வணக்கம் சொல்லேன் உங்கள்வி respect the topic the subject of atmospheric science so in yesterday's class we talked about the mass of the atmosphere which turns out to be some 5.1 1 in the 10 to the power of 18 kilogram and then we saw that the means the mean the globally average surface pressure is 1 enter 10 to the power of5 or 1.013% of 5% and so on, and then we looked at the chemical composition which is largely dominated by diatomic molecules, nitrogen is heavy, some 78% by volume, oxygen is some 21% are gone and then other gases, water vapour can vary as low as 10 parts per million to 5% depending on whether it is a desert region or it is a tropical region and so on. So, the composition which we studied in which we discussed in yesterday's class is on a dry basis, a dry air basis, so it is not, H2O is not factored in into the calculations, okay. Then we saw that using the chemical composition, we figured out that the molecular weight of air is about 28.92, 28.97, whatever, it is very close to 29, so it is closer to nitrogen than oxygen, okay, so 29, 28.92 or 97 kg per kg mole, alright. From that we figured out how to convert this volumetric or molar analysis into a mass-based or a gravimetric analysis and we figured out that oxygen is 23% by weight, so the 21% has become 23% basically because oxygen is 32, has a molecular weight of 32 whereas nitrogen has a molecular weight of only 28. Out of all these gases, we mark certain gases with an orange pencil, so we call them as greenhouse gases because they are capable of interfering with the electromagnetic radiation. What electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic radiation can be incoming radiation or outgoing radiation. The incoming radiation is largely from the sun, okay, and the sun is at a temperature of 5800 Kelvin, so later on we will study in atmospheric radiation that the Wien's displacement law, the lambda max into T, the wavelength at which the maximum intensity of radiation occurs for a black body which is at a temperature of T is given by 2898 micrometer Kelvin. So this 2898 can be approximated to be 2900, it so happens that the photosphere of the sun, the outer surface of the sun can be assumed to be a black body at 5800 Kelvin, so you get a magic number, lambda max is half a micrometer, it's beautiful because 0.4 to 0.7 micrometer is the visible part of the radiation, so that is why sun's radiation is very, very important and we are always trying to get this daylight lighting, all our tube light everything, we are trying to mimic the solar radiation, but of course this is not at 6000 Kelvin and so on, right. So the incandescent bulb will be at a temperature of 2900 Kelvin, therefore sometimes they say it reduces more heat than light, okay, still it will illuminate the incandescent bulb, tungsten bulb is at 2900 Kelvin, but if it is 2900 Kelvin, the lambda max is about 1 micrometer which is just outside the visible part of the spectrum, you are already getting into the infrared part of the spectrum. Don't worry about all these terminologies, we will flesh out all these terminologies as we enter into the atmospheric radiation chapter. So the incoming radiation is half micrometer, by the same token the surface of the earth is assumed to be at a temperature of 300 Kelvin, assuming this to be 3000, so the lambda max will be 10 micrometer, that is the radiation coming out of the earth, right. So these gas molecules have got peculiar properties where they absorb, they can allow radiation to pass through in one part of the spectrum, they don't allow radiation to pass through the other part of the spectrum and this is very important because the giving and taking is from bodies at different temperatures, therefore it leads from imbalances and that is why we call them as greenhouse gases and they cause some warming and how much warming they will cause if carbon dioxide increases by so on so on all this, that will be the subject of climate dynamics, climate science, climate change, climate dynamics which will be the last chapter of our course, alright. So this is a brief overview of what we did in the last two classes, so continuing with the vertical structure we figured out that p equal to, okay, so the pressure varies exponentially with height where h is the scale height of the atmosphere, so yesterday we saw, we worked out in a problem that h turns out to be approximately 8 kilometers, so the h is called the scale height of the e folding depth, okay, so if z equal to 8 kilometers, p equal to p0 e to the power of minus 1, if z equal to 16 kilometers, p equal to p0 e to the power of minus 2, if it is about 30 or 40 kilometers, e to the power of minus 4 or 5 is already gone, 1 by 2.7, 10 to the power of 4 will be a high value, so it rapidly decreases, the pressure rapidly decreases with height, so there are two ways of plotting it, so this by the way is called the Wien's displacement law, we said p was a height, right, z is p0, but this is an acceptable plot for the usual kind of plot in engineering, but in atmospheric science there is a peculiar way of plotting, what is that peculiar way, pressure will be in the x-axis, z will be in the y-axis, because it is analogous to how it will be when you actually see, right, so from z equal to 0 to some height, so we will interchange the coordinate and try to plot it, this is going to be useful, let us not disturb this, I will come back to this, so the main part of today's lecture is that the standard at moisture, so let us rework on this, so this is p and this is z, okay, but is Newton per meter square is a very small quantity, it is too small for us, okay and all this you will get very huge numbers here, so we work with some of the units for pressure, okay, what is one hecto, hecto is 100, 100 hPa, okay, hectopascal, therefore one atmosphere, how many hectopascals, 1,000 correct, so you can rework this plot and say this hecto and start with 1,000, okay, so then you can whatever 800, 600 whatever, it is not to scale, do not try to prove me wrong, we are just trying to look at the qualitative aspects of this, this fellow will be in kilometers, alright and there is something which we use in, there is one more unit which we use in atmospheric science which is called the milli bar, okay, so one hectopascal, one mb, okay, this is milli bar, okay, so one atmosphere is equal to 1,000 milli bar, is it correct, I hope everything falls in place, okay, so these are some, just like in mechanical engineering we use mPa, mega pascal bar, okay, so 10 bar equal to 1 mega pascal because pascal is a very small quantity, it is like paisa, there is no value, rupee itself has no value, so the paisa is absolutely, okay, so this pascal 1 Newton per meter square is a very small quantity, okay, for our application, for physics people it may be very high value, if they are doing something exotic, alright, now can I clear the board, I will not do anything to this, we have to get back to that, so continuing with this vertical structure, the rho and p, the rho and pressure p, rho is the density and the pressure p, the variation with z is similar, okay, so to a large, to a large extent, rho and p are not functions of x and y, if you still go ahead and use a Cartesian coordinates, x, y, z for the earth system, so rho p are not a function of x, y, which means it is possible for us to have rho is a function of z, p is a function of z only, okay, so when we talk about the density and the pressure where we just call it as rho and allow for variations in rho and p only as a function of z, then it is intrinsically implicit, it is intrinsically implicit that you are carrying out a horizontal averaging and we are also averaging over time, so it is average over a large time, it is spatially averaged over a large x y, so this means whenever I am saying the pressure is varying with z, the density is varying with z, all the other integrations are carried out and it is a mean value with respect to the other coordinates, okay, horizontally and spatially, what is that horizontal and spatial average, what I am trying to get at? A horizontal and spatial average is possible to define, which means we can think of a standard atmosphere which varies only with z and this standard atmosphere can be used in