Hello everybody! I'm Kuan from Vietnam. So today I come here to talk about our project. How we use free and open source software and how we make it suitable with our condition, some challenge, some issues that we made and how we overcome it. Hãy tự dùm về mình. Tôi là Profile and Open Software until this year. Ngay trước, tôi tiến đổi bộ phim xc xy triệu với bộ phim xy triệu để bản thân bộ phim xy triệu trên PC. Tôi cũng bắt đầu bộ phim xy triệu For OgenWRT, it's an operating system for Wi-Fi router and I also develop software for my MO phone. It's discontinued already. I also work as a mentor for Google Summer of course. So now we and my friends, I and my friends start and start about agriculture. So what's the objective of our automatic system? We want a system to monitor the environment condition like temperature, humidity, dryness and carbon dioxide because we use this one to grow mushroom and mushroom is not a tree. So it produce carbon dioxide and it's getting in the oxygen. The system also has to be to allow remotely turn on turn on turn off the equipment like humidity, like aircon and fan to adjust the environment condition. And we also want it to be automatically do that without human intervention. To explain about our software, we need to have an overview about our hardware because our software needs to work in specific hardware. Our hardware system includes a gateway board with built-in billboard. It's an embedded computer similar to Raspberry Pi. From the gateway, we connect it with the sensor node. Each node will compile about three or four sensors to measure the humidity, the temperature. We also connect the gateway with the IP camera and we connect it with the activator like the humidity here, the pump, the valve. And to accept the system, we use the LAN network of internet and we can see how system work from the laptop or smartphone. So our system can be called IoT but it's a different from other IoT system because it doesn't have a server, the cloud server. The reason is because we lack of resources. We don't have enough money to buy a server. And also the network infrastructure at my farm is quite poor if they don't have a stable internet connection. So we cannot rely on the internet so no need to have a cloud server. Instead, this one will play the role of server itself. It's a mini computer but we make it strong enough to do the job of server. So this is an overview of our hardware system. The board that we command for is just more like that. This is the sensor node. So this is the board of the node and the sensor here and here. This is a mushroom. This mushroom is not found yet but later on I will show the picture of mushroom. This is the humidity fear. So it looks not professional because we don't have money to buy professional device. So when we turn on, we make some evaporate water and this is the light. We have an IP camera here. So you start to see the mushroom in the environment. Now about the software. The main software run in the gateway board and we build it with Python and Django. And this application is also a web app because it has many modules. I will talk about the module later. So the stack here is like the usual Python web app. As we are database the radius, the engine is web server. And in version 2 of the software, we add the interrupts db for time-series database. This time-series database is the data of the sensor. And we also have to make some configuration to integrate well to the operating system. We run on the gateway board. This is arm leaders. So here is about how we accept via internet. Oh no, I think I forget this one. So this is the three components of the software stack. The first one is control view. It provides web interface for us to see the sensor value. And also it provides interface for the farmer to set the value they want for the temperature, the humidity. The second module is collector. This one is to talk with the sensor node to collect data. The third one is control center. This module will control the equipment in automatic mode, also program mode. And this is some minor tool to do other things like database backup. And review the bot stress index to make it run faster. So this is the interface of the software. Later on if still have enough time, I will demo it by accept to the device in Vietnam to show you how it works. This is the chart. It makes the control interface. So we schedule the temperature, the humidity we want. For example, tomorrow we want how hot it is, how cold it is. And next day, next day, so on. And after we set it, the system will automatically control the device to maintain that. So I think how I just to remotely accept the internet before we use the VPN. The reason is that at that time the network infrastructure is not good. We don't have a wide connection to the main router. So we have to use the wireless connection. And also we cannot do forwarding on the router. Because that router belong to the university and we don't have permission to change it. We borrow room in university to do this project. Don't have enough money to rent out. This is also the reason why we don't rely on internet because of this. In Vietnam sometimes the internet go down. Or the shock. The shock is the sovereign cable. So this is the VPN solution that we use. This two-year VPN solution, one thing we need is that the gateway board has to have the internet connection. And this is, even this is unstable. But this is necessary because this board doesn't have the timer. So every time we turn it off and we turn it again, the clock will run. So it needs the internet connection to synchronize the time. And this is the two-year VPN solution we use. First we use Hamachi, but then we found many problems with it. And then we change to shock it again. This one we open shock developed by Japanese. Some challenges we face in our project. The hardware specific issue is because of the big board. So this one, to make it connect to the device like a humidity fan and pump, we had to use this feature of hardware. A GBIO pin, PWM and SBI pin. I think anyone study electronics in this room. Anyone? So I think you know about this. And one problem is that from the Linux view, this block, it needs root permission. It needs root permission to accept it to fly it. And it also provide under this directory. Normally other device like USB device is under depth. So we can change the permission easily. But for this thing, it is not under depth. So we need other way to change its permission for our software to run. And we use the system D. Anyone here know about system D? So is it the software to start own other software in Linux computer? Another thing is about the pin of the hardware. This one. This is one of the feature that only happen on Linux for ARM. For the Linux for laptop, we don't have this problem because of the main board of the laptop. So we set the BIOS, set UEFI. But the big board doesn't have that. So it brings another issue. It's related to device over life. So how about the issue? We find that it doesn't work under 97. But it doesn't work under 97. So when we upgrade some software, sometimes it doesn't work. This one I already set before. So one thing is the software start of the operating system. So because this board have graphic user interface but we remove it to have more RAM and CPU for our software. So to control network, we have to use this software from Intel to manage the network. But it's not too stable. And sometimes it track the ARM, Internet ARM feature. And how we show it will disable the feature of software. This link is linked to a tutorial in AskLinux Weekly. Now we have a database issue. This issue is when our software is in version 1. Now we already change to version 2. But it is still new so we haven't test it fully yet. So the problem is that our data is very high here. So we caught more than 80,000 backup every day. So he lost for the database. And we found that our database sometimes slow down the system with 100% CPU. And how we show it. Why do you need to collect data every 10 seconds? I can't understand. I'm not a fan of data. Because the differential is minimal. I imagine maybe I'm totally wrong. So it causes other problem which is more important to you. So if you collect data at a better interval and then it's more measurable. Yeah, about how often we should collect. We didn't have an exact criteria yet. So now we just test with this time and that time and other number. And we will regularly find out which is the best number. So we test with 10 seconds and recently we test with 30 seconds. But haven't found out which one is better yet. So how we show the issue with the database. We use this software of Postgres SQL to find out which theory is the survey. And then we use explained analysis of Postgres SQL to find out which operation is done and how long the effect. So we found which is the main bottleneck in the database operation. And we found some result like that. We found that Postgres SQL often has to spend all raw for some query. So to show it we build index. The problem is that we have many rows of database so we cannot build index for all the rows. It will be a huge waste of memory. So we just build index for the latest record. And after a while we remove that index and rebuild the new index. But it shows most of the issue with high CBU usage. But sometimes that issue still happen when we exporting data. Because our software had the feature to let the buildable export the old data from 1 month ago from 3 months ago. Now with version 2 we use the influx db to solve those data. But we have no result to compare it to Postgres SQL yet. And also this database is very new. So we still lack many tools and library. Ok so now my talk is already finished. You have any question? So the database you are talking about it sits on the beagle bone? Yes. We run the database server on the beagle bone on-site. And what memory is it using? I only know it is flash. I am not sure if it is none or not. Ok yeah flash but with flash we will definitely have this database issues and if database keeps writing to flash again and again and one day the flash stops working. Yeah. I also think about other solution. That we use microcomputer. It's called mini box small computer like this. This one will run normal CBU and we can use it for database. But now because our need is not too much. We haven't seen any problem with the beagle bone yet. So we haven't moved out to the normal PC. And even in the case we move to the normal PC we still need this beagle bone because of the feature to connect to other hardware to other device. The cost of weight. And also the room. I know the price in Vietnamese money but Singapore I have no idea. Ok I think around 140 million docks. This is the room only or everything? Yeah. Also to build a room also to buy the equipment. Around 9000. I want you. What is your question? The question is about the sensor and the actuator. So your sensor will work because the usage is very high. Yes. Because due to the way this thing is sending out signal with this high frequency and I believe this must be 24.7. So and also the way of actuator because I believe this is to help high growth in marshal. So this replacement and scale of VT you know what I mean? About how long the sensor can last. And also have you considered things like using LBBT you know stuff which may be able to do some work? LBBT? We have low energy at Bluetooth. Low energy Bluetooth. Actually about the sensor we use the RF radio frequency to transfer the data. So this one is cheaper than the Bluetooth. Yeah. A beacon is really cheap. Which one is cheap? Like beacon. You can buy by bow. Yeah. In Vietnam I think not easy to find that. Yeah. So the sensors like the sensors are directly connected to the beacon. Because depends on the different scale. I think you can find that. Yeah. I mean but in this case they don't need wireless connection at all. Oh yeah. Because of shock so I was sorry. Okay. Yeah. How many times and how much body weight you made of the mushrooms? This month we start the second crop of mushrooms. Yeah. And one crop how much the main mushroom? The room is 10 square meter. Yeah. It's just for experiment. So in this time we are just experiment to improve our system and also to find out the cultivation process. Because one problem about agriculture in Vietnam is that they doesn't have the detail of cultivation process. Is it like today with how much mushroom? What is the temperature it needs? How is the humidity it needs? How is the brightness it needs? They don't have the detail number yet. So we have to experiment and find out ourselves. Yeah. So your own project support from the some university or LSE? No. Our startup is new and only have four people. And we haven't found the fund yet. We haven't have fund yet. Start us. Yeah. Start us. Yeah. Are you looking for crop modules? Looking for. Crop modules. Because they do sell those now. Yeah. Crop modules. They can plug into your bigger bone and they can keep time. Your company is brand. You will sell your mushroom grow products or you sell the mushroom? About a week we can sell. I think it's the business issue that we haven't have a clearly vision yet. Because sometimes we think that if we sell the system, the hardware and software, we can sell it in the short term. But in the long term when other competitors appear, we cannot earn money much with it. And we think that maybe we grow the mushroom ourselves and sell the mushroom. But then we come to meet some business experts. They aspire that direction is not safe. Because we sell the software, the hardware for this customer. And then after that we sell the mushroom, we become the competitor of that customer. So the customer will not be just us. We will not buy the device from us. So it's the business issue that we haven't, we cannot show yet. Still think, still think. I understand. Thank you. Yeah. Thank you. And do we still have time? I have a question. Have you compared the effectiveness between using your system without your system? For other system, I haven't found other system in Vietnam yet. When you use your system, so how much you can earn from the mushroom and without your system? About that, we cannot give the correct answer because our system is still not complete. Sorry, we are running out of time. If you have more questions, you can ask him.


