Okay, we're back on theCUBE here in Cloud City. I'm John Furrier, Dave Vellante. Thanks, Adam and the guys in the studio. Awesome stuff. Dave, Mobile World Congress is happening. It's basically a hybrid show, mostly virtual. Actually, the physical action is a lot of booths. Cloud City is tricked out, big time, made for TV. theCUBE's obviously here. We've got the main stage with Adam and crew, Chloe and team, and it's pretty cool. Cloud City's thematic, John. We're going to see the next decade be about the cloudification of telco. And the major portions of telco are going to move to the cloud. It's very clear, especially the front end stuff. A lot of the business support systems, some of the operational systems are going to go. And you're seeing that. You're seeing that with Amazon. You're seeing Microsoft. You're seeing Google. They're all moving in that direction. It's inevitable. And I just love the fact that events are back. That's a game-changing statement. Mobile World Congress is not going to go away. There's no way they're going to let this event slide by, even though we're coming out of the pandemic clearly. Bon Jovi was here. He said, quote, we met him last night, face to face. He's like, go Patriots. Probably have a good season this year. He's a big Patriots fan. He said it's going to be better. He says it's going to be better. But he also said it's the first time he's performed in a year and a half in front of a... He was excited to be here, wasn't he? He was a calm, small, little, intimate crowd. Again, look behind us. You can see Cloud City. This is really built out extremely well. A lot of executives here, but the content's been awesome here. But also remote. We've been bringing people in live remotes. And we also had some prerecorded assets that we have. And we got one here from Booz Allen, who I had a conversation with earlier in the month. And grabbed some time to talk about the impact of 5G, telecom, and how it relates to national security for governments and society. And so, let's take a look at that video right now. Well, welcome to theCUBE conversation here. In theCUBE Studios in Palo Alto, California, I'm John Furrier, your host. Got a great conversation here with two great guests. Going to explore the edge, what it means in terms of commercial, but also national security. And as the world goes digital, we're going to have that deep dive conversation around how it's all transforming. We got Keely, vice president of Booz Allen's digital business. Keely, great to have you. John Pisano, principal at Booz Allen's digital cloud solutions. Gentlemen, thanks for coming on. Thanks for having us. So one of the most hottest topics obviously besides cloud computing, having the most refactoring impact on business and government and public sector has been the next phase of cloud growth and cloud scale. And that's really modern applications and consumer. And then here for national security and for governments here in the US is the military impact. And as digital transformation starts to go the next level, you start to see the architectures emerge where the edge, the IoT edge, the industrial IoT edge, or any kind of edge concept, 5G is exploding, making that much more of a dense, more throughput for connectivity with wireless. You got Amazon with snowballs, snowmobile, all kinds of ways to deploy technology. That's IT-like and operational technologies. It's causing quite a cloud operational opportunity and disruption. So I want to get into it. Let's, Keely, let's start with you. I mean, we're looking at an architecture that's changing both commercial and public sector with the edge. What are the key considerations that you guys see as people have to really move fast in this new architecture of digital? Yeah, John, I think it's a great question. And if I could just share our observation on why we started investing in edge. We mentioned cloud, but as we've reflected upon kind of the history of IT, you take a look for mainframes to desktops, to servers, to cloud, to mobile, and now IoT. What we observed was that industry investing in infrastructure led to kind of an evolution of IT. So as you mentioned with industry spending billions on IoT and edge, we've just feel that that's going to be the next evolution. If you take a look at, you mentioned 5G, I think 5G will be certainly an accelerator to edge because of the resilience, the lower latency and so forth, but taking a look at what's happening in space. You mentioned space earlier as well, right? And what Starlink is doing by putting satellites to actually provide transport into space. We're thinking that that actually is going to be the next ubiquitous thing. Once transport becomes ubiquitous, just like cloud allows storage to be ubiquitous, we think that the next generation internet will be space-based. So when you think about it, it won't be connected servers per se, it'll be connected devices. So that's kind of some of the observations and why we've been really focusing on investing in edge. Awesome, I'd love to continue the conversation on space and the edge and super great conversation to have you guys on, I really appreciate it. I do want to ask you guys about the innovation and the opportunities of this new shift that's happening. The next big thing is coming quickly and it's here on us and that's cloud, I call it cloud 2.0, the cloud scale, modern software development environment edge with 5G, changing the game, key, I completely agree with you. I think this is where people are focusing their attention from startups to companies that are transforming and repivoting or refactoring their existing assets to be positioned. And you're starting to see clear winners and losers as a pattern emerging, right?  That's the playbook. Some people are maybe, some people are not getting there. So I got to ask you guys, as telcos become super important and the ability to be a telco now, we just mentioned standing up a tactical edge, for instance, launching a satellite, a couple hundred K, you can launch a CubeSat. That could be good and bad, right? So the telco business is changing radically. Cloud, telco, cloud is emerging as an edge phenomenon with 5G. Certainly business and commercial benefits more than consumer. How do you guys see the innovation and disruption happening with telco? You know, as we think through cloud to edge, one thing that we realized, because our definition of edge, John, was actually at the point of data collection, right? On the sensor themselves. Other definition of edges were a little further back what we call the edge of the IT enterprise. But, you know, as we look at this, we realize that you need, you needed this kind of multi echelon environment, right? From your cloud to your tactical clouds, right? Where you can do some processing and then at the edge themselves. Really at the end of the day, it's all about, I think, data, right? I mean, everything we're talking about is still all about the data, right? The AI needs the data. The telco is transporting the data, right? And so I think if you think about it from a data perspective in relation to telcos, right? One, edge will actually enable a very different paradigm and a distributed paradigm for data processing, right? So instead of bringing the data to some central cloud, right? Which takes bandwidth off your telcos, push the process to the data, right? So mitigate what's actually being sent over those telco lines to increase the efficiencies of them, right? So I think, you know, at the end of the day, the telcos are going to have a pretty big component to this, even from space down to ground station, right? How that works. So the network of these telcos, I think, are just going to expand. John, what's your perspective?    