From Soldiers Radio and Television, this is the Army Now. Before the start of the 637 Filled Artillery's live-fire exercise, Sergeant Alexander Williams works hard providing soldiers with morning breakfast. It's not his primary job, but the 40-year-old chemical NCO is happy to get back to doing what he enjoys the most. I was out for 14 years, and I missed the Army so much. I tried to come in two times before finally getting back in this time. I mean, I loved Army. During those 14 years, he earned a degree at San Bernardino State University and taught middle school kids both how to private and public schools. Williams says he loved working with kids, but it just wasn't enough. I just missed the camaraderie. Sergeant Williams is back in the Army and back in the field, helping his unit accomplish its mission. Army Sergeant Chris Garver, Rocket Valley, Korea. That's the Army Now from Soldiers Radio and Television.


Hello, everyone, and thank you for joining us today. I am Dr. Michelle Villagran, Chair of the San Jose State University School of Information Diversity Committee. And I want to welcome you to our 2020 diversity webinar series for our university, faculty, alumni, and students. Our presenters will be fostering discussion around sharing content and diverse topics, which align with our goals of inclusive excellence, diversity, equity, and inclusion. And I'm very excited today, as this is the third webinar in our eight-part series. With that, I would like to introduce today's session Beyond Library Services to Immigrants, a discussion on the role of information in migration and presented by Dr. Anna Endumu. Turning it over to you. Thank you so much, Dr. Villagran. I am very excited to be here today, and I'd like to first thank you, as well as your colleagues and the iSchool at San Jose State University. I'm delighted to be joining everyone. So I am a professor at the University of Maryland College Parks iSchool and my research centers on the role of libraries and information in the lives of all kinds of marginalized communities, but especially immigrants. So that's a little bit about me. And let me tell you a little bit about what we'll be talking about today. First, I'll give some context on the relationship between libraries and immigration. And then I'll introduce some new conceptual directions, ways that we can reframe how we approach and relate to immigrant communities. And then I hope to provide some practical takeaways for you to apply in your work setting or in your academics. And then we'll close with some Q&A. And just a little bit of housekeeping or administration. Like many of you, my household is a little cray cray right now. And it gets loud. So if you hear a little rustling in the background, that's just a white noise machine. And I'm hoping that it's not too distracting. Without further ado, I'll go ahead and get started. So there are 244 million immigrants all around the world. And 47 million of these individuals call the US home. And the US has the largest and most diverse population of immigrants of any other country. And about one in seven people identify as having non-US origins or family members who migrated to the US. And that is based on the 2010 census. And it is anticipated that the 2020 census will uncover even more diversity in terms of ethnic origins. So library service to immigrants has been a long-standing and really century-old service within library communities. And many of the services that we now know and recognize as being kind of quintessential library services such as English language learning, children's story hour, and the host of other programs originated as a way to connect with non-US-born communities. However, there have been some problematic kind of approaches within libraries toward immigrant communities. And especially at the turn of the 20th century, when millions and millions of European immigrants migrated to New York and the northern corridor of the US, there were a lot of misunderstandings and, at the same time, overestimation of librarians' roles in their lives. And we saw a lot of rescue narratives. And John Foster Carr, who was very influential within the American Library Association, he published a lot. And he formed one of the first committees, a committee on work with the foreign born within ALA, which is undeceived of the failings of ALA newcomers. But they also understand their possibilities. And we see early on a lot of this type of discourse that problematizes in the kind of others, immigrant communities. And John Foster Carr, he published a lot on immigrants and how to reach immigrants. But a lot of his publications were kind of button pushing to put it mildly, if not prejudiced. So again, he wrote, we're altruists playing Cinderella and short rations, but the joy we get of doing something for nothing. Some weeks we get nothing out of it, but mud. I have the pleasure of scrubbing up some dear Italian boy. So this is the kind of dialogue that took place. We also see Childers and Posts, who published an influential book called The Information Poor in America. And a lot of scholars went on to glean from that book. So again, this was a very pivotal publication. And they wrote, for example, immigrants are not predisposed as a general population to alter the undesirable condition of their lives or to see information as an instrument in their salvation. So again, we see this idea of librarians being saviors or immigrants being fatally information dispossessed. And again, just like today's rhetoric, especially when it comes to Central American and Mexican communities, Childers and Posts wrote that many groups, not just immigrants, but people of color, people with disabilities, are isolated from information that sustains the dominant society, because a number of characteristics magnify their isolation. They are proud of their culture. And especially tenacious in their language, they distrust or dislike Anglo institutions, such as schools, medical clinics, public housing, et cetera. So these were the types of blanket statements that were made about immigrants. We see, again, in the 21st century, there's still this idea of immigrants being information impoverished and universally and fatally information impoverished. And Shen writes, for example, as one of the key information poor groups, urban immigrants are affected by lack of English proficiency, education, technology skills, and equal access to information. And so Shen fails to operationalize what he or she means by urban immigrants. And just, again, makes a very vast and wide and problematic assumption about immigrants' information capacities. You'll see that my work involves how libraries can reframe how they approach immigrants. And there are three problems or paradoxes, is what I call them. The first paradox is gross underestimation, while other fields such as demography and population study see that information and technology, especially the smartphone, are incredibly important and being used in vibrant ways among immigrant communities. Libraries have not caught up to that reality. So there's an underestimation of what immigrants do and handle and how they customize information. And then the second paradox or irony is that there is homogenization within library communities when it comes to understanding immigrants. So for example, Hispanic, the term Hispanic, is often conflated with immigrants. And these are not interchangeable terms. And I'll talk about that in a little bit. There are an entire, there are entire classes of groups, sets of groups, immigrant identities that are ignored within LIS literature and research. For example, black diasporic immigrants have not been covered or their experiences are not amplified out of about 4,000 publications that talk about immigration or immigrants, only three centered black diasporic immigrants. So that's very telling. And the last paradox is prescription. In our work, we really have kind of number one for this to be an area of diversity and inclusion. There is a tremendous lack of diversity in how we approach the research. Many of our publications are case study or best practice oriented, meaning that the literature is localized. So there's not a lot of empirical literature or research looking at a nationwide macro level, bird's eye view, panorama of how immigrants actually customize and apply information in their lives. So we have really operated in a way that we are experts and we prescribe a lot of services. And so these are the three paradoxes that I argue are limiting our services to immigrants. OK, now this is going to be tricky because I did want to use the pointer. So I'll just explain a little bit about what I mean by homogenization and underestimation. And in the group that I largely studied, which is black diasporic immigrants, this is how vast a black immigrant can be. Their identity can be so dynamic and diverse. So you have the Pan-African diaspora, which is anyone that any community that exists out of the dispersion, the historic dispersion of Africans throughout the world. You have Africans. Typically, you identify an African by a region. You have North African or Middle Eastern, which is Mina. You have Sub-Saharan Africans, so on and so forth. You have African-Americans, which are those who have ancestral ties to slaves in America. Then you have Africans in America, who are those who migrated. You have Afro-Caribbean and then Afro-Latinx. Now you also have ethnic groups within that. So you may be in Iqbal of Nigeria or Garifuna of Central America, with the term tribe being outmoded. Then a person may also be mixed ethnic or of mixed ethnic ancestry, such as a Creole. So you may have the Creole of Louisiana. And this is typically a mixture of black, American Indian, and African, and European ancestry. It can also be a language that should not be confused with national or nationality references, such as Chicano or Patracho for Honduranians, Boricuan for Puerto Ricans, or Bayesian for Barbados. Creole is really a mix or a homogenization of different ethnicities. Then you may refer to regionality. So a black immigrant may come from the Caribbean or West Indies. But then although there's some overlap, certain terms are not used interchangeably. For example, Caribbean or Latin America. So a person may be of Latinx descent not to be confused with Hispanic. And I'm just teasing these out so that you can see how vast an intersection might be. And so a person who is Latinx can be from any Latin American country, whether or not that country is a Hispanic or Spanish-speaking country. Spanish is the country a person from Spain or the language of Spain, which should not be confused with Hispanic. Then you have Anglophone, Francophone, or Hispanic as in Spanish-speaking and Lucifone as in Portuguese-speaking. So a person from Brazil is Latinx. So these are the different nuances. Then you also have to look at the age at migration. This is very important. And again, within population studies, this is teased out. And we do not take care to do this in LIS. You may have a first generation immigrant. But within that, a person who is generation 1.75 migrated closer to birth versus a person who migrated in generation 1.25, which is closer to adulthood. And language patterns, acculturation, so many things, so many variables differ based on whether you're 1.75 and 1.25. The term second generation is no longer used in academic circles because it's a very controversial term. You're either US-born or you're not knowing a second generation. You're first born American. So just really acknowledging birthright citizenship. And then you may be a person who fled your country and then was granted refugee status in the US or fled your country, entered the US, and then sought asylum, which is an asylum. An undocumented person is a person who migrated without a official documentation or a visa, basically a person who migrated without a visa. And sorry, I have that one twice. Let's go down to permanent resident, which is a person who's achieved green card status, naturalized citizen becomes a citizen. But many people are in fluid status. And that's because policy is ever changing. And so the ways in which a person becomes undocumented are myriad. And so policy might change. Also your documentation and process may be backlogged. And you go out of status because of the