Good afternoon, everyone, and I think some of you know me. I'm Hong Li from the International Water Association, and I'm now the Director for the Asian Oceanian Region for IWA. Thank you for joining this member induction meeting. And I hope through this meeting, you will know more about IWA, about membership, about how you engage. At the same time, you can also know some of my colleagues. And in the future, if you have specific questions, you can ask the right person, the right question. So before we start, let's have some housekeeping rules. During the presentation, please keep your mic off. And you can use the chat box to ask questions and introduce yourself. And as you know, that's all the meetings we record. So this is only for internal use. And after the presentation, we will have discussions and Q&A sessions. And you can feel free to turn on your mic and video and to talk. OK, without further ado, let's start. You can see now today, there are several of my colleagues presenting with the first one, Dr. Samuela Dita, as the Strategic Program and Engagement Manager. So start the presentation. Thank you. Samuela, please. Yes, yes, hi, hi everyone. Thank you so much, Hong. Very nice to be here to see you all. So as Hong was saying, we want to give you a little bit of another view about IWA and what are the opportunities for you as members. So first things first, let's start from what is IWA, right? So we are the world's largest membership organization focused on water. And then our members really allow us to be a catalyst for innovation towards achieving the SDGs and ensure a more sustainable world as you all, I think, as you all know. So our work is inspired by our strategic goals. We want to ensure our members engage and represent all countries. We position ourselves at the forefront of innovation in the water. We provide a platform where all our members can exchange knowledge and bridge the gap between research and practice. And by doing so, of course, we want to support the implementation of the SDGs. So our commitment for a more balanced membership results in a series of action to ensure that low and middle income countries are represented in all our activities, in all our communication outputs, and of course, in our events. So this is something that we, as an organization, really believe in. So let's look a little bit more about our work. So what do we do? We organize and support events with, of course, our most famous one, we've been the World Water Congress and the World Development Congress. We publish journals and the book in collaboration with our members. We have a magazine called The Source that our members receive periodically. And through webinars, courses, and discussions, we provide professional development opportunities for all our members. So how are we organized? So it really depends on the year in the sector and the interest of our members. So based on the personal interest, our members can join specialist groups and other communities like the utilities and the regulators community. Based on their experience in the water sector, they can be part of different groups like the young water professionals that you will hear more about later. And these are all our members that are below 35 years old or our fellows and distinguished fellows, for example. These includes all the members who have been recognized for their incredible contribution to the water sector. In addition, each country also has a representative in our membership. And these are the governing members. And we also have partnership and collaboration with several organizations all across the world. So as you can see from this map, again, our members are all around the world. We have a headquarters in London where we are all based. And an office in Chennai in India. Now I think my party is concluded. So I'll hand over to Charles, who will tell you more about our members. So Charles, the floor is yours. Thank you, Samuela. It's very nice to be here. Can you move to the next slide, Samuela? So as Samuela was mentioning, we are a membership organization and we have members all over the world. And if you look at the membership, we have three different categories of membership, an individual member, a corporate member, and a university member. And our membership are for one and two years, which means you can either be a one-year member or a two-year member based on the data you join the organization. Now, within these categories, individual, corporate, and you know, we have other such categories within the membership. So for an individual, you can either be an individual member or a student member or a retired member based on your group that you belong to. And you can also be a member by your institution, which means your institution becomes part of the organization. They will take either a corporate membership or a university membership. And then you are nominated by your university or a corporate as a member within my W.A. And these also have further subclassifications like corporate has a small, medium, and large based on the size of the corporate. And university also have further classification like a small, basic, large, medium, sort of, based on the size of the university. So overall, if you look at, this is based on the statics in 2023. We have almost 8,000 plus active members, which means we are active for one or two years. They pay membership fee for one or two years. And there are group of people who are associated with IWA now as active members who have also some sort of an opportunity within IWA but not as active members. And we have very large corporate members and they are called network members. And currently we have around 30,000 plus network members within the organization. They associate with us in our events, the balance and so on. The opportunities are much less than an active member. So if you look at the statics, we have around 320 corporate and some university. And we also have a category called the running members who are not in the membership category. It's a different category. We are now on to the governance of the institution.  So we have 162 countries represented in IWA. We place a custom between the country on IWA and then we have a more right towards governance in terms of right to work for the board of members, elected president, vice president, and so on. They also represent the notion of the country to the IWA level, which is that has to be done over country level. And they also infuse both original level developments to the global community and also they try to abstract whatever is happening in IWA to the region level. Next slide, please. So if you look at the benefits of being a member, we have a lot more benefits, but we just have to be at work quite a number of times, it's very tangible to remember. So most of the members join IWA because it's a huge network and it would help them in the professional development and leadership development programs. For example, you are associated to a lot of peers or so-called big professionals in the sector that you are working with, which would help them into interaction with them, work along with them in different IWA opportunities. You get special rates at IWA events or you get a discounted rates in IWA events. You also have access to a platform called IWA Connectless, which I will be talking later. And thereby, you can also participate in IWA specialist group, which I will be also letting you know what exactly is those problems. And you can also be part of the specialist group and again become the management committee of that specialist group. In order to engage in online development, you are benefited to have a magazine which is a bottle of magazine called The Source, which you will be receiving. You also have access to IWA Trash Just, which is part of a digital library where you can abstract all the resources that's been cataloged, that's been developed in the events, applications in IWA and that has been cataloged, which you also have access with. With respect to publishing, you got blockbooks and jars, which are open access, which you can avail it on for the last five years, you are able to access free and above five years all the other ones might have to pay a small fee for it. And you would be having access to, when the students are access to one of the digital jars and the discount rate, there's a two percentage discount on the APC charges for publication. And so, next slide please. In terms of the regions, right? If you look at and I'll get right to it in terms of regional representation within the world sector or within the global community, and which is led by Asia being the largest faction for the world only African and China. And if you look at the top countries, we have China followed by India, US, UK, and Southeast Asia is also represented and Malaysia is having around 250 plus 250 members. And if you look at the regional level for the South Asia, we have almost like Malaysia followed by Philippines and Cambodia in terms of membership numbers. And this is pretty crucial because we all know that Malaysia is going to post it only when you go to the Congress and the representation and engagement should be more in terms of having this Congress being a successful and so we can become members and also engage and learn more about IWU. I'll pass on to our specialist group coordinator, Rachna, for taking over. Thank you. I think to ask, hi everyone, my name is Rachna Sarkari. Hi, sorry, Rachna, we cannot hear you properly. Oh, sorry. Hi, thank you, Jazz. And hi, everyone. My name is Rachna Sarkari and I'm working as a membership engagement officer. My responsibility is to oversee all the specialist group's activities. And here I will briefly describe about all the specialist group. So what are these specialist group? And you can see here the specialist group are the engine of IWU. I think it's all clear. SG is specialist groups are self-managed community. As you know, the IWU is a global network of water and sanitation professionals. But these specialist group, they are the main mechanism to bring all these, all the like-minded people under, like-minded professionals under a specialized topic. So we have different specialist group and they have their specialized topic like water laws, anaerobic digestion and many more. You can find them on IWU Connect Plus. And they are very good. The SG, they connect people from across discipline and national boundaries to accelerate the science innovation and practices that can make a difference in addressing water and pushes the sustainability agenda. They are spread, they have, our members are, they have a spread more than 130 countries and they are very effective means of international networking, sharing information and skills and making professional and business contacts. Next slide, please. Yeah, so these specialist group, you can see this, they represent the whole water cycle. You can see this infographic and they are working almost everywhere. And as a member, IWU member, you can join up to 51 specialist group. And as a member of these specialist group, you can take up the responsibility of creating task group and working groups. You can also help in publishing your SG publications like submitting content to newsletters, reviewing conference papers, co-authorizing book chapters, also proposing webinars. You have seen many, maybe if you go to our website, you will get all those IWA supported webinars video. You can also propose these webinar through your SG's specialist groups. You can also participate in many trainings and other evaluated programs. You can also take up the leadership role from management, the management