Okay. So, quiz five went better than quiz four. Went pretty well in fact. So, that's sort of an A minus right there. And we only have two of these things left. There's one Friday and then a week from Friday, we have the midterm two and then there's one more after midterm two and then we're done with these quizzes. So in principle, if you already have an A on these quizzes, you don't need to take quizzes six and seven because you can drop two quizzes, all right? So, you only need to take them if you want to improve your quiz average. I know some of you will want to, but, okay. So, what we're going to do today is we're going to talk just briefly about some of the things that we talked about on Friday and then we're going to do some examples. We're in the middle of Chapter 17. We're trying to close out this thermodynamic stuff. We should be done with it by the end of the lecture on Wednesday. And then we're going to start talking about kinetics. Okay. So, we've been talking about the chemical potential. All it is is the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy with respect to one of the components, the moles of the number of moles of one of the components that serves as either a reactant or a product in the reaction that we're talking about at constant temperature and pressure where we hold the number of moles of all the other components constant. All right? So, Mu describes how the Gibbs energy is affected by changes in the amount of one component. That's what we've been saying. It is an effect, the Gibbs energy of a single component. And the way I like to think about that because I find this equation to be confusing is if you have a bunch of different components and you've got some total Gibbs energy that we can think of as just being the mass of all of these elements of these components, blue, green, orange. All right? If we were to remove one unit of the blue and weigh again, that difference is tantamount to taking that partial derivative with respect to the blue. While holding green and orange constant, and I think you can see intuitively when you look at it this way that what you're going to end up with is the weight of this unit of blue, consequently, this is telling us, right? This is an effect, the Gibbs energy of a single component if you think about it that way. Right? So, what we know about the chemical potential is that it's extensive, it's got units of energy per mole, just like G, it's pressure dependence and it's temperature dependence mimics that of the Gibbs energy. The concentration dependence is something that we haven't talked about for the Gibbs energy, right? For the chemical potential, here's what it looks like for some component A, all right? There's a standard state for A, all right? And RT log, and that is the activity of A. And the activity is just the concentration multiplied by a factor called the activity coefficient, which we haven't talked about yet, but for the time being, we're just going to assume that this activity coefficient is 1. So, this activity closely approximates the concentration. This is true, this is rigorously true in the limit of dilute A, right? If the concentration of A is very low, then its activity will equal its concentration, okay? And we'll have more to say about the activity later. Okay, so we have this thing called the chemical potential. Now, with this chemical potential, we can begin to understand why G is bowed. In other words, why we can't just connect the Gibbs energy of reactants and the Gibbs energy of products with a straight line, right? Seems logical that you could do that. Isn't the Gibbs energy of these intermediates just a linear combination of the reactant and product concentrations? And if that's true, wouldn't we get a straight line that just connects these two things? And if that's true, there really wouldn't be an equilibrium, would there? Because there'd be no way for there to be an equilibrium. There'd be no dip, no bowing. The bowing is essential in order for there to be equilibrium. And so what we showed is that if we calculate the G when we're half converted, O2 to N2. In other words, we have vessels of O2 and N2. We've allowed them to intermix until the equilibrium is obtained. All right, what we calculate is minus 1,717 joules, right? Even though the free energy of formation, the Gibbs energy of formation of O2 and of N2 are both zero, all right? And so if mixtures of these two things were just a linear combination of zero and zero, we would just have a dash line here. But that's not what we see, right? There's this bowing of the Gibbs energy that occurs as we mix these two components. And the reason that happens is because the entropy of mixing is positive, all right? And so if we take T delta S, that equals delta G, except that it's positive, all right? So that peak would be at plus, well, I think I brought it here. Yes, plus 17, 17 joules. Here it's minus 17, 17 joules because the delta H of mixing is zero for ideal gases, all right? We know delta G is delta H minus T delta S, don't we? Okay, so this positive entropy of mixing is the source of bowing in all types of chemical reactions, right? It's a general feature of chemical reactions that this bowing occurs and consequently because there's a minimum introduced by this bowing, that's where the equilibrium state is. And so this, when I say the positive entry of mixing is the reason for equilibrium, you get what I'm talking about. Okay, the last thing that we talked about on Friday was this thing called the extent of reaction or the progress of the reaction. I call it both things. It's got this funky symbol here which is called psi, I think. Is that right? I'm not very good with Greek letters. I'm just going to refer to it as the E because it looks like an E. All right, if the delta E is 0.1 moles, then as this reaction here progresses from A to B, A is going to get smaller by minus 0.1, B is going to get bigger by that amount. And so we can recast our Gibbs energy versus reaction progress plot instead of having a reaction coordinate here, we can call it the extent of reaction. And what we pointed out is that the slope of this