Now it's under siege with rapid innovation. Yeah, so I definitely echo the sentiments that Key would have, but I would also, if we go back and think about the digital battle space and what we've talked about, faster speeds being available, you know, in places it's not been before is great. However, when you think about facing an adversary that's a near peer threat, the first thing they're going to do is make it contested, congested, and you have to be able to survive. While, yes, the pace of innovation is absolutely pushing comms to places we've not had it before, we have to be mindful to not get complacent and over rely on it, assuming it'll always be there. Because I know in my experience wearing the uniform and even if I'm up against an adversary, that's the first thing I'm going to do is I'm going to do whatever I can to disrupt your ability to communicate. So how do you take it down to that lowest level and still make that squad, the platoon, whatever that structure is, you know, continue to survival and lethal. So that's something I think as we look at the innovations, we need to be mindful of that. So Lo, and I talk about how do you architect it? What services do you use? Those are all those things that you have to think about. What if I lose it at this echelon? How do I continue the mission? Yeah, it's interesting. And if you look at how companies have been procuring and consuming technology key, it's been like siloed. Okay, we got a workplace workforce project and we have the tactical edge and we have the siloed IT solution when really work and play, whether it's work here and John's example is the warfighter. And so his concern is safety, is life, right? And protection, the other department has to manage the comms. And so they have to have countermeasures and contingencies ready to go, right? So all this is, they'll integrate it now. It's not like one department. It's like it's together. Yeah, John, I mean, I love what you just said. I mean, we have to get away from this silo thinking, not only within a single organization, but across the enterprise, right? From a digital battlefield perspective, it's a joint fight, right? So even across these enterprises of enterprises, right? So I think you're spot on. We have to look horizontally. We have to integrate. We have to interoperate. And by doing that, that's where the innovation is also going to be accelerated to, right? Not reinventing the wheel. I think the infrastructure edge is so key. It's going to be very interesting to see how the existing incumbents can handle themselves. Obviously, the towers are important. 5G obviously has much more deployments, not as centralized in terms of the spectrum. It's more dense. It's going to create more connectivity options. How do you guys see that impacting? Because certainly more gear, like obviously not the centralized tower from a backhaul standpoint, but now the edge, the radios themselves, the wireless transit is key. That's the real edge here. How do you guys see that evolving? So, you know, we're seeing a lot of innovations actually through small companies who are really focused on very specific niche problems. I think it's a great starting point because what they're doing is showing the art of the possible, right? Because again, we're in a different environment now. There's different rules. There's different capabilities. But then we're also seeing, you mentioned earlier on, some of the larger companies, Amazon and Microsoft, also investing as well, right? So I think the merge of the, you know, are the unconstrained art of the possible, right? By these small companies that are, you know, just kind of driving, you know, innovations supported by the maturity and the heft of these large companies who are building out kind of these hardened kind of capabilities, they're going to converge at some point, right? And that's where I think we're going to get further innovation. Well, I really appreciate you guys taking the time. Final question for you guys as people are watching this. A lot of smart executives and teams are coming together to kind of put the battle plans together for their companies as they transition from old to this new way, which is clearly cloud-scaled, roll of data, we kind of, we hit out all the key points I think here. As they start to think about architecture and how they deploy their resources, this becomes now the new boardroom conversation that trickles down and includes everyone, including the developers. You know, the developers are now going to be on the front lines, mid-level managers are going to be integrated in as well. It's a group conversation. What are some of the advice that you would give to folks who are in this mode of planning, architecture, trying to be positioned to come out of this pandemic with a massive growth opportunity and to be on the right side of history? What's your advice? This is a great question. So I think you touched upon it. One is take the holistic approach. You mentioned architecture a couple of times and I think that's critical. Understanding how your edge architectures will actually connect with your cloud architectures. So they're not disjointed, right? They're not siloed, right? They're interoperable, they integrate. So you've taken that enterprise approach. I think the second thing is be patient. It took us some time to really kind of, and we've been looking at this for about three years now. And we were very intentional in assessing the landscape, how people were discussing around edge and kind of pulling that all together. But it took us some time to even figure out kind of, hey, what are the use cases? How can we actually apply this and get some ROI and value out for our clients, right? So being a little patient and thinking through kind of how you can leverage this and potentially be a disruptor. John, your thoughts on advice to people watching as they try to put the right plans together to be positioned and not foreclose any future value. Yeah, absolutely. So in addition to the points that Kyra raised, I would number one amplify the fact of recognize that you're going to have a hybrid environment of legacy and modern capabilities. And in addition to thinking open architectures and whatnot, think about your culture, the people, your processes, your techniques and whatnot, and your governance. How do you make decisions when it needs to be closed versus open? Where do you invest in the workforce? What decisions are you going to make in your architecture that drive that hybrid world that you're going to live in? All those recipes, patients open, all that. I think we often overlook the cultural people aspect of upskilling. This is a very different way of thinking on modern software delivery. Like how do you go through this life cycle? How is security embedded? So making sure that's part of that boardroom conversation. We're back, Dave. This is a great interview we just had with Kay Lee from Booz Allen. The reason why I wanted to bring that into the CUBE programming this week was because you heard him say hybrid cloud, you heard him say public cloud, innovation, edge, all elements of the architecture. And he says, we are learning and it takes patience. And the other thing that he was hyper focused on was the horizontal scalability, not silos. Ken, this is an architectural shift Booz Allen, again, premier firm. And they're doing killer work. Those guys are amazing. So this brings up the whole theme here, which is you got to nail the architecture. If you don't know what Checkmate looks like, don't play chess. That's what I always say. So you don't know what the game is, don't play it. And I think the telco story that we're hearing from DR is that these guys don't know the game. Now, I would question that Amazon and others think they do because they're all partnering with them. Yeah, Amazon's got great partnerships. Google just announced a partnership with Ericsson. Goes on and on. I think anything that Ken move into the hybrid cloud Ken should and will, that'll happen. But there's some stuff that's going to take some time. Maybe we'll never move. You see that with mainframes. But what they'll do is they'll put an abstraction layer around it and it's got to communicate. And I think the big question is, okay, is it going to be the cloud stack coming on-prem? Which I think is going to happen. Or is it going to be the reverse? And I would bet on the former. Well, you know, we've been covering the cloud from day one. We've been part of that wave. We've had all the top conversations with Andy Jassy. When he was just breaking through the growth, all the cloud players, we've been there. We talked to all their customers. We have our finger on the pulse of cloud. And we are in cloud city, main street of cloud city. This is where all the action is. And the main stage is up there. Adam and team, take it from here.


