Hello, welcome to Hard Questions where we gather pastors together to take on your tough questions and answer them right from the Bible. I'm Tom Hollis, I get to be the moderator, and today our panelists include... Dr. William R. Glaze, Bethany Baptist Church in Pittsburgh. Ray Hypal Providence Presbyterian Church in Robinson Township. Pete Giacalone, lead pastor, South Hills Assembly God Church, Bethel Park, PA. J. Anthony Gilbert, pastor of another level in the North Hills area. Well, pastors, I always enjoy these times. Thank you for coming in and being part of the program today. And we always take questions that are yours, but today we're going to be taking them from our audio hotline. So let's get started with this. Yes, my name is Lois from Pittsburgh, and I saw on one of the religious programs that Jesus was possibly married to Mary Magdalene and had a child with her. When he was crucified, she went to France and arrived in France after being his disciple and being with him all the time, and she was pregnant, they said, and I guess she gave birth in France afterwards, and they claim that it was Jesus's child, and I never heard this growing up. And I didn't think his purpose was to come to Earth to meet someone and be married or have a child. So it's really confusing, and I don't know if it's any truth to it or not. Thank you. Well, Lois, thank you for the question, and there's a lot of things you will hear out there. Hopefully we're going to hear some things today that will help us sort this out for all of us. Pastor Glaze, can you start us off? I would say that theology comes from Dan Brown's book, The Da Vinci Code, and he talked about it. As a matter of fact, he quotes in the book, he said it's a matter of record that Jesus and Mary Magdalene were a pair, and then he says somewhere else, it's a part of the record that they were married. So, you know, and this was a movie that was popular. It's a novel. Yeah, a novel, and then a movie. And so, you know, people took their theology from this. And where did Dan Brown get it from? He got it from the Gospel of Philip, which actually was a false gospel, one of the Gnostic Gospels that was written, you know, hundreds of years after Christ had died, so you can't put any faith in that. And then, you know, there are 11 references to Mary Magdalene in the New Testament, and not one time does it say she was married to Jesus. And then I look at, you know, Paul in 1 Corinthians 9. He talked about his right to be married. He mentions the apostles. He mentions Peter. He even talks about the brother of Christ. But he didn't say that Christ was married. And then when you look at Jesus dying on the cross, you know, when he was dying on the cross, what did he tell John? He said, take care of my mother. Well, Mary Magdalene was right there.  So why wouldn't he say, look, man, watch out for my lady, too. You know, make sure you take care of my lady. And so, you know, I would just say that there's no evidence in the New Testament that Jesus and Mary Magdalene were ever married. And again, it comes from a movie novel theology that's based on a Gnostic Gospel. I totally blamed you. And I said, you know what? I'm going to blow up in his mind and say, yes, Jesus was married to the church. And he is going to be married to the church. He's the bridegroom. But no, he was never, never, never married to any woman here on earth. Yeah, I think, I mean, is there anything we can add over here? Well, you know, Dan Brown, as Pastor Glaze mentioned, not only the Da Vinci Code, but the Golden Compass is the second book and movie. And there's several others. He intentionally said, I believe in an interview, that he sought to create sort of an allegorical myth like Tolkien and the Lord of the Rings. But intentionally anti-Christian. That was his goal. And so he makes up so much stuff. Even the New York Times called it, you know, nonsense. He makes up so much garbage. And he distorts so much falsehood. I mean, I could mention a ton of things. But you know what he says about Constantine? False, Rosalind Chappell, false. Sarah's descendants, the Shekinah, not true. King's College, not true. Priory of Zion, not true. The Knights Templar, the Last Supper painting, when the Dead Sea Scrolls were found. What he says about the Opus Dei, the Cathars, it's all against the historical record.  Everybody needs to remember this was a novel. Okay, it's a novel. Well, think about it. If Jesus had a son, I mean, think about that for me. You don't think one of the apostles would have took him up? Yeah. Or, you know, somebody would have said, hey, this is the Messiah's son. We need to do something with him. You said about why would not Paul have mentioned that Jesus was married when he's going through this litany? Do I not have the right to take a wife or something like that? So I think that we can really lay that one to rest there. So let's go to our next audio question. Hi, my name is Sean. I have a question about King Solomon. In Deuteronomy chapter 7, 10, it says that a king was to make a copy of the law of Moses, and that he was not to multiply wives or horses. Yet in 1 Kings 11, he married 700 wives, and he had many horses. I know that the Bible also says that those who start off righteous and turn to wickedness will not achieve salvation. So does that mean that Solomon isn't going to achieve salvation? Thank you. Bye. All right. This is a really good question. Ray, are we going to see Solomon in heaven? What do you think? I mean, different people say different things. The Bible doesn't clearly state that Solomon was redeemed. He's not in the Hebrews 11 Hall of Faith, as it were. But I think that he was. In 2 Samuel 7, when God makes that covenant with David, he says, you know, your son, even though we know it's ultimately about Christ. And yet it was in time about Solomon. And the Jewish tradition is that Solomon at the end of his life does repent from those sins. And that's when he writes the book of Ecclesiastes, and he talks about all these things that he tried. He didn't keep anything from himself, including women. And not only did he have 700 wives, he had 300 concubines, which is, you know, kind of wife's second class. But, you know, he does sin. He sins in many ways. And the Bible actually says when Solomon was old, his wife turned his heart away from other gods. And his heart was not loyal to God. And so God raised up against him certain adversaries. So, you know, believers can sin. They can do terrible things, anything short of blaspheming the Holy Spirit, and bring judgments in their lives. And I think Solomon did that.  He does, because he raises up Jeroboam, and he gives him the 10 tribes. So, Solomon brought a lot of pain and heartache because he didn't listen to what God said. Yeah. Pastor Jay. Well, I guess when he took the 700 wives, that wisdom cap wasn't on. 700 wives and 300 concubines. I mean, like, you know, something's missing there. Yeah. I mean, that's a lot there. But, you know, when it said that, and maybe you guys can speak to this, I was looking through and doing some research on that, said those that start out righteous and turn to wicked and not receive salvation. Is that the Hebrews 10 Scripture? It's talking about how that we draw back after we're tasting the good fruits of righteousness and then draw back the remains of no more sacrifices. Is that the Scripture he's referring to? Because I was trying to find that. Where does it say that in the Scriptures? He was talking about the good things that he did afterwards will not be remembered. Oh, okay. Yeah, he was talking about the righteous man. Yes. Okay. He found the Ezekiel 33 about the righteous man. Is that what it was? Okay, that was the part. Because I was thinking in regards to that, that's the Hebrews 10 piece or whatever. But I believe there's many people that may start out well and can battle with things and then come back and repent, like you said, even with him coming back later on after having the encounter with God about receiving the righteousness and all, I'm sorry, the wisdom and all of that stuff. He went through all that whole process and still ended up coming back and giving his life back around. Well, like Ray said, I believe that he wrote the Song of Solomon early in life, proverbs in the middle age, and then Ecclesiastes at the end of his life. And then Ecclesiastes, if he wrote this at the end of his life, he says in Ecclesiastes verse 12, 13 and 14, let us hear the conclusion of the matter. Fear God and keep his commandments for this is the whole duty of man.  So, you know, I mean, he came to grips with the fact that, you know, the answer to being right with God was fearing God, realizing that he was gonna have to stand before God and give him a count for his life. So, you know, to me, I think that that strong evidence that he was saved in the Old Testament, that a lot of times the phrase is, use fear God, that he feared God. Yeah, that's good. Well, you know, the bottom line, the final authority is God. Right. That's the bottom line, that's the final authority. And I think, and I can understand because he did, he broke every one of these commandments that the King of Israel was every one of them, multiplied horses, money, many wives. He broke everything. He broke it all there in Deuteronomy 17. But again, we have to trust it into a loving, kind, merciful, shall not the God of all the earth do right. That's a great place to come down on that. So, yeah, we hope that he made it. We believe that in the economy of God that he did, but we are trusting in a righteous and holy God. Well, coming up in 60 seconds, we're going to talk about the Ark of the Covenant. Welcome back to Hard Questions. We're going to have some good discussion, listening to your audio questions. And here's the next one. Reading the Bible throughout the year and starting to have a question about explaining what the Ark of the Covenant is and how that really is imaginable, how and if we to understand that God was captured in a box or what is the meaning of that if you can enlighten or provide any insight into that, that would be appreciated. Thank you. All right, the Ark of the Covenant. So, Jay, why don't you take us down this road? Yeah, let's read Exodus 25 real quickly in verse 21 and 22. That's where they would bring the blood once a year to put over the mercy in there. He would meet with them on top of the mercy seat. He wasn't actually in the box. And that was the place symbolically that he was saying was going to meet. And if we remember too, all of that, the whole inner court, outer court, Holy of Holies, everything that happened in there was all a shadow and type of what was in heaven. So we had a reflection of what the heavenly courts look like. And that can be studied in the book of Hebrews. So he wasn't inside of that. That was a symbolistic place of where