Well, hello from the National Archives Public Programs and Education Team. My name is Missy McNat and I'm an Education Specialist in Washington, D.C. And welcome to the National Archives Comes Alive Young Learners Program. You can find information about our future programs on the National Archives website, www.chance.gov under Attendant Event or on the National Archives Facebook page. This morning, we meet James Madison, portrayed by John Douglas Hall. Mr. Hall presents a unique historical representation of his portrayal of James Madison. Mr. Hall professionally reliving the life of James Madison every day brings us James Madison in historical context. So what does that mean for us? Well, today is September 16, 2021. When we meet James Madison, it will be September 16, 1821. And by that time, James Madison has twice been elected as President of the United States and has retired to his home Montpelier in Orange County, Virginia. So when President Madison talks to us about the Constitution, which is the focus of our program today, he is remembering it and reflecting on it from 34 years ago in 1787. James Madison had a long and prolific career in public service. In 1774, he served on the Committee of Correspondence from Orange County, Virginia. That was before the Revolutionary War, and eventually he was elected to the Constitutional Convention. Upon ratification of the Constitution, he was elected to the House of Representatives from his home state of Virginia. He eventually goes on to serve as Secretary of State under President Jefferson. And then, as I said earlier, was twice elected as President. The National Archives has in its holdings numerous records related to James Madison. And on this slide, this next slide that we see, there is a portrait of James Madison by Gilbert Stewart that was done in the 1820s. And the other document is the notes from the Annapolis Convention that James Madison attended. And that was in 1786. And it was at that convention that it was determined that the current federal government under the Articles Confederation needed some revisions. On the next slide, we have the Docs Teach featured activity, which is actually a compilation of numerous activities on the Constitution. So it's docsteachdocsteach.org. And I encourage teachers, parents, students to check it out because there are numerous activities related to the Constitution for all grade levels and abilities. And we'll share this slide again at the end of the program. So we will have a question and answer session with President Madison at the end of his presentation. So please write your questions in the YouTube chat box. We have a National Archives staff member who is monitoring it. And let us know where you're watching from this morning. This program is brought to you by the National Archives Public Programs and Education Team, the National Archives and the National Archives Foundation. And now it is my great pleasure to introduce to you the Honorable James Madison. Today, I'm delighted that we have an opportunity to be with one another on the recollection of the Constitution 34 years ago when so many of us had signed that document in September. Many who are in Congress today were very young men when that Constitution was written. I find that many people have now perhaps passed over the actual events that led to the Constitution and are engaged in the operation of our government. But as I look back on those moments in September, I think of all the circumstances that brought it about in the first place. Surely the Constitution in giving sovereignty to the people at large was a very, very new concept in the annals of mankind. So the most different than any other form of government on such a large scale that it is noteworthy to know how and why it came about and why it becomes then so significant. We were 13 colonies under England for a number of years. Virginia coming in and perhaps in 1609 established as a colony and in Georgia in 1725 we had anywhere from 50 to 150 years of rather autonomous colonial legislatures. And those legislatures took care a great deal of what happened in each one of those each one of those colonies. As we progressed and established court systems, many generations established here in North America, we still felt ourselves as Englishmen, but retained a great deal of control over what was happening domestically right in our own colonies at the time. This continued fairly unabated until the seven years war started in 1750s. And those seven years war was between England and France, and it cost England a great deal of money. At the conclusion of that war, England then wanted the colonies to pay for some of the expenses, particularly in that part of the war that was fought in North America, what we call the French and Indian war. And it led to a number of acts on part of England imposed on these colonial legislatures. And the colonial legislatures obviously objected to some of these taxes, and tried to find resolution in England by sending representatives and letters and other communication to resolve the issue of England imposing taxes without us having a say at all in Parliament as to how those taxes were going to be applied or even the amounts. As a consequence, this effort of resolution one with the other between England and the colonies led to a great deal of dissension. But we must remember at that time the colonies had a direct each one of the colonies had a direct relationship to England. That is going from Massachusetts to Georgia would inevitably be sent first to England and then down to Georgia and vice versa. So this contact with England this connection with England was separate for each one of the 13 states or the 13 colonies rather. And when the problems of relationship between England and each one of the colonies began to grow. The colonies began to recognize the similar difficulties in dealing with England and formed that first Continental Congress in 1774 and then the second Continental Congress thereafter in 75. And an effort on the part of the various colonies to act together to negotiate with England and a peaceful resolution of the differences that were there. One thing led to another and the controversy certainly in Massachusetts a hotbed of revolution to be sure and eventually led to the Revolutionary War. The war was conducted loosely by these 13 colonies become states independent states. They united finally in 1781 with a the Articles of Confederation a list of 13 articles that would determine how this the various independent states would work together as a league as a confederation to fight the war. It was finally successful with Treaty of 1783. And then shortly thereafter we begin to see the difficulties amongst the states in dealing with one another. Western land claims we the war of the Treaty of 1783 led to the establishment of a great deal of land that was given to the United States. Beyond the Appalachians to the Mississippi and many of the states had conflicting land claims to that land. One of the problems was also the removal of the hostile Indians and British garrisons in the Western lands. There were issues amongst the states regarding their demarcation of lines state lines between Maryland Virginia for example there was controversy over who would control the Potomac River and who would control the Chesapeake Bay. For fishing rights and other navigation issues. Many of the states also sent representatives to Europe in matters of negotiation for treaties. Much in conflict with one another two states would send representatives to Spain or to France to negotiate separate treaties that would actually counteract the activity of the other states and its negotiations. The United States did not to speak with one voice. We had issues of foreign debts and state debts. There were conflicts about the use of the Mississippi River and in seeking to have the Western lands be able to use the Mississippi River and particularly the port of New Orleans for international trade. All of these difficulties became apparent in the mid 1780s after the Treaty with England. You found that the states could not work with one another. We were founded as a as a United States in 1776 with the Declaration of Independence. And that declaration reported that all men are created equal in their job by the creator with certain inalienable rights. And amongst the user life liberty and as Mr Jefferson said the pursuit of happiness and lock would say the pursuit of property. But in creating the revolution with England and fighting a long war after the war was over it becomes very critical and occupy the attention of many of how this new nation of 13 independent sovereign states would be able to continue in with any degree of unity. There were national issues amongst all the states including all the states for which no one of the states or group of states could effectively resolve themselves. And the Articles of Confederation was the form of government in which we were to address national issues. But as the 1780s proceed we realized that the the government under the Articles of Confederation to lose confederation of 13 independent and sovereign states was not effective. It had neither the authority nor the energy to deal with these national issues amongst the states. And that is the reason why a convention was called in 1786 in Annapolis to see if we could resolve the deficiency of energy and authority of the national government. It was off to a difficult start. I recall I recall in Maryland that only five states arrived that time in September of 1786 and Maryland worthy or the convention was taking place in Annapolis, Maryland did not even send representatives itself. And this was not a very promising start. Mr. Hamilton and I and a few others in company with one another in Annapolis decided we would with greater resolve call for convention the following year convention in 1787 September. And this would require the attendance of many more of those independent sovereign states to send representatives deputies as some of them called to a new convention to discuss the problems that were very apparent under the Articles of Confederation. This effort at a constitutional convention had to have force and consequence. We needed leading men from the various states to be in attendance and to ensure that we had to ensure the attendance of General Washington, a man whose preeminence in the American mind was unquestionable, undeniable. And with his attendance, we could ensure that other representatives being representatives from other states could also and would also join that convention in September of 1787. But if we're to address the Articles of Confederation and find them with the lack of energy, the lack of authority, what is it about the articles that were so deficient. It had no power to tax. It had no power to compel any one of its members, the 13 members of the confederation to do anything. They could be asked for contributions to support of the national expenses, particularly foreign debts and domestic debts incurred during the revolution. It could ask the states to help resolve issues of the Western lands. In fact, Virginia took a leading role in 1785 and said that the Western land claims of Virginia would be given over to the new Congress into the new government, the Articles of Confederation was then commanding. In the resolve of these issues, it became apparent without the energy and authority that the articles would have to be changed. But any change to be made with the Articles of Confederation, according to the Articles of Confederation themselves, required all 13 states to agree to the change. And this would never happen. Frankly, in New York and Rhode Island were frequent objectives to any change in the Articles of Confederation and any demonstrative efforts, the articles would make in resolving national issues. I remember writing a paper called The Vices of the Confederation, and it was a rather deliberate attempt to indicate the various deficiencies of the Articles as a national government. When we met in September of 1787, it was the resolve of all those in attendance in Philadelphia to cherish, preserve and perpetuate the Union of the States. We realized that if any one of the states were going to survive, it required the action of all the states together to ensure that survival of each of its members. In the issues of the Articles of Confederation, it dealt with national issues, as I said, that no one state or group of states could affect. And so a new national government had to be established on different grounds in the Articles of Confederation, on different grounds entirely. And in this pursuit of the unity of the states, the independence of the 13 states, the sovereign nature of each one of those states, the ability of the state to control everything that the state did, both internally and externally from the state, would have to change fundamentally. At those issues of the 13 states that dealt with national concerns, the states would each of them have to give up their authority to deal with that aspect of national issues. Think of perhaps the national currency, a united voice in creating treaties with foreign nations and negotiating treaties of commerce with foreign nations to establish resolution amongst the states for the difficulties of the western land. Dealing with the Indian nations