Hi there, I'm Sheena Wildman, Associate Director of the Health Law Institute, and welcome to the final installment of this academic year's Health Law and Policy Seminar Series. Today's seminar is co-sponsored by the Faculty of Health Professions, that's a partner faculty in the Health Law Institute that has actively and generously supported the seminar series along with other institute initiatives over the years. Today's lecture promises to offer some insights into regulation of the health professional, so it's an occasion for the Faculty of Health Professions to share the spotlight. More directly, in the spotlight is our lecturer today, Professor Peter Tuhit. Very lucky to have him with us today, he's a faculty member with the Atlantic Canada Studies Program and Department of History at St. Mary's. He's a sought-after teacher and graduate supervisor, and also serves as adjunct faculty with Dalhousie's Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Graduate Studies. From 2003 to 2013 he held the Canada Research Chair in Atlantic Canadian Studies. Much of Professor Tuhit's interdisciplinary scholarship has engaged the history of public health and health professions in Canada, with much of that focused on Atlantic Canada. He's the author of two books, in addition to having co-edited a series of books, taking an interdisciplinary approach to health, illness and disease, and his work includes community-based and qualitative health research. This past September, Professor Tuhit was honored with admission into the inaugural cohort of the Royal Society of Canada's College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists, and we're going to have him with us today. You know, the best thing about being elected to the Royal College was I was still considered a new scholar, so I thought I was deeply appreciative of that honor. And I should say just before I begin that I spent the formative part of my career here at Dalhousie, I was fortunate to be a member of the Department of History here. I wrote a book about the Dalhousie School of Nursing, you see hope in the back. While I was a PhD student and I was very fortunate to work in the Dalhousie Faculty of Medicine for seven years before leaving to take up Lake Canada Research Chair, so feels good to be back in some sense. And honestly, this is the first lecture I've given at Dalhousie since I left. So it's good to be back and I'm really grateful to be here today. I move around a lot, I hope that's not going to be an issue. There were widespread reports in Canada in the 1950s and 60s that there was a profound shortage of healthcare workers. So what I want to do today is to address a seemingly very simple question. How did Canada respond to this shortage? In a period when the healthcare system was rapidly expanding. I'm a historian, some of you are historians, historically-minded legal scholars, historically-minded health professionals. So the important thing to know in a very short way is that the 1950s and 60s were the period in which Canada's Medicare system was constructed. Two key pieces of legislation, the first that ensured hospital services, the second ensured physician services on a national scale. So that's all I'm going to say about that. So I could ask a slightly different question by asking what strategies did Canada use to meet its health human resource needs in different jurisdictions and in different periods? So that would be a slightly different question, and I think everyone in this audience would readily see the applicability of this question to Canada's contemporary healthcare system. After all, current strategies to meet shortages of healthcare workers include such things as international recruitment, expanding the educational or training capacity, or introducing new kinds of healthcare providers. And I feel that's necessary to add that this last point could be viewed as altering the scope of practice. Of course, a very hot question, a very good report just issued this week, looking at the scopes of practice of existing providers, or what I might describe in the safety of an academic setting as altering the division of labor. But projects that talk about the division of labor are not terribly sexy in this neoliberal age, so we don't do that anymore. Let me start because I'm a person of Irish descent with a story. In 1966, the Toronto Daily Star columnist, a guy named Jim Liederman, wrote an article about a giant hospital and its giant tragedy. It was about the Ontario Hospital at Smith Falls. This was a mental health facility, part of a network of hospitals that provided mental healthcare in the province of Ontario. It was a large institution housed more than 2,400 individuals with a variety of intellectual disabilities. This sprawling facility had been in the news often. Stephen Lewis, the Minister of the Provincial Parliament, had publicly criticized the state of affairs at the hospital the year before, but it was the more recent drowning of one of the hospital residents while trying to escape the facility that prompted the newspaper article by Jim Liederman. The hospital was described as hopelessly overtaxed, understaffed and overcrowded, and I'm sure those words resonate with health professionals in the audience. But despite these difficulties, the administrator, Morley Ferguson, stated it used to be a whole lot worse. The staff shortages were acute, they were profound, and the complement of professional staff was only about half of what it needed to be. Some of the residents had been transferred to nursing homes and even to unused wings of tuberculosis sanatorium, but the reality was that at Smith Falls, overcrowding still pushes patients into wars like cattle pens, road leadermen. The hospital served the entire province from the St. Lawrence River to the Lakehead. I love that description. There were more than 350 children on the waiting list, while some waited upwards of two years to be admitted to Smith Falls. The facility's residents had considerable needs, and this made the work challenging for the staff. Workers had to provide personal care, keep the rooms, keep bedding in good order, prepare food, feed the residents, and give medication. One pavilion housed two wards, with 101 bed-ridden residents and only one attendant to meet their needs. The infant ward was designed for 24 children, but it housed 37. The staff complement was supposed to be six, but it was reduced to only three, because three of the workers had been drawn off to other services where the need was even more dire, if you can imagine. I like to start here, because it's an important reminder that the kinds of issues that I'm talking about had a very real and material impact on the quality of life of those receiving healthcare services. Patients, clients, however we want to conceptualize those, shortages of staff matter in a material way to the people in these facilities. The shortages of staff ran across all of the services. When a pharmacist was absent, the duties fell to the pharmacy assistant. The director of nurses training would sometimes fill in. The two psychiatrists working at the facility spent most of their time doing, guess what? Administration, rather than care. There were three full-time, hopelessly overburdened physicians. These were assisted by five part-time general practitioners who would come to the facility from time to time, but what they actually needed were three more full-time practitioners. There were insufficient numbers of psychologists, there was no physiotherapist, and as Jim Liederman Riley noted, the institution, quote, is probably the only children's hospital anywhere with no staff pediatrician. Ontario's health minister, Dr. McKinnon Phillips, suggested that close to 20% of the people in mental health hospitals were over the age of 70. So there's an age thing going on here. Phillips suggested that this figure, which had tripled in a decade, was the result of the, quote, inability and unwillingness of young couples to take care of elderly parents with mental trouble, end quote. The increasing population of the elderly in these institutions had been an issue in Ontario for some time. Ontario Premier Leslie Frost had suggested that provincial hospitals were, quote, parking places for senile and infirm aged persons, and that mental hospitals in particular were, quote, cluttered up with old persons who should be in other institutions. A decade later, Matthew Diamond, the Ontario Health Minister, described how nearly 5,000 patients in mental hospitals were forgotten, never receiving visitors nor inquiries about their care. Diamond thought that this situation was a disgrace and one of the great tragedies of 20th Century Canada. The shortage of staff profoundly affected residents, workers, families. I like to start with the story of Smith Falls because it's important to me. I think we need to remember that in these kinds of analyses. Professional journals, mainstream media, they all addressed the issue of shortage on a regular basis, and it touched every area of Canada and different occupational groups. So I'm going to talk today about nursing assistants. I've done other work on occupational therapy assistants. I'm going to focus largely on Ontario, but I've just completed a study on maritime provinces and there's one coming for British Columbia. So the point is that in Canada is complex, labour intensive healthcare system. There's a range of occupational groups. They work in an interrelationship and a shortage in one area has profound impacts all through the system. I point this out because until very recently the historiography of Canada's healthcare system has largely ignored most of these healthcare workers. We have a good historiography of the profession of nursing. We have reasonably good studies of some aspects of medicine and we have virtually no studies of what we would often describe as allied healthcare professions or of all the subsidiary workers who populate the healthcare system. Virtually none. So my work is something of an intervention into this absence. Let me offer as an illustration my example of nursing assistants. I'm hoping to go quickly and to leave lots of time for questions because this is still work and development. I love coming to the seminar series and having the opportunity to rethink some of my ideas on testing some of those ideas here today. I'm