live YouTube hangouts and stuff like that. So if you ever want to get involved just you know go on get our IRC It's very easy to get involved That is a free person team Currently and we currently maintain more than 800 modules on MPM I usually put this stat up here because I maintain 400 of them, which is like the most so that's important to know Fun fact about MPM is that MPM has around I think it's 200,000 modules So this is a percent and since you're all data scientists, you will realize that it's around half a percent of 200,000 so if you ever install 200 modules, there's probably a good chance you installed one of ours. So you're welcome yeah, so Like I said, that is a peer-to-peer file sharing network. It's all written in JavaScript Because JavaScript is awesome And it mostly works in the browser also because it's written in JavaScript It's primarily built for sharing data set and data sets and versioning data sets We kind of talked about this a lot About you know making tools that allow you to move your data to the code instead of moving your code to the data And we actually changed that bit to just mean data is just files. So it's all about just moving you know files to the code And actually it's a little bit better than that because it's mostly just about only moving the files you need So in in data science we tend to have these huge data sets, you know millions of files They're all really big But you might run an analysis pipeline that only uses like a couple of them or like only parts of them So we try to make tools that allow you to do that basically all in all in a peer-to-peer fashion So you don't need to host anything anywhere basically you can have a whole huge network of people helping each other out and sharing the data Similar to BitTorrent if you're more familiar with that So we share a lot of the same ideas behind BitTorrent. We just try to apply them to science instead of movie sharing Which is awesome So how does that look like? Well, it's right now it's command line tool. It's really simple because it only has two commands So you can install that from MPM I should have put a slide in there that told you how to do that, but I just did these slides ten minutes ago So I'm gonna tell you now you can do MPM install that that's how you do it once you get the tool you just need to run that link and then you need to give it a file and I can try doing that real quick just to see show you that it works. So hopefully it's done installing So it doesn't show over there. I didn't realize that sorry about that. We're on it. It's not my computer Yes, we can get it from MPM you just do MPM install that and that's also how you get updates Well, when you want to get updates you just run MPM install that again Which takes like a couple minutes and then you have it on your computer We're also working on a desktop app if you're not a big fan of command line tools That will allow you to just click a button instead of running a command Awesome. Thank you, Jeremy. So Is this big enough can people kind of see what's happening here? Cool. So you would run MPM install that you need that and you'll get the tool I'm not gonna do that because this takes a takes a couple minutes.  It's fine. I'm allowed to do that once in a while See if I can find my demo. Oh, it's here. Cool And then if you want to share a file and I have some cool files in here I have one that's C3 file you just do that link and You just put in the file and that will traverse the file and give you this that link That you can just copy see if I can figure out how to copy on Jeremy's computer and then You can just give this to a friend run with that command and They'll all make you find the other person and start downloading data and there's also APIs for only getting a partial data So it's it's really really simple tool actually and this this link has enough information to kind of verify the content to make sure They're actually getting the right content. It's like a cryptographic proof of the content and stuff like that So that's like the primary use case See if I can figure out how to get back to this Yeah, so, you know you link and you get data. That's basically it So the cool thing about this at least I think is that you know, it's actually really really simple to use It's very Because there's only two commands. So once you get the command wrong, it's probably the other one But you know, there are more things we want out of a tool like this for example, if I share a data set, right? And I update that data set. I don't want to download the entire thing again something If you're familiar with source code, we you know, we take for granted when using a tool like it So we spend a lot of work trying to make different better. So if you download two similar datasets They you only download like the diff between these two datasets, right? And that's a little bit tricky because datasets are just files. So files can be anything, right? So I'm gonna get a little bit technical because that's what I like to do So how do you do it? Well, basically if you have a file the way you normally do this If you have some way of dividing a file into chunks, it's a lot easier to reason about and a chunk is just like a partial file, right? So if you're familiar with how Git works Git cheats because it's all about picking a good chunk and in Git if you have some source code a Really good chunk and source code is a line, right? Because that's kind of like the natural delimiter when we write source code You'll write something you put a line in there you put a bunch of your lines so git just you know Acknowledges this and divides everything into a line and says this is every line is a chunk and that's kind of like everything I'll deal with independently So if I change a line in this example, I changed like the second line If I didn't look at all the chunks compared to two version of this file, you know, three out of four lines are the same, right? So that's pretty good for a diff because that means that if we have a system that's a little bit smart You can figure out that I only need to sync that one line, right? So this is a really good some model is really simple. It works really well if you ever use git You will probably try it out and it works super awesome There's only one problem. I don't want to work for text files and not everything is a text file If you ever tried to put a binary file into git, you'll probably realize that this doesn't work that well So we'd use this technique called rabbin fingerprinting Which is almost the same idea except that instead of just using new lines You use some cryptographic magic to find something better than a new line But it's kind of like the same idea you find some sort of natural delimiter in a file So it kind of works like this where it's it's an algorithm. We didn't even invent it It's something like from the 70s. I think There's cool papers out there for where you have another kind of scans for a file And it will give you chunks based on the actual content So we'll look at the content do like a sliding window kind of thing and once a while It'll find that the delimiter it likes based on some parameters that are not You know coupled to the actual file file content and Say, oh, this is a good chunk. This is a good chunk And not all the chunks the same they're like, you know, somewhat big some are small But you can kind of tweak it to be around that, you know some size that you like So the really cool thing about this is that if you were to insert something in the middle of the file I've been trying to run scans through it again will produce the same chunks on both sides of the file Which is actually really cool The only thing that might change are like the neighboring chunks. So in this example, that's the I guess that's kind of orange colored I'm not sure how to call that color base. Yeah. Yeah base pretty good so And if you use a beam turn only the base things would would change and that's the only thing you would then need to It's on npm. If you're interested in that, there's a rebene chunger. We mean Max wrote called rubene. You can try it out So a really cool thing about this technique is that It allows you to if you have two independent files that are similar that allows you to Without a declaring that they're similar just figure it out by running it through a rebene chunger And then you'll notice that like most of the chunks are the same So it's actually a really really powerful technique that works really well for singing files We also have this notion of If you ever download a file, you should only download it once if somebody else shares the same file, you shouldn't have to download it again Similar to that using something like a rebene chunger We also only want to download parts of a file once so if a person is sharing a File and her friend is sharing a similar file You don't want to download the similar parts twice, right? And we use this cool technique for that called the Merkel trees It's my favorite slide And I'm not going into detail today, but I said there's a really really cool technique where you like, you know get all these things are free Right, and that's also an MPM Anyways, so that's like the core part of it. How much time do I have left? Okay, cool. That's a lot of time. That's awesome So I can make a lot of figures now. So I You know, that's the theory if you're interested in hearing more about how it actually works like, you know Low-level come talk to me. I can I'll I won't stop talking about it. So you have to go away at some point Which is fine. I won't judge you But I thought, you know, it's more fun to show some demos instead because that's probably a better way to understand it so See if they can Go to Jeremy's browser here. It's awesome. So as you Said in the beginning This is all written in JavaScript and all people like you know Why JavaScript compared to Python Python is big in like data science and Python is awesome but a really cool thing about JavaScript is that it runs in the browser, right and by running something in the browser you get a Programming platform or like a runtime that's basically installed anywhere and you can just tell anybody to click on a link So I thought force in demos. I'm just gonna make that run in the browser. So I did that and Did a website See if I can remember the UL So don't judge me on the UI because it's pretty awesome So it's like all about being minimalists and only you know communicating what you want to communicate So that is built on this low level component. We call hyperdrive Because I thought it was kind of a cool name because I like to call things hyper because you know hyperlinks stuff And then somebody told me I didn't even realize this but you know hyperdrive is the that's the thing in Star Wars That never works Which I get as a guess is a good analogy for my tool anyway So this is just that running on the browser and like I said You know that have those has those two links a two commands one called link and we'll call one called the fetch And when you drag and drop files here, they'll basically just do a link in the browser. I'm just gonna open the Console here so I can see what's going on. Cool. So I put some files on Jeremy's computer so What I can do is I can just like take a file. I'm gonna take a picture and I can just drag it here and it adds the That's the file and the version is it's using that and my cool demo here will give me a link back That's the dead link, but it's in the browser and I can actually just send this link to a friend of mine Hopefully the network gods will allow me to show you this So So the two browsers will find each other using discovery mechanism we have and Then they'll start sharing each other, but all the transfers I have actually happening peer-to-peer So it's all peer-to-peer in the browser because one doesn't know or like an a desktop app or using right bindings for any language You want the protocol is actually pretty straightforward and simple if you haven't done anything with distribution systems Which I guess it's like a cop-out answer. It's like it's super easy if you understand it completely And in my demo, I can click the picture and I can kind of watch the picture in the browser, which is awesome And The cool thing is that I can also kind of Showcase diffing showcase diffing a little bit in a very primitive scenario.  