Hi everyone, my name is Nora Aho and I come from the University of Jyväskylä located in Central Finland. And today I want to talk to you about something called constant pH molecular dynamics, that I am currently as part of my PhD implementing into the Gromax software. So I am working in the research group of Gerrit Grönhoff together with Pavelupus Live and we are closely collaborating with the Gromax developing team in Stockholm. So in KTH Stockholm we are working together with Berkes, Paul Bauer and also Anton Janssen to get this implementation done. My research funding comes from the Academy of Finland and also I am using the computational resources by the CSC computing center in Finland. First of all, why do we need constant pH molecular dynamics? So I want to introduce you briefly a background of why is this important. So maybe you know that pH is one of the parameters, one of the main parameters that affects the dynamics in biological systems. So when pH of the environment of the solution changes, this leads to changes in the protonation states of certain titratable groups and also that then changes the charges of these groups. Change in protonation, for example in proteins can be directly coupled to structural changes. So when the charges change, all the interactions change and even the whole structure of a protein can change. Still, pH is not something that one can easily take into account in molecular dynamic simulations. Unlike pressure and temperature, pH is not a parameter that one normally fixes to be constant. And this is where constant pH MD comes into hand. So it is one of the methods that then would enable us to take pH into account when running molecular dynamic simulations. In my talk, I want to briefly introduce you to the method that we are using that allows one to run constant pH molecular dynamics. And also I want to give you a kind of user point of view on what would you then need to take into account if you after this talk or in the future feel like pH is something that could be important for your specific system. Okay, so the way we have been implementing constant pH molecular dynamics into gromax is with a so-called lambda dynamics approach. This approach was first introduced by Charles Brooks already 25 years ago. And the idea is that if one has a titratable group here, the picture is from glutamic acid, then one can assign a coordinate called lambda to describe the protonation state of this group. So here, for example, we set lambda zero to describe the system that is protonated, the hydrogen is there. And as lambda then goes to one, the charges would be deprotonated and the group would be deprotonated. So the idea of lambda dynamics is to connect two different thermodynamic states via a lambda coordinate. And here, unlike, for example, in free energy calculations, this lambda is not fixed, so it will not have fixed values in this interval, but instead it is a continuous variable that we also assign a mass. So it can freely move between these two states depending on the interactions with the environment. One thing to note here is that this hydrogen at lambda is one when the group is deprotonated in our implementation, it's really not getting off. So the hydrogen atom will physically still be here, but only the charges of the hydrogen will be zero here. And the other charges will be the deprotonated charges. So we are not really breaking this bond, but just the charge interactions are gone. Okay, so then what these lambda dynamics and the constant pH adds to the normal standard MD is that each simulation step, we also need to update the values of these lambda coordinates. And that then changes the charges of tight-radable groups. The way we start thinking of how we add the new lambda degrees of freedom to the total Hamiltonian of the system is that we add a few terms to the total Hamiltonian. So instead of only taking into account the Cartesian coordinates, now we also write the Hamiltonian as a function of lambda, because when lambda changes, the charges of the system change and this changes the interactions. So for constant pH Hamiltonian looks something like this. There is the kinetic energies of both the new lambda particles and the Cartesian coordinates. Then we add a few terms that only depend on lambda. These are just specific for constant pH MD. There is mainly, the most important is the effect of pH. It is a linear term that depends on the reference pKa of your group. So when pH is set to a value, it can then tilt the energy landscape and start favoring one of these protonation states. We also need to add a free energy of the protonation term just because we need to describe the force field term of breaking this bond. Then we add a third term, which is called the biasing potential, which just allows us to sample from the interval lambda 0 to 1. So we add high walls to prevent sampling other values of lambda. These are all quite easy to handle, but the most, let's say, challenging part is the potential energy of the system, because this now also depends on the lambda values. So let's look a bit more into details of that. The potential energy of your system consists, as in normal MD, of bonded interactions and non-bonded interactions. So there is then van der Waals and Coulombic interactions. In our implementation of constant pH, we only take into account that when lambda changes, the charges change. So we do not consider bonded interactions or van der Waals interactions and we are not considering that the atom types in your simulation system are changing. This is also an approach that was used before and is used by other groups. So we only consider the Coulombic interactions for the charges that are also changing. And the Coulombic interactions for the atoms that can change the charge for the atoms that are part of a titradable group is described by interpolating between the two states. So let's look a bit more details into that. So we describe the Coulombic interactions by interpolating between protonated and deprotonated states for the groups that can be titradable. And the Coulombic interactions, the Coulombic potential looks something like this. So if one has one lambda group, so you consider that in your normal simulation system you add one group that can be titradable. Then you will have some different terms in the Coulombic potential. So there is a term that looks like the standard Coulombic interactions where you have all the atoms that have fixed charges. Then you add two terms out of which the first one considers Coulombic interactions between the fixed charges charged atoms and then atoms that have that are titradable. So all the atoms that are titradable in the Coulombic interactions will then have a charge that is described by a linear interpolation between Qa and Qb. The charge is for protonated and deprotonated group. And then the term which describes Coulombic interactions between the atoms that are both part of a titradable group will look something like this. So we'll have two of these interpolated charges. And what we then need to calculate for each step of the simulation, we of course want to calculate the force acting on the lambda particles because that is how we can also update the lambdas. So in addition to calculating the force acting on the atoms, we also calculate the forces acting on these lambda particles. And this can be calculated by using the electrostatic potential and the charges of each atom. So when we are running constant pH with our implementation, we do not need to add any other calculations on top of the standard force calculations. We only need to extract with the forces the electrostatic potential when we are calculating these Coulombic interactions, for example with PME. And this is something that is really important because in the previous implementations, so there exists an implementation of constant pH MD for chromax from maybe 10 to 5, 5 to 10 years ago. But there the problem was that these interpolation terms were done in a slightly different way, which led to multiple force calculations if you added more and more lambda groups. But now when we are using the electrostatic potential, the only thing that changes is that we need to extract this. So we still only need one force calculation as in standard molecular dynamics. And that I am showing here in this graph, because one of the main things of our new implementation of constant pH is that it can in principle be as fast as standard molecular dynamics. So previously, in the old implementations for gromax, the issue was that the more titratable groups one adds, the less the smaller the so the simulation speed was decreasing. But now as you can see, even if you add here 16 or 100 titratable sites, the speed of your simulation does not go down. And this of course allows us to sample bigger and bigger systems. And we are really happy that there is this new way of interpolating and writing these equations because that allows us to get a really nice speed for also the constant pH simulations. One additional thing, because in the previous examples I was only considering a group with two different states, but of course there are titratable groups that have multiple protonation states. So in our implementation, together with the speed up, together with the possibility to run as fast as standard MD, we also introduce a new scheme to treat the multi-state titratable group such as he's been shown here. And you don't need to know the details right now, but if you are then interested, you can later look into details. So the idea is that one assigns one lambda coordinate per protonation state and then these lambda coordinates are coupled together via a constraint. The constraint is similar to the shake constraint used for treating the other constraints in your simulation system. And then one is able to reproduce, for example, for histidine the titration curves. An important to notice is that having these multi-state groups also does not decrease your simulation speed. So in our current implementation it doesn't matter how many groups one has and how many protonation states these groups have, you can still in principle run as fast as standard MD. Okay, so in practice I want to briefly tell you a user point of view story of how one would then set up constant pH. So prior the simulation the user needs to select the interesting groups to treat as titratable. So for example you might have a few groups in your protein that are, that you know from experiments that are interesting and you would select those. You need a reference pKa for each of these titratable groups and charges from the force field. That means that for example for amino acids of course you know the reference pKa values and we are also providing this information, but if you have a more specific group maybe you need to find out yourself what is the reference pKa. Another thing that one needs, you need to know this term of free energy of deprotonation. This is something that you can compute similar to the normal free energy calculations and this needs to also be computed for a reference group in water. So for amino acids we can provide these parameters for the free energy of deprotonation for standard groups for amino acids in water, but if your system consists of something more special then you need to think a bit on how to run these calibration runs and get these parameters. Then the next thing is to select pH, some more or less default parameters and then run at your selected pH. So a simple example would then be to take for example in the cardio toxin protein, take four different groups that you think are interesting, set them as titratable, you assign one lambda for each group, okay for this histinine you assign a bit more lambdas and then you run constant pH simulations starting from the same structure at different pH values. Then similarly to titration experiments, yes titration experiments you can then from your simulations extract the fraction how much your group would be during the simulation protonated or deprotonated. So you can calculate the fraction for the group favoring to be in one of these protonation states and from this information you can fit the titration curves to your data. In addition to getting pKa values from your simulations, of course this is a nice way to validate the constant pH method and it's also a nice tool to get this pKa information, but in addition one can then also study the conformational changes in the protein. So there might be a case when where a titratable group changes the charge, changes the protonation state and then the whole structure of the protein is changing and this is the kind of information we are also hoping to use the constant pH4 in the future. Last I want to tell you the real status of our implementation because maybe it already sounds good that okay let's start using it, but in reality we are not quite yet there. So we have, I have implemented an improved constant pH scheme to the main code of Gromax with the lambda dynamics-based efficient method, but currently we are in this testing phase where we still have a few challenges that we are now trying to fix. So for example we still have some challenges related to the multi-state groups and also we are coming up with their routine to keep the total charge neutral because this is something that is important, the more titratable groups you add that your, that the total charge of your box is not fluctuating and what we are still yet to do is to really publish this and put the code into the official Gromax release. It's something we are still hoping to do this year and then in the end release the code in the official Gromax together with the user guide, tutorial and also example systems. Okay, I want to tell you last two things maybe to remember from my talk is that constant pH MD is a method which allows one to include the effects of pH into simulations and in addition to configurational space one is also then sampling the protonation states and the second thing is that constant pH MD can be as fast as standard MD and that is important for running bigger systems. I want to thank you all for listening and you can go ahead with your questions then live with me in the Q&A session or you can also always send me an email and the address is shown there. Hope you enjoyed.


