Okay, I hope it makes two videos. I hope that other one doesn't get deleted. And now I will open it up to whatever you all want. So, Simon five questions. We can take this like office hours. Feel free type in the chat the chat won't be online if you want feel free to unmute say something. I'll share my screen I can show stuff so yeah feel free. Ask any questions. This is more of a. Sorry, this is more of a finals related question, like, it's going to be comprehensive right so we're going to see things from like our first CTF and stuff from our most recent. I mean you'll find out in two days right so it's. It'll test you on things obviously want to want to test you more on things the second half of the class because you haven't necessarily had that get yet so. So yeah that that's an important thing the other thing is will I'll be doing on Thursday. Thursday at 1030 is when we'll launch the final, and so I'll do so our class on Thursday will be like a mini review session for the final we'll show everyone how to use it. You should all be, you know, get your computers, get ready to use it then. And so we can. It's slightly different than what we've used in the past but it still should be very easy. Yeah, Thursday will be cool. Okay, the assembly challenges will get full credit of it says partially correct and 10. It's a good question I don't know. Ask on Piazza. How many questions are we expecting for the final enough to test your ability and understanding the course. I will tell you that I think we've said this that, you know, assignment five stuff will definitely be on the final. So that's why it's important to start it early and get comfortable with that things. Cool. Okay, people are asking about editing coding. Why are you asking that and do you have a specific question. You have a decompiler right so it's it just shows you what's in the binary. I mean, technically you can change things but it's not quite really what it's meant for. Can, if you have a specific Gdra related question, or I don't know I'm happy to answer more. So no you would not use Gdra to compile from assembly to see you also can't compile. Yeah, so Gdra should be able to show you what it's doing it doesn't, it won't quite recompile decompile and that's called decompilation so it's not going to decompile all the way to see it'll decompile the something similar to that. But Gdra object dump, these types of things are are basically reverse engineering tools to understand what's going on. If you want to like compile, you would write your own assembly code or your own C program and then compile it that way. I see when I perform x, turn what the function is. Yeah, the other thing is make sure you check out the Piazza post there's a lot of stuff on Piazza of people I've asked people who've made resources to post them on Piazza so you guys can all see that. Yeah, that was from the the walkthrough that Lambda had posted the X over I, and then the address you get right when you hit control see you which is where the bytes are stored was supposed to return what function was at that point I think add was in his walkthrough example, and I'm not getting anything I just get bad. What are you putting is that the address where the bytes are stored you mean where the are, I mean if you want to share your screen we can, I can look at it and see what we're doing. Yes. Let me allow you to share screen oh no you can share screen seems dangerous. Cool. Yeah, so I'm sorry I should have said CRSI pointer, which is the value that it returns when you just hop out. I'm not sure that's the right terminology. Yeah, I run an Xi on that, which is what he did in the walkthrough which is what I did in the stack overflow teaching example, and it would return what function it was add or whatever, but now I just get bad. I do press up and put a 20 before the eyes so this is only printing out one instruction I'd like to do 20 I or something to print out the 20 it says basically what this is saying is access whatever's that memory there you go. Access whatever's that memory, seven FFF 10 B88 E 90 whatever's there interpret the next 20 things as instruction. Okay, so this starts at that point and then goes 20 beyond that. Exactly. Not 20 bytes, but 20 instructions instructions, right because each instructions could be one byte or up to I think five or six bytes. So you can see on the left it's showing you the addresses right so you have E 90, E 91 E 93 so it means that your first byte is not a valid x 8664 instruction. So what you're putting in necessarily into the buff. I'm not putting anything at this point, right, right, right. So, so what this is showing you is it's showing you where this buffer is located and what's already in there right so it's just random gibberish basically. You know what I'm saying. Okay, so the RS point RSI pointers is pointing to random gibberish at this point. Yeah, because this is the read function right so what this means is. It says C up there right or it says program received interrupt and it's telling you it's in this lib C underscore read. So it's saying, okay, FD zero so it's reading from standard input. It's reading into buff and it's reading a total of 1056 bytes. Right so what read is going to do is when you give input it's going to copy the bytes from your input into that buffer, which is what you're looking at right now. Yeah, I'm just I'm trying to use what I learned from his walkthrough in this. I was assuming that was what it was for. And because it, like it's the same thing just minus the address is provided in the directions up there. So I'm trying to use his walkthrough and I'm just having trouble understanding how to do that how to use his walkthrough to solve this. Well, what's the point right here like what do you try what what's the goal of with printing this out this buffer as if it was instructions. Um, this particular one is just one of the steps he did in the walkthrough, and I'm why why I might have to watch that walkthrough again for the 10th time to see if I missed that. Basically, I could not figure out how to find the return pointer to continue on. I see, then, yeah, so at that point I just I've just been, you know, clicking around and then I got this, which I figured I would ask as well to see if something else is I'm doing something else wrong. I would not interpret it as instructions I would do X a hit up and do fix it so that it's X slash 20 G. So G is giant between 64 bytes. And this will show you the stack at that point or it's sorry this will show you all the bites on the stack up to that point. So this would be where I would say, Hey, this was the return address exactly description. Yes, now I don't know how to find that to to search through this list for it. Yeah. Do can hit BT BT. Yeah BT it's backtrace is what that stands for just BT no slash. Yep. Yeah, so what this is showing you is it's calling into read right that's hash zero, and then hash one is the address in volume. So what you're looking for is something that looks like that on the stack you probably didn't print out necessarily enough. So, go back up until you get to the 20 G and change it to like 40 G, maybe more like 50 G. Do you give an input in here now. I think the register you're looking for is way further away. I usually will look for the RBP, and then look at the registers in the RBP and that you really had what I was my RBP at this point though is zero. Did you look at that already. So check that address, do the x 40 G or 20 G or whatever on that address. Okay, yeah, I don't, I don't understand how I just got an RBP value. Usually it says there's a cannot cannot identify memory at zero X zero or something like that. That would be something maybe you would do before you started running the program because there wouldn't be an RBP. Well, I ran it in GBD and GBB and then terminated and then was looking for RBP. I'm going to go into control C. Guys, you don't even really need math. Like, there's not a whole lot of point and finding the base pointer if you can just, like, essentially guess and check. That's how I ended up having to figure out the value for overflow three. Like, put in 100 As and 100 B's. And then, I mean, you need more right. If you check in GBB and you see that you're like return pointer is full of B's then you know that you're in the second half of the string. And you can just keep doing that until eventually you see, like you can get exactly where the return pointer is, and then overwrite exactly that, and it just works. That makes less sense to me. So you can still look at the address there and you should be able to get the return address if you look at your RBP, the values in RBP. Let's do this. This will be easier.  