using the term nursing assistant precisely to mean a category of regulated healthcare workers. They work in nursing practice and they are regulated by statute. And following the First World War, Ontario hospitals grappling with this shortage of nurses really embarked on a process of renegotiation. Looking at nursing practice and saying what needs to be done by registered nurses and what tasks could be assigned to other kinds of workers. This renegotiation included practical nurses who had been part of nursing almost from the beginning of nursing. It included some trained nursing assistants. It included ward aids, orderlies, clerks. They were all being assigned nursing tasks. Nurses were concerned for registered nurses. This renegotiation posed a significant threat from below. After all, the question of who gets to nurse while seemingly straightforward is very much a matter of ongoing debate and reconfiguration. So nursing leaders like Katherine Gerard, long-time administrator of the Halifax Infirmary talked about bringing practical nurses under a system of licensing as early as 1945. This was part of a widespread effort across North America to license and regulate all kinds of individuals. Legislation was achieved in the mid-1950s in many jurisdictions and this established regulations for training, for sitting exams, and for registration, all the things that the law students in the room can relate to right now. Kathleen Russell, the formidable Dean of Nursing at the University of Toronto, an absolute force in 20th century nursing in Canada, pointed out in 1956 that what was different was the official approval, the regulation, the restricted title given to nursing assistants. That's what was new, not the category of labor. And according to Kathleen Russell, that there was a need to ensure and safeguard standards of nursing services through such things as approving nursing standards, creating standards of nursing care, standards for preparing auxiliary nursing groups, personnel policies for both groups that would allow a rational division of labor, or at least to know what that division of labor ought to be, and then standards for registration and control. Following the Second World War, nursing assistants were the fastest growing segment of nursing labor. So they grew exponentially faster than registered nurses. They're one of a number of regulated occupations introduced into healthcare in this period, or if they weren't introduced who had enabling legislation passed in this period. And Tracey Adams in the article that I shared with those who read it has done a lot of work on professional regulation in Canada, and she looked at just five provinces across Canada, found more than a thousand pieces of legislation regulating 35 groups in five provinces. So it's an enormous piece of work, a great contribution for those who are interested. And for me, one of the interesting things that Tracey Adams discovered was how much regulation varies by province and by profession. Considerable variation. We were out to lunch a couple weeks ago and we were talking about land surveyors, and why aren't land surveyors registered in many provinces, but why are they in Nova Scotia? Why are land surveyors regulated in Nova Scotia? So we were kicking that question around. So the point for us today is that we need to be sensitive to this. We need to be paying attention to the historical conditions that lead to regulation in some settings and not others. And we have to pay attention to the details. I told Tracey I was going to take her to task on this. She told me that was okay because she in the same article points out that British Columbia passed legislation to regulate nursing assistance in 1951, and she's absolutely correct that legislation was passed, but the government never dropped an order in council. So between 1951 and the early 1960s, nursing assistance were unregulated. Not only were they unregulated, but the British Columbia government was actively training, educating these nursing assistants. So on the one hand they had passed this legislation to give registered nurses some control over this new category of legislation, but they hedged their bet, they held it back, they didn't give the order in council, and then they embarked on this massive training program to allow nursing assistants to enter into practice in hospitals throughout British Columbia. The Canadian Nursing Association acknowledged that there was a need to reconfigure nursing labor. They knew that the educational capacity of diploma schools or university schools simply could not meet the demand in Canada for nurses. But they also wanted to ensure that any auxiliaries entering into nursing practice were properly qualified. The CNA was also worried about unfair economic competition posed by the rise of this new group. So they were concerned that a growing pool of nursing assistants if not properly regulated could displace registered nurses. In their submission to the Federal Department of National Health and Welfare the CNA wrote that occasionally there has been a tendency on the part of these workers to assume a professional status and to exact a fee which their degree of preparation and competence does not justify. So the Canadian Nursing Association is identifying that nursing assistants were being hired and were functioning as our ends, and they were deeply concerned by that. It's not unique in nursing, the same thing is happening in occupational therapy. Occupational therapy assistants are being hired by hospitals, by mental health facilities, by all kinds of settings, and the idea is that they would work under the supervision of an occupational therapist, but there are no occupational therapists. So occupational therapy assistants are ending up in leadership positions running OT programs in the absence of any university-educated occupational therapist. So this is the great fear from nurses. With this in mind, the professional organizations begin to turn their attention to getting involved in the education of nursing assistants. So the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario responds to the nursing shortage by sponsoring short courses to prepare RNAs. If they're going to acknowledge that these RNAs are going to be present, at least they're going to be involved in the education of them. This was originally conceptualized as a demonstration project. It trained 125 individuals, but it was so successful that the Ontario government moved quickly to normalize this training program. So they amended the Nurses Act. They accommodated the regulation of nursing assistants within the 1947 Nursing Act. They extended a protected title of certified nursing assistant to those who went to approved training programs and registered nurses provided for their training and supervised examination. So they're complicit in creating this new category of labor. And of course I'm talking about nursing assistants and I'm talking about the 1950s, but we can all sit and imagine stories from 2015. We might think about physician assistants. We might think about recreational therapists. We might think about a whole host of workers who are going through exactly these same steps and battles. It's the ongoing renegotiation of healthcare that fascinates me. So in the early 1950s, Ontario training programs were graduating about 200 nursing assistants each year. About 85% of them are working in hospitals. How am I doing on time? Not well. I'll speed up. I'll add it as I go. I won't speed up. I won't talk any more quickly. So we have this shift toward creating nursing assistants. It had a positive impact. McKinnon Phillips says, well, there was about 38% less nurses than we need, fewer nurses than we needed. In 1950, that need had been reduced to about 20% by March 1954 because of the success of this training program. 1,200 certified nursing assistants registered in the first five years and this grew to about 2,600 by 1956. So the Department of Health is making a concerted effort to grow nursing assistants.  But just look, from 1953 to 1965, about 4,500 nursing assistants are educated through these approved programs. The regulation of registered nurses and nursing assistants would ultimately pass to the College of Nurses when it was finally created in Ontario in 1962. And this effectively transferred all that power to the new college, including responsibility for registering nurses and nursing assistants, matters pertaining to education standards, approval of schools, all of the things that matter for a profession. Nursing assistants, you might be interested to know, also try to organize. They tried to resist the effort of registered nurses to control their occupation and their work. So they organized their own associations. They even fought against having registered nurses chair their education committees, administer their exams and do all the things that registered nurses wanted to do. So in Nova Scotia, nursing assistants were organized into an association in the 60s. In New Brunswick, 1965. And New Brunswick is a fascinating story because they actually go to court in the 1980s to fight with the registered nurses in New Brunswick to liberate themselves of the yokes of RN colonialism. It's a great story. I hope maybe there's somebody here that will help me write that story. By the end of 1966, there's about 13,000 nursing assistants in Ontario, but only about 15% of them are members of the association. There's a change from certified to registered nursing assistants. I throw that in because I'm a stickler for details. And eventually, the responsibility passes to the Department of Education. But the training doesn't slow down any. In the late 1960s, you can see the number of RNAs is going up very quickly from 8,100 to 14,000. Our ends also increasing, but the pace is not as quick. So more and more registered nurses are entering into nursing practice. Of course, this prompts another really interesting shift with the idea of the team. So when did this idea of the nursing team begin to emerge? I think it's a really interesting historical question. And I hope somebody does it, and hopefully not me. But as a member of the nursing team, nursing assistants earned about 70% of our ends. So this was actually pegged in many of the associations, in many of the enabling acts. So 70% of a registered nurse's salary. The idea of team becomes a crucial organizing principle. I think it's one that really is just waiting for a good historical analysis. Jenny Ives, the Toronto Nursing Consultant, focused on the use of teams to meet nursing needs. She said, we believe the quality and quantity of nursing care given by the nurse may be increased by assigning some tasks to auxiliary personnel. 