CHAPTER 14 Such a narrative as this is hardly the place for portraying the mental features of the Indians. The same picture, slightly changed in shade and coloring, would serve with very few exceptions for all the tribes that lie north of the Mexican territories. But with this striking similarity in their modes of thought, the tribes of the lake and ocean shores, of the forests and of the plains, differ greatly in their manner of life. Having been domesticated for several weeks among one of the wildest of the wild hordes that roam over the remote prairies, I had extraordinary opportunities of observing them, and I flatter myself that a faithful picture of the scenes that passed deadly before my eyes may not be devoid of interest and value. These men were thorough savages. Neither their manners nor their ideas were in the slightest degree modified by contact with civilization. They knew nothing of the power and real character of the white men, and their children would scream in terror at the sight of me. Their religion, their superstitions and their prejudices were the same that had been handed down to them from immemorial time. They fought with the same weapons that their fathers fought with and wore the same rude garments of skins. Great changes are at hand in that region. With the stream of emigration to Oregon and California, the buffalo will dwindle away and the large wandering communities who depend on them for support must be broken and scattered. The Indians will soon be corrupted by the example of the whites, abased by whiskey and overawed by military posts, so that within a few years the traveler may pass intolerable security through their country. Its danger and its charm will have disappeared together. As soon as Raymond and I discovered the village from the gap in the hills, we were seen in our turn. Keen eyes were constantly on the watch. As we rode down upon the plain, the side of the village nearest us was darkened with a crowd of naked figures gathering around the lodges. All men came forward to meet us. I could distinguish among them the green blanket of the Frenchman Raynal. When we came up, the ceremony of shaking hands had to be gone through with in due form, and then all were eager to know what had become of the rest of my party. I satisfied them on this point, and we all moved forward together toward the village. You've missed it, said Raynal. If you'd been here day before yesterday, you'd have found the whole prairie over yonder black with buffalo as far as you could see. There were no cows, though, nothing but bulls. We made us around every day till yesterday. See the village there. Don't that look like good living? In fact I could see, even at that distance, that long cords were stretched from lodge to lodge over which the meat cut by the squaws into thin sheets was hanging to dry in the sun. I noticed too that the village was somewhat smaller than when I had last seen it, and I asked Raynal the cause. He said that old La Borna had felt too weak to pass over the mountains, and so had remained behind with all his relations, including Mato Tatanka and his brothers. The whirlwind too had been unwilling to come so far, because, as Raynal said, he was afraid. Only half a dozen lodges had adhered to him, the main body of the village setting their chiefs authority at naught, and taking the course most agreeable to their inclinations. Our chiefs are there in the village now, said I. Well said Raynal, there's old red water, and the eagle feather, and the big crow, and the mad wolf, and the panther, and the white shield, and what's his name? The half-breed Cheyenne. By this time we were close to the village, and I observed that while the greater part of the lodges were very large and neat in their appearance, there was at one side a cluster of squalid, miserable huts. I looked toward them, and made some remark about their wretched appearance, but I was touching upon delicate ground. My squazed relations live in those lodges, said Raynal very warmly, and there isn't a better set than the whole village. Are there any chiefs among them? asked I. Chiefs, said Raynal, yes, plenty. What are their names? I inquired. Their names. Why, there's the arrowhead, if he isn't a chief he ought to be one, and there's the hail storm. He's nothing but a boy, to be sure, but he's bound to be a chief one of these days. Just then we passed between two of the lodges, and entered the great area of the village. Superb naked figures stood silently gazing on us. Where's the Bad Wounds Lodge, said I, to Raynal? There you've missed it again. The Bad Wound is away with the whirlwind. If you could have found him here, and gone to live in his lodge, he would have treated you better than any man in the village. There's the Big Crow's Lodge, yonder, next to old red waters. He's a good Indian for the whites, and I advise you to go and live with him. Are there many squaws and children in his lodge, said I? No, only one squaw and two or three children. He keeps the rest in a separate lodge by themselves. So, still followed by a crowd of Indians, Raymond and I rode up to the entrance of the Big Crow's Lodge. A squaw came out immediately and took our horses. I put aside the leather nap that covered the low opening, and stooping entered the Big Crow's dwelling. There I could see the chief in the dim light, seated at one side on a pile of buffalo robes. He greeted me with a guttural, how, cola! I requested Raynal to tell him that Raymond and I were come to live with him. The Big Crow gave another low exclamation. If the reader thinks that we were intruding somewhat cavalierly, I beg him to observe that every Indian in the village would have deemed himself honored that white men should give such preference to his hospitality. The squaw spread a buffalo robe for us in the guest's place at the head of the lodge. Our saddles were brought in, and scarcely were we seated upon them before the place was thronged with Indians who came crowding in to see us. The Big Crow produced his pipe and filled it with a mixture of tobacco and shang-sasha, or red willow bark. Round and round it passed, and a lively conversation went forward. Meanwhile, a squaw placed before the two guests a wooden bowl of boiled buffalo meat, but unhappily this was not the only banquet destined to be inflicted on us. Rapidly one after another, boys and young squaws thrust their heads in at the opening to invite us to various feasts in different parts of the village. For half an hour or more we were actively engaged in passing from lodge to lodge, tasting in each of the bowl of meat set before us, and inhaling a whiff or two from our entertainer's pipe. A thunderstorm that had been threatening for some time now began in Good Ernest. We crossed over to Reynald's Lodge, though it hardly deserved this name, for it consisted only of a few old buffalo robes supported on poles and was quite open on one side. Here we sat down, and the Indians gathered round us. "'What is it,' said I, that makes the thunder?' "'It's my belief,' said Reynald, that it is a big stone rolling over the sky. Very likely,' I replied, but I want to know what the Indians think about it. So he interpreted my question, which seemed to produce some doubt and debate. There was evidently a difference of opinion. The last old Menesila, or red water, who sat by himself at one side, looked up with his withered face, and said he had always known what the thunder was. It was a great black bird, and once he had seen it in a dream, swooping down from the black hills with its loud roaring wings, and when it flapped them over a lake they struck lightning from the water. "'The thunder is bad,' said another old man, who sat muffled in his buffalo robe. He killed my brother last summer. Reynald, at my request, asked for an explanation, but the old man remained doggedly silent and would not look up. Some time after I learned how the accident occurred. The man who was killed belonged to an association which, among other mystic functions, claimed the exclusive power and privilege of fighting the thunder. Whenever a storm which they wished to avert was threatening, the thunder fighters would take their bows and arrows, their guns, their magic drum, and a sort of whistle made out of the wing bone of the war eagle. Thus equipped, they would run out and fire at the rising cloud, whooping, yelling, whistling, and beating their drum to frighten it down again. One afternoon a heavy black cloud was coming up, and they repaired to the top of a hill, where they brought all their magic artillery into play against it. With the undaunted thunder, refusing to be terrified, kept moving straight onward and darted out a bright flash which struck one of the party dead, as he was in the very act of shaking his long iron-pointed lance against it. The rest scattered and ran, yelling in an ecstasy of superstitious terror back to their lodges. The lodge of my host, Kongratanga, or the Big Crow, presented a picturesque spectacle that evening. A score or more of Indians were seated around in a circle, their dark naked forms just visible by the dull light of the smoldering fire in the center, the pipe glowing brightly in the gloom as it passed from hand to hand round the lodge.  Instantly a bright glancing flame would leap up, darting its clear light to the very apex of the tall conical structure, where the tops of the slender poles that supported its covering of leather were gathered together. It gilded the features of the Indians as with animated gestures they sat around it, telling their endless stories of war and hunting. It displayed rude garments of skins that hung around the lodge, the bow, quiver, and lance suspended over the resting place of the chief, and the rifles and powder horns of the two white guests. For a moment all would be bright as day. Then the flames would die away, and fitful flashes from the embers would illumine the lodge, and then leave it in the dark. Then all the light would wholly fade, and the lodge and all within it be involved again in obscurity. As I left the lodge next morning I was saluted by howling and yelling from all around the village, and half its Canaan population rushed forth to the attack. Being as cowardly as they were clamorous, they kept jumping around me at the distance of a few yards, only one little cur about ten inches long, having spirit enough to make a direct assault. He dashed valiantly at the leather tassel, which in the Dakota fashion was traveling behind the heel of my moccasin, and kept his hold, growling and snarling all the while, though every step I made almost jerked him over on his back. As I knew that the eyes of the whole village were on the watch to see if I showed any sign of apprehension, I walked forward without looking to the right or left, surrounded wherever I went by this magic circle of dogs. When I came to Reynal's Lodge I sat down by it, on which the dogs dispersed growling to their respective quarters. Only one large white one remained, who kept running about before me and showing his teeth. I called him, but he only growled the more. I looked at him well.  