This is going to move you up the stack because right now you're in that read function, which we actually don't care about because read is just doing the overwriting. I'm sorry, which, which instruction like type in UP and hit enter. Okay. Yeah, now RB now it set all the value. So this is the now RBP will be will point to the base pointer in the vulnerable function. So if you do X slash 20 G and space. A dollar sign RBP. Boom, there we go. So you can see, so the base pointer always points to that somebody was posting this in discord, but it's a the way it works is the base pointer currently points to the saved base pointer. So that thing right there is saved base pointer and the next thing after it is saved instruction pointer. So if you overwrite that you are good. And you can calculate because you know up there, you can use math very simply it's just subtraction, not complicated math right. You have up there you know the address of your buffer. It's seven FF one zero B EE zero E 90. And you know that the address you want to overwrite is at B eight 91 D zero or actually D eight because it's that second. The left column is D zero the right column is D eight. And so subtract that so can you do that subtraction. And I'll tell you exactly how many bites you need to get to there. Sorry, where is the D eight. So D zero which bite here is D zero. Yeah, those eight bites are D zero. So the next eight bites on the right column. That's your saved instruction pointer. And we know that because when we looked at the back trace right, you can see that it's all 55 CC 41 a nine C whatever so that's a that's an instruction pointer right there. Okay, I, I understand what you're saying I, I, I don't know if I could understand I quite grasp it enough to use it outside of this one particular instance though. There's a office hour right after this class right. Whatever the course schedule says. Okay, I don't have this memorize. I'll go ahead and hand off to somebody else so somebody else can have a question because I think I just am still way too lost on this at this point. Um, okay so I have a question. Sure. Yeah. Okay, so I was, I was under the impression that like stack overflow to stack overflow to teaching where the same thing except for stack overflow to teaching gives you more information. Is that correct. You tell me I don't know. I was doing, I didn't say overflow to teaching and the method I used worked, and then I tried the same method in stack overflow to normal and didn't work and I'm wondering if I like have to change my process I'm doing because yeah I thought it was the same thing about the information. Why don't you can you show it to us. Yeah, I can hear. Um, we should screen. Uh, yep. Okay, so basically what I do is I set some breakpoints in the GED I do some stuff, and I ended up getting the register RSI. Okay. So I get this register right here. And then I do. Sorry, this is just right before the call to read. We will now read in some bytes and then I start getting my information.  And I subtract these two registers together, and I get the eight, which is, I'm pretty sure is the amount of bytes to overflow it or something like that to get there yeah so it's the difference between so if you're writing into that buffer and actually this goes back to the earlier right. So if you're writing into that buffer, the very first right will happen at 4490 and then 4491 and so on and so forth. And so if you do whatever that subtraction is, you'll get all the way up to right before the saved instruction pointer so the next eight bytes will be the instruction pointer. Exactly. Okay, and then what I do is because hang on, let me quit my jokes. Basically what I do is that with this B8 number. Sorry, I didn't know about info frame where did you learn that from that's very info frame. Actually, Tiffany used it in her example what she explained the first stack of the problem. He's way better than me. Cool. That's awesome. It prevents it, you know, saves you from having to do that calculation and look at it on the stack right that's right. Anyway, so what I do is, but what I do is I write my code and so I write my Python code. And my Python code is, is it goes, it writes a buffer with the amount of bytes to overflow it plus strict paths, and then the address of the wind function. And that's not the full address right. Sorry, go ahead. Right. Not the full address. It's like 0x1310. But um, yeah, and this, like this strategy of like going in, like obviously it's changed because I've had to get my, my B8 and I went at yours differently. But the point is that I've been using this and this has worked for the past two so I'm just curious if like I missed like something up or yeah something like something like that or if I'm just like me to completely change my process. On this one versus you're saying the stack overflow to teaching. Yeah. So this is that overflow to stack overflow to teaching this work. But yeah, I didn't work on this one. If you watch the last like five or six minutes of the TA's example he goes over how to like kind of go into approaching a problem like this where you're not given the information. That would be helpful as well because it's a different program that you have to run in that case. And like at least for me for stack overflow one and stack overflow, or excuse me stack overflow teaching and stack overflow to we're both I had to use a different program for each one. But if you watch the TA's video he kind of goes into it like the last five or six minutes. Right. So like that would probably work except for the information that was given in stack overflow to I didn't really use like at all. And so I figured that like they were the same I could just do the same thing. If again it's a different program then yeah I would should definitely do that. Can you debug it I don't know that it's necessarily the same rate. Yeah, just like you were doing before I think that's that you're you're on the correct process so we should. Did you find the new address for when because it's going to be different in this one than it was in the stack overflow to teaching. Yeah, I did. I did. Oh, let's go win. This is the address I used. Okay. Which also changes from run to run. Okay. So that that's why what the TA does go down. No to vulnerable. I would just want to make sure your offsets are correct right. Okay. So where where's the vulnerable. Read. Read the Python. Can we see the Python. Just a second. There we go the read so it's. So it's RSI. So coming back from there so EDI is zero that's the file descriptor RSI. RAX into RSI. So RAX is that so this is actually how you can just read this just from the assembly so you see if you move your mouse cursor up to that load effective address for lines above. It's moving negative B zero RBP into RAX and then two lines later moving RAX into RSI. So this means that our buffer is located at. B zero minus RBP and we know RBP always points to save RBP. So if you take it should be your difference should be B zero plus eight and that will take you to your. To the saved instruction pointer is I can do this just from looking at the assembly. All right and be zero plus eight is just the eight so that like that is correct like what I have right okay cool. So okay so that's good so my mouth is correct. So actually. Yeah so I didn't realize this does actually change between runs. So do I just like do I like in the middle I don't know if I can like run this while looking at the code and then like change my code and feed it input you cannot so when you. So if you like try to gdb or debug the program it drops the privileges that it needs to read the flags. That's why you can't do that let's do this. Can you open up gdb. So you have your input right. So you've ran that program it's a created output and slash temp. Yes, that is correct. Let me just make sure. Yeah, I did okay. So, then this is great yeah so yeah gdb that, and then what you can do.  I usually like to set it right at the read function. Yeah. Hang on one second. Do you do that because doesn't that hex address change. And Steven look and chat. Oh there you go breakpoint on read at PLT that's great actually. Is that going to do it on all of them are there lots of reads throughout the entire program. There's one read. There's only one. What's their outputs. You can see it goes call queue read at PLT and that's where we're exploiting the problem right here is right we're not actually reading from that input that you wanted. So try our space. Less than here I'm going to write it in chat. So that this is how you can debug things while using an input file that you control right so this is the way I like to debug these these exploits. Or whatever that was so and an R is I think restart so it restarts it from the beginning with the breakpoint. So like, so like right now I should like, yeah, yeah, let's just reset it so we can get back here with the input that we want. So just like start from the beginning. Yeah. Okay. Can I answer breakpoint do. Okay so I'm going to have to read my breakpoints and direct. Yes. Okay, there's a good way for this. There's a way to actually view your breakpoints. I think it keeps the breakpoints though. Yeah, no, it does. Hang on, let me think quick. Hang on. Is that the right file name. Sorry, attack for two. Yes, it is. Okay. No, what happened is, I actually had this problem a while ago. What I need to do is I'm going to run it with, I'm going to run it right now. Right. Okay. Yeah. And what I'm going to do is do this. Continue, and then I'm going to set my breakpoint. F2, 6, 4, 3, 1. Right at that read the call queue read PLT. Yeah. Oops. No, I forgot the star. Yeah, I know it's annoying. Yeah. Yeah. It's annoying. It's annoying to me that GDB has its own syntax. That's different from other things. Yeah. Okay. So now when I continue, we'll not read some bytes. So now we're right out there. So yeah, if you do N I, right, that will step one instruction over the read. Yeah. And then now, so we've read in all the bytes. It's, you should have overwrite overwritten the saved instruction pointer to verify. You can do it in many ways. I usually do X slash 20 G. And then a space dollar sign. Our BP, the base pointer. All right. Yeah. 20 G X. Can you add X at the end? X at the end tells that we want hex. So G tells that we want 64 bit giant numbers. Okay. So it didn't overwrite that. That's weird. Oh, didn't overwrite it? Yeah. Look, it's not changed. So if you do that and do RSI, can you do RSI dollar sign or just RSI? Sorry. The exact same instructions before. So if you just do up and then change our BP to RSI. So RSI is your buffer. So this will tell us what it read in. Are you sure that instruction is. The file exists. Yeah.  