plot at any value of this E is the reaction Gibbs energy. Now you see this delta here, we don't say that. We just call it the reaction Gibbs energy. But when you say the reaction Gibbs energy, you're right the delta sub R. Okay? So the reaction Gibbs energy is just the chemical potential sort of, evaluated with respect to E instead of the number of moles. All right, it looks like the chemical potential except we've substituted E for N. All right, now we call this thing the reaction Gibbs energy. And there's three possibilities. It can be less than 0, 0, or greater than 0. Okay? And so under conditions of constant of the reaction of the, so we understand that a change in the Gibbs energy is given by this expression, the chemical potential of A times the change in its number of moles plus the chemical potential of B times the change in its number of moles. Right? And if we want to exchange E for N, we can recast this expression in terms of the extent of reaction. Okay? And to do that, we have to recognize that DNA is going to be negative because A is getting smaller. All right? And the extent of the reaction is always positive. All right? And so we have to introduce a minus sign here in order to convert from moles to the extent of reaction. Okay? And once we've done that, we can write this expression. And so the reaction Gibbs energy is just the difference in the chemical potential. Right? DGDE, DGDE, that divided by that is just that right there. It's the difference in the chemical potentials. So there are three possibilities as we proceed from A to B, all right? Initially, the reaction is going to be the Gibbs, the reaction Gibbs energy is going to be less than zero. In other words, this slope is going to be less than zero as we proceed from here to here. And then when we get down here, it's going to be exactly zero at equilibrium. And then when we go further, it's going to be greater than zero. We have these funny words that describe that. Okay? Now we haven't said where equilibrium is with respect to the extent of reaction. To get there, let's assume that A and B are ideal gases, then you would call from lecture 16 that we can take the difference between the molar Gibbs energy of the final state and the initial state. That's just equal to this integral right here and for an ideal gas because that's just RT over P. We get RT log P final over P initial. And so we can then define a standard molar Gibbs energy, no free, as one that applies at 1 bar in 298.16 degrees Kelvin. Okay? And so instead of thinking about an initial state and a final state, we're going to convert one of these two guys into a standard state that we reference our Gibbs energy against all the time. Right? And that standard state is characterized by pressure of 1 bar and the temperature of 298.16 degrees Kelvin. Right? It's that guy. We're going to move them over to the right side. Now we're going to call him G superscript zero. Right? The standard molar Gibbs energy. Okay? And so if A and B are gases, we can write their chemical potentials in this form. All right? Parallel to this form, now we're just talking about the Gibbs energy of a single component, A. And so if we look at this difference here, I can substitute this expression in for A and then write an analogous expression to it for B and I get this guy. All right? And now I'm going to collect these two muses together and call that the reaction, standard reaction Gibbs energy. Standard reaction Gibbs energy. Okay? And the P zeroes cancel. We just end up with P B over P A. This quotient here is in general going to be called the reaction quotient. Okay? So now for every value of the extent of reaction across the horizontal axis of our G versus the extent of reaction diagram, we can calculate the reaction Gibbs energy from the Gibbs energy of formation. All right? There's an F there for the product and reaction species. So we can look up these Gibbs energies of formation for the reactants in the products. That allows us to calculate what the reaction Gibbs energy is. At equilibrium, the reaction quotient is given by a special name. So in other words, at equilibrium where this guy is zero, okay, we have this, we're going to call the reaction quotient K instead of Q. Where did we call it Q? Here. All right? That guy is equal to Q, but when this is equal to zero and we're at equilibrium, why? Now we're going to call it K. K only applies when you're at equilibrium. So you have to be talking about equilibrium concentrations or pressures of every reactant in product. Okay? And so that being the case, we can just move this guy over to the left-hand side or move that over to the left-hand side, put a minus sign in front of it, and now we have a relationship between the standard reaction Gibbs energy and the equilibrium constant. This is an important equation. Okay? What does it mean? Well, let's say that the standard reaction Gibbs energy is zero. All right? In other words, the reaction in the product Gibbs energies are the same. All right? If that's the case, if I plug zero in for this guy, all right, I get zero over RT, I get the EXP of zero, that's just one, all right? And what that means is the equilibrium constant's just one. In other words, if we look at a diagram like this one where we're plotting the Gibbs energy as a function of Q, all right, we're going to end up with an equilibrium constant that is here right at the bottom of this well, symmetrically located between A and B, and this curve is also perfectly symmetrical. On the other hand, what if this standard Gibbs reaction energy is negative? We've got a minus sign here, and if that thing is also minus, we're going to have a minus times a minus is a plus, all right? And the EXP of any positive number is going to be greater than one, right? All right? And if it's greater than one, all right, here's that case, all right, standard reaction Gibbs energy is positive, sorry, negative, negative, negative, all right, final minus initial, and so now our curve is going to be skewed, all right? Here's one, all right, we're going to be greater than one. We're on the right-hand side of one. We're over here, all right, so qualitatively the equilibrium constant is going to be greater than one. What does that mean? What does that tell us about the equilibrium state? More of this than that, right? So we can be a little bit more specific about that. If we have some generic reaction, this is just a review from Chem 1, Amols of A, Bmols of B, Cmols of C and Dmols of D, the equilibrium constant is given by this expression where we've written everything in terms of activities, all right, these are the product species, these are the reactant species, and I've taken in every case the activity to the stoichiometric, to the power of the stoichiometric coefficient. Everybody remember how to write these things? All right, and these, because these are activities, each activity, for example, the activity of C is its activity coefficient times its concentration and for D and for A and for B we have the analogous expressions.  