Thank you Brenda and good morning to everyone and I know Steve just stepped out but I Steve gave it in good introduction to what I'm going to be speaking about this morning. I'll give you a little bit more details on some research results and such. So I will I was asked to talk about the placement but I do have some timing work and I do have some end stabilizer work that I wanted to show you also. So you've heard about this Steve gave the introduction to this and we used to weigh back when I learned soil fertility and then they changed things to nutrient management Joe and you know the environmental aspect has been around for a while and some states have focused more on it than other states. I came up through Florida and even in the 70s it was a big concern with phosphate and nitrates on sandy soils and in the southeast but more and more were with the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia situation and things of that nature the Midwest now where they use the most fertilizer it has become a focus so if he has this program education of really trying to put everything together and get you to think about these things and the way I like to put it I like to call it strategic nitrogen fertilization and I'll get into this a little bit more as I go on why I call it this but when we're looking at fertilizer especially nitrogen it's it's the source but it includes also the availability you know it's easy to say you should be using this source but if you can't get it that's not going to help you all right and price is also important and I'll talk about that a little bit another factor is trying to optimize the nitrogen rate okay gone are the days where we can put on that little bit of extra in case I need it all right we've got it what I like to talk about is hitting the bull's eye we need to get closer to that bull's eye as close to that bull's eye as we can with the correct rate and secondly that'll that'll maximize our economic returns because that's really what you want this is an input and if you talk to an ag economist you're trying to maximize output relative to inputs and fertilizer nitrogen is an input all right timing is is important and Steve addressed some of that earlier on we want to maximize and use efficiency one of those nutrients it can get away from us all right placement you've heard a little bit about that and I'll show you some of that and I'll talk a little bit about minimizing losses using these stabilizers inhibitors etc that are out there on the market most you have seen the the nitrogen cycle and I'm not going to test you on this later but you could see how nitrogen can be lost from a system depending on the source you use your rear and it's put on the surface some can be lost through ammonia volatilization use ammonium nitrate some of that nitrate on sandy highly permeable soils with a heavy rain you can lose significant amounts of your nitrate on the heavier soils the nitrate form can can denitrify so you can see nitrogen is susceptible to these these loss mechanisms so you do have to be wary about it all right you saw this graph earlier with with Steve just in a little bit different manner but you do need to understand your crop uptake demand by the crop but also when do I need to timely logistically get it in the field and it's easy to tell you you should apply it exactly at v3 well I work with growers in Mississippi Delta they may have three to six seven thousand acres or more corn and they're not going to do that in one day okay and then weather gets in the way to but you do have to be cognizant of this and of course your fields were not planted all the same day so you're going to try to follow that pattern you're going to get on your drier soils planted earlier and your wetter ones later so you do have to kind of have a good idea of the nutrient uptake pattern by your crop and so this just kind of shows corn I don't put any nitrogen in any of my studies I don't put it out pre-plant and I and I really try to get growers not in the Mississippi Delta especially not to put nitrogen out pre-plant we've had cotton farmers for years that would put out in especially anhydrous ammonia they would start real early February March some like to put a burn down out and they'll put some nitrogen in with that well the research we've done we've seen that they they're losing 30 to 50 60 pounds of that nitrogen that's expensive if they get rainfall prior to planting that crop so I usually plant my crop v3 or so I'll put that first split on and then v5 v6 v7 get that second split on so do understand that now let's look at here three states you know of course I'm working in Mississippi Alabama's just across the border and of course let's look at a corn producing state let's look at a state that grows 10 to 11 million acres of corn we think in Mississippi we grow a lot of corn at 800,000 acres okay now you look at what the growers in Illinois use what is their number one fertilizer in Illinois it's anhydrous ammonia over 600,000 tons of nitrogen that's not tons of fertilizer that's tons of the element nitrogen okay then there's almost 300,000 tons of nitrogen as end solutions but their number one fertilizer and as is anhydrous ammonia there's a reason for that okay and I and I'll show you that here in a little bit Mississippi we used to do a lot of anhydrous ammonia but we've gotten away with it besides the droggies and the equipment things and such like that it's just we've evolved to using nitrogen solutions all right yeah it's pretty crazy when somebody tries to break in an anhydrous ammonia tank I wouldn't touch one but you know I guess if you're high on drugs and you need some more you'll go for it crazy now look at Alabama though look at your nitrogen uses this is for 2012 this is the most recent data that is currently available y'all still love you know have that love affair with ammonium nitrate it's a great fertilizer I love ammonium nitrate to worse great spreadable about 34% and and nitrogen solutions come in about half that rate but still significant but just even look at your total and use compare Mississippi to Alabama you can tell the row crop situation in this state is a lot less and the corn is probably less than it is in in Mississippi we have the Delta course but neither of us compared Illinois all right so you see why they're the focus of this nutrients coming down the Mississippi River because they have drain tile and things like that and and some of that nitrogen leaks but moving on anhydrous ammonia of course is about 82% nitrogen doesn't have any water in it about five pounds per gallon four pounds of nitrogen per gallon it's a gas kept under pressure you know some of this stuff but you and your ammonium nitrate solution the 32% that we use in