1962, 30 years before, no registered nurse would have said such a thing. But by 1962, nursing assistants are part of nursing labour. And they're acknowledged to be part of that labour. And now we get this idea of the team. Ives went on. The nursing team, consisting of both professional and auxiliary personnel, has been found a desirable way of utilizing effectively the skills and abilities of each group. It allows patient care to be planned so that the various needs may be met by the most suitable worker. Helen Missalem, another of Canada's great nursing leaders, considered the team approach with different qualifications and a coordinated effort to be an essential component of the modern hospital. There will be no modern hospital without a team. And Missalem highlighted that scope of practice for healthcare workers was malleable, was contextual, and subject to renegotiation. Which makes me sound like I'm just repeating a finding of a really smart nurse 40 years ago. But that's okay. Registered nurses and nursing assistants were really unsure of their relationship to one another. And they were wary of an uncertain future, particularly our ends. When the Hall Commission was doing its work, the work that would ultimately lead to the adoption of insured services for physicians, nurses and nursing assistants submitted briefs. And registered nurses took a bold stand. They said, enough of these nursing assistants. They should all be, all the programs should be shut down and we should educate no more nursing assistants. Instead, what our ends wanted was a two-tier profession of nursing. Those who were currently being streamed into nursing assistant work should become diploma RNs. So they should go to diploma schools and they should be upskilled to become diploma RNs. And all of those diploma RNs who would be doing the work on the wards and the work that I described early when I was talking about Jim Liederman's piece, all of that work would be supervised by university educated registered nurses. Two tiers abandoning the idea of nursing assistants. This, as you can imagine, didn't go over well among the growing mass of nursing assistants. And in September of 1969, Helen McCallum finally said, okay, that's not going to happen. So what we should do is we should have three levels of nursing personnel. We should have 20% of our nurses be university RNs, 50% be diploma RNs, and then 30% be registered nursing assistants. So there's a lot of debate and discussion in this period about what the right composition of the nursing team is. I hope that those of you who think about nursing in contemporary Canada can see immediately the relevance for today's discussions. I'm not particularly interested as an academic to be sort of speaking to contemporary concerns. It's not what I do. But I think in this project I can see how this project speaks to contemporary concerns. I'm almost done. By the end of the 1960s, every province in Canada had approved training programs for nursing assistants. There's a lot of variations. Some of them were longer, 35 weeks in Ontario, up to about 18 months in the province of Quebec. Most of the programs, more than half of them were located in the province of Ontario. And all provinces except Quebec and Newfoundland had legislation providing for the registration of nursing assistants. Nursing labor had been effectively reorganized in this period. RNs, in my view, had effectively managed the critical issue of encroachment at least for the time being. They had managed this threat from below. The system of registration that was created on Ontario effectively legitimated the participation of RNs in the regulation of nursing assistants and registered nurses also participated in important ways in the governance of nursing assistants. So they oversaw the education programs, supervised the clinical work, and they did everything else. So I think, and I didn't do that, the history of nursing assistants provides really interesting insight into the ways in which professional boundaries are subjected to a variety of pressures. I see Matthew up there, and this is a story that I've explored before. I'm interested in the malleability of professional boundaries, the ebb and flow, between kinds of work, legislative regimes, and other kinds of workers. The education, licensure, roles and responsibilities, all of these things that help to delineate boundaries among occupational groups are changeable. And if they change in the past, they can change in the present, they can change in the future. I think this is an idea that is both liberating and frightening. It creates possibilities, but also concerns. I think for me, fundamentally, it challenges any assumptions that we might have that the division of labor in healthcare that we live with is natural, makes sense. Or, to put another way, relying on the idea of Gerald Larkin, I think this kind of analysis challenges what he describes as the aura of inevitable permanence around professional scope of practice. They have changed, and they'll continue to change. And I'm done. Thanks for your attention. I'm happy to have questions. And I only use three pages of my notes. That's not bad, eh? Nice long time for questions, right up until, you know, 20 up in the hour, if you wish to. I would love it if you go back to the slide that you had with the picture that says, Oh yeah, that's great. Yeah, so obviously a gendered dementia to a critique that I take is, my quick read is being voiced in that slide around exploitation and discrimination. So I wonder if you could just comment a little bit about how the gendered dimension of the nursing sort of pushed back to government may or may not have been expressed. And then I just have a second part to that around the further divide between, you know, university educated upper class nurses, you might say, and then assistant. And were there other elements that might go to an analysis of discrimination at all at play there in terms of effects of whether racial or socioeconomic dimensions to that divide that you've noticed? Those are great questions and the gendered part of this analysis, gender is a huge thing in what I do and very clearly the fact that what we're talking about is an occupation that is virtually 100% female matters, right? In fact, when they set up the programs, they made no provisions, none whatsoever, for the education of men. So nursing assistants in the first few instances had to be women. Men were excluded, right? They did the same thing when they created occupational therapy assistants. They had to be women. They couldn't be men. And you might explain that away and say, well, this is just simply because of the words they work on, because of the kind of work that they do. I think there's a deeper meaning there that these forms of auxiliary labor are conceptualized from the outset as women's work, right? That they are women helping other women, right? So I think that matters huge. This is from McLean's magazine, this headline, and it's there really as a reminder that the struggles of nursing assistants for things like wage parity or wage fairness are bound up in a larger struggle that's taking place in Canada in the 50s and 60s for better wages and working conditions for women. But gender also works in a really complicated way with nursing assistants because it's a place where lots of married women worked. In New Brunswick, in the 1950s and 60s, more than half of all the nursing assistants were married women. Now this is really interesting to me. You know, I read, I think I've read everything about gender in Atlantic Canada. And one of the things that I find really interesting is a lot of the conclusions of that work say, well, gender in Atlantic Canada works pretty much the same as it worked everywhere else. That never really made sense to me because men's work in Atlantic Canada has never looked like it worked. Men's work in Atlantic Canada was never the same as men's work in every other part of Canada. Men's work was seasonal. Men were on boats. Men were in the woods cutting pulp, right? So if you're doing that kind of work with the uncertainty of wages, the uncertainty of other things, did that alter the gender relationships in the household? I think, being an interesting analysis to do, that these nursing assistants, when I look at where they're coming from, where do nursing assistants in New Brunswick come from? The Acadian Peninsula, Mir Meshi. They come from the Acadian coast. They come from parts of New Brunswick where work is seasonal. I suspect these women aren't choosing to work so much as they have to work to support their families. And I think the fact that 56% of those nursing assistants are women really matters. And that's an analysis I want to get to. I think it's a fascinating story. So I think it's really complicated the way gender is working through this story of nursing assistants. And you had a second question, Sheila, and I can't remember what it is. So it was focused on the divide between registered nurses and the nursing assistants and what if any patterns you might see in terms of socioeconomic difference or racial difference, or any other paths you may have picked out. Yeah, and I think, again, you know, if I'm speaking to the Atlantic Canadian experience, you know, nursing in the Atlantic region is largely a white profession. We're talking largely about white women. Yes, there are a few exceptions, right? But we're talking largely about a white profession. We're talking about university educated nurses. Registered nursing assistants, a little bit different. You start to see in the 1960s the recruitment of international nurses. They come to places like New Brunswick and they take their seats, their place on the wards in rural hospitals, and those women are coming from the Philippines. They're coming from other international settings. So nursing assistants are more diverse in their composition in this period than the profession of nursing. So I think, again, it's an interesting contrast. And