My friend thought I, you shall pay for this. I will have you eaten this very morning. I intended that day to give the Indians a feast by way of conveying a favourable impression of my character and dignity, and a white dog is the dish which the customs of the Dakota prescribe for all occasions of formality and importance. I consulted Reynal. He soon discovered that an old woman in the next lodge was the owner of the white dog. I took a gaudy cotton handkerchief, and laying it on the ground arranged some vermilion, beads, and other trinkets upon it. Then the old squaw was summoned. I pointed to the dog and to the handkerchief. She gave a scream of delight, snatched up the prize, and vanished with it into her lodge. For a few more trifles I engaged the surfaces of two other squaws, each of whom took the white dog by one of his paws and led him away behind the lodges, while he kept looking up at them with the face of innocent surprise. Having killed him, they threw him into a fire to singe, then chopped him up and put him into two large kettles to boil. Meanwhile I told Raymond to fry and buffalo fat what little flour we had left, and also to make a kettle of tea as an additional item of the repast. The big crow's squaw was set briskly at work sweeping out the lodge for the approaching festivity. I confided to my host himself the task of inviting the guests, thinking that I might thereby shift from my own shoulders the odium of fancy neglect and oversight. When feasting is in question, one hour of the day serves an Indian as well as another. My entertainment came off about eleven o'clock. At that hour, Raynald and Raymond walked across the area of the village to the admiration of the inhabitants, carrying the two kettles of dog meat slung on a pole between them. These they placed in the center of the lodge, and then went back for the bread and the tea. Meanwhile I had put on a pair of brilliant moccasins and substituted for my old buckskin frock, a coat which I had brought with me in view of such public occasions. I also made careful use of the razor, an operation which no man will neglect, who desires to gain the good opinion of Indians. Thus attired I seated myself between Raynald and Raymond at the head of the lodge. Only a few minutes elapsed before all the guests had come in and were seated on the ground, wedged together in a close circle around the lodge. Each brought with him a wooden bowl to hold his share of the repast. When all were assembled, two of the officials, called soldiers by the white men, came forward with ladles made of the horn of the Rocky Mountain sheep, and began to distribute the feast, always assigning a double share to the old men and chiefs. The dog vanished with astonishing celerity, and each guest turned his dish bottom upward to show that all was gone. Then the bread was distributed in its turn, and finally the tea. As the soldiers poured it out into the same wooden bowls that had served for the substantial part of the meal, I thought it had a particularly curious and uninviting color. "'Oh,' said Raynald, there was not tea enough, so I stirred some soot in the kettle to make it look strong. Fortunately, an Indian's palate is not very discriminating. The tea was well sweetened, and that was all they cared for. Now the former part of the entertainment being concluded, the time for speech-making was come. The big crow produced a flat piece of wood on which he cut up tobacco and Shang-Sacha and mixed them in due proportions. The pipes were filled and passed from hand to hand around the company. Then I began my speech, each sentence being interpreted by Raynald as I went on, and echoed by the whole audience with the usual exclamations of assent and approval. As nearly as I can recollect, it was as follows. I had come, I told them, from a country so far distant that at the rate they traveled they could not reach it in a year. How oh how! There the Meneasca were more numerous than the blades of grass on the prairie. The squaws were far more beautiful than any they had ever seen, and all the men were brave warriors. How, how, how! Here I was assailed by sharp twinges of conscience, for I fancied I could perceive a fragrance of perfumery in the air, and a vision rose before me of white-kid gloves and silken mustaches with the mild and gentle countenances of numerous fair-haired young men. But I recovered myself and began again. While I was living in the Meneasca lodges, I had heard to the Ogallala how great and brave a nation they were, how they loved the whites, and how well they could hunt the buffalo and strike their enemies. I resolved to come and see if all that I heard was true. How, how, how, how! As I had come on horseback through the mountains, I had been able to bring them only a very few presents. How! But I had enough tobacco to give them all a small piece. They might smoke it and see how much better it was than the tobacco which they got from the traders. How, how, how! I had plenty of powder, lead, knives, and tobacco at Fort Laramie. These I was anxious to give them, and if any of them should come to the fort before I went away I would make them handsome presents. How, how, how, how! Raymond then cut up and distributed among them two or three pounds of tobacco, and old Menacella began to make a reply. It was quite long, but the following was the pith of it. He had always loved the whites. They were the wisest people on earth. He believed they could do everything, and he was always glad when any of them came to live in the Ogallala Lodges. It was true I had not made them any presents, but the reason of it was plain. It was clear that I liked them, or I never should have come so far to find their village. Several other speeches of similar import followed, and then this more serious matter being disposed of there was an interval of smoking, laughing, and conversation. But old Menacella suddenly interrupted it with a loud voice. Now is a good time, he said, when all the old men and chiefs are here together to decide what the people shall do. We came over the mountain to make our lodges for next year. Our old ones are good for nothing. They are rotten and worn out, but we have been disappointed. We have killed buffalo bulls enough, but we have found no herds of cows, and the skins of bulls are too thick and heavy for our squaws to make lodges of. There must be plenty of cows about the medicine-bow mountain. We ought to go there. To be sure it is farther westward than we have ever been before, and perhaps the snakes will attack us, for those hunting grounds belong to them. But we must have new lodges at any rate. Our old ones will not serve for another year. We ought not to be afraid of the snakes. Our warriors are brave, and they are all ready for war. Besides, we have three white men with their rifles to help us. I could not help thinking that the old man relied little too much on the aid of allies, one of whom was a coward, another a blockhead, and the third an invalid. This speech produced a good deal of debate. As Reynal did not interpret what was said, I could only judge the meaning by the features and gestures of the speakers. At the end of it, however, the greater number seemed to have fallen in with Menaceila's opinion. A short silence followed, and then the old man struck up a discordant chant, which I was told was a song of thanks for the entertainment I had given them. Now, said he, let us go and give the white men a chance to breathe. So the company all dispersed into the open air, and for some time the old chief was walking round the village, singing his song in praise of the feast after the usual custom of the nation. At last the day drew to a close, and as the sun went down the horses came trooping from the surrounding plains to be picketed before the dwellings of their respective masters. Soon, within the great circle of lodges appeared another concentric circle of restless horses, and here and there fires were glowing and flickering amid the gloom of the dusky figures around them. I went over and sat by the lodge of Reynal. The eagle feather, who was a son of Menaceila and brother of my host the Big Crow, was seated there already, and I asked him if the village would move in the morning. He shook his head, and said that nobody could tell, for since old Matototanka had died the people had been like children that did not know their own minds. They were no better than a body without a head. So I, as well as the Indians themselves, fell asleep that night without knowing whether we should set out in the morning toward the country of the snakes. As daybreak, however, as I was coming up from the river after my morning's ablutions, I saw that a movement was contemplated. Some of the lodges were reduced to nothing but bare skeletons of poles. The leather covering of others was flapping in the wind as the squaws were pulling it off. One or two chiefs of note had resolved it seemed unmoving, and so having set their squaws at work, the example was tacitly followed by the rest of the village. One by one the lodges were sinking down in rapid succession, and where the great circle of the village had been only a moment before, nothing now remained but a ring of horses and Indians crowded in confusion together. The ruins of the lodges were spread over the ground, together with the kettles, stone mallets, great ladles of horn, buffalo robes, and cases of painted hide filled with dried meat. Squaws bustled about in their busy preparations, the old hags screaming to one another at the stretch of their leathered lungs. The shaggy horses were patiently standing, while the lodge poles were lashed to their sides and the baggage piled upon their backs. The dogs, with their tongues lolling out, lay lazily panting and waiting for the time of departure. Each warrior sat on the ground by the decaying embers of his fire, unmoved amid all the confusion, while he held in his hand the long trail-rope of his horse. As their preparations were completed, each family moved off the ground. The crowd was rapidly melting away. I could see them crossing the river and passing in quick succession along the profile of the hill in the Father Bank. When all were gone, I mounted and set out after them, followed by raiment, and as we gained the summit, the whole village came in view at once, straggling away for a mile or more over the barren plains before us. Everywhere the iron points of lances were glittering. The sun never shone upon a more strange array. Here were the heavy-laden pack horses, some wretched old women leading them, and two or three children clinging to their backs. Here were mules or ponies covered from head to tail with gaudy trappings and mounted by some gay young squaw, grinning bashfulness and pleasure as the meniasca looked at her. Boys with miniature bows and arrows were wandering over the plains, little-naked children were running along on foot, and numberless dogs were scampering among the feet of the horses. The young braves gaudy with paint and feathers were riding in groups among the crowd, and often galloping two or three at once along the line to try the speed of their horses. Here and there you might see a rank of sturdy pedestrians stalking along in their white buffalo robes. These were the dignitaries of the village, the old men and warriors, to whose age and experience that wandering democracy yielded a silent deference. With the rough prairie and the broken hills for its background, the restless scene was striking and picturesque beyond description. Days and weeks made me familiar with it, but never impaired its effect upon my fancy. As we moved on, the broken column grew yet more scattered and disorderly, until, as we approached the foot of a hill, I saw the old men before mentioned, seating themselves in a line upon the ground in advance of the hole. They lighted a pipe and sat smoking, laughing and telling stories, while the people, stopping as they successively came up, were soon gathered in a crowd behind them. Then the old men rose, drew their buffalo robes over their shoulders and strode on as before. Gaining the top of the hill, we found a very steep declivity before us. There was not a minute's pause. The hole descended in a mass amid dust and confusion. The horses braced their feet as they slid down. Women and children were screaming, dogs yelping as they were trodden upon, while stones and earth went rolling to the bottom. In a few moments I could see the village from the summit, spreading again far and wide over the plane below. At our encampment that afternoon, I was attacked anew by my old disorder. In half an hour the strength that I had been gaining for a week past had vanished again, and I became like a man in a dream. But at sunset I lay down in the big crow's lodge and slept, totally unconscious till the morning. The first thing that awakened me was a horse flapping over my head and a sudden light that poured in upon me. The camp was breaking up, and the squaws were moving the covering from the lodge. I arose and shook off my blanket with the feeling of perfect health, but scarcely had I gained my feet when a sense of my helpless condition was once more forced upon me, and I found myself scarcely able to stand. Raymond had brought up Pauline in the mule, and I stooped to raise my saddle from the ground. My strength was quite inadequate to the task. You must saddle her, said I to Raymond, as I sat down again on a pile of buffalo robes. Et hok et iam fortase meminise yu'abit. I thought, while with a painful effort I raised myself into the saddle. Half an hour after, even the expectation that Virgil's line expressed seemed destined to disappointment. As we were passing over a great plain surrounded by long broken ridges, I rode slowly in advance of the Indians, with thoughts that wandered far from the time and from the place. Suddenly the sky darkened, and thunder began to mutter. Clouds were rising over the hills, as dreary and dull as the first four boatings of an approaching calamity, and in a moment all around was wrapped in shadow. I looked behind. The Indians had stopped to prepare for the approaching storm, and the dark, dense mass of savages stretched far to the right and left. Since the first attack of my disorder, the effects of rain upon me had usually been injurious in