All these hundreds of pictures that are the same That actually is kind of funny because the main bottling in this in the browser is actually just adding files Because that's kind of slow in the browser because it has to do the hashing So if I add a bunch of files And I get this link I paste it in here. It's all about understanding Jeremy's keyboard shortcuts, I guess So if I Load this archive instead see if it loads In the hex string. Oh, I put a thing at the end because I copied it wrong. I'm sorry about that At least that's why I think I did. Let's see This is why it's good to have 13 minutes to do your demos Things don't work the way you hope they work. Anyways, there you go So See if I accidentally changed the link. I did no So if it like it finds the pure again, and then hopefully it will start downloading that list of data Maybe even if it doesn't it's probably okay. Just right. We're learning this I'm running this over my mobile connection on my phone. That's to Denmark. I'm from Denmark. I didn't say that so You know network doesn't always work the way you want it to work So I don't know if you can see it here, but it just Listed all the files and it told me that I'm downloading With 20 megabytes per second because the download speed here is actually telling me the data transfer But not the network transfer So because of that different technique it figures out that almost all the files are the same Are they all the same and only transfers once but the data transfer tells me that you actually got 20 megabytes of data per second so And you get the same technique even if the files are not the same but similar right so it's a really powerful technique and the really cool thing I like about it is that it's actually really user friendly because Users don't need to know the files are different similar the system will kind of just figure it out So from a user's point of view, you just sync files, which is awesome or datasets So let's try to actually sync a data set Because that's what we're all here for so The CSV conf so I need to sync a CSV dataset and I have one here And I can't even remember what it is. I think it's like earthquake data For a month, and it's around 100 megabytes. So This is my progress UI where it tells me how far it's written into the file. It could probably use a little bit of work so This is the CSV file added and if I sync this file, it's pretty cool Because I'm sorry to show this so this is a bigger file, right? This is a hundred megabytes. It could be a gigabyte or even a terabyte It will still work I just don't want to add a terabyte in the browser because then we'll stand here for like 10 minutes waiting for it to hash Which is not so fun But if we wait a couple seconds for these two peers to find each other We'll try to something different then we'll try to only partially sync the files So The cool thing is that if I'm only interested in the first part of the CSV file I can just click this now and I'm actually only load the first parts of the CSV file while it's sitting in the rest in the background and I could keep doing that and So this is a pretty trivial example where I'm just reading the first parts of the file But you can imagine like more cool examples where you actually know which part of the CSV file You're interested in or doing like a distributed search on it. Yeah, go ahead I don't know what discrete means in this sense Yeah, so it's all random X's so this is just because it sees this thing to show in a demo It's like the first trunk, but you can get any chunk of data in the file You can even get the last one or the first one. So to kind of showcase this just just quickly do this is you can actually you can do a cool thing where you actually Add a movie instead, which is like not a data set, but you know and If I add a movie see if that works At a movie instead because movies are interesting because movies give us give sorts of visual Thing that we can actually seek it, right? Oh, it's the wrong link. Sorry about that It's my UX here is not so great because I don't update the link twice So This is a hundred something megabyte movie. I'll be done in a couple seconds So the cool things about something like a movie or even a lot of other data sets is that you know It's it's inherently seekable, right? You can start watching a movie before it's done downloading But you can even start watching like the rest parts of a movie before it's done downloading You can apply the same technique to data sets where you know assuming you have an index somewhere You can you know that you're only interested in the last part of the data set you can actually get that It's all about just finding a way of representing that choice to your users in my opinion, which is also non trivial So let's try this one more time So see if this works It's my final demo in case somebody is watching the time Okay, that's pretty good. So I know I can just keep on forever So if I take this movie Hopefully it will start playing So I have a tendency of always picking a movie with like a lot of blackness in the beginning so the movies playing and if I can scroll to the To the seeking bar here I can seek into the middle of the movie and the system because it's just doing with files I ran into a very dramatic part of the movie there the system The radio player tells the data synchronization to only sync you know that part of the movie So, you know if you think about this in not in terms of movie but in terms of data sets, right? It becomes super interesting So you can have a data pipeline if your data pipeline high level wise does random access our system will just sing out the data just the data needs He and no it doesn't matter if it's like a gigabyte of data or terabyte of data or even a petabyte of data like the technique still works so, yeah That's Basically it I think let me go back to the slides real quick Yeah, so some links here. There's be some slides online Take one question before no time. Okay. I'm gonna take questions at lunch if anybody is interested in hearing Thank you


Both Bill and Hillary Clinton are sounding the alarms and they're letting people know that democracy in the United States is indeed in danger Because as we've all noticed fascism is on the rise and these fascists do not believe in democracy So in an appearance on the late late show with the insufferable James Corden Bill Clinton stated that there's a fair chance The US could lose its democratic system within the near future and in an interview with Financial Times published on June 17th Hillary Clinton also stated the same thing and claims were on the precipice of losing democracy But she does have a strategy that could thwart democracy from dying by stopping fascists from coming to power in the first place and The way that she believes we can stop fascists is by conceding to fascists and letting them have a dub Because that's how you retain power apparently according to her is By adopting some of the things that the fascists want So this portion of the interview that she had with Financial Times is what I really want to focus on in this video Because these two paragraphs in particular that I'm about to read to you went viral and for good reason quote My espresso has arrived. Clinton asks for more iced tea. I cannot allow the lunch to end without questioning the direction of her party I say that Democrats seem to be going out of their way to lose elections by elevating activist causes Notably the transgender debate which are relevant only to a small minority What sense does it make to depict JK Rowling as a fascist to my surprise Clinton shares the premise of my question quote We are standing on the precipice of losing our democracy and everything that everybody else cares about then goes out the window She says look the most important thing is to win the next election The alternative is so frightening that whatever does not help you win should not be a priority So first of all, I don't necessarily know that I've seen anyone call JK Rowling a fascist because she's not a fascist a Transphobe yes, but a fascist. I don't think I've seen anyone make that claim So I don't necessarily know where that's coming from if they're referencing a particular thing but essentially her argument is that we should make a Utilitarian calculation Sacrifice a small minority in order to benefit the greater good because if we give into fascists and The Democratic Party doesn't defend trans people will then perhaps that won't make them as unpopular And then they could win this next election and stop fascists from taking power. The problem is that this Isn't going to end well and the reason why I think it's logical to deduce that this strategy of giving into fascists isn't going to end well Because historically Giving into fascists has not ended well now I shouldn't have to explain this to Hilary Clinton who was the former Secretary of State But this is why defending a small minority from fascists is very important in the 1930s Germany's Jews some 500,000 people made up less than 1% at 0.8% of the German population Most considered themselves loyal patriots linked to the German way of life by language and culture Nazi anti-Jewish policy functioned on two primary levels legal measures to expel the Jews from society and strip them of their rights and property while simultaneously engaging in campaigns of incitement abuse Terror and violence of varying proportions there was one goal to make the Jews leave Germany on March 9th of 1933 several weeks after Hitler assumed power Organized attacks on Jews broke out across Germany two weeks later the Dachau concentration camp situated near Munich open Dachau became a place of internment for communists Socialists German liberals and anyone considered an enemy of the Reich It became a model for the network of concentration camps that would be established later by the Nazis within a few months Democracy was obliterated in Germany and the country became a centralized single-party police state in September of 1935 the Nuremberg laws were passed stripping the Jews of their citizenship and forbidding intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews Jews were banned from universities Jewish actors were dismissed from theaters Jewish authors works were rejected by publishers and Jewish journalists were hard-pressed to find newspapers that would publish their writings now obviously this isn't a one-to-one Comparison, you know, this isn't exactly what's happening to trans people in America But we have to look back and learn from history and acknowledge that the Nazis used hatred of Jewish people to Galvanize folks galvanize people against them and it didn't start with concentration camps It started with legal and social persecution So if you were to give in and allow fascists to have a victory to not stand up for marginalized minorities You're not stopping fascism Hillary Clinton. You