committee members and the organization of group activities and specialized conferences. Next. So we have these management committee members. As you have already seen, Charles has presented the overview of all those members. They are from all different parts of the world. But here, I am showing you the management committee members number. We have members and they are the members who they overseas the day-to-day activities of specialist groups. And they are the leaders and the total members we have from Asia is 20% and they are very active members and they have been actively participating in all our SG's activities. Next. You can also meet all these members. They are from Southeast Asia. We have members from everywhere, but we have just presented these members. So you can get in touch with them on IWA Connect Plus. You can see their profile there. You can send them messages and learn more from these leaders and they are from Sunpa, from Malaysia, the other members. I am not going to take their names one by one, but you can find them on IWA Connect Plus and get in touch with them. Thank you from my side. And I will hand over these to Dr. Isabella. Thank you. Thank you, Reshanem. And Anishu Imidio. As someone introduced, I'm Dr. Isabella Spindola and I am responsible for the Anguara professionals and the regulators within IWA. So now I'm going to go through some of the other communities that we have within IWA. Reshanem mentioned about the specialist groups, but we also have our government members. We have more than 62 government members all over the world. And we have the distinguished fellows and also the fellows. And then, of course, the Anguara professionals that I am responsible for. Somala, can you move to the next slide, please? Thank you. And what we want with all these communities is to engage our members. And our end with this establishment of groups is to really have you guys leading IWA. So when we start getting to know IWA, you get to know IWA via the publication, the partnerships, you join some of our online events or in-person events. And then you start this engagement with us.  You decided to join one of our communities. And then the next step would be this contribution part. So you join the community to get really active on it. You can write the content that we have. For example, the book chapters, the blogs, and also the position papers. You can help us organize events, proposing workshops, webinars, as Reshanem mentioned, that is the possibility of proposing webinars and also some courses. And you are really coming up to the next step in terms of leading IWA, becoming, for example, part of the management's committee from the specialist group, from the Young Water Professionals Turning Committee, or you can be part of IWA country chapter and being part of this management community that we have. And you're trying to represent IWA as much as possible within your country. And you can, for example, join the congress program communities that we have and also the strategic council. Next. And now focusing on the Young Water Professionals, we have a lot of chapters in South Asia region and I'm going to talk a little bit about them later. But what is this community? Who can be part of this community? So for being like an IWA, YWP member, it's not a different membership. As long as you are age 35 years old or younger, you are automatically considering YWP, Young Water Professionals. And our Young Water Professionals, they are from this multidisciplinary backgrounds related to the water sector. And when we establish this community and our objectives, it's really to empower YWPs to contribute to sustainable water management. And we want them to be engaged with YWA, connected with the other communities that we have in a way they can reach this professional development that they are eager and they want to achieve it. And of course, as they are getting more engaged with YWA, they reach out this recognition within the association, but also with the broader water sector. And here in the photo, you can see our currently steering committee. These are the group that help us to shape the Young Water Professionals community and they are elected every two years. So as you can see, this group is finishing their term this year. So we will be hosting elections soon. Next. This infographic is just for you to understand how the Young Water Professionals defeat with an IWA structure. So when it comes to the national level, we have the country chapters. And in case you are interested to create a chapter in a country that we don't have, just let us know and I can help you through this process. And in the international level, we have the steering committee and they're all connected with the secretariat. So they send me emails and we try to engage them as much as possible with all this structure that we have with the association. Next. So as I mentioned, we have a lot of chapters all over the world. And you can see the ones that in dark blue are the new ones that we had created in 2023. And the others are the older Young Water chapters that we have. And specifically in the South Asian regions, we have Australia, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea and Sri Lanka. So there are a lot of chapters, but in case you're from a country that we currently don't have, just reach out to me and we can start organizing and I can help you in this process of creating chapters. And if you're an Young Water professional and you're wondering how to get involved with YWA, so here in the slide, I have all the answers. So you can join Connect Plus, our dedicated group for Young Water professional can check all the news and information and the discussion that we have there. And you can be part of the steering committee. So we're having elections, why not apply to it? If you fulfill the criteria that we have, you can join the chapter or you can create the chapter. There are opportunities for you to join Specialist Group Management Committee being as a YWP representative. You can join the Emerging Water Leaders Forum that we will be hosting, by the way, in Toronto. And soon we're gonna be opening the call for volunteers to help us organize. So you can also be a volunteer in the program committee. And you can join events and other organizing committees from events, from YWP conference that we have. And you can apply for the exclusive opportunities that we create for Young Water professionals. So, yeah. So thank you, everyone. If you have any question, please, just drop in my email or type here in the chat. Edding. Thank you, Isabella. Hi, everyone. My name is Erin Jordan. I'm a strategic programs officer in IWA, coordinating specifically the digital water program. Today I'm gonna tell you a bit about the IWA programs right now, actively. And just to give you an idea about what we do, what programs are here to establish change agendas on key themes for a water-wise world that contribute to sustainable development. So I'll just give you a bit of information about each program. I'll start with the water and sanitation services. So with water utilities, national and international institutions, the IWA water and sanitation services program works to ensure the safe, reliable, equitable, and efficient supply and service delivery of water and sanitation. And we do this through innovative pilot projects in international frameworks and advocacy to improve regulation and policy, including the implementation of water safety plans and sanitation safety plans. The Cities of the Future agenda harnesses the power of the IWA network to co-create solutions and join efforts to manage the city's many waters in a sustainable and resilient manner and approach endorsed by the IWA principles of water-wise cities. Also, the Basins of the Future agenda promotes a connection between urban stakeholders and their basins. So building on the same IWA principles of water-wise cities as well as the IWA action agenda for basin-connected cities, it aims to guide cities, industries, and their basins in the sustainable planning and management of water resources across scales, from catchment to consumer, meeting growing demands and responding to the challenges of climate variability and change. Next slide. So the Digital Water Programme, it provides a platform for mainly water utilities to explore and share their experiences on their digital water journey. Of course, this is open to other professionals as well who are interested in digital water. The programme provides road maps and guidance that will help water utilities in making the transition to the next generation of smart water systems and fulfill the need for improved resiliency to secure and sustainably manage water resources now and in the future. The Digital Water Programme produces several outputs and this includes white paper series and you can see on the screen blogs, podcasts and more. So here we have the Earth Observation for Water Management subgroup is a community of practice that focuses a lot on using satellite data for water management. We have the Digital Transformation Hub, which gives you real-life case studies of digital solutions that have improved the water management for different cities. As mentioned, the white paper series where you can go and learn about different, the different aspects of digital water. We were also part of a European Horizon Project. You can learn more about Prem Water there. You can read our Digital Water Report, the first one and then you can learn how to engage with us next slide. So the Inclusive Urban Sanitation Initiative. This was launched in Copenhagen at the 2022 Ida Bear Water Congress. It gained momentum through the Sanitation Campaign. And in 2023 last year, the engagement efforts have seen significant success and this was notably through the election of a diverse advisory board and task force with four strategic subgroups and to help guide the initiative's priorities. Also as part of advancing diversity, equity and inclusion, the component of this initiative, seven governing members were on boarded from the low and middle income countries in 2023. The initiative has also hosted the recently concluded World Water Development Congress in Kigali, a Sanitation Innovation Acceleration Forum and the Ida Bear Sanitation Innovators Expo, which provided a platform for discussions on sanitation and technology offerings, particularly from Africa. Next slide. So for the Inclusive Urban Sanitation, these are the key actions and opportunities, publications, blogs, webinars, online courses, biennial innovation conference, as well as the Citywide Inclusive Sanitation Awards. For more information, you could always contact Florence and Patrick and you can see their contacts below. And Patrick has just added some links in the chat as well. Next slide, Tamela. So the Climate Smart Utilities Initiative it was launched to support all utilities were a way to act collectively and share knowledge. So the goal of the initiative is to assist water and wastewater and urban drainage companies in improving their climate resilience by adapting to a changing climate while contributing to significant and sustainable reduction of carbon emissions. The initiative aims to deliver value to utilities and inspire the wider water professional community. Next slide. Also underneath this initiative is the Climate Smart Utilities Recognition Program, which offers utilities an opportunity to reflect on their climate smart journey and presents actions to an international audience and shares aspirations to achieve a climate smart water sector. At the 2022 World Water Congress and at the 2023 Water Development Congress, the