backlog. And so you may also live in a mixed status household where a person might be a first generation or a birthright citizen. And then the parents might be undocumented or maybe other relatives in the home may be undocumented or they may have a green card. Some of them may be naturalized. So it's very easy to be in mixed status and fluid status in this current environment. So I just wanted to show you how complicated and complex immigration is and identity is. I want to really challenge us to think about why people migrate. And this is actually very important in our work in libraries. Oftentimes we begin with the end. But it's very important to, especially when you're serving an entire community, whether it's a campus community or a neighborhood community. If you have many of the same type of people, you may want to investigate why those individuals migrate it. And that may inform their information behavior. And so some people migrate as a result of opportunity. And this is considered voluntary migration. So this may entail volunteer family reunification, education, or employment. We have a lot of highly skilled immigrants right now that are contributing to the response to COVID-19 and a lot of DACA recipients as well. There is also forced migration. And that's another reason for migrating to achieve stability. We see that natural disaster, armed conflict, and political displacement also causes migration. And so these are usually regarded as forced migrants. And so my goal is to help people think about how information helps immigrants move, integrate, and become socially included within society. Now offer a few recommendations on how to make this happen. First, it's important to recognize that in 2020, basically in the era in which we're living, the smartphone is really the modern day compass for all intents and purposes. So we saw that with the Syrian migrant crisis of 2016. And people had their smartphones. They were getting services, connecting with relatives as they migrated throughout Turkey and into Europe. And we saw that again in 2018 with the Central American migrant crisis. And again, people could not do without their cell phones. And I have a lot of rich stories and anecdotes from people who migrated. And this was their experience. So number one, and overall, this is the takeaway. We need to figure out how to address immigrant well-being from an information standpoint. So moving away from a purely procedural, purely transactional kind of approach to a more holistic approach, how can we focus on well-being? And so we first should understand how immigrants personalize information. So we can amplify positives and get away from the deficit mindset that has prevailed. And so we should be looking at pre-migration information behavior. What was the community's interaction with libraries before? Was it primarily academic or scholastic in scope? Was there an availability of public libraries? Do they need to be introduced to the US interpretation of a public library? I'll give you an example. In conducting focus groups with Afro-Caribbean immigrants, some of them recounted that they had to adhere to, what is it, dress codes before entering a public library in their country of origin. So the idea of a library that has, for example, gaming or yoga, that may need to be introduced or contextualized. So it's important to think about pre-migration information behavior and also information assets. There are some really cool ways that immigrants are using information and personalizing and creating information tools as well. And we should also think about those. And I'll give you some examples. And we should also be thinking about how diasporas rely on information environments and how networks are so important. And information tools help immigrants stay connected around the world. And one person calls immigrants e-actors or trans-glocal actors, meaning that they cross boundaries in really rich ways. So we also must understand how information is used to marginalize immigrants. And in our work, as librarians or future librarians, we should address injustices. For example, information is very much tied to ethnocentric and nativist discourse. For example, illegal versus undocumented. We can choose to use undocumented versus illegal. And there is an ongoing fight to change our own Library of Congress subject heading illegal alien. And this has been a years-long fight. And LOC still has not changed it. And we can also combat misinformation and disinformation about immigrants, especially in the current political environment. And as we address this pandemic, and it's important to also understand the role of automation and algorithms and algorithmic bias in how immigrants are treated. For example, automated deportation and Palantir, which is the algorithm or the software that decides who gets to stay and who is deported. And so all of this is based on software and flawed software, as well as surveillance. Pentel is used to surveil those who are screened for deportation. And certain smartphone applications are surveilled, very popular ones. Facebook, for example, other social media. And Ventel is used to keep track and geolocate those who are undocumented. So we can also, in our work, understand how immigration is used to marginalize. We can address those injustices. We must also understand the health and psychological implications of information. And we can do this work by promoting wellness. We can understand, for example, a culture to stress, which is stress brought on by the strain of adjusting to a new culture. This used to be referred to as culture shock. But now there is substantiated, especially medical literature, on the immigrant health paradox, for example. Meaning that those who arrive in the US usually arrive in fairly good health. Either they have past strict health screenings or they have made long journeys. However, within five years or as time in the US progresses, health outcomes deteriorate. And so this is called the immigrant health paradox. We can also understand vital information grounds that help mitigate some of these risks, such as places of worship, parks, and markets. We can partner with those locations. And we can also understand how immigrants can be informed and civically engaged. Right now, I'm working on a project to help immigrants be involved and included in the 2020 census, because there was so much misinformation and also strategic marginalization as it pertained to the census. So we can also promote informed citizenship. I introduce a framework for training librarians and training MLS students. It's called the heart framework. And we can go one by one through the acronym. The first one is humanitarianism. And we should, as much as possible, remember that engaging with immigrant communities is not just a one-directional transaction. You are also doing humanitarian work. Number two is experience. As much as possible, we should try to understand the immigrant experience and not simply promote conformism, but adjusting and acculturation. It should be our outcome and our goal. The next one is acculturation. And acculturing to the US, notice I have not said assimilation, but acculturing to the US is a long process. Some people estimate that full acculturation takes about 20 years. So what is that experience? What are the different stages of acculturation? That's also very important. The next one is realism. Too often, library work is naive and rooted in pragmatism. What someone Bushman has called doing pragmatism, right? Where we only focus on the policy, the service, and we forget that beyond the library, there's an entire sociopolitical context that we should be aware of. And lastly, transnationalism. You're dealing with communities when you engage with immigrants who are very, very transnational. They are here, but they're also at home. And information tools and information really allows people to be global E-actors. One tool for learning how to be a humanitarian librarian. It's called Mind of Five and it was developed by researchers, primarily Dr. Ricardo Gomez at the University of Washington's High School. And you can use a card game to play with your peers or if you're in a library setting, you can use it to introduce especially ethics, information ethics and privacy. How do you engage with immigrant communities, migrant communities, undocumented communities, and really keep their stories and their experiences private? So this is one tool. There's another tool that you can use called the Immigrant Experience and this was introduced through Experience Magazine. And it's a simulation. It's a game where you can take a journey. This is a game that's based in many different decades. I think there's eight actors or eight avatars in total. And you'll see how complicated the decision to migrate is. It's never as simple as I'm going to the U.S. for a better life. Oftentimes you're leaving behind children, dependents, elderly parents. And so this is another tool that you can use to kind of simulate the immigrant experience. Another tool you can use, this one was developed by a librarian. She's the same person who came up with the concept. She coined the concept of vocational awe for Basi Etar. And she created this game, Killing Me Softly. And this is a game that simulates the experience of a person, a marginalized person, an underrepresented person being really experiencing microaggression every day in a toll that it takes out. So she borrows from the idea of a culture of stress which comes from migration literature. But she argues that anyone can experience a culture of stress if they are from an underrepresented community. So this is a good tool to understand immigrants and other underrepresented groups. And I highly recommend it. And we should also be trying to understand realism, social realism, right? And so not a plasticity of diversity but really understanding the different layers of diversity and equity and inclusion. And so you can use the International Human Rights Coalition Archives in conjunction with the Digital Public Library of America. They have chronicled an entire archive and catalog of immigrant stories, how they came here, what were the decisions and rich videos and reading material. There's a host of other tools here that you can kind of immerse yourself in just to understand immigrant stories. And Jill E. Barron is a librarian at Dartmouth University and she is one of the people who has been advocating for a change of the LOC subject heading illegal aliens. I would really recommend that you watch this video as well so that you can understand the impact of language and the power of cataloging and classification and really categorizing people. It's always a political act. We are on a marathon, Michelle. Okay, the next slide is transnationalism. How are immigrants using information tools and creating information tools? So they're not just information users, but creators. And so remittly is an application that allows people to kind of, to send money home. And so remittances, if you've never heard the term, remittances are money funds that are sent back to a country from a relative abroad. And so some countries, their entire GDP, gross domestic product, it relies. Their economies rely on remittances. And remittances are sometimes the only guaranteed way to help the poor. That trickles down. Where aid may not trickle down, remittances are guaranteed to make it to poor households. And Haiti remittances account for 25% of the entire economy. So remittly is an app that helps you send money much cheaper than Western Union. And so that was created with immigrants in mind. WhatsApp was created by an immigrant who was undocumented and later on welfare. And he created it with immigrants in mind. And there's also Find Hello app, which helps you find other immigrants from your country and healthcare, housing, legal help, after migrating and seeking integration here in the US. So these are the types of networks and social tools that immigrants are using in amazing ways. It's important to understand that libraries are part of information systems. And as librarians, we should seek to promote the freedom to receive, seek, and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. This is a UN Declaration of Human Rights. And it should be our imperative to make this a reality. There is one