the extreme. I had no strength to spare, having at that moment scarcely enough to keep my seat on horseback. Then for the first time it pressed upon me as a strong probability that I might never leave those deserts. Well, thought I to myself, a prairie makes quick and sharp work, better to die here in the saddle to the last than to stifle in the hot air of a sick chamber, and a thousand times better than to drag out life as many have done in the helpless in action of lingering disease. So, drawing the buffalo robe on which I sat over my head, I waited till the storm should come. It broke at last with a sudden burst of fury, and passing away as rapidly as it came left the sky clear again. My reflection served me no other purpose than to look back upon as a piece of curious experience, for the rain did not produce the ill effects that I had expected. We encamped within an hour. Having no change of clothes, I contrived to borrow a curious kind of substitute from Reynal, and this done I went home, that is, to the big crow's lodge, to make the entire transfer that was necessary. Half a dozen squaws were in the lodge, and one of them taking my arm held it against her own, while a general laugh and scream of admiration were raised at the contrast in the color of the skin. Our encampment that afternoon was not far distant from a spur of the black hills, whose ridges bristling with fir trees rose from the plains a mile or two on our right. That they might move more rapidly toward their proposed hunting grounds, the Indians determined to leave at this place their stock of dried meat and other superfluous articles. Some left even their lodges, and contented themselves with carrying a few hides to make a shelter from the sun and rain. Half the inhabitants set out in the afternoon with loaded pack horses toward the mountains. Here they suspended the dried meat upon trees, where the wolves and grizzly bears could not get at it. All returned at evening. Some of the young men declared that they had heard the reports of guns among the mountains to the eastward, and many surmises were thrown out as to the origin of these sounds. For my part I was in hopes that Shaw and Henry Shatalon were coming to join us. I would have welcomed them cordially, for I had no other companions than two British white men and 500 savages. I little suspected that at that very moment my unlucky comrade was lying on a buffalo robe at Fort Laramie, fevered with ivy poison, and solacing his woes with tobacco and Shakespeare. As we moved over the plains on the next morning, several young men were writing about the country as scouts, and at length we began to see them occasionally on the tops of the hills, shaking their robes as a signal that they saw a buffalo. Soon after some bulls came in sight. Horsemen darted away in pursuit, and we could see from the distance that one or two of the buffalo were killed. Raymond suddenly became inspired. I looked at him as he rode by my side. His face had actually grown intelligent. This is the country for me, he said. If I could only carry the buffalo that are killed here every month down to St. Louis, I'd make my fortune in one winter. I'd grow as rich as Old Pappin, or Mackenzie either.  When I am hungry I have only got to take my rifle and go out and get better meat than the rich folks down below can get with all their money. You won't catch me living in St. Louis another winter. No, said Raynal. You had better say that after you and your Spanish woman almost starved to death there.  Your Spanish woman, said I. I never heard of her before. Are you married to her? No, answered Raymond, again looking intelligent. The priests don't marry their women, and why should I marry mine? This honorable mention of the Mexican clergy introduced the subject of religion, and I found that my two associates, in common with other white men in the country, were as indifferent to their future welfare as men whose lives are constant peril or apt to be. Raymond had never heard of the Pope. A certain bishop, who lived at Taos or Santa Fe, embodied his loftiest idea of an ecclesiastical dignitary. Raynal observed that a priest had been at Fort Laramy two years ago, on his way to the Nez Peres mission, and that he had confessed all the men there and given them absolution. I got a good clearing out myself that time, said Raynal, and I reckoned that will do for me till I go down to the settlements again. Here he interrupted himself with an oath and exclaimed, Look, look! The panther is running an antelope! The panther, on his black and white horse, one of the best in the village, came at full speed over the hill in hot pursuit of an antelope that darted away like lightning before him. The attempt was made in mere sport and bravado, for very few are the horses that can for a moment compete in swiftness with this little animal. The antelope ran down the hill toward the main body of the Indians who were moving over the plain below. Sharp yells were given, and horsemen galloped out to intercept his flight. At this he turned sharply to the left and scoured away with such incredible speed that he distanced all his pursuers and even the vaunted horse of the panther himself. A few moments after we witnessed a more serious sport.   A moment more in the boy was close alongside of him. It was our friend the hail storm. He dropped the rain on his horse's neck and jerked an arrow-like lightning from the quiver in his shoulder. I tell you, said Raynal, that in a year's time that boy will match the best hunter in the village. There he has given it to him, and there goes another. You feel well now, old bull.  There he has given him another. Here how the hail storm yells when he shoots. Yes, jump at him. Try it again, old fellow. You may jump all day before you get your horns into that pony. The bull sprang again and again at his assailant, but the horse kept dodging with wonderful celerity.  The boy clung in his seat like a leech and, secure in the speed of his little pony, looked round toward us and laughed. In a moment he was again alongside of the bull, who was now driven to complete desperation.  Thus still battling with each other, the two enemies disappeared over the hill. Many of the Indians rode at full gallop toward the spot. We followed at a more moderate pace, and soon saw the bull lying dead on the side of the hill. The Indians were gathered around him, and several knives were already at work. These little instruments were plied with such wonderful address that the twisted sinews were cut apart, the ponderous bones fell asunder as if by magic, and in a moment the vast carcass was reduced to a heap of bloody ruins. The surrounding group of savages offered no very attractive spectacle to a civilized eye. Some were cracking the huge thigh bones and devouring the marrow within. Others were cutting away pieces of the liver and other approved morsels, and swallowing them on the spot with the appetite of wolves. The faces of most of them, besmeared with blood from ear to ear, looked grim and horrible enough. My friend the white shield proffered me a marrow bone, so skillfully laid open that all the rich substance within was exposed to view at once. Another Indian held out a large piece of the delicate lining of the punch. But these courteous offerings I begged leave to decline. I noticed one little boy who was very busy with his knife about the jaws and throat of the buffalo, from which he extracted some morsel of peculiar delicacy. It is but fair to say that only certain parts of the animal are considered eligible in these extemporary banquets. The Indians would look with abhorrence on anyone who should partake indiscriminately of the newly killed carcass. We encamped that night and marched westward through the greater part of the following day. On the next morning we again resumed our journey. It was the 17th of July, unless my notebook misleads me. At noon we stopped by some pools of rainwater, and in the afternoon again set forward. This double movement was contrary to the usual practice of the Indians, but all were very anxious to reach the hunting ground, kill the necessary number of buffalo, and retreat as soon as possible from the dangerous neighborhood. I passed by for the present some curious incidents that occurred during these marches and encampments. Late in the afternoon of the last mentioned day we came upon the banks of a little sandy stream of which the Indians could not tell the name, for they were very ill acquainted with that part of the country. So parched and arid were the prairies around that they could not supply grass enough for the horses to feed upon, and we were compelled to move farther and farther up the stream in search of ground for encampment. The country was much wilder than before. The plains were gashed with ravines and broken into hollows and steep declivities which flanked our course, as in long-scattered array the Indians advanced up the side of the stream. Menacella consulted an extraordinary oracle to instruct him where the buffalo were to be found. When he with the other chiefs sat down on the grass to smoke and converse, as they often did during the march, the old man picked up one of those enormous black and green crickets which the Dakota call by a name that signifies they who point out the buffalo. The root-diggers, a wretched tribe beyond the mountains, turned them to good account by making them into a sort of soup, pronounced by certain unscrupulous trappers to be extremely rich. Using the bloated insect respectfully between his fingers and thumb, the old Indian looked attentively at him and inquired, Tell me, my father, where must we go tomorrow to find the buffalo? The cricket twisted about his long horns in evident embarrassment. At last he pointed, or seemed to point them westward. Menacella, dropping him gently on the grass, laughed with great glee, and said that if we went that way in the morning we should be sure to kill plenty of game. The short evening we came upon a fresh green meadow traversed by the stream and deep-set among tall sterile bluffs. The Indians descended at steep bank, and as I was at the rear, I was one of the last to reach this point. Lances were glittering, feathers fluttering, and the water below me was crowded with men and horses passing through, while the meadow beyond was swarming with the restless crowd of Indians. The sun was just setting and poured its softened light upon them through an opening in the hills. I remarked to Reynal that at last we had found a good camping ground. Oh, it is very good, replied he ironically, especially if there is a snake war-party about, and they take it into their heads to shoot down at us from the top of these hills. It is no plan of mine camping in such a hole as this. The Indians also seemed apprehensive. High up on the top of the tallest bluff, conspicuous in the bright evening sunlight, sat a naked warrior on horseback, looking around as it seemed over the neighboring country, and Raymond told me that many of the young men had gone out in different directions as scouts. The shadows had reached to the very summit of the bluffs before the lodges were erected and the village reduced again to quiet and order. A cry was suddenly raised, and men, women, and children came running out with animated faces and looked eagerly through the opening on the hills by which the stream entered from the westward. I could discern a far off some dark, heavy masses passing over the sides of a low hill. They disappeared, and then others followed. These were bands of buffalo cows. The hunting ground was reached at last, and everything promised well for the morrow's sport. Being fatigued and exhausted, I went and laid down in Congratanga's lodge when Raymond thrust in his head and called upon me to come and see some sport. A number of Indians were gathered, laughing along the line of lodges on the western side of the village, and at some distance I could plainly see in the twilight two huge black monsters stalking heavily and solemnly directly toward us. They were buffalo bulls. The wind blew from them to the village, and such was their blindness and stupidity that they were advancing upon the enemy without the least consciousness of his presence.   They approached within four or five rods of the ravine where the Indians lay in ambush. Here at last they seemed conscious that something was wrong, for they both stopped and stood perfectly still, without looking either to the right or to the left. Nothing on them was to be seen but two huge black masses of shaggy mane with horns, eyes, and nose in the center, and a pair of hoofs visible at the bottom. At last the more intelligent of them seemed to have concluded that it was time to retire. Very slowly and with an air of the gravest and most majestic deliberation he began to turn round as if he were revolving on a pivot.  