Mississippi there's 2.24 gallons of water per gallon of that our pounds of water excuse me per gallon of of material all right so 200 pounds of nitrogen applied to a field we've just dragged around 126 gallons of water around that field too all right ammonium nitrate popular fertilizer still in in Alabama of course it's prilled hygroscopic etc what i have down there the solutions have been caught in in the u.s. right now it's neck and neck each year between anhydrous ammonia and and solutions and one or two years and solutions have actually beat out anhydrous ammonia and that's what i call the price of convenience the liquids are more convenient anhydrous ammonia there's some hazards associated with it there's equipment specialized equipment etc but even that's changed because there's newer precision equipment with anhydrous ammonia that's really good really good all right now let's look at prices doesn't they seem to go up they they come down for a year or two and then they go back up you see about 1974 so when we had the oil embargo and we really had a oil prices jump given the current market of oil at 40 $50 a barrel right now fertilizer prices should be cheap right next spring joe right and we'll see how much they how long this lasts and if they do come down it's always been said that fertilizer prices are tied to oil prices of course natural gas is used to make fertilizer and the energy costs comprised by 80% of the cost to make a nitrogen fertilizer but understand this the US now imports more than 50% of its fertilizer nitrogen good for national security i don't think so all right but that's where we're at in the united states we used to make pretty much all our own nitrogen years ago and now we're dependent on foreign sources because our plants have gotten old we've mothballed them we've closed them down all right so here's price anhydrous ammonia they did jump up there or 809 and then then came down but then they're back up and but you can see the price per ton but i want to talk a little bit more specific here anhydrous ammonia in 2012 average $847 a ton that's 52 cents per pound of nitrogen okay your reammonium nitrate solution at 30% $400 a ton 68 cents per pound of nitrogen remember you're applying pounds of nitrogen okay that's what you're paying for urea 60 cents a pound of nitrogen you want to use ammonium nitrate 80 cents a pound ammonium nitrate okay for the nitrogen and ammonium nitrate so let's take cotton and as example average on red Mississippi somewhere around 100 pounds of then versus anhydrous ammonia ammonium nitrate well i have it as a negative because if you choose to use ammonium nitrate over anhydrous ammonia you've docked yourself $28 an acre from the get go okay corn at 200 pounds of nitrogen per acre anhydrous ammonia think of Illinois think of Illinois versus Alabama here they're using anhydrous ammonia versus ammonium nitrate you just docked yourself minus 56 dollars an acre in what you can make and profit compared to a grower in Illinois and that's why they use anhydrous ammonia besides the high-end content they don't have to haul as much around it is cheap is a cheap source of nitrogen and so i put this as in cotton when we switch from cotton to corn because the corn in Mississippi is going on cotton ground in the delta the best cotton ground is receiving the corn uh we basically it's less labor to grow the corn so we're trading labor costs what were once labor costs for that extra 100 pounds of nitrogen you know 52 to 80 dollars an acre we're putting it in in fertilizer getting the right rate you do with the with the source you do have to understand that there is an optimum rate for your fields field by field your soils i can't tell you exactly what that is and that's something you intuitively have as a grower you usually have a pretty good idea of and i found working with growers most of the time they they have a pretty good idea of what the field average is now they can't exactly spatially apply it to get it right but they know what the field average is now you see with this is just an example here uh monium nitrate maximizing growth somewhere between 150 and 200 pounds of van whereas look at you and in the upper right it's very efficient we reach we have we produced almost 200 bushel corn with about 150 pounds of that so there's your end use efficiency factor with urea it just seems like the graph and this is just one year but have done this uh for other years that urea just seems to keep keep going up you need more urea because of the losses involved with urea when you're using urea monium nitrate uh is better than your much better than urea and it's not as good as you am but it's close and it's efficiency as long as you don't get heavy rains after applying it and such on sandy soils and i know Mississippi state recommends about a pound and a quarter of nitrogen per bushel personally i don't recommend that i never see that and i'm somewhere around a pound of nitrogen per per bushel at the rates and yields that i'm in dry land corn all right let's talk about ink irrigation effects a little bit uh sprinkle irrigation of course sometimes you see puddling you know you try to get that water on that pivots moving slow you may have some more poorly drained areas or compacted areas in the field where you might see some puddling furrow irrigation of course is just that you're putting water in the furrow you're flooding it you used to be called flood irrigation but those furrows get flooded water moves nitrogen moves so one study we did is we wanted to know most of our growers it's much easier with the drivers that they have equipment etc is just put those coltors those knives right down in the middle of the furrow and that's where they run them and then they furrow irrigate on top of that so we wanted to just look at a simple study here six inches from the row banded urea ammonium nitrate 12 inches and 18 inches and when we looked at total incont... we cut whole plants at the end of the season when it was matured and look at the the end content and I've got surface dribbled is the the circles and then subsurface banded so I also have placement here whether it's on the surface or in the soil as well as distance from the row and so you see with subsurface banded it didn't make quite that much difference from 15 to 30 centimeters but definitely when we got out there in the furrow when we put that nitrogen out in the furrow we we dropped in total incontent by the plant whereas with the in the irrigated condition with the subsurface banded it didn't make uh I mean with the surface dribble did not make as much a difference and the non-irrigated treatments of course the end uptake was lower because of less water availability and seemed to make some trend for moving out