he said he would meet with us, almost like where he said when he went to find Adam. And he said, I came to that place and said, Adam, where are you? Because he had left that mercy seat type place. And again, the Ark of the Covenant represented the manifestation of the presence of Almighty God. When they went to battle, I remember one particular scene when they went to battle, they called for the Ark of the Covenant. And of course, they lost the Ark of the Covenant. Because when the Ark of the Covenant came in, this was Eli's sons, Hopni and Phineas, if I remember correctly. And they brought the Covenant in the battle. And man, the ground shook, they were all excited, the people praised. But it was all noise. Because the fact that at that time Israel was backslidden, Israel was not serving God. And the interesting thing, going back to what Jay said about putting the blood on the mercy seat, is that the presence of God was in the Holy of Holies. And according to Josephus, the high priest would go back once a year. And if God accepted the sacrifice, then he was able to come back out. But according to Josephus, they tied a rope around the priest. And if God didn't accept the sacrifice, again, he wasn't in the box. But his presence was in the Holy of Holies. And if God didn't accept the sacrifice, then the priest was killed. And then the people, when they stopped hearing the bells, they began to pull them out. That's a tough preaching right there. That's a tough job. So we can put the rest, the idea that God is in the box. That's from Indiana Jones or something. I was thinking that too. Israel was unique in that they did not have an idol. They did not have a statue. They did not have a representation of God. And he commanded instead an ark to be made. If anything, that would have been God's footstool in the symbolism and the mercy seat and so forth as you said, Jay. But it was a symbol of God's presence. He says, there I will meet with you. And you read Exodus. And there's a couple other places where in Leviticus 16, 2, the Lord said to Moses, tell Aaron your brother not to come at just any time into the Holy place inside the veil before the mercy seat, which is on the ark, lest he die, or I will appear in the cloud above the mercy seat. So even the cloud wasn't God. God is using these theophanies, these symbols to veil, as it were, his holy presence, because you can't be in the presence of God and live because we're sinners. But he appeared in the sense that he made his presence known and then he would hear prayers, he would forgive sins, and the ark was the place. It was the symbol of God's presence, but it wasn't God. And he really honored his presence because remember, who was it that opened the ark and looked into it, and how many... The Jews who, yeah. Well, and then there was power. Remember, was it Uzzah? Uzzah, yeah. He tried to steady the ark when it was going over a rock. And it wasn't he opened it, he just touched it. Yeah, he just touched it. And he died. Again, that's just the power of God and it's hard for us to even understand why God did that. But Pastor Glaze, could you take this into the New Testament now? What happened? That ark sat in the Holy of Holies, right? Now, one of my favorite symbolisms is about the veil and what happened. Can you just tell us about that? Yeah. When Jesus died. Well, when Jesus died, it says that the veil of the temple was torn in two. And then you go to the book of Hebrews and it says, now we can boldly enter into the presence of God. In the Old Testament, there was that veil, so there was that veil presence. But now, since Jesus died and rose again, we can come boldly to the throne of God. Yeah, I love that symbolism. Again, not just symbolism, but actual fact of what happened. But that was like a thick, this is not like a shower curtain here. I think it was thick. Yeah, it was thick. And it was torn from top to bottom. And to take it back even further, if you go back to the garden, when they are thrown out of the garden of Eden and God puts the cherubim to guard, which is the garden was His presence, right? Well, on the ark are the cherubim. And then on the veil, if you read, they were commanded to make embroidered cherubim. There were cherubim on the veil. And again, those angels that are always in God's presence and the ark symbolizing God's presence. So when God opens the way, as you said, Jesus has completed that redemption. I get the chills just thinking about this, that veil tearing like that. From the top to the bottom. Taking away our sins, not just covered them, so now we can come in. That veil was to protect them. So they wouldn't die. And now we don't need that, Jesus. Was it made out of whale skin? I don't know. And died? I don't remember dying. But in any event, this is good preaching, Pastor Jay. It's open now to us. It is. One thing that's really unique too, the veil was torn. Then the Bible says that the rocks were split, the earth shook, and the graves opened. There's symbolism in all of that. There's a connection with the heart, the heart of stone being split. And it was always in twos, which God brought us back to the garden. Symbolic, now your heart is a matter of choice. Entering into the presence of God is a choice. They had two now, the flesh and the spirit, was all divided so we can now find access back into the presence of God. That's great. So that's a good question. A lot of our questions here today have a lot to do with popular perceptions of things of God versus what is actually in the scripture. It's important that we study the scriptures. Well, coming up, we're going to be talking about celebrity Christians. And what do we do when they're talking and their actions don't match up? Stay tuned. Well, we have good discussions when we're in the break, too. A good discussion about everything we've been talking about, but right now we've got another important question. Let's go to that. I have a question. I have lately been seeing different celebrities and a professional wrestler who claim to be Christians and I see him on Christian ministries saying all the right things. But then the movies they make have a lot of cussing and vulgarity. For instance, that wrestler, he does a very vulgar saying. And I'm just really confused as to how that can happen. All right. So people's talk and their lives maybe not matching up. Pete, what do you think about this? Well, I agree with the sensitivity of the individual that asked this question. And the thing is, in many cases we don't know where these people are at in their walk with God, you know. And we're quick.  We're told all of this. And I remember years ago that was happening many, many years ago on the 700 Club, if I can say that, that many of these movie stars were getting saved and they were interviewing right away, but they were living like a double standard life. And then Pat became very cautious of who he was bringing back on. And I'm going back decades ago. I think the thing that we need to be careful of is that we must not allow celebrities to become the example that they live in flesh and blood just as we live in flesh and blood and that if they're, again, I want to emphasize where they are in their walk with God. So yes, I believe they can be born again and yes, I believe that the sanctification process is taking place in their life, but I think we need to be careful, even if we go back to the Jesus movement, if I can just throw this out real quick. And I know we've got some time. Chuck Gerard said this to me one time. I had Chuck at my church. Matter of fact, he was on Cornerstone. Oh, some years ago. And Chuck was an amazing, amazing human being and he preached to my church and then we went out to lunch and I was just asking him all kinds of questions and he told me, he says, we were put on the platform way before we should have been. We were not walking with God. And he said this more than one.  All right, so Ray, why don't you take us from here about questions about celebrity Christians and their lifestyle? Yeah, on the one hand, you know, Jesus warns against false prophets who come to you and she's clothing, false teachers, you will know them by their fruits and I think the principle is true of Christians as well. My walk should match my talk and especially as a pastor, you know, when we're interviewing members, we always look for what we call a credible profession. They need to understand the gospel, get the facts right. But we need to see some evidence of it in their lives.  All Christians are going to be inconsistent at some level. Short of the blasphemy of the Holy Spirit, Christians can commit any sin that the world does and I just would be real careful with, you know, looking at somebody, seeing some things in their lives that aren't right and saying, wow, you know, that shouldn't be. Look at yourself. I mean, I look at myself and I see things that shouldn't be. I mean, Paul called himself the chief of sinners. I mean, we all still sin. And so the fact that, you know, we see things in a celebrity or a wrestler or something, I'm not going to jump to the judgment. Oh, that's not a Christian because he sinned. Well, then none of us would be Christians because we all sin. And so, you know, I just think we need to be real careful about that. But as Pete said, we don't make anybody the model, right? I mean, nobody is. Oh, this is what a Christian is. The Bible tells us what a Christian is. And when we fall short of that, you know, there's confession, there's forgiveness, there's repentance, and that's what we exhort people to do. And we should pray for one another when we see people falling short. Absolutely. I think that, you know, the whole thing of the soil and sowing the seeds and then some spring up, right? Some spring up right away. They accept the word, but they don't have root in themselves. So yeah, absolutely. You know, what I'd like to do, guys, if we could go to the Scripture, I'd like to read the Scripture and then just get your take on this. And Jay, I'll come to you first, coming out of the Scripture, but it's from 2 Timothy and it says this, The saying is trustworthy. For if we have died with Him, we so also live with Him. If we endure, we will also reign with Him. If we deny Him, He also will deny us. If we are faithless, He remains faithful for He cannot deny Himself. That's 2 Timothy 2, 11 through 13. Whoa, help take this apart for us. Unpack that Scripture for us. I want to tie that into that.  