In this screencast I will explain the use of the APA document template and how you can insert citations with Zotero reference management software. So we have Zotero open here and now we'll switch to Word and we'll start a new template, new APA document. So whenever you want to start a new document you just file a new front template and then you get the window that we have here. And this is the building templates that you have and I have the APA style paper installed already. But if you don't have that type APA to the search bar and then Word will load different templates from the internet. And we want to have a paper, not a report, and we'll use the first document here. These are just different versions of the same thing basically. So we'll double click on that and it will give us a new document. And this document template contains text styles and it contains explanation of how to use the template. So when you apply the template I usually open the styles pane first and I'll switch on the style guide. So I can see which styles this document actually uses. So these styles are in use and they're in a color coded. So I'll see which one is used and where. And if you work on an article then you should generally have this title page. But if you just work on a school assignment or something like that then you can just delete autonaut because there are no acknowledgments that you need to make or no conflict of interest that you need to declare. So you can delete that. And then there is the table of contents and if you are working on a short report let's say 10 or 20 pages then having a table of content may not be necessary so you can delete that as well. Typically when you submit an article to a journal you don't have the table of contents either because that's not the convention but when I write things, articles myself I usually have a table of contents here during the writing because it helps me to keep track of how much space I spend on each section. So let's just delete the table of contents for now. So we don't need that either. And then we have the abstract. If you have something like a final report for a course or if you have a paper that you're writing for a journal then you should have an abstract. It tells the reader a short explanation of what the document is about. Perhaps the main result, the motivation for writing the document, that kind of things. And for journals you also need to have keywords that allow other people to find the article in insurance. But if you are just working on an assignment for a school or school project then you can just delete the keywords. No need to have that. Now if you're just working on a weekly writing assignment using this template then you may also consider eliminating the title page or the abstract. Let's take the abstract away. So if we're just working on a weekly paper instead of a final report that is the weekly paper could be like two or three or five pages then having an abstract would be an overkill. So we delete that as well. And then we get to actually to the writing of the paper. And now we can see that these different headings are here. So you of course delete all these things and write your own or you can start writing your own things over these headings. But they show you the different styles that are used. So headings use heading one, heading two, heading three and so on. And then this normal body text uses the normal style. So you know that these styles are used and then it gives you the APS style. Then in the end of the document we have the references. We will replace this set of references with something that Jodero generates for us and then there are explanations of food notes, explanation of how you add tables. In this document style you always add the tables to the end of the document and figures to the end of the document. And that's what you should do in an article if you are working on a school project then you can have the figures and tables flowing in the text as well. So there's no need to have it in there. And let's just delete all this stuff because we are not going to be using that at the moment. So we need the reference section and let's type here our title, example paper or we can delete that and type example paper that's heading one. And we can add a page break because it was deleted for some reason or just paragraph and page break before. All right. And then we delete the text and we start writing our own things. So we write our own things here and this is going to be normal style and I'll just use a text from Singleton straights and that's how Singleton straights defined reliability. All right. And how do we add citations to this document? So this is just copied from the text and we need to do two things because this has been copied from the book. First we add quotation marks around it and then we replace these double quotation marks with a single quotation marks just to make it clear that this quote here is not an ending of this quote but it's just a quote within the quote. And then we need to site the book and to site the book we open the Zotero tab here and there's add and edit citation. There's a keyboard shortcut for this as well and if you use this heavily then using the keyboard shortcut is faster than going through the tab but we'll just do add and edit citation. Now the software will ask us for a citation style. We'll choose American Psychological Association like so and then we have this bar that comes up and we start typing, for example, the authors and it searches for items and I have a fairly large library so it may take a while to find it and we know that this is Singleton straights 2018 we choose that and then we need to have the page number here so we have the page, I don't remember the page but let's say just XYZ. If you want to cite chapters or something else you can change here what specific part you cite typically you cite with page numbers and we click OK. So this is the way that you cite quotations or cite direct quotations. There are also other ways that you can do this citation or do this text. Sometimes you want to emphasize that a particular source says something for example if you are working on a course paper and the assignment is to tell how a certain source defines some concepts then we can cite, we can write this slightly different so I'm copying it and so we can do and now that we have the names of the authors here already we can do the citation a little bit differently so we do add an edit citation and we choose supers author here the reason why we supers the author is that the author names have already been mentioned and so this is one way to do the citation but this is not actually the right way when you have this kind of construction that you are first giving the author names then you should have as a part of your text then the citation actually should go here so it goes here and then we have the page number here at the end so that doesn't need to be done with Zotero and you actually can't because this is really not associated with any citation and then we don't have the page number here anymore so we just say that this is what singleton as rates say if we just, we can also do other things for example we can say that reliability can be defined as or let's say reliability is commonly defined as the degree of stability this is such a short part that we don't generally, we are just saying that it's about stability and so we don't need to have quotations because we're just using a single word from the source okay so if we say that it's commonly defined as a degree of stability we can add the citation to singleton as rates but we may want to emphasize this is just an example of how people commonly define reliability as a degree of stability and we can use these prefix and suffix to add things inside the citation so we can use EG so that's example for example and this would mean that reliability is commonly defined as the degree of stability for an example of such definition see singleton as rates and we of course need to have the page number because we are citing a book so I'm just going to bring it up with a keyboard shortcut and it's going to be XYZ I don't remember the page number also we can use the suffix and let's say that we would like to claim that reliability there are different definitions of let's say validity and now we could do something like this so we still cite singleton as rates and we can do for example for a C for a review and this prefix and suffix will be added to the citation as you can see here in the preview and this is another way so if you want to add text inside the citation which is completely okay then you use the prefix and suffix so this is the basic way of using Zotero one thing that you should know that it is possible to edit this directly but you should not do that because then Zotero cannot update it anymore and for example if you have misspelled the name of singleton in your database of articles and if you want to fix it later on then if you manually edit this text here then Zotero cannot update it anymore


Thank you for joining us today for another episode of Kondo Insider. My name is Jane Sugimura, and I am hosting this episode. And today joining me today is my co-host, Richard Emory. Say hello, Richard. Nice to be here and sitting in the left chair, it's like Richard on the left, Jane on the right. Right. We're going to be talking about production of documents relating to condominium associations. And what's the background on this issue? Well, there's really two parts to this issue. First, we get homeowners a lot of times who are upset, and the statute provides them the right to have certain documents, and then they complain it's too expensive, they expect more than they get, and so that's one side of the issue. What owners' rights are there in documents? And when you talked about the statute, you're talking about 514B. That's correct. And specifically, it's 514B, and for those people who want to look it up, it's 154.5. Correct. Okay. And the second part of it is in the natural buying and selling of real estate realtors often will sign a contract, not the realtor, but the buyer and seller, they agree to disclose certain documents under section M as in Mary, and they are concerned about the high cost for production of these documents. So there's actually two sides, the real estate, the realtor side of it, and the homeowner side of it. And so, you know, for the homeowners, I mean, why is this part of the condo statute? Well, I think transparency is good. I mean, in some ways, you're an indentured servant when you're buying a condo. You've signed a contract, you have to pay maintenance fees, and you elect people to control things, and you wouldn't have transparency if you couldn't have a double check and a right to see certain documents. And so, it's an important thing for an owner to be able to have access and kind of a check and balance thing that they have a right to see documents. And so what kinds of documents do owners ask for? Well, what they're entitled to, what they ask for are offered and