further from the row that total incontent decreased and that was in 2011 2012 was a wetter year we had greater rainfall higher yields but we also had the potential for greater losses so once again with the subsurface band it didn't make quite the difference whether it was 15 to 30 centimeters but that 30 centimeters understand is still in the bed we we grow this on beds and so that is just on that edge of the bed where that 45 centimeters is out there in the furrow so you see with both treatments really a decline as we move further away from the row and the non-irrigated it was pretty dramatic also especially with the surface dribble that we had a decline in in total end uptake by the plant so we were also doing an n-15 study which is a fancy technique where we actually have a tracer on that nitrogen fertilizer that we put in the soil so we can actually follow the fertilizer that we put on and you can see the same effect with the subsurface banded as we move further from the row we decreased in n-15 recovery from about 58 percent to about 42 percent that's pretty significant loss there so the surface dribble did not matter quite as much that was in 2011 in 2012 however though with the greater rainfall i believe we had greater losses especially with that nitrogen out there in the furrow where it was susceptible to being wetter conditions and potential for denitrification so we went from high recoveries of 75 to 80 percent down to about 55 percent of our nitrogen well what did it do to yield well in 2011 you see that the trend there was most dramatic for the subsurface banded that we declined in yield what about 25 bushels is that significant that's a lot of bushels all right with the surface dribble not quite as much only about five or so bushels in the non-irrigated the decline was not as great the graphs are a little dramatic because i've got them i've got them blown up but really we're only looking at about an eight bushel decline though but i might say only eight bushels a grower might say hey you can give me eight bushels i'll take it in 2012 it was a little more significant as we move further out in the row with our nitrogen placement you know here's here's getting the you know you talk about the right source the right rate this is the right placement here is the further we get out in the row we lost about 40 bushels that's a lot of corn and that was with irrigation with the non-irrigated although we didn't make as high a yield the the decline there was about 40 35 40 bushels also all right okay we're moving off of that also we've looked at timing a little bit source and then nitrogen stabilizers and so these are the treatments that we have we have an untreated check where we don't put any nitrogen on a split 50 50 un a single application what we're looking at here is is can growers put on a one-shot when corn is at v3 v4 and walk away from that field for the most part for the season can they put the one round because they'll save in application costs and so we said well if they're doing a one-shot number four we added the n-serve nitri-prone which is really instinct by dow agro sciences and then number five is un plus the urease inhibitor and number six this is my made-up treatment of adding the n-serve and the instinct together put a nitrication inhibitor and the urease inhibitor together with the un and this is banded and then we had urea in there as a source untreated and with the urease inhibitor a lot of questions about whether to use agrotain or not i get phone calls on that all the time so in the leaf end content not a lot of difference difference between the years we didn't see these are ear leaves taken at uh when it was just starting to tassel at at vt so we don't see a lot of difference but between the treatments uh nitro pyrin or the n-serve a little bit of increase there in one year not the not the next year the n-b-t agrotain seemed to help a little bit with the un the combo didn't seem to make much difference but definitely when you add the n-b-b-t the agrotain to the urea with the last two treatments it definitely definitely makes a difference here both both years all right and that's just the nature of urea susceptible ammonia volatilization it's important to protect it when we look at whole end plant content we definitely uh we saw that splitting was more efficient if we split the end okay so this is a split application versus a hundred percent nitro pyrin seemed to help a little bit in the in the single but not much probably not enough to really maybe invest in it but then the agrotain we increased about 13 pounds or kilograms of nitrogen per hectare greater in in that treatment and then the combo added added another pound or so not big differences but definitely a trend uh urea is the most significant here if you're not going to protect that urea you may have trouble if it's just broadcast on the surface so you can see we're protecting urea with the agrotain made a big big big difference all right well what did that mean in yield not a lot and unfortunately sometimes this is what we see with these products we see greater end-use efficiency but not usually in too much in terms of yield the split application wasn't much better than the single application even though then use efficiency the uptake was a little bit greater uh uan with n serve didn't help uan with mbt didn't seem to help much but the combo together seemed to to increase yield about four bushels or so once again the biggest difference was urea unprotected and then urea protected and about a nine uh bushel increase or so definitely a difference if i choose using urea which cost me a lot more money over using uan all right how many in here use liquid urea ammonium nitrate solution says their primary end source hands show hands how many use dry like ammonium nitrate still uh urea anybody not many okay all right so to summarize this this what i'm calling strategic fertilizer management it costs money but nowadays it does it's not only that it costs money the epa is is looking at us and looking at growers and looking at that nitrogen and where it's going so we've got to improve the efficiency of it it costs a lot of money nitrogen you know it represents 35 to 40 percent of the input costs of growing corn in mississippi 200 our growers are using 240 pounds of nitrogen or so that's that's a lot of money so you know what else cost you that money that much money you know to produce that much yield boost irrigation maybe tillage doesn't we control maybe uh incident control probably not so for strategic application i believe can make a difference so in in the placement if you're using the liquids i believe that the closer you get it at least six to nine inches or so from the planted row will help you on about two