are emboldening fascists now What are Republicans doing with regard to trans rights? Well in Texas they're Investigating parents who seek out gender-affirming care for trans children in Florida Rhonda Santas is copying Hungry's dictator Victor Orban and forcing queer teachers back into the closet and anti-trans Propagandist met Walsh of the Daily Wire already publicly advocated for the criminalization of transitions for adults So the Republican Party is using hate against trans people as a political tool because this very small minority Doesn't have a lot of visibility So there's ignorance there which is being weaponized currently because there's ignorance because there's a lack of understanding the GOP is Trying to use hating on them in order to get power to throw red meat to their base in order to galvanize people and again It's not identical to what Nazis did in Germany to Jewish people But there are enough similarities that we should be able to learn from and the problem here is that Hillary Clinton is Unable to put aside her own prejudice against trans people because like JK Rowling. She's a turf She does not believe that trans women are women She's a bad person and so what Hillary Clinton is recommending is to become more reactionary as a society To stop the reactionaries from taking power in what world does it make sense to? Let the fascists win on a certain issue in order to stop them from winning excuse me No, this is cowardly in order to actually defeat fascists You push back against them you stop them from weaponizing hatred against marginalized people But Hillary Clinton doesn't understand that and part of it is she's just trying to look for an out because she bears a Lot of culpability for the state of this country, right? She ran against Donald Trump in 2016 and she lost because she had no agenda she wasn't running on Trying to expand healthcare in this country or expand education to people it was just Trump's bad Well, that's not gonna work the neoliberalism that your husband championed in the 1990s also put us in this situation where I mean people are desperate people are Going hungry people in the United States are struggling to pay the bills and when people are that desperate they become more susceptible to radicalization And they start acknowledging that okay since I'm poor It must be the immigrants or the trans people that are responsible for this and not the economic policies here now That's not to say that if we got rid of neoliberalism and had socialism that anti trans hate and racism and bigotry would diminish all of a sudden But people are more likely going to believe these fascistic arguments Believe that trans people and women should become second-class citizens if they don't have any anything else to hang on to but Hillary Clinton Literally is saying here give in to fascists to stop the fascists No, if we actually listen to Hillary Clinton's strategy this so-called Utilitarian calculation that she wants us to make the fascists will get more powerful Which is why nobody should listen to Hillary Clinton Hillary Clinton should go away and hide her fucking face Because what she's saying is bigoted and what she's saying is exactly what the fascists that she's warning you about want to hear Do you enjoy watching independent news shows like the humanist report the rational national and the majority report? But oftentimes YouTube doesn't deliver our videos to your subscription box. Well, I've got a solution for you It's called the opt-out app available right now in the iOS app store coming soon to Android Opt-out as an app made by and for progressives where they take all of the most popular independent news shows and they put them in one Convenient location you'll find all your favorites on there like the humanist report the rational national the majority report and the app Is updated multiple times per day so your news feed is constantly up to date if you enjoy watching independent media This is the app to get download it today


Let's take on the right thing, if you could say who you are. Yeah, Josh Busby, University of Texas. My question is for Amy. For your mapping of road data, do you recommend a particular data source, for example, that has comprehensive Africa-wide continental data? And how do you compare road types between countries? We had done some previous work to try and incorporate that into vulnerability maps, and we noticed that Category 1 road, and I may be getting the differentiations wrong, but Category 1 in the DRC was a dirt road, and that same road might have been a multi-lane paved highway in South Africa. And so if you do a representation using ArcGIS or any other kind of mapping software, you have wildly unrepresentative maps of the actual road networks if you did it that way. So I'd be curious to see if you have some great data source that I'm unaware of. So, yeah, I mean that's obviously an ongoing question you're working in developing countries. We were lucky to obtain some really great data from the International Road Federation, based in Geneva, and they have kind of taken the, or I guess I don't know if we modeled our approach off them or just happened to match up quite well, but they had, they have the nine road classifications, so paved, gravel, and unpaved primary, secondary, tertiary, and then based on country road inventories, they actually put the kilometers into their road classification, so if, you know, a level one in DRC is really a secondary gravel road, that's how it's sourced. Some of it we estimated based on population data, road density data, geography, and we have, I have a paper actually I can show you some more detailed how we did that, yeah. Okay, we have to have a little structural adjustment here. I've been asked that the presenters can come and answer questions from here so we can get them on film. So, Innocent, can you come up here? Thank you. Let's, while they're coming, take, Adam, next question in the middle. Yeah, Tarek? Thank you all for your talks there. Again, very, very, well, put a lot of more questions than I have answers in my head right now, so I'm going to stick to one question. And maybe it's just I misinterpreted your statement, Amy, so maybe it's more of a clarification question. At one point in your talk you said something along the lines of that the threat, I guess, of climate change on infrastructure is far greater in developing countries than developed countries. And I guess the devil's advocate in me sort of throws out this thought, is that in developed countries we have such a dense infrastructure and with that I would maybe contend that it's a very costly infrastructure to repair that is it a case of quantity over expense? In other words, yes, developing countries are certainly more vulnerable to the threat of an extreme event in terms of destruction, but in terms of the actual sort of loss of productivity or work hours or just in the cost of rebuilding, do the developed countries, are they just as vulnerable, susceptible to damage? This is my question. Before Amy, sorry, can you say who you? Oh, Adam Slosser, I'm at MIT. Yeah, no, thank you for the question. That's a good clarification. I think you definitely are right in that given the amount of infrastructure in developed countries, there is a potentially huge cost burden and it is something to be concerned about. I was speaking more from both the opportunity cost and also looking at the development priorities and kind of from a more holistic development perspective. A lot of my research is really focusing on the social impact of infrastructure and how does infrastructure affect development. I think that what I mean by that really is that developing countries face a huge burden because they don't have a lot of roads. There's not a redundant network, so if a flood does come and wipe out one of the major roads, what does that mean to commerce, to transport, can be a greater impact than a developing country. Obviously, if a highway is wiped out, that's bad, but we have the ability to repair that. It may only take a few months, a few weeks, ideally, to get that back online and there's other routes that can be used. In developing countries, if there's only one or two major roads that are wiped out, your transportation can stop. I know in Mozambique in 2000, there was significant flooding and it took, I think, close to a year to repair some of those networks. So I think that's what I mean by more of the relative threat, not necessarily a completely less costly threat or that it shouldn't be of a concern to a developed country. So thanks for the clarification. Thanks. And this question is back. Can you say who you are? Thank you very much. My question is about He-E-Harsey. I want to find out He-Far, how do you become a member of the He-E-Harsey network? Is it hopon or is it by invitation? And the other thing is how do you, talking about the training, web training, how do you access it? Is it an ongoing process or how do you participate in it? Thank you very much. Now, the membership to the ARC network is open and it's ongoing. We always have new members coming on stream and the application process is very, very simple. You need to go onto our website and have a project idea that is tractable, that will be reviewed and then you join what we call our thematic research groups that accept applications on an ongoing basis. Now in terms of the training, the climate change training, this was one session. As I said, we were hoping to just have one session of about 25 participants. But the demand was such that we ended up having to run three sessions. And how we did that was we basically sent the expression of interest, not only to network members but also to all of the institutions affiliated with ARC. Unfortunately, we couldn't advertise in countries, in the local press, but the advert was on our website. And that also was linked to the UNUIDA website, I think. Thank you. This is a question in the middle. Thank you very much for the very excellent presentation. Can you say who you are, Wisdom? My name is Wisdom Aqbalu and I teach at the State University of New York and I'm a Ghanaian. So my question is to Amy. We know that as we look into the future, we try to forecast the climate, we may have an average number which you might have used. What does the bounce look like? Because these numbers may be based on maybe the average climate projections into the future. So did you do anything to calculate the bounce of these values that you gave because these are just average numbers? Because the bounce could be important. The second thing is that are these numbers discounted because we're looking into the future and if they are discounted, how were the discount rates chosen? Because some countries are obviously poorer than others and they may have different social discount rates. So were these considered in your computations? Firstly, for the 10 countries study, the Pan-African study that I presented, we did not use a discount rate. I think that's something we could have definitely improved on and that we work to incorporate. When we have used this with specific country studies, we've used a discount rate they want. So some countries and some we use with the Asian Development Bank, they had a specific discount rate that they consider kind of their institutional standard. And for the other question, I want to clarify what numbers, when you say the averages or the means, which ones are you referring to? I'm referring to the fact that to compute these values, you have to use some projected numbers for the climate or what you expect the climate to be. And these numbers have bounce. You have variation around these numbers. Yeah, so we get specific climate projections. Say over a monthly rainfall for the 2020 decade, and we use those variations and then we say, based on that one GCM, what does that do and what are the numbers?  