It's just going to be one, okay, and that's our equilibrium constant expression written out in terms of concentrations. That's the activity of A, that's the activity coefficient for A, that's the concentration of A, you get the picture, okay? So what this tells us is that we're going to have a product rich state, these are product concentrations, these are reactant concentrations, if K is greater than one, we got more of this than this. That's what this is telling us. We have a product rich state for our system. Conversely, if the standard reaction Gibbs energy is greater than zero, in other words, B is up here and A is down here, that's the positive standard Gibbs energy, now the curve is going to be skewed, the other way K is going to be less than one, okay, and we're going to be reactant rich by virtue of the same thinking, okay? So this picture is self-consistent, we can think about in terms of K, G, standard Gibbs reaction energy, any of those things. Let's do an example, CO, hydrogen, and methanol, all right, are mixed together at 500 degrees K with these concentrations, the partial pressure of CO is 10 bar, H2, 1 bar, methanol, 0.1 bar, and we pass this over a catalyst, this mixture, all right? The question we're going to ask is, can more methanol be formed? Can we adjust the reaction additions to form more methanol? Or are we maxed out, okay? We're given the standard reaction Gibbs energy, 21.21 kilojoules per mole, all right?  How does that affect our calculation? What's the catalyst doing? What's the role of the catalyst here? Anybody know? Speed up the reaction, it's exactly right. It's going to accelerate the reaction, it's going to accelerate the approach to equilibrium, but it does nothing to alter the position of the equilibrium. In other words, inserting the catalyst doesn't change where we're going to end up in terms of the mix of products and reactants, all right? It's not going to do that by definition, okay? So here's what our picture looks like. We're told the reaction, standard reaction Gibbs energy is 21.21 kilojoules per mole, here's what that looks like, all right? We're uphill compared to where we're starting. It's a positive number, all right? So what do we expect? Well, we expect K is going to be less than 1, right? Now I've denominated this axis in terms of the reaction quotient, all right? The reaction quotient is zero when we're starting the reaction because the partial pressure of these guys would be zero at this point, all right? That's not where we are in this problem and this problem we're over here somewhere, all right? But hypothetically, if we were here, the reaction quotient would be zero and if we're here, the reaction quotient would be infinite, wouldn't it? Because we got no, none of, we got only products, no reactants, okay? So we're here, we got none of this so the reaction quotient would be infinite. Okay, so how do you approach this problem? First thing you have to do is write a balanced chemical reaction, boom. CO plus 2 hydrogens gives methanol. Then you write an expression for the reaction quotient and you calculate it, the reaction quotient for where you are right now, the reaction quotient for the conditions that you're given. That's the one I'm talking about. There are an infinite number of reaction quotients, right? All different numbers, these are all different reaction quotients that vary between zero and infinity, all right? So what we want to calculate is the reaction quotient that corresponds to the initial conditions that were given. I should have called it something special. But I didn't, I just called it the reaction quotient. It's the partial pressure of methanol divided by the partial pressure of CO multiplied by the partial pressure of hydrogen squared because there's a 2 in front of the hydrogen, okay? I plug my numbers in, I get 0.01. Reaction quotients and equilibrium constants are always dimensionless, okay? Reaction quotients and equilibrium constants are always dimensionless. I'll show you why in a moment, okay? So now we can calculate K. K is just the XP of minus standard reaction Gibbs energy divided by RT and we were given this in the problem. It's 21.21 kilojoules per mole, so that's 21,210 joules per mole and I can calculate K. Sure enough, it's less than 1, okay? Then I compare Q to K. This is where I am now. This is where K wants me to be. Q is bigger than K. What does that mean? Well, we're not at equilibrium. That's the first thing to say because to be at equilibrium, Q would have to equal K, right? It's bigger. What does it mean that it's bigger? It's on the product side of equilibrium because remember what Q is? Q is products over reactants, right? Okay, so if Q is bigger, that means we've got more products with respect to reactants than we will have at equilibrium. So we are on the right hand side compared to where equilibrium is, right? We're here and here's where equilibrium is, right? Qualitatively. We're at 0.01, equilibrium is at here, okay? And so we can immediately start to make predictions about what's going to happen, can't we? Just looking at this diagram, okay? But let's just do a couple of other things. Let's calculate the reaction Gibbs energy for this progress of reaction, all