that came very early on, a question regarding what is the best way to address language barriers? Okay, one of my colleagues, his name is Calvin Watson, trying to remember what library he's at. What he has done is provided, this is one recommendation. If there's no staff on site, or maybe even volunteers on site, you can use apps or dedicated tablets to help mitigate the language barrier. So there's a lot of apps Google translate, for example, that will help you communicate with people who are non-English speakers. So they have used iPads, Broward County Library System, that's the one it is, Broward County Library System. They have used iPads to help, and this is a library system in South Florida. So again, Spen speaking, Hitch and Creole speaking communities, many different kinds of immigrants right outside of Miami. So they have been using tablets for some time and it's been incredibly successful. I would highly recommend that you look it up and see and sometimes libraries have partnered with community leaders to have volunteers who can help with translation as well, between specific hours. And then also the librarians can have language classes for library staff to help them learn the language as well. So the burden shouldn't be just on participants or patrons rather. Okay, thank you. There's another question. Are e-books and e-services popular for immigrants? Okay, yes, and especially, you wouldn't believe, a lot of people and Karen Dali has done work on this. Reading and reading in stealth mode and one librarian, her name is Anita, she's at the university at Tulane University now. That's how she learned English by reading alone solitary and translating books that she had read in her native Polish language to English. And so a lot of literature is saying that reading an e-book, smartphone, anything applications on the smartphone, they are used for people in a non-intimidating self-paced way to learn a language as well. Not just language apps or language ESL classes, but e-books help people learn a language in a way that is comfortable for them. So yes. Excellent, let me move to the next question. As we learn as individuals more about how to move towards amplifying positives, are there suggestions on how to introduce this information to colleagues and move towards more institutional changes? So really looking at ways to increase chances of buy-in. I would really recommend that you have little vignettes and distribute examples of immigrants, and especially examples that disrupt common ideas. So I would really take time every week or once a month to highlight a different immigrant. It could be as simple as saying, did you know Steve Jobs, he's of Syrian descent, right? And really demonstrating the diversity and the vastness of immigrant communities and sharing that, or maybe even reading a common book as a library among work staff and talking about that book. I would recommend Nugent's The Refugees or Edwidge Danty Katz, any of her works really, but Father I'm Dying is one. And so any immigrant refugees, their works, their books, and so I just really would encourage you to as much as possible make the implied explicit and disseminate counter stories about immigrants. Excellent, that's great suggestions. Here's another one. Could you recommend, and I know you did talk a little bit about some tools or resources, but could you recommend any tools or resources to apply the scope of this presentation to an academic library context? Yeah, this is so important, especially because a lot of people forget that international students, although international students are not considered immigrants, not by INS, because the idea is that they're not immigrating, that they'll go back home after. So F1 visas are not considered immigration visas, but still the experience is the same, even if they enter information rich settings and they have a lot of support systems in place, the cultural experience is the same. So in your work as an academic librarian, I would really encourage you to think about pre-migration norms, how do international students use apps and applications? And so this is very applicable to even a K-12 setting, thinking about the parents experience, right? So media specialists, academic librarians, this talk was not just geared toward public librarians, so it is definitely applicable to college or campus librarians as well. Thank you. Another question, you referenced informed citizen, a few slides back. Is there any move to reframe good citizenship information models as for serving people who may not be citizens in the legal sense? If I understand the question correctly, it is a question about what is meant by citizenship. I think that's what the question is getting at. And really civic engagement is the idea. So not just immigration process, but how to take part. And one of the things that I've been doing, I've been working with Asian-American groups, Latinx groups, Black diasporic groups, to get the word out about the census. And this is because not everyone can vote, but everyone can be represented. Everyone needs to be represented in the census, right? And so civic engagement can be done whether or not you are documented, whether or not you're a citizen. And so this can just be as simple as staying abreast. How do you stay abreast? How do you know what's legitimate? And we can help with that. We can definitely recommend tools as librarians to help manage information and apply information. Thank you. And if that didn't fully address your question, go ahead and put that in the chat and we'll get to that. But thank you. So let's move on to the next one. We have about five minutes. Do you think that libraries and information centers that are providing services to underrepresented groups like undocumented immigrants should receive additional revenue or funding? I don't know whether they should receive additional funding, but I do know that, and I can't speak for the main source of funding, IMLS. I do know that agencies and our large partners, even ALA's mission has changed from looking at the provision of information to quality of life of communities. So when you think about quality of life, everyone benefits when everyone in your community is doing well. So I think the imperative is shifting and this is a good thing for undocumented immigrants because ultimately many agencies recognize that whether or not a person is in fluid status, changing status, undocumented, going to be deported, it is to the advantage of a neighborhood, municipality, a state if everyone is thriving. So IMLS, ALA, so many other groups are concerned now with how we do our work, but how people are benefiting socially from our work. So I don't know whether there will be, especially not in this current political landscape, any special funding for that work, but our services should be relevant regardless of whether a person, it should be relevant regardless whether a person is documented basically, and we should care about how our communities are doing. And I think you touched on, there was a follow-up about recommending funding sources or places to go for funding. So I think you addressed that in that question. How about another question here? Do you have some specific suggestions to connect with a hard to reach immigrant population? I would say begin with a thought leader or an opinion leader in that group. Usually the most visible leaders are the business people, the ones who own the markets, faith-based leaders as well. I would reach out to them and ask them what they need. Also, immigrant radio, do not underestimate immigrant radio. It is so amazing if they can just play or even just give a shout out to the library if you can buy ad space on immigrant radio. That will help gain some credibility for the library. But then a simple thing which we overlook all the time is inviting immigrant groups to just come and use the library space for meeting space. And if you have a rental fee, think about waiving that or if a group doesn't have their 501C3 status yet, waiving it for them. Invite them to just come and have a meeting in your space and you'll see how they begin to ask. You'll see how they'll notice the signage. You'll see how when you have a program and invite them, they are already present. So no agenda, just inviting people to say, hey, you have this meeting on maternal health among Somali women in Minnesota. Have you thought about meeting in the library? That's it, right? No commitment or nothing. And just that invitation and that outreach might be the relationship starter. I love that. I think that's a really good note to end on. I know there are about eight more questions we did not get to, but I will send them over to you, Anna. And then we can, perhaps if you wanna address them in writing, we could post them as a link along with your recording. I thank you all for hanging on. And we want to thank you for your expertise, all of the information you shared for your time and to all of the attendees. We appreciate each of you for taking time out of your day to attend yet another Zoom. So thank you everyone and look for the recording to be posted on our website.


Hi, everyone. Welcome to part two of this 2021 Upper Deck Skybox Metal Evers Champions break number five. Welcome to part two of this video. I accidentally, instead of pausing the video, I stopped the video for the trade window, but there were no trades and so this list remains the same. If you're looking for the randomizer, that'll be in part one of two. Part two of two is the break. All right. Thanks, everyone. Now, it's a one box break. So now let's select which box we're going to do. We're going to go one, two, three, four on the dice roll. If I roll a five or a six, we'll just, we'll just roll again. Two. One, two. These will save her next time. We'll probably just go one, two, three, four, five, six on the dice roll next time. We can run this back pretty easily tonight if you'd like. You know, he's actually been pitching better of late. He changes walk-up music to, to let it go from the Disney hit movie Frozen a while ago. And I think he's gone like, I think he's gone a number of innings, maybe nine, 10 innings without giving up an earned run or a run of any kind, whatever that's worth, although he's on the road. And I was just going to say walks are an issue, still an issue though, even though no earn runs. These walk the opening guy. It's all right, Craig, just, just let it go. Wickedly talented, the one and all Adele Cazine. Good luck everybody. That little Scotty Barnes action right here. It's a cool Allen Iverson eight out of 50. Got some golfers. We got some ball players. Got some softballers, snowboarders. Got climbers in here as well. There's AI for a Ryan. Scotty Barnes will go to S. We've got model Vanessa Hansen. Nice. I'll go to V. We got a chef, Brie Baker. That's a good name for a chef, Baker. And here. Nice. There's your PMG, Josh Giddy. That's for Eric when the letter J. 66 out of 150. There's usually about one of these per box, I want to say. See the PMG right there in the corner. That's pretty nice. I'm not sure what these are going for on a secondary market, but spring strong. And Kevin's pointing out that the Iverson is the older version of the PMG right there. Got some tennis players, got some rock and rollers. Hmm. Jason Nizzo. Not familiar with that guy. Got some Ben Simmons. Got a young looking Ken Griffey Jr. Matthew Wolfe. There's Paige Spranick, golfer. Golfer? How much does she actually golf? She's not in the LPGA. She gets a golf influencer. I do enjoy the music of the Avid Brothers, though. There's Paige again. Trevor Lawrence in shorts. Adley Rushman.   I dig that. Pechette with the letter S. Reach for the stars. There's a snake in my boot. Someone's poisoned the watering hole. Intimidation Nation. Your reigning rookie of the year. Scotty Barnes. I don't even got some lacrossers here. Tiger Woods. Oh no. Sorry, X-Line. Put our faith in... Oh, she's with the ESPN. That's right. All right, then Antu Fatih ends things right there. And there you go, ladies and gentlemen. The Josh Gady PMG. Pretty nice. Skybox. Pretty nice. We can collect something a little different. It's kind of cool to see a lot of different names and seeing a lot of different faces on these cards. So another one box break in the store. Check it out, jaskyscasebreaks.com.