There's no fast track because you're a celebrity. You know, you still got to walk through this and that's what the Scripture is saying. If you died with Him, and it says if we endure, another place that says if we suffer, then we'll reign with Him. You know, they have to walk through that process. This is the process of getting to know the Father. You have to suffer. You've got to die. You've got to walk through these things. And He's also saying in there, obviously it goes a little bit further. He says if we deny Him, He's going to deny us. But even if we're faithless, He remains faithful. So He's saying there's a point that it's on you. But in the rest of it, there's some stuff where God's like, even if you fall short, I'm still me. And He's still going to hold it down. But I think there's no fast track in this thing. Everybody's got to walk through the process. Yeah. Pastor Glaze, what are your thoughts on that Scripture? Yeah. I would tag on to the tail end of what Jay said about God's faithfulness.  You know, the steadfast love of God. And they said like when you're in a relationship with God, God holds on to you and you hold on to God, right? But sometimes we lose strength and we give up. And it's good to know that God still holds on to us. So even when we're unfaithful and we don't have the faith, that God is faithful and He still holds on to us. He didn't post anything. I may apprehend Him who has apprehended me. Yeah, I mean, that's so good. Ray, what are your thoughts? I mean, there's even some hard things in this. I love this portion of Scripture. If we deny Him, He would deny us. That's kind of hard. Can you just unpack that for us a little bit? You know, that became real in the early church when you had to make a choice.  You know, the emperor called and say, Kaiser Curios, which is Caesar's Lord. And even though we know we're commanded to respect rulers and so forth, we can't worship them. And the Christians had to make a choice there. Will I deny Caesar? Will I deny Jesus? And we can't ever deny Jesus. Absolutely. It's important to remember that He remains faithful. He cannot deny Himself. He is faithful to you no matter what you're going through, even when you're faithless, even when you have those struggles, He remains faithful to you. Well, we hope you enjoyed today's program. And we want to hear from you. Please email us your questions at hardquestionsatctvn.org or hey, the hotline's an easy way, right?<PHONE_NUMBER>. We'd love to have your questions. Please contact us. Have a great day.


On this week's podcast, it's Jack and I are going to have a chat about one of the things which can plague people's trading program and that is the plateau. So the title is something along the lines of which Jack will decide later, exactly how it appears, but how to continue making progress and plateaus can be one of the most frustrating and demoralizing episodes in a trading program in a trading block, but also over a longer period of time. So we're going to pull some of this apart real short little hit today. Just give you some ideas and hopefully some inspiration to try and kind of break through those plateaus or kind of tackle ones when they come at you in the future. So you're equipped and prepared.  You make some progress initially. It's like what happens? What happens after that? And so we've, we've been through those frustrations as well. So we felt it with you, but one of the, some of the things that will actually obviously help is having some guidance and so working with some coaches, etc. We're very excited that the 2022 workshops are kicking off. We've already run a six week body weight basics that's been online, but we've got our face to face workshops coming back this coming weekend. As you listen to this, as long as the date of this is going out correctly, it should be the 16th of February on Saturday, the 19th. We are in Staffordshire. There is probably a couple of places still left, hopefully, and then we are in London on the 6th of March. We've got a brand new workshop experience. It's a full day. It's discounted to 125 quid. If you remember, there's some discount codes for you to get it for just 99 quid or if you VIP for 75 quid. So do check those out. The links will be in the show notes on the or go to the website, schoolcasts.com and just click on the workshops and retreats tab. Great point, Jack, about getting some help to get through plateau. Sometimes what you need is just a couple of different exercise progressions. The right coaching cues and that can be enough if you're working on a specific skill, but let's not go too far down that line of enquiry. Let's get into podcast.  Listen, players. You're listening to the movement, strength and play podcast by the School of Calisthenics. Here are your hosts, Tim and Jacko. So, Timbo, plateaus, have you ever had one? Many. That's going to say if he said no, then it was going to be like, hold on. How come this either? So the reality is just I wanted to put some context. People have you're listening along to this, like you think in here, correctly, I've had a plato. If you're the one person out there that has never had a plato, it's like, I don't know, either you're a genius or maybe you haven't been training right. Yeah, you're a better strength and condition coach than me. But essentially, we've all had plateaus and actually continuing to make progress can be frustrating, can be challenging.  We don't, we've stopped making progress to actually be like, we stop doing stuff and then, you know, if you stop doing it, you're definitely not going to progress. So understanding the psychology of it, I think, is an interesting and important point and knowing and feeling like you've got some advice and you've got some tools in your toolbox to try and utilise, to notice when is a plato upon me and how can I get through it. So what have been your, what have been some of your top tips, Timbo? Yeah, I think you make a good point about that consistency to start off with it going. If this kind of having conversations with people who are, like if you are inconsistent with your training, then you are going to find these periods of plateau because we're just not getting that consistent exposure to the stimulus which is going to result in adaptation. So if you're struggling to be consistent and you're kind of worrying about plateaus, just take a step back and just work out how you can be more consistent with your training. You often you'll break through there. So that's kind of point one. We'll go a bit micro and then I want to go like macro to finish just as a slightly bigger conversation. But I think the, the one thing to, we're just going to throw out a couple of suggestions that I see massively and is underutilized. And I'm going to put it first and it's probably the one that people don't want to hear rather than going, oh, it's this drill, this progression, this sort of reps and sets and whatever and tempo. The biggest reason I think people struggle with plateaus is rest and recovery. And they're just not doing enough of that or doing it well enough to enable the body to recover from the stress that you've placed upon it and then therefore adapt and go and break through. So we kind of talking a little bit around periodization here, which is a massive subject and people have written very long and sometimes boring books about periodization, which are quite difficult to read. And people get really geeky about it. But there's a guy in the States called Mike Boyle, who's a very well known strength and conditioning coach. And his kind of very simple approach to periodization is each week, can we put some more weight on the bar, whatever that might be. And he also says, often we kind of like sometimes get over, we get overcomplicate periodization. And he's like, rest periods will come in a training cycle for most people. So there'll be weeks where work is crazy. Or if it's an athlete population, they've got a dentist appointment or they're traveling or something happens. But for most of us, there's a lot of times in our normal kind of weeks where training or every month, I say, where you just get these breaks where actually I go from five sessions to two sessions. That's rest, right? So this kind of does that side of things to think about. Like if my life is like that, I sometimes have these periods where I just don't get to train as much so I can use those as deload weeks for other people. If you are sort of training consistently hitting four or five sessions a week and you don't have that disruption, then you need to start thinking about your rest and recovery. Because if you don't have a user's analogy before, but I think it's always worth repeating, every time you train, you dig a hole, right? And the more you train, the deeper that hole gets. So when we're training athletes and they train five, six days a week over an extended period of time, we actually dig them quite a big hole. And our job then is when we do our recovery protocols. So we sleep, whatever that might be, our nutrition, hydration, all the kind of we can get into that and probably a different podcast. But the different sort of method you've got to improve your recovery helps us to put a little bit back in that hole and fill it back up a little bit. So we're constantly trying to balance this idea of creating enough stress that creates a favorable adaptation.  So it super compensates. And then we go and dig a little bit more of a hole through training and then we allow the recovery where a lot of people go wrong with this and one of the major reasons for plateauing is that they just keep digging all the time. And there's no there's no space in their week or training program months, whatever it might be, where that hole actually gets filled back in a bit and the body then gets chance to supercompensate. We don't have rest weeks. We don't de-load. If we are training consistently over months, you are one going to hit plateaus and two risk of over overreaching to a point, which is kind of that when you go towards that over training.  