right? The reaction Gibbs energy is just equal to the standard reaction Gibbs energy plus RT over Q. We calculated Q already. We said it was 0.01, that's the temperature, that's our, that's the standard reaction Gibbs energy. I can calculate now the reaction Gibbs energy at the Q that we care about, 0.01, and that's the number I get, 2.06 kilojoules per mole, all right? The fact that it's positive means that the slope is positive, right? It means that the slope is positive. It means that we're here, all right? That's why it's positive, all right? We already concluded that we were here. We know we're at Q equals 0.01, all right? And so what this means, of course, is that at this mix of reactant and product pressures, the reaction is not, the reaction towards methanol is not spontaneous. In fact, we're going to go back in the other direction, all right? Methanol is going to be consumed and we're going to make CO and hydrogen. That's not what we wanted to do, all right? So that we were asked, all right, can we make more methanol under these conditions? No, you can't. You're going to go backwards. You're going to consume methanol and make these two reactants. Now, what if I increase the concentration of the reactants? All right, I'm going to increase these concentrations and I can just recalculate. Now the Q is 0.001 instead of 0.01. It's gotten smaller. I can recalculate the reaction Gibbs energy and when I do that, now I'm getting a negative number, all right, and the reaction Gibbs energy is the slope, remember, the slope of that green curve, all right? So if that's negative, that tells us that we went from being on the right-hand side to being on the left-hand side. What did I write here? The minus value means that the reaction is now spontaneous and we can make more methanol. We were here under these conditions and now we've moved over to here under these conditions right here, all right? And now the slope is negative. It was positive before and so now we will make a little more methanol. We're going to go from here down to here. It's not going to be a huge amount but we should make a little more methanol under these conditions by adding more, what did I add? More CO or more H2. One, ten, oh, ten, one, I just changed. You get a different Q because the hydrogen partial pressure squared, okay? So we can make predictions and everything is self-consistent. That is self-consistent with that is self-consistent with this thing right here, all right, it all makes sense.  Consider the following reaction, N2O4 reacts unimolecularly, in other words by itself, to give two NO2s. It's a unimolecular reaction. Calculate delta GR that should be delta RG. R should be over there. At 298.1, calculate equilibrium constant, calculate the equilibrium total pressure of the system consisting of one mole of N2O4 and one liter at 298.15 degrees Kelvin. Got to do all three things. Very similar to a problem that you're going to have on midterm two because it rolls together. A lot of things, doesn't it? Okay, that R should be right there. It's called the reaction. Standard reaction Gibbs energy, all right? Now, we're not given that here for goodness sakes but fortunately you've got your book and there's a table of Gibbs energies of formations in the back of your book and you can just open up that table and calculate this, okay? So, the standard reaction Gibbs energy where that R is actually underneath right there is two times that because that's the product, two times the NO2, the standard Gibbs energy of formation for the NO2 minus the standard Gibbs energy of formation of the N2O4. That's going to give us the standard reaction Gibbs energy. I'm really working hard not to wrap these words around my throat today, all right? I looked that up in the back of your book. I looked that up in the back of your book and I just plug them in here and what I get is that number right there. That's the standard reaction Gibbs energy where that R is actually right there, all right? So, it's thermodynamically uphill. That's what we mean when we say thermodynamically uphill, that's a positive number, okay? This reaction is thermodynamically uphill. We expect Kp to be less than one, right? Because if I think about where the products and the reactants are, the green curve is going to be skewed towards the reactant side and K is going to be less than one. That's my chemical intuition kicking in. I look at that number and I know K is going to be less than one, all right? We want to develop this chemical intuition that maybe we haven't had. Calculate Kp at this temperature. We just calculated that. The standard reaction Gibbs energy. Now I can just rearrange this equation and calculate K. That's pretty easy for me to do. I just plug in that number that I just calculated. There it is right there and I can calculate everything else. Oops, that's my equilibrium constant. Sure enough, it's less than one. That reassures me that I might not have made a mistake, all right? I knew it was going to be less than one before I calculated it. Okay, what else? Calculate the total equilibrium total pressure of a system consisting of one mole of N2O4 and one liter of 298.15 degrees Kelvin. Remember G-CAM, remember doing these problems? You're going to have to be able to do problems like this again. It's the second time you've had to do this probably. Maybe you didn't like it the first time. I hope you like it better this time. I like these problems myself. One mole of this, no moles of this, here's the change. Minus X is the number of moles that are going to be consumed as the reaction proceeds from left to right plus 2X because there's a 2 here, all right? So the total is going to be 1 minus X and plus 2X. Remember this? Okay, here's our equilibrium constant expression. Where did that P0 come from? I know I've got products over reactants so I've got the partial pressure of N2O squared over the partial pressure of N2O4 but then I got an extra P here. Where did that come from? We need to just talk about this one time and then we never need to talk about it again, hopefully. Every one of these pressures is really the partial pressure