Yeah. Okay. Change directory to 10 less. No, no, don't, don't cat it because it's weird bites. Do hex dump. A hex dump spaces dash capital C. And then the file name. Yeah. So why didn't it read in that? Is her address even on there? There shouldn't be like a one free one zero or something. Yeah. Yeah. The 10, 13 is the bytes that we have for that. So yeah, it totally makes sense. Right. These are, you can, there's 41. And we can see it's up to B zero. And we have eight of those at B zero. So we know it's B eight A's. And then 10, 13. Why didn't we see those A's. Let's just run. Can we run this program again and pass that input just like we did. So like without GDB. Okay. Yeah, I like to. Try to. Reduce as much. So like dot slash. Yeah. Simon five over a few and then pipe in. Okay. That's great. It's seg faulted. If you do LSS LA, does it show you a core dump? Actually create the core dump. Okay. Okay, let's try this. Just GDB, the assignment five underscore stack overflow to please. And then do run. Okay. So this is our space. Without any break points. So we don't want any break points. So just run it and then redirect. Yeah. That's slash temp slash. Perfect. Excellent. Excellent. Okay. So. It's a 0564 C five A eight A 13 10. Okay. So this is perfect. This means that this worked. I don't know why it didn't work before. There must have been something weird that we did. But we can see that. Here. So you've changed the instruction pointer, but it's saying nothing's there. So can you do. X slash like a five I space win. So we can figure out where the address of the wind function is here. Okay. I think I found part of your problem. I think you can see it. Yeah. Okay. Yes. Okay. C F A E. 1310. Okay. And what was a volume. If you. Yeah, if you like, what are the addresses of all these functions basically, like, so you do access five I space. Okay. Yeah. For the space. Okay. So please. Okay. Okay, cool. So. Key. A difference here. Is that like we said, all the positions are being randomized every run. Mm-hmm. Right. So, and the way the randomization works, if you ran this multiple times, like, if you, Yeah, I wonder if it will change. Can you do just go up until you get back to that are instruction the run instruction and just run it. Yes. Cool crashed again and is this a different address. It is awesome and then print out the locations of wind and foam. So what's changing between these runs so compare. It doesn't change. Oh, it is. Yeah, so which of the instructions are changing, or which of which bytes are changing, let's say. Oh, five, six, two, zero, five, six changing basically like all of these, except for what are what's not changing is the important part. You might need to scroll up a little bit. Oh, that's the other one function. Yeah, there you go. Yes, sorry. So when we have zero x five six four so five six two. CFA so zero five six so five six. And then we have eight eight and we have F one zero. So this, and then the three one zero isn't changing so it's just these fights. Exactly. So would this be an address like zero x five six three 110 because five six three 110 change or it was in the past, but it won't be in the future, right. Right, what you're looking at is right the it shows you that these bites are there, like, sorry. Yeah, so this is the last run but we can't predict the next run, but we do know that at least the last bite remains the same. Right. Okay. And so what if we just overwrote that last bite with that work. Like just the three 110. Well, we can't overwrite just the three 10 because that oh three is a whole bite. And that right earlier part of it changes every time so we don't necessarily know that off the top of my head, or off the top of our heads. You can just guess it though. Yes. So that's the other thing so the, if you put any random hex digit followed by a three, it will work one 16th of the time, which is what we have in here right so. Oh, so I believe going off of that if you run this 16 times it should give you your flag. You want to try it right now. Well, they're not independent. So you actually have a yeah. So if I run. Okay, so I run my program 16 times it'll work. Good. Yeah. It might take more than that because of statistics it might take less. Right. So okay so I'm going to quit my DVD. Yes. And I'm just going to like run my program 16 times. Up enters your friend. Attack. Okay, so then see that. Clear it. And then so. And so I just do this, like, I just keep running my program like Python dot attack the PY. You don't need to just up enter. Yeah, exactly just hit up and oh really. Yep. Okay, so I'll just like and keep doing it until you get the answer. There it is. So see just randomly write those fights all aligned. And so you were good and it's worked. So, and this is nobody else's flag. So it's fine that we see this. But anyways, if you want to wait when you submit that, otherwise you're. Wait, I should wait. No, it's fine. I was just saying, since you're showing your screen. But yeah, great job. Look at that team. Awesome. Thank you. So the TA shows a way to do that automated so that you don't have to hit up enter 16 or who knows, however, many times. But yeah, it's kind of the same thing. Yeah, you could theoretically be hitting up enter like all day and not actually get it just based off the magic of statistics. But that requires being very unlucky. Yeah. All right. Well, thanks everyone for doing this for sticking around. I think that's right. Yeah, we started. Oh no, no, we still have five minutes. Oh, wow. Sorry. Sorry. Sorry. Let's keep going. Anybody have anything else? I did have a question about just like what we were seeing there with a GDB dump, like those outputs that we were seeing on our screen. So on the left hand side, you had all the blue numbers and then two columns of light numbers. That column of blue numbers. Is that like the actual stack? Is that the addresses on the stack? It is the addresses itself. So the way to interpret that is the left hand side is all the addresses. And on the right hand side is what are the memory look what's in the in memory at that memory address. Okay. Yeah. So it's, it's like, if you think about the, you know, computer.  You're saying, okay, what's that memory 10? And then, you know, you're saying, and then what you're saying is, and that's when you set up those commands, you're saying, okay, show me what's that memory address 10. And then right there, interpret that as if it was a 64 bit integer or, or eight bite, you know, same thing. 64 bits, eight bytes, and then show it to me as hex. And then interpret eight after that, because you just showed me eight bytes, interpret eight bytes after that as a thing. Show me that and then keep doing that. So it's showing you the addresses of all those. That's why the addresses are all spaced out by eight. And we can also tell it to show it as an instruction to, or is that, yeah, exactly. If you do it with X, slash five I, so the I means interpreted as an instruction X means interpreted as a hex. But there's probably others as well to interpret it. You can end in the size changes. So G is about changing the size to 64 bit. If you do. Oh, I just did this the other day. I can't remember exactly what character is, but. If you look it up, you can set it to be 32 bits or even just a single byte. You have total control over how those look to you, which can be really very helpful in debugging slash s. It's interpreted as a string. So it will actually interpret it as a string and show you like the strings. It looks like you can do BH and. Yeah, yeah, yeah, exactly. Yeah, W is for wide. So that's 32 bits. And G is giant for 64 bits. It's very helpful for understanding what memory actually looks like. Any other questions? Just a quick question about the assembly challenges. So with assembly one. And with x 86 64 in general, the three arguments are RDI RSI and RDX. Is that correct? I have no idea. I have to look it up every time. Okay. It's one of those things like I knew. So the way to look it up, it's the system. System V or system. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Calling convention is what you're looking up. Okay. Calling convention. Yeah. And system V or I think it's system five is where that comes from, but obviously. So. In here. So for X86 64. Yes. So parameters are RDI. Yes. So you're exactly right. RDI RSI, RDX. Okay. And if we move. If, if there's a, if the first instruction in the. And then the first parameters are nine and the second parameters are CX. Those registers aren't initialized. So. Does it do anything? It always does something right. It does whatever. Yes. If the, if the registers like they don't have values to them because, because the values are stored in the other RDI RSI and RDX. Let's see. Well, the whole parameters are. It looks like. In registers RDI, RSI, RDX, RCX, R8, R9, and then other values would be passed on to the stack. Okay. So if, if there's only three parameters passed into the function, then only registers already are RSI and RDX would be stored. Correct. Yeah. Okay. They're the only ones that should be used, but it's a. It's a. Technically, you can write assembly to do anything, right? The only thing these calling conventions do, it means that when you write a C program and it's compiled to a binary and I write a C program that uses those functions. I know how to match them up and they'll actually work together. Right. Okay. So yeah, in general, you know, if something, so like the, if you look at the recorded office hour video I made from last week, you can see that. Yeah. So if you look at our BP and RSP, right? The base pointer and the stack pointer. We don't know what those values are when our function is called, but we still operate on them, right? We copy. We like push the base pointer onto the stack. We set the current base pointer to the stack pointer. And those are all values that we don't necessarily know. It's not that nothing happens. Right. It's that we just don't know statically what those exact values are, but we don't think about those values. Okay. Awesome. Thank you. I'll check out that, that office hour video that'll probably help. Yeah, I think that that helps a lot with understanding. It was in the context of the Caesar app. Okay. Yeah, the Caesar challenge. Yeah, I'm gonna post the link in chat. Yeah, I walked through the first, I think 20 instructions of that or something. So it's a, I think useful to see what's going on. But cool. Okay. This was great. Thanks for sticking around. And yeah, see y'all on Thursday for our last class. Isn't that crazy?