Hey everyone, today I'll show you how to setup a Raspberry Pi Cubesat Simulator. Now this setup might go a bit quick, so feel free to pause and go back if you need to. I've also posted these instructions on github so you can copy and paste the commands. The first step is to download the Raspin OS and write it to the microSD card that will act as the Raspberry Pi's hard drive. I use Rufus for this, but there are many other tools capable of writing the operating system to the card. Be careful when you're writing to the card that you don't accidentally nuke your hard drive, just make sure that the microSD card is selected. Once this step is complete, you'll want to eject your microSD card and then reinsert it back into your computer, so that a drive called boot appears. Next create a blank text file called ssh.txt. Then you'll want to remove the .txt extension so that the file is just a plain SSH file, as you can see in this picture. This simply enables SSH on your Raspberry Pi, and this will allow you to access it without a monitor, keyboard, or mouse. Now once the file is created, eject the microSD card and insert it into your Pi, then connect networking and then power to the Raspberry Pi. Once connected to power, your Raspberry Pi will boot up. We'll now attempt to find it on your local network. Open up a command prompt and type ipconfig as you can see in this screenshot. Hit enter and look for the line dnssuffix. There might be a lot of information here and so you might have to scroll up. But as you can see for mine, it's local domain, and the default gateway is <IP_ADDRESS>. You'll now attempt to ping the Raspberry Pi by issuing the following command. Replace local domain with your dnssuffix, and with luck you'll receive a ping back. For my system, I'll type ping raspberrypi.localdomain. Once you have the IP address of your Raspberry Pi, you'll install putty or another SSH client of your choice. You'll then use the default credentials Pi and Raspberry to log in all lowercase. Now that you have secure access to your Raspberry Pi through SSH, the first thing you'll want to do is to change your password and make sure your Raspberry Pi is fully up to date. Keep in mind this process may take a while, so be patient. I'm going to skip through this long process in the interest of time. However, when your Raspberry Pi is done upgrading and updating, I would recommend copying and pasting the commands from GitHub to get everything installed properly. Copying and pasting the commands from GitHub will install a variety of useful tools, including the kubesat simulator software, the FM transmitting software, the signal decoder, and signal encoding software. I've included a bit of the manual steps here to illustrate the process, however this is fully covered in the written instructions and it might save you a lot of time and a lot of typing. I'm going to cut the software installation there, just to save time. Next we'll want to run sudo raspi config. This command will allow us to customize our Raspberry Pi just a little bit. We can do a couple things here. We can change our password, change the hostname of the Raspberry Pi, connect the Raspberry Pi to Wi-Fi, set the local time, and expand our operating system to use all of the space on the microSD card. Once you've finished with your customizations, navigate to finish and then reboot the Raspberry Pi. I connected my Pi to Wi-Fi, added the antenna to the left side, fourth pinned down, and connected the Pi to a portable battery. If you check out the GitHub repository, there's a clear example for how to place the antenna. However you may not even need it at all depending on how far away your FM receiver is from the Raspberry Pi. Now you should be able to run the following command within the kubesat sim directory. You'll see that the program is playing the cw.wav file and by default will broadcast on 107.9 FM, however this can easily be changed if there's already a station on that channel. In this next screen clip, you'll see my Balfang radio tuned to 107.9 picking up the cw.wav sound file that's being played. If you manually decode the Morse code, you'll notice that it is satellite telemetry information. This process would be tedious to do manually. Luckily computers are great at doing this kind of work. Now that we know we can transmit a signal, we'll next install the software required to decode the telemetry information, in addition to the software used to encode our own messages. Before installing, run a CD or change directory to make sure that we're in the right Pi home directory, so I'll issue that command right now. As you can see, we're in the Pi home directory. We can next run an LS command or list command to see what other directories or files are currently in the home directory, and you can see we have the desktop folder as well as the cubesat sim folder that we just installed. For this next step, I highly recommend copying and pasting the commands from GitHub. So now we're going to copy the command for the program multi-mon-ng, hit enter, and it should take care of everything, as the command is completely combined together. This shouldn't take too long. I'm going to do it in real time, and there you go. It brings you back to the home directory, and everything's all built. If we issue an LS command, you'll see that now we have the folder multi-mon-ng, which is now installed. We'll now copy the additional command to install the CW encoder, and again, I'll just hit enter, and it should take care of everything in real time. And now we can see that we have cubesat sim, CW wave, desktop, and multi-mon-ng, all successfully there and installed. In this next step, you'll be required to use your RTL-SDR or your software-defined radio. It's typically best to shut down your Raspberry Pi and then plug in the RTL-SDR into the USB port of the Raspberry Pi to prevent any power issues or brownouts.  As you can see, I have two windows open to putty that we're going to use to access the Raspberry Pi. Now, if you're a normal Linux user, you can feel free to use Tmux or Screen. Sometimes it's just easier for anybody who's new to Linux to open up two screens so that they're going to have two different command windows on the same system. We are going to use one putty session to transmit and the other one to receive a message. So, all we're going to do is copy and paste from GitHub just like before. In order to listen to the sound that's being transmitted, we're going to CD into the multi-mon-ng and build directory. Again, copy and paste this from GitHub. Now that we're in this directory, we can copy the next command, which you'll see here in a second. This will use the RTL-SDR to receive on FM. On 107.5 FM, that M stands for megahertz. The dash S is the sample rate. Always keep this as 48,000. I'm not going to explain that right now, but just keep that number the same. We're going to pipe this output to multi-mon-ng, and we're going to accept raw format, and we're going to use the Morse underscore CW encoder, and we're going to accept input from dev standard input.  Now we'll just leave this right now and we'll go to the next window. Again, copy and pasting from GitHub. We are going to CD into the CubeSatSim directory. So, CD CubeSatSim, and you can do tab to tab complete. Now we're going to transmit the same CW.Wave file that we did before. If you have your Baufang or another FM radio on, you'll hear this. As you can see, I've added an additional flag, which is .freq, which stands for frequency. So, this will play on 107.5, as that's a clear station in my neighborhood. As you can see, it's transmitting just as before, and if we go to this other screen, we should see that it starts decoding a message. So, if you let this play out for a while, which I will do, I'll let it pause, you'll be able to see that this is telemetry information, or I should say sample telemetry information that will be coming from satellite. And if you were listening to this on your Baufang, you'd be hearing a significant number of just Morse code sounding encoded transmissions. I'll pause it right now. As you can see, after a while, there's a lot more telemetry information. Now, I'm not going to go into the specifics of what this telemetry data is, since it's just a sample, but I thought it would be next kind of neat to show you how to transmit your own Morse code encoded signals. Now, in the next step of this, I am going to show you how to create your own message and how to encode your own text into a WAV file message. So, we're going to CD to make sure we're back in the home directory, which I've already done. Now, we're going to CD into the CW WAV directory. You can see that now we're in that directory issuing the ls command. And now, I'm going to copy and paste some sample text from GitHub. And so, you can see this is around the echo command. And anything in between the double quotations, it will put into that message.txt file. So, issuing that command, we don't get any output, but if we are to cat that same message.txt folder, we'll see sample message to transmit. The next step of this is going to be to convert that message.txt file into a message.WAV file or an audio file. So, again, I'll copy from GitHub. So, now I'm going to execute the CW WAV command with a sample rate of 48,000. Don't worry about it, just always make sure that's 48,000. The output file is going to be message.WAV, and the text that we're going to use is the file message.txt. We're going to hit Enter, process the file message.txt. If we ls, we can now see in that light blue that there's a message.WAV file that we can now play. I'm going to now CD up a directory. So, cd.dot. And now, cd back into the cubes at sim directory. And now, I'm going to issue a very similar command to what we did previously that played the sample command. Only this time, you'll notice that the audio file is now the message.WAV file that we just created. So, now if I hit Enter on this, it'll be in transmitting. And if I fire back up our software to find a radio, with any luck, we should see our sample message shortly. So, you can see it had a little bit of error at the beginning, but now that we're actually in it, we can see that it's decoding it properly. Now, this may seem a little lame that you're sending and receiving a message on the same Raspberry Pi. However, you can set this up on multiple Raspberry Pies or on multiple computers, and you can essentially take this and send messages back and forth between two different devices. And this is really just to get your feet wet and show you how you can decode incoming signals using an RTL-SDR and also how to transmit FM signals basically just to test out your knowledge of how things are encoded and how different signals are processed and created. Hopefully, you've enjoyed this, and I would recommend that if this all makes sense to you, to try and play with the AFSK encodings that are also provided in the CubeSat SIM directory. It's a different type of message encoding, and it might be a little interesting to look at it and see if you can decode it.


My name is Sam and I had pain in my neck. It always hurts at night when I wake up and I don't feel really much pain anymore. How long did you have the pain? A couple months now. Oh, okay.  Perfectly fine. Perfect. It doesn't hurt? It doesn't hurt. Okay, okay. God bless you.  My name is Emily and I had pain in my stomach. Emily, why did you have a pain in your stomach? I don't know. It happens once in a while. Okay. And you prayed? And I don't feel it. You don't feel it no more? Emily, God bless you. My name is Amy and I had pain in my stomach. Did you guys eat at the same place? Yeah, pretty much. And what happened, Amy? Well, it hurt for a couple months but now I feel like that it's gone away. Okay. God bless you. God bless you. My name is Paulina and I had pain in my tooth and now... well, on the bottom of on my gum and now it feels a lot better. Oh, really? God bless you. My name is Lena and today I came actually and I had a shoulder pain because probably of the work, you know, typing and all that stuff. But I feel much better. It's like still a little bit there but it's... most of the time it's good. I touched and I'm like, wow, that's good.