I think that, you know, that does have an impact on sort of the way people view these professions, right? One is sort of bourgeois middle class, upper class, however, access to university education in the 1950s, all of those things. Whereas these women are linguistic minorities, sometimes from racialized groups. They're a more diverse cross-section of Canadian society. Again, I think that's interesting. I don't have a concrete answer in terms of how it shaped the interaction between the two groups, but what I will say is through the 1970s and 80s, this relationship between RNs and nursing assistants gets worked out in interesting ways. Nursing assistants largely receive more and more autonomy through the 1970s in New Brunswick. It's not until the 1980s that they launched their lawsuit and eventually freed themselves of the nurses association, the nurses union in New Brunswick, which again I think is a really interesting story. But they moved toward a path of having more autonomy in their professional group. What's really interesting, see I have long answers. That's why I had to leave lots of questions. What's really interesting is in the province of Prince Edward Island in the 1990s, nursing assistants face a threat from below. So Holland College, the community college on Prince Edward Island, begins to train another category of worker, residential care workers. We know the story we've had experiences with residential care workers. Long-term care facilities in Prince Edward Island begin to hire residential care workers and they displace nursing assistants from the work in nursing homes. Of course, this dries up opportunities for nursing assistants. PEI shuts down its education program and you have a lot of unemployed nursing assistants now in Prince Edward Island. So what the long-term care facilities begin to do? They begin to hire these nursing assistants but pay them as residential care workers. But still have the expectation that they will function as nursing assistants and use their full scope of practice even if they're not being paid that way. And this is a story in the 1990s that explodes in the PEI media. So I think it's a really interesting and again, it's like a dance of the dialectic, right? And it goes on and on and on in these little moments. And in these little moments, I think they're really revealing. My next answer will not be that long, I promise. I don't know where to go. Fascinating. Since your topic is regulation, you've kind of implicitly woven it through what you're saying. But I do hear you explicitly addressing how regulation functioned in this way. Who was it helping? Who was it not helping? Where were the pressures coming from to bring in regulation? Where was the resistance? That's a great question. I probably bailed a little bit on the regulation question thinking, you know, there's an awful lot of people in this room that know a lot more about regulation than me. So maybe when I get to the drafting of the paper, I'll share it with folks and they'll address the regulation. But absolutely, so who is regulation benefiting? Well, it's partially benefiting the community of registered nursing assistants. But who it's really benefiting, I think, are the RNs. Because it's creating a bulwark between the unregulated masses, all those ward aids and orderlies and unlicensed nursing assistants, all of those individuals who are still doing lots of this work. So they move toward a restricted title, but anybody can do the work of a nursing assistant. Only the title is restricted, not the scope of practice. So it's a regulation, but it's not complete professional formation. It's imperfect professional closure. So ward aids and others are still able to do this work in virtually every jurisdiction in Canada. This will begin to change in the late 1960s and through the 70s when nursing assistants begin to lock down their scope of practice in law and begin to weed out those other kinds of individuals. So I think it's really our ends who are benefiting, because it's creating a very clear pattern. So you have our ends at the top of the hierarchy. You have this category of certified or registered nursing assistants LPNs today. You know, in that middle category, you have this unregulated mass below, but it's the RNAs who are serving as the buffer between that mass and the registered nurse. That would be my analysis. Other people might have a different opinion. I don't know what come of that. Matthew. I wanted to invite you to just elaborate on the importance of the frame that you sort of started with around shortages and the work that that did in terms of how scope of practice is regulated and divided the battles within. And the reason I'm curious about that is because I'm thinking about the regulation of pharmaceuticals and drugs and that sort of interprofessional contest between pharmacists and physicians previously to the period you're describing and how the frame in that case was really one of safety, although it could have been a part about access to shortages and physicians, pharmacists being more accessible sources of drugs and so on. But really the frame of safety, to my mind, over time actually necessitated federal intervention and took control away from both professionals to a large extent. And so that difference in frame, at least in hindsight, has a lot of salience for me. I'm curious if you can just sort of expand on the importance of shortages in this case. Yeah, and you know, it's a great question because, you know, I never really accepted the claims of hospital administrators about shortages. Like, I always, when I read those sources, I'm very skeptical. And there is competing evidence, right, about whether there is a national shortage of nurses or whether it's a localized shortage in only some places. Mental health facilities are certainly struggling. They can't recruit people to go to work in most mental health facilities in Ontario or elsewhere in the 1950s because there's other options. So, is it a national shortage? Is it dependent upon what aspect of the healthcare system we're talking about? Is it more localized? But what I would say, and where my analysis is sort of situated is, regardless of the sort of empirical truth of the shortage in any one jurisdiction, all policymakers were behaving as if there was a shortage. And that's what really mattered because they expanded training capacity, not just for RNAs but for nurses. They opened new programs. They create new university schools of nursing. So they build, you know, more and more nursing programs. Training capacity is expanded. So they behave as if there is a nursing shortage. They open up legislation or pass new legislation to facilitate the entry of these new groups into practice. So I think, you know, for me, the frame, right, of the shortage really matters here because that's the starting point for every jurisdiction in Canada, every province. They all make the assumption that there's a shortage and that that shortage is not going away anytime soon, right? Through the 50s and 60s, everybody is panicked about retaining nurses. There's a flight from British Columbia in the 1960s, sort of ironic, but everybody goes to Ontario because wages are better in Ontario. They spend the first part of the 1970s in Ontario and then they all go back to BC in the late 1970s and 80s to resume their nursing positions there. I don't know if that was a satisfactory answer, 100%, but, yeah. Oh, sorry. I have two questions, a short one first. In research, do you come across any of the other nursing programs where they were, like, nurses, psychiatric nurses and that kind of thing, and I'm just wondering if you can speak a bit about how that interplayed or if, in fact, it did at all. But I would assume it must have had some impact. Yeah, and, of course, registered psychiatric nurses, for those who aren't familiar, are a regulated category of nursing labour west of the Ontario border. So, you know, what I say in my, in the opening of my paper is that there are actually three communities that we need to understand when we're studying nursing practice. There are registered psychiatric nurses, there are RNs and there are nursing assistants, right? And if we're truly to understand nursing practice, we have to understand all those. Some people will say, well, what about nurse practitioners? I will say, well, all nurse practitioners are also RNs. So I think the category is broad enough to accommodate them. You know, we might get to a point where we would have to add a fourth. So, absolutely, registered psychiatric nurses are playing a critical role in supervising these RNAs in those psychiatric facilities. But I don't think it changes the analysis so much because you still have RNs sort of in that supervisory position, right? And that's what's really key, and that's where I think RNs won the day. They ensured that nursing assistants were always working under the supervision of RNs in a hospital setting. Because as Matthew pointed out, it could have been different. RNAs could have worked under the supervision of other kinds of healthcare providers, including physicians, right? But they don't. They work under the supervision of RNs. And I think that's a very important thing. Here? It's really interesting that in the 60s, registered psychiatric nurses, when they came to our exposure, could be registered. They didn't take additional education in order to become registered here. And I don't know if that was consistent across the country or not. Yeah. Chris Stuley has done some really important work on registered psychiatric, the history of registered psychiatric nurses. And yeah, I mean, as a separate category, right? It's west of the... And of course, nurses had these specializations in other provinces, but it's the separate category that's distinct in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. The other thing that's really interesting is there were attempts to have private training commercial schools educating registered nursing assistants. And these schools were... They operated in Toronto. There was one in downtown Toronto, just off Yonge Street. And these schools were looked at rather dubiously by health administrators, but particularly by RNs. So they really attacked the private school issue. And Prince Edward Island passed legislation to ensure that no private school could be