three inches deep timing i've always recommended that the split application is an insurance policy you know i'm going to tell people that it only works about one two years out of ten years but it's you know those two years that you get that heavy rain or something and washes your nitrogen away that you're going to that you're going to have trouble so it is an insurance policy of splitting it and uh timing of course total money irrigation you adjust your rates relative to irrigation really what we're uh main focus of a lot of my research right now has been on variable rate fertilization and we're getting some really good results in that with with cotton and looking forward to moving more into doing some on-farm research with the corn model that we have uh inhibitors this is how i answer questions about inhibitors it's it's on a case by case basis are you no till you know i got to ask a lot of questions are you applying it no till is it late in the season or temperatures high of course they're using urea they have a high residue situation where you can have volatile losses placement etc all all important factors all important things to to think about and and i know it's a little bit complicated nitrogen's always the most difficult test exam in my class is that that uh exam number two the students fear nitrogen but but it's the one that costs you costs you quite a bit of money and then pee and and care right there with it so any questions i'd be happy to try and answer them if i have any i guess i have a couple of minutes here any questions yes sir evaluation there at the end where you showed the combination of the mbpt and the the instinct yes whatever um what's the cost differential to applying both of those inhibitors as opposed to applying only one of those that's a very pertinent question which i don't have the current costs of that and if anybody's here representing those products but you know each of them are going to be a couple dollars an acre two fifty to three dollars or more an acre well both of them together would probably be six seven dollars an acre or so yeah but if you consistently show uh three four bushel oh the break evens only going to be a couple bushels you're correct yeah so you you know it makes sense to put both of them in there most of the time it if you get that yield boost yes yeah with with with that uh by the utilization of both of those inhibitors could you then justify putting that nitrogen down all at one time so that it it spreads it out over a period time that's what that was that was a one-shot application and that's what we were trying to test if we're going to do that one shot and we're going to leave that fertilizer out there susceptible and prone to the hazards of weather and mother nature should we protect it and basically you know with two years of data i hope to get a third year of data because the more years we can get the better uh we can support uh our results and if you notice i didn't talk about statistics a lot because that that is in fact true and you know when talking to a grower and if you can tell them you can do this and you get five bushels they're probably going to do it so i leave the decision making up to the grower yes sir the the question is whether that inhibitor is tying up the nitrogen or not making it available now in the case of urea urea itself is not really available to the plant you know plant roots can take up small amounts of actual urea so you need that to transform first of all to the ammonium which a plant could take up ammonium and then to the nitrate form and that period in in lab studies that we've seen at the recommended rates depending on temperatures now if you plant corn and cool weather that temperature is going to slow it down to that transformation so if you put the combination of the inhibitor plus cool temperatures uh it's a two three week period that it really inhibits that slows that process it's never a hundred percent stops that process okay so you've got to think about it you know corn plant this big isn't using much nitrogen and there's some nitrogen available from the soil so in terms of what i would say tying it up i don't think it's a i would not guess that it's a big factor there especially if it would timely was done early v3 before within two three weeks when it warms up that stuff should be you saw the growth curves it should be mineralite nitrifying and and matching that the demand that's what you're trying to do is match that demand so you have to decide on that your application time but it's a couple days 10 to 14 days is pretty good on their literature or what they say and what i've seen in lab studies and such it but cool temperatures will slow it down yes sir that is knifed at about eight nine inches is where i have my colter set and about two three inches deep yes sir this is not flat ground these are uh it is it's it's no till but it's on the remnants of conventional till we typically hip up make beds knock them down in conventional till and generally when i go into no till i'm going into that situation i like to have a little bed there it is furrow so you have to have beds you know you have to have some kind of furrow to furrow irrigate would you expect the same kind of difference in the fertilizer place but till situation that's a great irrigation that's a great distinction you know because on flat ground you're not going to have that as much but you're still going to have wheel tracks and things of that nature where you could have some problems say from overhead irrigation you know you're going to have some slight undulations that that could cause some of these problems some wet spots but probably not as great this was really for this is the research was really designed for Mississippi Delta furrow irrigated which most of our growers now are going back to furrow they're getting rid of the pivots by the way the pivots are old they didn't put out since now they're in corn they don't put out enough water for corn the older technology so they're scrapping them and and unbelievably we're going back to furrow irrigation and polypipers made that you know easy for them anything else if not appreciate your attention this morning thank you