that each one of the states virtually had to cope with the difficulties of treaties with individual Indian nations. And this would be assumed by the national government. There were other issues of transportation of the use of the western lands beyond the Appalachians. How new states would come into the union. How a government could be established that would not be compelled to violence. Every time a change had to occur at the national level, that we had to find some means of establishing a new kind of government that would allow for the peaceful transition of administrations of congresses of legislatures at the national level. And this was the object of those meeting in Philadelphia in 1787. Now some say that the Congress that was meeting under the Articles of Confederation meeting in New York never gave permission to the convention in Philadelphia to change entirely the Articles of Confederation. But in the instructions to the convention in 1787 in Philadelphia, there were striking words and was to render the national government adjacent to the needs of the people and of the states. And this required quite a change in the philosophy of government that the states had to give up their sovereignty in certain realms of governance. And that this giving up of this authority they were able to exercise each of them separately would now be given over to a national government. It was important to distinguish between national issues and state issues. And this is where the idea of a federated government comes into play. The governance does take place on issues of a national character and also of a domestic character. Those of a national character had to be greatly defined to separate them from state authorities. And the Constitution then sought to become a limited form of government at the national level that dealt with solely national issues that no one state or group of states could accomplish on their own right. And as a consequence, the states had to give up some of their authority and many states were reluctant to do that. We get into the issues of the Constitution itself and the elements that composed it, the checks and balances of the new government. If men were angels, no government would be necessary. But under the circumstances, we know that men, particularly in groups, enlarge assemblies are anything but angels. So we had to create a government that would not only control the people, but a government that could control itself. These thoughts of many of the men at the convention in Philadelphia in that summer of 1787. The idea of religious beliefs, many of the colonies turn provisional states to independent sovereign states. Some of those states had established religions. And great fines and punishment would be imposed on individuals that neither paid the taxes or the tithes to the churches in their respective states. People punished and imprisoned and such. Remember much in Orange County, the reaction to the Baptist, the handover presbytery that sent petitions regarding their right to preach and to pray and to establish churches. These are matters very serious in Virginia and they certainly were prevalent in most of the other states as well. So a distinction between the church and the state was almost implicit in establishing this new government. We wanted to establish a government whose sovereignty rested in the people, not in the hands of a king, not in the hands of an aristocracy, or bureaucracy as some call the government even today here in 1821. The effort was to establish a form of government that had implicit assumptions about the nature of republic. And this effort to create a republic, to embrace the idea of energy and authority in the national government, to distinguish between national affairs and state affairs, to render the document agreeable to sufficient numbers of people that it could be ratified and implemented over many of the provincial and partisan views that were extant in each of the states at the time. It was a very difficult course. The questions that were posed, the ideas of republican government, that is, a government founded on the principle that the sovereignty remains in the hands of the people. It was very different. Under the article's confederation, the sovereignty was in the hands of the states. But we wanted to embrace the states. We wanted to embrace the people of all of the states, not as one consolidated government, but as the people represented in their respective states. So the constitution was finally written and finally prepared and sent to the United States in Congress assembled meeting in New York as the formal organized body of the article's confederation. The document was sent off. Not many of us were very enthusiastic about it. I was rather depressed that it did not contain certain elements which I thought were important. But nonetheless, it was sent to New York and then sent to the several states for their ratification. But it's important to recall the ratification was not to take place in the state legislatures themselves. But rather that each state would form a special ratifying convention for the sole purpose of accepting or rejecting this new proposed constitution. And by the people sending representatives to their respective conventions in each of the states, ratifying conventions in each of the states. The most general and the most generous determination of voting suffrage of voting abilities were extended in the choosing of the delegates in each of the states to their respective ratifying conventions. And it's important to realize that the representatives then at each ratifying convention in each of the 13 states would be representative of most of the people at the time. And that by their ratifying the constitution by convention, the people were ratifying this new constitution and not the respective state legislatures. It's one of the first acts which the state legislatures have to give up their authority to speak for the states rather the people spoke for the state. And when sufficient number of states had ratified the constitution, it would be implemented. This is a long story. But it's requisite to realize that the course of events in an independent relatively independent autonomous colonial situation as part of England sending raw materials to England for their manufacture. That this experience of generations growing up in these 13 colonies, soon to become independent states after the war. That this idea of Republican government, this idea of people governing themselves was so fundamental that questions about how they would govern themselves. What kind of what form of government would they establish for themselves becomes critical and requires a certain degree of attention. Not only in upon the people who were there in 1787. Most of them are gone now I reflect. But as I think of it, there. There were questions that were posed at the time. But received resolution because we had to establish the document. The questions that revolve around a Republican form of government are numerous. And they will continue to be numerous, because they're never actually resolved to the satisfaction of a pure Republican government. Each generation must address the same issues. They must address the same kinds of problems that arose and creating a government where the sovereignty is left in the hands of the people. There is no other authority than the people themselves. And so it is important to hear in this September of 1821 that we revisit the issues that arose about the Constitution. Who should be governing national affairs? Should New Hampshire be having any part in judging what Georgia should do regarding the Florida question or the Yazoo Lens scandal or the Mississippi River? Should Georgia be involved in resolving issues between provinces of Canada? And British claims in Canada were their claims in the Euristic County area in the North of Massachusetts. These are problems that will ever persist in this nation and must be revisited and given consequence. And that is why I think in this particular forum, we can realize that we don't address questions that the founders did. They did not accomplish their task and then go on to other issues. The kinds of problems that they sought to resolve, the questions that they sought to answer were temporary and formed under the best of intentions and under limited experience. And that renders our government a continual experiment in Republican government. And one which no generation can avoid by passing off the obligation of its consideration, its foundation onto other individuals. We are all tradesmen. We all have different skills. We have obligations to our family, the most church. We have many obligations to our professions, to our local communities. But in all cases, no matter who we are and what we're doing, we should resolve these issues and continually address them each generation. And the 17th of September, this month of September, is always a good time to visit many of these issues and discuss with others their opinions. Many will resolve that our differences in opinion can divide us, but our similarities of principle to further perpetuate and keep the union of the states a union should supersede all of these difficulties. I hope my reflections have been of some value to you and I hope we may continue the discussion through the course of the day and the days ahead. Well, thank you so much, President Madison. I mean, that was a wonderful explanation of how the Constitution came about and brought up many, many questions. So we're going to get to some questions in just a second, but I would like to say first thank you to the folks who are watching. And if you haven't written in where you're watching from, let us know. We've got some people from Lake Charles, Louisiana. I hope you are safe. I know that's been difficult with the hurricanes that area. We've got folks from North Carolina, Long Island, New York, Minnesota and Tennessee. And I'm sure there are folks out there from other places. So let us know. And, you know, interesting, of course, many of those states, President Madison, would not have been states you would have recognized. In fact, I think, well, North Carolina, New York, but the others are new and since 1821. And so I think that goes along with, you know, talking about the Western lands and how that those issues were going to be dealt with. But I think, too, the other comment that you made is something that we need to reflect on each year. And that is, you know, where we are. And we do continue to struggle with many of the same questions that you have brought up. And it is the Constitution is not a simple document that explains everything. And that actually brings me to a question from one of our listeners. And I know that this is maybe a little bit difficult. But we do have some some young folks and could you explain the Constitution briefly in terms that people who don't know a lot about our government could understand. That's a lot to ask. But, you know, I think it's anyway, so please look forward to your answer. Forgive me if, like General Washington, I've grown old in the service of my country and I'm afraid that the need for spectacles becomes apparent. He said that at Newberg when confronting the officers. Louisiana came into the Union in the 30th of April in 1812 during my administration. So I have a lot of pride in Louisiana. In the convention, there were basically two objects. The first was to form a structure of government. And this is where there was a establishment of a legislative branch being obviously the most formal and perhaps should be endowed with the most authority in the government if one is to look to one of the branches as a source of authority. The executive branch obviously to execute the laws of the land and the Supreme Court to resolve issues at the national level that pertain amongst states, citizens and states, states with one another and even conflicts with foreign lands. So the structure was very important how it was established. And of that element of the Constitution that is most critical, it is probably the most important aspect of the Constitution that should not be subject to flip and change. The second subject of the Constitution is where its authority lay. At the end of that convention in 1787 we created a committee of style that took all the information from the four months of the convention discussions and put them into a written form. And there was a committee of style. I was on that committee of style along with Gouverneur Morris. Gouverneur Morris had it in mind to set a preamble to the Constitution. And that was to it would itself not be a source of authority, but it would describe what the Constitution sought to do. And many people are familiar with that preamble and the promote domestic welfare and such and provide for the common defense and such a general indication of the authority of the national government. Now that authority would probably change and the way that authority is exercised would change as new experience with this new government would come to pass. And so in dealing with the Constitution, we're dealing with the structure of the of the government, which really should be subjected to the very narrowest of changes if there's any change at all. And secondly, to the authority that that government might exercise. And this is perhaps a bit more subjected