very, very different. Okay. Let's talk about what they're entitled to. Okay. Basically, owners and title to, I'm going to generalize it without getting specific, to financial information, general ledgers, journals, financial statement, balance sheet, check register. And this is because they pay the maintenance fees. That's right. And a lot of this comes about because maybe there's an increase in maintenance fees or an assessment, and they want to know how come. Correct. Right? Right. But they're entitled to the financial statement, but they are restricted that if they're going to see delinquency information of other owners, because we're subject to the Fair Debt Act, that they're entitled to those delinquencies over 90 days of age. They're also entitled to see contracts. And the recent change, I want to say two years ago, but maybe it was last year, no two years ago, where the manager, the general manager, the resident manager's contract has to be disclosed to an owner upon request. But you can redact any very personal information, such as that manager's social security number or personal address, health conditions, or things along that line. Why would an owner want to see the manager's contract? Because they're curious, because the maintenance fees are going up, and they think they're paying too much money for the manager, and they have some perception that he has maybe bonuses and extra benefits, so I guess financially driven more than anything else, that they don't believe that the board is making the best decision of what they're paying the manager. And sometimes when they ask for the manager's agreement, the manager's contract, they want to see what his duties are, because the gist of the request is the resident manager or the site manager's not doing his job. That's correct also. Or that's the perception. That's the perception of it. But you know, they are not entitled to everything that they want to see, because I made a list of about 20 items of the requests I've received over the last 10 years that people demand, and I'll just give you a couple of examples real quick, that they're not entitled to. They'll say, I want to see my neighbor's ledger of his charges and payments. Well, it has nothing to do with managing the association, that's private information of the neighbor. They may say, I want to see all the letters written to him on fines and dog violations. That's again a personal matter, and it's not under the statute they're entitled to see. The worst I've seen I've ever gotten was I want to see the signature cards or the trust account that was open and a copy of the bank statements. Well, the bank statements sometimes have electronic information on them, and you would want to redact that to protect the association. You would probably want to redact the account number, so people couldn't use that information in this internet crime world we live in. So when we get these requests, I want to see the signature card, and someone can extract that signature and use it for other purposes. So we get a lot of requests to see things that are not entitled under the statute, but in those cases, the owner isn't entitled to be told, we're not going to give it to you and why. And in the statute, if they want to see what documents are available, it is written in the statute. Very specific and very clear. Although there is a provision in the statute that gives the owner the right to request other documents, and the board has to answer them whether they're going to give them or not, but it doesn't require the board to give them to. And so that's also in the statute. And so let's say an owner wants some documents, where do they go? Do they go and ask the board first? Because the board only meets once a month or once every other month. I mean, where do they go to request these documents? Well, most condos in Hawaii use a professional management company, and they're the custodian of records for the association. So they should go to the management company and request to see the documents. So that would be the associate or the Hawaiian or the Hawaiian properties or touchstone. These are the professional management companies. Yeah, they're the custodian of records, and it makes sense because boards change every year and you want to preserve historical files. The problem I see is an owner gets upset. And so they'll write to me and they'll say, Richard, I want to see all of the records that's in the statute here, every contract, every invoice, every check register for the last 10 years. And I want to be able to see them and review them. And when they make that broad request, it becomes difficult to fulfill and expensive to fulfill. Why is it expensive? Well, you know, office rents in Honolulu are expensive. Most management companies only keep the current year's records in their office. And so they use a professional warehouse, which will be fireproof, bombproof, kind of safe building to restore historical records. So as soon as you say you want all those records, you have to get someone to pull them from the warehouse files, deliver them to you. And there's a cost affiliated with drawing records from a storage company. The warehouse charges us to do that. Then you have to return them. And of course, someone has to make sure all this, because all these boxes are marked what's in them specifically. So we can pull by date or by category of file very easily. But there's a cost to it, even if it's one box or 20 boxes. Surely it's more expensive for 20 than one. But there's still a cost to retrieval, delivery, and return. And then someone to check to make sure that everything's put back in an order that is required. So that's cost number one. Cost number two is something that's very, very misunderstood. Is an owner to say, well, I don't want to pay for the copy and cost of all that. So I want to go review them in a conference room. Well, as soon as we do that, and we put these records in a conference room, you can understand it has legal implication, maybe. We have to have a clerical person sit there to make sure someone doesn't add something who didn't exist before, for example. Or take something out that they don't want to be discovered. So we have to have someone sit there with the owner reviewing the records, which is an hourly cost to us, because we have an employee and we're paying them hourly plus benefits plus overhead. So the problem is that the owners would just simply say, what am I really interested in? If they think of the bigger picture, ask for this year's records and see if that leads you to want the second, third, and fourth year's records. Just don't get angry at who and everybody and say, I want everything, I'm entitled to it, because there's probably going to be a huge cost to it. And the statute allows the association or its managing agent to recover costs. That's correct. And that means the cost of copying and the cost of retrieval and the administrative fees to have the employees sit in a room and watch you to make sure you don't mess with the records. Right, and what's misunderstood, if you look at the statute, it says something to the effect that every association is entitled to eight hours of free administrative time. Well, some owners take that, that every owner gets eight hours of free time. So if I have a 500 unit condo and they're in boiling litigation, I somehow have to give 4,000 free hours of time, which is not what the statute says. The statute says the association gets eight hours. So the first person who comes in, if they use ten hours, they're going to be billed for two hours and they're going to have used up to eight hours and every subsequent person is going to have to pay for that. So if the neighbor comes in the following day and wants services, he's got to pay for every. That's right, the entire time and if we need eight hours free. If we knew two people were coming in in advance, we would say to them, each of them were allotting four hours to each of you because the other person will complain, you let them in one day early and you know how it goes. Everybody complains about it to somebody else, but it all begins because more times than not, someone is angry about something. They don't like the fact their maintenance fees were raised or there was a special assessment or they didn't like the contractor that was chosen and so instead of trying to narrow down what they want to see, they just say, I want everything and as soon as they say that, it's not uncommon for a management company to ask for a thousand dollar deposit depending on the extent of what they've asked for. And when somebody you know comes in and you know requests a review of the documents, can they be refused? Well, if they want to review the documents, they should make an appointment. I mean, we've had people walk in and demand to see this and want to see it right now. Well, they're asking for a copy of this mass last minutes of the meeting, someone will probably just give it to them to make it easy, but you really need to respect the fact that management companies are under contract and serving for their clients. They can't be expected to drop everything because you walked in the door without an appointment and you're saying, I want this now. But if somebody comes in and says, you know, I want the minutes for this, this and this, can the managing agency know you can't have them? No. In fact, I would be saying to a management company that even the board can't tell them not to give it to them because the statute provides for them to have those documents. Management companies are typically licensees being that the manager is a principal broker subject to real estate laws and they can't violate the law as a licensee. So if somebody comes in and makes a law for request, they have an obligation to fulfill it in a reasonable amount of time. And so if an owner goes into the managing agent or even makes a request to the board and that owner gets a refusal to produce or let's say no response at all, is there somebody that the owner can go to complain to? Well, that's the regulated industry complaint office is, frankly, RICO, which is manages licensees doesn't we manage the board and other people's licensees back to the broker of the management company. They regulate this to the extent it's probably their only primary regulation authority over condos is this production of documents. So they have a form they could fill out and say, I didn't get these documents and I'm entitled to them under the statute. But again, some of the complaints I've had filed against our company has been I want to see the bids, not the contracts themselves. Well, the statute doesn't provide for the bids. And we've had many owners come to us and say, I want to see the bids so I can call the vendors and tell them I'm going to sue them if they accept this job. So they're not entitled to the bids. They're not entitled to everything they may think they would like to say. Okay. And the RICO, the regulated information complaint office, their forms regarding complaints and explanation of the process, it's