A white smoke sprang out as it were from the ground. A sharp report came with it.  At this his comrade wheeled about with considerable expedition. The other Indians shot at him from the ravine, and then both the bulls were running away at full speed while half the juvenile population of the village raised a yell and ran after them. The first bull was soon stopped, and while the crowd stood looking at him at a respectable distance he reeled and rolled over on his side. The other, wounded in a less vital part, galloped away to the hills and escaped. In half an hour it was totally dark. I lay down to sleep, and ill as I was there was something very animating in the prospect of the general hunt that was to take place on the morning. CHAPTER XV THE HUNTING CAMP Long before daybreak the Indians broke up their camp. The women of Menacella's lodge were as usual among the first that were ready for departure, and I found the old man himself sitting by the embers of the decayed fire over which he was warming his withered fingers as the morning was very chilly and damp. The preparations for moving were even more confused and disorderly than usual. While some families were leaving the ground, the lodges of others were still standing untouched. At this old Menacella grew impatient, and walking out to the middle of the village stood with his robe wrapped close around him and harangued the people in a loud, sharp voice. Now he said, when they were on an enemy's hunting grounds, was not the time to behave like children. They ought to be more active and united than ever. His speech had some effect. The delinquents took down their lodges and loaded their packhorses, and when the sun rose the last of the men, women, and children had left the deserted camp. This movement was made merely for the purpose of finding a better and safer position. So he advanced only three or four miles up the little stream, before each family assumed its relative place in the great ring of the village, and all around the squaws were actively at work in preparing the camp. But not a single warrior dismounted from his horse. All the men that morning were mounted on inferior animals, leading their best horses by a cord or confiding them to the care of boys. In small parties they began to leave the ground and ride rapidly away over the plains to the westward. I had taken no food that morning, and not being at all ambitious of further abstinence, I went into my host's lodge which his squaws had erected with wonderful celerity, and sat down in the center as a gentle hint that I was hungry. A wooden bowl was soon set before me, filled with a nutritious preparation of dried meat called Pemmican by the Northern Voyagers and Huasna by the Dakota. Being a handful to break my fast upon, I left the lodge just in time to see the last band of hunters disappear over the ridge of the neighboring hill. I mounted Pauline and galloped in pursuit, riding rather by the balance than by any muscular strength that remained to me. From the top of the hill I could overlook a wide extent of desolate and unbroken prairie over which, far and near, little parties of naked horsemen were rapidly passing. I soon came up to the nearest, and we had not ridden a mile before all were united into one large and compact body, all was hasten eagerness. Each hunter was whipping on his horse as if anxious to be the first to reach the game. In such movements among the Indians this is always more or less the case, but it was especially so in the present instance, because the head chief of the village was absent, and there were but few soldiers, a sort of Indian police, who among their other functions usually assumed the direction of a buffalo hunt. No man turned to the right hand or to the left. We rode at a swift canter straight forward, uphill and downhill, and through the stiff, obstinate growth of the endless wild sage bushes. For an hour and a half the same red shoulders, the same long black hair, rose and fell with the motion of the horses before me. Very little was said, though once I observed an old man severely reproving Raymond for having left his rifle behind him when there was some probability of encountering an enemy before the day was over. As we galloped across a plane thickly set with sage brushes, the foremost riders vanished suddenly from sight as if diving into the earth. The arid soil was cracked into a deep ravine. Down we all went in succession and galloped in a line along the bottom until we found a point where one by one the horses could scramble out. Soon after we came upon a wide, shallow stream, and as we rode swiftly over the hard sand beds and through the thin sheets of rippling water, many of the savage horsemen threw themselves to the ground, knelt on the sand, snatched a hasty draft and leaping back again to their seats, galloped on again as before. Meanwhile scouts kept in advance of the party, and now we began to see them on the ridge of the hills, waving their robes in token that Buffalo were visible.  At length we could discern several of these scouts making their signals to us at once, no longer waving their robes boldly from the top of the hill, but standing lower down so that they could not be seen from the planes beyond. Being worth pursuing had evidently been discovered. The excited Indians now urged forward their tired horses even more rapidly than before.  As we were crowding together over a lower intervening hill, I heard Reynal and Raymond shouting to me from the left, and looking in that direction I saw them riding away behind a party of about twenty mean-looking Indians. These were the relatives of Reynal's squaw Margo, who, not wishing to take part in the general hunt, were riding toward a distant hollow where they could discern a small band of Buffalo which they meant to appropriate to themselves. I answered to the call by ordering Raymond to turn back and follow me. He reluctantly obeyed, though Reynal, who had relied on his assistance in skinning, cutting up and carrying to camp the Buffalo that he and his party should kill, loudly protested, and declared that we should see no sport if we went with the rest of the Indians. Followed by Raymond I pursued the main body of hunters, while Reynal, in a great rage, whipped his horse over the hill after his ragamuffin relatives. The Indians, still about a hundred in number, rode in a dense body at some distance in advance. They galloped forward, and a cloud of dust was flying in the wind behind them. I could not overtake them until they had stopped on the side of the hill where the scouts were standing. Here each hunter sprang in haste from the tired animal which he had ridden, and leaped upon the fresh horse that he had brought with him. There was not a saddle or a bridle in the whole party. A piece of Buffalo robe, girthed over the horse's back, served in place of the one, and a cord of twisted hair lashed firmly round his lower jaw, answered for the other. All feathers were dangling from every mane and tail as insignia of courage and speed. As for the rider, he wore no other clothing than a light signature at his waist and a pair of moccasins. He had a heavy whip, with a handle of solid elkhorn, and a lash of knotted bull hide fastened to his wrist by an ornamental bend. His bow was in his hand, and his quiver of otter or panther skin hung at his shoulder. Thus equipped some thirty of the hunters galloped away toward the left in order to make a circuit under cover of the hills that the buffalo might be assailed on both sides at once. The rest impatiently waited until time enough had lapsed for their companions to reach the required position. Then riding upward in a body, we gained the ridge of the hill, and for the first time came inside of the buffalo on the plane beyond. They were a band of cows, four or five hundred in number, who were crowded together near the bank of a wide stream that was soaking across the sand beds of the valley. This was a large circular basin, sunscorched and broken, scantily covered with herbage and encompassed with high barren hills, from an opening in which we could see our allies galloping out upon the plane. The wind blew from that direction. The buffalo were aware of their approach and had begun to move, though very slowly and in a compact mass. I have no further recollection of seeing the game until we were in the midst of them, for as we descended the hill, other objects engrossed my attention. Numerous old bulls were scattered over the plane, and ungallantly deserting their charge at our approach began to wade and plunge through the treacherous quicksands or the stream and gallop away toward the hills. One old veteran was struggling behind all the rest with one of his forelegs, which had been broken by some accident, dangling about uselessly at his side. His appearance, as he went shambling along on three legs, was so ludicrous that I could not help pausing for a moment to look at him. As I came near, he would try to rush upon me, nearly throwing himself down at every awkward attempt. Looking up, I saw the whole body of Indians full a hundred yards in advance. I lashed Pauline in pursuit and reached them just in time, for as we mingled among them, each hunter, as if by a common impulse, violently struck his horse. Each horse sprang forward convulsively, and scattering in the charge in order to assail the entire herd at once, we all rushed headlong upon the buffalo. We were among them in an instant. Amid the trampling and the yells, I could see their dark figures running hither and thither through clouds of dust, and the horsemen darting in pursuit. While we were charging on one side, our companions had attacked the bewildered and panic-stricken herd on the other. The uproar and confusion lasted but for a moment. The dust cleared away, and the buffalo could be seen scattering as from a common center, flying over the plain singly or in long files and small compact bodies, while behind each followed the Indians, lashing their horses to furious speed, forcing them close upon their prey and yelling as they launched arrow after arrow into their sides. The large black carcasses were strewn thickly over the ground. There in their wounded buffalo were standing, their bleeding sides feathered with arrows, and as I rode past them their eyes would glare. They would bistle like gigantic cats and feebly attempt to rush up and gore my horse. I left camp that morning with a philosophic resolution. Neither I nor my horse were at that time fit for such sport, and I had determined to remain a quiet spectator. But amid the rush of horses and buffalo, the uproar and the dust I found it impossible to sit still, and as four or five buffalo ran past me in a line I drove Pauline in pursuit. We went plunging close at their heels through the water and the quicksands, and clambering the bank chased them through the wild sage bushes that covered the rising ground beyond. But neither her native spirit nor the blows of the knotted bull hide could supply the place of poor Pauline's exhausted strength. We could not gain an inch upon the poor fugitives. At last, however, they came full upon a ravine too wide to leap over, and as this compelled them to turn abruptly to the left, I contrived to get within ten or twelve yards of the hindmost. At this she faced about, bristled angrily, and made a show of charging. I shot at her with a large holster pistol and hit her somewhere in the neck. Down she tumbled into the ravine, whither her companions had descended before her. I saw their dark backs appearing and disappearing as they galloped along the bottom. Then one by one they came scrambling out on the other side and ran off as before, the wounded animal following with unabated speed. Turning back I saw Raymond coming on his black mule to meet me, and as we rode over the field together we counted dozens of carcasses lying on the plain in the ravines and on the sandy bed of the stream. Far away in the distance horses and buffalo were still scouring along, with little clouds of dust rising behind them, and over the sides of the hills we could see long files of the frightened animals rapidly ascending. The hunters began to return. The boys who had held the horses behind the hill made their appearance, and the work of flaying and cutting up began in earnest all over the field. I noticed my host, Kongratanga, beyond the stream, just alighting by the side of a cow which he had killed. Riding up to him I found him in the act of drawing out an arrow which, with the exception of the notch at the end, had entirely