Africa, Asia, America, whatever, so that is the concept of standard atmosphere which I have given on the right side, okay, so I have a power point, this thing also, so take a few minutes and then please copy down this, so this is the standard atmosphere, so the x axis is the temperature in Kelvin and the y axis is basically the height in kilometers, so we are interested only in about 0 to 100 kilometers as far as atmospheric science is concerned and the temperature range is basically 160 to 300 Kelvin, okay, if you want you can take either of this, whichever is easier for you to copy, okay, now if you see it has got something like a z profile, much more involved than a z, now let us spend a few minutes trying to understand this vertical structure of the atmosphere, okay, now starting from 300 Kelvin at height z equal to 0, the temperature linearly decreases up to a height of 10 or 12 kilometers, okay, so the place where this activity takes place is called the troposphere, after a few minutes we will say why we will try to articulate why it is decreasing, why sometimes it is not increasing and so on, okay, the first 10 kilometers what happens is the temperature decreases with height, okay, so if you go to hill station it is colder basically because the hill station is still in the troposphere, okay, now as you reach some 10 kilometers height, okay, the temperature becomes insensitive to height for a few kilometers, maybe 8 to 10 kilometers, so that region where this region where the temperature is insensitive to height is a pause or a gap, okay or insensitivity with respect to height this is called the tropopause, so this is troposphere, okay, after crossing the tropopause the temperature again increases and it exhibits two slopes, okay, we will articulate why it is exhibiting two slopes, then it reaches again a local maxima at a height of about, height of about 50 kilometers, okay, so this region is called the stratosphere, don't get misled by the terminology stratosphere, no, no, it is actually here, yes, correct, yeah, the stratosphere means the all the guesses are stratified, there is no mixing because cloud activity is not there in the stratosphere, so since it is stratified this the concentration of the gases and the distribution everything will remain same for a considerable length of time, so if the aircrafts are flying in the stratosphere region and they are emitting this carbon dioxide and all this it will take a long time, they can be cleansed, it will take a long time for them to be cleansed, there should be a big convective cloud which goes all the way up to them, up to that height and remove all that, otherwise the cleaning up process is easier in that troposphere where there is violent activity, yesterday evening also we got rain, that is low convection, a lot of heat and then water because the sea is close by, water gets evaporated and then when it starts going up then it reaches the zero degrees, it condenses and if there is a wind from the ocean, from the bay of Bengal, from Marina beach it comes into first VR in Adair, so first we will get, maybe the western fringes may not get that much, this is typical tropical convection, so if you, if some gases are emitted in the troposphere and all that then there is a possible for cycling for them to get flushed out, but in the stratosphere, so this is very dangerous if some things are left in the stratosphere, so if you have some radioactive emission, if you take some nuclear explosion and these radioactive materials are pushed up to the stratosphere, it will remain there for years, so that problem is there, now that is the stratosphere as far as this thing is concerned up to 50 kilometers, then there is again a stratopause where the temperature does not change, then the temperature decreases again and then up to 80 kilometers, so this is called the mesosphere, then again it becomes invariant with respect to height for some region, this is called the mesopause, after this it will keep continuously, after this it will keep continuously increasing with height, then your regular fund-off it is getting closer to sun and all those things will apply, it will not apply in the first, silly question will be as you go up the sun's radiation will be less, why is it cooler in OT or Darjeeling compared to Chennai, silly question right, but it is, why is it a silly question, because it is not completely determined only by the radiation, okay, if you take a distance between sun and earth to be something, OT and this thing will be only 3 kilometers difference, if you take the radiation one by r square it will it won't appear matter at all, so what determines the temperature will be the balance of winds, moist clouds and all this, at least in the first order of first tens of few tens of kilometers, that fund-off you are closer to sun, all that will apply as you keep going up, okay, so the dynamics controls the weather, the dynamics controls the temperature distribution to a large extent, radiation will also control, but radiation plus dynamics will control the distribution in the atmosphere, so this is basically the vertical structure. Now, we will have to dig a little deeper into this, if you consider shall we go to the other side, okay, so I want to discuss something about this, so if it is approximately if it is z is greater than 105 kilometers, mean path, the mean path between molecules is greater than one meter, if the mean path between the molecules is greater than one meter, then what does it mean, individual molecules are sufficiently mobile, okay, when individual molecules are sufficiently mobile, each gas will behave as though it existed alone, this homogeneous mixture of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, all that which you study, which we discussed in yesterday's class will not be applicable after this 105 kilometers, okay, gases behave as if they existed, okay, molecules are mobile, each gas behaves, okay, so this 105 kilometer above 105 kilometer, 105 kilometer is called the turbopause, okay, what are the things are evident from here, any comments, what are the other things you can, so if each molecule, each gas species behaves as if it is alone, what will happen after 100 kilometers, the lighter species has a chance to go up, it is quite possible that the hydrogen may completely escape the earth's atmosphere, it is possible, so that is called the hydrogen cycle, hydrogen is the lightest, so the hydrogen may just, the hydrogen may just escape, some hydrogen may just escape out of the earth's atmosphere, it is possible, then if these gases are present for example, in this region, you have H, H2 helium, they are all very light gases, molecular weight of 1, okay, in its atomic form, hydrogen is atomic form, molecular form and helium, okay, but what is happening is, there is a strong irradiation which is coming, because of which there are two processes which are taking place, photo-ionization and photo-dissociation, okay, so this will decide the fate of the, so this will result in actually this photo-ionization, photo-dissociation also increase the energy content that is contributing to the increase in temperature in these regions which we call as the thermosphere, okay. Now, let us look at the physical processes which are taking place here, what about mixing, the first 10 kilometers it is strong mixing or weak mixing, strong mixing, very good, then in the stratosphere poor mixing, correct, okay, now, why is the temperature decreasing, so they actually basically there is a radiation cooling also, there is an absorption of radiation, there is an emission of radiation, the emission is much more than what is absorbing, so generally in troposphere, there is a radiation cooling, then here there is ozone absorption, O3 absorption of ultraviolet radiation that is happening in the stratosphere, okay, and radiation cooling is also taking place, there is a competition between these two, the absorption overcomes this radiation cooling, therefore the temperature increases in the stratosphere, okay, this activity, this absorption because ozone is not so much present in the troposphere, the heavy absorption of ultraviolet radiation by O3 molecules is not a big activity in the troposphere, so the temperature increases, but even