on the website, isn't it? It is. It's a state of Hawaii website. And they're responsive. And but again, I always tell boards or members who are unreasonable, try to sit down and talk with the board of the management company and narrow their request because RICO is not going to force them to produce a document that's not under the statute they're entitled to see. Okay. Well, we're going to take a break now. And then when we come back, we'll be talking about the documents that realtor's request. Oh, that's a fun one. Yeah. Okay. So I'm Yukari Kunisue. I'm your host of New Japanese Language Show on Think Tech, Hawaii called Konnichiwa, Hawaii, broadcasting live every other Monday at 2 p.m. Please join us where we discuss important and useful information for the Japanese language community in Hawaii. The show will be all in Japanese. Hope you can join us every other Monday at 2 p.m. Aloha. Hello, everyone. I'm DeSoto Brown, the co-host of Human Humane Architecture, which is seen on Think Tech, Hawaii every other Tuesday at 4 p.m. And with the show's host, Martin Desbang, we discuss architecture here in the Hawaiian Islands and how it not only affects the way we live, but other aspects of our life, not only here in Hawaii, but internationally as well. So join us for Human Humane Architecture every other Tuesday at 4 p.m. on Think Tech, Hawaii. Okay. We're back with Richard Emory, and we're talking about documents relating to condos that are requested by owners and realtors. And the second part of our program is documents that realtors request in connection with a sales transaction, a sale of a condo. Correct. Okay, and so what kind of documents are we talking about now? Well, this is the interesting thing. When you look at the current 514 Beach statute, it says these documents are that an owner or their agent can get these documents. So these documents we just talked about under 154, 514-154, their agent's entitled to. So what happens is a buyer and a seller enter into a real estate contract to under paragraph M, as in Mary, to provide certain documents, which is like the last three board minutes, the last year's annual meeting minutes, the budget reserves study, the financial statements. And this is so that the prospective buyer can make an informed decision as to whether they want to complete the purchase in that project. Right? And so owners and some time realtors say, well, why don't I get that for free based on this paragraph? Well, we have to look carefully again at what you're talking about. You're talking about a time-sensitive transaction that people need these documents within 10 days. And there's a lot of issues because within that schedule of documents they want our two documents, one of them called the RR105C. The RR105C is a Hawaii association or realtor form. It is not an association document. The document is not kept in the ordinary course of business. It's required by lenders per unit on a specific date in the sense it's not a static document, just sits there. It has four pages of legal questions that could have changed last week or last month or last night based on a decision of the board. But it discloses whether it was a maintenance fee increase, condition of the property, et cetera. Well, the realtors, the buyer and seller agree that they're going to produce that RR105C, well, the association doesn't have an RR105C. What has to happen is someone has to order the management company to prepare an RR105C and to certify it and deliver it. And so there's a cost for that. It's not free. It's not free. And there's liability associated with it. Because I'll give you an example of liability. We completed an RR105C and the question was, is there asbestos in the property? Our answer was no. Because the RR105C is a managing agency disclosure of the common elements. And so the association previously had hired a company to remediate, remove all the asbestos. And there is no asbestos in the common elements. And the managing agent knew this? Knew that and said no. Well, the buyer found out in the apartment there was asbestos. And if you look at the history, some people had taken that out and some had not. We as the managing agent would know it. And so they thought and complained that they wanted us to pay the $3,500 to have the asbestos remediated and part of their kitchen remodeling program. And we took to this and no, it was a disclosure. And what we disclosed was accurate.  So it kind of died a natural death. But the point is there's liability for the management company. And what's ironic about this thing, not only does the buyer want the RR105C, the lender wants the RR105C. And they each order their own RR105C. Because they want to make sure they got it directly from the management company and the date they ordered it based on that specific unit, even though it's the common elements for their file. And why would the lender want this information? Well, and that is information about is there a future assessment, which might affect the credibility of the buyer's credit, for example. They don't want to ensure something where the building is not well maintained. You could have, it has information about lawsuits file. So a lawsuit could result in a judgment against the association, depending on the type of lawsuit it is. Do they ask questions about owner occupancy? They do. And so how does owner occupancy affect the lender?  They don't want to do condo hotels with front desk operations. They don't meet their lending criteria. So they get kind of a broad brush. And I would tell you this, even though we have this RR105C that was developed by the White Society Realtors in about 1992 or three, we still have lenders that give us a supplemental questionnaire with a whole bunch of additional questions, because they're concerned about the lending criteria. The second thing is called the statement of account. That's ordered by us, not by us, by the escrow company, saying I want to pay off as of the state. Well, in most large companies, an owner can go and look at their ledger online, and they could theoretically print that out and give it to the lender and say, here's my current ledger. The lender won't take that, because you can see you could have a unit closing, and this is mid-June, closing in early July. Well, what would not be the ledger is any assessment due July 1, for example. If there's a payoff of the loan balance, if there's delinquency in fines and things like that, you can't always put fines in the ledger if there's a dispute about it. So the escrow company comes and says, I want a certified balance of payoff in the state, and requires research about other fines outstanding what's the deal with the situation. And so it takes special time, and there's a fee for this signature and certification, because you could be assured that if we gave the wrong amount, there was a balance left on the unit at the end of the day, we didn't do our due diligence, who they're going to ask to pay it. Right. So realtors don't understand that there's a great deal of work, that it's not just a bunch of static documents that- So are you saying that some people think that this should be free? Yes. There's actually a class action lawsuit right there today, where a returning representing an owner who had to pay for a documents and closing. And ironically enough, this owner had to stop payment on his maintenance fee check. It would have been the perfect example if you'd taken the ledger and closed on it, you'd be wrong. But there's a realtor, there's a lawsuit now saying that you have to provide these documents for free. And the argument they use is several arguments in this, but one is these are all association documents, and the RO-105C and statement of account are not association documents, they're not kept in an ordinary courts of business. And they don't relate to the association, they relate to the specific unit. But with regard to the statute 514B, it says that if an owner is able to download a document from an association website, it must be for free. Well, what is downloading a document? Well, downloading a document is not a realtor going into a site, ordering documents online, certifying they're willing to pay for the RO-105C, and then later us sending them a link to a Dropbox, where they can go and download it and read it. It's not the same animal. And the documents that you talked about, the realtor documents, these are blank forms that have to be filled in by somebody. Somebody has to sit down and answer the questions and fill in the blanks. Right, and they have to be reviewed, because you can imagine the problem of an owner that is told there is no assessment, he finds out there is an assessment. So we've certified there is no assessment, he finds out the next day that we knew there was, because a night before last, and the minutes haven't been published yet, but we were there at the meeting, and at that board meeting they voted for an assessment. So it takes personal time, and frankly I have to say one thing about Hawaii, we've had a really good track record in the real estate industry, a very few lawsuits on closing with realtors and disclosures and things, because there's a lot of due diligence, a lot of requirements, a lot of good rules to the Hawaii Association of Realtors. Well we can't, as the managing agent, even though we have no legal obligation to fill out this form, not do our due diligence, which requires us to put personal time in it, which requires us to ask for reimbursement and pay for it. Right, and like I said, these forms are not something that's prepared for, prepared by the Association. No. For the unit owner. No. And it's a request made in response to a specific transaction, affecting only the unit owner who's selling his unit. Correct, and they're due within 10 days. So it's not a matter of you can just kind of put it in the work process file, someone has got to put this in their queue to work on it, to make sure the realtor gets their documents timely, so that they can close their transaction. Right, and because if the transaction doesn't close, then there are consequences for everybody, including a lender who probably is ready to close and has documents ready, and if he's told that, oh, well, we can't close because we don't have all our documents, that means closing gets moved down and extended and everything else has to change, and maybe all the numbers, all the final escrow closing numbers all have to be adjusted. Could affect the loan guarantee that they're promised a loan at this rate of interest if it takes too long. Right. It could affect a lot of things. So I think it's a very important matter, and I don't think we did an analysis, the other day of when you back out to R105C in a statement of account, management companies are charging less than 20 cents a page for the documents that are static, you know, which is certainly reasonable. Right, and you know, for the information that is provided in these documents, it would probably be unreasonable for somebody in the industry to expect that they would get it for free. Yeah, the last kind I'd make is sometimes you have an association that also belongs to a master association, it also has a rec association. And so they get in order of the documents for all three associations, so the costs are about triple because of the nature of that project that they have, the regular association, the master, in some cases a rec association or a road association, and the realtor wants the buyer to have all the documents related to that, because you could have an incidental association like a road association, it's about them a big assessment to repay the road. Right. And so in those cases, you end up with three sets of documents, one for each association. Okay, well, you know, and this goes to full disclosure to a prospective buyer, which is very important. And you know, and so, you know, I think that the costs associated with preparing these documents is probably warranted. And right now we are out of time. So we're going to have to come back and have another discussion on this, you know, down the road. Thank you very much for joining me on the show. And please tune in next week for another episode of Condo Insider, the show about condo living. Thank you.