divided by the pressure that characterizes the standard state. Every one of these pressures. Every time you write a pressure in equilibrium constant expression did anybody ever tell you this in GCAM? No. It's left out and you're just told that equilibrium constants are always going to be dimensionless, right? But the reason they're dimensionless is because this is not the partial pressure of N02, it's the partial pressure of N02 over P0, right? And so if you work out the algebra, if you write PN02 over P0 squared and PN2O4 over P0, all right? You end up with an extra factor of P0 in the denominator that makes this expression dimensionless. You see, you've got P squared in the numerator and you've got P squared in the denominator and all the units are going to cancel, all right? So it's not magical that equilibrium constant expressions have no units. It's because every pressure or every concentration that you input into an equilibrium constant expression is really a ratio between the concentration of the thing that you're talking about and the concentration or pressure of the standard state, okay? Now as you'll see in a second, it becomes important that you not forget about this P0, all right? And you can always insert the right number of P0s just by looking at the expression. If you leave out the P0s and you write the expression the same way that you would in GCAM, you can go back and look at it and go, oh, I can see there's going to have to be extra factors in P0 either in the numerator or the denominator to balance the units. You can stick them in after without thinking about them too hard. That's the pressure corresponding to the standard state, one bar, okay? So now I'm just going to make substitutions from the ideal gas equation. I haven't forgot my P0. I'm going to square this just like that's squared right there and then I'm going to plug for this N. I'm just going to plug in from my expression that I generated right here and so in the numerator I got 2x squared and in the denominator I got 1 minus x right there. Yes, that's from there and that's from there, right? Okay, and then now look at this cluster of variables here. I've got r times T over V multiplied by P0. P0 is one bar, V is one liter, T is 298.15 degrees Kelvin and r in units of liter bars per Kelvin per mole. Which is not a factor that I can remember, all right? That's r in units of liter bars per Kelvin per mole. All of these units cancel but this thing is not equal to 1. It's equal to 24.789. So you've got to divide your equilibrium constant by that factor to get the right answer, all right? The P0 is important. Without that P0 you're not going to get a dimensionless quantity in this pink rectangle here. It's not going to be dimensionless. You see, bar cancels with bar, liters cancel with liters, moles cancel with moles, K cancels with K. Okay? So now I can solve for x in the normal way. I cross multiply, generate a quadratic equation, use the quadratic formula. This C parenthetically will always be negative in these problems. C will always be negative. That's important because that means that this operation underneath this square root sign here is always going to be an addition, okay? If you remember that it's somewhat helpful.  And it's always a plus. Okay? And here's what you get. Of course there's also a negative root that you neglect because it's plus or minus. Okay? So that is the x and now we can calculate finally what these two, what the number of moles are going to be, the final number of moles for both of these two chemical species, 1 minus x, 2x. Here's the final number of moles. But we weren't asked for the final number of moles. We were asked for the final pressure and the final pressure is just the sum of the moles times RT over V, right? Because there's two species. We've got to add them up to get the total number of moles of gas and then RT over V gives us total pressure which is that number right there. This is just taking you back to G chem, all right? But that stuff is important. We do need to remember how to do these problems. Okay, so French guy, you know how this can be important in the future. You remember that name, Le Chatelier. That's a name that you know from G chem. If a chemical system in equilibrium experiences a change in concentration, temperature, volume, or partial pressure than equilibrium is just to counteract the imposed change and new equilibrium is established. That's what he's famous for. He didn't win a Nobel Prize though. He just missed out on that. At the end of his career, he wrote, I let the discovery of the monosynthesis slip through my hands. It was the greatest blunder of my scientific career. Nobody could figure this reaction out in the early 1900s. Everybody was working on it and Le Chatelier even had the right catalyst, all right? Anybody know what the right catalyst is? Silver works, but that's not the catalyst that was actually used. It was iron. The reason Le Chatelier didn't understand this reaction is this is one of the rare exceptions to the Le Chatelier's principle. It doesn't follow his principle. He was thinking about his principle and this reaction doesn't follow it. Why? That's the extra credit question. That's the extra credit question for midterm too. So if you know the answer, in between now and then, you can try and figure it out. Let me say it again. Why does this reaction, which is catalyzed by iron, not follow Le Chatelier's principle? One sentence, right? It's not a long drawn out thing. There are no equations. I want you to just tell me. And who solved this problem? Well, it turns out there's two guys, Fritz Haber and Karl Bosch, right? Fritz Haber figured out the chemistry first and won the Nobel Prize in 1918 for doing that. And then Karl Bosch commercialized the process. And those two guys are the most influential, not scientists, not the most influential scientists. They are the most influential people of the 20th century because they figured this out. According to Nature magazine, a magazine about scientists, right? All right, here's, what am I plotting here? This is the population of the world in units of billions. All right, and this is the year, all right, and here is what the population of the world was doing. And here's when the Haber-Bosch process was invented. Early, about 19, early 1900s. All right, here's what happened to the population of the world. This could never have happened without that. All right, that's why they're the most influential people of the 20th century. What's so important about this reaction? Fertilizer, all right, you need to fix nitrogen. You have to separate nitrogen from its super strong triple bond in order to make proteins because proteins have amino acids in them that don't have triple bonds, right? Half of the protein in your body was prepared synthetically by this reaction, half of it. Half of every protein in your body came from this reaction right here. Isn't that phenomenal? That's called impact, all right?  