in these cases there can be regions where temperature locally increases instead of decreasing, such things are called local temperature inversions, okay, suddenly it may go like this, okay, within the boundary layer this may cause some, so this is called the ramdas effect and ramdas layer, ramdas effect and so on, some people have researched this, particularly during night time some temperature inversion takes place or in early morning, dew and these things, there are some conditions which are created, so this, what is temperature inversion means, if generally in that layer temperature is decreasing with height, locally suddenly it increases with height somewhere, then it is an inversion or it is supposed to increase with height, suddenly it decreases, it is an inversion, okay, this temperature inversion is common in the troposphere in desert regions in, okay, so this temperature inversion is also some people say is responsible for the reverse swing and other things in cricket, which is available on certain, which can be effectively used only under certain conditions it works, right, you have studied that, so that if you want you can go to science directly look at the pages, I do not know whether it is extensively research, but there is a particular amount of moisture, dew and temperature conditions such that there is an inversion, then if the bowler does the right kind of thing, you can get some surprise swing, okay, which is called the reverse swing, okay, so if you are interested in all this, there is a separate subject of study called sports aerodynamics, how a golf ball, okay, how the dimple in the golf ball increases or decreases, so there is a separate field of study called sports aerodynamics, okay, you can specialize in that if you want later on, okay, now what about this region, okay, so there is a decreased solar, there is a here, sorry, here there is a decreased solar heating, somebody should raise sir, you are, you are concentrating yourself sir, how can we decrease solar heating, I am going closer to the sun, oh baba, decrease solar heating because gases are not present, the solar heating absorption and cooling is because of these mischievous fellows, who are mischievous fellows, carbon dioxide, ozone, whatever, all these, okay, as you go up, those fellows are reduced, the concentration of this is reduced therefore, but incoming radiation is there, okay, decreased solar radiation and increased cooling, okay, so we cannot, if all this logic does not apply it to the only thing is basically, if you do a measurement using a balloon, you will get this and second, if you do the radiated transverse simulations on your computer, you will get this, therefore this profile is indeed correct, now we have to have, now to be at peace with ourselves, we need to have a logical explanation of why this happens, so this is an explanation, there could be better explanation that is called theory, okay, there could be better explanation, but we know that, if you do the radiated transfer model, if you decrease the concentration and all this, you can get, you can simulate a different profile, which actually confirms that our hypothesis that there is increased cooling, there is a decreased cooling, there is O3 and all that is actually correct, so by systematic studies, we can show that, alright, so this is a very important, this is very, very important, okay, so this, for every, you studied, temperature decreased by 1 degree centigrade, 165 meters, is it, of this order, right, this is actually called gamma, okay, so this gamma is basically dT by dz, this is called as the lapse rate of the atmosphere, of the troposphere, okay, I have not drawn properly, it is okay, you correct it, it is a standard atmosphere, there you may get 9 or 10 or we will sort out all these things in a little later, okay, so this is about, yeah, now what I have done is 6.67, how much do you get per meter, point? 80 Kelvin, what happened? no, let us start with, 80 Kelvin per 10 kilometer, so you want it a 70, right, so I should have started at 290, it is okay, you can adjust a little bit, this is only, I told, it is only approximate, right, you correct it now, post facto, anyway it is good that you are thinking, what he is saying is he is getting 80 Kelvin per, but the mistake he made was, the mistake he made was, he took it as 1 kilometer, correct, this is 10 kilometer, yes or no, so let it get helped, 80 K, divided by 10, so it is 8, so I am off by, you can cut some marks for me, I am off by, I am off by some 1 or whatever, alright, fine, now this troposphere is a very important fellow because we found out that 5 and a half kilometers, in 5 and a half kilometers, how much of the mass of the earth is, how much of the mass of the atmosphere is present? Ha, now tell, now problem number 5, problem number 5, determine the mass of the atmosphere or determine the fraction of the mass of the atmosphere in the troposphere, determine the fraction of the, so the proxy for that would be the pressure, alright, and g you are assuming constant, you can agonize it by taking g is equal to g0 to 1 by r squared plus z squared, where you are reaching up to the center of the earth and all that g calculations you can do, you know 9.82 and maybe 9.805, pack all that, so problem number 5, what is the fraction of the mass of the atmosphere that is contained in the troposphere, how much is it, using this P by P0, isn't it, then what do you do, you calculate the P and then the M or what is it, are you going to work out like this or how will you find out, what is M, M equal to integral, rho dz, okay, then 0 to 10, okay, fine, so fraction is, this is real fun because I didn't come prepared, I just shot out that question, I hope we will get the answer, okay, rho dz divided by 0 to infinity, very good, rho we can substitute P equal to P by RT or how do you, how do you want to proceed, volunteers, anybody got this, how do you calculate the mass, but T will be a problem, know that lapse rate, we will pack the lapse rate or whatever, how do we calculate the mass in the first class, okay, so this will require ideal gas equation, right, have you done it already, please do it, I can erase this now, so at 10 kilometers you want to find the pressure, okay, very good, P0 you are taking, 1000, okay, oh that guy started, P to the power of minus, how much is it, yeah please, 0.286, 1 to 10 power 5, 0.286, no, no, tell me in Pascal, 28650, how do you proceed, is not as easy as you think or is it easy, then you just want P by P0, yeah, okay, so I already told you that rho and P follow a similar variation, so P by P0 is, okay, so is contained the first 10 kilometers, correct, correct me if I am wrong, is it okay, on the troposphere height you will also vary from sometimes it is 10 kilometers, sometimes it is 12 kilometers and so on, so it is fine, so generally the thumb rule is tropospheric air accounts for 80%, tropospheric air accounts for 80% of the total mass of the atmosphere, okay, so the cloud processes play a major rule in the troposphere, okay, precipitation cloud processes and all this play a major role in the troposphere, the cloud processes play a limited role in the stratosphere, that is why if you dump something in the stratosphere it is going to take a long time for it to cleanse, okay, heating by O3 molecules, okay, heating by O3 molecules is the highest around 40 to 50 kilometers of the earth's atmosphere, so the tombs, the total ozone mapping spectrometer is designed in such a way, the sensor is designed in such a way that will try to measure the ozone which is, whose absorption is speaking around 40 to 50 kilometers, that we can, so we can, so this is basically atmospheric remote sensing, so you can do that, okay, then finally as h increases the temperature keeps on increasing that is called the thermosphere, okay, so in this thermosphere as z increases t increases, so this is, alright, so this is the vertical structure of the atmosphere, the vertical structure of the atmosphere is preserved throughout the globe, okay, but at any given level in the atmosphere, at any given level in the atmosphere the temperature varies with latitude, please don't forget that, at any given height the temperature varies with latitude, that is why northern