So the numbers that you'll see generally will use the quartiles. We'll use the 25th percentile, 50, 75 and the most extreme, and represent those numbers. The ones that I displayed, some of them were the most extreme and some of them were the mean. Usually we run anywhere from 6 to 50 GCMs and then we do the histogram presentations or look at the mean and the most extreme and what are the variations. And that's really where we see those histograms and some of these other metrics being really useful because from what I understand the climate science side of it is there's a large variation in GCMs, but that doesn't mean that anyone is more correct than the other. And we think that those, depending on the policy, if you want to reduce your risk completely or have a no-regret situation, and that's completely adjustable, we have all the results and kind of what you're looking for can be displayed. Yes, my name is Krishna Tiwari from Nepal. I'm the post-presenter about the... My college also started the climate change course, but you talk about the course and the research for the cap city enhancement, how the new, like our college, to participate, like our external faculty can participate, this type of course. So I want to ask. So we've done the course, we've run the course for three sessions with the UNU wider and the AARC. So now we're looking towards the spring. It will be offered for a small fee now that we're going to put out. The climate and civil systems group is going to take it over. We're revising some of it, improving some part of it. And you can see me to make sure that I have your email and we'll be revising it to put it out for a fee and then hopefully try to advertise in different networks. So I would be great to get your information. Thanks for that. Phillip Adams, I'm from Australia. I'm an economist. That just marks me as somewhat separate from scientists, for example. And I know nothing about roads, but I'm going to ask a question about roads. So if I thought about roads and the future, one of the key variables perhaps I would be thinking of is population movement. If an area is going to experience rapid population movement compared to what it otherwise would have, one might have thought that its infrastructure and road needs, et cetera, would be increased. Now climate change potentially will have population movement effects. Your Vietnam example is probably a good one where possibly people will be moving away or to Mekong or away into the Red River Valley, et cetera. To what extent does your analysis go from climate change to population movement to infrastructure need changes? I think that's a good point. The analysis for Vietnam that you saw, we ran based on current road infrastructure. We didn't assume any new road infrastructure being built. We have designed the system so that if a national planners are saying we anticipate growth in this area, what would that look like under climate change, you just change the road stock input. We don't do specific modeling in population growth or population movement. It's not our area of expertise, but the system is built to be very flexible in the sense that if that is something that is of a particular desire for a planner, we can easily incorporate that information and do projections. We've become the planning tool, saying if we are anticipating growth in the Mekong area from the south, how would that investment look? How would that affect if we're going to invest 10% versus 50%?  What do we need to be aware of? Should we build gravel roads or paved roads? The system is designed to be completely flexible, although we don't do that part of the analysis. Thank you. Are there other questions? I'm from Leibniz University, Germany. I'm a geospatial analyst by training. My concern is you talked about integrating GCMs. Did you also try parallel analysis with RCMs or local climate models? Because as you say that GCMs introduce a lot of uncertainty at a regional or local level, and another alternative would be also to see that you use a bit of ensembles.  I think those could be useful. We don't use those right now. One of the ways that we have dealt with avoiding the overly particular results, given that it's a higher level modeling, in an administrative region, say at a provincial level, we assign the percentage of roadstock and the GCM projections. So if there's a certain increase in rainfall, it's projected to increase a 2% degradation. We do that over 2% of the roadstock in that area. So averaging out to reduce some of that in a way that we feel doesn't get so specific that we're giving false results, but does average out the impact of climate change, especially because in roads, generally the budgeting is done at a very high level. So if you can say, you know, this region is going to experience more degradation, therefore it will require more funding. That's very different than saying this one road will be wiped out this one year. And we look at it more from, I guess, more of the average perspective over a planning period. If that makes sense. Thank you. I didn't see other hands going up.  Partly addressing it, I think perhaps a naughty question or irresponsible question to particularly Alyssa and Innocent. In a way, connecting yesterday, those of us who went to Lance Pritchard's lecture raised these kinds of issues. And I was thinking about it also in the plenary this morning when there was a talk, several people said there's a need to make things accessible to the policy makers. There's a complaint that particularly economists are too complicated for policy makers to understand. And really one of the issues that comes in, in fact Innocent, you mentioned, disconnect between policy makers and analysts and so on. One of the questions comes with capacity building. We focus on the supply side, but there's a question of the demand side.  They want a number and they want a sound bite. How do you get politicians to get serious? Isn't there something we should be addressing on the capacity building side with your program? Maybe you should have a program just for policy makers. Politicians. I don't know whether that's a question or a... You're right. It was a naughty question. I think actually the ARC has long been trying to do this through the senior policy seminar series where only senior politicians and technocrats at a very high level are invited every March around the last weekend of March. And issues to do with not only the technical bits where we give results of the work, but also where we try to raise consciousness about issues is done. So I think in a way you could say, yes, we try to do that. The only problem is that politicians think in four or five-year cycles. I get elected today. I have four years or so. I want to see the number that can assist me in that period. So sometimes it's very difficult to get traction for issues that have a slightly longer term than their terms of office. But we certainly try to do that. And unfortunately for climate change, we still some way off to building real understanding of what the issues are and what the numbers are. But part of the reason why we mounted this course was because Africa is involved in all of these discussions. But there is very little capacity to actually participate in these discussions. And so we have a dual problem. A, to create the capacity and B, to get that capacity to be useful to the policymaker whilst at the same time we're trying to build consciousness in the policymaker. So it's quite a task, but we're trying the best we can. Well, I think we've managed to use our time. I don't know if we've beat the other rooms to coffee, but I think I'm going to stop it there. It is time to stop. Coffee upstairs. Thank you to our presenters and to you for the time.


what I'll do is a little bit quick. Let's just do a little Q&A. If people got some questions, I'll get to the best of my abilities and we'll go from there. All right, what do we have? Kerry says, the term is going to be a nice month more to buy a little more of this junk. Yeah, September, August. Look, I know some people, like Moon Walker says, dude is getting a bit too fud for me. Look Moon Walker, I mean, I can just tell you like this. I said this yesterday, just stay alive till 2025. I don't think that this bearable last forever, I'm just trying to get you prepared on what's about to happen, what I think is about to happen. I think we're going to have some, it's either going to be sideways boring action, or we're going to start to have a slow decline. And I think if you hear it and you're like, I don't like to hear that, I get it. But when it does happen, if it does happen, you won't feel so like overwhelmed. I think that's the problem sometimes in this space is like there was just a narrative. Remember the narrative like a month ago, we're in a extended bull market? It wasn't just, I mean, there was a lot of people saying that, was it not? And it was, it was a pretty good, like S&P 500 almost hit its all time high, right? Bitcoin was up 80% from the January 1st price around 16,200. Hey, this looks pretty good. And of course, when people talk about a bull run, they're like, they don't really bring up the other parts of it. I was here to tell you like it could happen. But again, I'm going to tell you the same thing. I still think we're going to do pretty well in 2024 and 2025.  And of course, how you do that? Well, it's up to you. I'll say what I'm doing. Just keep buying and moving on. Let's see. Hey, Merrick says, do you really think the crypto market cap can go much beyond 10 trillion during the next bull run? Look, I'll be honest with you. I would be happy if it goes back to 3.2 trillion. Because with all the investing that I've been doing, if it just gets, and I showed you this, there was a chart where I showed you like what I bought every day. And I showed you the price it was at that point. This was like three weeks ago at the point. And I also showed you what it would be, how much I would have gained if we just go back to its all-time high. If we just get back to the all-time high, I'm happy. Do I think we can go beyond that? Sure. And that's it. I'd like to, if I under promise and the market over delivers, everybody's happy. But if I over promise, and so I talk about 10 trillion, Bitcoin will hit 125,000 by the end of 2024 like some analysts have talked about, or 2023, then when that happens, people start leaving. I don't want you to leave. I want you to stick around. I think you'll do pretty well. But I can't have you expecting that it's all going to be super simple and easy, and this isn't going to keep happening. I think that that's where I think we're going. Even though I think we're going that route, does that mean that I just sit back and pout and like, well, I can do about it? No. Zipovino. Hi, Rob. What's your thoughts about the Chinese house event and the application is global? You're talking about Evergrande and then China building these ghost cities and these ghost condos and these ghost skyrises and these entire towns and cities that they've built it and they've borrowed against it. They've been printing money in China, which is what we do, too. They've done a lot of money into it and it looks like Evergrande just filed for bankruptcy last week. Actually, Wednesday or Thursday of last week. Look, I mean, the same, we had a big problem with the real estate market