People need to get more comfortable with resting. And this would be this would be tea upjackets, talk about the psychology, but they get that training addiction. I don't feel good about the train. You've got to learn that resting recovery is part of the process and you will feel better in the long term because you'll see those performance improvements that you're looking for. You've got to get comfortable with doing a little bit less every now and again to allow that body to recover. Yeah. And I think that if you are someone that, you know, you mentioned there, that sort of like attitude where you get you are a bit addicted to it and it's difficult to have those times often if you don't have those natural sort of breaks in your in your in your training cycle, where you just train less because like you say work or family life or something. Some stuff comes up and it just interrupts you if you are one of these people that maybe a professional athlete or you're you just have the luxury of where you train doesn't really get interrupted and you actually prioritise it higher than other things. And that's that's a different conversation of prioritising, training over everything else in your life. But it's a case that we need to therefore plan to actually have those reload weeks. And I think psychologically, when you've planned to have it, it allows you to to deal with it, that psychologically a little bit better. It's like, OK, I've entrusted this process that Tim's talking about. I understand that the science behind the super conversation actually need to have this I've planned to have it in. And that's that's a week where I'm going to do this, this, this different. Or, you know, deloading doesn't have to be like doing nothing, but you're you're you're reducing the amount of intensity of the things that you are doing and maybe do a few different things and have some variation. But when you've planned it and just then start to trust the process, it allows you to well, when you've planned it, it's going to probably go ahead. But then it allows you psychologically to just deal with it as a disruption to your normal life. I love going after it, but yeah. And when you feel then the benefits of having some of that supercompensation taking place when you've been resting, then you start to get the buy-in of like, OK, these deload weeks, as long as I'm working out when I'm supposed to be working out, these deload weeks will really do help me push on and, you know, to to echo something you said at the beginning. If you're training really hard and you're not getting any better or any stronger, it's not that you're not training. So you've just said, yeah, consistently training really hard is that you're not recovering. And so addressing that as a great first point in both and very, yeah, super, super, super important. When we're talking about longevity, talking about looking after ourselves and talking about, you know, as our philosophy of wanting to be able to do cool things and be able to move and enjoy my body when I'm very old, like it's important that I'm addressing some of those issues right now. And it's also this considering the rest of the emotional stress and load you've got on during the week, because if I work super busy or I've got a baby, it doesn't sleep for the night at the moment. So me going in and thinking I'm really going to go and bust out PB's at the moment is unrealistic. And then also like it's a little bit dangerous. Like if I'm going in tired, I don't really want to be going, pushing that red line because my system is going to be under a little bit of stress. And please, like I've been in this game long enough to know this to be true. Don't let what you see on social media indicate or determine or affect influence. How hard do you think you should be training because you see other people training hard? And everyone's sending it on Instagram, right? Everyone's doing like absolutely like hard out sessions. There's there's a time and place for that. But their search circumstances and situation is very likely to be different to yours. So listen to your body, do what's right for you. Play the long game and focus on yourself, not on everybody else. What about then if we switch gears into the opposite of rest of training when we are if someone's struggling with some with some plateaus and it's like actually what can I do lads in my actual training to try and get through these things? And a friend of mine, he's actually been S&C coach Matt Parr, he's an S&C Lester Tigers and he's just moved to to France for a common which club there. But he used to say you've got to keep the body guessing. He liked like for the like interesting things like keep the body guessing but variety or changing things up. And there's a whole load of different variables that we've got potentially to play with the everything from the tempos that you're working out, isometrics. There's there's those types of things would be nice to touch on, I think. And the other thing that's coming that I'd like to maybe just throw in the mix is figuring out like what's the strength issue? What's the what's the thing that's holding you back causing this plateau? Is it that actually like shoulders a bit unstable or your hip or whatever the thing is? Like trying to actually find and enjoy the process of problem solving. OK, I hit this plateau rather than being frustrated with it. Flip it on its head and go, OK, so I've hit a plateau. Why have I hit a plateau and trying to understand that? And then you can start to potentially use the some of these changing up these variables to to to go after that point in your your training and your strength, whatever it is to actually address it. I'm just thinking of saying someone like I realized that actually I'm really weak in like this position. I might use an isometric at the like midpoint in my pull up, for example, to help me through that section or whatever it may be. But there might be an opportunity to use a different variable within my training rather than having to like carte blanche train change everything. And if I've thought about and tried to do a little bit of investigative work of what the issue is causing is, I think then we can be a little bit more efficient with what we do. Yeah, I think it's a good point. And I think just before I sort of respond to that bit, this this just deal with a skill component side of things, because one of the oftentimes people talk about a plateau or they're struggling to make progress in something like a handstand training. I won't dive into too much about that, because we can we can do another podcast with that we put in the past. But there is going to be a period of where you're learning a complex skill where you just got to keep going like it will feel like a plateau. But in your early days of handstand training, this kind of cognitive phase, you can make quite fast progress. And then you hit this kind of associative phase. And it's like it just takes a long time and you just got to keep going. So if you're following a structured training program and you've got the right sort of methods and progressions and drills, you will get there. But you just got to dig in and go through this period where it feels like not a lot's happening. I'm watching my daughter learn to walk at the moment. And she's just she's in that phase right now. She kind of could do it if she's but she sits like she bottles it and but yeah, just keep going. If it's a skill side of things, you've got the right drills and progressions. Just keep going. Loads of times people come to workshops and they're like, what am I not doing? I'm like, there's nothing you're not doing.  Now, the other side of that is going is often then as to your point, Jack, of going, what are you not doing? So maybe you've exhausted the level of a neuro muscular controller. So if you nearly kind of eat out everything you can do from muscle, we had this conversation with Ross, actually a while back, then one way to go in and that's kind of like you're getting your muscle up, but you want to go and do you got one muscle up, but you can't get any more out of it then and you've really kind of exhausted that from a neuro perspective. So you've done quite a lot of maximal strength training, power training, which you will end up doing like with our programs to get that first muscle up to go and do more muscle ups. It might be that you need a bigger muscles so that you've got more fibers to their core contributes towards creating more force. There's a reason why strong people are quite big most of the time. So because bigger muscles can produce more force quite simply. So it might be that you switch tactics and go, I'm going to go and do six, 10, 12 weeks, three, six months of hypertrophy training, like strength, mass development, because I'm going to create bigger muscles, which can produce more force and then I will come back and I'll make that muscle faster and more explosive so I can go and do five consecutive muscle ups on the bounce or whatever it might be. The other one would be like pull ups and people often kind of go, I see people going and hitting four or five pull ups and they're like, I can't get any more. Now we could apply that same strategy, but equally it could also be that you are losing the stability around the shoulder and therefore your body can't actually stabilize a joint and it won't, the brain won't let you produce or high levels of force around an unstable joint. It'll just shut it down because it's trying to protect the system. So in that situation, often what we'll find is people kind of got some pull ups, but what they really need is a block of scapular shoulder stability type work, which is going to create stronger foundations. So essentially they can hang from the bar for longer in a stable position and then you'll be able to get to do more pull ups. So identifying what your weak link is and there's a really easy takeaway from this. The thing that you don't like doing is probably the thing that you need to do more. Yeah, that's a lesson for life, Tim, though. That's just not training. Yeah, it's easy there, isn't it? Like go in and go, I'm really good at handstand push ups. I'm going to go and do that. Like, but what am I, like if I want to do is a given movement, like I probably need to go and do something that I'm not very good at and I don't like doing, but that's often where you're the biggest plateau buster is recovery and then do the stuff you're not very good at. That will probably get you where you need to be. Yeah, yeah. No, love that. Love that. And I think that that's if you can, if you can simplify, if you can try and gather a simple message for a potentially complex, but certainly frustrating topic or area, having some more rest and like you say, doing the things that you know you should do, but you put off or you just shy away from. It's difficult, though, like, and again, the psychology comes into that, it's hard to do something you don't feel good at. Your ego has to take a bit of a hit. It's just physically actually harder to do something you're not good at. And sometimes it's, it's something that you're not good at in terms of, say, we took that example, like stability compared to, like, all-out strength.  