We finally closed on our dream house, this is my second time seeing the house, and look how huge, look, first of all look how huge, oh that is, my hair is crazy, and let's walk inside. Cardi B has come a long way since her past life working as a stripper and these days is recognized by Forbes as one of the most influential female rappers of all time. I just want to tell you this, if you ever seen me in the strip club at my job and I have a little added to what I'm making mistake, it's not cause I'm like that, it's because come on now, I'm at work and I'm a little frustrated, I'm not seeing the money. Her success built over social media and she became an internet celebrity before anything else. I will be in Omar lounge in Connecticut, Bridgeport, get your tickets now though, it's only $10, all my dresses cost $10. Now she's a successful rapper, a songwriter and even TV personality with multiple awards under her belt, even including a Grammy. She's only 27 at the time of this recording but Cardi has settled down with Migos Rapper Offset and I'm sure you already know about the couple's past drama. But the most recent news is that the pair just finally moved into their dream mansion after a search that took them over 2 years, and let me tell you this place is impressive. They showed off their new mega mansion on Instagram and gave a whole house tour over Christmas. It's clear that Cardi is super excited to live there with Offset and their baby daughter culture. At the time of this video, Cardi's insta following sits at over 56 million, while her man Offset has 15.3 million on the platform. If you think that's a lot, the couple's combined net worth is even more impressive. With Cardi having an estimated net worth of 24 mil, and Offset with about 26 mil, they hold over 50 million together, and that's enough to buy any damn house they want. Hey guys, it's Kara and today we're doing another house tour here on Famous Entertainment. We're gonna look at the brand new dream mansion in Atlanta that Cardi B and Offset just moved into and give you guys all the details. We've done Cardi B's house tour on this channel in the past, so we'll give a little recap on the couple's other real estate investments as well. If you like these videos, make sure you're subscribed and ring that bell to be notified when we post so you can always be up to date. We've also done house tours on the likes of Drake and Rihanna and we'll have links to those at the end of this. Be sure to follow me on Instagram because I love connecting with you guys. I've also been reading all your comments and I'm gonna be responding to some at the end of this. I need you to let me know who to do next in the comments down below, and whose home you'd like to see. Now let's get into this video. First off, we know that Cardi and Offset's new home isn't in Hollywood like your average celebrities. Nope, it's actually in Buckhead Atlanta and from what we know, Cardi already had some experience living in this neighborhood. When culture was born, Cardi spent a fair share of her time living in a mansion in Buckhead that she rented. Her and Offset were on a break at this time. Offset has been calling Atlanta home for a long time now, so I'm guessing Cardi stayed there so he could be close to culture too. When the couple reconciled, Cardi moved back into Offset's mansion but she still shared quite a few special moments with baby culture in that home. Like I said, Offset was living in Atlanta for quite some time and him and Cardi were calling his mansion home until they found their new place. Cardi talked about living with Offset in Atlanta last year. She said that Offset is never comfortable in New York where she's from and he loves down south. He told me to move in with him in Atlanta. I stayed in his house a couple of times but it's so hard to live there. He decided though that we're going to build a house in Atlanta and that's the house that we're going to raise our kids in. Offset made his home family ready when Cardi and baby culture moved in and even set up her fancy crib at the time. Although Offset's mansion was lavish and had plenty of space for the fam, Cardi and Offset were determined to find their dream house together even though it took them over two years. Finally, it's time to look at their new Atlanta dream home the couple just moved into this Christmas. Cardi and Offset have been pretty vocal about house hunting and it's been taking them over two years to find the one. We've been trying to get a house for two years and we never see out of eye. Look how huge it is. Cardi told fans in an IG live that they were planning on having their family home in Atlanta and we know that's definitely what Offset wanted. The couple thought they would have to get their dream home built for them but that would have taken over three years. So me and Offset, we've been house hunting for a year and a half. We want the perfect house. We were thinking about building a house but our dream house will take about three years to build and we cannot wait that long because we have kids. So we finally found our dream house and we couldn't get it because by the time that all the papers got approved somebody got the house. Thanks to their realtor, Brandy Hunter Lewis, Cardi and Offset found the dream mansion in Buckhead Atlanta that they would be calling home and we know exactly what it looks like. Cardi said on IG that it was hard for her and Offset to find something that checked both their boxes but this house did and they loved the neighborhood it was in too. Sounds like a no-brainer. We don't know the exact price the couple paid for the mansion but on the real estate site its value is listed at over 5.7 million so let's just assume Cardi and Offset paid that. Cardi B and Offset's new mansion is 22,500 square feet and was built back in 2006. It sits on six acres of fully private land with beautiful landscaping and gardens surrounding it. There are five beds, seven baths and four half baths. We can see from Cardi's videos that the place isn't furnished yet but they have an idea of how they're gonna set it up. I mean after all Cardi does say it's only her second time seeing the house. You can see the mega high ceilings, all the windows, the massive entry way and what will be their living room. Cardi and Offset's master bedroom is definitely fit for royalty and you can see just how big it really is. I guess Cardi is making sure Offset doesn't take all her closet space so there's clearly multiple so I think they'll be good. Cardi and Offset's Atlanta mansion has beautiful winding staircases and a bunch of different rooms on the main floor including a library which can also double as an office space. Then Cardi and Offset show off their massive basement where Cardi says she's gonna use one room as her beauty room to get ready and all that. Apparently the rest of the basement is for Offset and he's using it as a man cave. You can hear him telling Cardi she can't go hang down there. My man can't just go outside. Alright, there's gonna be, alright. She ain't gonna be allowed. It was at this moment he knew, he d-up. Their new home also has a massive wine cellar that holds 1,800 bottles and Cardi says they're gonna start drinking wine just because of that. Moving upstairs we can see more of the bedrooms. There's even what the real estate calls the second master because it's so huge. There's also a room upstairs Cardi picked already to be the kid's playroom so I'm sure the couple is planning on growing their family soon. Each bedroom even has their own private bathroom too. Offset will also have a second man cave in the garage for all of his cars. It's labeled as a four car garage but he'll be able to fit more than that I'm sure. And plus Cardi doesn't drive so it'll definitely be mostly his space. Outside of Cardi and Offset's new mansion on their six acres of land you'll find an infinity pool of course and a ton of grassy land surrounded by trees. One more surprise in Cardi and Offset's new mega mansion is definitely the indoor gun range with steel walls. I heard that they can't even own guns but still looks pretty crazy if they ever get to use that part of the house. I never really see mansions with their own gun range that's for sure. Maybe other than Dan Bilzerian's. So now we've seen Cardi be in Offset's new family mega mansion in Buckhead Atlanta which they seem super excited about. I mean it has taken them years to find a house that both of them fell in love with so I'm happy for them. Their massive estate in Atlanta looks like it's suited perfectly for them in baby culture because we know the couple likes the fancier things. From the mega high ceilings to the winding staircases and pillars all over the place looks good enough for royalty but the two have definitely earned it with all of their success in the hip hop game. We also know that this mega mansion isn't the only real estate that the couple owns. Cardi bought a home in New York for her mom back in 2018 that cost around two mil and as far as we know mom's still living there. Cardi and Offset also put some money down for some land in the Atlanta suburb of Jonesboro actually purchasing half a street. This area wasn't too expensive and apparently the couple only paid over 200k for five houses and a plot of property. I think some of the houses still have tenants renting them out but we're unsure of what the couple has planned for this land. I think now that they found their dream home maybe this street was just an investment. After seeing all of Cardi be in Offset's family dream home in Buckhead which part was your fave? I know there are plenty of rooms to choose from but I think I like the main living space in the backyard the best. I guess we'll just have to wait and see how nice it's gonna look when it's fully furnished. So even though things slowed down over here for a little bit over the holidays I've still been reading all your comments and now I'll be reading out some from past videos. On our Taylor Swift house tour Stephen Campbell wrote Cleaning all those houses must drive Taylor crazy. Maybe she gets her boyfriend to clean them. Yeah I wouldn't be surprised Stephen I mean she does have like eight properties. Lucky she's rich enough to hire some help. On our Kendall Jenner house tour Sergio Donna said Your outfit's cute girl this was an awesome video. I didn't realize I've never seen her house. Thanks Sergio I'm glad you liked it and Kendall is one of the more quiet sisters so she puts out less information about where she lives that's for sure.  She also requested a video on Johnny Depp's home which I would love to do so if that's something you guys would like to see let me know in the comments. Alright guys that's all we have on Cardi B and Offset's new mega mansion and dream home in Atlanta Georgia but Cardi's videos show a lot of the place so I don't think there's much more to see. I think that the couple made the perfect choice with their new home and it's definitely right for both of them by the looks of it. What do you guys think of the place? Be sure to let me know in the comments and let me know some other celebrity houses you'd like to see. Follow me on Instagram if you want to chat more and I'll see you next time with some more videos. Bye!