utilities listed on the screen from the Philippines were recognized for their contributions to, for their improvement and success on their climate smart journey. For more information about this, you can contact my colleague Charles who spoke to you earlier and who will speak to you again as well as Brenda who is on screen. Next slide. So my colleague Rachna and my colleague Isabella, they told you about the different communities as well as the specialist groups. And what we try to do in IWA is to connect all of our members to use everybody's knowledge to the benefit of the water sector. And so no matter which community you are a part of, we try to promote collaboration amongst these. We, and this can be through the publication, webinars and events. We can engage our members through the steering committees and management committees of each community as well as the different advisory boards within the programs, initiatives and communities of practice. And now I will hand over to Charles again. Thank you. Thanks, Erin. Again, and so I want to talk about something more on IWA Connect Plus, which is a dynamic platform which I would say you could compare it with a LinkedIn or a Facebook of what you have been using or you know about. So we have transformed our old platform which is called Connect to a new platform which is Connect Plus on last January, January 17th, 2023, which is a dynamic platform where you can know more about the organization, know what's happening within the organization, know more about the latest news, the developments, the most red. So there are multiple components within that platform. Once you log in, you have to give up because I suppose all of you are new members. Once you log into the platform, you have to give your, you have to complete your profile where you have to specify what specialist group that you would like to join, which are the three or four specialist group that you wanted to know more about. You can look at the whatever people that you are working within your sector. You can search based on the key word, you will find those members and so on. And once you are in the homepage, you could see whatever latest news, what are the latest announcements within the organization, are there any new events coming up in the new webinars happening around algorithm, what are the latest journals or articles that's being appropriated more or more spread, articles or most spread journals or books or publications that you could look at. Who are the future members? Which means what have they done differently? And you can look at what they have done differently and then kind of learn and then try to see what is benefit for your interest. It also have a sort of community page where you can look at all the specialist group within the organization. Also look at what are the different programs in the organization, what are happening between within these specialist groups or communities. If you're part of a GM or they're a learning member, you can look at them. You can click on the page and see what are the activities happening now. So there are a lot of opportunities within the Connect Plus for YouTube network and Connect with members and also learn about the latest contributions. You can also post, like any platform, you can post either on blogs, you're on articles within the platform as such, which would be widely spread by the water community. And we also have something called a touch chest, which is the emails that you see on the right bottom, where it is a process. It's not of a digital library of all the content that has been developed within the IDW events reports, publications and so on. So if you search for any keyword, you will find a lot of articles related to that topic. It could be a presentation, it could be a video recording, it could be a podcast. So it would be one stop solution where on stop play is where you can actually look at all the contents that's been developed within IDW on that particular topic. And I think it should be a huge interest for you, especially if you're coming from academia or the educational community. Because you also have a lot of case studies that's been shared today. Can we move to the next slide please? So this is what I was telling you, once you complete your profile, you can select a different specialist group within the organization. And based on your interest, you can be able to, which Regina was telling me, with the 51 specialist groups, you can select based on your interest, based on your mind in which you work on, you can select your specialist group, we do belong to you and get updates from those specialist groups. So you will get updates with respect to the upcoming events, newsletters, recent developments and variations within that specialist group. So what's happening within that particular specialist group as such? Can you move to the next slide please? And once you are in that specialist group and once you are in the minus one committee, you also would be able to know the characteristics of the people within that specialist group. You would know the numbers where they come from, what sector they do, how much they have participated within that specialist group, what are their contributions in terms of plots, newsletters, events and so on. So we also got an overview of the characteristics and interaction within the specialist group. And so you can also look at who is contributing more and then also try to collaborate, try to learn from them and so on. Can you move to the next slide please? We have a quarterly magazine which I've told you before, which is called The Source. And so it is more of a magazine where most of our members write about their opinions and our future article, scale studies. There is a future article from our security director in terms of the vision or the status quo of the organization that, on that timeline. And then we also have some of the news articles and that will be also published which in terms of the latest news that's happened over that time period. If you want to, we would encourage people to also participate in it. So if you want to participate, if you want to contribute to such articles, you can write to us and come back with a detailed keyword in the email that was given in the bottom. So you can actually participate in some of the article in the source. Next slide please. We do have events, I hope you would be knowing this right now. So we say that every week of the year we have an event close to the world. So if you look at, we have almost 50 specialist students. They do at least an event in the new year. So we have almost 25 specialist student events. So for me to go into specialist student events. Apart from that, IWB has its own flagship events which is a biannual world of commerce which happens in developed companies in every two years or 30 years. And then we also have water and development commerce which happens in developing countries in the new years. We also have a biannual professional conference. We also have a leading public conference. And like I said, we have our own clinical program, especially to be once happening every year. We will be having a region learning conference and there are also IWB support events. So if you or your institution would like to also host an event, you can apply for an IWB support event which also gives you an opportunity to host an event with IWB. We also have a digital water conference which is also a part of flagship event of IWB which happens in every year. The last edition was in, please correct me if I'm wrong. I forgot the name. The last edition was in last November, right? It doesn't really know. Yeah. So what I meant to say is that we have a lot of events and it also has opportunities for you to participate in these events. Meaning you can participate in terms of submitting a paper or submitting an article which either would be a paper or a poster presentation. You can participate, you can submit for a workshop proposal and then if you get accepted by the program then you can have a workshop in present-day or you can participate as a delegate in those in the conference and then attend a paper presentation, it's also presentations, workshop presentations, other programs and initiatives that IWB would be convening at the conference. You will see how the access opportunity to be a chair or a chair or a co-chair within those plans itself. So we have different technical sessions where you can be a chair or a co-chair or a co-chair of the sessions. You can also be a part of the organizing community and programity which has also a lot of visibility for you in terms of your profile. You know, these are things that would help in the compulsion of the leadership of the working organization. And obviously, if you are a part of the community you also have a special advocate in terms of being volunteering in some of these events you might or sometimes you might have a financial support for you to participate in these events. You have another part of the thing which I would also like to do on this we also have a big exhibition associated to or by any of you in the program at the Congress and working at the Congress where you can exhibit or you can participate as a sponsor or an executive from your institution. And for this you can contact QCTO for some of you instead. Next slide, please. This is more of a presentation of the Congresses from the beginning in a world where the Congress on the World Development Congress and the World Preservation. The last world where the Congress was in Copenhagen in 2022 and 2024 it is going to be in Toronto, Canada and 2026 it is going to be in Glasgow and 2028 it is going to be in Malaysia which we had recently been celebrated and accepted by the board in last September. Thanks to Malaysian committee for providing such a good application for the strong competition between Malaysia, Brazil and a few other countries and Malaysia Act the conference on the list and the best wishes to the committee for the 2028 conference. Next slide, please. So this is what I was telling the next of this edition of the World Congress which is going to be in Toronto, Canada is from 11th to 15th of August. We closed all those submissions and I think the evaluation is happening now and probably the program would be out very soon but you can participate in the different opportunities you can be a delegate, you can be like I said, you can be a chair or co-chair or you can be participating in some of the workshops that would be proposed to be in the conference. I would say like we would like to have most of you being there because you could also learn and collaborate with the, you know to know more about how this conference are organized you can have sort of a visibility in the way when you plan for 2028 conference. So this would be another great language for you to actually participate because it takes a long term, we anticipate almost three different ways for actually the plan, for the planning to see one. So it's a great time and we encourage people to actually attend the conference. Next slide, please. Apart from the sort of regular activities we are really proud in terms of celebrating and very much committed in promoting or in sort of recognizing the wider world sector. These are awards where in which we celebrate the best practices, the innovations, the technology within the world sector. So it's beyond the membership. Anyone who is, who within the world sector has done a lot of contribution to the sector. We have different awards associated to it. So we have a global network which is which is an auspicious signal, which we say about another contribution in the