T.E.F.L. Siem Reap Cambodia is often referred to as the Kingdom of Wonder, and it's not hard to see why. The city of Siem Reap is within very close proximity to the famous Angkor Wat, an ancient temple complex. Many million tourists visit this site each year, as it is not only a piece of ancient world history, but also a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1992. The city of Siem Reap truly is a traveler's paradise and a major hub for transportation in the northwest of the country, including Angkor Wat. The temple complex was built by a prospering ancient civilization that settled in the area around Siem Reap. When Frank Vincent Jr., an American explorer, set up camp to start exploring the temples and the surrounding areas in 1872, many travelers followed and Siem Reap became the gateway to the northwestern wonders of Cambodia. Today, most visitors choose to travel by moto, tuk-tuk or taxi to get them where they need to be comfortably and fast. Because Siem Reap is a major tourist hotspot today, you will find western amenities and luxuries all over the city. Not only will you find comfortable housing, but also an abundant selection of restaurants and bars run by English speaking staff. Traveling around town is not a problem. Many tourists decide to walk or rent bicycles, available at most guest houses. Others like to use tuk-tuk's $1.2 or motos for $1 to get around quicker. Budget travelers are especially drawn to Cambodia because of the low costs of living. However Cambodia is definitely also a great destination for luxury travel due to its many upscale resorts and hotels. Even though Siem Reap is a major tourist hub today, it has not lost its unique charm. You will find rivers, lakes and even lush jungle right in and around the city, inviting anyone to explore the natural landscapes. Come to Siem Reap to join our TEFL Tezal training course, and you experience one of the most exciting southeast Asian destinations from the site of a local.


The one secret that will make your business succeed very fast. In the year 2007, as I was preparing to go into the business world, I borrowed a book from one of my friends. The book is titled, What the Reach Know and Desperately Want to Keep Secret. Like most books I've read, this book only left me with one business lesson and that's how to answer the simple question every buyer asks. If you're an entrepreneur, your success can be guaranteed if you can answer this simple question. Now in this video, I'll share with you what the question is and how to answer that question and build a business that grows fast and makes a lot of money. If you're new here, consider subscribing so you won't miss other interesting videos like this. Now, let's start from you. Why do you spend $1,000 on iPhone? Well, you could buy some other brands that could do similar things your iPhone does for half of the money. Why do people spend $100,000 on Rolex watches when they can buy any watch that gives them time for $100? Why do we choose a brand and not others? Most of us will think that our decision was based on some rational thinking. Well, that's how consumers think. I believe for you to be watching this video, you're an entrepreneur, so let's bury how consumers think. Let's think like rational people we are as entrepreneurs. You see, several studies have proved that consumers don't choose brands based on any rational analysis. We make most of life's decisions based on emotions and that include products and companies we patronize. Now, if you agree with me that a man who buys a Rolex watch for $250,000 doesn't buy it to check time. The woman who buys $1,001 night diamond purse for $3.8 million doesn't buy that purse to carry her makeup sticks. The poor guy who borrows money to buy an iPhone and even the poor women who patronize Walmart all do it for a reason and that reason is arrived at after consumers ask the question, Why should I buy from you? Why should I buy from you? It's the simple question you must answer if you want to build a business that grows fast and makes tons of money. Humans are in tribes I really want to explain this concept very deeply so that you'll get it because when I understood this simple concept, it changed my business life forever. Now here's the thing, humans are in tribes. When I mention this, the first thing that will come to your mind is the physical tribes and races you know. Yes, we have blacks and whites, we have Americans and Indians, we have Africans and Chinese people and we usually don't tolerate each other. For example, someone watched this video and just hates me for no reason other than my accent. Such people perceive that I'm not their tribe and that's the only reason for resentment. But let's move past that. Let's think about the tribe that unites us and that's the emotional tribe. Some of us like to impress people so we won't mind buying the Ferrari with our last cash. It doesn't matter whether you are in Asia or Europe, such tribe exists. Some of us love cheap things and we'll look for coupon for everything. Some of us love things to be fast. We are everywhere. Some love it slow. They are everywhere. Some of us love to deal with experts and we will handsomely pay for such services. Some love quacks and they are also everywhere. Target Unserved Tribe Now as an entrepreneur, your primary job is to target an unserved or less-served tribe. Most entrepreneurs have brands that say, hey, come and buy. That is not motivating enough. Your marketing message should say, this is for XYZ tribe. Your branding should say, this is for people who love to impress others. This is for people who love it cheap. This is for people who love it fast. This is for women alone. This is for people of Toronto alone and other examples. Some people call this the unique selling promise. I call it choosing your tribe. Choosing your tribe in marketing works because as humans, we are proud people. We don't just love to belong, we love to be proud of our tribes. Why do you think people post the photos of their cars and watches on social media? Why do people use the most expensive phones? Why do we buy things we don't even need? It doesn't matter as long as our tribes buy them, we will. The way it works is this. As an entrepreneur, you must answer this question, who are my tribes and why should they buy from me? Deferentiate or die? This brings us to an important step in the process of building a great business and that's the concept of differentiation. As Peter Tell said, business is not about competition. Business is about monopoly. The true businesses don't compete because competition kills. When Apple first released iPhone in June 2007, Steve Ballmer made a joke about the Apple's dream of selling a phone for $500. Steve laughed and called Apple a joke. Today, Apple sells phones for as high as $1,500 and people line up to buy one. The reason is because Apple isn't competing. Apple is a monopoly. Someone watching this will say, but Apple is obviously not a monopoly. Well, Apple isn't a monopoly for the entire world but for the tribe that worships Apple's products. Apple is the only company that exists. Haven't you seen people who cannot use any other phone or laptop except that Apple's logo is on it? Those are the tribe I'm talking about. Your goal is to create something similar in your business. The starting point is to avoid competition. Instead, choose a tribe you can lead. Differentiate yourself from everyone so that you will stand out and appeal to the tribe you care about. Here are some tips. 1. Study to know every business you are competing with Whenever I want to start a new business, my first job is to spend tons of hours to study every single person I can study in that industry. Oftentimes, after spending several hours on these businesses, I usually see a loophole, an underserved tribe, a world I can dominate. When I see this loophole, the job is half done. 2. Forget competition I'm an entrepreneur but I hate competition. I hate competition because it's poisonous to every party involved. When we compete, we often reduce our prices. When we reduce our prices, we have little margin. When we don't have good margin, we can't make the money to serve our tribes or make ourselves happy. Forget competition. Don't fight with the Goliaths in the marketplace. Create your own kingdom instead. You can do this by differentiating yourself from everyone else. 3. Reject some people When you exclude some people intentionally in your branding effort, the people you include will see it as a great honor and it will become your devoted fans. I started my first online business by targeting certain groups of people. By saying no to others, the people I say yes to are much likely to become my devoted customer. Example of this is a product that is targeted at people between the ages of 15-35 or a product targeted at women, men, or aged people. For us as entrepreneurs, the game we are playing is the game of tribe-leading. We are not building businesses to compete. We build businesses to lead a tribe. You must first identify your tribe and customize your business for their needs. You must differentiate yourself and reject the temptation of pleasing everyone. You must be able to answer this question, why should they buy from me? And you must understand that they will only buy from you if you speak their language because if you don't speak their language, they will know that you don't belong to their tribe. I hope this video helps someone to become a better entrepreneur but if you need me to explain more on this, you can let me know in the comment. Thank you so much for watching our videos. Are you between the ages of 15 and 40? Then we invite you to join our new channel which we specially created to share with you inspiration and life lessons to succeed in life. We call it Under40 TV. Kindly look at the description box to join the Under40 TV.