But actually, it's those stabilizers need a bit more time to work on. So if, and that's probably, because the thing I was wondering, if I was listening to this and we're saying, like, try to understand where your weak link is or what is your issue, my question would potentially be like, well, how do I know? And I think that you'd hit the nail on the head in the simple, you can obviously do it for some investigative work if you're working with a coach, like, in more detail, but you hit the nail on the head and go, like, what are you really crapper and hate doing? Like, that's probably the weak link. Yeah, I think that's, and that's where, like, to shout about our programs too much, but, like... Yeah, it's our podcast. You can shout about our programs. That's fine. We've actually phased them in a structured approach. So the reps and sets will change throughout the week. So you'll do some of that work where it's nice. It's just like engine work, which can get bigger muscles and then we're going to go and make you more explosive and powerful. So it's periodized for you. But it is sometimes difficult if you don't know training to kind of work out what you shouldn't be doing because you might even know about scapidizability for or stabilizing the shoulder for a pull-up and how that might contribute. So I think, like, you mentioned it before, of, like, becoming a bit more of a student of the sport and understanding why you're struggling and what's going wrong for you, understanding your body, getting some support from some people that you trust and can help you along that journey. And it is just, is that process sometimes of just switch the stimulus? And often you'll find that, I was just going to say, one hard thing around this is that if we say, right, you're in a plateau, you're probably not feeling great about your training. And then what Tim just said, I just talked about myself for the third person, and that's what I just said, was then go and do stuff you don't like doing. Well, in a plateau, it's much easier to go and do the stuff that you do. So this was kind of like my zoom out bigger picture kind of conversation of going, if you're in a plateau and it's beating you down, remember, training is supposed to be fun. So if we are, if we're not professional athletes, at least I'm not doing it for a living. So I think I was going to switch the stimulus. So you might just go and do a block of training that makes you feel good, or you might, so say it's a pull-up example, just go and do some back hypertrophy training. Most people enjoy that sort of stuff because it's a little bit easier, it's not so complex. Just reps and sets, grind it out. You generally feel pretty good off the back of doing it. So switch the stimulus, find out about different types of training and try and go and dive one of those routes and keep the movement pattern specific. So if you're doing pull-up work or muscle-up based work, it makes sense to go and do something around pulling, strength, speed, stability. Don't go and start doing pushing stuff because it's not going to have a massive help. And then the other thing I was going to say is like just change the stimulus, give yourself a break. Like oftentimes out of done stuff, like plans training for me got into this kind of, this realm and I was kind of getting frustrated with it, hit a plateau, it wasn't getting anywhere. So I just bend it off for a while. I went and did something different and wasn't in my mind anymore training plans. But when I came back to it, I had not really lost anything. If anything in some ways, if I'd done some strength-based work of just like general pushing-based work, I came back and felt pretty good. And then I've got a rejuvenation of life around it. I went, you know, I'm going to go and do a little bit more into this. I'm kind of in that phase now. I've not touched it for ages, but yesterday I was like, I got back into a little bit of planche kind of push-up stuff. I'm like, yeah, do you know what? I'm ready to go and play around with this again. And then just my last point on this one, and then I let Jacly wrap it up, sometimes go and change it entirely. So we'll get a lot of people who come from one more form of exercise into calisthenics. We'll get people who come to calisthenics and they go, I'm going to go to somewhere else. Like I've started CrossFit for a bit and Jacly was doing some running. And calisthenics is still a very much part of how I train the upper body, but I've just brought a different stimulus in there because sometimes a plateau can just be around training in general. It might not be specific to calisthenics. And sometimes in those scenarios, it's okay to go and do something else. There's a lot of thought in my head and Jacly and I've talked about this offline and podcast around identity and stuff of like, I don't have to be, I just, because I do calisthenics and have a business called the School of Calisthenics, it doesn't mean I can't enjoy other things. It's just that I have, it still remains part of my training. So you are free to go and do whatever you want and try other things. And that's good for your physical literacy. It's good because CrossFit for me has made me address some deficits in my metabolic and fitness side of things. And then I'm still going to go and do that for a while. It doesn't mean I'm gone forever, but I might come back and go, now I'm ready to go and do this other thing and you can come back to it with a little bit of freshness around it. And that is huge. I think if people have never done that before, gone, right, gonna do something completely different. If you've never done that or just left something alone for a while, I'm not gonna touch on that. And I'm just gonna, I might just do a different element of my training or you might do something completely different. When you come back to, so long as that you're doing some work and it's like in some way related, then you'd be quite surprised at how much better that thing that you were previously platted on. It's like, wow, this actually feels pretty good.  So yeah, there's, if that's something you've not tried, and there'll be something, because if you're into your training, there'll be something that you've never done before. And you're like, I ain't got time to go and do karate as well. I don't know, whatever it is. Do you know what I mean? Like say something. And it's like, well, just do that for a few weeks and just like enjoy doing something completely different. Then come back, then come back and just see how that improvement in just your overall physical literacy and what you'll, when you start to move in different ways to your training differently, you'll learn again more stuff about your body. You say there, like doing some more metabolic work, you find out like where you're actually out on that and you go, okay, maybe it's good, maybe it's not, maybe it's something I want to work on. But until we go and dab our toe in these different areas, we're not actually going to know and bring it right back around to where we started. Like it can be a great way to get yourself through a plateau because some of it could be just, the whole thing's just got a bit stagnant. Yeah. I've got one. Look on him. Sorry, I had to cough then. If you listen to this and go out and listen to you boys and you've not addressed my problem yet and doing all those things, if you're going into sessions every week and you're doing the same number of reps and sets every week, every session, then there's no reason why that's why you're not progressing. So if you don't know what you did the week before, that's also a good reason. So if you've got to continue to try to do some more loads so that we have to scale with this progressive overload either through volume, intensity, whatever the variable adjustment might be, we need to be doing more effectively of whatever it is each week to try and get that progressive overload. So what that means is it might be rather than doing three sets of 10 every week and doing that for four weeks, I'm manipulating those rest periods. So say I'm doing a weight or I'm doing pull-ups and I can do certain amounts, I might just keep a note of that one. And that's where this within calisthenics is important for a training diary because in the gym environment, you might go on did 22 kilo dumbbells last week, I'll try 24 kilos this week or whatever it might be. If you can do five pull-ups like how and you can't do six or seven or you're aiming for eight, it can be quite difficult to kind of work out how you're gonna make that a bit easier. So a real easy way to get overload in that environment is just all that context is keep a trained diary and if you do four reps one week, that's cool. The next week try and do five, that's dead simple. And you'll find that there's that adding stuff on or you go three sets one week, I'm gonna try and do four sets the next week or five sets the next week. And this is where periodization can be really simple. Just try and do a little bit more each week and then do that deload because if you're doing that, you're going to need that recovery phase. So those two things can go together. And it might be that like broken sets like we talked about before. So use that example like four pull-ups and then like five. Like it's quite difficult to like a 25% increase. It's a big jump.  So there's little ways that you're just able to add that little bit in. It doesn't have to be all exactly the same. Like if you, what's that phrase? If you always, you'll always get what's the, I don't know, I'm gonna butcher it. If you always do what you always did, you'll always get what you always got. So if you always go in and do three sets of 10, you're just gonna get good at doing three sets of 10. You're not gonna get any better at doing anything else. So you do have to provide something different and it can be as simple as have a little break, do another rep. I didn't do that last week. Well, that's a progressive overload from the week before. Sweet. So if you are, yeah, if you want some training programs which are periodized for you, you can take some of the guesswork out of this sort of stuff. Then we have those in our online programs, all sorts of things. Hannah Sands must have human rights. Yeah, I'm here. Lots of different stuff in there if you go and play around with, all of it is laid out in this way. So you are getting that periodized overload and the deloads scheduled for you. You'll learn a lot about training as well.  So if you want to go and get a little bit of knowledge around your training, then all of that is in our online platform as well. And you will leave, not only having to achieve the skills that you want because we put self-assessments in, we help you to check bays, we give you a little directions, cues, all this sort of stuff. It's designed to help you avoid plateaus at each journey step along the way, but you'll also come out of it knowing a lot more about your training so you can then become a master of your own training. That's gotta be worth a time of investment to read a little bit and learn a little bit along the way. Yeah, investing some, you never regret investing some time in understanding yourself, your body and your training if that's what you're into.  We've got workshops in Staffordshire on the weekend on the 19th of February. That's coming up very quickly. And then the 6th of March in London. Details are on the website. Look at the click on the workshops link and yet there will be some more being announced very soon too. We hope to see you there. Amazing. And so next week, keep exploring your physical potential through movement, strength and play. Class dismissed.