opened, that all registered nurses would be educated... Registered nurses assistants would be educated through a common central school. Yeah. Yes, please. So the division of labor within nursing practice I wouldn't say that it opened up opportunities for different gendered dimension, but what you start to see are debates about how men should enter into practice as a nursing assistant. So again, I'll go to New Brunswick. Several of the schools, the hotel due in Campbellton comes to mind. They were training both men and women to be nursing assistants. But they weren't giving the men courses in maternity and care of the child. And these were two critically important areas of labor for nursing assistants, right? That's where a lot of work gets done, caring for children, big thing in hospital settings. So the nurses, the RNAs and the registered nurses began to sanction these hospitals and say, look, you have to give men these courses too. They are the same registered nursing assistants. They have to follow the same curriculum and we expect them to be able to, if not practice in those areas, to at least provide coverage. So I think it's a very interesting, maybe something we wouldn't anticipate in terms of how gender would play out, but in this case men were being exempted from an area of care and they were being forced back into that area of care. The hospital administrators were being forced back into these areas of care too. There you go. Welcome to watch the director of the Health Law Institute. Nobody here sees many of you on a regular basis. Before I take the opportunity to have us extend a formal thanks to Professor Tui, I'd like to extend my own thanks from myself and all of us from the Health Law Institute to you, our audience. We feel very fortunate to be able to attract the diverse audience who regularly attends our series from scholars to students, healthcare professionals, policy makers. It's a great experience for all of us, as well as, of course, the engaged citizen. I want to take this moment just to extend our thanks to the Schulich School of Law, the CHR training program in Health Law Policy, which provides us with some funding support. And again, thanks to our other partners like the faculty of health professions who co-sponsored our talk today. So I hope that I will see all of you again next year for our next series series. It will be our 18th year of offering a seminar series. As always, we're very open and excited about receiving suggestions for topics and for speakers from members of our audience. And quite often our audience comes up with ideas that we would never have thought of on our own, which we're very happy to pursue. So please don't be shy in terms of bringing suggestions to our attention. We'll be sending out notice in the late summer as to our series next year, which everybody who's on our list. And I'll just close by saying thank you very much once again Professor Tuhig for speaking with us today.


what's up everyone take down here welcome back to another video today i'm really excited because as you guys know i am a lincoln park fan so today to decide i'm going to rank every lincoln park album let's get right into this so for this video i'm going to be starting off with hybrid theory which is lincoln park's first album and i'm going to work my way all the way up to one more light which was their last album i'm basically going to be talking about the albums briefly sharing my favorite songs that are on each album and also ranking each album along the way up first is hybrid theory hybrid theory came out in 2000 and for this album here it was more of a metal forward album for them i know chester bennington with his vocals he does a lot of screaming in his songs i've never been a fan of screamo music but when chester does it you can hear and understand everything that he's saying in the songs it is very emotional very deep it is more of a dark album for them i find and some of my favorite songs on this album are paper cut one step closer and my favorite song on this album is crawling that has to be one of my favorite lincoln park songs in total because it is very emotional song chester's vocal work is amazing in it but on this album here we also have in the end which is the most iconic lincoln park song ever even those who are not fans of lincoln park themselves have probably heard this song at least so this album here being their first album there's a lot of great songs on it a lot of meaning behind their songs it is honestly a perfect album in my opinion i'm going to rank it pretty high i'm going to rank it 8.5 out of 10 the next album is meta aura which came out in 2003 and for this album here they are kind of switching it up it's not just a metal band they do have a lot of metal aspects in their songs still like chester bennington screaming and it honestly works in all of the songs that he's in but it also is more of an alternative mix of sounds and mike stanota with his rapping chester with his screaming the sounds throughout it whenever i describe alternative music and alternative bands it's basically a mix of different sounds and different types of music which is what i feel meta aura is starting to do and what lincoln park is starting to do with this album some of my favorite songs are somewhere i belong easier to run and my favorite song on this album which most people can probably say the same is numb these are just a lot more emotional songs they aren't as screaming and as deep as the previous album was but they have a lot of meaning behind them for this album here i'm still even though i'm a huge fan of the album i do love that there's a lot of meaning behind the songs i'm going to rank it a little bit lower still pretty high i'm going to rank it 7 out of 10 the next album came out in 2007 and that is minutes to midnight this album here is very iconic because around the time that this album was coming out they actually got asked by the producers of the transformers movie to have a couple of the songs be part of the movie and at first a lot of the members of lincoln park did not want to be part of the transformers movie but then after sitting down and thinking about it for a while they ended up deciding to have what i've done be the song of transformers they always loved the transformers as cartoons and they're a huge fan of transformers so to be part of the new movies that were coming out and they started to come out around the time that this album is coming out the first transformers movie they wanted to be a part of that franchise and it honestly works the song was great in it for this album here i'm going to rank it 7.5 out of 10 because i honestly feel like it was a great album the next album came out in 2010 and that is a thousand sons for this album here they started to get a little bit more softer with their music still a lot of meaning behind it but it's not like the lincoln park songs that you remember where there's a lot of screaming a lot of vocal work the sounds are still amazing but it is a softer album for lincoln park a lot of the songs on this are very much along the lines of sounding very similar or having similar meaning behind them some of my favorite ones are burning in the skies catalyst and the messenger which don't get me wrong they're still great songs it's just i really felt like they could put a little bit more metal into it and a little bit more of mike shinoda's rapping and cheshire bennington's vocal work but it's still a great album i did enjoy this album i'm going to rank this one a little bit lower i'm going to rank it 6.5 out of 10 just because i felt like they could have given a little bit more of emotional still great meaning behind the songs still great songs but i'm only going to give it a 6.5 out of 10 the next album is living things this album came out in 2012 and this one here is a lot more of a step up than the previous album because even though there is a lot of soft songs and still a lot of meaning behind the songs you still have cheshire bennington's vocal work you have mike shinoda rapping and everything comes together and honestly it is a great album even though there is a lot of meaning behind the songs everything works perfect and flows together which is what i love for this album here there is a lot of great songs lost in the echo burn it down i'll be gone but my favorite one is castle of glass because it has a lot of meaning behind it and the music video was pretty good i'm going to give this one here a 7 out of 10 just because they're stepping it up again and that's what i like to see when of artists have an album that was a little bit under what we're used to whenever the next album comes out and they step it up that's what i love to see and this album here was just that they really stepped it up still a lot of meaning behind their songs but it all flows together perfectly and not all of the songs sound along the lines of the same thing every song is a little bit different which is what i love to see and chester bennington's vocal work is there mike shinoda's rapping is there which i honestly love some of my favorite songs on this album are all for nothing guilty all the same and final masquerade they're just a lot of great songs a lot of great sounds in this which is what i like to see chester bennington with his vocal work is amazing this album honestly i'm going to give this one an 8 out of 10 just because it is pretty spot on and what i love to see when it comes to linkin park and a lot of the songs on this album are stuff that i've memorized just because i've listened to this album and listened to these songs quite a bit so to have songs that you can memorize and sing along to all the time whenever they're on the radio or playing in the truck that's what i honestly love so 8 out of 10 for this album and the last album is one more light this is the last album that linkin park ever put out because after they put out this album a couple months later chester bennington did commit suicide and take his own life this album here came out in 2017 and because of the passing of chester bennington this was a very emotional album for me just because linkin park always meant a lot to me as you guys know because i've shared stories on here about how i felt after the passing of chester bennington for this album being their last album i honestly can say every song is spot