Okay, so our wave functions for the rigid rotor that take this form a normalization constant polynomial in cosine of theta that is related to the Legendre or associated Legendre polynomials and then an exponential term involving phi that is complex. Those wave functions we have seen are normalized or at least we can choose the value of n to guarantee that they're normalized. They have one other property that's very handy which is that they're orthogonal and what I mean by that is every pair of wave functions in this full set of wave functions is orthogonal to each other. So we say that the set of wave functions are mutually orthogonal so any pair that I choose as long as they're not the same as each other they end up orthogonal. So just as a reminder of what these words mean the function is normalized if the integral of a wave function squared is equal to one and orthogonal means the integral of a wave function times a different wave function. So if I take this wave function size of lm multiplied by a different one l prime lm prime then that's not going to come out equal to one but it's going to come out equal to zero if either l prime is not m prime or if l is not equal to l prime or if m is not equal to m prime. So that's what it means for these wave functions to be orthogonal. We can do a quick example and make sure that's clear. Let's say take two of the simpler wave functions the psi one one wave function the psi zero zero wave function l equals one m equals one l equals zero m equals zero in this case they both the l's and the m's are different from each other but we can ask either are they orthogonal to each other or not or since I've already told you that they're going to be we can verify that they're going to be orthogonal. So we can say is it true that the integral of psi one one star times psi zero zero is going to come out to be zero if so then the two functions are orthogonal to one another. So to do this we need to be able to write down what the wave functions are and we would use this expression to write them down. We don't particularly care about the values of normalization constants when we're dealing with orthogonality either this is going to come out to be equal to zero or it's going to come out to be something that's not zero and the value of n won't change whether it's equal to zero or not so I'll leave the n's alone I won't bother to normalize these functions and find the values of n for either the one one or the zero zero wave function. The Legendre polynomial when l equals one and m equals one that's one we've seen before that's sin theta and then I've got a e to the m or e to the one times i times phi if I then take the complex conjugate it becomes negative. So that's the complex conjugate of the psi one one wave function psi zero zero that's the particularly simple one that's just a normalization constant the zero zero Legendre polynomial is one and e to the zero phi gives me one. So I want to do that integral over d theta and d phi with the sin theta integration factor. So I've got a theta integral and a phi integral that's again integral we want to know whether that does or doesn't come out equal to zero I'll go ahead and pull the constants out front those aren't going to make the function equal to zero I'll break the integrals up into first the theta part of the integral and then separately the phi part of the integral. The theta integral I've got a sin theta and a sin theta sin squared theta integrated from zero to pi that's already looking like not great news that's an integral we know how to do integral of sin squared theta from zero to pi that's going to be it's going to have a particular value the values pi over two but in particular it's not equal to one but it's also not equal to zero which is the more important fact that integral is not equal to zero if this integral is going to come out equal to zero it's not going to be because of the normalization constants it's not going to be because of this theta term if it's equal to zero it's only going to be because of this term so let's see if that works out the only phi dependence I have is this e to the minus i phi term. So I need to know what is the integral of e to the minus i phi when phi goes from zero to two pi so that integral is the one we should focus on because that's the only one that has any hope of making this thing equal to zero integral of an exponential is just an exponential where I need some constants out front just to double check if I take the derivative of this function derivative of this function pulls down a minus i the minus cancels the minus the one over i cancels the i and I get back this function so this is the correct integral of e to the minus i phi evaluated from zero to two pi that's looking a little weird one over i with the negative sign out front of it that's certainly not going to help me get to zero but if I plug in the upper and lower limits of this definite integral so this is going to become minus one over i e to the minus i times two pi minus using the lower limit e to the zero so the e to the zero we know what that is that's equal to one but e to the two pi i is also equal to one e to the minus two pi i also equal to one so the few small facts you need to understand about complex numbers in order to do quantum mechanics at this level are number one how to do how to take complex conjugates number one not to be too frightened when you see an eye showing up in equations and number three a fact that we frequently need to use is the fact that e to the two pi i equals one so that fact I've used in this expression e to the minus two pi i is just one over e to the two pi which is one over one which is still one so using that fact e to the minus two pi i is equal to one and now we see that one minus one is going to be zero so remember what we're calculating is the pi portion of this integral that's the work we've just done here the pi integral gives us zero so after all of this work we find that the full integral this overlap integral between the one one wave function and the zero zero wave function does turn out to be zero and we see that those two wave functions are indeed orthogonal to each other and in fact any time we have m not equal to m prime you can see exactly why that's going to work if I have any amount of e to the i pi that doesn't end up canceling in this five portion of the integral then the integral the five portion of the integral is going to come out equal to zero just like it did here so anytime m is not equal to m prime then the phi integral will work out to be zero if m does happen to equal to m prime then this integral won't be zero but the L part of the integral will be so anytime either one of these quantum numbers is different for the two wave functions then the overlap integral between them will work out to be zero and every pair of different wave functions for the rigid rotor it comes out orthogonal to each other so every one of these pairs of integrals is mutually orthogonal as a result if all of our wave functions are both normalized and the full set is more mutually orthogonal then the other way to say those two facts is to say that those wave functions form an orthonormal set so they're orthonormal probably better to say they are an orthonormal set of wave functions so that fact will be useful when dealing with rigid rotor wave functions occasionally and then now the next thing we have to do now that we have a more complete understanding of these wave functions is to use them again in the Schrodinger equation and figure out what the energies of these wave


Canada announced Friday the lifting of a ban on foreign travellers from 10 African countries. However, it ripples in testing and warning that the Omicron variants of COVID-19 risks are quickly overwhelming hospitals. The travel restriction on flights from South Africa, Mozambique, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Estrutini, Namibia, Malawi, Egypt and Nigeria will end at 11.59 p.m. on Saturday. That's a 4.59 GMT Sunday. That's according to Health Minister John Ives, too close. Pre-rival negative PCR tests for old travellers would also be reinstated as of December 21. Officials said laboratory tests have confirmed as of Friday nearly 350 cases of the Omicron variant across Canada. The total average daily COVID-19 case count in Malawi has jumped by 45% in the past week to about 5,000.