d out, one of the major changes that have been brought in is that benefits are now received under one umbrella benefit of universal credit. Previously, six benefits were received separately. Now we are rolling to one single payment paid directly into the claimants bank account that supports the development of a much simpler, efficient streamlined benefit system, helping people to keep track of their money and manage their finances more effectively. I had one constituent come to me who is child and is severely disabled, and she said to me that the change in having to only fill out one form compared to having to fill out six forms has made a massive difference to her life. Additionally, the option of having universal credit paid directly to a landlord is a welcome move, again as a security in housing and allowing for a smoother renting experience for both a tenant and a landlord. We have to be clear that we are moving towards a digital first approach, one that the Scottish Government understands is also going to roll out under the new social security system. That is welcome, but there is help there for people who do not have the IT skills, whether through personal intervention. Cabinet Secretary. I am grateful to the member for taking in the invention. Just to be absolutely clear, the digital policy of social security Scotland bears no resemblance to that of the DWP, because we recognise that there are concerns about a digital only approach. I am pleased to say that there are further improvements being made by the DWP, but I just want to put on record that we will not be running a system as the DWP currently does. Jeremy Balford. I thank you for the cabinet secretary for the invention. I think that you are just having to be clever. It is not a digital approach but a DWP run. You can telephone, you can text, you can have face-to-face interviews. If you are telling us today that the first port of call under when and if you get round to ever rolling out PIP and DLA is not going to be digital first, I would be really interested to hear that, because that is not my understanding. Cabinet Secretary. I am grateful to be absolutely clear that the application will be whatever the applicant wants it to be, whether it is by digital, by telephone or by paper. It will be what the applicant wants, because that is what the people with lived experience have told us that they want to see. Jeremy Balford, you make up your time. I suspect that PIP and DLA might be out of use by the time that you get round to your intervention system, but I believe that it is important that the system must maintain a mixed approach, as I have said, which makes the personalised comfortable with whatever way they want to go ahead. Universal credit in practice has not been rolled out for a significant period, as others have pointed out. Therefore, we cannot know for sure the full extent of the impact that it has had. As with all new systems, we will be initial to even problems. Again, I am interested in Labour's approach. If something is not working, let's never change it. The system says that if things are going wrong, we can change it without having to bring forward new legislation, which seems to me the correct way forward. The new benefit roll-out is also working well in many areas. As Michelle Ballantyne pointed out earlier, 80 per cent of people out of evidence that was given to the committee, 80 per cent of people are working for them. I appreciate that, for the 20 per cent that we need to look at, we need to do it better, but to say that the whole system is failing is simply not correct. I believe that universal credit is working to create what is needed, and in the long term, we will be an effective in reducing those who experience in-work poverty. I welcome the committee's inquiry. I am disappointed that the report did not always follow the evidence. I think that we need to continue to monitor the situation and see what has happened, not just what we think is happening, but what is happening in reality. I thank all the members who contributed to the considered, thoughtful and often reflective debate. I want to particularly thank the work of the Social Security Committee, who have created the space today to think about what further actions we as a Parliament and as a Government need to do to create the fairer Scotland. I think that most of us seek to create. I want to thank them for their thorough inquiry that gathered opinion from a wide range of sources, including academics, think tax, but perhaps more importantly captured the voices and the stories of those with lived experience. Those people who are having to cope daily with the harsh realities of living in poverty, those people who know the harsh consequences of decisions that have been taken by a UK Government that does not understand what it is like to live in poverty or with low pay, and whose decisions have not been routinely guided by the principles of dignity or respect. As those harsh realities that Alec Holcamantyn spoke about that go beyond employment statistics or other facts and figures, the realities of the trauma and stress associated with poverty that increased pressure on mental health and his description about associated connections with domestic abuse through universal credit being paid to a single claimant. Similarly, Keith Brown also described some of his constituents not being able to clothe their children, and Alasdair Allan spoke about his constituents having to survive on charity, debt and fresh air whilst they wait for their help. There was an incredibly moving personal account from Mark Griffin, who described how his parents worked hard providing for their family only to be rocked by the untimely passing of Mark Griffin's father, and in describing his own family, it showed how families can be vulnerable to significant change of circumstances, bereavement, relationship breakdowns, job losses, destabilising family security and income and really needing the support that the social security system should be there to offer. That is where Clare Adamson's contribution was so important because benefit payments and the unfortunate narrative that has developed around it, skyvers, scroungers and the like, has hidden what social security should be, not a transaction or an inconvenient budget line to be cut but a safety net to help the most vulnerable and to protect all of us if we ever need to use it. It is that safety net that is being dismantled by the UK Government and today's contributions firmly further assert that to be the case. It is right that the committee examine in-work poverty because it cannot be right that people who are doing all that society asks of them to work hard and to do their best should continue to have to work damn hard and never get out of the bit and continue to live in poverty. The committee and members are right to highlight the impact and problems caused by universal credit because the UK Government's assault on welfare benefits has played a significant role in increasing poverty levels both in and out of work. Their cuts, estimated to reduce social security spending and Scotland by £3.7 billion by 2021, have removed many of the financial measures previously supporting families and locking them in poverty. To put that £3.7 billion into context, that is the equivalent to three times our annual police budget or the entire annual budget of NHS Glasgow and Lothian. However, the UK Government refused to fix the problems caused by their welfare reforms and that have been articulated today. To coin a phrase, it refused to test and learn its own feelings of its own policies. The continued assault on welfare and the continued benefit cuts make it feel that we are continually fighting poverty with one hand tied behind our back. However, we are not, as I have said in previous debates, sitting blithly by and letting welfare reforms hit the poorest, hardest or hiding behind constitutional divisions. We are taking action, and that action has included significant decisions and concerted effort across Government, not limited to particular portfolios, but instead responsive to the wide-ranging and reaching ways in which poverty impacts and it hits. Can I ask, then, if they are willing to take action, why they have not taken action on the two child cap? I am about to talk about the actions that we have taken and continue to take, and I think that it would do well for the Labour Party to reflect on just what we are doing to help to protect those who are being hit hardest by the significant welfare decisions being taken by another Government, those who have been described as being outrageous and recognised as outrageous by her own party leader. In 2018-19, we invested over £125 million to mitigate the worst impacts of austerity and to protect those on low incomes and help to soften the blows that land are on the most vulnerable by another Government with differing priorities. 64 million for discretionary housing payments, 38 million for the Scottish welfare funds, which we know that 13 per cent is used due to benefit delays. We are investing in financial health checks to provide tailored advice for families on low incomes. We are spending £3.5 million for our fair food fund, supporting dignified responses to food insecurity. Moreover, we are spending £6 million investment to deliver increased levels of school clothing grants. We are investing £25 million on EMA, and we are providing £750 million to the attainment Scotland fund in this parliamentary term to help to close the poverty-related attainment gap. Our work will not stop there, but it seeks to pursue policies that are designed to respond to the needs of the people of Scotland. The Child Poverty Scotland act enshrines our ambition to tackle unacceptable levels of child poverty and to build a better future and is backed by £50 million of the tackling child poverty fund. Within the plan, we set out a broad range of action to assist parents to increase their income from work and earnings. In April last year, we launched our newly developed employability service fair, Start Scotland, and to complement that, we have committed to investing an additional £12 million in intensive employment support for parents and up to an additional £6 million to support disabled parents into employment. Alongside that support, we are taking action to tackle low pay. Even though the main levers that exist to tackle that do not exist here but at a UK Government level, nevertheless, as a result of the action that we have without those levers, Scotland already has the highest rate of employees paid the real living wage in the UK at 80.6 per cent. We are working to lift a further 25,000 individuals on to this rate by 2021. In the first year of our three-year strategy, we have already succeeded in securing increases for 5,000 individuals, making a real difference to their income. We are investing nearly £1 billion in the expansion of early learning and childcare, doubling funded provision to 1,140 hours by 2020. Members have also raised the issue around the income supplement. It was raised as part of the committee's inquiry, recognising the important role that it will play in tackling poverty. Social security is clearly one of the key drivers in reducing poverty. As such, we committed to developing the income supplement, providing additional financial support to low-income families, guided by two key tests, ensuring that it is targeted in those families who need it most, helping to lift the maximum number of children out of poverty and with a robust and viable delivery route to get help to families. That is a significant commitment, but it is not without its complexities. Members should recognise that that is not a quick or easy fix. That is why my officials are undertaking an analysis of potential policy and delivery options for the income supplement and the feasibility of those. I will provide an update on the outcomes of that work to Parliament in June, but Shirley-Anne Somerville and I will be discussing that in more detail with Opposition spokespeople in the coming weeks. To close poverty more generally, it is unacceptable in a rich country like Scotland. Having folk rely on food banks and struggling with the basics is not the measure of the country that I want. As Cabinet Secretary in the Government and Scotland, I and my colleagues will do all we can to create the type of country that we want, fairer, equal with opportunities for all, but we will continue to mitigate where we can and soften the blows of a UK Government. When even the United Nations recognises that devolved Governments having to mitigate UK welfare policies is outrageous, we need to not let the Tory Government off the hook. Instead, in the 20th anniversary of this Parliament, we should seek to not simply be a Government or a Parliament of mitigation, but instead to pursue policies to meet the needs of the people who put us here. In the meantime, we will continue to do all that we can to support those who need our help the most. I thank all MSPs who have contributed to this afternoon's debate. Can I start by opening up a couple of matters that did not get the opportunity to raise in my opening contributions? First, in relation to self-employed claimants, the committee asked for the UK Government to urgently reconsider how UC impacts on claimants who are self-employed. Under UC, people who are self-employed are subject to a gainful self-employment test and required to attend a job set in order for this to be assessed. A minimum income floor is applied whereby, after 12 months, there is an assumed level of earnings, even if actual earnings are less. Self-employed people claiming universal credit are required to report earnings monthly instead of annually, as was the case with working tax credits. That has been a significant issue, but I must not put that on the record in my closing contributions. I also want to stress to our committee the recommendation that the 2015 cut to the work allowance should be reversed, not just reversed a bit by increasing that by £1,000, but reversed in its entirety. I know that Mark Griffin mentioned that during his contributions. I thank Alison Johnstone for reinforcing her committee concerns regarding the monthly