in 2008, 2007, 2009, did we not? And that had global implications. So I could see this rippling throughout. I think there could be problems abroad, but China just kind of will use the old American playbook and start printing money. That's how we do it here. And but at some point, everything has to collapse. It's a house of cards. Oh, man. Verdi. Everybody's liquid at my shirts. Wrenches, thank you. Good morning. Good day. Yeah, Verdi. A lot of people have very short time frames. Yeah, that's what it comes down to. The problem is, is that people always, this is a phrase, people always overestimate what they can do in a year and they underestimate what they can do in five. So like when we start to see these these slide downs of the market and it's like, well, that's a part of the course. Not surprising. And I'm actually happy. This actually happened. Now there's two ways to look at it. Some people, like Ben and Guy, they just are sitting back and just waiting for certain indicators to hit so they can get back in the markets. And me personally, I'm just like, well, I just kind of truck along. But I will say that that lump sum video that I did made a lot of sense. So probably what I'll do is, you know, I dollar cost average just to kind of hedge myself. Once indicators come along, which show that we're actually in a very like one of the bottoms or towards the bottom, especially if a recession comes along, you can see it definitely happening. Then I'll probably drop, I might have to, I might have to move some funds around, but I'll, I might just do a lump sum at some point, and I'll let you know when that happens. So then I can have the all the best, the best of three worlds. I could dollar cost average, dynamic dollar cost average, which is we've talked about that, and also do just a couple of lump sums, not anything crazy like a million or dollars or something like that. But just something to say, well, this might be the bottom, and then boom, really it would just be, that would just be more of an aggressive dynamic DCA. Look, it really doesn't matter. It's at the end of the day. This market's not going to zero like we used to think it would back in the day. So now, in luck, you're lucky going on. I'd never even heard of that token until I did the research on Doge, waiting for the Bitcoin weekly close, all coins just starting to downfall, perhaps. I have heard if we, if the weekly close goes below 26,000, looks like we could have more downside. Ace says, why not include up until today? I could do it. So let's see. Okay, there you go. I did it to today. Didn't do anything. So let's see. So ETH, you're up 500 bucks. Bitcoin, you're up a little bit more, $9,900. Tron, $9,975, and XRP, $11.5. So there you go. Now, Eric says, have you ever wanted to get involved in mining Bitcoin? No, just no. No ambition whatsoever. I've got some acquaintances that have done Bitcoin mining, and they've done not too great. I'll just say that. Tangent. Yeah, I just, I'm waiting for a couple of pieces of information from Tangent. I just got my cards in the mail. Pretty cool. Three cards. That's it. Open source. Pretty safe, as they say it, but of course, they all are going to say that. Yes. Yeah, when I shaved the beard, I looked much, much younger. I don't know how to grow it back.  I got done playing. I was like, you know, I should just give it a trim. Trim too much. Now I look like I'm a younger self, but my joints are totally different. Yeah, the chute says in 2021, when Bitcoin was 3K, it was terrifying. I remember that day. I think it was March 2020. I want to say it was between $3,000 and $5,000, and that was because of the coronavirus. Yet it rewarded $20,000. Here it can be your friend if you overcome it. Yeah. Moon Walker says, with Black Rock potentially being a big future player in crypto, Bitcoin, would it be wise to invest more on ETH as Bitcoin could be easily manipulated by its institutional wealth? Sure. And I think the narrative will be quite huge for Bitcoin. That'll help the Bitcoin maximalists. And I love that part. But with everybody that comes into Bitcoin, you know what happens then? The narrative gets pushed. Black Rock, if they are really here to be the benevolent fathers of Bitcoin and foster it and really push the masses because they really believe in the technology and are really not here to make a ton of profit. When that happens, a good amount of money should flow into Bitcoin. But then you know what inevitably happens? People will say, what's the next Bitcoin? And they'll look at that and they'll say, what should I get into? Because Bitcoin is now, at that point, once we get past the halving and maybe the ETF gets approved in March, maybe Bitcoin is back up to $60,000, $70,000. People are like, maybe there's something better for me. What's the next Bitcoin? Oh, what's this Ethereum in smart contracts? That's interesting. What is this fill-in-the-blank XRP and on-demand liquidity and so on and so forth? So it just depends. Me personally, I'll give everybody hints, just some knowledge, which is most of my gains did not come from Bitcoin. There was the safest play, which back in the day was well over 50%. Now my portfolio was 75% Bitcoin so far.  Just how it goes. Thoughts on Neoprotocol? I think it's a fantastic protocol. I was able to deal with the TGE, the token generation event of Sweatcoin, which had millions and millions of users and millions of coins that were actually airdropped into those wallets, didn't miss a beat. And also, I don't know if you know this, but Neoprotocol has active sharding right now, which is what Ethereum is working to master. So Neoprotocol, I think, will do quite well. I invest in that, either every day or every three days, I forget. Real Ray Boss is Wynn Maschinski T-shirt. If you don't know, I have a bet with Simon Dixon. Check out his YouTube channel. He's a real Bitcoin OG. He's been buying Bitcoin since $3, has banked the future, invested in small companies like Coinbase, and was a part of the Ethereum ICO and Kraken and all this other stuff, like 100 different companies. But he is convinced that ETF is going through. And I'm convinced it is not, and for reasons I keep talking about. So the bet was, if the ETF does get approved, this was the BlackRock one, nothing else, BlackRock one. And I'll even extend it like this. If any of them get approved before the having, then I'll wear the T-shirt that says, I love Maschinski. I have a plan for that T-shirt, but whatever. So, and of course, if it doesn't get approved, then he has to wear the T-shirt live on my channel, vice versa. And I will say this, there was an article out that talked about how the SEC was pushing all the decisions for the ETF till next year, 2024. So, I don't know if that, I could never verify that article, but if you take a look at all the ETFs, let's just take a look at it. It's got to be rambling on. Let's see. Let me pull this up. ETF, there we go. As you can see with ETFs, the deadlines were supposed for this year, you had another one in August for ARC, and then October for the rest of them, because these all get August. Actually, these, yeah, shoot, these got wiped away. If that article was true, they're going to push 2024. The second deadline got wiped away. The third deadline got wiped away for ARC. And then we'll see if it gets approved by January or March. We'll see. But they're pushing things out. My whole thesis was, I know people say that Blackrock owns the SEC, but you understand, who does Gary work for? Does Gary work for the SEC? For the President of the United States and the White House? For government? Because that would be a nice, sweet, angling job that he could get if he could take Janet Yellen's job, which is what, as I hear, he's angling for. Or is he on the side of Blackrock? Is there in his pocket? Or he's in their pocket? Time will tell. Marty says, do you think ALTS will reach all-time high? Will do so around the same time as Bitcoin? Like, will A to be $3 plus when Bitcoin goes 70K? If you look back to 2017, the all-time high for Bitcoin was around 1906, and that was December, I want to say it was December 15th or December 17th, right around the same time when the futures ETF came out. And Ethereum didn't hit its all-time high until January 2018. So usually what happens is people get into Bitcoin, they write it all the way up, they take profits, they put it into altcoins, altcoins run their course, and then they just sit on their profits, or they roll it back into Bitcoin. That's usually how it always works out. So it's not like you'll see it all the time, like everything across the board hits its all-time high. That's too much liquidity to do that. Some do, some don't. Rob, what's your outlook of Shiba? You know, I don't really have one. I think that people will probably do pretty well then invest into it because, of course, the community is so big, but I don't really get into that one. Cam A says, have you listened to the most recent, what Bitcoin did with Samantha DeWall, limiting in regards to how kids view, use, interact with Bitcoin? No, I'll check it out. Interesting. Yeah, the kids these days. Shallon said, I heard you stopped the development sharding in favor of supporting Layer 2 Bridging. I keep hearing stories back and forth. They're going to pick it up again, they're going to let it go, they're going to keep going, they're going to deal with just Layer 2 solutions, they're going to optimistic roll-ups, ZK roll-ups, or whatever. We'll see. Niren Dot, I own them. Turp pulls the best. It's not the best one. It's 110 degrees when you're out here.  I'm convinced that something is going to happen to ruin the price, to jump potential at the next halving.  Yeah, because when everything gets overheated and things go crazy, that's when I just sell my stack, 80%, 50 to 80% of my stack and just let the channel go. I'll come back in the bear market. I'll probably still do videos on Dan Degen, but that will most certainly be all about blockchain gaming, because that's, I think, is the big stuff. It's very simple, blockchain gaming. Move into that. It doesn't have to deal with the cycles. I'll go with that. Sheep died after Shebarion. I didn't get into that one, but I heard it was supposed to be some great catalyst and it ended up being just awful. Sony's got a good point. Did you notice that no one calls Rob Dan anymore? There's no new people. That's true. Join our crowd. Once Dan is back, we're way back in the bull. That's a great indicator. I should just put the Dan indicator, because nobody calls me Dan anymore, which is fine. I don't really care what you guys call me.  Real rate says, what if Tangem saves the scene on every card and steals your crypto? I'll have to ask them that question, but it looks like the, well, first of all, that would be a really bad business model. That's for sure. It would probably destroy their entire business if they steal all your crypto. Since they've been around for honestly four years now, it would be pretty, playing the long game, I suppose. But hey, anything's possible, right? All right, everybody. So that's it for today. I got to get out of here. A lot of things to do. So again, like this video, thumbs up, subscribe. Also, check out the link for Ben's channel where you can do all that, where you do dollar cost averaging, and just play around with it. It's pretty fun, because you can see where yours is going, how it's been, and how things are moving, how it compares like lump sum. It's very nice. And just check that out. And that's it. So thanks so much for stopping by. I appreciate it. And I'll see you guys on the next one. See ya.