Where did that fixed nitrogen come from before the 1920s? You can't see it here, but these are cows and this is a mountain of, exactly what you think it is, all right, on the, most of the world's seagull guano was on the coast of Chile, Peru, and Bolivia, all right? There's a long coastline on the west coast of South America where there are mountains of seabird guano, and that is where all of the fixed nitrogen came from in the world, all right, at this time in the early 1920s. There were wars fought over it, all right? War of the Pacific, read about it, all right? It was fought over bird guano, all right? It was a super important commodity. It's called salt peter, salt peter, right? Potassium nitrate, all right? Critical component in the manufacture of explosives and gunpowder, too, all right? So very important strategically in the early, late 1800s and early 1900s, all right? I think, very interesting. Okay, so Le Chatelier did get the principle right. There are reactions that are, that run counter to what his principle predicts, all right? Almost all cases of reactions that don't obey Le Chatelier's principle have something to do with catalysts. Catalysts mess up the principle, all right? So that's part of a clue, all right? If you want to get the extra credit problem right, you have to think about the catalyst. Why doesn't the catalyst allow Le Chatelier's principle to be obeyed for the Haber-Bosch process? What does the catalyst do to prevent that from happening? It's about the catalyst, okay? Le Chatelier's principle says, position this equilibrium should shift to the left because the shift will result in reduction of the total. So in other words, if you increase the total pressure of a reaction vessel that contains a mixture of these gases, you increase the total pressure, you expect equilibrium to shift to the left because the pressure of the system will be reduced if you do that, right? If I increase the pressure of this reaction vessel, we expect equilibrium to shift to the left because here we've got two moles of NO2 and only one mole of N2O4 and so the pressure of the system will go down if equilibrium shifts from right to left. That's what the Le Chatelier's principle predicts and that's what happens most of the time if there's no catalyst involved. Can we determine the relationship between X and P total for this reaction and verify the prediction of Le Chatelier? Can you work it out, right? In detail and in the one minute that we have left, we don't really have time to do this but let me just click through these slides very quickly and show you. This is what we did a minute ago. We have to calculate the mole fraction of each of these two components. Oh, we're not going to get through this today, so on. All right, so we'll see you on Wednesday.


Hello and thank you CC arts link for assembling us today. I'm Ariel up here And I'm the curator at the Verilis Center research center and public forum for art culture and politics at the new school The Verilis Center for art and politics was launched in 1992 in direct response of the cultural wars in the US Today the assaults on cultural expression are more insidious and more elemental Prompted by political developments here and abroad the center's activities have been organized around a central theme a question if art is politics positing the art itself as a political practice If art is politics is politics art a dance Music if art is politics. What is its political currency? How does it shift and affect the sites practices and participants of political process in ways that traditional forms of political involvement may not Positioned as a political practice. Does it embrace values that transcend party politics? And how does it implicate cultural and educational institutions in this political order? For over two years, we've met examined this provocation through the work of our fellows including Fatima Zaktan from Amala Palestine We've been Privileged the hoster for over four weeks and we're sad to see her go I need to go home. I Believe her. I want to follow her Well, thank you all for having me for this Amazing audience and for arts link and the Vera less centered Today is also emotional for me because I woke up as I do every day. My name is fountain I lived all my life under the Israeli occupation This is the only reality. I know sometimes I hear artists and art operators and curators speaking about living Working under conflict in a conflict zone areas and all these big terms and for me They make no sense because that's the only life I knew and this is the only practice an Environment where I had to practice my work myself and artists Around me, so I woke up in the morning in my comfortable room here at Washington Square Hotel to the news of 25 Palestinians killed in the recent Israeli strikes of Gaza to a demonstrator in Lebanon who was killed He's the third I imagine Amanda Since the beginning of the revolution and to 300 300 youth killed by snipers in peaceful protests in Iraq and of course to the continued Attacks on Syria to two friends being arrested by the CC regime in in Egypt and To the so and of course I can go on and on and talk about Yemen and talk about other parts of the region We said that the world is at a sad place but for me in particular the Middle East is going through