assessment period for universal credit. It is creating real and significant issues. I also use that as an opportunity to put on record our committee's belief that the related aspect of surplus earnings threshold—we have more information, Presiding Officer—is all in the report. Crucially, there is a temporary £2,500 threshold until April 2020, and it will disappear at that point. It can make a real difference. The committee believes that that should endure that threshold because it is of benefit to people. I want to reflect on one or two contributions that we have had. Elaine Smith and others mentioned the Scottish welfare fund and the GEMI 5 campaign in ways that the Scottish Government can seek to mitigate the worst aspects of welfare reform. It is not for myself as committee convener to take a specific view on that, but to say that our committee will absolutely scrutinise that in the day-to-day work of our committee. I absolutely give that guarantee. I also thank Tom Arthur for highlighting the lived experience of people who gave evidence to our committee, and that is absolutely crucial. I also thank Gordon Lindhurst for looking at the wider picture of issues in relation to inward poverty. Although I would say gently to Mr Lindhurst that I do not think that he actually engaged with the realities of universal credit, but he painted some of that wider picture. Clare Adamson and Keith Brown, I would like to comment in detail in their contributions but I cannot really do that because that would probably make me digress from the committee report, but there are passionate speeches on the record. I also thank Alex Rowley, who quite rightly identified that we do not close job centres just as at a time, we are about to put additional burdens on job centre staff and put additional burdens and duties on those in inward poverty. That is a very important point to reinforce. I want to turn to transitional protections. Those who would be on tax credits and are moved to universal credit under a managed migration, if someone is being worse off by moving to universal credit, their income will be protected and sustained until universal credit catches up with what their current income is. The cabinet secretary Shirley-Anne Somerville mentioned that, as did Alex Cole-Hamilton and Alex Rowley in their contributions. Those protections only exist unless there is a change of circumstances. Those protections are lost without exception. That would also include someone if they were a victim of domestic abuse, they may be forced to have to choose between leaving an abusive partner or losing money. No exceptions. I think that this is another point that I want to make. Our committee tried to get a consensual conclusion to that across all party political boundaries, and we wanted to have the committee sign up to say simply that that was disappointing. A lot has been made about party politics in relation to that report, but I say to the chamber that we could not get our Conservative colleagues to sign up just to say that the lack of those protections was disappointing. I will leave it to others to judge where the party politics sits in relation to that. I put on record the points that George Adam made in relation to that particular point. There was also an interesting exchange between myself and Michelle Ballantyne at the start of the debate, where Michelle Ballantyne was talking about evidence that the majority of people will be better off under universal credit. I would just restate the committee recommendation. The committee observes when talking about social security support, the language that is referring to winners and losers can cause offence. Our social security systems must be designed to ensure that everyone in need receives all the support that they are entitled to. In other words, it is not about winners and losers, it is about supporting the most vulnerable. I do not think that it does the chamber any favours to then use Russell Gunson as somehow cover for the Conservative position in relation to that. Russell Gunson himself said that the changes to tax credits and the move to universal credit with conditionality bears no relation to reality. That is what he told the committee. I want to return to the elephant in the room. That is the 50,000 people in work who are currently in receipt of universal credit, but the 170,000 who are currently on tax credits and are finishing a managed migration to universal credit. That will mean currently's thing stand light-touch conditionality, which, while at some point I assume means that there will simply be conditionality on all of those hundreds of thousands of people. That will impact on all of our constituents who we know who are in work and who really do not consider in receipt of working tax credits and really do not consider themselves as part of the benefits system, but need the support of tax credits to go out to work to make ends meet. I suggest MSPs, I suggest to them that they should go to those constituents and they should say to those constituents, I think that they should increase their pay, they should increase their hours of work or they should just take a second job. Then tell them that if they do not think that their constituents are trying hard enough to do what they have asked them to do, that they will sanction them, that they will effectively dock their wages of the working poor, if you like, because effectively that is what moving the tax credit system to the universal credit system under conditionality means. That is what the committee rejected, with the exception of our Conservative members of that committee. Little surprise, then, that the committee firmly rejects moving to universal credit if any work conditionality remains. Little surprise that the PCS union, where most work coaches are represented by reject such sanctions also. Little surprise are committees share the PCS's concerns regarding job centre plus and DWP job losses and lack of resources. I should mention, of course, the UN special reporter who does not have any particular political case to argue here. We were alarmed by Professor Alston's findings, which included—let me just put back on the record—British compassion for those who are suffering has been replaced by a punitive, mean-spirited and often callous approach that, through it all, one actor has stubbornly resisted seeing the situation for what it is. The UK Government has remained determinedly in a state of denial. Devolved authorities in Scotland and Northern Ireland are frantically trying to devise ways to mitigate or, in other words, counteract at least the worst features of the Government's benefits policy. Our committee has written to Professor Alston with a view to holding an evidence session with him when his final report is available. However, I have to say that there is a lived reality of welfare reform that we already know and it impacts negatively on the most vulnerable of our constituents. The chamber knows that our committee knew that, be it sanctions, be it a minimum five-week wait for entitlement to benefits, be it the £3.7 billion reduction in income, mainly due to the benefits freeze, or be it reforms the tax credit system and the move to universal credit with all the dangers that I have outlined here this afternoon. Our committee looked at that evidence and we have concluded that, as things stand, universal credit is simply not fit for purpose to protect the working poor. We were able to unite, as a committee, almost—unfortunately, we couldn't get our Conservative members on board—that we will continue and endeavour to stand up for the working poor where we can, not just to the UK Government but in certain calls to the Scottish Government, including the idea of an income supplement and the responsibilities that they have in relation to tackling in-work poverty. I thank the Presiding Officer and members for contributing to this afternoon's debate. Thank you very much, and that concludes our debate on social security and in-work poverty. We will turn now to the next item of business, which is, and I am pleased to call Clare Adamson, convener of the Education and Skills Committee, to make an announcement on Scottish national standardised assessments. Thank you, Presiding Officer, for this opportunity to highlight to Parliament on behalf of the Education and Skills Committee our report on Scottish national standardised assessments. The committee agreed to undertake the inquiry on evidence-based for the recently introduced Scottish national standardised assessments in literacy, numeracy and in primary 1, primary 4, primary 7 and S3. It is a unanimous committee report and includes a series of recommendations, some of which I wish to draw to the attention of the chamber this afternoon. The committee notes that evidence from certain witnesses to the inquiry reflected that the Scottish Government announced the policies quickly without meaningful collaboration with certain key stakeholders or establishing an in-depth evidence-based for elements of the policy, and the committee considers that the Scottish Government should reflect on this evidence and learn lessons for future policy development. We examined whether the assessments are low-stake assessments and we made recommendations to seek to prevent them from becoming medium stakes, for example, seeking checks and balances from the inspectorate. The committee also recommends that the Scottish Government and its agencies acknowledge explicitly the summative function of the assessments in future communications. We were interested in the cost of the policy, including the estimate for cost over five years and details of the basis of an overspend. We are also seeking an assessment of the likely reduction in the use of local authority standardised assessments and the end of the first three academic years of SNSAs and the associated saving at local government level. We recommend that the Scottish Government undertakes an assessment of the workload implication for teachers and other school staff. At local authority level, the committee had positive evidence of the tangible examples of how SNSA data is contributing towards improvements and would welcome an update from Addis on the further examples at the end of the academic year. On national performance data, including the replacement of the SSLN with the achievement of curriculum for excellence levels, the committee was concerned that the decisions on the national performance data may have left a gap of up to five years, with no guarantee that that gap will not be any longer. We also examined ITC implications in relation to data literacy. I encourage members to look to the report to see our detailed examination of those areas. We look forward to receiving the Government's response on that important issue. I close by thanking sincerely all those who contributed to the work of the committee and the clerks for their support. The next item of business is consideration of business motion 17023, in the name of Graeme Dey, setting out changes to this week's business. Could I call on Graeme Dey to move the motion on behalf of the bureau? Moved, Presiding Officer. Any member who wishes to speak against or for the motion may do so now. Could I call Maurice Golden? Presiding Officer, in today's news alone, we read that school subject choice is in crisis, that nearly half of infrastructure projects are late, that there is an inquiry into cancer care in Tayside. Those are the things that really matter. Schools, the economy, hospitals. Nicola Sturgeon wants to give a statement, not about schools, the economy or hospitals, but about a second independence referendum. She is making her priorities absolutely clear, so let me be equally clear. We want to move on from the SNP's constitutional grandstanding and we will get back to the things that matter to the people of Scotland, and so we will vote against the motion. Thank you very much, Mr Golden, and I call Graeme Dey to respond on behalf of the Parliamentary Bureau. Presiding Officer, in seeking to oppose the business motion, the Conservatives are arguing against the Government providing this Parliament and the country as a whole with an update that seeks to bring order and clarity amidst the chaos and confusion that their own Brexit policy has created. There is a widespread expectation based on undertakings given by the First Minister that the Government will provide an update on its thinking regarding Brexit, its implications for Scotland and this country's constitutional future. Indeed, the First Minister gave a specific undertaking in this chamber, replying to Patrick Harvie on 17 January, that she would provide such an update even in the event of the article 50 process being extended. That extension has now been granted. It was agreed while this Parliament was in recess, and so this week provides the first opportunity since then to provide the promised update. The basis on which the Government is seeking to proceed is not only rational and sensible, it is the mark of the Government fulfilling its responsibilities to this Parliament and the wider country, and we will take no lessons from the Tories when it comes to getting on with the day job. Thank you. The question is that motion 17023 be agreed. Are we agreed? We are not agreed. We will move to a vote. Members may cast their votes now. The result of the vote on motion 17023 in the name of Graham Day is yes, 83, no, 31. There were no abstentions. The motion is therefore agreed. The next item of business is consideration of Parliament to view the motion 17024 on a committee membership substitution. I ask Graham Day in behalf of the Bureau to move the motion. Thank you very much. We will turn to decision time now. The first question is that motion 16957, in the name of Bob Dorris, on social security and in work poverty, be agreed. Are we all agreed? We are agreed. The final question is that motion 17024, in the name of Graham Day, on a committee membership substitution, be agreed. Are we all agreed? We are agreed and that concludes decision time. We are going to move shortly to members' business in the name of Claire Baker on the open university at 50. We will just take a few moments for members and ministers to change seats.