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards. We are doing 2022 Panini certified football hobby four box case number No, four box break number one. Sorry about that random team style Here's a look at our random teams again as always you can find these on the website under the results tab as well as the link In chat. Let's do it. All right. Good luck here everyone Yeah, so Good luck here everyone Brandon cooks to 149 Texans Do you want the kidder board? Yeah, uh Cooper cup Player worn on the piece of the game 93 out of 99 Rams That is Kenneth Walker on the 2022 Uh graffiti rookie. We've got breeze hall on the new generation 179 out of 249 jersey card for the Jets Uh javante Williams Pierre strong jr. It's gonna be our first rpa 39 out of 199 four-collar going to the patriots Congrats on that new england. Pierre strong jr. Certified stars and a alec pierce 242 out of 325 rookie breeze hall really is everywhere in this We got fillers too coming up. Uh is kid reporter graffiti can you pick it nice 56 out of 199 stealers Matt judon to 199 that is a gold team jonathan taylor uh 18 out of 149 And uh fedarian mathis to 275 marcus allen going to the raiders one out of 10 on the canton certified There you go, william k on that combo spot Malik willis graffiti rookie That's pretty cool actually take a marcus allen Absolutely Cam acres to 275 Gold team lemar and base Onto box two Oh, is that you william? Yeah, yeah the pink pink school, man. The color in this stops nice.  Yeah, not bad Travis kelsie to 99 And breeze hall pink to 199 jets Pretty good. Yeah. Oh, yeah, david bell It's gonna be uh eight out of 35 rookie jersey going to the browns Uh breeze hall on the graffiti That's the how do you do fellow kids? Uh george pickins on the freshman fabrics one cent out of 349 art pa Which one are we talking about k d york? And kid reporter bryan robinson jr. On the jersey card commanders to 149 Nice Yeah, certifies awesome, dude. It's always like a really early release really and uh trying to tailor gold team RPAs don't do fairly don't do great Yeah, um, they they're super hot when they first come out Rashad white to 149 um, aiden hutchinson You know the big thing is though, um, you can get a lot of the That happens, uh, david that's happening at the end of the night at the end of the night. I believe um The uh, they have a lot of like defenders rookie cards in here and stuff too jamar chase the 149 So the numbered stuff does very well Kirk cousins you'll have like your obscure guys Yeah, no, they're nice Like all that color. Oh, yeah, micah parson's seal of approval Got uh, dan arnold On the autograph mirror signatures 12 out of 30 going to the jags Seal of approval is a kettle Gold team brady bucks. All right box three guys They end up like sliding everywhere Did you get the jags take play i'm assuming kevin, uh, marca's callaway That's 15 out of 35 mirror signature saints jk dobbins Erica's uconma. There's an easy e 71 out of 2.99 going to the dolphins Let's go dolphins certified stars See you guys play It's a big game. Yeah Uh z kelly it that is 33 out of 50 Chase clea, uh, george pickens to 199 And can't connor hayward They're cool. The color is cool. No one-on-ones are black. I'm pretty sure Yeah, the golds are out of There's some I don't know if the goals are out of 10 or 25 Desmond right there. How do you do fellow kids cards? Josh shake-ups to 349 filler Andrew seal of approval and base Oh redemption. Okay, erin rogers gold team. I love the gold teams. Dude. Those are cool Tevonte Wyatt 2275 for the Packers Uh, all right, let's see what we got here guys. Good luck freshman fabric mirror signatures 225 damien pierce. There you go. Texans nice one there gator legend Damien pierce take that for sure Nice hit there for a Houston H town Erica's uconma that is 347 out of 349 for the dolphins again Zeke Elliott That is 2249 Yeah, vaughn was saying that quarry. He had 40 and was three minutes to go in the third still It's kind of wild Kenneth walker 23 out of 99. There you go, william That is rogers Janice and williams dark horses just in fields. That's actually a really cool thing particularly that and base Right the horses in the bag All right, last one Good luck here everyone. We'll do a quick recap after Yeah, we'll be able to make up some time on these four boxers in the next year. I'm sure we might finish right on time actually It's really like a break and a half behind right now Oh well Uh, even Hutchinson nice 138 out of 299 for the lions. Congrats. Alexander p Got pickings on the 2022 And bilish jones jr. Uh, it's a 399 very similar to elite too. Um, all the base rookies are numbered Yeah, and that's usually I mean, they're also a lot of them to 999 At least they were in the past Danny gray on the 147 out of 249 for the Niners Yeah, so that's another decent thing about it like the non-insert rookies, of course Micah parson's to 75 on the color match 11 jersey number.  You throw that in the recap. Why not? Give the people what they want here Gold team Lamar 47 out of 199 some base there Terry McLauren to 275 commanders CMC and jaylin tulbert to 325 Uh, john meshy the third One at 62 out of 299 texans texans doing well here gold team herbert Deontay hardy That is going to the saints 30 out of 75 on the mirror signatures And we got a seal of approval 46 out of 50 deandre swift on the color match Mike Evans cheese That's solid quarry Last pack of the break guys. Good luck. We'll do a quick recap after Uh, Aaron Jones to 149 and base Let's do a recap We've got john meshy the third texans Micah parson's jersey number 11 to 75 uh cowboys Danny gray Niners Eric azucanma dolphins eric azucanma dolphins Brian robinson jr commanders david bell browns brice hall jets cooper cup rams got deontay hardy for the uh um saints Aidan hutchinson lions uh damian pierce texans merca's callaway saints dan arnold for the jags george pickin stealers marcus allen to 10 for the raiders and pierce rong jr going to the Um patriots that'll do it for the break guys. Thanks again for the fill next up. We've got um Uh another four boxer


Alright, thanks for staying with us now. Today is National Science Day. On February 28th each year, it marks a special celebration for Indians. It's the anniversary of the day Indian physicist Sir C.V. Rahman made a significant scientific discovery. Today, National Science Day showcases the importance of science in every life or everyday life and gives regular people an opportunity to see how scientific innovations can improve lives and encourage societal development. I don't think we can overemphasize what science has done for us as a people, how it has helped to change our lives. There are so many things that we thought were impossible but with the advent of science it has really given us transformation generally in our lives. I know that India has one of the brightest minds when it comes to anything academics and all of that. So it's not what's it called a surprise to me that they have dedicated this day to science. I don't know about you guys but I know how much science has impacted my life. I used to say that if I was in a different climate where education was probably a priority and all of that I would probably be a pure scientist because that was how much I loved experiments, I loved trying out new things and all of that. Again, when you stay in an educational system where you're only encouraged to just regurgitate, just cram it and just go and regurgitate. So it just discourages every fiber of curiosity in you and I think what feels science is the curious mind. So it is when you're curious as a person then you then decide, you know what, I want to go and experiment what is in my head. And we barely have those opportunities here with our educational system. And that's why you see a lot of young people that leave this country that have that kind of capacity, a lot of them are doing exceptionally well. Go and check the brightest minds in Silicon Valley, most of them are Nigerians. So when we say certain things, moving to governance now, when we say certain things, it just affects everything. Right?  