Я счастлив, чтобы быть здесь и прожить Тибон. Я был рад, чтобы ты с Тибоном collaborировал уже 15 лет назад. И, в принципе, я бы хотел спать 2 минуты и поговорить о этой старой папе. Не для того, чтобы сделать драматику, но мне это нужно. Игра была очень простая. Повторим статик Блэхол-метрик. Повторим ТТ компонент. Повторим маленький диформатор и маленький параметр для ГТТ. И потом геометрия Блэхола сразу меняют. И вместо Блэхола, у нас есть геометрия. Их есть интересные феочи. Как я сказал, у нас нет хорайзона. Хорайзон был располаган из-за геометрия Блэхол. И здесь появится новая таймска. Новая таймска, которая зависит от Апселона. Это время, что нужно, для того, чтобы влезть из-за геометрия. Для того, чтобы влезть из-за геометрия и вернуть. И, assuming that the Apselon is exponentially smaller, эта новая таймска может быть очень маленькая. И, смотря на эту таймску, для того, чтобы влезть из-за геометрия, мы не увидим никакого различия. И эта таймска, которая зависит от геометрия Блэхол, и эта таймска, которая зависит от геометрия Блэхол. Мы считаем, что статикный и нератитный случай был считан над этим людям. Так что, в этой статике, в этой статике, эта метрика была просто какая-то абстрактная метрика. И она не satisfactorяет любые гератитационные вопросы. Но сегодня, в моем статике, я попробую демонстрировать, что геометрия Блэхол в этой статике очень естественнее в статике геометрии для больших классов квантомстейц. Итак, я говорю о геометрии Блэхол, которая, как и в этот workshop, это типичные решения, которые в статике геометрии. Speaking about quantum theory, the first step would be quantize metafills on the background of this classical black hole. And then what appears immediately, let's list certain freedom, when we do it, freedom, which is usually phrased as we can choose different quantum states. Speaking about renormalized test in the tensor, there is also freedom to add some certain piece to the T-menu, which is traceless and covertly conserved. And let freedom bring us possibility to define different quantum states. The quantum states known in the literature are the following. So Hachtel Hawking state. In this case, stress in the tensor is a regular at the whole horizon and at infinity it describes a quantum thermal Hawking radiation. Another state is Boulvard state. It is singular at horizon, but it is vanishing at infinity. So there is no radiation at infinity. And more realistic state is Unruh state, which describes states, quantum state for collapsing star. So black hole is formed as a result of gravitational collapse. That would be most appropriate quantum state to describe such a process. Unruh state is more realistic, but it is non-static, non-stationary. And I will not discuss it in my talk, and will focus on Hachtel Hawking and Boulvard state. So let two pieces of picture, right? Classical black hole, quantum field on the black hole. But we would like to have some unified picture. We want to put these two ingredients in one, let's call it quantum gravitational theory. And that would allow us to talk about quantum black holes. And what kind of questions you would like to address? Here is a list of my questions. So first of all, I would like to know what happens to black hole horizon when I take, well, in this quantum gravitational theory. And are there still solutions to horizons? And what are the new features which possibly appear due to non-locality of this quantum gravitational theory? And the second class of quick questions, what are the answers to this question, first question is related or depends on the choice of quantum state. And most importantly, what are the back reacted geometries of the quantum states, which I discussed. I should mention previous work, these kind of questions we discussed for many years in the literature. So my theory would be, my quantum theory would be semi-classical gravity. So in this picture metric is not quantized, but meta fields propagating this classical metric are quantized. And if I integrate over such quantum fields, I end up with some contribution to gravitational action, which I call quantum action. And in general, that would be my new gravitational theory. So it's classical theory plus new terms due to quantum fields. It is functional metric. And new quantum term is generally very complicated. It is non-local. There is an approach by Barwinsky, Volkovsky, Gusev and Zhitnikov, developed for almost 10 years, how to compute this quantum action. These are suggested expanded in powers of curvature. And this is very promising approach, but it's rather complicated and difficult to use. For instance, the cubic terms, which are cubic in curvature, they have 29 invariants. 29 invariants. And in quadratic they have 6 invariants. So it's too many and it's quite complicated to use this approach in a real problem. But we can see here that gamma, some function of Laplace operator, and here for cubic terms, they are non-local objects. So gamma, this little gamma, is logarithmic in Laplacian. Big gamma, because like one of a box. So they are very, very non-local objects. In two dimensions, things are simplified. If I had a choice, I would probably lift in two dimensions. There is only left and right. It's easy to make choices. In two dimensions, if I speak about quantum, conventional conformal field theory, then it's integrated, after integrating out the quantum fields. The action can be easily computed. This is so-called Palikov action, famous Palikov action. And we see that it is non-local. So it has one of a box. So in reality, one of a box should be replaced by Green's function. So what we see here is two reaches colors and Green's function in between. But it's quite simple, and that makes two-dimensional models very attractive. It's toy models to address quantum black holes and information problem. And since 1992, this subject was very, very popular. And discussed in the literature. So in my talk, I will first discuss two-dimensional dilaton gravity model and address these questions in two dimensions. This part is based on ongoing research with Yuan and Depp. Depp is a professor in India. Yuan is a student, PhD student in Turb. And second part is four-dimensional story. It's based on early work with Cleman and Depp. Cleman used to be our student in Turb. Now he's a postdoc in Canada. So I understand that time in this nice lecture hall is faster than outside. So my program is minimum to speak about two-dimensional gravity. And if I have time, I will discuss four-dimensional story. So in two-dimensions, as we all know, Ritch's color doesn't define any grittational equations. And we have to introduce some extra field to define grittational dynamics. And usually that would be one of possible ways to introduce color field, so-called dilaton. And this action, which is present here, is the most popular action. Dilaton action, so-called trinospite action. And the solution to this, well, we vary with respect to metric, we vary with respect to dilaton. We get some equations. These equations can be exactly integrated. A nice thing about these equations is that a trace-free grittational equation takes this form. And that means that I can define... So it implies existence of killing vector. So epsilon-minu contracted with gradient of phi is an automatically killing vector on these equations. That means my general solution to these equations is static. And it can be brought to shwasher-like form. And it describes generically... Well, it describes it to dimensional black hole with a temperature proportional to lambda. So it doesn't depend on the mass. That's a peculiarity of two dimensions. It has also certain entropy proportional to exponent of minus 2 phi. And phi is the value of dilaton at the horizon. Speaking about quantum field. So, as I said, I will integrate over quantum fields and the entropy of political action. I prefer to write this action in local form. This is local form. So if I vary with respect to psi, let me give you this equation. And technically psi is one of box A. And I come back to usual non-local form. On dilaton... Dilaton gravity reaches color is minus 2 box phi. And it means that there is a relation between psi and phi. That basically is relation. Psi is minus 2 phi plus w. And w is the solution to homogenous Laplace equation. There is also always a freedom to choose this w. For static metric, this equation can be easily solved. Basically, it takes this form. So it's c over g. And c is a constant. And you will see in a moment that this w or constant c contains information about the quantum state. So, computing stress in the tensor, which is just a variation of political action with respect to metric. This is the tensor of quantum field. We find for energy density, this expression. And we see that it generally contains a divergent term. So it is divergent at the horizon, where g of x is 0. At infinity, it's positive, proportional to c plus 2 λ squared. So now I can define my Hartley Hawking state. Hartley Hawking state, by definition, the state, which is regular at the horizon. So this guy should vanish. And that's our first surprise. We have two solutions for c. c equals 0, c minus 4 λ. At infinity, as it should describe the thermal Hawking radiation, it horizons a little small negative value. Now, Boulvard state, by definition, is the state, which doesn't contain any radiation at infinity. And there is only one state, value c minus 2 λ. So at infinity, it is 0. But, of course, it is singular at the horizon. But in general, we have a family of states parameterized by c. There is