Everybody forced here rip in 2122 tops UEFA Merlin chrome soccer hobby three bucks number seven random teams You can always find the results at latentsportscards.com. There's a link in chat as well. Good luck. Everybody. Let's see what we got Super Fracture time. Oh, yeah Aegis alchemy Ronaldo, man you 123 stars is Cherokee for Leon. I actually Fracture Anthony Fracture auto Mateo Pacina for Atlanta So the inter UNI's today nice Pacina Legendado there non numbered that is legitimately the inter Green mojo Chelsea Kai Havertz three of 99 you've been disrefractor palo de bala. I'm actually sold out I'm actually sold out for tonight guys Proposy to filled Ronaldo, so we got basketball football tonight looking for baseball Two big releases tomorrow two different channels breaking it here for you tops chrome and immaculate under-23 Felix a fan again Man you refractor Bruno Fernandez blue rookie is Nice caramoco de mele for Celtic 40 of 75 Some of these colors seriously pop the greens and blues my crazy refractor and Muller for Bayern Proposy to filled John Luigi down a rumor under-23 stars Lucas Suchich Salzburg Fracture Malogusto the Leon rookie green kundae for Sevilla 2799 pretty good check was in this product to yeah, I was the man refractor for Napoli very strong Lampard Aegis alchemy Chelsea Check every now and then and they just not in stock man. We'll be filming under-23 stars Bayern newly promoted problems That's for sure what that is like you can't even find them on fanatics Rashford refractor man you Their kids do a little no, they don't have a sponsor on the front. Oh, I just look clean Fracturado man city Harvey Barnes or no, sorry Lester City. Excuse me Lester City Harvey Barnes non-numbered refractor auto one of these are really the matte Barnes probably got a atomic for Barcelona 250 rookie Ilyas Aquamac Nice one there Barcelona Yeah, it's right there to many backpacks and Ball ball in the face of Kobe rookie refractor a city rapier Leipzig I pulled a matte Barnes auto last night out of the basketball No, Matt Barnes was a clipper refractor Phil Foden man city, I believe that means there's multiple Matt Barnes I need to go find a matte Barnes with a magic auto. Yeah, got a prophecy fulfilled Giovanni rena for Dormunds Demarcus cousin of Bucks is way better. I think under-23 Timothy way for leal Dude, we were literally like like what's happening right now so confused and also amazed So man is not playing again. Yeah, no chance got refractor for Levandoski is Bayern Fractor for Bayern Orange for Salzburg Brendan Aronson nine of 25 Heck yeah, dude, congrats Salzburg Rick E There he is guys There he is. We need him to step up the US. We need him get that mag for sure. Congrats again, Rick Refractor Alexander Isaac or a sock for sociodad is an Isaac or a sock Think gold will know Prophecy of a failed Harry Kane. I'm not refracted 123 Declan Rice West Ham. Is he seriously still under 23? That's wild He's gonna get a lot of money for another club not West Ham rookie refractor Gavi. There we go. Nice, Barcelona Spain's gonna come up again, man.  I feel like Got an aqua speckle rookie for Sevilla Yvonne Romero 181 of 199 that was so funny today. I guess we're just trying to figure out like How much like applies we go through and he sent a message for T's on average What would we go through it like a day or like a week and like toplers and stuff and Chris is like Can you help me out of this? I'm like, how am I supposed to know like that is an insane question It's like, I guess you could give like a very very rough estimate average. It's not easy to do Got Luca Modric, Real Madrid, Agus Alchemy My first question is like, what's what are we break? Yeah, it's very what's on the chopping block, you know Declan Rice under 23 again Antony Iax refractor I was like, well talk to him when he's tried it. We're gonna go through a ton of regulars and a bunch of 130s and stuff with iMac Yeah, blue Christopher and cuckoo auto now for Leipzig 42 of 75 nice and cuckoo. He's got Leipzig Is it genuine? Oh, yeah, they're just with Lester. Yeah, nice one Second nice and cuckoo for genuine today. Actually, I don't have two of the autos here again It's Lester or Lester too. Hey, Kunde pink mojo for Sevilla not 194 of 275 Yeah, the inserts in this set are gorgeous every card is gorgeous in this set But the inserts are fantastic. Locatelli refractor Juventus chicken locatelli chicken locatelli a like this This is what's fantastic prophecy of a filled Jack Graylish Ageless looks good to under 23 Curtis Jones Who's that? Uzi? Christian Bruno Fernandez man United Refractor just as Just as diabolical as easy green mojo for sociodatas on their Bear Baranet Shia 46 and 99 that's a name. I'm really curious to know actually how it's said That's a tough one Baronet Shia Baronet Shia Baronet Shia X can go so many different ways in different languages refractor quiesa for Juventus Kamovanga prophecy fulfilled Honeyball under 23 stars man you Refractor is Kakarai, I think Maxine Kakarai Leon Hey, you say that right yeah, it's a French name. I'll assume it's not kakarit. I know that got pink mojo Kenna Taylor for IX 239 and 275 is it quiesa? Cheat cheese a like cheese. Oh Cool abali refractor for Napoli. I like that name Is it shesha? Quick recap for everybody. I got Sociedad green mojo Baranet Shia pink mojo Sevilla Cundey Aqua speckles of via Evon Romero Blue for Celtic de mele carmoco de mele green for Sevilla Cundey again got atomic Barcelona Aquamac green mojo Chelsea Kai Havertz blue auto lights a Christopher and cuckoo nice hit a Lester City auto Harvey Barnes and at Atlanta auto Mateo Pacina and an orange Brendan Aaronson Thanks again everybody the Aaron Siniston is nine out of 25 more Merlin up next


Welcome to the Grand Opening and Ribbon Cutting Ceremony for Sky Bistro Lounge. My name is Cassandra Fletcher. I'm with the City of Columbia Office of Business Opportunities. And I'm excited and honored to be here today for the Grand Opening for Sky Bistro Lounge. Carla and I did have an opportunity to attend the soft opening on last Friday. And I must say, the atmosphere, the customer service was phenomenal. And also, as well as far as the food, it was delicious. So you all definitely need to come out and support and make sure you taste the delicious food as well. Definitely today. Also as well, I am really excited that Dennis and Cynthia Harris decided to open their business in the city. And congratulations. And again, I am excited about you all coming across the street from the City of Columbia because we'll be coming over here to visit quite often. And we are looking forward to your great success in our great city. Thank you. And I'll be turning it over to our district to Council Member Reverend McDowell. Good evening. America could not be with us today. He's out of town. But of course, anytime a new business opens in our city, it simply signifies that the city is continuing to grow and prosper.  Brother Dennis, Sister Cynthia, I'm going to be tasting some of that food regularly because you're in my district. And I want to make sure that our district, I've already been introduced to some of the cuisine that are here. And of course, to bring new businesses in is not a luxury, but something that is and has been a part of our objectives as a city council. Thank you, Brother Dennis, Sister Cynthia. Thank you for your insight. Thank you for your creativity. And thank you for allowing us to be a part of this experience today. Let's go. I've attended many other ribbon-cutting ceremonies. Some have been for other things. Today is delightful because it involves food. And anytime you are across the street from 401 Main with all of the traffic that will come through here during lunch hours, we would hope that you will prosper and continue to prosper. Please remember, small businesses are economic generators, revenue generators for our city. So thank you guys so much. Thank you for being who you are and who you are. And thank you for allowing us. I did not attend the soft opening, but I will attend when I go inside. So thank you all very, very much. Now I'm going to invite Brother Dennis Harris and his lovely wife to come and say a word. Would you please? Good evening. I'm glad you all can show up for this special event. And we're looking forward to seeing you all regularly to have some good food. The only thing I want to say, thanks for coming. We're excited to be here. And hopefully we'll be here for the long stay. And thanks again for coming. Thank you. How y'all doing? I'm Dennis Harris, Jr. This is my father and this is my mother. I just wanted to say a little something before our grand opening. Just wanted to say nothing in life that's worth having comes easy. And we did a lot of sacrifice, hard work, discipline, faith. And dedication to get this business up and running. We know it's going to, it's going to, it's built to last. I'm proud to acknowledge on behalf of my father, Dennis Harris, and my mother, Cynthia Harris, who are US retired veterans and now business owners in the Main Street District that this process has been long and tedious, but worth the wait and anticipation. The Harris family and the Sky Team, who are extended family as well, has persevered and worked diligently to get to this point of a grand opening. I personally would like to thank the University of South Carolina and the Dollarmore School of Business for providing the foundation for execution of this entrepreneurial endeavor. We here at Skybeashore Lounge are excited to have city council, Mr. McDowell, Mr. Matt Kennell, Ms. Cassandra Fletcher, and many others here to support and welcome us today. Also, Ms. Carla Ackerberg. We here at Skybeashore here to provide excellent food, exceptional customer service, a vibrant live music, and satisfy each individual that visits and supports us. A member experience at Skybeashore Lounge, we welcome everybody here to come network, relax, enjoy plenty of great food and plenty of football in the present. We hope to motivate and inspire everyone to reach, believe, and achieve as far as the sky and beyond. The motto and the message is the sky is not the limit. My name is Dennis Harris, and I truly hope you enjoy this establishment for years to come. You're going after it!


There's something beautiful about the trust of a child. Little hands reach for dad to pick them up. A cuddle with mom brings a transcendent sense of security to a little one. Nothing can hurt me when I hold my dad's hand. No need to worry when my mom wraps her arms around me. Bright eyes from the moment they're opened, each one precious. The gift of guiding a little soul. These are blessings, not curses. Now imagine this tiny, beautiful, living, awe-provoking image-bearer of God being sacrificed on the altar of convenience. This is not a nightmare you can simply wake up from. This is our reality. Abortion is the destruction of a tiny, beautiful, awe-provoking, living image-bearer of God, and it testifies to how far we have abandoned God's law and standard. We know abortion is wrong because God has written His law on our hearts. All life is valuable and worthy of protection because the Creator says it is. But we spit in the face of God because we see His gifts as a curse. Our eyes have been darkened. We don't need more godless arguments against abortion. We need revival. How did we let this happen? That hundreds of thousands of little children are being led to the slaughter every year. And what we're most concerned about is not talking about it too much and avoiding the topic because we don't want to offend anybody. How pitiful are we? Listen friends, my allegiance is to God, not man. Many people don't want to hear this. They see this as judgmental, bigoted, and sexist. It's not. In fact, it is the most loving message that even a murderer can be forgiven. Even someone who aided in the destruction of a little child can find hope and reconciliation with God. That's only possible with Jesus.  We deserve to die for our sins against God. You see, because Jesus did that because he died on the cross for our sins, we can be forgiven. And if we turn from our sins, which means repentance, this idea of repentance say, God, I'm sorry for my sin and turn away from it. Put our faith in Jesus as our only substitute, as our only savior. We can be forgiven and be given a new identity in him.  If somebody keeps their baby and doesn't abort them and yet they go to hell without knowing the love of Jesus, that's no victory. So preach the gospel. Point people to the only savior, to the only person that can forgive them of their sin. And to the creator of all human life and the creator who says that all human life is valuable and worthy of protection. Fight for these little children. They need you.