to the vicissitudes of politics at rage and the changes that occur as as the government is exercised over a period of time. Now I give an example in the first example with the structure of government, we made a change in in 1802 with the 12th Amendment. The 12th Amendment changed the method by which the president and vice president would be chosen. They would be chosen separately. Under the Constitution, the president, there would be an electoral college that would choose the president with the one with the highest number of votes, electoral votes become president in the sex second highest to become vice president. This was changed in 1802 a structural change in the Constitution that each of those offices would be chosen separately. In the matter of the second authority that came in actually an example of that came in during my administration at the very end after the war that started in 1812 was concluded in 1815, the government had a great deal of money. Extra revenues, probably $16 million in extra revenues if one wants to become specific. And it was one of the few governments in the world that the inclusion of the of the war in Europe between England and France and other parts of the world that had excessive revenues. And the question my administration is how do you use those revenues. I recommended to the Congress that they use the monies to improve roads and bridges canals projects that had begun years before, and were endeavored to be completed by local groups or private local groups or public local groups, and were somewhat dependent on one another the conclusion of a canal would be dependent on something else occurring to the east. I recommended to the Congress they spend the money in this repair of roads and bridges and canals. But I also said to the Congress and that address in December of 1815 that to do that there was no authority under the Constitution for the government to undertake this commercial exercise. We prepared words for the for the post office and established military roads but the general commercial endeavors of the nation, there was no authority in the Constitution to do that. So I recommended the Congress that they prepare a amendment to the Constitution, since everyone was pretty much an agreement that we had the money we had the ability and the, and the will to do it. That we prepare a constitutional amendment that would give the national government this further national authority to improve roads and bridges and canals. They discussed it for nearly two years and on the day that was leaving office and on March 3 and March 4 and in 1817 the bill came to my to my desk was called the bonus bill introduced by Mr. Calhoun from South Carolina. Well, I vetoed that bill. And I vetoed it because it was unconstitutional. They had done all this work to distribute money they argue to where the money should go and what state should get it. But fundamentally, it was unconstitutional in my mind. And in that in mind I vetoed the bill for its lack of constitutionality. And the bill was suspended. It was brought up I understand and Mr. Monroe's administration. And I have not heard the status of that improvement of roads bridges and canals, but I also have not heard of any constitutional amendments so I'm hoping it will not pass, and that no government will exercise authority that the Constitution does not afford. Well, thank you. And I mean, that's a lot of information and yes and looking ahead in 2021, you know, we're looking at similar issues in our Congress of money going forward so we're jumping ahead 200 years. And yes, that issue of what is constitutional and what is not is something a question that continues to it continues with us today. So just to add a few more we've got some folks from Finland Europe which is fantastic, and some folks from Bellevue, Washington. Here's another question and more about the Constitution after was signed on 7 September 17 1787. Did the Constitution and you actually talked a little bit about this immediately go into effect but maybe review that. And what happened between Oh, I guess in terms of government September 17 1787 and March 4 1789 when the Constitution commenced its authority so two questions, did it immediately go into effect and in those years in between. What was the federal authority. The under the articles confederation the the governing body was called the United States and Congress assembled there was no executive the the Congress itself from amongst its own number would would would elect a president we had 14 presidents under the articles of confederation, but your the presence were only chosen by the delegates to preside over their own meetings in the Congress there was no, there's nothing of a Supreme Court or or an executive branch per se. When the Congress had had had had recommended that a convention be called for people to review the articles of confederation or pair a report on the status of the national government. They did so, as a committee, and the committee at the end of its activities in September of 1787 submitted their report it was not called the Constitution in the report, it was a report from the convention, recommending changes in the national government. And that's why it was sent to New York, New York under the articles confederation the Congress was debating then of whether they could approve or not approve the document. But decided it was better to send it to the respective states for their ratification from the period of September 17 1787 to the implementation of the new government under the Constitution in the fourth of March, the governing body until November. It was November of 1788. The governing body was still the articles confederation. They suspended their operations in November of 1788 would do so anyway, and said that the new government would would meet, presumably in March, but a quorum had to be established in March of 1789. And that that that quorum was really not achieved until April 1789. That that's the nature of events that took place in the authority of the government. It was merely report from the Constitutional Convention. So when they signed that document they merely signed the Constitution or what they call the report that was going to be sent to the Congress and meeting in New York, and that Congress in New York the United States and Congress this assembled would send it to the respective states for their ratification or not ratification if enough states, if nine states did not ratify that Constitution, the new Constitution would not go into effect. That's why the issues of the ratifying conventions became very critical. So the idea of progressing to this new government, which we have cherished now these last 34 years, the issue of it coming into being was was very, very tenuous one cannot begin to suggest the number of occasions, which the opportunity for this new Constitution to be established would have been laid asunder. And it was a very difficult time for those of us who are trying to follow the course of events and to make sure that the Constitution would be finally approved. It was not a foregone conclusion by any means. Thank you. So we're just time for a couple more questions and this is actually sort of a dual question. Were you satisfied with the new Constitution and then looking back on it in retrospect from 1821. Has your opinion changed about it in any way. Well, my opinion about the Constitution has not changed. I think I think I mentioned earlier that many of those who are in Congress today in 1821 were very young even if they were born at the time the Declaration of Independence was made. They were very, very young when the Constitution Convention met in 1787. And I think perhaps it is normal that generations proceed under a certain degree of momentum. And revisiting earlier questions that brought about the Constitution revisiting questions involved in writing the Constitution seemed to become less important to them. And as a consequence you see members of that Congress submitting that bonus bill to me in 1817 with the thought that if something could be done if they had the money to do it, the will to do it, and the resources to do it, that that's enough authority for the national government to be engaged in doing that particular function, the improvement of roads, bridges and canals in this particular instance. And they begin to forget that the Constitution is supposed to create a national government of limited authority and that only authority is granted to it would allow it to engage in activities. And that much is already lost in 34 years. If they can present a bonus bill that has no constitutional authority and expect that the president is going to sign off on it. And it's this momentum with lack of examination that perhaps disturbs me. A general education for individuals a familiarity with the issues that surrounded that government that issues that can perpetually revolve around efficient and appropriate republican government. It is not a question of they ought to do it. They have to do it for it to persevere. And I think even in 34 years we've seen perhaps that younger generations are are only familiar with the eventual outcomes of issues and not dealing with the issues themselves who examines the anti federalist points against the Constitution today. The anti federalist lost. So their opinions can't be very important, but they in fact they are, because they're part of the discussion of what it constitutes good republican government and we really cannot survive. Unless people are dealing with those difficult questions and not passing off their obligations to former generations, or to others, simply because they have neither the energy inclination or interest to do it. We become all members. We become all founders of the republic by our continuing examination, as did the people 34 years ago in 1787. Well, thank you. And we, we have quite a few more questions that we are really running out of time here. And, but I do have one last question for you. And today, or in on September 16, 1821, and you have talked about the younger generation quite a bit, but what, what advice would you give to young people in your day? The establishment of the new United States of America under the Constitution engages citizens always to be engaged in the running of its government. We don't have the convenience of a monarch monarchy where a king will determine ultimately or parliament will determine what is going to happen. We are all responsible for choosing those representatives who are enlightened, who constitute a political virtuousness, who are able to engage with intelligence, the issues of the day to become familiar with the issues of the day. And the great function of children is to have the desire to be engaged in choosing representatives, to be engaged in knowing what the events that are taking place that require them to choose responsible legislators. And certainly, and above all, not to devolve their responsibility, even as young citizens onto the shoulders of others. There was no one more responsible to the governance of the American people than each one of the American people. And hopefully the number of participants in the government locally and in the states and the national government will begin to embrace more and more elements of the society. And that those more and more elements will become responsible citizens, no matter what their trade, no matter what their vocation, what their advocations. They have to be engaged and not devolve that responsibility on the shoulders of others, or they themselves will suffer the consequences and the momentum of a republican government will be lost to inattention and to probably to violence. And we must avoid that at all costs. Perpetuate the union of the states and to be involved in that activity. Well, thank you. And I, you know, that engagement is so important in a way that takes me back to that first line of the Constitution. We the people that, you know, we are the people who are make up the government and you have mentioned that actually a number of times throughout. Thank you so very much for joining us this morning. And this has been an enlightening discussion and talk and I certainly and I should I know our audience has enjoyed hearing from you. So we wish you an excellent rest of your day. And perhaps we will meet at your home in Virginia someday. Thank you. So as I had mentioned, here is our Docs Teach Constitution activities. Please check it out. If you go to docsteach.org and then backslash topics and click and then Constitution. There are quite a few of activities. So please check it out. I think you'll find something for all grade levels and all abilities. And then join us the end of October on October 28 to meet Washington Irving, which I found out. Mr Irving had visited the Madison's at Montpelier in Virginia in Orange County, Virginia during his travel. So a really great connection. And of course, I'm sure as many of you know, Washington Irving is the is often called the father of the short story, the American short story and is the author of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, which makes it especially appropriate program as we get closer to Thanksgiving, excuse me, Halloween. So thank you for joining us and enjoy the rest of your day and happy Constitution Day to everyone tomorrow, September 17.