an interesting symmetry. So if I take a difference of energy density for two values of c, it is 0 if not only when c1 equals c2, but also when c2 and c1 are related by this relation. Let's explain why I have two values of c for Hartley Hawking. So this kind of symmetry exists in only space of quantum states. And Boulvard state is symmetric under such a map. Now I want to bring all pieces together and consider a consistent picture. So my two-dimensional gravitational theory consists of classical gelatin gravity plus поляков-экшн, plus a new term, which was added by Rousseau-Saskind and Tarlatsou. This is local quantum, local term. And nice thing about this section, that equations are still exactly integrable. So a combination of dilaton and trace of T-menu. T-menu now has these three pieces. It leads to this simple equation. And here there are two possibilities. I, the phi, is constant. Then from other equations follows that a richer scalar should be constant. Minus 2 lambda squared. This is the center space time. It might be interesting by itself to discuss this solution, but I will not do it here. The other interesting solution when R equals minus 2 box phi, and that is precisely what we had in classical case. So again, if I introduce psi, there is a relation between psi and phi, and there is a freedom to choose W and W is solution to Laplace equation. Then a quantum corrected black hole or Hartley Hawking state corresponds, as I already discussed, to omega to the case, when W is zero, so psi is just minus 2 phi. Still equations, trace-free grittational equations obtained by varying this complete action with respect to the menu, takes this nice form, and this form tells me immediately that there is still a killing vector. General solution is static, and that is precisely the form for this metric. I should say that, of course, black hole solution in ICT model was obtained by ICT people. I here just rewrite this solution in a nice charge-like form, which is more appropriate for what I am doing. If you look at this solution, we find immediately that first of all Minkowski space is not a solution. And let us clear why, because at infinity of Hartley Hawking state I have a thermal gas. So thermal gas curves the spacetime, and it's not anymore Minkowski. What it is, is clear from this metric. So if I put 8 to zero, let still geofi is given by some function. So this term is actually produced by... It's a back-reaction of thermal radiation.  General C. A general C state, so I remind you that in this case psi is related to minus 2 phi plus W, a W is C minus over G. And equation still can be integrated, and this is general solution. This is our new result. And it might be difficult to digest this form in few seconds, but let's discuss it. So metric here, metric function G, it is related proportion to Z, function of phi, and relation between Z and phi is given by this equation. So GHH of phi is what I had in Hartley-Hocking state. So GHH has a horizon, but G for general constant C or constant A, A and C are related like that. Z, well, I have a horizon in this metric, so G vanishes, if Z vanishes, but Z never vanishes at any finite phi. And it means that for any value of A different from zero, this metric doesn't have a horizon. A more careful analysis shows that if A of C is negative, this metric describes a wormhole, and if A of C is positive, then this metric describes a naked singularity. So let's look a bit more carefully at the back-reacted geometry for Boulvard state. There are the same equations, which I had before. So A here is, I take exact value for A. So G, there is a minimal value for this function, and this minimal value is a couple, well, I can express it in terms of classical entropy. It's basically related to value of a dilaton at classical horizon. And this metric function never vanishes, and the whole space-time is actually two copies of the same asymptotically flat space-time glued together at some point, which are called phi-minimum, which is a throat wormhole. So this is a completely regular space-time. It doesn't have any singularity. And interestingly, now flat space, Minkowski space or more precisely linear dilaton vacuum is a solution to field equations. It belongs to this class of metrics for certain value of A. 7 7 7 means is okay. Sorry. So in four-dimensional story as a set is more complicated, much more complicated and one has to use, well, we cannot use that expansion in curvature and because it's well, it's difficult. And we need to use some smart tricks. We'll describe what tricks we can use. So let me just say remind you about certain universality at the horizon. So let's take any spherically symmetric metric. Suppose that there is a horizon, means that there is a zero for function g. Finite temperature means that there is a simple zero. And if I factorize g, so now what remains is so-called optical metric when gtt is 1 or minus 1, it depends on the signature. Then near horizon this g of z because exponentially it's universal behavior, beta contains information about temperature. And what remains here is optical metric and optical metric is a product of one-dimensional space, which corresponds to time. And 3d, usually it's 3, here it's written for any d. So if this 2 is 3-dimensional space which I call here m3 and there is again universality if I approach horizon, so z goes to infinity this space becomes approaches hyperbolic space we will use beta over 2pi and I remind that beta is related to hock and temperature. There is another interesting property of horizon, it is a minimal surface. In fact, we can universal logic assume that there is a surface in spacetime, in static spacetime which is minimal and it will immediately follow from Einstein equations that it is the surface of the horizon. We will use that and let's class of metrics which I will consider. This is a general static metric with 3 functions omega n and a. So if there is a horizon omega is I didn't write it here. So omega is exponent of sigma because like that and the optical metric approaches this universal form. So our idea is to use space. We cannot unfortunately in 4 dimensions we cannot integrate the conformal anomaly but what is known is relation between quantum action computed for conformally rescaled metric Well, there are 2 metrics metric G and rescaled metric Sigma is conformal factor and the difference is given by a local function. A and B are some constants which are called conformal charges. But so we use this actually we use this information assuming that assuming that exponential of 2 sigma is my omega. So I factorized GTT what is left is optical metric but we still need we still need this term here computed on optical metric and here is my optical metric it's basically in general it again can be expanded in some power in series with respect to curvature all this 3-dimensional space and we draw the high curvature tomes general structure can be found in the paper of Gussiev and Zelnikov and this result is actually exact if M3 is a 3-dimensional hyperboloid. So now migratational action has 3 functions sigma or omega n and n and variation respect to n gives me certain term which is divergent. It is divergent and that means that what we actually consider is a boulevard vacuum accidentally for certain choice of n, 0 and scalar fermions and vector fields this leading singularity disappears and curiously it disappears exactly for n equal 4 super Young Mills but that might be just an accident and we have to look at some leading tomes. So generally we don't have a solution to these equations but we have horizon which is natural because we have this corresponds to boulevard state. Well, instead of looking at horizon we can look at minimal sphere let bring us some restrictions on conditions on alpha and omega. Well, let path is very technical and bring it to the final formula. Let's restriction which comes from equations on the minimal value of omega. I remind you that omega is GTT component of the metric and from this equation we see that it cannot be 0 because the right-hand side is positive and omega 0 is exponential so omega is between 0 and omega 0 and this omega 0 is actually exponential of minus black hole black hole entropy if you compute it in classical case. And if A goes to 0 this parameter A omega 0 becomes 0 and we and the throat becomes a horizon so it's limiting procedure to get classical black hole. So, here's my conclusion back reacted geometry of boulevard state in semi-classical gravity is a warm hole we demonstrated this in two dimensional case and in four dimensional case. Minimal non-zero value GTT component of the metric is bounded by classical black hole entropy so it becomes one of entropy in two dimensional case an exponential of entropy in four dimensions and the two dimension examples show that there is an infinite actually family of possible quantum states which are represented by horizon free back reacted geometries and it looks like Hawking state is the only state whose back reacted geometry has a horizon we see it in explicitly in two dimensions and it's very likely to be the same in four dimensions but always deviations of the warm hole geometries and very hard to measure in real life so here's my question I first wrote like five questions but when I raised all of them left this one so if you look around us and we find that there are many black holes detected directly or undirectly so I'll be sure that all these black holes are really not warm holes and let me leave you with this question thank you very much and happy building