disappeared in the animal. I asked him to give it to me, and I still retain it as a proof, though by no means the most striking one that could be offered, of the force and dexterity with which the Indians discharged their arrows. The hides and meat were piled upon the horses, and the hunters began to leave the ground. Raymond and I, too, getting tired of the scene, set out for the village, riding straight across the intervening desert. There was no path, and as far as I could see no landmarks sufficient to guide us, but Raymond seemed to have an instinctive perception of the point on the horizon toward which we ought to direct our course. Antelope were bounding on all sides, and as is always the case in the presence of Buffalo, they seemed to have lost their natural shyness and timidity. Bands of them would run lightly up the rocky declivities and stand gazing down upon us from the summit. At length we could distinguish the tall white rocks and the old pine trees, that, as we well remembered, were just above the site of the encampment. Still we could see nothing of the village itself. Until ascending a grassy hill we found the circle of lodges, dingy with storms and smoke, standing on the plane at our very feet. I entered the lodge of my host. His squaw instantly brought me food and water and spread a buffalo robe for me to lie upon. And being much fatigued, I lay down and fell asleep. In about an hour the entrance of Congratunga with his arms smeared with blood to the elbows awoke me. He sat down in his usual seat on the left side of the lodge. The squaw gave him a vessel of water for washing, set before him a bowl of boiled meat, and, as he was eating, pulled off his bloody moccasins and placed fresh ones on his feet. Then outstretching his limbs, my host composed himself to sleep. And now the hunters, two or three at a time, began to come rapidly in, and each consigning his horses to the squaws entered his lodge with the air of a man whose day's work was done. The squaws flung down the load from the burdened horses, and vast piles of meat and hides were soon accumulated before every lodge. By this time it was darkening fast, and the whole village was illumined by the glare of fires blazing all around. All the squaws and children were gathered about the piles of meat, exploring them in search of the daintiest portions. Some of these they roasted on sticks before the fires, but often they dispensed with the superfluous operation. Late into the night the fires were still glowing upon the groups of feasters engaged in this savage banquet around them. Several hunters sat down by the fire in Congratonga's lodge to talk over the day's exploits. Among the rest, Menesila came in. Though he must have seen full eighty winters, he had taken an active share in the day's sport. He boasted that he had killed two cows that morning, and would have killed a third if the dust had not blinded him so that he had to drop his bow and arrows and press both hands against his eyes to stop the pain. The firelight fell upon his wrinkled face and shriveled figure as he sat telling his story, with such inimitable gesticulation that every man in the lodge broke into a laugh. Old Menesila was one of the few Indians in the village with whom I would have trusted myself alone without suspicion, and the only one from whom I would have received a gift or a service without the certainty that it proceeded from an interested motive. He was a great friend to the Whites. He liked to be in their society, and was very vain of the favors he had received from them. He told me one afternoon as we were sitting together in his son's lodge that he considered the beaver and the Whites the wisest people on earth. Indeed he was convinced they were the same, and an incident which had happened to him long before had assured him of this. So he began the following story, and as the pipe passed and turned to him, Reynal availed himself of these interruptions to translate what had preceded, but the old man accompanied his words with such admirable pantomime the translation was hardly necessary. He said that when he was very young and had never yet seen a white man, he and three or four of his companions were out on a beaver hunt, and he crawled into a large beaver lodge to examine what was there. Sometimes he was creeping on his hands and knees, sometimes he was obliged to swim, and sometimes to lie flat on his face and drag himself along. In this way he crawled a great distance underground. It was very dark, cold, and close, so that at last he was almost suffocated and fell into a swoon. When he began to recover he could just distinguish the voices of his companions outside who had given him up for lost and were singing his death-song. At first he could see nothing, but soon he discerned something white before him, and at length plainly distinguished three people entirely white, one man and two women, sitting at the edge of a black pool of water. He became alarmed and thought at high time to retreat. Having succeeded after great trouble in reaching daylight again, he went straight to the spot directly above the pool of water where he had seen the three mysterious beings. Here he beat a hole with his war-club in the ground and sat down to watch. In a moment the nose of an old male beaver appeared at the opening. Menacella instantly seized him and dragged him up when two other beavers, both females, thrust out their heads and these he served in the same way. These continued the old man, must have been the three white people whom I saw sitting at the edge of the water. Menacella was the grand depository of the legends and traditions of the village. I succeeded, however, in getting from him only a few fragments. Like all Indians, he was excessively superstitious and continually saw some reason for withholding his stories. It is a bad thing, he would say, to tell tales in summer. Stay with us till next winter, and I will tell you everything I know. But now our war parties are going out and our young men will be killed if I sit down to tell stories before the frost begins. But to leave this digression. We remained and camped on this spot five days, during three of which the hunters were at work incessantly, and immense quantities of meat and hides were brought in. Great alarm, however, prevailed in the village. All were on the alert. The young men were ranging through the country as scouts, and the old men paid careful attention to omens and prodigies and especially to their dreams. In order to convey to the enemy, who if they were in the neighborhood must inevitably have known of our presence, the impression that we were constantly on the watch, piles of sticks and stones were erected on all the surrounding hills, in such a manner as to appear at a distance like sentinels. Often even to this hour that scene will rise before my mind like a visible reality. The tall white rocks, the old pine trees on their summits, the sandy stream that ran along their bases in half and circled the village, and the wild sage bushes with their dull green hue and their medicinal odor that covered all the neighboring declivities. Hour after hour the squaws would pass and repass with their vessels of water between the stream and the lodges.  These together with the dogs, now grown fat and good natured with the abundance in the camp were its only tenets. Still it presented a busy and bustling scene. In all quarters the meat hung on cords of hide was drying in the sun, and around the lodges the squaws, young and old, were laboring on the fresh hides that were stretched upon the ground, scraping the hair from one side and the still adhering flesh from the other and rubbing into them the brains of the buffalo in order to render them soft and pliant. In mercy to myself and my horse I never went out with the hunters after the first day. Of late, however, I had been gaining strength rapidly, as was always the case upon every respite of my disorder. I was soon able to walk with ease. Raymond and I would go out upon the neighboring prairies to shoot antelope, or sometimes to a sail-straggling buffalo on foot, an attempt in which we met with rather indifferent success.  In the secret of which I was as yet very imperfectly initiated. As I came out of Congratonga's lodge one morning, Reynal called to me from the opposite side of the village and asked me over to breakfast. The breakfast was a substantial one.  It was roasting before the fire, impaled upon a stout stick, which Reynal took up and planted in the ground before his lodge, when he, with Raymond and myself taking our seats around it, unsheathed our knives and assailed it with good will. In spite of all medical experience, this solid fare without bread or salt seemed to agree with me admirably. We shall have strangers here before night, said Reynal. How do you know that, I asked. I dreamed so. I am as good at dreaming as an Indian. There is the hail storm. He dreamed the same thing, and he and his crony the rabbit have gone out on discovery. I laughed at Reynal for his credulity, went over to my host's lodge, took down my rifle, walked out a mile or two on the prairie, saw an old bull standing alone, crawled up a ravine, shot him, and saw him escape. Then quite exhausted and rather inhumored, I walked back to the village. By a strange coincidence Reynal's prediction had been verified, for the first persons whom I saw were the two trappers, Roulot and Sarefin, coming to meet me. These men, as the reader may possibly recollect, had left our party about a fortnight before. They had been trapping for a while among the black hills, and were now on their way to the rocky mountains, intending in a day or two to set out for the neighboring medicine-bow. They were not the most elegant or refined of companions, yet they made a very welcome addition to the limited society of the village. For the rest of that day we lay smoking and talking in Reynal's lodge. This indeed was no better than a little hut made of hides stretched on poles, and entirely open in front. It was well carpeted with soft buffalo robes, and here we remain sheltered from the sun, surrounded by various domestic utensils of Madame Margot's household. All was quiet in the village. Though the hunters had not gone out that day they lay sleeping in their lodges, and most of the women were silently engaged in their heavy tasks. A few young men were playing a lazy game of ball in the center of the village, and when they became tired some girls supplied their place with a more boisterous sport. At a little distance among the lodges some children and half grown squaws were playfully tossing up one of their number in a buffalo robe, an exact counterpart of the ancient past time from which Sancho Pansa suffered so much. Further out on the prairie a host of little-naked boys were roaming about engaged in various rough games, or pursuing birds and ground squirrels with their bows and arrows, and woe to the unhappy little animals that fell into their merciless torture-loving hands. A squaw from the next lodge, a notable active housewife named Wea Washday, or the Good Woman, brought us a large bowl of wasna, and went into an ecstasy of delight when I presented her with a green-glass ring such as I usually wore with a view to similar occasions. The sun went down and half the sky was growing fiery red, reflected on the little stream as it wound away among the sage-bushes. Some young men left the village and soon returned, driving in before them all the horses, hundreds in number, and of every size, age, and color. The hunters came out, and each securing those that belonged to him examined their condition, and tied them fast by long cords to stakes driven in front of his lodge. It was half an hour before the bustle subsided and tranquility was restored again. By this time it was nearly dark. Kettles were hung over the blazing fires around which the squaws were gathered with their children, laughing and talking merrily. A circle of a different kind was formed in the center of the village. This was composed of the old men and warriors of repute who with their white buffalo robes drawn close around their shoulders sat together, and as the pipe passed from hand to hand their conversation had not a particle of the gravity and reserve usually ascribed to Indians. I sat down with them as usual. I had in my hand half a dozen squibs and serpents which I had made one day when encamped upon Laramie Creek out of gunpowder and charcoal, and the leaves of Fremont's expedition rolled round a stout-led pencil. I waited till I contrived to get hold of the large piece of burning bois de vache which the Indians kept by them on the ground for lighting their pipes. With this I lighted all the fireworks at once and tossed them whizzing and sputtering into the air over the heads of the company. They all jumped up and ran off with the helps of astonishment and consternation. After a moment or two they ventured to come back one by one, and some of the boulders to picking up the cases of burnt paper that were scattered about examined them with eager curiosity to discover their mysterious secret. From that time forward I enjoyed great repute as a fire medicine. The camp was filled with low hum of cheerful voices.  