Mother is Maxwell house the best coffee in the whole world? Well your father says so and your father knows best Yes, it's father knows best transcribed in Hollywood starring Robert Young as father a half-hour visit with your neighbors the Andersons brought to you by Maxwell house the coffee that's bought and enjoyed by more people than any other brand of coffee at any Price Maxwell house always good to the last drop This is the time of year I think when most people become restless the weather's bad summer vacations are a long way off It's one of those times when you wish you could just get away from it all for a while Spend a weekend in the country and relax Well before you get any such ideas Let's stop off in Springfield at the white frame house on Maple Street and see how the Andersons were affected one fine Friday by a notion just like that like this Mother if you don't only speak to father about it. I'm sorry Betty, but I don't think it's a good idea Gee whiz all right Kathy stop playing with your cereal and drink your milk Well, it isn't as though we wanted something stupendous Creepers Janie Liggett's father takes them all the time I know dear but the Liggetts have more money than we do Joe Phillips fathers and any richer than we are and they've been away twice Everybody can have fun But us all we ever do is stay home and drink milk Well, of course, there's another way of doing it if it's so terribly important why don't you ask your father? You mean me I Mean all of you. All I can do is say no mother's absolutely right as soon as father comes down We'll have but ask him. Oh good Why do I have to ask him? It was your idea That's right leave all the dirty work to me. You always do anyway. I bet he but doesn't want to do it He never wants to do anything. Is that so? Yes, that's so I do more around here than you and Kathy put together You do not I do too Good morning everybody Who carries the garbage out I do who takes care of the ashes I do good morning bud I work harder than any kid in this neighborhood and you know it bud when there's grass. I have to cut it Leaves I have to rake them sidewalks. I have to sweep them bud every time It's nose gets handed a shovel me every time someone has to go to the store who gets called me, but any time there's Any time that this is bud Yes, dad. Good morning Good morning dad That's better Now as soon as your mother hands me my coffee. There you are dear Thank you. You may tell me the reason for that impassioned recitation of sterling if highly questionable accomplishment huh What's the beef bud? Well Betty said that I ought to ask you and I just said I wouldn't in a few million well-chosen words Well gosh, why should I it was her idea in the first place what was what we were talking about What were you talking about Betty's idea? Let's start all over again from the beginning good morning, bud Good morning beautiful day. Isn't it Jim dear just a moment Morgan. I'm trying to sneak up on this thing What thing dear Margaret, please one at a time? All right, bud Betty had an idea and you don't see why you should because when it snows you have to run errands with a shovel Then what is that what I said? Thank you father yes, Betty father we were thinking that is we all thought Well, what I mean is it'd be just as good for you it would oh, of course And you'd probably have a much better time than anybody where what? Where would I have this wonderful time? Where we were talking about I see good morning, bud Morning dad beautiful day isn't it? Margaret if you'll just have a little patience, please. I got a lot closer that time Well gee whiz if somebody doesn't ask him I'll be late for school Would it ease the situation if I said no without anybody asking me Well, I was just trying to help Here you are dear nice hot cereal smells wonderful cream and sugar, bud, please okay, dad. Thank you father daddy Dan yes, we were just wondering do you supposed to be all right just this one if we all went away the mountain for the weekend Is that the question yes no Hmm tastes good to see where you see kids It wasn't hard at all was it all you have to do speak right up, but you said no that's right Holy cow Joe Phillips didn't even want to go to the mountains and his father took him Good the ligates go practically every weekend, and they have a wonderful time fine Everybody goes except us. We don't ever get to go any place. You know, it's a funny thing We've got a comfortable home warm clean practically bulging with modern conveniences, but is anybody satisfied? No, you'd rather spend the weekend shivering in some flea trap in the woods But father it's fine sure why this sudden passion for the mountains What's the matter with Springfield? Oh gosh? We want to get out in the snow. What do you think that is in the backyard confetti? We Mean lots of snow father millions of bushels of snow, okay, I'll talk to Ed Davis and see if we can borrow some of theirs Father I've got a brand new ski suit, and I've never even worn it and what good are my skates And what good is a sled without hills, and they don't have any big hills in Springfield They keep all the hills in the mountains Look kids, you don't think I like to say no. Who do you it's just that? Well, we can't afford it. It doesn't cost very much father really it doesn't Betty knows a place near Crestland We can rent a cabin for practically nothing, and it doesn't even have water in it. So look at the money Will you explain to them it's right on the edge of a lake father, and and you can even rent an ice boat and the hills are 300 miles long. Why is it that I always have to be the villain?  It's just that this would be so much fun for the children, but it wouldn't Margaret That's what I'm trying to tell you. I know those little cabins you can get for practically nothing They're one-room shanties with no improvements except built-in pneumonia But Joe Phillips told Joe Phillips was sick for a week after their last trip, wasn't they well sure and his father was flat On his back for two weeks. I know dad, but nothing happened to Mrs. Phillips How can you tell Helen Phillips could have a galloping case of sleeping sickness and nobody'd ever know the difference Well, I'm just trying to explain Jamie Liggett's family goes to a place Betty. Yes, father. We are not the ligates. I know father Nobody can afford to do what the ligates do But father and that includes the ligates Father if you'll only let me tell you tell me what we don't mind roughing it for a few days Do we heck? No gosh, it'd be worth getting pneumonia Kathy. Well, wouldn't it? It may be that I very old-fashioned ideas But I believe that a father has certain obligations to his family and keeping them alive happens to be one Now let's not talk about it anymore I'll be 50 years old before I get a chance to use my slag Fine, you can take your grandchildren for a ride Daddy you're silly I am huh sure they'll have their own slag Margaret wait till you hear what happened. Where are the kids? Well, come on down. We're going to the mountains Most amazing thing you ever heard What happened once in a million years Everybody take it easy father what happened well, mr. Gribble came into my office this afternoon and we We were discussing families and children and first thing you know, I told him how I was letting mine down Jim dear you aren't really well. I'm not now mr. Gribble says we can use his hunting lodge A hunting lodge, holy cow. Wait till I tell Janey Lidgett Well, Jim, I thought you didn't want to go to the mountain Margaret I didn't want to go to one of those shacks the kids were talking about but Gribble's hunting lodge Well, that's a different story. You can just imagine what kind of a place he has. Oh father You're wonderful. You're just the most wonderful father anybody ever had and how well don't just stand there go on upstairs and pack Jim you don't mean now Of course, I mean now if we want to get there before dark we've got to leave 10 minutes ago Takes over two hours to get there, but I can't go now father. I have a date tonight and tomorrow night so have I Well, if this isn't You said you wanted to go to the mountains didn't you sure but we didn't mean today Holy cow Jim we can't possibly go on such short notice where our clothes aren't ready and then we have to buy food Gribble said the place was loaded with food And what kind of clothes do you need shove a couple of sweaters in a suitcase and you're all set What'll I tell Billy Smith and Dick Andrews? What'll I tell Joe Phillips? I don't care what you tell them I told mr. Gribble. We'd be happy to use his hunting lodge and we're going to use it I thought you wanted to use your sled Oh, that's right Father you don't even like the mountain.  I'm starting to have fun right now. See But you said we'd all get pneumonia I don't care if we all get double pneumonia You said you wanted to go to the mountains and you're going to the mountains if I have to drag you Well, let's start packing after all I know father knows best Like it or not the family is going to take that trip to the mountains We'll see how they fare in just a moment But right now ladies with all coffee prices high these days. It really pays to remember Maxwell house is true economy Yes, and here's how one lady found that out when coffee prices went up She started shopping around thinking she could find a cheaper coffee that would do but when she brought one home Her husband turned thumbs down too weak. He said so she put a lot more in the pot But still her husband wouldn't drink it up. It may be strong now. He told her but the flavors all wrong This coffee just doesn't have what it takes and Meal after meal leftover coffee went to waste Then she realized Maxwell house is true economy Sure, it is because you get so many more truly good cups of coffee from every pound Discover the wonderful difference that vacuum packing means the extra freshness and clear rich taste See how much more your husband and you enjoy that wonderful flavor So good to the last drop you drink every drop you'll say Maxwell house is true economy So get your money's worth and more remember in your cup on your table Maxwell house is true economy always good To the last drop Well a few peaceful hours have gone by and on the edge of a quiet mountain road white with new fallen snow We find the anderson's the air is crisp and clear and because of the altitude just a trifle thin Maybe that's why poor Jim is puffing just a little or perhaps. There's another reason like this Okay, bud when I give you the word give it the gas Okay, dad. Are you ready? You bet? Well, let's go Okay, but that's enough I said that's enough turn it off. Okay Hey No good country roads Always getting stuck didn't work on dad. No, it didn't work now.   Look at the sky. Look. Look. Look. How do you expect me to see anything? We aren't off the road. We're still on the road. We're halfway through the road Oh dear, maybe we ought to go back home Margaret. How are we going to go anywhere? We're stuck. Well, I mean after we get out Let's worry about it when we get out if we get out Now let's not start that again catty Jim I told you we should have brought some food. Well, how did I know we were going to get stuck? We should have been there an hour ago But you want me dad? No, I just want to hear your name It's such a beautiful name so warm and friendly Holy cow now, what did I do? Nothing come on out here and help me push. Okay The chains won't take on that. I don't know what it is. It doesn't seem to be the snow so much I think we got into some kind of a hole Dog on thing looks like the Grand Canyon Betty Slide over and back of the wheel Just a minute Kathy put it in load when I give you the signal let the clutch out fast.  There's nothing so complicated about it What is it Kathy? Well, good for us. Maybe now we'll get out of here Hello there. I said hello. We're stuck in the snow Have a little trouble Yes, we're stuck in the snow. No Sure looked like you had trouble We are we're stuck. Hey, I said we're stuck.  