I just like how Caesar went to the efforts of, like, wrapping this gigantic candy. Just, just for the presentation of it. Like, Smiley doesn't care. It's food is food, you know what I mean? Rose been locked up for God knows how long.  What do you order that, man? I know these goofy goobers down here have no idea what's going on. Or how to make something like that. But ladies and gentlemen, welcome back to the channel. We are still in Plunk Hazard and stuff is chaotic to say the least.  I'm guessing this is sort of to display the true power of it. Em, what have you? And it's one of those things where there isn't one, I feel like, right way to fight back against it because it's such an enormous unit that I feel like this is going to turn into more of an escape the island type thing than defeat Smiley because how, how do you defeat it, man? Even if you cut it up, like, I don't know. It's, it's at the point where it's this, the size so large that you can't do anything, right? Stubborn like on this one, let's go! It's digesting. Papa's so proud of you, Smiley. Also, yeah, we don't even know what happens now that the candy has been consumed. I'm guessing Smiley just gets stronger and stronger. Hey, he's already strong enough. Oh my gosh. Buddy is struggling mentally. Why is there a spoon now? Everything just gets stuck in his face, man. Well, my God, how many layers was to this candy? I mean, maybe the wrapper was to protect it.  Maybe it like makes Smiley more aggressive. I don't know. Is it in pain? Is it happy? What? What do you mean, Saaji? Nothing's happened. Everything's already strange. Oh, no, he looks like his tummy's upset. Bore Smiley. Oh, it's launching more.  It looks like a frog has had pole.  There's no way Luffy was that on the money, bro. Am I stupid? Sanity, they're waiting for something to happen. Run. Smiley, Mata au. What? See you again? What is going on? Magic apples. Wait, how did that apple just transform? It's changing colors. Wait, is it going to absorb the devil fruit? Hey, what? How did that apple shape shift, man? It's just expanding and growing. I feel like Smiley's going to take over the whole island. OK. Not sure why you stood there so long watching that. Just made no sense whatsoever. It's your funeral, though. Nope, nope, completely desert. I'm sorry. I feel no guilt that you stopped running. It's freezing them. Oh, my gosh. Wait, doesn't it look like freezing? It looks like they're turning to like stone. I can't even tell. I think it is stone. Yeah. This is a weapon of mass destruction because you can't defend against it inherently. Just a cloud gas clings to people's bodies. Oh, my gosh, it's a poison gas that cleans your body and paralyzes you. Oh, my gosh, man. So they're like dying. Yeah, for sure. One piece is OK with parting with unnamed randoms. Oh, my God, what are those? I don't think they showed that group last time or the person with like the alcohol. Oh, my great googly moogly. No, bro, G5 got someone lucky, man. I'm not going to lie. I mean, they would have ended up here with smoker either way, but they were so gung-ho about this.  They're just going to nuke the island and then they're fine inside. I mean, at least a lot of our group is inside, but. The screen is showing their impending doom. No worries. It's showing Chopper's bag. We could choppers on the case. He's going to free quite literally everyone. I mean, ironically, he's he's pretty good. Hope that he's he's one of the only people out and free. Speak of the others out and free. Bro, buddy should not be alive, quite frankly. Yeah, give us a replay of the barrel shoved down his throat. Oh, in Gastonet. Yeah, no, he got nuked too, not to mention. And he's fine. I mean, she can do it in Songi's body and kick it. Just use your legs. Use his body, man.   Damn! I love how Brian Beards getting an entire like sort of arc in Pug Hazard, bro. Here's just this joke when he was first introduced to me, at least. And now he's on our side. I mean, not on our side, but again, Caesar at the very least. Yeah, we have a similar enemy of my enemy is my friend. That's how it goes, right? Nope. What smoke? Oh my gosh. Looks like it's approaching slowly, but it's such an enormous amount that They run! It's like an avalanche. It kind of looks like an avalanche. It's going to cover the entire outside of the island. Really, everybody has to get inside. Aw, shoot. He's going to bucket, baby. Those giant legs. If anybody gets caught, we leave. It's the harsh truth, the harsh truth, man. What are you supposed to do? Slice the smoke? Oh my gosh. They run like Brook does on water, bro. All of them.  There's no way they're just out running it on sheer willpower. The dragon. Yeah, dude. Why is the dragon not just flying away? Is it stupid? This dragon is not going to be happy with it. I'm trying to ride on it, bro. Not in the slightest. You see it on camera? Oh my gosh, Robin's smile. Long noticing more and more who he's teamed up with. Does he think they can hear him?  Yes, they are, Mr. Clown. Land of Death. That's what Shinokuni means. He's literally transforming the entire island into an island of death. I mean, we're kind of chilling in the lab for now. Oh, maybe not. Why is he opening that? Oh, he's just dumping them out. Oh my gosh, bro. He's just going to air their deaths? Yeah, dude, that increases how much people would pay for it to be able to take down these big hitters. It is honestly unironically very impressive how far they've gotten against such a formidable enemy. They've gotten against such a formidable group. I think how far Caesar's gotten. Come on, chopper. It's the hour to clutch up. There's got to be something he can do. They're falling so slowly. So he actually did get it for the kids. Like he was able to get them. What? Did somebody just throw that at him? What was that? Don't do anything. You know, actually, who threw that? It could have been any of them in the cage. He just put them on full display.  Front row seat. The entire crew dying. That'd be really dark if it gets there. But like, how are they supposed to get inside? Why is good music playing? Yeah. They have a plan? What? How? He realized that we were that far in. 603. Oh, there he is, baby. Blow his arm. He's got like a hook glove. Oh my gosh, man. Killer got more ripped somehow. I want to see killer's face. He's got some gnarly facial hair. Yup. Yup. Law is nobody's dog, baby. Them realizing that they're there, he's like, oh yeah, I'm not.  I don't know where he lives, but... Oh! Yo! Scratchman! And there's Hawkins. What is happening? Of our lair.  What? I thought he was under attack, man. Oh, he summoned Scratchman. Wait, why would he call him? Did he call Hawkins too? I want to see what they're meaning about. Dude, kid looks gnarly with the scars. Wait, Hawkins. Killer's like freaking out, bro. He's trying to keep everybody just in check. We're the three pirates. We're the three pirates. Oh, shoot. That'd be a crazy alliance. So Law wanted an alliance with the straw hats, and now they're... They have their own agenda. I like it. What? What? Burn this chain with a beam? So they don't have like a concrete plan. His nipples. Kudaboo? Can he actually? What? Oh, he spits it. Wait, couldn't he just do that to the entire cage? I guess he could like hurt them or even kill them. Why set that on fire, though? Pasifista-esque. That's the second time he's compared him to a Pasifista. What? What? The smoke was to cover them.  