Just a year before a young man belonging to this family had gone out with a war party and had been slain by the enemy, and his relatives were thus lamenting his loss. Still other sounds might be heard, loud earnest cries often repeated from amid the gloom at a distance beyond the village. They proceeded from some young men who, being about to set out in a few days on a warlike expedition, were standing at the top of a hill calling on the great spirit to aid them in their enterprise. While I was listening, Roulot, with a laugh on his careless face, called to me and directed my attention to another quarter. In front of the lodge where Wei Awashde lived, another squaw was standing, angrily scolding an old yellow dog, who lay on the ground with his nose resting between his paws, and his eyes turned sleepily up to her face, as if he were pretending to give respectful attention, but resolved to fall asleep as soon as it was all over.  I have fed you well and taken care of you ever since you were small and blind, and could only crawl about and squeal a little, instead of howling as you do now. When you grew old, I said you were a good dog. You were strong and gentle when the load was put on your back, and you never ran among the feet of the horses when we were all traveling together over the prairie. But you had a bad heart. Whenever a rabbit jumped out of the bushes, you were always the first to run after him and lead away all the other dogs behind you. You ought to have known that it was very dangerous to act so. When you had got far out on the prairie and no one was near to help you, perhaps a wolf would jump out of the ravine, and then what could you do? You would certainly have been killed, for no dog can fight well with a load on his back.  Look up there, and you will see that it is all flapping open.    This speech is worthy of notice as illustrating a curious characteristic of the Indians, the ascribing intelligence and a power of understanding speech to the inferior animals, to whom indeed, according to many of their traditions, they are linked in close affinity, and they even claim the honor of a lineal descent from bears, wolves, deer, or tortoises. As it grew late and the crowded population began to disappear, I too walked across the village to the lodge of my host, Congratanga. As I entered I saw him by the flickering blaze of the fire in the center, reclining half asleep in his usual place. His couch was by no means an uncomfortable one. It consisted of soft buffalo robes laid together on the ground, and a pillow made of whiteened deerskin stuffed with feathers and ornamented with beads. At his back was a light framework of poles and slender reeds, against which he could lean with ease when in a sitting posture, and at the top of it, just above his head, his bow and quiver were hanging. His squaw, a laughing, broad-faced woman, apparently had not yet completed her domestic arrangements, for she was bustling about the lodge, pulling over the utensils and the bales of dried meats that were ranged carefully round it. Unhappily she and her partner were not the only tenants of the dwelling, for half a dozen children were scattered about, sleeping in every imaginable posture. My saddle was in its place at the head of the lodge, and a buffalo robe was spread on the ground before it. Wrapping myself in my blanket I lay down, but had I not been extremely fatigued, the noise in the next lodge would have prevented my sleeping. There was the monotonous thumping of the Indian drum, mixed with occasional sharp yells and a chorus chanted by twenty voices. A grand scene of gambling was going forward with all the appropriate formalities. The players were staking on the chance issue of the game, their ornaments, their horses, and as the excitement rose their garments, and even their weapons, for desperate gambling, is not confined to the hells of Paris. The men of the plains and the forests no less resort to it as a violent but grateful relief to the tedious monotony of their lives, which alternate between fierce excitement and listless inaction. I fell asleep with the dull notes of the drum still sounding on my ear, but these furious orgies lasted without intermission till daylight. I was soon awakened by one of the children crawling over me, while another larger one was tugging at my blanket and nestling himself in a very disagreeable proximity. I immediately repelled these advances by punching the heads of these miniature savages with a short stick which I always kept by me for the purpose, and as sleeping half the day and eating much more than is good for them makes them extremely restless, this operation usually had to be repeated four or five times in the course of the night. My host himself was the author of another most formidable annoyance. All these Indians and he among the rest think themselves bound to the constant performance of certain acts as a condition on which their success in life depends, whether in war, love, hunting, or any other employment. These medicines, as they are called in that country, which are usually communicated in dreams, are often absurd enough. Some Indians will strike the butt of the pipe against the ground every time they smoke. Others will insist that everything they say shall be interpreted by contraries, and Shaw once met an old man who conceived that all would be lost unless he compelled every white man he met to drink a bowl of cold water. My host was particularly unfortunate in his allotment. The Great Spirit had told him in a dream that he must sing a certain song in the middle of every night, and regularly at about twelve o'clock his dismal monotonous chanting would awaken me, and I would see him seated bolt upright on his couch, going through his dolerous performances with a most business-like air. There were other voices of the night still more inharmonious. Twice or thrice between sunset and dawn, all the dogs in the village, and there were hundreds of them, would bay and yelp and chorus, a most horrible clamor resembling no sound that I have ever heard, except perhaps the frightful howling of wolves that we used sometimes to hear long afterward when descending the Arkansas on the trail of General Carney's army. The canine uproar is, if possible, more discordant than that of the wolves. Heard at a distance, slowly rising on the night, it has a strange unearthly effect, and would fearfully haunt the dreams of a nervous man. But when you were sleeping in the midst of it, the man is outrageous. One long howl from the next lodge perhaps begins it, and voice after voice takes up the sound till it passes around the whole circumference of the village, and the air is filled with confused and discordant cries at once fierce and mournful. It lasts but for a moment, and then dies away into silence. Morning came, and Kongratanga, mounting his horse, rode out with the hunters. It may not be a miss to glance at him for an instant in his domestic character of husband and father. Both he and his squaw, like most other Indians, were very fond of their children, whom they indulged to excess and never punished, except in extreme cases, when they would throw a bowl of cold water over them. Their offspring became sufficiently undutiful and disobedient under this system of education, which tends not a little to foster that wild idea of liberty and utter intolerance of restraint which lie at the very foundation of the Indian character. It would be hard to find a fonder father than Kongratanga. There was one urchin in particular, rather less than two feet high, to whom he was exceedingly attached, and sometimes spreading a buffalo robe in the lodge he would seat himself upon it, place his small favorite upright before him, and chant in a low tone some of the words used as an accompaniment to the war dance. The little fellow, who could just manage to balance himself by stretching out both arms, would lift his feet and turn slowly round and round in time to his father's music, while my host would laugh with delight and look smiling up into my face to see if I were admiring this precocious performance of his offspring. In his capacity of husband he was somewhat less exemplary. The squaw who lived in the lodge with him had been his partner for many years.  He liked her well enough, and as far as I could see they never quarreled, but all his warmer affections were reserved for younger and more recent favorites. Of these he had at present only one who lived in a lodge apart from his own. One day while in his camp he became displeased with her, pushed her out, threw after her her ornaments, dresses, and everything she had, and told her to go home to her father. Having consummated this summery divorce, for which he could show good reasons, he came back, seated himself in his usual place, and began to smoke with an air of utmost tranquility and self-satisfaction. I was sitting in the lodge with him on that very afternoon when I felt some curiosity to learn the history of the numerous scars that appeared on his naked body. Of some of them, however, I did not venture to inquire, for I already understood their origin. Each of his arms was marked as if deeply gashed with a knife at regular intervals, and there were other scars also of a different character on his back and on either breast. They were the traces of those formidable tortures which these Indians, in common with a few other tribes, inflict upon themselves at certain seasons. In part it may be to gain the glory of courage and strength, but chiefly as an act of self-sacrifice to secure the favor of the Great Spirit. The scars upon the breast and back were produced by running through the flesh strong splints of wood, to which ponderous buffalo skulls are fastened by cords of hide, and the wretch runs forward with all his strength, assisted by two companions who take hold of each arm until the flesh tears apart and the heavy loads are left behind. Warriors of Kongratanga's scars were the result of accidents, but he had many which he received in war. He was one of the most noted warriors in the village. In the course of his life he had slain, as he boasted to me, fourteen men, and though like other Indians he was a great braggart and utterly regardless of truth, yet in this statement common report bore him out. Being much flattered by my inquiries he told me tail after tail, true or false, of his warlike exploits, and there was one among the rest illustrating the worst features of the Indian character too well for me to omit. Pointing out of the opening of the lodge toward the Medicine Bow Mountain not many miles distant, he said that he was there a few summers ago with a war party of his young men. Here they found two snake Indians hunting. They shot one of them with arrows and chased the other up the side of the mountain till they surrounded him on level place, and Kongratanga himself jumping forward among the trees seized him by the arm. Two of his young men then ran up and held him fast while he scalped him alive. Then they built a great fire and cutting the tendons of their captives' wrists and feet threw him in and held him down with long poles until he was burnt to death. He garnished his story with a great many descriptive particulars much too revolting to mention. His features were remarkably mild and open, without the fierceness of expression common among these Indians, and as he detailed these devilish cruelties, he looked up into my face with the same air of earnest simplicity which a little child would wear in relating to its mother some anecdote of its youthful experience. Old Menacella's Lodge could offer another illustration of the ferocity of Indian warfare. A bright-eyed, active little boy was living there. He had belonged to a village of the Grovantra Blackfeet, a small but bloody and treacherous band in close alliance with the Arapahos. About a year before, Kongratanga and a party of warriors had found about 20 lodges of these Indians upon the plains, a little to the eastward of our present camp, and surrounding them in the night, they butchered men, women, and children without mercy, preserving only this little boy alive. He was adopted into the Old