I didn't say we were actors. We want you to pull us out of the snow Putting on a show, huh? I said turn the motor off. You seen young fella. I said we're stuck in the snow Well, you don't have to shout. I ain't deep We'd appreciate it very much if you'd pull us out.  Yes, we certainly are Well, won't be much of a job Where are you putting on the show? I Told you before we're not actors. No, no Then what are you doing putting on a show? Putting on a show. I never even mentioned the show. I said we were stuck in the snow. Oh No, I thought you said show No Well, don't make much difference never go anyway Here grab on to this tow rope. All right. Want me to hook it up dad? Yeah, go ahead, bud I'll wrap it around the bumper a couple of times better hook it onto the frame, bud. Okay. I sure could have sworn you said you was actors No, we're just up here for the weekend The friend of ours is letting us use his hunting lodge. Maybe you know him JP. Gribble Gribble No, can't say to do what he looked like. Well, he's rather large as a very deep voice about 50 years old very dignified Hey, you mean the fellow it comes up from Springfield fatso Yes, he lives in Springfield Well, you ain't gonna get the fatso's place this way. I'm not no sir. You're heading down to the lake. Oh Yes, you took the wrong turn back at the corners. I see is it very far from here. No Won't take you more than 20 or 30 minutes I'll show you a special shortcut save you three or four miles anyway Hi, dude, son. I think I've just about got it. Okay. I'm out from under there Hurry up, bud. You've been very kind and I want you to know we appreciate it Oh shucks ain't hardly nothing What are people for if not to help one another if you can't be neighborly? I always say you might just as well go some place and lay down That's all I'm doing being neighborly.  Well, I'll have you yanked out of there in no time. Thank you. You'll never know how grateful we are Oh, that's okay. Would you like to give me the money now? We What well tainted I don't trust you but these here tractors don't go very fast a couple of fellas got away He's slick as a whistle. Oh Worked very neighborly. Uh, not so as you could notice it Well, hand up the $15 and we'll get going $15 Hi ain't it Why it's outrageous. Yeah, I know But don't forget I got a split with a fella what dug the hole Are you stopping Jim? Oh, it's no sense going any further. I can't even see the road Boy it sure snowing Father, I told you we were on the wrong road. We are not on the wrong road He said turn left after the small bridge and then right at the fork, but he said two miles and you went almost five Well, I have a very silly habit when I make a turn.  Oh, Jim, please don't get upset. I'm not getting upset But we're not lost. Well, where are we? How do I know? Stop asking silly questions dad what do you see something out there? Where over there in back of those trees father, it's a house I don't see any Oh, that's no house. It looks more like a cattle shelter. Well, it's better than being cooped up in the car. My legs are paralyzed I'm hungry Jim we've got to do something we can't sit here all night. Maybe someone lives here dad They might know where mr. Gribble's place is. All right, let's go ask him Boy that wind's cold. Well, don't just stand there. Let's go Jim wait a minute bud margaret. There's no need for you to come along If you don't mind dear we'd rather margaret. I'm perfectly capable of asking Oh, you mean they might have some food Right now if I had to choose between a mink coat and a cup of coffee, I'd be reaching for the cream and sugar Well, come on Kathy. I'll carry you Thank you daddy Let's go bud When I think of where I could be right now Betty sitting in a nice warm movie eating nice hot popcorn Betty this whole thing was your idea My idea and if I hear so much as one word of complaint out of you. So help me.  We're too warm and comfortable. No, we've got to be like the ligates and the phillips Got to go to the mountains for the weekend Look at this place the worst-looking dump. I've ever seen The door's locked Well, don't you think you ought to knock first? There's nobody inside dad. I looked through the window Oh dear now, what are we going to do bud? You've got heavy shoes on see if you can kick the lock off the door Oh jim. Do you think it's all right margaret? Go ahead bud. Okay dad. Don't kick it too hard. You might shove the whole building over Gosh that was easy. Don't feel too excited about it samson A large termite could have done the same thing Well, let's go on in. Oh, I'm scared. There's nothing to be afraid of Kathy go on in Oh Jim isn't this place awful? Well, this is what they wanted a weekend in the mountains Aren't there any lights? No And the bath is probably the first door on the left and 300 yards straight ahead Dad here's a candle. Well light it. Okay What's the matter where up in the wall? Kathy It's just a trophy Kathy probably shot by whoever owns this horrible joint See there's a plaque under it. Oh, I don't like it. Let me have the candle bud. There you are dad Oh, look Kathy. There's nothing to it. See it says black bear 840 pounds Oh, no Jim, what is it? December 1st 1938 jp. Gribble So that's mr. Gribble's hunting lodge Looks like the family's got to make the best of a very poor bargain and that brings up a mighty important point Ladies when you buy coffee remember Maxwell house is true economy Sure Maxwell house is true economy Of course, you can find cheaper coffees if the price tag is all you consider But just consider this Is there any economy when you have to use lots more coffee to make it strong enough yet even then you can't get the flavor you want Is there any economy when the flavor is so lacking your family leaves coffee unfinished in the cup? Figure it out. You'll say Maxwell house is true economy So many more cups of wonderfully good coffee in every pound so rich and extra flavorful So good to the last drop you always want more Yes, there's good reason why more people drink Maxwell house than any other brand at any price Maxwell house is true economy So tomorrow get your money's worth and more get Maxwell house Always good to the last drop The horrible night is over at last now. It's saturday morning The storm has passed the sun is shining and the entire world seems brighter and far more cheerful To most people that is good morning. Good morning, dear. Did you sleep well like a top? I'm still spinning Oh my back I'll never get it straightened out Where are the kids? They're outside in the snow. Oh, they're having a wonderful time See you can see them through the window. I can see them through the wall Margaret have you ever seen any place worse than this in your life? No, dear. I haven't hunting lodge Just wait till I see that guy grippled. Oh, he meant well, dear He should have heard the build-up. He gave it to Secluded restful the most beautiful view in the country. Well, there is a nice view Jim. Sure, especially through the roof. Look at it Well, you'll feel better after a nice hot breakfast. Oh, you found the food, huh? Uh-huh a whole closet full good I haven't eaten since noon yesterday. Well, what would you like some nice hot beans? Margaret?  I'll have eight dozen eggs and about 40 sausages. No sausages, dear. How about some nice hot beans? Oh, thank you. I'll just have eggs. No eggs, dear. How about some nice hot beans? Margaret, I don't like beans. Why can't I? Margaret yes, dear You mean yes, dear a whole big closet full of beans No trouble no brown to the very last you know what Yes, instant Maxwell house means great coffee instantly in your cup Here's real instant coffee all pure Maxwell house coffee in instant form enjoy instant Maxwell house Instantly good to the very last you know what Join us again next week when we'll be back with father knows best starring robert young is jim anderson With roi bargy and the Maxwell house orchestra and yours truly bill form Don't forget membership cards for the robert young good drivers club are waiting for you at your local NBC station Get a man-to-man or dad-to-daughter pledge and sign up today Be a good driver get your membership card in the robert young good drivers club today Now until next thursday good night and good luck from the makers of Maxwell house America's favorite brand of coffee always good to the last drop Father knows best was transcribed in hollywood and written by ed james Now stay tuned in for screengill theater, which follows immediately over most of these stations Next barbara stanwick and robert taylor in double indemnity on mbc


And welcome to Lady Aida. Hey everybody, and welcome to the desk of Lady Aida. It's me, Lady Aida, and here I am at my desk. Gonna get some fun stuff to show off today. Got some interesting chips. We've got some cool turntables. And of course, you've got the great search right after. So do we have any updates or news this week? First off, I just wanna say happy Easter, Passover, Romanon, whatever you celebrate, whatever it is, hopefully you're coming together and sharing some good times. Good food. And we're here together now. So this week, normal week of shows, I think we have JP guest host for show and tell. And kicking off desk of Lady Aida is probably one of the most advanced, interesting record players that has so many forward thinking things that you've probably never seen and heard about before and we have one. Okay. So Lady Aida, why don't you show off the Sony Flamingo. Okay, why don't you go to the overhead and we'll do a tour of this thing here. So this is the. That's a record player. This is a record player. Not a CD player. Some people saw it online when I posted up a photo and they said, is that a CD player? It looks like a CD player. We're gonna play a live record, a pink record shortly. So you can actually kind of see there's this long slot and the record goes into the slot and it stands up. It's called the Flamingo. It can stand, it can actually be played vertical or horizontal. It has a tracking and direct drive. Flip it upside down and show the bottom of it because one of the things I think people don't, who've seen these don't realize is on the bottom of it, there's these little legs.  Now go to the other side. Yeah, so show that. Tilt the camera up a little bit. Yeah, hold on. And then. How do I do this just now? Yeah. So this flips out. Yeah, now it's really solid and it won't tip over. Yeah, this is like the coolest part. It's like a very. It's one of the coolest parts. Okay, and this is power. You can battery power it, you can power it from six volts. Yeah, it's portable. You can see, which is portable. Also on the back, show the little hook. So this is meant to also be mounted on a wall. You can also make it portable. You can also wall mount it. It can lay horizontal or vertical. And here's little rubber bumpers to protect it if the wall, so you can, you have like two mounting slots. Yeah. It can play 45s or 33s, volume, two headphone, audio line outs. Yeah, and it says record, which is interesting. No, for recording to tape. I looked at the manual. Yeah. It doesn't, obviously you can't record to a record on this. No, of course not. Record is, they encouraged on the hardware to tell people to record things. And then one other thing that Lydia will talk about, it actually, some of these did wireless broadcasting, but there wasn't such a thing as Bluetooth. Yeah. So we'll talk about that in a bit. We'll do that. Okay, so you want me to show this off? Yeah. And this is the front. Yeah, so why don't you move the record out of the way, stand it up with the, put this little leg out. Put the legs out. Okay, hold on. And then we're gonna go to the other camera camera. Okay, gonna put the legs, legs. Yeah, so show it, show it how big it is compared to Lady Aida. There you go. And then we've got another cam view, just so you can see it. It's like one frame per second back off. Okay, so hold on, let me get this out. Yeah, I think I'm gonna go to the other view since this web camera ain't so great. Yeah, that's okay. This is the pink record. Okay, hold