on and it is perfect and if i could i would leave it here and just say that every song is awesome on this album but i do feel like i have to pick out a few just to mention so for me good goodbye is a great song because it has a lot of mike shinoda rapping in it and it also has chester doing the chorus they do have features of other rappers in this song too but that's why i always consider linkin park an alternative band because it's a mix of different music and different sounds in all of their songs so good goodbye has a lot of rapping in it sharp edges and sorry for now are very emotional because it's like they're chester is telling a story and that's what i like to see in a lot of their songs and their songs that you can honestly sing along to and if you hear them over and over again or a couple times you can pretty much memorize the words in it which i love to see when it comes to linkin park so when i'm listening to those songs in the truck i'm always singing out to them as loud as i can just because they're songs that you can do that with battle symphony is amazing it just has a lot of good sounds in it chester is amazing it's the meaning behind it is awesome too but the most emotional song on this album is one more light because chester is singing this song and if you listen to it after the passing of chester bennington you could almost say it's almost like he is talking about himself and what he was thinking and feeling before committing suicide and he put it into a song but that is honestly just not the case he actually is writing the song about a dear friend that months before this album came out he committed suicide so chester is actually talking about him but then weeks and weeks after this album came out chester took his own life as well so it's a very emotional album a lot of great songs you can sing along to them when i honestly am in the truck and i'm listening to this album i memorized a lot of the songs a lot of the songs i sing along to and i honestly love that about this album that's why this album here i'm going to go all out i'm going to say 10 out of 10 because every song deserves to be on this album it's a great album and for their last album it is honestly worth saying 10 out of 10 for me so this was me ranking every album that lincoln park has ever put out i'm a huge fan of lincoln park it is sad to see chester bennington go but at least we have their music to listen to and remember them by hope you guys didn't enjoy me ranking every lincoln park album comment down below what you would rank each album and i'm going to leave this video here please take care peace


Welcome to Digital Asset News to get top stories in crypto, current digital assets, and break them down to bite-sized pieces today. Pretty interesting stuff. First up, is Ethereum DeFi still far-fetched? Or is Ethereum really a viable option for DeFi and all the requirements it needs? And should we be looking to a different project to make decentralized finance an actual scalable solution? Also, Bitcoin price may surge as fear and uncertainty strain global markets, but is there that much fear and uncertainty out there? We're going to take a real deep dive into that question, which could lead us to the answer of where is Bitcoin cryptocurrency and the entire digital asset market going? Now to lead us into question today, we're going to go over what you could possibly do if you get hacked for 3.5 Bitcoin. And we'll go over that last, but first let's take a look at what's going on in the markets. Today it is Monday, September 28th. So what do we got? Sunday was not a great day. Mondays looking a little bit better. Bitcoin almost to the 11,000 magic mark. I like to see that maybe 10-9 today, up 1.6% for 24 hours. I will take those numbers. Ethereum blasting past the 350 up to 364, 3.4% up. Fantastic. Tether's tether. Nobody cares. XRP, 24 cents. Watch out. Bitcoin cash up to 2.6%, 232, nice. Polkadot making a massive run, 7.8% for a 24-hour period. I'd like to see that. And Chainlink, finally above $10 as it dipped massively from its all-time high over on $18, and now it's at $10.66. Hopefully we can see how far it can go. Maybe it's got a little bit more room to run. We'll find out. Finance coin up, up. Everything's up. Pretty big green day, except for Monero. 2.6. Don't understand why that would be, but there it is. 2.9 down for NEO. I used to own NEO. Don't do it anymore. 6% for Cosmos. Their interoperability, V-Chain up 6%. I'd like to see that. Iota, 7.8. Who knows what's going to happen with Iota? I don't know. Ethereum Classic after their 51% attacks. No big deal. 3.1%. Let me do synthetics. And then, oh, OMG Network, 31%. And OMG had this nice little rally because it was helping out Ethereum with a network and trying to deal with all the different gas fees. So that's a reason for what's going on, but I'd like to see that definitely. Basic attention token up 6%. Doge coin for you, Doge Holdings 0.5. Digibite. And I never talk about Digibite and I'll apologize now. It's a good project. Could do some good things. I don't own any, but maybe that could change. And Celsius Network almost breaking that dollar mark. I gotta tell you, I gotta tell you, Celsius is on quite its air. And I think they're up massively for the entire year. 23% for 7 days. And I see great things in the horizon. So we'll see how that works out. But let's jump into the day's top stories. So first up is Ethereum DeFi still far fetch. And this really lays out the scenario for what could happen if we can't use Ethereum for decentralized finance and what needs to be done to hit the criteria of what actually could make this sustainable. So what is this all about? So DeFi is the latest buzzword. Yes, we've heard nothing but DeFi for the last month to two months. Everything from synthetics to sushi to yam to whatever you name it. It's been there. I don't think it's right where it needs to be. But I see a massive potential. It just all depends on where's it going to be built and who's going to take over. Any other need for scrutiny into existing systems and Ethereum DeFi is top of the list. Martin Froller, a mathematician recently told the media that there is no doubt that Ethereum DeFi is simply the best platform. Now, this is just one opinion from Martin, but you gotta understand that there are many opinions out there and we're going to kind of go over everything that we can to see what's the best option. Anyhow, he states that DeFi is a global decentralized platform for money and any new kind of application. Ethereum DeFi is on the world's second largest crypto platform to capitalize on the market after Bitcoin. And that is true.  But the problem with just the colossal nature of Ethereum is that there are problems, there are bugs, there are slowdowns, there are gas fees which are astronomical that they need to address and they can address those things. It cannot work, period. So this is the sentiment on the flip side of that. And it states that all experts are in favor. Froller, who happens to be the founder of the MARFOR platform. So first of all, I was like, what the heck is that? I've never heard of that. So what's MARFOR? So I did a search and it came up with nothing. So I had to take a look at the LinkedIn profile for Froller here, Martin Froller. And it says, Gizli about features. And then the founder of MARFOR, M-O-R-P-H-E-R, not the other spelling. So then of course you go over here and MARFOR is a crypto stocks and forex exchange. So it's pretty interesting. I'm not going to go through it, but that's exactly what it is. So this is the CEO talking about an exchange. So maybe a little biased, just saying. So let's say DeFi products are reaching Ethereum, but experts say that the network is not yet able to, at its best, and its current capabilities are just not up to the standard. It's designed as such that everyone needs either to communicate with it, but they all have issues. The biggest hurdle in adopting on a large scale as would be the incapability to handle more than 15 transactions in a second. And as block time is more than 15 seconds. So that's a big problem. When you're talking about, I mean, it's okay right now. And it's even taxed right now as the limited amount that it is. But let's say we start to get all small businesses in. And let's say we start to get all types of people in all types of retail, all types of institutional investors, they all want to use DeFi. What would happen? It would collapse. There's no way that at its current state that this could actually be sustainable. It just cannot happen. So what do we need to do? Well, let's go on. Ethereum is a great decentralized platform. And Ethereum DeFi is a reality in the making. And that's what's going on right now with ETH 2.0. If you haven't heard, ETH 2.0 is going to be rolled out in phases. And it's going to take about two years. And the first one's going to come up in November, potentially even sooner. But there's really what it comes down to is three phases. Phase zero, phase one, phase two, phase zero is right around the corner. And phase zero is the name given at the launch of the beacon chain. The beacon chain will manage the Casper proof of stake protocol for itself and all of the sharded change. So this is where we're going to get to staking. This is where that magic number of 32 Ethereum is going to get to where you're going to be able to stake that Ethereum gain some extra tokens or gain some extra Ethereum or gas by what you stake in this type of format. And we're going to go from proof of work to proof of stake. And this is why it is so important. That is just phase zero. And that's just coming up right now. They've already gone off of the test nets. Everything went pretty well. So it looks like they're going to move forward. Now that only solves one issue, proof of work to prove a stake. The other issue is the transactions. And that won't be done until phase one. And we're looking at another year, six months to a year, I think another year. Correct me if I'm wrong. Put them in the comments section. But phase one will be shard chains. Shard chains are the key to future scalability as they allow parallel transactions throughout. And there will be 64 of them deployed in phase one over time. And then moving down phase two is just a point in time where the functionality of entire systems were to come together. Shard