Compound statements. Did I unshare this thing? No sir, it's nice. What are compound statements? A statement which contains more than one elementary statements, those are called compound statements. Let me give a simple example. Let's say 18 is divisible by 6 and 3. If you look at these statements, this is a basically statement made up of two component statements and those statements are 18 is divisible by 6 and 18 is divisible by 3 and you have another statement 18 is divisible by 3 and these two statements are being connected by a function which we call here as the AND connector. Now this connector is basically represented by this symbol in logic and such a statement will be called as a conjunction. So when you say p and q mathematically or symbolically it is represented as p up arrow q and the statement is called conjunction and these two component statements are called conjuncts. These are called conjuncts. Okay. Now I'm sure you would have done Boolean logic in your computer science engineer classes. Correct? Nothing. No sir. Anyways Boolean logic is basically, you know, you can say a modern version of this logical reasoning that we had learned from our Greeks which is applied to Boolean. George Boole was an English mathematician who applied that to Boolean logic and that is used mostly in electronic circuits because it's a grand trade and trade or trade or all those kind of things. Okay. The purpose of simplicity you can assume it to be the multiplication. Okay. Now how does a truth table of AND look like? So something called truth table, what is a truth table? Yeah, 1100. So basically it is a kind of a tabulation of what is the outcome of a compound statement for different, different inputs of the component statement. For example, let's say if I say both my p and q are true, what can you say about p conjunction q? One. That will also be true. Yeah, one for you is true. Yes sir. Okay. Okay. What about this is true, this is false. This AND is false. Yes. Because until I say 18 is divisible by 6 and 18 is divisible by 5. That means 18 is divisible by 6 and 5. You will immediately say false for this because it is not divisible by 5. Okay. If p is true, sorry, p is false, q is true, then also this is going to be false. And if both are false, then definitely it's going to be false. So the only occasion when your conjunction is going to be true, when your conjuncts both are true, when your both the conjuncts are true, then only your conjunction will be true. Okay. Now let me tell you all statements containing AND should not be taken as a connector. Okay. For example, water and oil do not mix well. Here AND is not acting as a connector. Are you getting my point? Yes sir. All the ANDs are connected by the feel of the statement, you'll understand that it's acting as a connector or not. Okay. Now, next connector that we're going to talk about is basically a disjunction. Or we can say OR connector. OR connector also called as the disjunction. This was done representing the symbol down arrow. Let me give you an example. Let's say I give you a statement Venkat is smart and lucky. Sorry. Okay. Now here, you may be both. Yes sir. Two types of OR which we normally come across in our English language. One is called Exclusive OR, another is called Inclusive OR. What is Inclusive OR? The statement I gave you, this is actually an Inclusive OR because you can be both. What did I say? Nagma is dead or alive. It is exclusive OR because she cannot be both at the same time. Okay. Or something like I will stay at home or I will go out to see a movie. That is an example. Home theater is not counted. Not counted. Yes. So there you cannot include both the situations in the statement, but here you can say yes. Venkat can be both smart. Unless there is something wrong with the bulb or with the wiring. Now both can happen. There may be something wrong with the bulb as well as the wiring. Okay. So that is inclusive OR. So in our discussion, Exclusive OR, I will not talk about Exclusive OR. Okay. Is that fine? Yes sir. And again, please look at it every OR as a connector. For example, I am going to watch the movie Seetha or Geeta. But here OR is not really connected. Okay. What about the truth table of this Let's talk about it. It will be true, true, true, false. False only when both are false. The truth will give you a truth. True false will give you again a truth. False true will give you a true and false false will give you a false. That means only when the component or the constituent statements are false, then only your disjuncting will be called as false. Yes sir. Something very important here What is the negation of a disjunction? Sorry, conjunction. I claim that the negation of a disjunction The negation of a conjunction is basically disjunction of the negation. That means both are equivalent. Oh, the Morgan's law. This is actually the Morgan's law. Morgan's law. Can you prove this? In order to prove that any statement is equivalent to another or you can say this is the symbol of logical equivalence. We just have to show that the truth table are the same. Okay. Can we now do a truth table of this guy and show that the truth table of these two matches. So what I'll do is I will make a truth table of this p, q, p and q. Sorry, before that I'll make not p, not q, not p, not q. Yes. No sir, I just got a crick in my leg. Okay. Not p and q and finally we'll make it a not p or not q. Okay. And then check whether this column and this column matches or not. Let's take the perfect output. How many inputs do you have for p and q? Remember it's always 2 to the power 2. Oh, that way. Yeah. So if there are p, q, then you'll have 8 inputs. Let's say true, true. So what will be this? False, false. This will be false. False. False or false which is false. Correct. Thank you. False. This will become false, true. False, true. False. It will become a true. This guy will be true. That will become a true. True or false, true. False, true. True, false. True, false. True and false, false. False, false. Then true. True. This is also true. Correct. Yeah. Okay. False, false. Finally, let's talk about false, false. False, false. This will be true, true. True, true. False, true, true. False. Correct. This will be true. Oh, yeah. Correct. No. So as you can see, two columns exactly match. That means these are logically equivalent to each other. A lot of questions will be asked which of the following statements are logically equivalent or not. Okay. So there, please remember to do it by truth table. One second here. This is some one second copy and I'll take screen chart. Yeah, yeah, please. Done, sir. Okay. In a similar way, following the modern law only, I can say negation of a disjunction is logically equivalent to conjunction of their respective negations. Okay. I'll leave you as an option. Please prove it using TT. Is that fine? Yes, sir. Okay. Now comes the important part. So before we were doing any activities, but now comes the serious part of this chapter which is called implications. Implications are also you can say compound statements, but here the connectors are not the and or the or, but it is something like this. Let me give you an example of an implication. By the way, implication is also called conditional statement. Typical example of implication. If it rains, then I will not go out. Okay. As you can see, this is made up of two component statements. One is it rains and then I will not go out. Okay. So you can say this is one statement and this is another statement Q. Okay. And if he then Q is symbolically represented as P single direction arrow Q. Okay. Where P is sometimes called the antecedency. Okay. Many book will call it as hypothesis. Many books will also call it as the premise. Okay. Pre-mise. Oh. Q is called the consequent. Precedent. Oh. Consequent. Okay. Yes. Some books will call it as the conclusion. Okay. Now, why it is called a conditional statement because for the second statement to happen or for the conclusion to happen, there is a precedent to that or antecedent to that. Okay. And remember, it is the direction of the arrow is only one side. It doesn't go the other way. What does it mean? It means that P is the sufficient condition for Q but Q is the necessary condition for Q. What sir? I'll give you an example. Yeah. Write it down. P is sufficient condition for Q but Q is a necessary condition for P. Sufficient means it is, it is sufficient that if P happens, then Q will happen. Right. But if Q happens, P may or not, are you getting my point? No sir. Let me give an example. If it is a Sunday, okay, then school will be closed. Okay. So, if somebody tells you that, hey, today is a Sunday, then what, what conclusion can you draw about the school being open or closed? Pakka closed. Definitely closed. Pakka closed. Does it mean it has to be a not necessarily? It may be closed because of some, right? It may be closed because of some, you know, a riot in the town. Coronavirus. It may be closed because of Coronavirus. It may be closed because there's some leopard on the road. Are you getting my point? Yes sir. So, this is a sufficient condition for this to happen and this is a necessary condition for this to happen. Are you getting my point? Okay. Yes sir. It doesn't mean it is fulfilling the entire requirement. Are you getting my point? Yes sir. We can also read it as P implies Q. Okay. That's why it is called implication also. So, you can also read this as P implies Q. One second sir, one second. Have you done this in school? No sir.  Okay. Okay. This is the most important part because a lot of questions will be framed on this. And even a final exam is coming for like one mark, one to two marks, that's it. Please also one question will come, not more than that. But that's, there'll be a short, short question, right sir? Sure sir. We'll definitely get four marks here. Yes sir. Okay. Yes sir. I'll return. There's no need to write down and I'll be sharing this with you. Okay. Oh, seriously then chill, I'm not writing. Enjoy this chapter. Okay sir. Now, there are certain things which are associated with implications. So, when you say P implies Q. Okay. So, this is an implication. There are certain terms that we need to understand. If you write this rule down, we call it as convert from this implication. Okay. Now, remember if P implies Q, P may not be true. That means if this is true, this may or may not be true. Can you give me an example? If this guy is true, then this guy may not be true. One second sir. Like two minutes. Two minutes. We can write it down. Oh yeah. So, if X died because of coronavirus, Q implies P, X died doesn't mean he died because of coronavirus. Okay. I'll give you a very related example. If a number is divisible by, is divisible by, what has happened to my spelling? Yeah. Divisible by nine. Then it must be divisible by three. Yeah. Okay. But can I say the vice-versa is true? No. If a number is divisible by three, it may not be divisible by nine. For example, six. Okay. So my dear, that time in class nine, you were proving theorems, you had to prove their converse also separately. Are you getting my point? So, when I was like studying in my class ninth, all these proves of triangle and circle, no, there was a proof that if you draw of, you know, perpendicular on the chord, it will bisect the chord. Okay. Then there was a converse of it. A perpendicular from the chord must pass through the center like that. So, I was very frustrated at that time. Why are we proving the same thing, Ulta and Sita? You know, two times because of the fact that if an implication is true, its converse may not be true. Are you getting my point? We'll soon see the truth table of it