hemisphere Europe is colder than the same 500 meters height, the temperature will be much lower in Europe compared to Chennai for example, okay, so the structure remains the same, but within a particular z, at a particular z the temperature varies with latitude, I will write it if you want, the t is a function of the latitude, now if you take what is called as a climatological mean, what is a climatological mean, you send a balloon, get the temperature versus height in that place, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, January, February, up to January to December, January to December, January to December, you do it for many years, then you take an average that is called a climatological mean, you send the same balloon in Chennai, Nungambakkam or Meenambakkam, in Chennai, the average over many years is called the climatological mean, okay, so if you look at the climatological mean data at, pretty obvious right, North Pole it will be very okay, so I think whatever I want to cover in today's class is done, so this is very important, they used to call it as the US standard atmosphere for whatever reason, I think we can call it as Indian standard atmosphere also, why should we call it as US standard atmosphere, so this is the standard atmosphere whose structure, whose shape will be the same regardless of the location you are taking, but some slight variations will be there, so if you average it over several years, so you get what is called the climatological mean, so that climatological mean, so you say at a given z, temperature will vary with 1 by latitude and species like nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, they are well mixed, they are well distributed throughout the atmosphere, therefore if you take carbon dioxide concentration in one place, it is expected to be the same everywhere, okay, the lighter species are to be found at the higher levels and these fellows have a chance to do all this process like photo ionization, photo dissociation apart from the increased temperature in the thermosphere, there is also possibility for them to escape the earth's atmosphere, so this is a very important component in the study of atmospheric science, the study of the temperature profile, we did so many things, you should know when a pilot is taking his aircraft, you should know what is the outside temperature, if he does not have atmospheric science knowledge, he cannot adjust his AC because when the flight is flying at 12 kilometers, then outside temperature is minus 52 degrees centigrade, so what he does is he heats the cabin such that people are comfortable between 22 and 25 degrees centigrade, so he should have a knowledge of what is the pressure outside, that pressure if it is exposed then there would not be any oxygen people will die, so he has to increase the pressure, he has to pressurize the cabin, he has to air condition the cabin and all this and because of this pressure differences, so there are stresses which are occurring, therefore it should be structured, even the glass, it should be structurally stable such that this difference in pressure and all this it can manage, otherwise it will lead to windshield cracking and all that which you are looking, which you are reading in papers nowadays, all right, so we will stop here, in tomorrow's class I want to complete this introduction lecture where we look at winds and precipitation, what are the various types of winds and the precipitation patterns, with that this first chapter will be over, then we will go to the second chapter where we look at the various components of the earth's climate system including the mantle, the earth's crust, the ice content in the earth and then we leave the atmosphere alone because after this chapter is over, the remainder of the course is only on atmosphere, okay.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebrakes.com, coming at you with a fun one here, 2023 Bowman Chrome Baseball Mega Box Edition. It's a dual case break, so it's 40 boxes. This is pick your team number one. All card ship, we're looking for the exclusive Mega Chrome patterns. Maybe some autos, a lot of fun stuff. Let's get to it. Big thanks to this group for making it happen, appreciate you. Here on a Wednesday the 11th, 2023, October, spooky season ladies and gentlemen, weather is getting a little colder around these parts, so I think a lot of you are probably feeling a little extra chill in the air. All right, so we've got an awkward shape, but let's pull the camera back just a little bit here. Let's pop open our first Mega case. We did load up another one, jaspyscasebrakes.com. Check that out, empty box, and there's one, two, three, four, five, 10, 15, 20, okay. Slide these to the back over here, bring this back over here, and here we go. Mega box, 35 Chrome cards total, that's the configuration there, so that's what we're looking for here as well, and good luck. Just got a little bit of a sponge thing there, let's pop that down there. Box one of 40, good luck everybody, thank you for getting in, back to the holiday on the box, oh and these are the, okay, I see what's happening. These are the Megas right here, a different pack. All right, and all card ship everybody, good luck.  Got an iconic Manny Machado, that looks pretty cool, I like this mojo pattern, right, but they're calling it, I think a mega, they're calling it mega chrome pattern is what they're saying. All right, and I'll do a autograph or a notable card recap at the end, I think it's mostly going to be parallel hunting for us though. Good luck, is there a sponge on the bottom, I don't know if I opened from the bottom of the box, I don't have to deal with that sponge block, sponge block square pants down there. We got baseball happening ladies and gentlemen, let's take a quick look at the scoreboard here, Philly's putting the hurt on the Braves today, they lead the series 10-2, or they lead the series 2-1, they beat the Braves 10-2, Braves managed 10 hits, but only got two runs out of there, Philly's had 11 hits, about the same, but home runs helped them out, powered them to 10 runs on 11 hits. So the mega pack boxes, or the mega box packs look like that, the other ones are just regular ones, the other packs are just the regular ones. I wonder, are the Braves going to tie this up, I don't know, Philly's have looked great in the last couple of games, Astros are leading the twins 3-1, top of the 6th, Astros lead the series 2-1, they're looking to close this out in Minnesota. And then my daughter is trying to avoid the sweep in Arizona. Hey, we got Sebastian Walcott, love his swag there, some iconic, and Victor is tourist back there, these aren't numbered, but we did see numbered possibilities with that Cam Collier. Who does everyone have in the Astros Twins game, do you think the Twins, it's only down 2 runs, they still got 6, 7, 8, 9, they got 4 innings to go, there's a lot of game left, a lot of game left. What does everyone think about my Dodgers, Dodgers at Diamondbacks, Lance Lin on the mound, think the Diamondbacks sweep, or do the Dodgers take a game, alright, there's a green Lazaro Montes, 25 out of 99 for Seattle, that's going to go to Dustin in the Mariners, and that's Oh, and the Cam Collier also went to Dustin who had the Reds, alright, so some notable cards going to Dustin early on, he's been having a great day today, alright, next one, James is thinking sweep, yeah, I'm not too confident with Lance Lin on the mound, who is an experienced player for sure, but just this year, they've given up a ton of home runs, I suppose the Dodgers overachieved this season, they didn't do much in the off-season and everyone was calling it like a retool, you're not a rebuild but sort of a retool kind of year, maybe even reset the luxury tax and try to do that, and the fact of the matter is maybe they did overachieve, they really didn't have, kind of like the Rays, Rays lost pretty much their entire rotation, the Dodgers kind of lost a lot of starting pitch they're counting on as well, and you know, the youngsters perform admirably in the regular season but the playoffs are a different beast, here's a Corbin Carroll rookie card, it's going to go to Tim in the Diamondbacks, it's good for the hobby though, seeing these guys perform