chains transition from simple data compared containers to a structured chain state and smart contracts will be reintroduced. So again, you're looking at a quite a timeline, looking over two years. And hopefully it all works out. But the question really has to be asked is what if it doesn't. So here's the problem right now, what they're trying to fix. Gas prices can need to rise, which is why Ethereum is not able to improve its performance, even though there is a dire need and bringing the users to lead the network because of the situation. CEO of a DEX one inch, Sergez Kuntz stated that Ethereum does not have the capacity to host DeFi. It's not so easy that everything gets fixed all of a sudden. Everything takes time. Obviously, we just talked about it. It's going to take at least two years. Lastly, Moneer Benchemlin, I'm sure I nailed that name, CEO of Tereswap expressed that considering Ethereum DeFi, we should also consider how layer two is unable to solve the user and problems and provide them a friendly environment. The biggest disadvantage would be that users have to worry about not being able to pay the funds immediately to the users, which we're talking about as far as layer two. And layer two, one of the most famous layer twos is the lighting network for Bitcoin, which is anybody using that. I don't think so. I mean, Jack Dorsey from Twitter is pushing it, but I haven't seen too much on it. Lastly, it states he believes that where some products may find Ethereum DeFi a suitable option on Ethereum 2.0, it may not be true for all DeFi projects. So here's the problem, or here's my final thoughts. Someone's going to solve this problem. Someone's going to solve this problem. It just takes a person way smarter than me and way smarter than a group collective, but it's going to happen. The reason why it's going to happen is because there's too much money at stake. There's too many things to fix. There's too much upside potential for someone or some group to not come out of the world where it can go, this is how we're going to solve it. Now, that may be Ethereum, that may be some other place that may be layer two, like MATIC. What's MATIC? MATIC Network brings massive scale to Ethereum using adaptive version of plasma with proof of stake based side chain. So all the people who hold MATIC congratulations, I'm sure you're going to make good investment there. But I don't know if that's actually the case either. Could it be other forms? Could it be a Cardano? Could it be other some of the cryptocurrency project? I don't know, but all I can tell you is this. I don't know where it's going to come from, but I'm hedging my bet and that's why I have a large plethora of baskets of different cryptocurrencies because Ethereum, if I had to put my money on it, someone had to put a gun to my head, I would probably say, yeah, Ethereum's going to solve it. They got a lot of smart people. They got a lot of leadership. They have a great community and they are gung-ho ready to do it. However, it's going to take a long time. Is there somebody else in the world could be? Don't know what it is, but I try to hedge my bets as best as possible, but at its current state, it cannot work. It needs upgrades. Let me know what you think in the comments section. Let's move on. Next up, Bitcoin price may surge as fear and uncertainty strains global markets and we have nothing but uncertainty lately for 2020. What a bummer of a year, huh? Anyhow, from a technical standpoint, a quick look at the CBOE volatility index shows that the implied volatility of the S&P 500 during the aforementioned time window increased dramatically, rising above the $30 mark, which means that there could be a big crash coming. Who know? It bears mentioning that the $30 mark serves as an upper threshold for the occurrence of world-shocking events, one of those being the coronavirus in March. Otherwise, during periods of regular market activity, the indicator stays around $20. So $20 and he's pretty good. $30, that's war, terrorist attacks, and of course, coronavirus and all the different problems that come along with that. However, when looking at gold, the precious metal lately has also sunk heavily, hitting a two-month low while Silver saw its most significant price drop in nine years. And I was listening to this, it was a YouTube interview and it was within the last two days and Robert Kiyosaki, which we all know, the rich dad, poor dad, and he's been touting the benefits of gold. And of course, Bitcoin, he basically said, hey, gold and Bitcoin are instruments of uncertainty. So when things don't return to a some type of normalcy, the price drops. And right now he says that there's not, he was weird. He's like, well, the uncertainty isn't as bad as I thought it would be. And I'm like, really? Every, everywhere I looked is about uncertainty. But I mean, hey, everyone's at the top of their opinion. Anyhow, for me, uncertainty, I mean, it's not great, but it does fuel the cryptocurrency asset market with the highest level of uncertainty. That's when you see the prices surge. And that's exactly what we've been seeing. Moving on, speaking of Europe, the continent as a whole is currently facing a potential economic crisis with many countries dealing with the imminent threat of a heavy recession due to the uncertain market conditions because of the coronavirus. And it's not just Europe. It's everywhere.  This can be our best year ever coming up. Unless you're Purell, who makes hand sanitizer, they're probably going to have a fantastic year. But if you look from, I mean, the presidential election coming up in the next 40 days, quantitative easing, who knows that's going to happen. Who knows there's going to be a stimulus package. Who knows if these small businesses are ever going to come back, looks like 20% up to 40% may not come back at all. And I mean, just everywhere it's just been hit massively. So when you're talking about uncertainty, I think this is the most uncertain times that I've been in outside of 2008 when the financial crisis hit. Moving down, Joel Edgerton, CEO of CryptoExchange Bitflyer, states this, the price movement is mainly driven by institutional business with retail customers continuing to buy the dips and accumulate assets. A key point to watch is the possible effect of the US election. And it changes the Fed's response from its current very accommodative stance to a more normal stance. And if you're not familiar, outside of the United States, we're going to have another presidential election. That'll be interesting. And it's going to happen the next 40 days. And right now, the Federal Reserve is pretty much buying up assets, buying up liabilities. And we all know about the quantitative easing. But if they shift from that position, it's kind of like pulling out the security blanket underneath from everybody. And they're like, Oh, now we got to do our own thing. We can't just rely on the Fed just to print money out of thin air and just bail us out.  But that's what has to happen. So again, if we're going to talk about uncertainty, this is the time. Lastly, he thought that any changes the US tax code could also have a direct effect on the crypto market, especially as various states as well as the federal government continue to be on the lookout for newer tax avenues to make up for the stimulus packages that were doled by the Fed earlier this year. And this is what I've been talking about in this channel for many a time is that you cannot print money out of thin air and not have some kind of backup or pay for that price moving on in the future. So whether that be us or our kids or our grandkids, someone's paying that price. And the easiest way to get out of that or actually get some revenue is to raise taxes. So I think that's exactly what they're going to do. And I'm going to tell you why. So just on a little side note, this is from the Wall Street Journal. The IRS sets a trap for crypto tax cheats, which is a pretty good title, actually. So I'm not going to read it. Here's what's going on. So it goes like this. This is the new 1040 form. And this is on the very front of every single person's taxes. Now, this is going to ask the question and the time during 2020, as you receive sales and exchange or otherwise acquire any financial interest in any virtual currency, not cryptocurrency, not digital assets, virtual currency. So I don't know if you got any kind of like a virtual currency in World of Warcraft or something. I have no idea. But that's a very broad question. And this, they put this on the very front page because they wanted everybody to see it. And this is right next to your first name, last name, and address and everything else. So you're not getting away from this question, whereas opposed to it was actually buried, not really buried, but it was in another part of the form that you actually filled out at the 1040 SR, which was an attachment. So people like, Oh, I didn't see it. So I filled it out. But the problem was, and the problem is that they were sending out letters like this, which said, Hey, we're writing to you to state we have information that you have or had one or more accounts containing virtual currency, but may not have properly reported your transactions involving virtual currency. And this was just sent out by what was this August 14, 2020. So if you happen to have written no, you may have seen this form. And for everybody who's like, I don't ever find me, they'll never know. Well, guess what? If you want any kind of exchange, you fill out your social gave your driver's license, personal information, guess who that went to? Your government. So don't shoot the messenger. I'm just telling you right now, I've been through an audit. It's the worst of all time. You don't want to go through it.  