world sector. We have a winning award. We have a N leadership award if you are in the center, if I contribute to a lot, you would be part of, you could apply for it. You have a sort of a professional development award. You also have a membership, but this is particularly for the members of IWDA in terms of how they have been contributing within IWDA award in terms of ongoing outstanding member award and so on. We also have a category called Project Innovation Awards, which is a few-order institution who has done a significant project in terms of, you know, which had a lot of innovation, which had a lot of best practices, a technology that has been adopted. You can apply for this award, which has been for the six sub-categories on that plan. If, and this is all awards have been evaluated by the jury, which would then let you know the results would be announced during the conference and then you will be awarded. So like I said, we are very much committed to the work sector and we recognize the part we wanted to recognize and we recognize all the contribution within the work sector as such. The applications for the awards are open, I believe. So you could start applying for the awards, which would be, all these awards would be celebrated in the, in the world of Congress and so on. Next slide, please. So that's it from all from our side, I mean, I would encourage, still encourage people to go to our website and the links that has been shared from our colleagues in the chat box. There might be much more than that. You would like to know more about IWDA. If you are ready for the questions, you can be served in any of the parts where you can even rise with Dr. Omni, who is an important leader in that case. Thank you. Okay. Thank you very much. Thank you all for the presentation. And I can see that we have already more than 100 attendees and one of the largest portion of attendees actually is from Lampen Water Authority, Water Supply Authority, PPWSA in Cambodia. I'm just wondering if anyone from PPWSA, for example, Mr. Lang Naro, if you want to say a few words. Yes. Good afternoon from Cambodian, from Lampen Water Supply. Thank you so much for your briefing for all the activity of IWDA. And now I think that we start to get more information in order how to participate into the IWDA work. So see how we can do, how we can share our experience to IWDA in order to how to make operate between PPWSA to IWDA. It's a very interesting presentation that when I see the presentation. And based on our activity, what we have here now, we try to push as much as possible in order to meet the SDG of 2030 with a coverage of 100%. So day by day, we are very busy to our project because we are now already nearly 100% so we're another 2G or reach to 100% based on our project. So therefore to work with IWDA, we are still not yet connected very well because we are busy on our project. But we're interesting, a lot of things there that I will push my team, especially the young generation to see how we can work together, how to share our idea based on activity, progress of our work, what we have here and push them to go more detail inside the IWDA in order to get more idea, experience, lesson learned from IWDA. So that is our plan to see because I think we already signed a contract last year but we did not have any progress of presentation like this. I think today we see the presentation and I think most of my team is inside the screen. I think today they follow up and from now on I will try to push my team in order to participate to the IWDA team work. So that is that I can say today and we see how we can look into more close cooperation with IWDA to the future. Thank you so much. Thank you, thank you very much. I will follow up with you. Actually we mentioned already that one of the most exciting IWDA activities is actually the World Water Congress and Exhibition and then in four years it's going to be in Kuching, Sarawak and it's really a lot of support from Malaysian Water Association. It's huge support from them. So I want to invite Kelvin Kokhanyi to say a few words about this Congress preparation. Hi, Kelvin. Good afternoon. Some of you, good morning maybe. Thank you very much for organizing this induction seminar, Dr. Hongli and we are very pleased to meet the family for International Water Association. Also our friends from Nongpen Water are good to see you. I think were you here in Kuching in 2022 in the Borneo International Water and Wastewater Exhibition Conference, I think. So we are very happy as Dr. Hongli has mentioned that we have been selected as a host for the World Water Congress and Exhibition for the year 2028. We are very excited. We have quite a few programs to run up to the 2028. I think the first of which is that we will join the Toronto this year in August. We have been contacted by Mr. Kizito and Roy. So we are planning to have a presence at the Toronto and maybe to bring some of our friends from the region. And then we have our own, as you know Sarawak is one of the largest state in Malaysia. We are on the island of Borneo. And in October this year, we have actually an event called the Borneo International Water and Wastewater Conference and Exhibition. So that is taking place on the 23rd to the 23rd of October right now. So we hope that we will be able to get involvement from the International Water Association. I think this is something that is ongoing discussion. So once the program has been fixed and more established, we will send the information to everybody here. So we would like to invite as many as we can to come and join us. So that's all for us. From now, thank you Dr. Ongli. Thank you, Kelvin. So I hope we can have a set of activities going towards the World Water Congress Exhibition in the region. And now I open the floor to everyone who wants to ask questions. You can turn on your video and unmute yourself when you speak. I think we may have given too much information. Too many things to ask and then they don't know how to start. But I just wanted to say that in our website there is the list of IWA staff and all our activities that we have introduced to you today. So don't be afraid to just reach out at any point. Isabella was mentioning about a chapter, why there will be chapter in Cambodia. I think that would be great to start. So if any of you wants to take a lead on that, please feel free to reach out to her. And so yeah, I think this is where we can go from here. But if any of you has a question now, please feel free to ask now. I have a question. Yes, please. Related to the young leadership, right? This is a one section that we need to have more detail on this type of what they call participation. Participation because for me in the future we like to bring our young generation to have more connection among each other in the water sector. So therefore for me, how that PSA can connect more detail inside of this group. If I may jump in this. So thank you for a question. I agree with you that it's really important to get this connection, establish this connection with young professionals. And when we form a chapter, we try to understand as much as possible the challenges that the country is facing, specifically in the water sector and how this young generation, these young professionals, they can play a role in solving the challenges and helping this broad water sector with all the industries and the stakeholders that you have in the country to connect themselves and to find the solutions. And when I talk about challenges, it's not about specifically like to water quality or water quantity, but it's also with this generation gap that we have with the senior levels that they are retiring and we need a new workforce that they need to have the specific skills to be ready to step up and to lead the decisions and all the governance and management procedures that we have when it comes to water resources. Okay, all right. Okay, I understand. So let's see how we can connect together. So I will push my team to research more on this. I added my email in the chat, so if they can reach out to me and then we can start this conversation. Okay, thank you, thank you. Meena, you need to do something. For another question, you see, you have also a specialist. How we connect to the specialist in the IVAR team? How can we connect? Because sometimes if you have a problem in terms of water quality, sometimes we do every day our implementation in terms of control water quality, but some areas that may not well from our side. So how can we, for example, put all of this information to IVAR in order to know by IVAR and get some idea and time not only put some big effort, but at least sometimes, for example, if you have sometimes so much manganade inside the water. So what IVAR can give, what specialist IVAR can help us, you know, all of this. So it look like online talking in order to solve the problem of daily activity, to solve the problem among each other. So how are the channels for that? Hi, so as you have seen, we have 51 specialist group. So as per your this issue you are raising here or you're interested in this subject, you can first, you can check all these specialist group if you find anything very relevant and they're very, you feel like they can help you in this matter. You can approach that specialist group through IWConnect or you can write an email to me and I will connect you to that specialist group. And then you can start your discussions with all their SG leaders and the leaders first, they will discuss this issue with you, they will have a meeting, they will try and understand your problem and then they will make a plan how to solve this issue or what to do in collaboration with you. So there are different ways and they're very self-managed. They have their own plans and different members and from different countries, they work together. So the best way to first find a relevant specialist group then approach these SG leaders and start having a discussion or raising this problem and making a plan how to solve this issue and as per my understanding and I would also like Dr. Hong if she wants to add something in this. Yeah, in addition, I think you could also pay attention to the specialized events happening somewhere in the world and to see if there are like up-to-date knowledge and technologies sharing that you can learn from them. And at the same time, if you want to bring some of the international experts to the region or to Cambodia to have a seminar or organize something particularly for the topics and the challenges you are facing. So that would be something we can work together, I think. Very good, very good, understand. Thank you so much. So I think now start to learn step by step. Yes, we work together, we collaborate. Thank you. And may I ask all the participants if possible you switch on your video so that we can take a snapshot, something like that. Thank you. If anyone would like to ask any questions after this meeting, you are more than welcome to send emails to members at IWAHQ.org. I can put this email address in the chat as well. Thanks, Hong. Yeah, so maybe a brief introduction. My name is Patti Krono. I work with the IWA on the Inclusive Urban Sanction Initiative. So I did share a link of the initiative page. I'll also share my email address in case you have any particular questions. Please ask if you could just give it to me. Thank you so much. Thank you, Patrick. I hope everyone can join Toronto. It's an amazing opportunity for you to be aware of the community and to be up to date with the knowledge and the leading edge technologies. Thank you very much. Have a nice day. Thank you all. Thank you.