In this video, we are going to prove our longest and most technical theorem associated to order to geometry. Imagine that a point P is contained inside the interior of the angle ABC. So it's not on the rays B, A, or B, C. It's inside the angle. And what we're going to prove is actually three things. We're going to keep it all as one proposition because they're very much related to each other. And these are all in preparation to prove the so-called crossbar theorem, which is probably the most important theorem for order geometry. And like I said, all of these statements are going to be quite technical. It takes a little bit of time to go through it tedious, but it's very important we establish these things because this will prove our intuitive notion of how rays and points and angles interact with each other. So we've defined previously the notion of a ray, right? We have this ray BP. So this is defined to be the points B and P. And then you take the union of that with all the points C on the line determined by BP such that C is between B and P. So that's how we can define it using between this, right? But I want to also point out that we've introduced the idea of orderings of lines. We did that in lecture 11. And so this right here, we can really think of it in the following manner. This is the interval B towards infinity, where of course we're assuming that B is less than P in this situation. If B was greater than P, this would actually be negative infinity to B. But that's what this is defined to be. So we're looking for the set of all, we're looking for all the points C that are on the line determined by BP, such that your point C is greater than or equal to B, something like that. So those are two ways of describing rays. This could be called a closed ray because it includes the boundary point B. So it's natural to also talk about the idea of an open ray. We're not going to talk a lot about these, but at least it's important in our current conversation. We could talk about the open ray BP, which it's just the ray BP, but you remove the boundary point, which for our purposes basically means we take C is greater than but not equal to B. So that's what's going on there. We're just removing the boundary point. So the first condition that we're going to prove right here is that an open ray BP is this open ray is contained in the interior of it. So if you have an interior point to an angle, then the open ray that emanates from the vertex of the angle to that interior point, that entire ray is contained inside of, that's entirely inside the interior of the angle there. So think about it from a drawing. There's two other statements we're going to prove, but we'll prove those in just a second. So we'll state them in just a moment as well. And I should put this in such a way that we still see the statement we're trying to prove right now. So imagine we have an angle and so hypothetically it looks something like this. The vertex is B, let's say this is point A, this is point C, and we have some point P that's interior to it. So what we claim is if we take the ray going from B to P, that whole rays in there, which clearly the point B is on the boundary of the angle. So if you exclude that point, the entire open ray is inside. That's all we're trying to prove here, okay? So how are we going to do this? So the idea is we have to take an arbitrary point Q that is inside of the open ray BP. And we have to argue that the point Q is interior to the angle ABC. Now by the construction of these things, right, by trichotomy of the order, we have because, but again, by assumption here, we're assuming that B is less than P. Well, Q has to be comparable to that. We have a couple options here. We have that Q is less than P. We have that Q is equal to P, or we have that Q is greater than P. If we turn those into statements of betweenness, that says that Q is between B and P, P and Q are equal, or P is between B and Q. So again, this is the trichotomy we're going here, we can do betweenness, we can do ordering, the two are equivalent at this, at this venture here. Now one of these options is a lot easier than the other. In particular, if Q is equal to P, we by assumption have that P is in the interior, so Q would be in the interior. So that case is super easy. All right? So we then need to look at the other two cases. So in the other two cases, we can conclude that B is not on the interval P to Q, or Q to P, whichever direction you want to go. So if you look at this right here, B is not in them, because if B were in there, that would then imply that we have Q dash B dash P, Quebec dash Bravo dash Papa, or you could say that Q is less than B which is less than P, something like that. That's not compatible with the statements we saw earlier, right? The original betweenness one here, and particularly when you look at the ray, the way we've constructed the order, B is less than or equal to everything on the ray, and it's strictly less than everything on the open ray, right? So we can't have B being in there, that would violate the betweenness trichotomy or the ordering, it doesn't matter which one you use, you can use either, I keep on talking about both, you can use ordering or betweenness here. Ordering often feels a little bit cleaner, and it's probably more intuitive for many of us here, so feel free to use that. We can't have B being in there, because that would imply that Q is less than B, which is less than, less than or equal to P, which that's not possible based upon the assumptions on B right here. So that happens if you're in this case, or this case, B is not in there, okay? For which also it's important to point out here that the line PQ intersects the line AB at a unique location, that if there was some other point, right? Like we know B is not in here, but we also know there's no other point on AB that would be on this line segment right here, because if we extended this line segment into the line, it would intersect the line AB at B, but B is not on the line segment. So the only point of intersection between the two lines is B. This interval is a subset, so if they were to intersect, that's really what we're trying to summarize here, B is not in here, okay? And so because this line segment does not intersect the line AB, because if it did, it would contain B and B is not on there, because of that, we see that P and Q are on the same side of the line AB. Now by a similar argument, if you look at the line BC, we know since B is not on this interval right here, we know that the line segment PQ cannot intersect the line BC, because if it did, it would happen at B, and it can't be B, therefore P and Q, the line segment doesn't intersect BC either. So we've now established that Q, it's on the same side as P of the line AB. We also know that Q is on the same side of P that BC is, so therefore Q is in the intersection of these two half planes associated to the lines AB and BC. And so be aware, this set right here is the same as the half plane of BC associated to the point A. And this half plane is the same one as the open half plane associated to the line AB, C right here. And so since Q is in both of its intersection, and we see that Q is then inside of it. And so we actually took care of both of these situations simultaneously. It didn't matter which the ordering was, we get that Q is in that half plane, it's in that half at plane intersection. So we see that Q is in the intersection, it's in this open angle ABC, the interior. So that was the first property that took a little bit just to do that one. It's not too complicated, but we just have to familiarize ourselves with what's going on here. The next one, property B, I haven't even stated yet, let's talk about it right now. Well, whenever you have a line, it's, well, let's say this, whenever you have a ray, pictorially it might look something like this. You have your point B, which is the vertex of the ray. You have some point P right here. Well, B and Q, they determine a ray yet, but they also determine a line. And so we can go the other way around. By extension, there's some other point over here called like, we're going to call it negative P for a moment. There's some other point on the other side. So that B is between P and negative P. If you look at the ray, B, negative P, which we're going to commonly denote that as negative BP, this gives us the so-called opposite ray of BP. So in other words, every line is the union of a ray with its opposite. We claim that the opposite ray, again, denoted negative BP intersects the angle ABC only at the point B. So let's consider what that diagram would look like. So reconstructing the picture, since it's no longer on the screen, of course, we have the line AB. We have the line BC. So labeling it, we get something like B right here, A right here, C right here, P with some interior point, like so. So we can construct the ray from B to P. That would look something like that. Then the opposite ray should then be going the other way around, something like this. Again, we have this point, negative B might be a little bit confusing here. Let's call P prime to match off also with what I say right here. But we have this, we claim that these two rays, BP and BP prime, which is just negative BP, they inters, this, well, we know they form a line, but we know we're trying to prove that the opposite ray is only going to, it's only going to interact with this angle at B. But again, that's how the diagram suggests it. But it's because I'm drawing an Euclidean diagram, which Euclidean geometry isn't or geometry, it's going to satisfy it. How do we know it doesn't do something like weird like this? This is the opposite ray. This is B prime, P prime, excuse me. Could P and P prime both be inside the line? Well, you know, if you had some type of like weird wraparound feature, it could be that if you extend past some line at infinity, it wraps around the other side. And so P prime is here. It might seem like there's nothing to prove here, but there's a lot to prove here. The fact that we want our geometry to behave the way we expected, that's exactly what we're trying to prove in this moment. So let P prime be a point so that B is between P and P prime. That is, P prime is on the line determined by P B, but it's on the other side. So then the opposite ray of B P is determined by this point P prime. So the ray B P prime is just the opposite ray. So by construction, we have the following thing. We want to show that the intersection of this ray with the angle ABC. So this is the closed angle. We include the boundary here is just the point B. Okay, I'm going to slide this down a little bit. So we can read the rest of it and I'll relabel some things. Here's P. C itself doesn't really matter. It's just multi-pointed in direction. So we can kind of slide it around and pick a different point so it fits still on the screen right here. So let's then consider it. Let's take the intersection of the angle ABC with the opposite ray B P and call that point Q. We want to argue that Q has to be just B. That's the only possibility here. And so let's consider that point. Okay. So let's take this point. So it's on the opposite ray. So we have our point Q right here. I want us to consider the line segment Q P. Consider that right here. Well, this line segment is going to intersect the line BC. You can call it L for the moment. It's going to intersect the line BC at the point B. Why is that? Well, by construction, we have that P and Q are on opposite sides of L. How do we know that? Well, P and P prime are on opposite sides of L because B is between them. We have that Q and P prime are on the same side because Q is inside the opposite ray, like so. This is what we proved. This is what we basically proved in part A about this open right here. So unless Q is B, of course, then there's no problem whatsoever. So if Q is some other point, we're going to get that the interval Q P prime is going to be on the same side. So then by plane separation, we get that Q and P are on opposite sides of L. I was trying to mention