Man's family, and was now a fast-becoming identified with the Ogallala children, among whom he mingled unequal terms. There was also a crow-warrior in the village, a man of gigantic stature and most symmetrical proportions. Having been taken prisoner many years before, and adopted by a squaw in place of a son whom she had lost, he had forgotten his old national antipathies, and was now both in act and inclination, an Ogallala. It will be remembered that the scheme of the grand warlike combination against the snake and crow Indians originated in this village, and though this plan had fallen to the ground, the embers of the martial ardor continued to glow brightly. Eleven young men had prepared themselves to go out against the enemy. The fourth day of our stay in this camp was fixed upon for their departure. At the head of this party was a well-built, active little Indian, called the White Shield, whom I had always noticed for the great neatness of his dress and appearance. His lodge, too, though not a large one, was the best in the village. His squaw was one of the prettiest girls, and altogether his dwelling presented a complete model of an Ogallala domestic establishment. I was often a visitor there, for the White Shield being rather partial to white men used to invite me to continual feasts at all hours of the day. Once when the substantial part of the entertainment was concluded, and he and I were seated cross-legged on a buffalo robe, smoking together very amicably, he took down his warlike equipments which were hanging around the lodge and displayed them with great pride and self-importance. Among the rest was a most superb headdress of feathers. Taking this from its case, he put it on and stood before me, as if conscious of the gallant air which it gave to his dark face and his vigorous, graceful figure. He told me that upon it were the feathers of three war eagles equal in value to the same number of good horses. He took up also a shield gaily painted and hung with feathers. The effect of these barbaric ornaments was admirable, for they were arranged with no little skill and taste. His quiver was made of the spotted skin of a small panther, such as are common among the black hills, from which the tail and distended claws were still allowed to hang. The White Shield concluded his entertainment in a manner characteristic of an Indian. He begged of me a little powder and ball, for he had a gun as well as bow and arrows, but this I was obliged to refuse because I had scarcely enough for my own use. Making him, however, a parting present of a paper of vermilion, I left him apparently quite contented. Unhappily on the next morning the White Shield took cold and was attacked with a violent inflammation of the throat. Immediately he seemed to lose all spirit, and though before no warrior in the village had borne himself more proudly, he now moped about from lodge to lodge with a forlorn and dejected air. At length he came and sat down, close-wrapped in his robe before the lodge of Reynal, but when he found that neither he nor I knew how to relieve him, he arose and stalked over to one of the medicine-men of the village. This old impostor thumped him for some time with both fists, howled and yelped over him, and beat a drum close to his ear to expel the evil spirit that had taken possession of him. This vigorous treatment failing of the desired effect, the White Shield withdrew to his own lodge where he lay disconsolate for some hours. Making his appearance once more in the afternoon, he again took his seat on the ground before Reynal's lodge, holding his throat with his hand. For some time he sat perfectly silent with his eyes fixed mournfully on the ground. At last he began to speak in a low voice. I am a brave man, he said. All the young men think me a great warrior, and ten of them are ready to go with me to the war. I will go and show them the enemy. Last summer the snakes killed my brother. I cannot live unless I revenge his death. Tomorrow we will set out, and I will take their scalps. The White Shield, as he expressed this resolution, seemed to have lost all the accustomed fire and spirit of his look, and hung his head, as if in a fit of despondency. As I was sitting that evening at one of the fires, I saw him arrayed in his splendid wardress, his cheeks painted with the vermilion, leading his favorite war-horse to the front of his lodge. He mounted and rode round the village, singing his war-song in a loud horse-voice amid the shrill acclamations of the women. When dismounting, he remained for some minutes prostrate upon the ground as if in an act of supplication. On the following morning I looked in vain for the departure of the warriors. All was quiet in the village until late in the afternoon, when the White Shield, issuing from his lodge, came and seated himself in his old place before us. Reynal asked him why he had not gone out to find the enemy. I cannot go, answered the White Shield in a dejected voice. I have given my war-arrows to the Menaiasca. You have only given him two of your arrows, said Reynal. If you ask him, he will give them back again. For some time the White Shield said nothing. At last he spoke in a gloomy tone. One of my young men has had bad dreams. The spirits of the dead came and threw stones at him in his sleep. If such a dream had actually taken place, it might have broken up this or any other war-party, but both Reynal and I were convinced at the time that it was a mere fabrication to excuse his remaining at home. The White Shield was a warrior of noted prowess. Very probably he would have received a mortal wound without a show of pain and endured without flinching the worst tortures that an enemy could inflict upon him. The whole power of an Indian's nature would be summoned to encounter such a trial. The influence of his education from childhood would have prepared him for it. The cause of his suffering would have been visibly and palpably before him, and his spirit would rise to set his enemy at defiance and gain the highest glory of a warrior by meeting death with fortitude. But when he feels himself attacked by a mysterious evil, before whose insidious assaults his manhood is wasted and his strength drained away, when he can see no enemy to resist and defy, the boldest warrior falls prostrate at once. He believes that a bad spirit has taken possession of him, or that he is the victim of some charm. When suffering from a protracted disorder, an Indian will often abandon himself to his supposed destiny, pine away and die, the victim of his own imagination. The same effect will often follow from a series of calamities or a long run of ill success, and the sufferer has been known to ride into the midst of an enemy's camp or attack a grisly bear single-handed to get rid of a life which he is supposed to lie under the doom of misfortune. Thus, after all his fasting, dreaming, and calling upon the great spirit, the White Shield's war-party was pitifully broken up. CHAPTER 16 OF THE ORAGON TRAIL CHAPTER 16 THE TRAPPERS In speaking of the Indians, I have almost forgotten two bold adventurers of another race, the trappers Rulo and Saraphim. These men were bent on a most hazardous enterprise. A day's journey to the westward was the country over which the Arapahos are accustomed to range, and for which the two trappers were on the point of setting out. These Arapahos, of whom Shaw and I afterward fell in with a large village, are ferocious barbarians of a most brutal and wolfish aspect, and of late they had declared themselves enemies to the Whites and threatened death to the first who should venture within their territory. The occasion of the declaration was as follows. On the previous spring, 1845, Colonel Carney left Fort Leavenworth with several companies of dragoons, and, marching with extraordinary celerity, reached Fort Laramie, whence he passed along the foot of the mountains to Bent's Fort, and then turning eastward again, returned to the point from whence he set out. While at Fort Laramie he sent a part of his command as far westward as Sweetwater, while he himself remained at the fort, and dispatched messages to the surrounding Indians to meet him there in council. Then for the first time the tribes of that vicinity saw the White Warriors, and as might have been expected, they were lost in astonishment at their regular order, their gay attire, the completeness of their martial equipment, and the great size and power of their horses. Among the rest the Arapahos came in considerable numbers to the fort. They had lately committed numerous acts of outrage, and Colonel Carney threatened that if they killed any more White men, he would turn loose his dragoons upon them and annihilate their whole nation. In the evening, to add effect to his speech, he ordered a howitzer to be fired, and a rocket to be thrown up. Many of the Arapahos fell prostrate on the ground, while others ran screaming with amazement and terror. On the following day they withdrew to their mountains, confounded with awe at the appearance of the dragoons, at their big gun which went off twice at one shot, and the fiery messenger which they had sent up to the Great Spirit. For many months they remained quiet, and did no further mischief. At length, just before we came into the country, one of them, by an act of the basest treachery, killed two White men, Boote and May, who were trapping among the mountains. For this act it was impossible to discover a motive. It seemed to spring from one of those inexplicable impulses which often actuate Indians, and appear no better than the mere outbreaks of native ferocity. No sooner was the murder committed than the whole tribe were an extreme consternation. They expected every day that the avenging dragoons would arrive, little thinking that a desert of nine hundred miles in extent lay between the latter and their mountain fastnesses. A large deputation of them came to Fort Laramie, bringing a valuable present of horses in compensation for the lives of the murdered men. These Bordeaux refused to accept. They then asked him if he would be satisfied with their delivering up the murderer himself, but he declined this offer also. The Arapahos went back more terrified than ever. Weeks passed away, and still no dragoons appeared. A result followed which all those best acquainted with Indians had predicted. They conceived that fear had prevented Bordeaux from accepting their gifts, and that they had nothing to apprehend from the vengeance of the whites. From terror they rose to the height of insolence and presumption.  Had a military officer entrusted with suitable powers been stationed at Fort Laramie, and having accepted the offer of the Arapahos to deliver up the murderer, had ordered him to be immediately let out and shot in the presence of his tribe, they would have been awed into tranquility and much danger and calamity averted. But now the neighborhood of the Medicine Bow Mountain and the region beyond it was a scene of extreme peril. Old Menacella, a true friend of the whites and many other of the Indians gathered about the two trappers and vainly endeavored to turn them from their purpose. But Roulot and Sarefin only laughed at the danger. On the morning proceeding that on which they were to leave the camp, we could all discern faint white columns of smoke rising against the dark base of the Medicine Bow. Scouts were out immediately and reported that these proceeded from an Arapaho camp abandoned only a few hours before. Still the two trappers continued their preparations for departure. Sarefin was a tall, powerful fellow with a sullen and sinister countenance. His rifle had very probably drawn other blood than that of buffalo or even Indians. Roulot had a broad, ruddy face marked with as few traces of thought or care as a child's. His figure was remarkably square and strong, but the first joints of both his feet were frozen off, and his horse had lately thrown and trampled upon him, by which he had been severely injured in the chest. But nothing could check his inveterate propensity for laughter and gaiety. He went all day, rolling about the camp on his stumps of feet, talking and singing and frolicking with the Indian women as they were engaged at their work. In fact Roulot had an unlucky partiality for squaws. He always had one whom he must needs bedisen with beads, ribbons, and all the finery of an Indian wardrobe. And though he was, of course, obliged to leave her behind him during his expeditions, yet this hazardous necessity did not at all trouble him, for his disposition was the very reverse of jealous. If at any time he had not lavished the whole of the precarious prophets of his vocation upon his dark favorite, he