What's up everybody, Jason here for JasperJasper8s.com This fills up archives, picker team number one and two guys. We gave away the last 18 teams I didn't sell for both of those picker teams with this 2022 archives signature series box break number one. So again guys, do the break. Randomize codes and names, teams distribute the hits out. Only one card, one hit, be distributed out. Then at the end, we'll take the names, randomize them, whatever you match up with is what you get from the Yankees at the top. I think they were like a two or $300 team from picker team number two all the way down to the Rockies. So let's do the break first guys, roll. Six and a three, nine times. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. Nine times, six, three, nine. Adam down to Eric. Six, three, nine. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. Nine times, six, three, nine, nine. Nationals out of the Cubs. All right, nine, nine. All right, so again guys, just one card. I'll let you see your teams, but good luck. The box break guys. And it's a Brandon Crawford for the San Francisco Giants. Three out of 10. There you go. The Frick, is there two cards in here? How come there can be Allen against on the front but then it has like an opening day on the back. That's gonna go to the Giants and Matt Smith. All right, now let's switch scenes. And again, you're gonna match up with what you get here guys. Roll it. Five and a three, eight times. Good luck. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. Eight times, eight. So at the top is Matt Smith. All the way down to Craig. It seems to me they've packed two cards but I'm not gonna pop the seal open to find out. But I mean, I don't know, the card looks pretty thick on its own, so maybe, maybe not. So again guys, obviously the top 18 do get in. The rest of you guys unfortunately are not in. So there you go. Unfortunately down on Eric to Craig are not in. But Matt Smith, you have won the Yankees in number two. Adam with the Dodgers in one and Eric Padres in one. Zach with the Dodgers in two. Adam with the Padres in two. Eric with the Phillies in one. Damn, another goal for Boston. Eric with the Phillies in one and two. Joe with the Nationals in two. Kenny with the Pirates in one. Joe with the Pirates in two. Scott with the Cubs in one. Matt Smith with the Marlins in one. Mark with the Cubs in two. Adam with the Marlins in two. Ed with the Giants in two. Scott with the Rangers in two. Kenny with the Rockies in one. And then Matt Smith with the Rockies who's sneaking in there. So I appreciate it folks. We'll put in these names into the list and then coming up in a little bit guys would be signature series archives number one. Thank you guys.


The biofuels obligation scheme in Ireland has been successful in increasing the use of biofuels in the country. However, there is still a large gap between the targeted 10% biofuels usage by 2020 and the actual usage of 3%. To reach the target, Ireland will need to import more biofuels or utilize other renewable sources. Microalgae and macroalgae are two potential sources of biofuels that can help close the gap. Both have high oil content and can be grown locally, making them attractive options for Ireland. Additionally, both algae types meet the EU's stringent sustainability requirements, meaning they can be used without worrying about environmental impacts. This article was authored by Fionnuala Murphy, Ger Devlin, Rory Deverell, and others.


Once you have entered the space which you call as human, from here, your evolution is no more natural. It has to be conscious. If you don't become conscious, there will not be any progress from here onwards. Monkeys can progress, man cannot progress. He can only progress consciously. Somewhere, nature trusted your intelligence. Nature believed that with the intelligence that you have, anyway you will choose the higher, not the lower. But you've been trying to beat nature's trust, but it's not possible. Doesn't matter how many ways you indulge yourself, somewhere something longs for something bigger, isn't it? Yes? You fill yourself with wealth and filth and everything, but still the longing is not gone. So, when the longing becomes unbearable, you seek. When you seek, can't you seek that which is within yourself by yourself? You can. But it's an uncharted path. Because it's an uncharted path, if you go by yourself, you know what happened to Columbus? He wanted to come to India and landed up here. It was an uncharted path, isn't it? Simply by accident he landed in this continent. We are only hearing about those who landed somewhere. Do you know how many never landed? Anywhere? Yes? Thousands of sailors who set for never landed anywhere. If you go on an uncharted path without any guidance, this is what will happen. Now that Columbus landed here, just see how easy it is from Europe to America. Why? Now it's a uncharted path because of that man, isn't it?  Now, using his experience is a good thing. Can't I do it by myself? You can, but we don't know how many lifetimes you will take by yourself. Not that it's impossible. You may just do it in a moment also, you know? You may just land up there. We don't know, but 99% of the people will just get lost and washed away. That's why a guru has come. Guru is just a device. Guru is not a person, this must be understood. Only when you begin to experience me as something more than a person, only then I am your guru, till then I am not. Guru Poornima is significant because one thing is of a historical significance because this is the day Adiyogi turned himself into a guru after the Simasol stars. This first full moon has a certain impact. It is generally considered as a day of grace and that is the day the first guru chose to teach. So it's significant reminder for us, for every human being on the planet, because everybody lives in their own limitations of body, mind, social structures and strictures, all kinds of things. It is for every human being it's important to know that there is a way to be beyond these things. That's the reminder.


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Welcome back cat from a scratch episode 14 topic today is cursor ray tracing Basically, I want to be able to use the cursor to pick a face on our cube body and change the color That's the objective today. There's a link in the description with a timestamp. You can click skip ahead and see the results First I want to talk about the bugs in the code. So if you run the program There are some orientations of our model for which the model is kind of skewed like this Which isn't correct and I thought maybe it was just the way we're Projecting the model, but no, this is because I'm just retarded and I made a typo So there's two typos actually one in the trigonometry.c, which doesn't affect anything apart from our Triangulation as this dot product is is incorrect. This should be a plus and then also in our draw.c At the very bottom in our rotations here. This magnitude quantity is Actually incorrect. This is what we're using to actually rotate the model and that's probably when you rotate it Looks a little bit whack and some orientations. This should be a plus In all these positions, obviously I copied and pasted the code when I was doing it live and I made a typo So if I close this recompile Rerun, there's now no weird skew effect in any orientation. Everything looks much more cubic anyway. So that's good I want to talk about the The rendering sort of framework that we have set up. So in our draw.c in our shader here, this GL position is quite Elegant how we're implementing our entire rendering. So we have simply a dot product So you see u1x, u1y, u1z dotted with the position of the vertex basically minus where we're looking This is extremely simple. I mean if you if you only knew how complicated some people make this very simple operation You'd be, you know, so shocked This is what they do. They do these like rotation matrices is some model matrix view matrix transformations projections, you know perspective stuff Scaling it doesn't make any sense Why they do so much complicated stuff for such a simple operation of an orthogonal projection So ours is much better than this boomer cringe stuff that they they pedal online So the way our thing works if you don't remember from before is we have this basically we have an origin in space We have a point. We're looking at called look at we're looking from called look from look from being the Center of our u1, u2, u3 frame and look at being the sort of model center ideally But when we pan the model we can move this around So the screen space here centered on u1, u2, u3 gives between negative one and one for both axes And obviously the point at this as zero zero is the center of our of our u1, u2, u3 frame and U3 points from look from to look at And it's perpendicular to this screen space And so the question is if we have a cursor location here is this cursor location over the body Or over any given triangle on the body and the answer is simply no this if you trace this point out along U3 it doesn't touch the the model at all Completely misses the model Now if you had a point, let's say right here and Trace that out along u3 obviously that hits the model and it goes right through But it hits the model and then it goes through the other side like that And so the question is how can we detect if the cursor is touching a face? And if so which face and where on that face and stuff like that It's actually quite simple to do that So how do you tell if your cursor is over a triangle well step one you find the intersection of that red line that cursor ray With a triangle plane so in this case, let me draw in yellow here This intersects the this cursor location intersects this triangle plane Let's certainly define the triangle the triangle that's going to be this triangle here. Let me define it in Pink this triangle of interest here This line intersects that plane right there and this line intersects that plane. I don't know right here or something Now question is which of these points is in the triangle now determinants in the triangle We have an algorithm from before I'll get into that in a few seconds So for this first one Finding the section of the the ray and the triangle plane how do you do that? So intersections are quite simple looking these two Primitives so a plane algebraically speaking is Set of points P and yellow such that this is satisfied P0 being the point any point on the plane and N being the normal of that plane a Line is any point in P yellow such that this is satisfied So P0 is a point on the line and defines the line's direction and T is a parameter along that That curve and so basically where this P and this P intersect is the intersection of the plane in the line That's this yellow star right here Just for example, let's solve for this you can substitute This quantity in for yellow P and then solve for T you get this and You can substitute this value for T. By the way, this T value is the distance from the point This is very important to the space You know the T value is the distance along the line To the intersection from the point that you're looking from that's very key for later And you can solve for that P value by using that expression there Now now that you've done this and found the intersection of the cursor and the triangle plane How can you check if that point is inside or outside of the triangle? For that you can use the algorithm from before basically you can compute these have a triangle ABC Take these sides a b b c and c c cross them with the face normal and you can get n1 n2 n3 Which are side normals now if you take those side normals and dot them with the vectors from the Vertices to the point of interest if all of those lines are Those components basically these components here are all the same sign That suggests that the point is inside the triangle if these expressions are not all the same sign that you that means You know that one or more of those lines takes the opposite side of this normal component and then differ your outside So if all these are positive or all the more negative point P is in the triangle So now you can tell how we can implement both these two Steps It's quite simple in code actually just do that plus we've already done this entire section So we can copy and paste that code from before hopefully without typos this time So I'll implement this function down here. We'll