That's all I'll say about it. I didn't want to go through the whole process, but I'm going to at the very end of this video, I'm going to link to the video where I talk about how I don't pay crypto taxes. I'm just not going to. And this is why I'm going to use what's called iTrust and iTrust is a cryptocurrency IRA. That's what it is. And even if you have a traditional IRA, regular account somewhere else or an old employer plan, like a 401k, a 403b, a military TSP or a 457, and you want to move it over to cryptocurrency, you can do that tax and penalty free with iTrust. Here's all the different assets you can put your money into, which will be tax free. Now granted, it's when you take it out and all that stuff, but I go over that in detail in the video and I'll link at the very end. But the reason why I did a crypto IRA is because I have a feeling that Bitcoin and the rest of my assets are going to go up massively. And I'd rather pay a little bit of taxes right now than pay a boatload of taxes when I have to actually, you know, have capital gains and I'm not doing that. So that's what I'm doing. You can take a look. It's up to you. All right, finish this up. It says Contrary to one might think, according to data released by crypto analyst firm, sentiment, Bitcoin tends to see a big surge whenever online sentiment around is hovering in FUD, fear and certainty and doubt. I thought this was interesting. It said prices of Bitcoin and other crypto assets tend to bounce more precipitously when the crowd is demonstrating a high level of FUD. This is exactly what we've been seeing with Bitcoin, Ethereum and many alt coins. So when there's FUD, it's good, I guess. So I think I wrote this little note. I said, maybe we should be thanking Peter Schiff when he, you know, poo poo is all over Bitcoin. Maybe that's actually helping us, which is great. And lastly, it says generally the best by opportunities in crypto coming the average trader is down both psychologically and financially. That's what our metrics currently indicate. So here's the thing. It's going to be uncertain. It's going to be a rocky road.  Good luck. I'm not, I just don't trade. I'm just an investor. I dollar cost average. I save some money back. And then when I see these dips, I buy the dips and I don't feel that tightness in my chest knowing that I just dumped a bunch of money into it because I didn't dump all ton of money. I just dollar cost averaged in. There's one thing that I always try to remember. And that is that you don't FOMO, you buy the dips as best as possible. And I remind myself that this isn't 2017 when it was just, you know, white papers and vaporware. This isn't just based on like theory. There's actually track that has been laid. There's institutional investors that are here. There's big name players that are talking about it. There is so many bright side up from what it used to be. It's just, it's like night and day. And if you're around 2017, you know exactly what I'm talking about. So I think 2021 is going to be a great year. I think we're all going to be happier than 2020. It's got to take time. So I'm just going to stay the course. And I think we're going to see fantastic results. All right. And one thing that could derail that whole process is you do all the things you're supposed to do, but then you get hacked and you lose all your crypto. So I'm going to go over a cue of the day right now. And this is important. So let's jump in the office. All right, everybody. Welcome back to the office. And I got a pretty good question today, which is all about loss and hopefully what not to do. So this should be pretty good. So this was from Garkon 2020 and Garkon States. He says, Rob, in the day show, you spoke of Ku coins loss of a major amount of crypto. Yeah, $150 million. That's a, that's a quite a sum, I will tell you. He or she states, I'm less than a year in and made an error in how I stored my coin and had three and a half Bitcoin stolen when someone was able to access my seeds.  That shouldn't go to bed.  I just like that. That's a bomber. And he states in all transparency, I learned to never store the seed words in a file on my phone. When I upgraded and back to my Apple to transfer all the data, it was within days. This action on my hard wallet had been completely raped of online Bitcoin. I went to the police and they certainly can't help. But what do I need to do? Can it be reported? Am I just SOL? Can I even take it as a loss? Like to hear your thoughts. And so here's my thoughts.  I'm really sorry that happened.  So first thing is I'm glad you learned that don't do that. So when, when Garcon here is talking about taking screenshots or putting them into his phone, what he probably did was when he wrote down those mnemonic phrases for his nano ledger or for, you know, whatever kind of wallet that he had, he probably stored it in his phone in some way, shape, or form, either as a note, either as a picture or something like that. So don't do that. Anything connected to your phone can be hacked very simply, very easily by anybody who wants it. I try to keep everything offline as much as possible. That's why I use that shield folio book or stone book. There's a link in the description. You can check it out. That's where I store all my seed phrases. And actually, someone said they had a great idea. They have a backup of that book. They bought two of those books and they said one is in my, one is in my safe and one is at home for easy access. And I was like, it's a pretty good idea. Actually, I should probably do that. So don't throw anything on your phone. That is a big thing. So the next question is like, well, my SOL and can I at least claim it as a loss? Well, first of all, to answer the first question, yes, your SOL, sorry. And that's the problem with decentralization. Cryptocurrency assets is being your own bank means it really comes down to you. And there's the positives and there is a negatives. And this is one of those negatives about being your own bank. You got to be careful. And that's just how it goes. On the other side, though, the question is, well, can I claim it as a loss? And that is a great question. And because I'm at a CPA, in order to play one on TV, I reached out to my friend Shian Chandra Sakara. And you don't know Shian. He writes for a bunch of different publications, Cointelegraph and all those different big ones. And he's my he's my go to guy when I don't have the answers. And I sent him a message on Twitter. I said, Hey, man, I got a question from the subscriber. I believe the answer is that he can take the losses because what I thought, but one a second pending, here's the message. And I told him what it was. He goes, yeah, he goes, I actually answered this in a post.  So the post that he wrote was on August 7 2020. So very recently, and he breaks it down. He says, Hey, what's a theft loss? Well, according to the IRS, a theft is the taking and removal of money or property within the intent to deprive the owner of it. Since crypto treated as property for the IRS, a lack of crypto due to scams or an exchange hack meets the IRS theft loss criteria. So you're thinking, Great, this is fantastic. But wait, there's more because it's never simple because the IRS, right? First of all, sending crypto to an incorrect address or placing your private keys by your private keys by mistake. It is not theft.  That's not theft. That's on you. And sorry, that's that's how it goes. So the amount of loss eligible for the deduction is a difference between the fair market value at the time of the loss versus the fair market value after the loss. For example, if you sent half a Bitcoin to the Twitter Bitcoin scammer, at the time you sent it was worth 5,000, your theft loss for tax purposes is $5,000. Now the deductibility, having a personal theft loss does not necessarily mean you can deduct it on your tax forms to get a tax benefit.  So you're like, Well, great. Well, at least I can, you know, claim there's a loss, which is fantastic. But no, prior to January 1, 2018, personal theft losses were deductible on your tax forms. Form 4684, Schedule A, no idea what that is. Sure. As a result of the tax cuts and jobs act TCJA, which I think was just passed recently, between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2025, you can only deduct theft losses attributed to federally declared disaster areas. So if you're living in a disaster area, sure. Good chances though, might not have been. Unfortunately, crypto scams incurred on your personal crypto accounts during this period are not deductible on your tax forms. Let me read that again. Unfortunately, crypto scams incurred on your personal crypto accounts during this period are not deductible personal.  And that's the bomber. So losing the tax write off may not be detrimental.  For example, if Mary has $5,000 and she loses it, but her adjusted gross income is $100,000, her deductible loss would be $3,900, which is $5,000 minus 100, 100,000 minus 100%. Very boring stuff. If you're kind of like lost, don't worry. Just give it to your CPA and they'll figure it out. So really what it comes down to is this, personal losses, you're still as well. Sorry. But if you have a business, business theft losses are still deductible. So for example, if a crypto mining company, which runs as a trader business, loses coins to scammers, they will be able to deduct that loss on their business tax return. So really you'd have to say like, why you are using cryptocurrency in your business, and then you can deduct it. Otherwise, you got to wait till between 2018, 2095, you just SOL. So that's why I'm always harping on these scams on this channel. That's why I'm always harping on ways to save your past raises. That's why I have a link for you for that shield, folio or stone book where you can store it. I just ordered my second one. So I'm waiting for that because I got to back everything up. Anyhow, I know it's a bummer of an answer, but it is the truthful answer and hopefully the answer is everybody's question. All right, let's jump back. All right, so that's it. So I hope that answers some question. Hopefully you can take some information that and learn from someone else's mistakes. You have to learn from mistakes. It's not to be yours.  But that's it. So thanks for sticking with me. I really appreciate it. If you like the types of videos, it's going to be two months going to pop up left and right. I'll put one of those over there and YouTube's got to control the other one. So I don't deal with that. And that is all. Also, I'll be on Alex Maschioli's show in about 30 minutes and we're going to be talking to the CEO of BlockFi. So hopefully I can get him some good questions in because I know a lot of people have been saying that I need to check it out. So I thought, hey, what a better time to check it out than talking to the CEO. All right, so that's it. Thanks so much and I'll see you on the next one.