on, I'm gonna put this aside, so then I'm on side two to face out. Okay, so the record slots in. Yeah. Oh, and then, yeah, it sits nicely and then there's a little. Yeah, you can maybe move it back a little bit so it's more in camera frame. Yeah, there you go. And then this is the. You lock it. Lock it, and then I'll show up here. I'm gonna press play. And we have it plugged into a Sony speaker. Yeah, so I'm just holding it. I'm gonna put it down so it's more stable. It's okay, we can hear it. Yeah, yeah. Okay, all right, so this is a good ambient music for us to talk about. I'll go to the side of the speaker. So that gives you an idea of how big it is. Yeah, and it's cool, it's like you can see it spinning and it's just hanging out here. Yeah, and hold up the record for the camera in front of the record player. This is the Blade Runner soundtrack on vinyl. Perfect record for this particular record player. Now, when we were looking at this, there's one for parts, one that works. These are really hard to come by. Some of these allow you to transmit the audio wirelessly, so you can go ahead and stop the record. Stop the record? Yeah. Oh yeah, and inside, it's hard to sell, but inside you can see the little thing. Yeah, and then let's take the record out. Release, you can take out the record. Yeah, I'll be off stage prop. But you can be prop manager. All right, what do you want me to do with this now? So you can unplug the power and the audio. I'm gonna flip out the legs. Yeah, okay. And then if you put it on the overhead. Yeah. So right in the middle, and you can't really see it between the screen, there's a little dot behind all of it. Yeah, maybe you can. See where it says it's a Sony? And I could see it on the projector. There's a little dot directly above the orange dots. And yeah, right there. And that's where some units had a FM broadcaster. And that is what we're gonna start to talk about real soon. Well, I mean, I don't have a lot of deals with a broadcaster, I could show the webpage That's what we're doing. Right, okay. I was like, okay. Well, this one doesn't have one. I didn't build the FM broadcaster yet. Some do, some don't. So I'm gonna go to the computer. Okay, so this is a webpage about the Sony and it has some stuff and it talks about the F9. I don't know if this is the, this is the F5. So the F9, I guess, is the other version. And that one had a little hole in the back that you could use a screwdriver to adjust the FM transmitter. So FM transmitters, I think weren't legal, even low-grade ones until like about year 2000. That's because everyone was using iTrips, do you remember iTrips? Like you plug it into your MP3 player or your Walkman and you would transmit it to your car stereo system. And they're saying that's kind of what made it legal but it was basically around 102 megahertz FM. And then you would be able to you'd be able to listen to it on your stereo system. You know, even if you didn't have audio out or I don't know, I mean like I don't see why you would, I mean it is battery powered but I don't know if you would necessarily take it somewhere and like.  In your car? Yeah. So the interesting thing is when you think about like what happens with modern electronics now that play some type of music, usually they can use Bluetooth and transmit that audio to something else but Sony at the time, they had this really clever thing which was FM. So if you think about what this could do, this was a record player. It could go horizontal and vertical. It could broadcast on FM. It had audio out. It could play different types of records. Battery powered, hanging up on the wall. I like the hanging up on the wall. That's kind of cool because it's like. And they published the schematic at the time. Yeah. This is the dev, sorry, the service manual. Yeah. So one of the things, the official name is like PSP5 or whatever. Yeah. So, you know, one of the things I'm gonna do is post up some photos and video and I'm gonna say like, hey Sony, like what are you reissue stuff like this? Like this is the Sony that we all miss. This is the Sony that a lot of people don't even know about. The sales of vinyl go up every year. This would be a really interesting reissue with some modern electronics and instead of FM or keep FM in there, put Bluetooth. Yeah. But they even have the board layout. Yeah, no memory stick though. We don't have a memory stick. This is manually routed.  Sure. And okay, so what happened? Why don't they have it anymore? We'll be able to always repair this thing and always keep it for, you know, hundreds of years. Literally. And so this is why we thought it was really neat to show and share because do you really get something like this when you buy an iPhone or the latest Sonos player? Do you want to get a replacement cabinet lever? Like they don't, obviously they don't stock these anymore but this is, this is funny. Like, you know, they use to be able to get replacement. Like that's not, there's no such thing anymore. Like you can't get like replacement. Yeah. Oh, it does have a needle by the way. That's how it works. Oh yeah. It's, I mean, circuit player. There's a needle inside. Yeah. We're not going to open it up to show that because it's protected by dust. But yeah, you can see, these are 2SC2458 transistors. They've developed all the transistors. So you can, you can theory, you know, place the transistors or the resistors are labeled. Yeah. All right. So 1983. 1983 was a good year. And one of the most unusual, cool, interesting kind of did it all right on the cusp of when consumers of things didn't really get to do what they wanted with hardware. Like that's, that was like the beginning of the end or the end of the beginning, however you want to look at it.  You know, we would use, you know, we'd use a FM transmitter chip. We actually have one in the store this size, 4713, I think. So, you know, if you wanted to update this, you know, there's also off the shelf audio to Bluetooth audio adapters. And I think even ESP32 has an example of like, you know, one of the demos you can do with it is turn it into a Bluetooth transmitter. So, yeah. I mean, like these old technologies, they can be updated, although, you know, I kind of do like audio cables. They work. They work. Okay. All right. So let me show up some other stuff. Okay. I'm still on your computer. Yeah. Okay.  No, not this one, but I thought we had a color one. One second. Yeah. We had a kit that you could put together to make a Raspberry Pi ad blocker project. And this was a really popular project that people like to build, but you can't get pi zeros anymore. And even if you did a lot of people, you know, it's hard to get all the parts in order to make this project. So we wanted to make something similar because a lot of people like to build products. It's a common thing. So we made a version with an ESP32. So we can go to the overhead real fast. And JP will be doing a project to document it, but that's called an ESP hole. And, you know, it shows the IP address. You can kind of barely see the text. Blocked 731 out so far. Yeah, hold on. There you go. So it shows the IP address and how many domains it's blocking. The only thing is it can't store like these three megabyte ad block collections like the pihole does. But, you know, I have this set up with 7,000 domains. I kind of use this, you know, there's this ad aware network. They have a 250K list of domain names. And I loaded it onto here. So, you know, that's the computer. I basically forked this project called ESP32 ad blocker. This project actually works quite well, but it doesn't use the TFT screen or mass storage. And what I liked about this project is, you know, I made it so it shows up as a disk drive and you can see all the domain names and you can set the configuration. So, you know, the SSID and password. And then the TFT is really nice because one of the most annoying things about making piholes is that every time, you know, you can't use a domain name for it. You have to use an IP address because it's your DNS. So it has to be, you know, referenced by IP, but if you don't know the IP, how do you know it? So having a TFT screen is really handy. And then I liked that it says how many ads it's blocked. So, you know it's running. Didn't know that ESP32 could work as router will expose to networks. Yeah, this connects to one network only. It's on the network and it's acting as a local DNS, just like the pihole, which also it doesn't, it's not a router, it's just a DNS server, which, you know, when one of the hosts that it gets queries for is, you know, whatever, swerve.com, I guess it's an ad network or adcolony.com, it'll just say, oh, you know, that site doesn't exist. And that way you just don't, you don't serve up any content from those. Also good for malware blocking, so not just ads, but like crypto miner networks or malware sites, it'll block those as well. So you can get, you know, it's useful for not just for ad blocking. And of course it's handy when you're on mobile because mobile browsers don't have that kind of blocking capability built in. You can't have an extension like you can on desktop.  So that's one project. And then I'm looking at some fun chips. One thing I saw is SparkFun has a library for this magnetometer. And we talked about magnetometers a week ago and I actually didn't see this during my search. This is a high precision magnetometer, but I really like the look of it. So I thought I'd also make a breakout. This is the MMC 5983. It's an 18 bit magnetometer. So I think it could be really useful for very precise readings. I think once in a while people really need a very high quality magnetometer for, you know, measuring earth field. So made a little stemma, cause it's stemma Sunday. It has iSquared C and SPI, which is another thing I kind of like. The other one was iSquared C only. And let's close that. Yes, save it. The ad blocker. This is that magnetometer. Lots in stock. So this is an addendum I think, you know, three weeks ago I was talking about this one, but it has about plus or minus one militesla. And then it's three volt logic and just iSquared C or SPI, but one kilohertz bandwidth and 18 bit resolution. So a very nice, very nice magnetometer. And this is another chip that I saw. Let me close this. That I thought was kind of interesting. I saw this on a cable that was like a USB PD cable. And I thought that it was, it was an interesting design. I'll show it later. I'm getting a sample. It's a cable that plugs into USB-C and then has a DC jack on the other end. And inside is like a little PD configuration chip that says like, hi USB-C, like I want you to deliver me nine volts or 12 volts or you know, whatever and certain current ranges.  So it's the H USB 238. And you know, what I like about this is the utter simplicity. You know, you just connect to USB data and control lines. There's a little VIN detect. There is one past transistor, but that's a good thing. You definitely want to have something to be able to enable and disable power. And then you can set the voltage and current desired that you wanted to request over just setting a resistor, which is like super easy. So you just like, you know, you can either twist a resistor or solder one in or there's I squared C. I thought that was kind of interesting. So there's two ways to set it up for configuration, which I kind of like because usually over, I don't know where the I squared C, I think I found the I squared C register map elsewhere. But here's the I set current in the V set. So you can, these are the common resistors. So, you know, you can select between five different resistances to set five, nine, 12, 15, 18 or 20 volts. Just another nice thing, I've seen other USB PD chips, but they don't have, they're like, oh, we only let you select five, 15 or 20.  