call it Face picker It will take in as inputs the body that we're looking from so passing the pointer to the body will pass in the Height and the width of our screen here. So in pixels then we'll pass in the X and Y coordinates of the cursor again in pixels Then we'll pass in let me just make this bigger. Let me zoom out of this good Then we passed in our Float look at or look from I should say Point that's the origin of our you one you two you three space And then we get past in this film factor, but it's also a float This function will return a pointer to that face. So we'll say stroke face And we zoom in a little bit on this so we can see better So first thing we start off with our cursor location in terms of pixels on the screen counting from zero zero at the top left I believe so in order to map those two Screens screen coordinates are negative one to one. You just have to scale that by half the width and half the height So I'll do that and I'll be right back So there you have it now. We have the X screen space and Y screen space We're basically subtracting the cursor location in pixels from half the width and half the height The only difference is that the walking point is negated because The zero Point is at the top of the screen, which means it's opposing the you two, you know vector So that's a little bit confusing, but there's a negative sign. They're not not not a positive sign. So At this point now that we have a location in the screen space of our Cursor location, we want to be able to compute the location in 3d space. So I'll do that and I'll be right back So here we go. I have this cursor 3d size 3 float Basically, we have our three components x y and z of our point in 3d space here Let me zoom in the question is how do we locate this this point in space? Well, we're taking the X and Y components in the screen space and we're taking them. Oh, that's a typo. That's not gonna work We're taking their components in the directions of you one and you two and adding them together for x y and z and that gives us our Cursor location in 3d space from the origin here in yellow. So that's good now basically have to loop through how all our Faces in the body in order to determine which faces if any intersect the Chris the the the ray coming out of this cursor 3d point Along you three. So we have to define some some iterator here. So we'll say struct face Itter equals body face. We'll start there the first face on the body. What we want to be able to save the closest face closest face Also want to save the distance to that face or something like it. So we'll say float this Zero or leave it blank And now we want to be able to loop through so we'll say while Itter is not equal null We will just do all the algorithm from before this algorithm here and Go from there. So We had to say well, I'll just start from the top. So The the first thing to do is to basically implement this expression here for T because we have a Basically, we have a plane plane being the triangle normal triangle. We already have in our data structure We have a value for the normal p0 can be any point on the triangle We can pick any of the vertices that we want we have that the line again p0 on the line is Cursor 3d and n on the line is the u3 normal So we have all these quantities we can actually solve for T. So I'll do that and I'll be right back Okay, here we are I created a Float T and I've created this expression here again. We're using components from our Face structure. So we have our face normal here x y and z components We're taking the first vertex. So no to raise zero x y and z component And we're basically subtracting the curse for your location and we're basically computing this quantity here for T Now that we have T we can solve for P. So the yellow P there. So I'll say float P size 3 And so P is very simple P equals As you can see here on the top left P P zero equals top right should say cursor 3d zero plus T times u3 new Zero and then the same thing for y and z. Okay Now Now that we have the P location, that's the first step of this algorithm here We found P P is the intersection of the cursor ray and the triangle plane P Now we can go to our old function our Save this our Geom dot C You had a function called triangulate something Triangulate face and we have this algorithm here, which is what I showed down below So I'm gonna copy all of this Hopefully without typos this time into this Function here. I'm gonna clean this up a little bit and I'll be right back Okay, I copy the code and I defined a P P Node that we're passing in the coordinates of P. So that's our our point of intersection basically this point of section right here Then as before we're taking the vector of a b b c c a And the vectors a p b p and c p taking the cross product of some of them Taking the dot products and seeing if they're all the same sign Now if they're all the same thing is we're in the triangle and then we have to a couple things So we say if we haven't upon closest face yet if closest face equals null or Distance is Greater than C That means it if our save value for the distance for the look for the previous for anyone that we had before that happened to be Closer is greater than this one and we can set a new value for this The new value being closest face equals Itter and then Dist equals T. It's very nice that we have T as the distance To from the the point to the plane that we can actually use it to calculate the distance. That's very nice property there Now here We have to iterate through so it or equals it or next and then lastly once we're almost out of this function We can Return Closest face so that should wrap up this function a face picker Now how are we going to call this function? Well, that's going to happen in our draw body routine so In our render loop Which is down here Actually, I want to add another parameter here first So believe it or not. We haven't actually been tracking This look from vector yet So I want to keep we've been tracking look at but look from kind of falls out of the expression once you know you three and the scaling factor You don't really have to know look from because look from is a determined by Something that's perpendicular in this frame in this frame here You want you you want you to you three to look at coordinates So you don't need to keep track of you look from but let's keep track of it now because we used as an input in the previous function So I'll make a new value here called Look magnitude Because we have to rotate around whenever we're rotating the model So say look mag size or just just you know size zero and that will equal basically the magnitude of the look from to look at Vector so between the problem look at what's what's the the size here? So I'll code this up and I'll be right back Okay, we got that look magnitude just very simple expression there square some of the squares Now I want to have some some variables here to monitor if a face is selected if so what face etc. So Struct face star Selected face then we'll say int selected face Number just just for you know keep track of it and then we'll have a Boolean is face selected We'll start that at zero just to make sure We can set these values in our Well, we have to keep some space here. Hold on. Let me add some space need to edit that In our event handling here. So it's not just mouse anymore. It's mouse and key. I'll change that mouse and key event handling I want to make a new a new thing here. So in this button Yes, so we'll make a new thing here. So we're to copy this middle mouse click code And get rid of some of this garbage inside Change button to which is the middle mouse button to button one because we're gonna use the left mouse button to click on on stuff on the screen Select things we have to pass in a few things here So we will use the same query X query if I have it somewhere Probably have it Copy this Up here, we're going to create a location of the cursor It's the first thing Have the cursor location in X cursor and Y cursor now. I want to Basically use the function before so selected face equals face picker and the inputs I recall our body Was a height first if so height minus 20 because we have 20 pixels for the the menu bar with Next was X cursor and Y cursor Then we had Oh, we should do minus 20 for this one as well Then we had our look from and our scaling parameter Yeah, so the final from it's not up to date yet, but we'll do that in a second So we have selected face. So then we'll say If selected face, oh, you know what I have an idea Let's let's make a new function here in our our John dot C Faces So I want to make a function here just like this one But basically it different in that it gives us the number of a face not the number of faces in the body So I'll do that and I'll be right back Okay, I have this function get face number now We pass in the body and the face Starting at zero and it basically loops through until it finds a face in the body that equals the base that you've passed in And it returns that number. Otherwise it returns negative one Then I went and I added that to the jump that h header Right here and now we go back to our draw. See down to the bottom ish and Add that in here.  I believe that should be correct And I will say if selected face number is Greater than or equal to zero. So if it's not negative one We've actually found a face, you know, that's you know We've we found one by clicking and we've also found that in terms of it being in the in the body then we can say is face selected equals one and Then we can say printf you just clicked on face number percent d slash n Select their What's it called? Is it second face number? selected face number Now if it's not can say is face selected Equal zero So now we have a Boolean here that tells us if face is selected and if it's one we know that this in this It's in this structure here selected face face structure So we can go up here into this draw style And I'm gonna code up some fancy like hack together stuff to be able to draw In this same draw loop Different colors for different faces. I'll be right back in a second. Okay, so basically the way this works is We do the same as I've asked before in terms of enabling the polygon offset and the uniform is for the color but we Have this sort of if statement here if is face selected If it's not we do what we did before if it's likely we change our draw Routine so basically we say draw elements and then by the way the parameters here. This is triangle So what's what we're drawing this this input here is the number of vertices to draw? this input is Sort of like the the type and then this is the offset So basically the way this works is we're I draw as many vertices are up until the selected face in the initial color fill color then we are Drawing just three vertices so one triangle is worth At this offset so 12 as there are 12 entries per face So 12 times the face number and then we go back to the original RGB draw style for fill color And we draw back the original the remaining triangles in the in the body So this should work. It's all hacked together. I did have to add in this select color. So let's Let's go to our header file and change that so Want to add in Another line here so that we have we have fill line background. I also want to add in select color Maybe highlight color now. We can go back to our draw. See we have this draw style here. I Want to make another draw style For the select color so make a color. We'll call it select and we'll make it. I don't know make it green so 0.1f1 fine Sure, and we'll change this to select color Select that's good Now we did pretty much everything, but I do want to go back and add some logic here to keep track of the look from Quantity like our look from a ray So that's just gonna be at the at the bottom here. I'll say look from zero equals look at this is a very simple relationship minus u3 new x-coordinate Times look mad. So where we saved before the original magnitude of the look vector now We're using that again to compute the location of look from this off. Look at in u3. So x y z x y z x y z Is that it all we have to do? Let me think. I I think it is Let's compile and let's run What I do wrong here. All right, I'll take a look Okay Obviously doesn't make any sense. Now that makes sense Okay, that worked got our model. Let's see if I click if it changes colors. Let's see Click on face six. Look at that face seven face 10 So they all seem to work Let me check at weird angles. Look at that at almost no angle at all. We can click on faces. That's pretty nice So isn't that pretty cool? We just made a way to basically detect our cursor's ray intersect it with a plane of a given triangle then determine if our point of intersection is in the triangle or not Then we change it so we can actually change the color of the model on the screen That's pretty cool. Anyway, thanks for watching. Have a great day