a very tough period at this point and We are all as art and art operators are trying to find our ways in In Palestine, it's really funny because until a few years ago wherever I went in any cultural event around the region A conference on culture and arts It was always Palestine at a certain point with the Arab revolutions that started in nine in 2011 the situation changed and Palestine was no longer under the spotlight and this was good and bad This was bad because we kind of left that we were felt left alone in spite of the fact that today Again, I felt that we're not left alone because Palestine was a recurrent theme in the Israeli occupation Throughout the talks even by non-Palestinians, but it was also good because for the first time we were on our own We were not following funders agendas and arts. We did not have to please anyone We did not have to be professional Palestinians as Palestinian artists curators Managers we were forced and I quote-unquote forced to address Narrative that is expected of us Palestinians living under occupation the victims and for the longest time Palestinian artists right even to protest that they wanted to do their own work They wanted also to address the Israeli occupation and the suffering and dispossession of the people but at the same time have the space To relate maybe even address the Palestinian issue from a global and more bigger context for me, I I'm very comfortable when the work with the word curator I'm comfortable because I feel that it has so much power that In decision-making and I have a problem My practice my recent practice I moved from working with elitist artists particularly visual artists in Palestine to working with the city of Ramallah Where I had to work with a wider audience and now to working only on small-scale projects that make direct impact on Communities and give power to communities. I I worry about the concept of being a curator because I don't want to make decisions on behalf of artists or the community anymore. I Started questioning even the language in 2006 when we had the second legislative and presidential elections in Palestine and Surprisingly in spite of all the work that we've been doing as civil society activists on artists Suddenly the majority of the population voted for Hamas the Islamist and that was a very difficult day in Ramallah I remember I was running Sakakini cultural center We had an immediate emergency meeting for artists and Operators as we do all the time in the midst of the political crisis and we wondered what we were doing wrong If we were working so hard and so actively What was the problem and one of the things that we realized is that since the first in Tifada which broke out in 1986 the Palestinian population has not had a Say in the course of the future of Palestine whether on the political level or on the social level or on the cultural level Decisions were made for us and this was It was the time to reflect and see how we can challenge our own practices to try to actually make an impact on ground Because the truth is was is that we were not really trying we were not being very successful making an impact on ground In this contact. I changed the way I am working not only me many Initiatives and artists and operators now you see a lot of initiatives in Palestine that link arc with agriculture and science That goes down to working with communities and giving power to the communities So in this context, I want to talk about three projects Maybe two that I'm working on the first is the reclaim of public space for Palestinians It's a platform that addresses one of our neighborhoods in the city Where it's a it's an it will end with a festival But the idea is to give power back to the people to decide on how they want to see their neighborhoods What kinds of plans they want to see planted in their neighborhoods? What kind of dialogue they want to engage with each other and also with the city and on the governmental level? What kind what do they want to see happening in their public spaces? How do they want to see their? Taxes being spent and so on in addition to this dialogue that will end up in a festival We'll also having a series of discussions among thinkers curators and artists to engage in Discuss new practices that can give back the power to the community The other initiative that I would like to raise and it's it's actually started here in New York City. Ironically It's called Rawa I've been one of the founders of Rawa working with Muhtar. I don't know if Muhtar is still here or he left Rawa is an attempt to democratize funding in Palestine. It's an initiative that was put to as initiated by Muhtar Kokash Muhtar Iran the The art and media Program of the Ford Foundation the Arab region for the longest time and suddenly he realized that it all has to go back To the community. It's not the big money that comes from the outside It is how the community mobilizes from the inside inside to make Change so this initiative through this initiative. We're not following funding trends. We have clusters that work in Gaza in with Palestinians inside Israel and also in the West Bank and in Jerusalem and we Identify for the first time in years our priorities and we decide where the money should go and in what way working with the community Directly So yeah, so this is what I do. I was impressed by Amanda's Presentation today I think change is going to happen and I think that Being a Palestinian Looking at Lebanon is giving us even artists and curators so much hope in the change in the peaceful change and also in the role again that the reclaim of public space and how The entire population not only artists have been presenting themselves and mobilizing. It's very is very important But I think that the region as a whole has very difficult challenges and we should not be blind or over Optimistic, I think it's going at a certain point to get worse before it gets better And I've learned over the years to accept that that's okay. So thank you Question for you. Oh, that's our song and dance. All right, that's a fine Again the most dynamic period I remember from my since my childhood of living under occupation What's the first intifada? Because that's when the community is mobilized. We did homeschooling. We We grew our own vegetables. We did our own activities without any Having to have a higher power and this is the model that through Rawa and Program that we're doing in the neighborhoods that we're trying to in fact bring back to Palestinian life to give back the power to the people