well, that's my silver lining, there are your mega chrome cards next, so if these results stand, let's say Astros Rangers, what does everyone have in that series, that's going to be division rivals in a CS, I feel like that's going to be a fun series to watch, could get chippy, who does everyone have there, Francisco Alvarez rookie card, Rangers are playoff hot, it's hard to bet against the experience of the Astros though, there's Alfredo Duno who's one of the kind of the upper tier, you know, headlined the MLB High Line number four rated prospect in the class is going to go to Dustin and the Reds, that's the kind of stuff we're looking for out of these mega boxes, I think there must be, I don't know, per case how many autos should we expect in a case of mega boxes, a couple, I would think, and if the results stand it'll be Philly's Diamondbacks in the playoffs, what are we feeling there, Philly's, you know, I bet Philly's fans wouldn't mind seeing the Astros again for a little revenge set up, we're looking for parallels here but there's some mostly prospects in this Bowman Chrome, but we've got a Volpe rookie card badge there, that's for Matt and the Yankees and the Rushman going to Dustin and the Orioles, dust off your Edward Julian cards ladies and gentlemen, I think he's a rookie in a lot of these sets, he just hit a solo shot, three two Astros, he is one of their top prospects, Proud is fired up, he's at the top of all, yeah they're at the top of the order so we've got some blue in there to save Josh Young, I don't know if I saved one already but there's a Josh Young, Gunner Henderson for the Orioles and I'll be for Dustin, D.Y. with the Rangers, you'll get all the Josh Youngs, right and some blue, we got blue for the boys in blue, that's Jesus Galiz, for my Dodgers, Baldomar has the Dodgers, there you go, 120 out of 150, nice little color match there as well, I mean to be a top, to be a number 24 prospect, Dodgers prospect is pretty good considering how deep that farm system is, I see some more color in there, good, good love seeing the color, we'll save a Yoshida here for the Red Sox, that'll be for Greg, hopefully we'll find some parallels, that's what we're really looking for, all of those Yoshidas will ship to you, all cards ship, all right there's the blue and it's behind Brady, take it to the house, wow it's an iconic but it's wonder, Harry with the rays, not sure what's going on with that situation there but I feel like the longer we don't hear news or updates, I feel like the worst it is, yeah it's always disappointing, you see the iconic insert, you see blue, you see and then you see the player name you're like oh, then we're drilling just hit a solo shot on Q, so we'll go to Renny and the twins and we've got some purple here, purple chrome, Jason Churio, nice Jason Churio and a Bowman Ascension which in the hobby cases are usually one per case, not sure how they fall in megas but there you go Cardinals, Jeremy Port, nice Jordan Walker, Bowman Ascensions and Jason Churio for Chris Perrin and Cleveland this is for you 51 out of 299, Tampa Bay Times they wanted to complain the Dominican Republic winter league, I don't need the Tampa Bay Times, I just need James, James told me that but no updates on the legal situation, Peter this is the Bowman Chrome mega break, the only Bowman Chrome break we have on the site, now remember Adrian and this is a good time for me to do a public service announcement, there's always a schedule there that you can take a look at and that'll tell you what we're doing, what we're gonna do, sometimes I'll put some filler information in there, etc, etc great resource, there's also a shipping tab there that'll tell you what the status of your break is, if we have something to ship you, hopefully it'll have things to ship you, ship to you, that's a useful resource as well, less useful is the Joe's Picks tab where I try to prognosticate some games here and see who the winners are, nice an autograph, Andrew Pintar, it's for Tim in the Diamondbacks, there you go Tim, number 29 Diamondbacks Prospect in the Hornet MLB Pipeline, first auto, I'm gonna brand in my A a Bowman first for the Yankees, that'll be for Matt, Nariss has walked a guy who the hitter forgot to forgot to forgot what the count was, it's blocked for you, I thought I had the setting, I thought a view only setting going there, try that, if everyone can see, if everyone can click that link and see if it works for you, is he safe?  Sorry Stacey, no you do have the Dodgers in this break, number one, I don't know how that other person's name got in there, there you go Stace, with the Dodgers, there's everybody else, onwards you're welcome, sorry about that, I'll double check the entire list after this too, just so just so I make sure everyone's correct info there, all right next box then we've got one, two, three, four, five, eight boxes left and then one more case to go, I think I think we're about 25 minutes into this rig, yeah I think this is about an hour long break, give or take, I'm going to open two boxes at a time in the next case, I might be a little quicker too, all right so all cards shipped, you'll get all of these but the whole point of this is trying to get some of the exclusives in here, there's another Maia and we're looking for autos in here, numbered cards in here, all that good stuff and some of these Bowman firsts, Jen, you got a Brock Bauer 95 Retro Auto 99 in the four case break, nice, there you go, classics, let's start that process now here, who do you think chooses the jerseys for game day, you think that's like you think everybody gets a vote on the team, is it players only, do coaches get input on it, is it just team captains that get to choose, I don't know if every team does captains or not but I wonder how that works, do you think it's just equipment staff, they just they get to decide, there you go, you guys are wearing this today, you think players don't care, they just equipment staff hangs up the jerseys and they'll just say all right this is what I'm wearing today, all right, yeah I don't know that could be possible, that's how it was when you were playing sports, on the professional level, there's a Gabriel Gonzalez Bowman Chrome Autograph, nice, that's going to be for Seattle, that'll be for Dustin, Dustin you'll get the Celestine as well, oh not on the professional level, so I'm sure there might be some slight differences on the pro level though, nice, iconic blue Corbin Carroll, that's for Tim and the Diamondbacks, it's out of 150 I think, yeah 118 out of 150, nice, although now I remember a time, I don't know how much, remember when Chris Sale was with the White Sox, who openly talked about how he hated one of the alternate jerseys that the White Sox had, that they were forced to wear, maybe regular season, post season has to be different right, that has to be maybe regular season, you might not have as much of a choice, you have to you have deals with the manufacturers and the manufacturer says you got to wear this once every two weeks or something like that, doesn't matter what day but you got to work into the rotation, oh nice Jan, you got a White Sox auto Chris Sale, well that I think that's regulated by Major League Baseball, I don't think they're going to allow everyone to wear different jerseys, like one wearing the home jersey, one wearing the away jersey, one wearing some alternate jersey, one wearing a city connect jersey, visually that would look terrible on TV, that's right there's the story, took your cookie saying Chris Sale didn't like the evening so much that he cut up a bunch of them in the locker room so the team couldn't wear them, just red ass Chris Sale, he's just like uh-uh, they're dumb, but I don't know how, someone needs to, we need an investigative reporter on this, maybe there are manufacturer deals like with Nike because the jerseys right, maybe there's a deal that says hey you got to wear that city connect jersey at least once in every round of the playoffs or something like that, they got to sell jerseys right, we got some Riley Greene iconic, Tigers that's going to be for Nancy, Morduno for the Reds that will be for Dustin and the final four boxes of this case and then we'll rip another case ladies and gentlemen, we