Halo is a series where you play as a super soldier saving the world and over time the series became tone deaf towards the concepts of humanity and vulnerability. In Halo 3, ODST you're not a 7 foot tall super soldier with the power suit and armor abilities. You're just a normal 6 foot ODST rookie in the aftermath of Newman Bossa looking for your team who is most likely dead. ODST is a dramatic shift in tone from the 3 previous games because you're not important or special.  And where it's fun being the demon and destruction slaying aliens and saving the world, you forget that there's a war across the galaxy that's leaving billions of innocent people dead. Halo 3 ODST is especially unique because it's not special unique. The game premise itself takes place from the aftermath of a mission from Halo 2, but instead of going through slipspace as the Master Chief you wake up alone in your pod that crash landed on the streets of a city that's been overtaken by the Covenant. Halo 3 ODST is a contained story. There's no stopping a world ending threat or saving the day. You're just a normal soldier and that's why this game works so well. Halo 1, 2, and 3 throws you into combat with the starting missions.  Orbital Drop Shock Trooper. You're not a Spartan, but you also aren't a Marine.  In Halo you've always been a lone wolf on the offensive taking names and saving the day, but for the first time you're part of a team that's in way over their head, with only one goal of just surviving the day. The game starts with your team going on a combat drop for a mission that's classified, then the slipspace jump from Halo 2 sends out an EMP affecting everybody's drop. Six hours later you wake up scared, confused, and alone in the pitch black city of Newman Bossa. When looking around you realize that within the last six hours the city has been overrun and taken over by the Covenant. Loan ammo and completely alone the rookie finds clues on the whereabouts of his team and what they did after the drop. When the rookie discovers clues you can switch the perspective of who the clue is about. Through the campaign you play as the rookie, Buck, Mickey, Dutch, and Romeo. The rookie is isolated and tactical, where when you play Dutch's missions they take place 30 minutes after the combat drop leading you to fight in the trenches with marines. As Mickey you're blowing up bridges so you can retreat and fall back. As Buck you try to find your team and get to safety.  That's pretty fun. Atmosphere is a great way of setting a tone in a story. In ODST you don't have green scenery and epic music accompanying you throughout the game. Instead you have gritty visor effects, sad music, and overwhelming uses of red and blacks. Bro that's how I feel skill and weed for my mom's remote night. Halo soundtrack is iconic because of the rock instruments and ODST flipping that is unique and bold. Martin O'Donnell and Michael Salvatore did the soundtrack once again but instead of going for the approach of drums and guitars the music is composed with jazz instruments. The music is in D major giving the tone of depression and confusion. Neon Knight for example has this excellent piano string.  But given a majority of time you'll be playing as the rookie you'll be constantly surrounded by this amazing soundtrack. You have one hand tied behind your back in comparison to Halo 3 in terms of combat. You can't do wield, heavy weapons are limited, and a majority of time you'll be using the science SMG variant accompanied by a science pistol. A night vision mechanics is introduced for the first time and lets the players see outlines of enemies and allies but increases the noise and saturation on the screen. The player's night vision is useful in dark settings but when used anywhere else it becomes too distorted and bright. The ODST visor is necessary for the game since it takes place in a majority dark setting and is way more immersive and practical than a flashlight. And with the absence of shields your health is increased by med packs that are spread throughout the city. Your trooper could still eat a couple shots but when you're critical anything could kill you. The game takes place during Halo 2 but since it's Halo 3 you won't be slaughtering elites. The loophole around this though is that while your team is fighting to get out of the city the Covenant Civil War from Halo 2 is in progress. Veronica what's with all the dead elites? What do you mean? Looks like a family feud like they were killed by Brutes. Is there something I should know? It's classified. Some things never change. While it does conflict with immersion fighting Brutes is still fun and challenging. And with the story of Halo 3 ODST a new Covenant enemy type is also introduced called Engineers that gives shields to anybody near them. Before transitioning to the technical aspects of the game I want to take a moment to acknowledge the game's marketing in 2009. The game was originally named Halo 3 Recon but later changed to ODST and had a CGI trailer. While it was nice the one you probably know was the iconic live action one. To be honest the trailer has nothing to do with the game but I think it's interesting and shot well. It also gives you the insight on the ODSTs and makes them feel unique. Also the music. Now to the technical aspects the game has been this smooth port and is well optimized. That's pretty much it. It's not really to talk about the technical aspects. It runs well and it's an old game. And within the multiplayer of the Master Chief Collection game modes were added in Halo 3 including the Science SMG and Pistol. But their only temporary as Firefight was a permanent addition. When thinking about Halo Firefight Reach comes to mind but Halo 3 ODST was the first game to introduce Firefight and it still works really well. Firefight is a wave based game mode where you try to stay alive while fighting waves of enemies. It's honestly pretty simple.  You could choose multiple maps in the campaign to play on but winning a match on heroic is going to take commitment. You have limited lives and no shields and the enemies get stronger while you get weaker. The ODST up to also gives customization options for Halo 3 and Halo 3 ODST. As you rank up levels you unlock tokens that can be redeemed in the battle pass to get characters from the campaign to play in Firefight. Halo 3 ODST isn't a fantastic game but it's a damn near perfect one. It's a great shift to pace and has one of the best playable campaigns in the franchise. Way better than Halo 3's at least. ODST shows that high stakes don't make a great game and sometimes being the little guy can be just as impactful. While other halos are great ODST stands out because of its atmosphere and world building. Thanks for watching the video. If you liked it support me by subscribing and liking the video. Also a share would be appreciated. I got more things on the rise and yeah, see ya.