also. Okay. Next type of statement which will come across is something which we call inverse, which is like if not P, then not Q. This is called the inverse of the implication. Okay. Let me give you an implication. You tell me what is the inverse of it. If it is cold, then I will wear my jacket. Okay. Tell me, what is the inverse of this statement? Tell me, what is the converse also? Okay. Devota has given a statement. So, the inverse is if it is not cold, then I will not wear my jacket very good with you. What about converse? If it's, if I'm wearing my jacket, that means it's cold. Yes. If I wear my jacket, then it is cold. Okay. Yeah. Now the third one is what we call as if not Q, then not P. You can call it as the inverse of the converse, which we call as contra positive statement or contra positive of this implication. Okay. So if I have to write a contra positive for this statement over here, what will I say? If I don't wear my jacket, that means it is not cold. Yeah. Are you getting my point? Yeah. Yes, sir. Now, just a question of friends, which of these three means the same thing as the statement itself? Contra positive. Contra positive. Okay. So the answer to that is yes, contra positive, but we'll see that through truth tables. Let the truth table tell me that this and this are logical equivalent. First of all, let us see the truth table of if P then Q. Truth table of if P then Q. So listen to this very, very carefully. It may be rising to some of you. It might be? Rising. Surprising. Okay. If you both are true, what do you think is if true or not? True. True. If this is true and false, what are the answers? False. False. If this is false, this is true. False again. It is true. Oh. If this is false, I don't think it will be surprising. It will be surprising. Yeah. Yeah. False. True. True. Yeah. It's double negative becomes positive. Doesn't happen in the other thing, da. Yeah. I'll explain you how it happens. Okay. Let's say this husband who makes a promise to you that if I get a promotion, if I get a promotion, then I'll take you to Singapore for a vacation. Now, tell me when does the husband make a good husband? When he keeps up his promise. Of course, when he keeps up his promise. So let's say he makes a promise. That is true. True. It takes his wife to Singapore. That is also true. Is he a good husband? Yeah. Yes. If it is a good husband, write it to there. Okay. Now, if he gets a promotion, but he doesn't take his wife to Singapore, is he a bad husband or a good husband? Bad husband. Bad. Bad means false. Okay. Yes, sir. If he doesn't get a promotion, poor fellow, but still takes his wife to Singapore. Yeah. Nice guy. But God's husband, right? So again, write it true. And if he doesn't get a promotion and he doesn't take his wife to Singapore, that doesn't make him bad actually. He actually fulfilled what he said. That's true. Okay. That's a funny way of remembering it. But the idea is if the antecedent becomes false, we do not care what is my consequent. Whether it's true or false, we do not care. Your implication will still be true. For example, if I say, if you study, you will clear, then you will clear IIT. Okay. Then you'll get into IIT. Now, if you studied and you got into IIT. Peace. There's no problem, right? Peace. But if you studied and didn't get into IIT, then definitely you'll come and shout at it. Sir, you said you studied, but I still hadn't. So if the antecedent is true, but the consequent fails, then only you'll come and shout at it. Then only you'll raise a question. But if you study and let's say you cleared IIT, that means you're still happy, right? Because antecedent here is false. That doesn't mean your consequent cannot happen. Just like your school. If your school is false, it may not be a Sunday. Oh, okay. And if antecedent is failing again and consequent is failing, then it is basically doing whatever is required from the statement. So if you don't study, you'll not get into IIT. Yeah.  I actually thought two people are funny, so two people are sitting in the class. I'm sorry.  If not Q, then not P. Please make a truth table for this. And verify whether the text is written as what we got over here. I want you to give me the truth table for this. When you're ready, let me know. Let's do one thing. Why to do only this? We'll do all the three. We'll do this also. We'll do this also. And we'll do three so that we can check which of the three that we had discussed, the inverse, the inverse and counter positive is logically equivalent to the implication. Okay. So, sir, will this table just be the bottom to top for the above table? We'll check. I don't remember the exact answer. Independent how you start and stuff, but okay. Can we discuss now? Wait, sir. Q implies P. Can we do it together? Okay, sir. Yeah, that's better. So, just the truth table off Q implies P. So, we did the reverse. Promotion takes his wife. Who has been? True. Yeah. Didn't get a promotion, takes his wife. Who has been? Yeah. Yes, promotion doesn't take his wife. Okay, promotion doesn't take wife. Not P implies not Q. So, we did it like this. False, false, right? Yeah. False, true. True. True. False, true. False. False. False to true. False to true. Oh, yeah. Correct. False. False. True, true, true. So, you took that antecedent thing as Q, right, sir? No, no, no. I'm talking about this guy. Oh, okay. Okay. Not P is false. No, not Q is also false. So, false, false means not getting promotion, not taking wife. Good husband, right? Oh, yeah. Now, false true means not getting promotion, still taking his wife. Good husband. True. True, false. Getting a promotion, not taking the wife. False. Bad husband. Getting a promotion, not taking the wife. This one. This one you have to read the other way around. False, false. Good guy. True. Top and bottom will always be like same. True, false. False, true. Yeah. False, true. True. False, true. Yeah. Good guy. Okay. Now, you can see here very, very clearly that TFTT and here also TFTT. While the others are not giving TFTT. What does it mean? Yes, sir. It means to us that P implies Q is logically equivalent. So, many books write it like this. Many books write it like this. Both are fine. It's logically equivalent to saying if not Q, then not T. Okay. Yes, sir. Is that fine? Sir, sir, I have a request from you. But in this page only two minutes you can use pencil. Why? Since you are giving this notes. But once again. So, for this, this and this, like I don't know how to tell this, but I won't, for me in future reference replace P with Q. That statement. This is your husband's promise and then this is your wife speaking to Singapore. For this guy. Okay, sir. One second. For my future reference, I hope no one will mind. Anyway, you are giving this to us. One second, sir. One second. Okay. Done, sir. That's an E by the way. Yes, sir. Thank you, sir. What about the negation of this? Or the negation. Negation of this. I claim that this is the same as saying P happening and two not happening. Okay. Let's verify this. How, sir? How, how? Let's verify. Okay. Okay. P, Q, P implies Q. Negation of P implies Q and P and not Q. So, let's say true. What will be this by the way? True. True. Good husband. What is this? False. False. What is P and not Q? Not Q, false, right? Yeah. Correct. Yes, sir. Yes, sir. So far, false, false same. Let's see two false. That has been. Yes, sir. False. Negation of it is true. True. True. True and negation of false. True and true, that is, which is true. Okay. Now, false, true. Nice guy, damn nice guy. Nice guy, this one. False and false. False and false. This is false again. Yeah. Then finally. False and false. False and false will be true and then false. True. This will be true. True, true, false, sorry. True, false, false. Do you see that there, this table and this table exactly, this column and this column exactly match? That means, yes, they are logically equivalent. And it's common sense also, if you say P, if P then Q, then the Ulta will be P happening and Q not happening. Isn't it? When is the only? Yeah. You say, sir, you said if I'll study, I'll get into IK. I studied, but I did not get into IK. So that will be the negation of what has happened. Yes or no? Yes, sir. Kind of, I don't know. Damn weird. Okay, sir.


Please tell me that's high enough. Thank goodness. He's gonna level three. Let's not even play As if I haven't seen my fair share of air level three is how's it going everybody? Dot to do it you're back with another round of Dragon Ball fighters ranked matches and that is I love the new update They've done Z3 seventh place in league points with an entire zero points earn some of the titles They give people just find me every time I read them also rock in the summer colors Oh, and this was a suggested team man. That would have been a good thing to say in the intro. Oh Oh Hey, if you got a jump, I gotta go ahead and teach. Oh God nice reflect right out the gate reflect this Yeah, you can't actually reflect it. That's why it's a mix-up audible mix-up gang What wow I'm gonna back it up. Where's the Super Dash. It's right there All right, so now we got to go back into the go for blue. Make sure you stall You got to get as low to the ground as possible to make it easy to get the meaty Wow That was planned, but very loosely Okay That should be enough to kill we dropped it. We dropped it. We're gonna get punished for it I dropped it as well an eye for an eye Only in this case the guy that gouged up the eye first got lucky and Again, I want go through back. It's important to get rid of assists in a team game like this Especially when you got the mix Well, is that gonna even work? Just a chase Just immediately me turning around and chasing him down like all right buddy. Come here. All right We're gonna go ahead and keep it pretty basic. Just go for the corner carry on this one He likes to take down so just wait for him at ease a sink Just jumping around this guy. He has to like Do extra work to keep up?  There we go I can't combo off that unfortunately, but It did get a little bit of damage out of it I don't mind too much because we have such a big lead Really trying to coax him into super dashing Again, I'm really trying to force the super dash. There it is It's it's I don't know online. It's about playing the game where you got to give them just enough Like man, I could have gone in I could have gotten in if I just click super dash That's basically what you're trying to oh, they did another UI update that is sick Okay, I actually love that that clears up the space issue All right.   