already had the 33 minute mark so maybe this will take a little over an hour, I've never ripped any of these mega boxes so a little iffy on the timing but I'll update the schedule, I'll update the schedule when I'm done with this break, that's right Rex, they are playing like they mean it, they always seem to get hot at the right, they did this last year too, they always seem to get hot at the right time, I'm seeing a lot of orders but not a lot of orders for the fillers for the new releases, I guess nobody's interested in new releases today, we still have 20 left, we're holding at 20 in the prism baseball hobby pack break which gives away teams in select baseball, we're at 29 in the update dual case filler, both of those are only 27.99 a spot, chance to win and then only 30, only two spots gone in the Bowman University football filler, that's 16.99 a spot, I thought that'd be flying off the shelves but we'll go through some orders after this in about another 30-40 minutes and then we'll see what direction people want to, what direction people are going in Yeah, thanks Duncan, thanks, I guess I'll flip over to that game, I guess I'll keep a ESPN gamecast open for the Astros Twins game, let's see if Carlos Crea exactly revenge upon his former team, all right so we've got some blue for the Blue Jays, here's an iconic Mike Trout, maybe some ink for him James, we're looking for that, this is for James and the Angels, got another Maia for the Yankees, Matt Smith and an Adrian Pinto, that's going to go to Nancy and the Bluebirds, 66 out of 150 on that one Nance, final two boxes of case one and then it's a dual case break, another two to go, those are the Mega Packs and here are the regular packs, good luck, South Park really new trailer today for these, but what's the special about, what's special about this special, we've turned carbon and butters and Kenny into older women, interesting, nice one two three for my Dodgers, now this frame is where it's going to be important, can Lance Lynn turn in a decent performance here, save the Dodgers season, ooh is that some gold, I think I saw some gold, that is some gold or maybe that's yellow to 75, we'll find out, got some purple here and that's going to be Gabriel Gonzalez, 125 out of 299, purple parallel going to Dustin and Seattle, these guys, not their bowman first all-card ship, but there's two players that should be, could be Stars of the Future, is a yellow parallel to 75, that's Braylor Guerrero, 10 out of 75, that's Ken Griffey Jr. commercial, Geico commercial cracks me up, Tampa Bay Rays that'll be for Harry in the race, all right, case one done, case two coming at you, camera back, give myself some room here, these boxes all the way back there, open a second box here as well, that's the one, that's the one, that's right, case two, we've got to check Kike's playing center tonight, oh that's right, I did hear that, all right interesting, some orange, it's getting a nice little bit of color there, all right Lance Lynn, I don't remember the last time the Dodgers have not given enough any runs in the first inning, I want to reveal the orange too early, that's the orange right there, you can still see this on the top camera, don't be aware of that ghost up there, and we've got an autograph, that's Gavin Cross, that's for David M and Kansas City, nice, number 72 prospect overall, not just in his organization, all the baseball, that's good, long as you're a top 100 prospect, I like seeing that, there's Jason Churio, to 2.99, Cleveland this is for you, that's Chris Parent with Cleveland, orange behind Adrienne Pinto is Yasser Mercedes, yass, 16 out of 25, ready for the twins who are still down a run, but they're running out of outs, they're down to the, down to, they're down to six outs, took your cookies saying Cross is a stud, hopefully it makes it to the show next year, yeah I feel like, you know, I know that Royals are rebuilding, but they've got some decent youngsters in the pipeline, so their, their return to success maybe sooner rather than later, mega packs, those the regular packs, oh boy, Diamondbacks fans at this bar, they've got, they've brought the brooms out of their closets, good luck Aang, another two boxes, this is just the, just the base, but the action is, is that stack right there, so let me just flip through these really quick, all card ship though, so you'll get all those rookie cards, that's where your Bowman firsts are, the most part, and behind Jackson Churio is Jesus Galiz, 260 out of 299 for Stacy in the Dodgers, nice iconic mega chrome parallel, Francisco Alvarez, Rennie with the Mets, not number, but in that exclusive parallel, love the look of that iconic insert, where Quinn's game going into the bottom of the 8th, Twins are only down a run, they're trying to stay alive, Astros lead that series 2-1, my Dodger trying to stay alive, they're trying to avoid a sweep, your mega chrome cards, the Mojo refractors, nice Ethan Salas, I was wondering where that guy was, Rainer Arias is pretty solid too, and there's Jadair Arinamo, 48 out of 99, Brewers, Dustin with the Brew Crew, Tristan has the Giants, Arias is one of the, I think it's Arias right, he's one of the bigger names, bigger prospect names, yeah your number in 15 international prospect in that class, Ethan Salas is a huge name, Harry with the Padres, we've probably got to find more of this guy Harry, it's a start, another two, Jennifer Garner owns a once upon a four, what is once upon a five, another Ethan Salas, I'm gonna start looking for some color, another Ethan Salas, there they are, there they are, here we go, with these, there's one of the Ethan Salas's that we saw, Harry's happy about that, got to try to add some more here to the pile, there's another Arias right there for Tristan and the Giants, and there's an autograph, Joe Lamp, where do you think it's Lampy, Chris with Cleveland, Cleveland this is for you, Northern California, number 29 Guardians prospect, that was terrifying, whenever Lancelin gives up a long fly ball, baseball reference, do you have a pronunciation guide for me, no, don't know, I'm gonna go Lamp, all right there is an Ethan Salas, another one for Harry and the Pirates, Purple Chrome, 196 out of 299, Edwin Rodriguez, E-Rod, Dustin S. Seattle, did you get him, wow what a recovery, there you go Max, Lancelin is wearing a, usually I don't really associate, I'm not good with like athletes and what number they wear, like some of my friends are really good at that, they're like oh yeah, number 27, like so-and-so, I'm like what, who really, yeah the gate code is Antonio Gates, Michael Jordan, and they're like what, I don't know that, but 35 I do associate with Cody Bellinger and Lancelin is now wearing Cody Bellinger's number 35, so from like the back, you're kind of like, you know, and they have very different body types, so it's, so it's kind of, it's kind of funny at first glance, like wait, oh right, all right, twins have not scored any runs in the bottom of the eighth, they're going into the top of the ninth, they're gonna try to prevent the Astros from adding on runs and they're gonna look to walk it off, or at least tie it, the bottom of the ninth in Minnesota, and we got an iconic Corbin Carroll for Tim and the Dynabax, second one, and we got a D'Angelo Sarmiento, that's goal, 35 out of 50, nice one for Renny and the New York Mets, you know, among the headliners of the Mets international signing class, our mark looks like this is an hour and a half break, and I was, I was thinking hour, but no, thought wrong, this is where Lancelin gets in trouble, he puts some runners on, put some runners on and then gives up the home run, the solo shots, you can live with solo shots, and also I feel like the daughters have not been very good, closing now innings, two outs, but now two singles in a row, keep it in the ballpark, Lance, we've got a Celestine, a Felneen Celestine for Dustin and Seattle, number two prospect in that international signing class, nice pitch, Lance, there's a Davis and De Los Santos for Tim and the Snakes, that's a 117 out of 299, nice good strike out, Lance Lynn's fired up, good job, all right Dodger's offense, wake up, eight boxes to go, the Buffalo Wild Wings Buffalo commercials, what do we think about those, I think