So, in this section of analysis of export subsidies, second section, we will discuss what consumer gain in and what producer gain in the net form, like what particular amount of gain a consumer have or loss consumer have and then what producer is gaining or losing after getting subsidies. Starting from the same point, we discussed a few things in the previous module. You have the principal demand and supply forces and we assume that international price is $3.5 and then the state is providing subsidy of $0.5. Ultimately, international price became $4 and then supply is at J bar that is $40 and then demand is $10 and exports are $30. If you look here, then you have domestic consumer lose, that is A bar and B bar. The reason for this first price was here, then you have this section of demand curve and area under the demand curve is normally consumer surplus. The principal consumer surplus was at this point, this triangle form. As the price increases and increases from this consumer surplus to $4, you have this share and this share and we towed this share from rotation A bar and B bar. Here, we can easily calculate this. To calculate A bar, we can find out the area of the rectangle, that is 0.10, that is 10 and that is 0.5. So, here we can say that you have 10 into 0.5, that is 5. So, you have this area of A bar, that is 5. Similarly, you can remove the area of B bar, that is triangle. You have triangle H bar, N bar and B bar. For this, you can apply 1 over 2 base into height formula. For ultimately, you can find out the area. 1 over 2 base is, I suppose, 10 and height is 0.5 and then, which is equal to 2.5. Actually, if we eliminate 0, convert 0.5 into denominator form, then it will be 1 over 2, 10 into 5 over 10, 2.5. So, you have here, A bar area is 5 and B bar area is 2.5. When they are summed, ultimately, you have the consumer's loss, that is of 7.50 dollars. Now, let's see how the producer gains in this case. Do the producers gain? In this case, obviously, if the prices are higher, the major player who has the benefit here, that is producer. How much is the benefit for the producer? We say here that the producer's gain is A bar, B bar and C bar. Principally, first when the price was this, then when the price was this, then all the other areas, A bar, B bar, C bar, go to the producer. Interestingly, we have also removed A bar and B bar from this. So, C bar can be easily found out. We can divide it into triangles and rectangles and remove the areas. So, here, you have to remove the area of this triangle, C bar, it has to be removed, in this case, and this area. When we sum up all three, then because this is the same practice, you can easily find out. Basically, triangles and rectangles have been discussed before. So, when you calculate this, I leave it as a home assignment for you. You ultimately have a figure that is 18.75. And the state, the third major player, if we talk about that, then the subsidy is giving B bar, C bar and D bar. So, the subsidy here is 15. You can calculate this as well. If you remove C bar, I assume that ultimately, if you remove A bar, B bar 7.50, then you have C bar area that would be 18.75 minus 7.50. So, if you find out this, you will have this area 11.25. So, easily from here, actually because you have removed A bar and B bar, you can easily remove C bar. Because you have this figure here of 18.75. C bar is 11.25. Government subsidy is B bar, C bar plus D bar. If you remove D bar like this, 1 over 2 base is 5, height is 0.5. And you can add this. So, this goes into the subsidy form of $15, which goes towards the state. And then the consumer once again loses that is 7.50. And producer is the only player which is getting out of this subsidy, that is $18.75. Now, the nation 2 here has to bear the protection cost. Now, which we also call dead real loss in other words. This concept we had discussed earlier that when you do not have any effect of policy, no positive effect or any gain, not going to the consumer, not going to the producer, not going to the state, then you normally talk about dead real loss. And ultimately, because of these efficiencies, we have discussed this before, comprehensively. Here, the protection costs are coming because of two areas. That is B bar, H bar, and N bar. This is the protection cost. And then, the other protection cost is C bar, J bar, and M bar. This is the D point. B and D as you can call it. And if you calculate it, you can calculate it with exactly the same formula. We calculated B as 2.5. The same formula. So, it is written here. In the same way, you can find out the value of C bar, J bar, and M bar, which is $1.25. If you add these two, then you can find out that you have 3.75. You have it in the form of dead real loss, which you call in simple sense protection cost. Now, ultimately, a question is raised that if the producer is taking advantage of it, then why do states give subsidies? Ultimately, if you look here, then consumers are losing. So, one of the major reasons for this is that you have lobbing, which are powerful corners or powerful circles in the state. They also lobby. Under which, the state is forced to subsidize particular industries, particular sectors. If you look at its classical example, primarily, it is said in Pakistan that we should export sugar. We, because we are farmers, agriculture countries, so the primary objective of every year is that we export it. And by exporting it, ultimately, you get gain in terms of foreign revenues or foreign exchange form. You get dollars. But ultimately, what happens? What happens is that you have sugar shot in the domestic market. And why does the subsidy go down every year? So, you can understand the politics behind this one, who owns the sugar industry mostly. So, what kind of people have it and how it affects the power corridors, the decency and how it is lobbing. So, we can ultimately say that you have a domestic producer who has the advantage and the domestic consumer has a loss. If there are already prices high like this one, domestic markets, right? So, at least the objective of trade was that you should at least provide the domestic consumer with sufficient things. But the classical case I have discussed in Pakistan, that is of basic necessity, sugar, which everyone uses. For layer goods, it can be a good policy to get higher returns out of exports. But the basic needs to achieve this, to some extent, hurt you a lot. And ultimately, the gain that is most important is the foreign buyer. Where, if you look at it, before the trade, or before the subsidies, not before the trade, but before the subsidies, you were able to buy 15 commodities on the free trade, 15x. But now, because of the subsidies, you have 30x in the form. So, ultimately, the distribution of the export subsidies, how does it affect the state, how is the consumer, and how is the producer.


This study uses microwave treatment to extract tan in natural dyes from tea leaves and employs biomordants to improve color strength on wool fabric, making the process more sustainable than using chemicals mordants. This article was authored by Shahid Adil, Muhammad Azim, Noman Habib and others.


Let us go to now problem number 2, where again the mass is 1 kg, what is given is temperature of 68 degree centigrade, what is also given now other property is enthalpy 2200 alright. So I got two properties now temperature and enthalpy and I have to get all other properties. So what I will do because my I have been given temperature now, I will go to table number one and compare these values of given enthalpy with hf and hg and locate in which region I lie first and then get the properties. So let us now go to problem number 2 and let us go to table number one. So here is table one and look at 68 point temperature here, so this is 68 degree centigrade okay. So please write down all the properties first and then we will come to the solution of this problem. So basically because we have been given the value of h which is 2200 and this is the value of hf and this is the value of alright, so we can locate based on this if I see hf and hg for 68 we can see that where we are. So hf is 284 and hg is 2622 and we can note that the value of given h lies between these two telling us that we are in a weight or two phase mixture. Now let us go back and solve the problem okay. Question number two, m is equal to 1kg given the value of h is 2200 kilojoule and t is equal to 68 degree centigrade, please note that because m is equal to 1kg we can write h is equal to 2200 per kg also alright. If had it been 2kg and this was given the value of 2200 then we will have to get kilojoule per kg for that value of h and use that in the steam table. As what we saw from table one and that at 68 degree centigrade we get the value of hf is equal to 284.68 kilojoule per kg and hg is equal to 2622.7 kilojoule per kg alright. Depending on this what we get is hfg is equal to 2388.0 kilojoule per kg it is not very important for us. So what do we see that the value of 2200 is between hf and hg. So we can say that hf is less than h less than hg and therefore we know that this is two phase region that means we are under the dome. We know that we are under two phase we are under the dome we first want to value the value of x and how do we get the value of x because now we know the formulation that h is equal to hf plus x times hfg. What is the h value given to us is 2200 kilojoule per kg is equal to hf which is 284.68 plus x time hfg which is 2388 as given over here. From here what we get is x is equal to 0.8192 this is very important. Once we get the value of x we can get all the properties and that is not a problem at all. So I can now get u is equal to uf plus x time ufg as we have done earlier s is equal to sf plus x time sfg and v is equal to vf plus x time vfg. I can use this now and get all the calculations done which I am not going to do all the calculations. Value of u is equal to 2071.86 kilojoule per kg value of v is 4.4797 meter cube per kg and value of s is 6.5448 kilojoule per kg Kelvin and now I know that we are again talking about mass is equal to 1 kg alright and therefore the same table will come as values for this. So we will have 2071.86.54 and 4.47 meter cube kilojoule per Kelvin and kilojoules as the final answers. This value just to correct this is 2388 and similarly I can use 2388 here. So here in this table now just by knowing the two values t is equal to 68 degree centigrade and h is equal to 2200 we can get all other values that v is equal to 4.47 meter cube u is equal to 2071, s is equal to 6.54 and x is equal to as we found first as equal to 0.8192. Although the values have been given larger decimal points you can actually just have first two digits after the decimal and that is good enough. With this background now let us get to the third problem which is mass is 3 kg now here in this case. So earlier we had mass as 1 kg or unit mass unit kg 1 kg here we have got 3 kg mass and for which now we have got the properties the enthalpy has been given as 2200 kilojoules and temperature has been given as now 68.5 alright temperature is 68.5 this will now create a problem and let us now see how do we solve the problems. So first important thing is let us go to the temperature table 1 and look at all the values and then come back to solving the problems ok. So let us go to table 1 go to 68.5 and then solve the problem this is table 1 where we want to get the values at 