So science is important, you know, and I hope that we can also improve and get to celebrate a day as well in Nigeria where we would bring out all the bright minds that we have in that regard. Because I didn't have what's in the news, I have taken up my time. All right, so Indy, what did you find for us in the news? So my what's in the news today, it's a report about how two voters were reportedly shot dead by hoodlums at the polling unit in Edo state. So this story took place obviously on Saturday the 25th of February, where Elizabeth Osadebe went. I hope I got that right. Go ahead. Went to cast her vote at Ugege on Saplere Road in Benin City. Osadebe, go ahead. Thank you. After voting, you know, she remained there to monitor and during that time, that pass, there was a fracas and the polling unit was attacked by hoodlums just like we saw all over social media happening in different states. And in that process, you know, there was a shootout, they were shooting in the air and all that. And she and another individual whose name was not mentioned were part of the casualties of the election day. And this is just one of the, we have different ways that we are mourning. Some of us are mourning the election results. And some of us are mourning. Actually mourning lives. People that lost their lives and they were just coming out to carry out their civic duties. So our heart goes out to her family and we pray that they would be consoled during this time for this kind of loss. I hope they bring those people to book. I hope so. That's the total order. Because there's nothing like, you know, injustice when we don't even find the people that, you know, perpetrate some of these crimes. Okay. Jennifer. So fire got stunk under Blue Line Rail Bridge. So La Sima, which stands for Legal State Emergency Management Agency, in a joint operation with the state's fire and rescue service, were able to put out a fire that engulfed the gun stunker. So basically what they said was that there was a spark from a generator nearby which caused the fire. But we thank God that there were no casualties, nobody died. So they were able to put the situation under control. Praise the Lord. Amen. You're still here, Mary. Following the Turkey earthquake, Nigeria donates one million dollars to Turkey. The Federal Capital Minister Bello and all the delegation were received by the Turkish Foreign Affairs Minister. And they expressed their condolences from Nigeria on behalf of the President. And they handed the promissory note of one million dollars to Turkey, you know, at rescue for their citizens from the earthquake. It's a very sad story. I'm also surprised that we can give such an amount. But, you know, that's very good. I was also told that the First Lady had also donated 10,000 blankets on behalf of the African First Ladies' Forum to the humanitarian efforts in the country. So it's good that we're doing the Lord's work out there. That's very nice. Which First Lady are First Lady? Yes. NJ, you also say something. Interesting. But, you know, when Mary said I was, I'm perplexed. I'm actually quite surprised that we have that much to give. And we can't even properly appropriate the ones that are here for the people. But no, it was just a statement that came to mind. It would definitely crush your mind. I mean, to lend a helping hand and to help those in need, is that a good thing? Yes. I mean, we definitely applaud that. But I honestly did not know that we had... So that amount? One million dollars to give off. Interesting. That's how surprised you'd be if you see a beggar with, you know, a bundle of 1,000 arrows. You're looking at him like, did you steal it or is yours? So, yeah. So when that story broke about the Turkey and the presidents, you know, giving them, donating a million dollars to Turkey, somebody said, ah, ma, I didn't know that Nigeria, you know, could afford that, you know. I mean, and it's interesting that I'm hearing you all talk about it this way. Because again, to the average man, the picture that's been painted is that Nigeria is broke, Nigeria is this, Nigeria is that. And you would think that, you know, in terms of managing of resources and all of that, whether other things that we could have done, apart from just donating money, whether other forms of assistance, because again, I think it's a Nigerian thing for us to always feel like every problem, we just need to throw money at it, right? There's a problem, there's a major problem in Turkey. There are other forms of assistance that could happen, right? For a country that you know that you have a lot of internally displaced people within your country, a lot of people are not able to feed, a lot of people are living, we have millions of people living under the poverty line, right? The poverty markup, you know, based on global standards, right, are not able to have a decent meal per day. And then you now go to do play big brother while people in your home, right, you know, are suffering, they're not able to access food and all of that. So you see before an American will carry money and say they're coming to give to Africa. They've also made sure that they have put some things in place in their home.  Sometimes they give them mail vouchers, they give them shopping vouchers and all of those things. These things exist as social welfare, right, that they give to their citizens. You haven't done any of these things.  So that's why a lot of people would have this kind of reaction that, oh, I didn't know we had this kind of money to give, because people are actually suffering in Nigeria.  All of these things we need to begin to question every single thing. It's not just enough for you to play big brother. Have you played big brother to the people that are within your country?  I think those are the kind of questions we need to begin to ask our leaders. Right, on that note, I am calm today and I pray to stay calm. When we come back, we want to discuss the elections. Stay with us. We'll be right back.