that Buffalo is kind of funny, I'm kind of liking it, pole star, are we into that, are we into pole star, electric vehicle, whose project is that, is that a pole star Volvo, Volkswagen, or independent, are they solo? All right, there's another Celestine for Dustin and the Mariners, other two boxes down, another two boxes coming up, almost there, definitely took a lot longer than I thought this was going to be, it was an hour and a half break instead of an hour, but thanks for hanging with me ladies and gentlemen, thanks for watching, thanks for joining the break, we've got another double header loaded up, I don't know if we hustle, we might be able to get another one of these in the books tonight, now that I have a better idea of what our timing is going to be on that, all right there you go Kikei, Kikei single, we want to be starting something here, how do we feel about managers getting interviewed in the middle of the game, is that not a distraction or is that just part of the game now, we'll have to get used to it, get interviewed players too, I don't know if I like that, oh that double play is not what we need, costus iconic, and we've got a louis serna, bowman first gold, 541, that is 41, it can't be 51 out of 50, 41 out of 50, that's going to be for Matt and the Yankees, 41 out of 50, and the tristan costus, and an autograph, Henry Bol, nice, that's an interesting way to do it, just rip the mojo packs and then just send the other stuff evenly, I wouldn't mind that, Brad and Maiev from Matt and a tristan costus iconic blue for the diamond backs, or diamond backs for the boss and red socks, that'll be for Greg, all right and what's that for the Dodgers, that means I could flip back to the other game which is going into the bottom of the ninth, Astros at twins, Astros have recorded an out already, twins are down to their last two outs, oh Royce Lewis, Royce Lewis up to back, this could be exciting, oh Royce Lewis wanted that one, swings through from 96 miles per hour of heat, Ryan Presley, Royce Lewis, come on Royce, yeah he definitely did, he's just got to say I think he's just encountered a lot of injuries for us because he can stay healthy, that's why he could be a superstar in this league, oh win the dirt, trying to get him to swing after that, one and two of the count now, I think we got some magenta on the bottom, it's the first one of those and some blue, looking like some nice color right there, Ethan Salas autograph and Royce Lewis won into the count, no it takes another ball in the dirt, two and two, there's the Ethan Salas, Harry with the Padres, I'm sure was getting a little nervous as we got to the final two boxes and James is thinking that's the image variation auto so even better, there you go Harry, thanks for getting in, we got a blue Luis Torres, that's for the Angels, that's for James, three and two to the count, to Royce Lewis, strikes out on a curve ball, James has 36 out of 150 on that one and then we've got a Jackson Merrill, also for Harry, another solid prospect here, not his bowman first but this is numbered, 58 out of 199, 19th best prospect just in all baseball, not just the organization, entire MLB, all right final two, Max Kepler is the last, could be the last batter, twins just have one out left, twins are down a run in Minnesota, oh no, two per domo right, okay great, all right final two boxes, all right we got three and one to Kepler, if he can get on, who's hitting behind Max, oh is that Correa, wow that would be a moment, all right now it's three and two, if Kepler can get on and bring up Carl's Correa, former Astro, if Kepler has to get on first, give Correa a chance, wow he rang him up, I think that was a strike though, that was dotted, I mean that was in a perfect spot, Astros advanced to the CS, they're gonna face the Rangers, that should be a good series, divisional rivals, flip back to my Dodgers, Lance Lynn gave up a solo shot to draw a per domo of all people, but I'm okay with solo shots for now, oh no and Kettle Marte hits a solo shot, I guess that's still, it's just solo, it's only two nothing, that's okay, it's still okay, jeez 428 feet, all right there's another Rainer Arias for the Giants, yeah Dodgers bats do have to wake up, I did not think the, I knew the starting pitching was gonna be a challenge, but just did not, I mean the bats going this cold, nice Oswald Paraza, not Oswaldo, this is Oswald Paraza, Bowman Ascensions in the Mega Mojo Parallel, nice one from Matt and the Yankees, about one per case it looks like, and that my friends is that, we are done, hour 17 in 30 seconds, thanks for sticking with me here and took a little bit longer than I thought, but I appreciate everybody getting in, here's a quick little recap that Ethan Salas was nice, got some nice colors, some nice prospects, some nice people, oh thank you James, I definitely forgot about it, so I appreciate you reminding me about that, two being given away here, so still have a chance, if you did not do well in this break, don't worry, you still got a chance at those playoff promo spots, two of them being given away in this one, all right so let's flip back to the list, there's your quick recap, let's flip back to the list over here, let's gather everybody's names, Tim down to Mark and everyone in between, new dice, new list, and let's roll it and randomize it, six and a four, ten times, actually you know what I'm gonna do, no we'll do it with names, six and a four, ten times, top two after ten, where is that again, just want to make sure yeah, two right, top two after ten, six and a four, good luck, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, and fingers cross tenth and final time, so from three on down, sad times, three through thirty, thanks for giving it a shot, Chris very close but no cigar, we do have to do a lot of these, there's like 30 promo breaks so we're not even a third of the way through giving away all those spots so keep trying folks, all right and congrats to the top two, Mark and Jeremy Port, congrats to the both of you after ten, you're in the top two, Lancelink gives up another solo home run, that's what he does, all right and then we'll see you next time for the next one, jaspyscasebreaks.com, there is a next one ladies and gentlemen, so if you want to do one let's get after it, jaspyscasebreaks.com, bye


It's chiptips, chiptips, I have no music and I can't sing. Greetings, chip friends. I'm working on a part of the Retrocomputer's front panel that can read and write memory through switches. To implement what I envision, I need another state machine. And this time, it's much bigger. It would normally require a 512x16 prom along with a 16-bit register, but instead I'm going to use a programmable logic device, specifically a Gal, or generic array logic. The predecessor of the Gal was the PAL, or Programmable Array Logic. It was introduced in 1978 by Monolithic Memories, whose data book featured this cheeky little dude. The PAL was an array of AND gates, followed by an array of OR gates and inverters, which could get you most combinatorial logic that you wanted. These took the place of PROMs that would normally have been used to replace lots of logic chips, and they were faster as well. Let's look at the smirk on that dude's face. Early versions could only be programmed one time, but then came UV Erasable versions. There were many, many devices to choose from, all having different capabilities. The ones with registers in them were particularly suited towards implementing state machines. The Gal came in 1985 from Lattice Semiconductor. It was more generic in that it could be configured to act like any number of PALs, and it could be electrically erased and reprogrammed. Today, however, these chips have been overshadowed by FPGAs, which have capabilities vastly exceeding those of Gal's, but they also come with high complexity. Here's the context for these programmable devices. An engineer from Fairchild founded MMI in 1969, which developed the PAL in 1978. In 1969, AMD, Advanced Micro Devices, was also founded and eventually bought MMI in 1987. Meanwhile, an engineer at Intel founded Lattice in 1983, which developed the Gal in 1985. Amusingly, AMD spun off its programmable device business as a wholly owned subsidiary in 1996 