So I kind of, I thought it was cool that this one would give you a range of resistances. So that's the chip. So any questions about that? Can the MMC 5093 detect magma displacements? I don't know. I've never had to measure magmas. Okay, cool. All right, so, magmas. Okay, so let's go to the great search. We'll talk about what chip I'm looking for this week. All right, that was a great search? Yes. The great search brought to you by Digikey and Adafruit every single weekly day to use the power of engineering to help you, you, yes, you find things. You? That are hard to find because we're in a global part shortage. I know. Hey, Adia, what is the great search this week? Okay, this week, I'm actually working more on the feather wing that I started last week. Last week, the great search was on finding an RS232 transceiver chip that would take TTL logic at three volts and convert it to plus or minus six volt logic. And so we sourced apart the next 3232. I think it's wonderful. It's available in a couple of different packages. It's in stock. So check out last week's great search if you're curious. And then this week, so as I was working on this, I was like, you know, one of the things that we've had requests for is not just an RS232 wing, which I'm designing, but it's also reminded me of an RS485 wing. So RS232 is TTL serial, but with very wide voltage range. So instead of having zero to three volts, it's like plus or minus six volts. So it solves the problem of like how to get this signal very far by just making the voltage four times larger, which is like a totally valid way of doing it. For RS485, also known sometimes as DMX, does it a little differently. Instead of just making the voltage swing higher, it does a differential signal. It's a little bit like CAN bus. So, you know, for RS485 is used for industrial purposes. Again, it's also used for DMX. It's like a multi-tap system. It's like, it uses TTL, but it's a little bit more going on. And I thought, you know, let's go to the computer because I'm just new computer stuff. I thought that I had so much room, you know, here, because it's, ignored this Adel Lager, some Adel Lager, I just recycled the Adel Lager layout. You know, I was gonna have the RS, sorry, the DE9 over here on the edge. You don't have this hand soldered, but you know, that way it fits nicely. And then a terminal block over here with RX, TX and ground. But I have a lot of space left over and though I thought like, oh, I can make this be like a combo because, you know, a lot of times if you're using RS232, you know, you're often also interested in RS485 because you're just like, how can I have this long distance serial transmission? And so what's interesting is I actually, oh shoot, I, hold on. I want to look up the, let me see RS485, yeah. So it's looking like RS485, I actually saw this design from TeenySign and I'm like, oh, this is kind of what I want. It has, you know, you can select RS485 or RS232 and then there's, you know, this SP232X or something here and then there is the adapter chip here. This is a Max 461 and then you can see that it's like, you can have one or the other and I thought like, that would be pretty handy. You know, you'd have a switch to enable or disable either chip, maybe disconnect it completely. And also, you know, if it can't necessarily use both at the same time, although, you know, just because of the voltage, I don't want to necessarily mess up the voltage outputs. What I could do is, you know, only pick and place the parts for one or the other that could also be a design because it would be like so similar. And again, I have that space, I might as well maybe make a design that can do either or both. So this is kind of interesting and inspiring, but what I need is to get a transceiver. Now, the thing is I've never actually used RS45, so I'm gonna have to pick up something that I can use as a, like the other side, I'll have to pick up some DMX light or something whereas I showed you last week, the space ball has RS232. RS232 is like kind of everywhere. That's very easy to get. RS45, I don't have anything, but it's a common request. And so I think it's a worthwhile thing for me to add on.  And that's how they, you know, they also have idle where they're both sitting at zero volts. There's no, there's like negative, positive, and zero. And so you can actually have the bus be shared. And then for DMX, I just want to make sure that it's more than 250 kilobit per second, but it looks like it can go up to 10 megabit per second. So when I went to Digi-Key, so the good news is that if you like search for RS45, there's a ton of converters and adapters and there's also the transceivers. So to start with, one thing that was interesting actually is there is some chips that are both RS232 and RS45. They tended to be more expensive. So if I apply, you know, I did look and I was like, oh, that's interesting that there's combo chips. Like somebody else had the same idea of like, oh, like why have one and you can have two. The problem is that the chips, like, you know, they look amazing. This Max 3160 is super awesome, but it's 12 bucks a piece. And while I'm sure it's absolutely worth every penny, it would be kind of, I'm like, I think I have enough room. I think let's just have two chips and let's do it that way. So I ended up not, you know, I ended up not wanting a multi protocol. I'm just going to select RS45. And then there's isolated, well, let's first pick active only because I only care about chips that are currently available. And then there's driver, receiver and transceiver, which I don't really know the difference, but what I do care about is how many drivers, receivers. And I want, I don't want to have just receiver, I just want transmitters, I want transceivers. So we'll get the one, one and two, two. So it's like either once, you know, RX and TX or two TX, two RX. Like we showed with the last week, we had a two, two RS232 transceiver. So there's isolated ones. Again, I'll show that. I did look at these real briefly and these are cool. They're all out of stock and they're a little bit more expensive. But I did think it was, you know, it's something to look into if we can eventually get them in stock. They're a little bit bigger. They're 16 SOIC and they're also completely unavailable like most chips, but there could be some purpose for an isolated RS45. So I was like, okay, that's interesting, you know, I'll keep that in mind. So looking at just the RS485 non-isolated transceivers, we also only want surface mount parts because I'm not going to solder through hole. For the data rate, I do have to make sure that it does 250 kilobot or above. Looks like it goes to like almost infinite. Basically, I just don't want the ones that are guaranteed to be slow. Just wasn't that many. And there's still a lot of options. So I'm going to go for only ones that are normally in stock and in stock, like ones that are stocking and available. And that gets me down to, you know, I think a couple hundred options. And then it looks like, you know, a common, there's like a jelly bean part layout that's an eight SOIC. It kind of, I looked around at some other RS485 transceiver chips, like setups and breakouts. And they also seem to use like these eight SOIC because it tends to be just like one RX and one TX. So while I may change my mind later, I'm going to kind of go with this standard eight SOIC package. I'm going to select that. And the reason being that, you know, these transceivers, like can transceivers, it looks like there's a lot of makers that are all kind of the same and it's a very generic part, which is good because it means that if it's out of stock, one, you know, from one supplier, I can switch over to the other. So I kind of want to stick to this kind of standard layout. The next thing is whether I want it to be half or full duplex. And to be honest, I'm actually not sure, but I think I want full duplex because I want it to automatically transmit and receive. Although I have to look into that because again, as I'm looking into this, it's like, oh, there's all these little like, it's like, it's so simple, but there's all these little details, but for now I'm just picking full duplex. And another thing is for voltage supply, while I could have a little boost converter, it would be cool if I could get it working off of 3.3 volts because that way I wouldn't have to add an additional, you know, boost converter. And this part kind of came up first, so it has the most in stock and the price is pretty inexpensive. It's one of the least, lesser expensive ones. And I'm always into like anything that has over 10,000 pieces in stock is kind of like a good sign for me because it's like, oh, this is like a standard stocking part. A lot of people use it, so you have to have a lot of them in stock. So I'm going to start with the ISL 8340 490. And this part, I can open up the data sheets. Data sheets. It's a 3.3 volt supply, but it's five volt tolerant. And it can go up to 10 megabits, so it's high. Data rate, it was designed in 2018, so it's kind of got a more, you know, it's more, there's a couple that are older, but that's a fairly modern date for something like this. And it looks like they have a couple of variations. So they have versions that are slew rate limited, that have low power shutdown, looks like basically you can either have full duplex or low power shutdown. You can't have both, which makes sense. It's like, if you're full duplex, it means that you're kind of waiting for signal. You can't really go into low power mode because you're waiting and listening. Whereas on half duplex, you could tell the chip, hey, I'm not waiting for a message, so like go into power down and I'll tell you when to listen for getting an idle. So it looks like there's a couple options there for this chip, but they're all this kind of standard SOIC. This is the half duplex and this is the full duplex version. So I don't know, it looks pretty good. I basically have to look into, again, whether I want to get this, you know, what's more important to be basically having a half duplex, low power, controllable or full duplex. It kind of does its own thing, but you don't have to switch between one or the other. I don't know which wiring set up people tend to use more. So I'll look into that and hopefully I'll pick which sub-variant, but this family looks really good. And of course I love Intrasil and Winneshouse, they're a great chip maker. So I'm feeling pretty confident with my decision. So I'll get some samples. I'll start working this into the design and then when I do a prototype, I'll pick up a DMX light or something and I'll try to just get it working or I'll just build two and I'll try to get signals transmitting back and forth. That's a great charge. Okay, some questions and then comments. Could that be used to charge, quick charge a LiPo, start five volts and increase the voltage when you're charging? I think that's for your design that you're charging. No, you don't want to do that. It's more for when you have a chip or device that needs a higher voltage because of like power requirements. Okay, Bill says we'll move one of those pins far left second row from the top. I'm sure she'll notice, but if I don't mention it, I'll feel bad. Oh yeah, I mean, it's a whole mess. Okay. It's not ready. I noticed that the one you chose with tube, not tape and digireal, can your pick and place work with the individual parts or will you just find one with tape stock? Oh, I forgot to mention, there is a version that has tape, but it's like you have to order a full wheel. So I'll probably get samples in tube. Our pick and place can use tube or you can send stuff to be tape and wheeled from tubing. I would do that all the time. Okay. Like at this point in the silicon shortage, you get the part in whatever package and you'll deal with the consequences later. All right. And as always, if folks want to support Adafruit, go to Adafruit.com, pick up some electronics and more. Pick up a TFT feather wing and you can build this ESP whole project. I've been using it nonstop. It's been super fun. Okay. And that's the Descalade you did this week. All right. Thanks everybody, team in this week for lots of live shows. See you next week. Bye.