That was really good. I like that the font choice everything All right. Well now that I know I'm fighting for league points out here. Let's go Nice choice for the guard cancel There we go. Now he's playing that active defense And the key blast just to keep me out Misclicked my button on landing and I got punished for it. Okay, so we're not We've already lost more health than we did that last match. I caught by a load to him. No I'm gonna be able to get out of here. I'm just gonna have to guard cans. I'm gonna have to pull that pin Even the corn he likes the down tech this time. He didn't That dash was clutch go for the hard knockdown try to mix him with barred off By the way, it's crazy how every summer color looks good I don't know how they nailed it but the blue light blue combination was deluxe Nah, it's not gonna be enough. If anything we could try to stop. Oh, no ran out of heavy time Overhead again. Oh two overheads. Was that a 6m or was that just a very slow normal overhead? Beautiful. I love the back bashing it down heavy even though it has got me here He could level one level three and get away with this He has to level three. Okay. He level threes. It took all this bar, but he got the kill. I Will say that was probably worth If he carries the momentum that was definitely worth but as long as we take at least one character without losing another We're in we're in the driver's seat. I'm not trying to get caught in rush hour traffic, baby. Let's go I forgot super dashing was an option after that. Did you see me punch the ground? I was like, yeah I know where you're landing, bro. I already knew where he was landing except I did not Okay, keep the pressure is he gonna down tech He did but I mistimed it. Oh, no You remember how I said I needed at least one character We're not in the driver's seat anymore. We are we are firmly in the passenger seat We might questionably we might even be in a in a booster seat That has yet to be decided. We will have to see if we take any more characters Either way we level three because one one hate after this is a kill and I'm feeling a nice overhead. Do I go low? Do I go low? Oh dragon. Oh, he just took the hit. He is crazy. That was a Please tell me that's high enough. Thank goodness. He's gonna level three. Let's not even play As if I haven't seen my fair share of air level threes Baby, it's called the read Thank goodness, dude because when I get hit by those I get tilted fat But I'm heavy. I'm gonna go for the cross. It was slow, but it did work Nothing like a slow cross-up to get your morning going This is why people say Super Saiyan Goku is asked here by the way. He's consistent level three sparking in the back He's practically a solo team by himself Never mind. I got down heavy Clearly, there's a Goku payout power to power Power dispute going. Oh, nice Jeff Why did it again? I can combo this I dropped it. I dropped. I'm sparking Nicely done just enough damage to get the kill That's why they call him S tears Super Saiyan Goku Consistent basic. I got no leak points. I need to put on the team I just realized I am all alone out here in the league world. Oh, what? Can we get the chase? Perfect beautiful. In fact, he's on a down tuck No down heavy for me. Oh On a bad panic reflect just to try to catch anything he might have been going for Check the Bardock. He might this is a kill. Wait a minute Wait a minute. We got to go out into somebody else though If I had gone with Bardock's level one just to keep the point character out It wouldn't have gone my way. It would have been it would have been it wouldn't have been enough damage back it up Here's the beam. I reflected way too early key blast key blast key blast Back up key blast. He's gonna Super Dash now. I Didn't even see him on my screen Blending him with the green number one. That was tactics Nice get the blue Goku in here Kyle Ken He sounded real calm. He's a Kyle Ken And This is to go further beyond Dead Look at the sparking damage. By the way, this was off of vanish. Oh, yeah, I'm blocking all of this You over you over here's about somebody mastering defense. That's me right now I've actually mastered defense. Where was the tech? Come on. You saw me jab his knees. That was me trying to tech and I'm out, baby I got away with a high crime and misdemeanor. I'm swinging. I'm a Bardock player. I'm swinging Okay, that might have been done The most delayed front Super Dash I've ever seen. I thought it was a mix-up tool. Oh Nice overhead. I thought he would go with like a dragon rush I don't know why I was feeling that but that was the option I saw Trunks you got to stop with it. Oh god. I'm sniped them trunks are really set me up for failure failure there But the height was actually just enough to get the knockout No, we got fast beams as well We got key blast beams and more at the triple S tier and pourium. Did you see that normal? There we go. And that's that basically should be a wrap. All right. Well, oh No, I Tried it down heavy that too. Man. I doubt heavy reactions of it a point lately. He's we got a trunks player code trunks. Oh Operation trying to style into a code trunks. Oh, no No, yes Okay, bring up bring up project X This is bad news Bad news This man. Let's go. All right. That was pretty quick. So we actually have to go into the round That was a way too fast of a rank set, but I'm feeling good dude. This is a good team I might have to go into the round with these guys. Maybe slap on a union Who knows I'm ready to go one more if he is yeah, here we go one more match This is such a good team nice down heavy. I was I really want to get him in the corner So I could pull off some of these combos All right, well so far. I've been getting tossed around poor execution Poor execution is to blame for that. I'm switching. I'm switching. Oh, he tried he had the reaction. Oh Come on. Don't that's too much blue health This guy clearly didn't read the rules of the room. I'm dealing with this guy now Neither of us have gone full auto combo. So I think it's high time. I do that. Oh, I can't believe it The writing really was on the wall for that one Wow, really? I'm going behind you over here. You know what? I Have not used that move enough for my liking. I think the next person that comes out is getting over here Oh, no now. I have to block. No, he went on the other side I always forget EX means they're going on the other side You can't control Goku's black's engine transmission, which I think would be an interesting buff to give him Clearly they don't have a problem with it if they're using like Genemba But that's just one man's balance patch ideas one man who probably should not be giving balance patch ideas Wow, he found the time to vanish in between the staggers. I try to do it down heavy. I try to read the next jump Wow, he's got the extensions Even with trunks that it's shaping up to be a kill. No, no, no Keep blast. We still have them. It might be bad key blast, but we still got them. That's our turn big punish in Fact a literal full damage punish Into a level three. It won't kill but the mix should be enough. What is the mix though? All right, come on. You have to look within yourself on this one. I think the answer is pretty obvious back up But no, I tried it drop it drop it. Oh, no He got me and Goku. Oh My goodness. Oh My god, I'm throwing it out Wait, what? Wait, what? I'll take it. He doesn't have a little tree Yeah, he thought I was gonna do something crazy. I wasn't I was gonna keep it real on that one Just because I was afraid he would think I was gonna do something and that would have been the worst And I did not want to risk that I go down. What's the mix on my part? Yes, no, why did I level one? Oh No, and it wasn't even we're dead. We're dead. We're dead. We need to be stopped And I think he knows that more than anybody he made a flayed a fatal flaw, but he held the vanish That was actually really smart. I can't end it on that. I can't end it on a fatal flaw like that Let's uh, I'm gonna go ahead and tap into ultra instinct real quick. I fight for the people that have no league I fight for the people that that never visited that counter on that faithful day This guy's clearly made the adaptations Overhead he called me out. That was the biggest call-out post I've ever seen Next time just DM me, bro. It would be a shame if this got leaked Ha ha ha We are getting destroyed about three. Yeah, I agree actually Why would oh my look at the damage? Kyle can go to I'm sparkling. I have to spark dude Last time he guarded overhead. So I'm super hyped. We're definitely going low. This is 100% alone Maybe even a jump into a low That's that's frisky though.  Ah, nice. All right, we got the momentum back on our side And I think it's high time. We are we're a bar doc player. It's been too long bar doc click. I Regret it. I regret it. I regret my actions. I've never once been happy with a bar doc player Level three, you know, okay. Oh, we held that get back down here. This is a no-fly zone Really that missed. I'm a my banish. I have to hit him with the post-banish blues. He back steps into the heavy I cannot believe it He's wasted a bar. I don't know why he did that. Maybe he just wants to keep Goku black out But no, that's not even his plan Three bars just for that little bit of blue health. Well, I guess it would have been three bars anyway, but No, oh my goodness. We're that's not our turn Did you see the jump? Oh, did you? Oh, did you see the drops? We're gonna we're actually gonna get blown out Rematch.  Hi, okay You're gonna pay right now. You're gonna pay Now what's my mix I hear the people Yeah, let's go. I can't believe I had enough time Whoo that I think if that hit we genuinely would have lost because they would have cracked my mental state There we go. What you can't dash in retaliation. You just got to hold that like the rest of us do Are we kidding me though? I tried to buy as much time off sparking as I could That's why I was doing it. I was trying to make him like reconsider all of the thing if I should have gone low I should have gone low. It would have been the perfect crime We're alive. We're alive Why would I not take the sliding here? I'm gonna go for the ultimate mix Nice.  You got to play the beam game. Oh All right, we got the we got our win back and that's where I'm gonna go ahead and end it Hopefully the guy that suggested this team enjoyed it And hey if any of you have suggestions go ahead and let me know them down below in the comments Maybe I'll play them in a ranked video like this regardless though if you enjoyed it head down below Let me know your thoughts in the comments I'll be down there as always and also make sure to leave a like and subscribe to the channel if you want to watch more videos Right away. There should be some up on your screen. I recommend checking them out if any of them catch your eye I have been Datsudoya. Thanks again for watching this one and I will see you in the next video


Hey, it's Elise from Six Sisters Stuff, and I'm making our baked chicken bacon ranch taquitos. They're easy to make. Your whole family will love them, so I will go ahead and get started. I'm starting with an eight ounce block of cream cheese, and I'm just gonna beat it for a second so it can smooth out. Okay, to this, I'm just adding a ranch dressing packet. But just pour it in and mix that together. One of my tricks to bacon is baking it in my oven. I hate dealing with the mess of frying it, so I will just get a large baking sheet, cover it in foil, and lay my bacon out in about 425 degrees for 20 to 25 minutes. You get perfect bacon tubes and recipes crisp enough to crumble. So this is about 12 pieces. Then I'm just gonna add about four tablespoons of green onion and then two cups of Monterey Jack cheese. And then the last thing I'm going to add is four cups of cooked and shredded chicken. So just mix this until everything is pretty well combined. Okay, once everything is mixed together, we are going to roll it out onto some tortillas. And then you'll just spread a few tablespoons on each tortilla. So I just put my filling in the center, tuck it over, roll it up, and place it on a baking sheet, seam side down, and keep rolling. This will make about a dozen taquitos depending on how full you fill them. So if you are trying to feed more people, put a little less filling or use smaller tortillas to make more taquitos. So to finish these off once they're all rolled, I'm just gonna spray a little nonstick cooking spray on top. And then I sprinkle coarse salt on top, and it kind of helps give it that nice crusty outside so it seems like it's fried, but they're baked. So I'm just gonna bake these at 425 for about 20 minutes until the outside gets nice and golden brown. There you go for this recipe and all of our other recipes, go to 6sistersstuff.com.