called Vantus. It didn't last long, and Lattice bought it up in 1999. Today, in the programmable logic space, we still have Lattice, along with Xilinx and Altera, founded in 1983, and bought by Intel in 2015. Now, nobody sells PALs or Gal's anymore except for Atmel, which sells two different kinds, the popular 16v8 and 22v10. Atmel, by the way, lasted from 1984 all the way up to 2016 when they were bought by Microchip. Atmel seems to have gotten into the programmable logic device market around 2000, and I'm not quite sure how it came to sell their version of compatible Gal's. Anyway, aside from these Atmel chips, you can also find surplus Gal's on eBay. Okay, I'm going to be using 22v10s to implement my state machine. A 22v10 has 22 IO pins, and at most 10 of these pins can be configured as output pins. A 16v8, on the other hand, has 16 IO pins, and at most 8 of these can be configured as output pins. Since my state machine has 9 inputs and 13 outputs, I need to use 2 of any of them. Atmel 22v10s are currently US 176 each, while 16v8s are 96 cents each. The much bigger difference though is that the outputs of the 16v8 are limited to 8n terms. If any output in your logic requires more than 8n terms, you have to go to a 22v10, and that's where I'm starting. I can always change to the smaller device later. So suppose you have your logic equations done and you've formatted them in terms of products or logical ands, of inputs and inverted inputs, and then sums or logical ores of those. Now you need to determine which fuses to program in the device. The product terms are easy. Each input and inverted input has a line going vertically. Every available product term has a line going horizontally. Just program the fuses at the intersections and you have your product terms. Of course, not every product term goes to every output, so you have to carefully select which lines you need. The sums of the product terms are carried out by the output logic blocks. You also configure the output logic blocks to be either registered or not, inverted or not, tristated or not, and whether there should be internal feedback. This configuration is done through more fuses. There's also one product term on the chip for an asynchronous reset, and another for asynchronous preset. So now presumably you know the state that you want all the fuses on the chip to be. How do you program that? None of the chip manufacturers publish their programming algorithm, instead only revealing them via non-disclosure agreements with programmer manufacturers. Over the years, people have figured out how to program pals and gals anyway, so you could go that route and Google for programmer circuits, or you could just use an existing programmer as long as it supports the chip you want to program. The mini-pro I have doesn't support the Atmel chips, and given their non-responsiveness to requests, I got another programmer. This is the well-on VP598, which does support the Atmel chips. Someone really really needs to make an open hardware programmer, collecting all the known chip programming algorithms, and that also lets you specify your own algorithm. Anyway, a standard file format for fuses is Gedeck Standard 3C, linked down below. It's pretty simple, you just specify how many fuses the device has, what the default state of a fuse should be, and then the state of each non-default fuse. Give that to the programmer software, and it goes and programs the chip. Now since pals and gals are pretty much obsolete, the software to generate the Gedeck files is also obsolete, except for WinCouple, which is distributed by microchip, linked down below. It's Windows only. Basically, you put in the logic equations you want, and it minimizes the logic, and then generates the Gedeck file for you. There are open-source Boolean minimizers available, so you could write your own software, but WinCouple is somewhat convenient. We start with a few informational fields, and then we specify the signal names for the pins. Remember that you can configure each output as inverted, so the bang in the signal name indicates that. The minimization software should figure out for itself whether to use the output blocks inverter, so that if there are too many product terms with the inversion, it can try to invert the logic all the way back to the inputs to see if there might be fewer product terms that way. Anyway, we can declare fields, which are just lists of IO signals. We can define constants. We can define intermediate signals. Then we can define the asynchronous reset signal using the .ar suffix, while the .d suffix indicates the d input to the registers. We don't have to tell it that we are using the registers in the output block, and the software will figure that out for itself based on whether you specified the d input or not. There's some special syntax I'm using here. A PEND lets you keep a running sum. colon is an equality comparison. Note here that I'm setting all four state outputs according to one boolean, ANDed with a constant pattern. Doing this for each output individually would be a pain. Also note that the hash character, or number sign, or pound sign, or octothorpe, or whatever you want to call it, stands for the OR operation. The syntax is pretty limited compared to what you would see in Verilog. For example, you can't perform arithmetic operations on signals. Then again, gals are limited in what they can do, so limiting what you can specify to ANDs and ORs makes sense. There is more specialized syntax for state machines, but I decided not to use that because my state machine is split across two chips, and it made more sense to me to use a consistent method. When WinCouple compiles your file, it generates both the JEDEC file, and also a nice document with lots of information. One nice bit is to show the minimized equations. Note that the equation for q0 has 10 terms, meaning that I cannot use a 16v8. Well, I might be able to by splitting this equation, but that's a lot of work just to save 80 cents, and I'm not building a million of these. The document also shows you a nice map of the fuses it will program.  Next I just pull out my VP598 programmer, pop the chip into the programmer, the right way around of course, and then I fire up the software that comes with the programmer. I open up the JEDEC file corresponding to the thing that I want to program, and then I select the appropriate device, which in this case is going to be an Atmel 22v10 version C. And then I just hit the program button, and that goes ahead and programs the chip. Once that's done, I can just pop the chip out and stick it in my circuit, and see that it works. And that's all there is to programming a gal.


Cummins and Purdue have the same ethos. We're Midwest, we build real things, we have a work ethic, and so it seems like when we attract students and we bring the Cummins people that want to engage with us, there's a real chemistry, a real match. The question is how can we help create the type of opportunities before students graduate that they can see what it's like and how a forward-looking company like Cummins is. Data science is exciting to me because it is this new field. Anyone and everyone has data and they don't know what to do with it. Data has a significant role moving forward. If I think about Cummins, we have so much data and if we can take that data and analyze it, apply machine learning to it, there's so much that we can do with it. Our CEO had recognized that every critical decision that we make for Cummins is going to be driven by advanced analytics and machine learning capabilities. They see that it's important to take students from all majors, which is the data mine, and give them that additional polishing on data science, data analytics, and so they see themselves as a partner to accelerate and improve the workforce development in Indiana. The more talent we pull in in students and workforce is aware of these type of programs and is aware that the Midwest is truly a technology hub for data science and machine learning, the more interest they're going to be drawn in. No data is everywhere and within this field of data science we're going to be impacting more than just our Purdue community or the Cummins community, we're going to impact people around the world.