Number of railer chains everywhere. What? He replaced normal... to seep his them with normal chains? Bro! That's so orangey, though, that he got the one that was normal. Oh, my gosh. I always see planned in advance. Has some green smoker slash tashigi. I like how serious Law stays, though. Ooh. Yeah, actually, though. Mmm. They could O.M. He swapped him! Smoker's back! Tashigi's back! Let's go, dude. Bro. Oh, he was sitting like a guy? Does everything was just out there? Yeah, I'm not surprised Smoker's saying that, though. Because if they grovel here and can help save the children, it's worth groveling.  Mm-hmm. Yeah, more chaos if Smoker's loose. Whoa. Smoker would keep his word, too, I think. Law knows he has leverage over him right now. Smoker would be a man of his word. He's gonna say yes. Yeah, he has to. He does.   That'd be crazy. Sort of like a mutual respect between the two. Luffy, don't. Don't, man! The smoke, the whole smoke plan was to cover you! Oh, my God, what is he doing?! Yeah. Mm-hmm. Yep. Law's gonna have to learn that sooner or later and he's getting a very fresh lesson in it. Luffy is just his free spirit. You cannot control this man. He's taking everything and him to not scream. Oh, my gosh, bro. He's flying!  The Shiggy's back. Smoker's back. Okay, now we need to get Sadio and Nami flipped, bro. Are they the last two? I think they are. Like I said, he was bound to find out eventually. I mean, he knew how much of a loose cannon Luffy already was before he asked, but at least Luffy is strong enough to back up his goofiness and his irresponsibility, we'll say. Where's the poison cloud? Oh, there it is.  I don't know, probably not. Dude, if it weren't me, I'd be slamming against the door still. I know it seems like not possible, but I mean, at that point, or at least like start running around the building looking for some secret door or something. I don't know, anything, bro. Literally anything. How have they not caught the dragon yet? It's still so far! Cardio pulmonary functions? Why say it like that, man? My gosh, my goodness gracious. He's like, I have to live! She's too perfect! Brother! Okay, dude. Okay, dude. Go, Primebeard, faster! He's not even moving that fast! There's the dragon! Did Sanji just tell it to slow down for them? Bro! Brook! That's what I was saying. It has wings, maybe it's just like a baby? I guess way smaller than the other dragons, so it could be a tiny, like a smaller one or just like a younger one. Wait! But he's already... I was gonna say he's already bone, but how did... How did Primebeard get down there? Okay, man. And now he's running. Wait, we could get the whole group are united. Because they're all front. And then Locke and switch them. This poor dragon, bro. They're weighing the dragon down too much. I mean, yeah, Primebeard said each one is like a dwarf. Like it's nothing to him, he said. He's gonna carry the dragon too? Primebeard carrying the whole squad while injured. Okay, the dragon just makes it like 20 times worse. What is he doing? He's making an entrance, bro. Law coming in clutch. He can make an entrance for all the men too. Maybe Smoker asked him like he agreed to it if he saved his men. And he knew that he would agree there was a chance his men could live. If not, then they wouldn't. So it wasn't just him sacrificing himself or not. It was his men too. He had to put his ego aside for them. His whole pride. They're opening it from the inside. Yes, sir. The beacon of light. There's gonna be law in all of them. The shutter, wait. The shutter opening poses danger for everybody inside the lab. Even any smoke gets in. That's a cool shot, man. Smoker law in the movie all inside. This goes against everything Smoker knows. It's actually a very good character development for him out of anything in this arc so far. Smoker is... A lot of things are happening to Smoker.  Aside from his heart getting swapped. This is never something he would ever do in a billion years under the right circumstances. Oh my gosh, there's gonna be them. Hold the door! Hold the door! Oh, shoot. Brownbeard, you've got to give it your all, man. Maximum overdrive! I feel like G5 would tell them to keep it open. Okay. Bro, I'm gonna be honest. I don't think anything would even happen. You're already stoned, basically. Wait, cut iron. Wait, he shouldn't, though. Didn't everybody in the lab has done so? Cut it at the right speed.  Oh, no. This is a terrible idea. Bro, I like how serious both of them got. The two swordsmen. Again, I reiterate. What happens to everybody inside then? Oh, they're just going at it. Bro, the flame! They're in, baby! The two jigga chads! The three! I like how Brownbeard's become a part of this. Okay, now smoke gets in. Now the poison gets in. Have they thought about this? Have they considered this? Could you glue it back, or... Everybody's back, baby! Now we just kind of... Swap Nami and Sanji. And, you know, the giant door that's open that I don't understand why nobody's pointing out. Like, it feels like I'm crazy, man. Am I crazy? One of the funniest part about all of this is I feel like the most substantial thing to happen in these two was the fact that Kid, Hawkins, and Scratchmen are teaming up, and I guess, and Killer, but like, their crews are teaming up, or at least they're trying to. I feel like that inherently goes to show how brutal the New World is. Because previously, we're in the Grand Line and they were all these just giant sort of rookies that made a name for themselves. And then they get to the New World, we see Kid has like, I don't know if his arm's completely gone or if his arm's inside this metal thing, but he's got these scars at the very least. Like, he's been through it. It seems like Killer, Scratchmen, and Hawkins are all relatively the same physically at the very least, but mentally, they've probably gone through a lot. Especially considering they've, I think, been a lot further into the New World because we saw them at all these random islands whenever we checked in on them. So I feel like that just suddenly shows that this is a very brutal place where you have to team up. Of course, we're gonna have to know more about Law's plan that he wants to enact with Luffy and which even Emperor he wants to target, because we still don't even know, but their reasoning for teaming up could be anything else. Maybe targeting an Emperor as well. Maybe it's straight up just to get further and to have a stronger sort of crew. I don't know. It just takes a lot for those pirates in particular to set their egos aside and their pride aside because they're all very strong, especially Kid. Like, Kid would not just team up with these other crews just for funsies. Like, you would have to need a reason, 100%. It's sort of why, like, the same way I see Luffy and Law, and they both stand so strong on their own. It's not like Luffy has an ego or anything, but Law wouldn't team up for no reason either. But we're all back, like Luffy said, all back together again. And I think things are really gonna start to pop off in this lab because if we can get this door sealed, then it is going to be just a straight up brawl between everybody and I guess Caesar's sort of group. But Caesar is kind of outnumbered.   But now that Smoker's back in his body and all the straw hats can inherently be back if Law switches them, I mean, raw. We're looking pretty solid.  Like, guys, that's been it for my reaction today. I hope you did enjoy.  I'll catch you in the next one. Peace, peace.


NONELUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU I'm a geek. Morpheus just hit theaters and I am SIIIIIIMMED to talk about it today! I'm Khaleesi Grimes 82 and my shirt's a little wrinkled today. It hasn't been worn in a while. And Carrot was supposed to take it to the laundromat to get it washed and dried, but he didn't. That's fine. We love Carrot. Let's talk about Morbius! Mordecai stars Jared Leto, the guy that perfectly played the Joker. He is the full embodiment of the character. And if you thought he was great there, he's even better here. But this time he gets to have a lot of fun in the role because he's playing a Batman. Not to be confused with the Batman. That's such a nerd. And this is a Sony production, which of course Sony pictures this synonymous with quality. They did Venom. And Venom too. This film in particular, Morticia, is so good because it's unlike anything we've ever seen before from the MCU or the DCEU offerings. It has a new character, which makes it different from other characters in superhero films because it's not the same character. It's in fact a new character. Subscribe for movie insights. And yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, you heard me correctly. Jared Leto is a vampire dude named Morbius. He's a strong vampire lead. And honestly, it's about time. The vampiric community has been woefully underrepresented, so it's nice that we finally get to see it on display. Things I love about the film for starters, the logo goes inconsistent from the beginning to the end. I like that the color palette also changes halfway through. I like that it's hard to see things in the movie because we're talking about a character that skulks around at night. So it's nice when all you see is explosive CG barfing onto the screen. I find that refreshing.   Jared Leto has done it again with Morbius. This is a movie that begs to be seen again at a higher brightness level so that you can see it for the first time. I love this movie. I thought it was great. I loved it. I thought it was great. I was constantly saying to myself, wow, cool beans. This is a fantastic film. Subscribe. I gave you my change on the movie. Now I want to hear from you in the comment below. Make sure to punch that notification bell. Ding, ding, ding. You can hear it ringing up there. Hit it. Like the video if you like fun and joy and movies. And pretty soon there will be another video for you to sink your teeth into. Like a bat. I'm super pumped for more of these. Dan, Dan. I'm Khaleesi Grimes, 82. Just wanted to thank you once more for watching. What? In this instance, it was absolutely justified. This was an April Fools video. I have an actual Morbius review coming shortly. So please stick around. Just standing here awkwardly. There's also other things you can do. Subscribe, watch other videos and things of that nature. He's dead.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com coming at you with 2020-2021 Panini Chronicles Soccer. Two box, random club break number two and you get three different clubs from three different leagues. You'll get one LaLiga team, one English Premier League team and one Syria A team and all card ships. It's pretty sweet, right? Remember, Chronicles has one LaLiga minibox, one EPL minibox and one Syria A minibox. There's the dice right there, big thanks to this group here for getting into it, appreciate it. And then we'll randomize, we'll assign you a team from each of those leagues and put you in this spreadsheet here. So one dice roll for all the lists and it's going to be six into two, eight times for names and leagues. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven and eighth in final time. After eight, we got Robert down to mark. Six into two, eight times for the Spanish league team, LaLiga. Good luck. One, two, three and eighth in final time. After eight, we got Granada down to Sevilla. Six into two, eight times for the EPL teams. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven and eighth in final time. Fulham down to Burnley. And then finally six into eight times for the Italian league. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven and good luck, eighth in final time. After eight, we got U.S. Sassulo down to Torino. All right, so Robert, there's your group of teams right there, Ross, Bill, Jens, Ross, Marco, Chris, that's a good group of teams, Eric, Kyle, Jens, Chris with last spot, Rizario, EA, Daniel, Ross, Jason, Bill, Jonathan, EA, Rosario and Mark. So we're actually going to alphabetize these by your first names here, it might be a little bit easier, sort by column A so you can see all of your group of teams right there. All right, so you've got to look at your teams right here, let's switch over here and there's two boxes per column here, so it's one, two, three, four, five, I'm going to use that guy right there, if I roll a six we'll just roll again. There's a six, we'll roll again and one, so we're going to do these two boxes right here and these we'll save for the next break. All right, we're going to pause the video when we come back, we're going to see if there's any trades and then the break, stick around. All right, welcome back folks, no deals are done so this list remains the same, the same as what you saw on your previous screen right there. Nice everyone, there are the two boxes here, let's go. So we're looking for nine stunning parallels, corn and panini and we're looking for three autographs or memorabilia cards per box on average. Generally speaking I think from what we saw in the first break and from what I remember in the previous Chronicles breaks we did a while ago, I think generally there's one autograph and then two memorabilias, so one auto and one of the mini boxes and then two memorabilias. If we get lucky maybe we'll see some extras. I'm going to do, I don't know the Syria too well, so we're going to get this out of the way first. Christiane Rinaldo, there's a couple guys I know, but good luck out of 99, we've got Ricardo Orcelini, I remember all card chip and honestly it would probably be a good idea when you receive these cards to just take a look, see if they're on any of the national teams that are playing in the Euros right now. So double check that and then maybe that's a player you can follow through the tournament, maybe see if they end up having a good tournament, then the value of your cards could continue to increase here. That's the idea anyway, that's the hope. One more, we've got a Spectrum, they should really do Spectrum, Spectra Soccer and that would be pretty cool. All right, ooh that's the auto, so we've got a Jersey and Autograph, it's going to be Maurizio Pena for Atalanta, 312 out of 500, Silhouette, Jersey and Autograph.  Yeah like I said, take a look, do a little research on the player, there's La Liga, here's the Spanish league, so we're traveling from Spain or from Italy all the way to Spain. Real Messi, I've heard of him, he's pretty good, for Barça, that's going to go to Bill and Barcelona, gets the Lionel Messi card in that Illusion's design, Chronicles Illusion's, doesn't look like it's numbered, right, so nice, congrats. There's Luis Suarez, not that Luis Suarez, different Luis Suarez, wait no, is this the Luis, it is, oh so they're saying, okay I see, so they took it back in time, created a rated rookie card for Luis Suarez, no check that, that's a different Suarez, this is Suarez, Grenada Suarez, not to be confused with the Uruguayan Atletico Madrid, Colombian right there, so this goes to Grenada FC CF that is, and that'll be for Robert, it's a different Suarez, got confused there, and there's Thiago Cortua for Real Madrid and the relic here is Luis Suarez, 116 out of 500 for Atletico Madrid, popping all the Luis Suarez's, so this was a weird transfer situation, he was a former Liverpool man too, I think he was at Barcelona and then they had a transfer set for him to go to Italy, but that fell through for some reason and then he was picked up back in Spain at Atletico Madrid and they ended up winning La Liga I think, so there's a little bit of trickiness there, alright next one, well Chris, you have Atletico Madrid, so you'll get that Luis Suarez, Chris, that's a good one, you got Man City too, I think there's a lot of English players on that Man City team that are in the Euros right now on the England squad, so this is the pack to keep an eye on, I don't know where the hit is, did we get another autograph, oh I think we did get a second autograph, alright nice, there's La Porte for Man City, Jack Harrison, ooh nice, so here's Diogo Jota going to Liverpool, that'll be for Jens, he's one of the youngsters on the Portugal squad that could be someone to look out for, he was injured for a bit with Liverpool, but I think ended the season really strong, D'Adriad Márez, Ben Osborn, Kieran Tini and John Lundstrom to 49, we got Adam Webster, 141 out of 500 for Brighton Hovalbian and that'll go to Jens as well with Brighton, I don't know if he's on the England squad, but there's Adam Webster, nice chronicles auto, this numbered card, John will go to Sheffield, that'll be for Ross, alright one more box, oh also Chris, I saw your comment about the, that Philly's Yankee game was really good, we were watching that on on MLB Network here, one of my colleagues here at Jaspies, he's a big Yankees fan, so he was thrilled with that comeback, only to come crashing back down to earth when the Phillies walked it off, we got Marco Rogue to 23, got a prestige with that cracked ice pattern there, looks really sharp, that goes to Cagliari, that'll be going to, oh there they are that's for Jens, then we got Morton Thorsby, 71 out of 99, for Sampdoria, Sampdoria, goes to Rosario, got some rookies here, and not familiar with a lot of these Italian players, or Italian league players aside from like Cristiano Ronaldo, and we got Sandro Tonali for Milan, 157 out of 500 on that, AC Milan is for Jason, that autograph, now off to Spain, La Liga, Chris you're trying to get the fight on ESPN plus, but yeah I feel like I hear like everyone has a lot of problems with the ESPN fights on plus recently, look at the last few weeks after a recent update, I just had issues with just getting scores on my ESPN app, it crashes a lot more, that was actually great, it almost never crashed on me before, but the last few weeks have just been really problematic, all right let's continue here with La Liga, I know Luca Modric, that'll be for Real Madrid, for Jonathan, and we have back here Salvi Sanchez have the top assist man for Cadiz, I like those select rookie silver design looks pretty sharp, that'll be for Bill, and we got fabric of the game, that's Atlético Madrid Luis Suarez, piece of his shirt as they call him, 172 out of 500, that will be for Chris, how is that SRX racing, legends on a short track, is that on TV, to the English Premier League, Cardinals are falling off, man Matt Carventurer hitting under 200, that's very odd, unlike un-Matt Carventurer, oh another autograph on the bottom, I actually didn't see that Logan, all right, oh we've got Kai Havertz, four out of 99 for Chelsea, should be a big part of if the German team has any success, I mean this guy's probably playing well, this will be for EA and Chelsea, nice Kai Havertz, yeah I was watching commercials for that Chris, I do a little bit of racing, let's see what we got here, and a Mason Greenwood, that's pretty nice too, Manchester United, how to go to Ross, there's Michael Waltrip racing around here, it's kind of crazy seeing these names up there, Biffle, Stort, Andretti, Castro Neves, all on the Labonte, Douglas Luis, and behind him is Jean-Jo Chelevi, he's a former Liverpool guy, now on Newcastle, that goes to Ross and Newcastle United, 363 out of 500, nice autograph for Ross and another nice break in the books, and remember like I said obviously all of these cards will ship and it'd be worth the due diligence to kind of go through whatever cards you get and just double check to see if maybe they're playing in the Euro tournament this month and root for them, hopefully they'll be hashtag good for the hobby, I'm Joe, I'll see you next time for the next one, bye bye.


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I don't know that I know a particularly bad engineering joke, but I heard a lot of engineers tell fat jokes. Everything is locally linear, but I mean, I'm doing it sure that's a joke. To be honest, I don't know. I don't have answer for that. High equals three. For example, if you're like a scientist, you'll probably be concerned about like the ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth decimal.  Oftentimes like close enough is good enough. No need to spend another million dollars to find that level of precision. So that's why high equals three. I don't think engineers are particularly enough for the humor.