always devoted the rest to feasting his comrades. If liquor was not to be had, and this was usually the case, strong coffee was substituted. As the men of that region are by no means remarkable for providence or self-restraint, whatever was set before them on these occasions, however extravagant in price or enormous in quantity, was sure to be disposed of at one sitting. Like other trappers, Roulot's life was one of contrast and variety. It was only at certain seasons and for a limited time that he was absent on his expeditions. For the rest of the year he would be lounging about the fort or encamped with his friends in his vicinity, lazily hunting or enjoying all the luxury of inaction. But when once in pursuit of beaver he was involved in extreme privations and desperate perils. When in the midst of his game and his enemies, hand and foot, eye and ear, are incessantly active, frequently he must content himself with devouring his evening meal uncooked, lest the light of his fire should attract the eyes of some wandering Indian. And sometimes, having made his rude repast, he must leave his fire still blazing and withdraw to a distance under cover of the darkness that his disappointed enemy drawn thither by the light may find his victim gone and be unable to trace his footsteps in the gloom. This is the life led by scores of men in the Rocky Mountains in their vicinity. I once met a trapper whose breast was marked with the scars of six bullets and arrows, one of his arms broken by a shot and one of his knees shattered, yet still with the undaunted metal of New England from which part of the country he had come, he continued to follow his perilous occupation. To some of the children of cities it may seem strange that men with no object in view should continue to follow a life of such hardship and desperate adventure, yet there is a mysterious, restless charm in the basilisk eye of danger, and few men perhaps remain long in that wild region without learning to love peril for its own sake and to laugh carelessly in the face of death. On the last day of our stay in this camp the trappers were ready for departure. When in the Black Hills they had caught seven beaver, and they now left their skins in charge of reynail to be kept until their return. Their strong gaunt horses were equipped with rusty Spanish bits and rude Mexican saddles to which wooden stirrups were attached, while a buffalo robe was rolled up behind them and a bundle of beaver traps slung at the pommel.  They shook hands with us and rode away. Even with his grim countenance, like a surly bulldog's was in advance, but Roulot, clambering gaily into his seat, kicked his horse's sides, flourished his whip in the air, and trotted briskly over the prairie, trolling forth the Canadian song at the top of his lungs. Reynail looked after them with his face of bootle selfishness. Well, he said, if they are killed I shall have the beaver. They'll fetch me fifty dollars at the fort anyhow. This was the last I saw of them. We had been for five days in the hunting camp, and the meat which all this time had hung drying in the sun was now fit for transportation. Buffalo hides had also been procured in sufficient quantities for making the next season's lodges, but it remained to provide the long slender poles on which they were to be supported. These were only to be had among the tall pine woods of the Black Hills, and in that direction, therefore, our next move was to be made. It is worthy of notice that amid the general abundance which during this time had prevailed in the camp there were no instances of individual privation, for although the hide and the tongue of the buffalo belonged by exclusive right to the hunter who has killed it, yet anyone else is equally entitled to help himself from the rest of the carcass. Thus the weak, the aged, and even the indolent come in for a share of the spoils, and many a helpless old woman who would otherwise perish from starvation is sustained in profuse abundance. On the twenty-fifth of July, late in the afternoon, the camp broke up with the usual tumult and confusion, and we were all moving once more, on horseback and on foot, over the plains. We advanced, however, but a few miles. The old men, who during the whole march had been stoutly striding along on foot in front of the people, now seated themselves in a circle on the ground, while all the families, erecting their lodges in the prescribed order around them, formed the usual great circle of the camp. Meanwhile these village patriarchs sat smoking and talking. I threw my bridle to Raymond and sat down as usual along with them. There was none of that reserve and apparent dignity which an Indian always assumes when in council or in the presence of white men whom he distrusts. The party on the contrary was an extremely merry one, and as in a social circle of a quite different character. If there was not much wet there was at least a great deal of laughter. When the first pipe was smoked out I rose and withdrew to the lodge of my host. Here I was stooping in the act of taking off my powder-horn and bullet-pouch, when suddenly and close at hand, peeling loud and shrill and in right good earnest came the terrific yell of the war-woop. Congratangas' squaw snatched up her youngest child and ran out of the lodge. I followed and found the whole village in confusion resounding with cries and yells. The circle of old men in the center had vanished. The warriors with glittering eyes came darting, their weapons in their hands, out of the low opening of the lodges, and running with wild yells toward the farther end of the village. Advancing a few rods in that direction I saw a crowd in furious agitation while others ran up on every side to add to the confusion. Just then I distinguished the voices of Raymond and Raynal, shouting to me from a distance, and looking back I saw the ladder with his rifle in his hand standing on the farther bank of a little stream that ran along the outskirts of the camp. He was calling to Raymond and myself to come over and join him, and Raymond, with his usual deliberate gait and stolid countenance, was already moving in that direction. This was clearly the wisest course, unless we wished to involve ourselves in the fray, so I turned to go.  At that instant he tripped and fell sprawling on his face, while his weapons flew scattering away in every direction. The women, with loud screams, were hurrying with their children in their arms to place them out of danger, and I observed some hastening to prevent mischief by carrying away all the weapons they could lay hands on. On a rising ground close to the camp stood a line of old women singing a medicine song to allay the tumble. As I approached the side of the brook I heard gunshots behind me, and turning back I saw that the crowd had separated into two lines of naked warriors confronting each other at a respectful distance and yelling and jumping about to dodge the shot of their adversaries while they discharged bullets and arrows against each other. At the same time certain sharp humming sounds in the air over my head, like the flight of beetles on a summer evening, warned me that the danger was not wholly confined to the immediate scene of the fray. So waiting through the brook I joined Raynall and Raymond, and we sat down on the grass in the posture of an armed neutrality to watch the result. Happily it may be for ourselves, though quite contrary to our expectation, the disturbance was quelled almost as soon as it had commenced. When I looked again the combatants were once more mingled together in a mass. Though yells sounded occasionally from the throng, the firing had entirely ceased, and I observed five or six persons moving busily about as if acting the part of peacemakers. One of the village heralds or criers proclaimed in a loud voice something which my two companions were too much engrossed in their own observations to translate for me. The crowd began to disperse, though many a deep-set black eye still glittered with an unnatural luster as the warriors slowly withdrew to their lodges. This fortunate suppression of the disturbance was owing to a few of the old men, less pugnacious than Menacella, who boldly ran in between the combatants and aided by some of the soldiers or Indian police, succeeded in affecting their object. It seemed very strange to me that although many arrows and bullets were discharged, no one was mortally hurt, and I could only account for this by the fact that both the marksmen and the object of his aim were leaping about incessantly during the whole time. By far the greater part of the villagers had joined in the fray, for although there were not more than a dozen guns in the whole camp, I heard at least eight or ten shots fired. In a quarter of an hour all was comparatively quiet. A large circle of warriors were again seated in the center of the village, but this time I did not venture to join them because I could see that the pipe, contrary to the usual order, was passing from the left hand to the right around the circle, a sure sign that a medicine smoke of reconciliation was going forward and that a white man would be an unwelcome intruder. When I again entered the still agitated camp it was nearly dark, and mournful cries, howls, and wailings resounded from many female voices. Whether these had any connection with the late disturbance or were merely lamentations for relative slain in some former war expeditions, I could not distinctly ascertain. To inquire too closely into the cause of the quarrel was by no means prudent, and it was not until some time after that I discovered what had given rise to it. Among the Dakota there are many associations, or fraternities, connected with the purposes of their superstitions, their warfare or their social life. There was one called the Arrowbreakers, now in a great measure disbanded and dispersed. In the village there were, however, four men belonging to it, distinguished by the peculiar arrangement of their hair, which rose in a high, bristling mass above their foreheads, adding greatly to their apparent height and giving them a most ferocious appearance. The principal among them was the Mad Wolf, a warrior of remarkable size and strength, great courage, and the fierceness of a demon. I had always looked upon him as the most dangerous man in the village, and though he often invited me to feast, I never entered his lodge unarmed. The Mad Wolf had taken a fancy to a fine horse belonging to another Indian who was called the Tall Bear, and anxious to get the animal into his possession, he made the owner a present of another horse, nearly equal in value. According to the customs of the Dakota, the acceptance of this gift involved a sort of obligation to make an equitable return, and the Tall Bear well understood that the other had in view the obtaining of his favorite Buffalo Horse. He, however, accepted the present without a word of thanks, and having picketed the horse before his lodge, he suffered day after day to pass without making the expected return. The Mad Wolf grew impatient and angry, and at last, seeing that his bounty was not likely to produce the desired return, he resolved to reclaim it. So this evening, as soon as the village was in camp, he went to the lodge of the Tall Bear, seized upon the horse that he had given him, and led him away. At this the Tall Bear broke into one of those fits of sullen rage not uncommon among the Indians. He ran up to the unfortunate horse, and gave him three mortal stabs with his knife. Quick as lightning, the Mad Wolf drew his bow to its utmost tension, and held the arrow quivering close to the breast of his adversary.  Some of his friends and relatives, seeing his danger, ran hastily to his assistance. The remaining three arrow-breakers, on the other hand, came to the aid of their associate. Many of their friends joined them. The war cry was raised on a sudden, and the tumult became general. The soldiers, who lent their timely aid in putting it down, are by far the most important executive functionaries in an Indian village. The office is one of considerable honor, being confided only to men of courage and repute. They derive their authority from the old men and chief warriors of the village, who elect them in councils occasionally convened for the purpose, and thus can exercise a degree of authority which no one else in the village would dare to assume. While very few Ogallala chiefs could venture without instant jeopardy of their lives to strike or lay hands upon the meanest of their people, the soldiers, in the discharge of their appropriate functions, have full license to make use of these and similar acts of coercion. End of chapter 16