68.5 what we can note here is we do not have a value for 68.5 but we have got a value for 68 and value for 69. So what do we do in this case we will have to basically now interpolate the values between 68 and 69 68.5 happens to be a midpoint we can take average of two values for example if this is hf 68 and this is hf 69 we can just take average of these two values similarly hfg we can take average of these values and this can be done for all through but if this is not average for example it could be 68.3 then correspondingly we have to linearly interpolate between this 68 and 69 alright. So that linear interpolation can be done easily for the simplicity sake I am going to take average of these values between 68 and 69 ok. So note down the values for 68 note down the values for 69 and go back to the calculation. So after noting all those values let us solve the question number 3 so question number 3 what is given to us is m is equal to 3 kg h is equal to 2200 kJ and temperature has been given as 68.5 degree centigrade. What we just saw that we had values for 68 degree centigrade and we have values for 69 degree centigrade. So if I write those values hf is equal to 284.68 it is 288.87 over here then hfg is equal to 2338 kilojoule per kg here then hfg is equal to 2335.5 kilojoule per kg here and hg is equal to 2622.7 kilojoule per kg at this point and hg is equal to 2624.4 kilojoule per kg here. So what we can do here basically by interpolating this I will get the values of hf at 68.5 we just interpolate between this value and this value we get hf at 68.5 is equal to 286.7 kilojoule per kg then we can say hfg at 68.5 is equal to 2336 alright between these two values kilojoule per kg and hg at 68.5 is equal to 2623 kilojoule per kg. So similar thing are done for us and we I will interpolate the values and get it for 68.5 degree centigrade. Now we know that the h is given as 2200 but in our case the values are given at 3 kg. So what we have to do is h is equal to therefore 2200 divided by 3 that is 733.33 kilojoule per kg. It is very important to understand that the values that are given are where not per kg therefore we will have to find out per kg value which is 733.33 in this case and therefore if I compare this h value with hf and hg we understand that hf is less than h less than hg alright. So hf68.5 is 286.7, hg68.5 is 2623 while what we have is 733 and therefore we know that again this is two phase region alright that means we have to find out what is x and I can get the value of x again as h is equal to hf plus x time hfg and this has to be done at 68.5 degree centigrade. So I know that 733.33 now is equal to 286.775 plus x time hfg which is what we have to have evaluated at 68.5 so 2336.775 and from here I will see that x is equal to 0.1911 alright. So once I get the value of x as 0.1911 I can now use the same thing to calculate the values of u, v and s by using the formulation as u is equal to uf plus x time ufg, v is equal to vf plus x time vfg and similarly s is equal to sf plus x time sfg okay let us go to the next page. So I get v is equal to vf plus x time vfg if I put these values I will get 1.024 meter cube per kg I get u is equal to 703.38 kilojoule per kg and I will get s is equal to 2.24 kilojoule per kg Kelvin. Now we know that mass is equal to 3 kg for us alright therefore I will have to multiply by 3 to all these values and therefore now my v will be equal to 3.07 meter cube, u will be equal to 2110 kilojoule and s will be equal to this s value into 3 that what we get as 6.73 kilojoule per Kelvin and this is the final answer. So coming back to the table for the third problem for h is equal to 2200 kilojoule or 3 kg t is equal to 68.5 degree centigrade the properties which we calculated are v is equal to 3.07 meter cube u is equal to 2110 kilojoule h was given to us as 2200 and s is equal to 6.73 and x we had calculated as 0.19 telling us that this was in a two phase region. So this is the way we will have to calculate first understand the zone in which it is also ensure that the values are given as per kg or for 3 kgs or for 4 kgs whatever and correspondingly to convert into kilojoule per kg and then answer the questions accordingly. Thank you very much.


So now that we've been talking about some of these descriptive statistics, you know, uh, the Caritosis the skewness mean You know one of the things that you almost commonly have to deal with when you're dealing with data is this idea of Whether or not your data is normal the entire approach to that is if we're kind of looking at this nice old graph here You know we want to be on a very simple normal distribution bell curve that models a traditional bell curve But if we have something like a high kurtosis or very negative kurtosis, or we go With skews again We're no longer normally distributed. And so as a result Different statistical tests have to be done. So how do I go about doing that? How do I check for normality? Well, there are multiple steps to it. It's very Some of these can be just very straightforward If you think about it, so the first one obviously is just check a histogram of your data if I came in and Simply just plotted a histogram of our generated data You know, okay. I balling this it looks normally distributed or somewhat normally distributed Everything seems to be kind of going up and down in the right way Well, the reason why is again if I just eyeball this without doing any extra tests and whatnot if I Generated data where 17 was the midpoint, you know, again, it's now Hanging heavily to the right. And so as a result just from eyeballing this. I don't need to do any other statistical tests I don't need to you know learn any math do any math just from that right there I can go. Oh, well, this is not this is normally distributed Same thing could happen on the right side or the left side Where it's now on the 15 you can see. Oh, well, you know, it's all hanging out over on the 5 That's not normally distributed moving on but maybe you're running into issues where The data could be, you know, alright, you know, yeah, I bought I now I put mine at the middle point of a 12 Okay, well, it might be it may be slightly off But I can't quite tell and that's where again you would start to look at the kurtosis So again, that's where we're using sci-pi to just check out Not the kurtosis the skew skew of my data and the further that this goes from X All right. Well now we're starting to kind of bleed into bad territory, you know once again if it was a 10 10 Tends very close to zero Here even though it's slightly off. Okay, again, you're not gonna you're not gonna get perfect data So it's ever so slightly moving Very close to zero, but as you can guess if I move to something like 17 Again, we see it's very far away. So that same kind of approach can happen with my 12 Now the big thing is with this We're only talking about skewness, right? We're only Talking about how it flows from left to right The next approach is that you could use some statistical tests that also take in kurtosis So the vertical if you again think it's the horizontal plane the vertical plane of our data And I'm going to butcher these names. So But the Colomo Gorov Smirnoff, I know that word And the Shapiro Wilk tests each one of these is going to effectively look at the data with both the kurtosis and the skewness in tact and Determine whether or not your data is normal how it does that is by saying well if that test is not significant if it's if its p-value is Below some threshold it is not significant and these are pretty straightforward to run into so if I were to May unpack some of those data's I'll start with the Shapiro Wilks So the Shapiro Wilk has a w and a p-value that are returned when we're working with the function so stats dot Shapiro Shapiro x And we'll go ahead and Shapiro Wilk W is gonna be That and then the p-value equals that Format dot format W p Okay, so just to at least see this again We always like to test to make sure our data is doing what it should and so if we run this we see oh whether This is my Shapiro Wilks. There's my W value for that and you can notice that at the middle point of a 12 We're kind of you know, we're teetering, you know That's getting into a whole another argument of whether or not this would be considered significant or not That is for other people to deal with I'm not gonna put that in you know I'm not gonna make a decision with that but that's where you know I would make an assessment on this about whether or not my data was normally distributed If say for example, I went with a 10 again This is the normally normally distribute the perfect normal distribution You can see that in this situation It is not significant and so it is normal if However, I went with a higher number in this case you can notice well 17 and even though it says a One here. It's actually one point seven times ten to the negative six power. So it's Incredibly low. Oh, okay. Well the same thing on the five approach and we can see here it is well below our p-value and or well below the 0.0 0.05 Sort of significance test that everyone works off of so oh well this data is not normal Okay, well we have another approach as well the again. I will butcher it the Clomagorov smirnoff. I'm gonna call it a case smear. No, I wouldn't do that But it has in its case a d-value So the same approach now. I think sci-pi Developers were on the right track. They kind of knew what was going on here and even they are like I can't pronounce that or that's too Much to type so we're gonna call it ks Test much easier Now the thing about ks test is one you do have to pass in the data that you're working with and You also have to pass in a string parameter of what you're testing for in this case. We're testing for normality So I'll come in and I'll print those out. So Clomagorov Smirnoff Let's see there the d-value is gonna go in the zero spot and the p will be here So again, we'll go ahead and just run this as normal now the big thing that I do like to point out as you can see Oh, well, it's got some data going on Now Realistically speaking though, this is where it depends on what kind of data you're working on because again if we look at our 10 middle point right the 10 middle point is What everything else has said is normally distributed is the histogram looks fine The skewness is very close to zero But if you were to run the smirnoff the ks smir Analysis you're gonna see it's kind of very very low p-value. And so This is sort of one of those times where again, there are multiple ways to check for Normality all of those flags do not technically have to be Set and I know that there's probably some statistician out there who now wants to know where I live So he can hit me or she can hit me they can hit me But the big idea here is this is why you're running through multiple tests Shapiro Wilk says that we are a normally distributed set of data Keshmir does not so you gotta kind of play with it and this is where you You really need to make those assessments. It's not a perfect science It's making analysis and then determining what you can from that data The one thing I would say is if you are hitting these large p-values Most likely that is not the statistical test that you should be doing for your data So in our case, we're just dealing with a bunch of numbers getting generated Maybe the Keshmir nov test is not what we're looking for but either way Here's a way you can check for normality