right now. So we have that. So that's because Q is on the opposite ray. Well, we also know that P is an interior point to the angle ABC. So as such, we know that A and P are on the same side of L. That's what it means to be the angle, right? Because the angle itself, the interior of the angle is the intersection of two open half planes, which means that A and P are going to be on the same side of the line L. So then by plane separation, what have we established so far? P and Q are on opposite sides of L. A and P are on the same side. So by plane separation, we get that A and Q are on opposite sides of the line L. So we can think of that in the following manner. If we look at the line segment between P and Q and A, excuse me, then we anticipate there's going to be some point of intersection right here. All right. Well, if A and Q are on opposite sides of the line L, that implies that Q is not an interior point to ABC, the angle ABC. Because after all, the angle, this angle is the intersection of two half planes. So in particular, to be in the angle, you have to be on the same side of L that A is, but these ones aren't. So that gives us a problem. All right. Thus, we have that Q is on the ray BA or it's on BC. So think about what we had there earlier, right? Because we're assuming that Q is inside of the angle AB, but we just ruled out the possibility that it can't be in the interior. So it's got to be one of the boundary rays, which then the rays are BA and BC. So without the loss of generality, let's say that Q is on the ray BA. It really does make much of a difference and I'll show you why in just a second. So if we assume that Q is on the ray BA, then that means that Q belongs to the ray BA. It also belongs to the opposite, the opposite ray of BP for which these are rays. It's like half of a line. So in particular, this is a subset of the intersection of the line BA with the line BP like so, which these two lines only intersect at a single point. It has to be B. So the two rays BA and the opposite ray of BP, they have to intersect at B. And so if Q is on the angle, which means it has to be one of these rays and it's on the opposite ray, then it has to be at B, right? Which enforces B to be Q, which is what we have said it had to be. Now, of course, if you assume that Q was actually on BC, same thing, BC and the opposite ray of BP intersect at B. So Q has to equal B and that proves as the second condition, which as a reminder, the second condition told us that the opposite ray of an interior ray to an angle intersects only at the vertex. All right, now the third one. Like I said, this is a lengthy proof. There's a lot of parts to be doing for this proposition, but it establishes many important principles that we need when we work with order to geometry. So then this third principle that we're going to prove here is that if B is between C and D, then we have that A belongs to the interior of PBD. What's D here? So we're just assuming that we have some other point D, right? If B is such a point that it's between C and D, then that tells us that A actually belongs to the interior of the angle PBD. So again, drawing a picture will help us a lot here, understanding what's going on here. So we're going to first start off by drawing the angles we keep them in drawing. So we have BC, excuse me, BA and BC, something like that. So B will be the vertex right here. We have some point A here. We have some point C right here. P is some interior point. And what we're saying is D is such a point that B is between B and C. So D has to belong to the line determined by B and C. So we're going to get something like the following extending the line. We have some point D over here. So B is between C and D. That's what we're trying to go for. So then when you look at the angle, right, so look at the angle, whoops, the angle, the angle D or PBD, like so, our claim is that A is going to be interior to this angle, okay? So note, because we can't just use the picture, even though the picture seems to suggest it, we've said that like twice already, I don't even say it again. We want to show that A is interior to the angle PBD.  So that's what we're going to try to do right now. So look at A and P, right? They're on the same side of the line BD because BD is the same line as BC. And since P is interior to the angle ABC, that means that A and P are on the same side of the line BC. Right? BC and BD are the same line. And so since P is interior to the angle AB, we get that A and P are on the same side of the line BD. So A belongs to the open half plane determined by the line BD and the point P. So that's half of it. That's the first half. Let me scroll down a little bit so we can see more of the proof here. All right. So the next thing we need to argue is that we need to argue that A and D are on the same side of the line as BP. Like so. That's what we're going to try to do. So if A and D are on the same side of the line PB, then we would be done because they now imply A is inside this half plane. That's what it means to be inside of the interior of the angle. So what we're going to do is we're going to proceed by contradiction. So it's hard to prove directly that A and D are on the same side. So we're going to assume they're on opposite side. So for the sake of contradiction, assume that A and D are on opposite sides of the line PB. Then there exists a point E on the intersection of PB, the line, and AD, the segment. And in particular, E is going to be between the points A and D. And so we could try to draw such a thing. So we're going to draw this line segment. There's some point E that's between them. But E is also on the line PB. So something weird is happening like so. And let me use a different color to help emphasize this. The line PB, it apparently turns and does something like this. So we have our line PB like so. All right. Could we have something bizarre like this happening? I mean, it doesn't seem to make sense, but that's what we're trying to prove right now. So to work out this contradiction, we're going to use the between cross lima. So the between cross lima, because we've satisfied the conditions of the between cross limit here, tells us that E is inside the interior of the angle ABD. So it's inside this angle right here. Why is that? Well, the assumptions, well, what the between cross limit tells us is that if you have a point between A and D, like E is echo, then that tells us that echo is inside of the angle. So the between cross limit relates being interior to the angle to be between points. So there's that relationship there. What does that have to do with anything? Well, if E is inside of the angle ABD, in particular, that will tell us that the line segment AE doesn't intersect the line. AE won't intersect the line here BD. And so A and E are on the same side of the line BD, which of course is the same as the line BC. So we have this right here. These guys are on the same side. Let me highlight this for later. Oh, boy, without scratching it out. AE are on the same side of the line BD. But here, we already know that A and P are also on the same side of the line BC. BC and BD, of course, are the same line. AP is on the same side of BC because P is interior to the angle ABC. So then we can conclude that P and E are on the same side of BC by plane separation. So let's remind ourselves what we have here. P and A are on the same side of BC. A and E are on the same side of BC. So that implies by plane separation that P and E are on the same side of line BC. But also remember by contradiction, we're assuming that A and D are on opposite side of PB. We'll get to that in a moment. Let me zoom out a little bit so we can still see the picture, but then we can see the rest of the proof. Where were we again? These things get a little bit long. So B is not between P and E. B is not between P and E. Because after all these, this is one weird curvy line. And the way that I drew it, it looks like B is between P and E, but it turns out that can't be the case. Because if B was between P and E, that means the line segment PE would intersect the line BE at the point B. Why is that a problem? Well, we just said that PE doesn't intersect the line BC, which is the same thing as the line BD, which if it did intersect, it would happen at B. Because P and E are on the same side of the line. So B is not between them. So that then tells us, since B is not between B and E, so my picture doesn't seem to make any sense anymore, which is understandable. I'm developing an inconsistent theory right now because we're assuming something that's actually false, but we don't know that yet. We have to conclude instead that E is on the open ray BE. Because remember, what is this open ray doing again? The open ray, we're going to gather all of the points, all the points on the line BP, such that we are greater than BE, like so. But in particular, since B is not between P and E, what's going to have to happen is we have B-P-E or we're going to have B-E-P. One of those between the statements has to happen. Both of these would imply that our point E is greater than BE with that ordering there. So we get that E is inside of this open ray, like so. So what do we have here so far then? Well, if E belongs to the open ray BE, then this actually tells me the open ray is the same thing as the open ray BE, right? The vertex matters, but the other point doesn't matter as much. I could interchange P and E in terms of defining this ray. So since E is on the open ray BP, this tells us that P is on the open ray BE. But BE as a ray is a subset of the interior of the angle ABD, right? How do we know that? Well, remember by the between cross lima, E was interior to the angle ABD. And so by the first part of this proposition we're currently proving part A, we know that because E is an interior point, this entire open ray is inside of the interior of the angle. And as P belongs to this ray, that would imply that P is interior to the angle ABD, all right? And as such, since the interior of the angle is the intersection of two half planes, in particular, P and D are going to be the same side of the line AB, because that's one of the half planes that determines it. I'm going to move it so we can see the last paragraph. Some of my pictures obscured, but admittedly at this point, the diagram doesn't seem really reliable because it's really like E. It's not over here. It's like really over here, but things are getting really weird because, again, we're going to find a contradiction just a moment. So we now know that P and D are on the same side of the line AB. Also, P and C are on the same side of the line AB, since P is interior to the angle ABC, right? The fact, remember, angles are intersections of two half planes. Since P is interior to the angle ABC, that means with respect to the line AB, P and C are on the same side. So notice what we have here. We have the same line A and B. So P and D are on the same side. P and C are on the same side. So by plane separation, we have that C and D are on the same side of the line AB, which this finally gives us our contradiction, because the line segment CD intersects the line AB at the point B. Remember, by construction, B was between C and D, like so, right? So we can't have that C and D be on the same side because then they shouldn't intersect AB, but they do at B. So take a deep breath there. We found our contradiction. So then that shows that A and D were, in fact, on the same side of PB, which that implies that A was an interior point to the angle. And that then finishes this proposition. So that brings us to the end of Lecture 11. Lecture 11, at least this proposition we just proved in three parts, was very, very technical. But it takes care of all of the hard work we had to do with order geometry. All these intuitive ideas about interiors of angles and rays have now been established. And so in Lecture 13, we will prove the famous crossbar theorem, which will give us one of those important results for order geometry, because we laid the groundwork in this video right here.