So, if there are no other questions, we will then take this very example further. In fact, it was good that this question was asked, because it leads us to the next limitation of the discrete time Fourier transform. The discrete time Fourier transform, as you see, does not exist for all sequences. In fact, the discrete time Fourier transform exists when the summation corresponding to the discrete time Fourier transform converges. What if the summation does not converge, obviously, does not exist. So, then what do we do? Do we have some other transform domain where we can study the same sequence or do we have to make do with natural domain studies or natural domain processing. It turns out that we do have a more general transform, which allows us to deal with sequences which are not aptitude to summable as well. Let us take an example. So, let us take a more troublesome sequence. I say more troublesome because, you know, as we said, the un sequence, the unit step sequence at least does not produce an unbounded output for all bounded inputs. But the sequence that we soon see, if it becomes the impulse response of an LSI system, it more or less always wishes to produce an unbounded output, except for some very chosen bounded inputs. That is the interesting thing.  The accumulator is an unstable system, but unstable, you know, it is like saying the person is insane, but you know, there are only certain points or certain situations where he exhibits insanity. But here you have a system which normally behaves insanely. It is very rarely the system exhibits sanity and that system is, let an LSI system have the following impulse response, h n is 2 raised to the power of n u n. Now, this LSI system would, at the slightest provocation, exhibit an unbounded output. In fact, it is very clear that this impulse response is not absolutely summable. So, it is an unstable system and you see, I mean, when you have an unstable system, what do you do? You want to study its frequency response. Now, you know, I liken the frequency response of a system to the behavior under training.   Here, you could think of a system like this, like a ferocious tiger and a system where the DTFT converges, maybe even u n perhaps at the extreme or definitely half raised to the power of n u n, like a little dog. Now, it is not too difficult to train a dog.  On the other hand, trying to train a ferocious tiger is dangerous both for the trainer and for people around. Is that right? And therefore, the only way to train a ferocious tiger is to encapsulate the tiger in a cage and then, of course, use rewards or punishments to train. Now, this system that we have here is like a tiger and we need to encapsulate such systems first in a safe cage and then train it. Train it means see what happens when you give it specific inputs. How do we encapsulate the tiger in a cage? We encapsulate the tiger in a cage by multiplying it. You know, what is a cage? A cage is stronger than the tiger. So, we encapsulate the tiger in a cage by forcing an even more troublesome sequence on that system. So, multiply h n by r raised to the power minus n. r is a number greater than 0. So, for example, here if you happen to multiply this sequence by any such exponential where r is greater than 2, it would get encapsulated, isn't it? Here r greater than 2 would encapsulate the tiger and now, you can of course, you can take the DTFT. So, we can take the DTFT of h, the encapsulated tiger, you can train the encapsulated tiger. That is obvious. For example, take r equal to 2.5, then h n r raised to the power minus n would certainly be, you know, the DTFT of that sequence exists. Now, you see that is what we are now going to do in our effort to deal with such unstable system. We are going to encapsulate. We are going to first capture their naughty behavior and therefore, instead of multiplying by e raised to the power j omega n, we multiply. So, sequences like this, you see sequences like this need to be multiplied by r raised to the power of n or minus n, e raised to the power minus j omega n and then summed. r is like a radius and e raised to the power j omega, so r e raised to the power j omega is the complex number that we are talking about here. Now, you know the role played by r and e raised to the power j omega, put z equal to r e raised to the power j omega. So, essentially we are saying, consider summation n going from minus to plus infinity x n z raised to the power minus n, we call this the z transform of x n and we denote it by capital x of z for obvious reasons. So, of course, a z transform unlike the discrete time Fourier transform is a function of a complex variable. The discrete time Fourier transform is a function of a real variable omega. In fact, in a way there is a relationship between the z transform and the discrete time Fourier transform. If the z transform can be evaluated, if the z transform can be evaluated for r equal to 1, then that gives its DTFT. So, z transform for r equal to 1 is the DTFT, if that can be evaluated, it may not be possible to evaluate it, it may not converge.


Hey, everyone, Dylan Schumacher, Sibyl the Fence. Let's talk about bad decisions. So currently, the Biden administration is pushing this idea of vaccine passports.  And then this will allow you access to airplanes and boats and trains and automobiles and whatever, right? So you can travel freely because you can prove your vaccination status. This is a horrible, horrible idea and it's impossible to underestimate how entirely bad of an idea this is. So we're gonna go through a couple of the problems. Number one, it's fear-driven. It's a fear-driven agenda. Decisions made out of fear are rarely, if ever, a good idea. This reminds me of kind of when we passed the Patriot Act in this country, which was an egregious violation of our rights in which we paid for for years. Bad idea, bad idea. So you cannot make public policy based on fear. You cannot make public policy based on people being afraid.  If you want to live the rest of your life in a fear cocoon, that's, of course, your decision. But the idea that the government needs to mandate procedures so that you feel safe is insane. Nobody can legislate your feelings. That's impossible to do. And no matter how many laws you would pass or how many certificates you would enforce or whatever, people are still gonna feel things. That's as impossible. We cannot make enough laws to make sure everybody feels safe. It's also why gun control doesn't work.  So again, we don't make public policy based on fear. That's a poor life choice. Number two, this bill is, of course, anti-freedom. It flies in the face of being an American. I can't believe I have to say that. But the idea that you couldn't live, have the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, that you couldn't have that until you had a government mandated piece of paper that allows you to travel and do your everyday life is insane. That is the absolute antithesis to the entire point of this nation. We did not found a nation so that the government can tell us where we can and can't go or that we have to meet some arbitrary, moving goalpost requirement so that we're allowed to do what we want and live our lives. Oh, well, I'd love to go over to such and such a state in Kansas, but I can't go there because I don't have my vaccine passport. How does that sound like America to anybody?  This is insane. It is the absolute opposite of what America is. Number three, this thing is about control. Obviously, this is about control.  But the people that are pushing this want to control your lives. They want to tell you where you can and can't go, what you can and can't do because they know better than you or at least that's what they think. They think that they know how society should be ordered and if we can just restructure this based around them who know more than you, then we'll all be better off. It is a communist group mentality that suppresses and crushes individual choice, decisions and direction in favor of what's better for everybody. It's like utilitarianism run amuck. Number four, forced vaccinations are a bad idea. Anytime we're gonna allow the government to force something to inject it into your body is an egregious violation of your personal sovereignty. That's an insane idea. I realized that in the past in this country judges have ordered forced vaccinations and believe me it was just as insane and wrong then as it is now, okay? That should be 1,000% illegal and that is certainly a line in the sand. And the idea of a vaccination passport is really no different than forced vaccinations because at the end of the day what you're saying is these people won't be allowed in society. They won't be able to participate in a certain chunk of normal life until they get the vaccine. That's a coerced forced vaccination.  And they're essentially the same thing. The end result is the same.  I personally don't wanna live in a society where we set the precedent that the government is allowed to force, inject you with things at their leisure. Again, that can go terrible places. Which leaves me to point number five. And I can't believe I even have to say this but apparently people aren't that foresightful. If you think that this would just stop with coronavirus, you are absolutely out of your mind. The idea that the government will ever just stop with one thing is insane. And I don't care who's in control. If it's a Republican or if it's Democrat or if it's an other, it doesn't matter because once we set the precedent that you have to have your papers before you can travel or go places or live your life, then of course the requirements that are in that piece of paper that you have to have are only ever going to grow. Why wouldn't they? Why would there be any reason? You are removing the entire idea of checks and balances from government control.  Now you could say, Dylan, I mean, how do you know that? That's just insane.  Well, we already do this with the ATF. The ATF randomly adds and removes requirements from what is considered a firearm or isn't considered a firearm or what is fully automatic or what isn't. The ATF is a quintessential example of a bureaucratic organization nestled under the executive branch that runs amok and just tramples over its authority and does things that it's not legally allowed to do all the time. So why would we take that little microcosm of experiments and expand that to the rest of society? What about that could possibly be good? People have made the comparison. I'm certainly not the first one, but in Germany, in the 30s, they registered Jews. They made people wear yellow stars to signify their status and they caused apartheid, right? They stratified a society with the subhumans and that's what they called them. They called them subhumans. The other, the people that aren't part of normal society and they're not allowed to shop certain ways and they're not allowed to do certain things or whatever because of who they are and the choices they make and then the rest of nice, polite area in society. And that is, of course, horrible, but that's what's going on here. It's the same thing.  So if somehow you think that's about unity or that's about bringing America together or that's what's really gonna get us through the hard times, you have lost your mind. This will not stop with a simple COVID vaccination card. That would grow and grow and grow until you're not allowed to be involved in society until you meet this long list of requirements. That's how it works.  If this isn't something that you're like, we need to draw the line and this is a hard no, this is a hard pass, then again, there's nothing left to draw the line on. There's nothing left to fight for. America is over, we should all just pack up and go home and let the communists tell us what to do. This is it, there's nothing left to not fight for here. If this actually goes anywhere, this is the end, the absolute end of freedom in America. Do brave deeds and endure.