A president, Mohamed Buhari, has transmitted an executive bill to the Senate asking or seeking extension of retirement age for teachers from 60 to 65 years. A Senate president, Ahmad Lawan, read the letter on the floor of the Senate at Wednesday's plenary. Lawan explained that the bill would harmonize the retirement age for teachers in Nigeria. According to him, the move to increase the retirement age and service years for teachers aged in perseverance to section 58 subsection 2 of the 1999 constitution are cemented. Transmission of the harmonized retirement age for teachers in Nigeria bill 2021 to the National Assembly for consideration, pursuant to sections 58, subsection 2 of the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria are cemented. I forward here with the harmonized retirement age for teachers in Nigeria bill 2021 for consideration by the Senate. The harmonized retirement age of teachers in Nigeria bill 2021 seeks to increase the retirement age of teachers from 60 to 65 years and also increase the possible years of service from 35 to 40 years. While appreciating your usual expeditious consideration of this submission, please accept the Senate president the assurances of my highest consideration. You are sincerely Muhammad Wubhari.


Good morning everyone, welcome back to my channel. Today is Monday morning, I am just like prepping for my week this morning, I'm about to go on a hike. I'm gonna go grocery shopping and just do the whole thing. So I thought I would take you guys along with me on like a productive morning routine to kind of kick off a very good week. If you guys are new here, be sure to subscribe. I got like no sleep this weekend and I was out solely last night so I let myself sleep in a little bit. But it's time to get up, go work out. So this is what I'm going to be wearing. I just have a Forever 21 sports bra and leggings on. You guys know this but I've been obsessing over their fitness for lately. It's like this is like $15 and this is $15. I'll link it down below. It's really hot out so I'm probably just gonna like throw this one over in case I need a shirt for something, putting some drunk elephant sunscreen on. Cause I'm being very smart. I'm gonna walk to the market and then I'm gonna get a little like bar or something cause I don't have food and I need to go go to shopping. We're gonna be doing that. So I'm gonna get something quick and head out. Again, here's my outfit. This mirror is so dirty. I clean it all the time. It's really freaking annoying. So here's my bag. Okay Coco. Good girl Coco. All right, so I'm out. Woohoo. All right, so I just got this RX bar. It's the green one, whatever, the mint chocolate one. I love this one. All right, so I just got to the hike. It is hot outside, so I'm definitely taking this off. I'm gonna do like a shorter version of this.   All right guys, I'm on a hike. I'm listening to Gals on the Go podcast. It is really hot so this hike is actually so much harder. Like this hike is so easy when the weather's nice, but I'm dying. All right, so I just finished the hike. It was a really, really good workout. It's really hot outside, so this is my hiking schedule.  So I'm heading home. I'll see you guys there. Okay, I'm home from the hike. I need to go get my brows done and my nails done really quickly. It's literally just across the street and my camera's dying though, so I'm gonna leave it here to charge and then it'll come back. I think I'm just gonna get red gel. I've been meaning to do that for like a week now. So I'll be back and I'm gonna charge this camera. All right guys, I'm back from the nail salon. Just got a gel at Manny and Petty and I got my brows done. So I just got out of the shower clearly. I'm about to go get my car washed and get some groceries. I'm gonna show you guys a grocery haul.   This morning is just kind of like an errands morning, like getting stuff done, went and worked out, got my nails done, need to go to the car wash, grocery shop, that kind of thing. And then it really just sets me up for a really good week, you know what I'm saying? All right, I'm gonna take one pump of this CC cream, apply it to my beauty blender, put this on my skin, do like a very light layer. This CC cream, you barely need any product because a little goes a long way and it looks better when there's less because it's more natural, but it's just like actually the best. Every time I put my brows on, I'm like so excited to do my makeup again because I feel like my makeup looks so much better because my brows look better, you know? Okay, now I'm just going to put some brow gel on, just keep my brows in place and then a little bit of mascara and call it a day. It's like super, super, super light. I'm not really doing anything. I've been loving this mascara lately, the Honest Beauty Mascara on one end. They have a primer on the other end. It's mascara. It's like so freaking good and it's really cheap too. All right, so that is it. I'm just gonna brush out my hair really quickly. Okay, so I'm out of the shower. I'm about to go finish my errands. First, I'm getting my car wash, which this is so exciting. I really am gonna feel like a brand new person after I got my nails done, my car wash, my brows done. Like it's a good day for me, you know? All right, guys, I just left the car wash. It took way longer than I was expecting actually.  It feels so amazing. So I'm on my way to Trader Joe's right now. It just looks perfect. Anyways, I'm on my way to Trader Joe's right now. I'm gonna do my grocery shopping and then I'm gonna show you guys what I got. I need coffee so bad. Like this is actually like not good at all. My, it takes me like 15 minutes to go to Trader Joe's and get everything that I need though because I'm like so on this routine and everything, so yeah. Also really like the red gel, very simple. I also got red gel on my toes, but very into this look, guys. So I have my groceries and my perfectly clean car. I was in there for like probably less than 10 minutes. I'm heading home. I cannot wait to have my first coffee of the day. I'm hungry, I'm tired. Oh my gosh. But yeah, today I'm just like doing homework and working and then going a mile bit later. So I'm just gonna go home and show you guys like what I got, what my Trader Joe's haul is. I love seeing Trader Joe's hauls. I've also recently found like Instagram meal preps. You guys have good like Instagram accounts for meal prep or you know of any. Let me know because I'm so into it. I do the same thing every week. And it's just cause I really genuinely love those meals, but I'm open to trying new things so I need to find these Instagrams. If you guys know of any, let me know. You guys have good ideas, let me know. I'm like so into it right now. Okay, so here's what I got. Trader Joe's asparagus, quinoa, broccoli, sweet potatoes, chicken, English muffins for the morning, salmon. I get all them better every time I go. Bananas, I'm trying out new K-Cups. Trader Joe's K-Cups are like $5 for 12 where normally it's like $13 or way cheaper. Blueberries, this is my favorite snack ever with soft and juicy mango. It's like $2. It's literally the best thing in the entire world. Cauliflower and then some almond milk. Okay, so hope you guys enjoyed that little morning vlog of my Monday morning just prepping for my week. These are things, I mean it changes weekly what I do, but these are typically the things that I do either Sunday or Monday. Hope you guys enjoyed. If you guys did enjoy, be sure to subscribe, comment down below, give the video a thumbs up, whatever it is, I'm so tired.  So hope you guys enjoyed, follow me on Instagram, check out the podcast, love you guys so much and I'll see you soon, bye.


In this example, we'll work up with a line chart, so let's select line chart from the type up top. We go through the same method of selecting our data, periods, and organization units as before. Let's work with an indicator this time, and we can work with indicators from the maternal and delivery group. We can look at the EMOC rate, and compare it with the complicated deliveries within institutions. For the periods, let's deselect the relative period and work with the predefined periods. We'll select monthly as the period type, and in this case, we want to select the last 36 months. Line charts are particularly good at comparing trends over a large period of time. If we click on previous year, we can go back into the last year. If we click on next year, it will bring us back to 2016. We can use these previous year and next year buttons to navigate between different years. If I want to select all of the months available in 2014, I can navigate to 2014, use the double arrows to select all the months available in 2014, then I can click on next year, I can add in all the months for 2015, I can click on the next year again, and add in all the months for 2016. Now I've selected all 36 months over this time period. Let's go to our organization unit, and we'll just compare these two indicators within training line. Let's go check our layout very quickly. The organization unit is filtered out by default. Remember, this is the same as the pivot table. We have the category as our periods, that means those months will appear on our x-axis for this particular graph type, and we have the series as our data. So this looks pretty good. Let's go ahead and update our chart. Now we can see that these values are displayed. We start at January 2014, and end at December 2016. Green represents our E-monk rate, while blue represents our institutional complicated delivery rate. We can see that both of these indicators have been increasing over the last 36 months. This might trigger a certain response within your health system, depending on what your targets are for these particular indicators and how you measure them. Now just like the pivot table application, we can save all of these charts as a favorite. We follow the same process. Go up to Favorites.  We still want to follow our same naming convention. So that's our username, the program name, the what, where, and when. We can of course give the favorite a description if we would like. We can go ahead and save the favorite. You can see that the chart now takes on the name that we've given the favorite. We can find favorites just as before by going to Favorites, clicking on Open. In this case, I can just type in my username to find the favorite that I've created. Just looking at this Favorites tab, note that we can also rename this favorite. If we want to save this as a different name, then we can click on Save As. If we make any modifications to this favorite, for example, changing the periods, you can now see you can click on Save.  Now when I open the favorite, it will only include those months that I've included in my period selection.