Hello everyone, my name is Dan Willett. Thanks for coming to our talk where we'll be talking about running financial workloads in Kubernetes.  So we're not really going to focus so much on what Kubernetes is, but more about the specific challenges that customers face when they're taking financial workloads and running them on Kubernetes. And we're going to drive it by going through three real world examples. So a bit about me, I'm CEO and co-founder of ISOvalent and my background for the better part of the last 15 years, along with my co-founder, Thomas Graff, has been in Linux, networking and security, working in the kernel, working on technologies like OpenVSwitch. I was one of the founding employees of a company called NYSERA, which built OpenVSwitch and was later acquired by VMware to become VMware NSX. And hi, my name is Neela Jacques. Some of you may know me as the former executive director of the Open Daylight Project, where I was working with a number of large financials who are really keen to bring greater programmability to the network. Most recently, I was at Barracuda Networks working on more of the security part of the network. What I want to do is jump right in to tell you a little bit about ISOvalent, who we are, and then we'll dive in to the underlying technologies.  We're very much an open-source company, and we maintain two really key open-source projects, as well as contribute to a couple others, and we'll talk a lot more about those in the presentation. To begin with, though, ISOvalent is most often associated with our flagship open-source project, Cillium. What is Cillium? Cillium is an EBPF-powered networking, observability, and security technology built specifically for the cloud-native world. So what is EBPF? Well, EBPF has been described as giving Linux superpowers. And what EBPF is, and we'll talk a lot more about it, is a way to securely embed programs into the Linux kernel. This is incredibly useful for things like observability, for things like tracing, as well as networking and security. We're also big believers in Kubernetes, and of course, that's why we're having this talk, and we leverage the Envoy project as part of our Cillium solutions you see in the diagram in the middle here. So I think just to start off this presentation, I think one thing that's clear to all of us is that the world of financials has been changing rapidly over the last few years. We think back, still we see it when we walk down Main Street, banks typically have these big, beautiful buildings, because in the old world, differentiation was really about assets and security. A bank is someone that you want to trust. Well, clearly that's still important, but really now the basis of differentiation for a financial has changed dramatically. On one hand, there's the breadth of things, and if you see if you go to the website of any major financials, almost every company out there has the ability to offer their customers a wide portfolio of offerings, but more subtly, it's also about how it presents those, how a financial is able to interact with its customers. Does it feel like an integrated way, or you've probably experienced going to some banks and finding that every tab that you click feels like you're dealing with a different company, with a different experience, with a different back-end application, and more and more, that goes from awkward to being, frankly, not good enough, and so we're seeing the world in which financials, the differentiation of financials, is now not so much about assets, but about software, and so to be able to walk this digital transformation journey, what we're seeing is financials have to build new capabilities, they have to build new applications, but that's also creating requirements for a new type of infrastructure. These new apps that we're creating, created need for us to be able to massively scale up and down. With what we're seeing in the world today, one piece of news can drive everyone to immediately go quickly check their portfolio, and you can go from having 5 million to 50 million to 150 million, all accessing the same underlying app that you have. We also need to rapidly change and adapt. The time that we get, for example, to process an acquisition has shrunk down dramatically, and our customers are now all over the world. Information needs to be centralized for privacy and many other reasons, but on the other hand, we need to be able to deliver an experience that is incredibly low latency for our customers, and so we need to place our services really close to our users. Kubernetes, as an underlying infrastructure, was really built in such a way that it can deliver very, very well on all of these requirements. So what is Kubernetes? Some of you may be very, very familiar with Kubernetes. There may be others who don't know as much, so I thought I would spend a little bit of time giving an overview of this real critical technology, and I will shamelessly borrow from another Linux Foundation family project, the CNCF project. They created this great illustrated children's guide to Kubernetes, and I'm not going to go through the whole guide. I urge you to go do that on your own, but I want to take a couple slides because I think they do a good job of illustrating some of the key concepts behind Kubernetes. So the first key concept of Kubernetes, or what has really enabled Kubernetes, is a shift in the underlying construct by which we deliver infrastructure. Historically, for the last 30, 40 years, we deliver infrastructure from a server, and while more recently that server has gone virtual from the physical, we're still really delivering a server with an operating system that is incredibly heavy, and that has led us to a more monolithic way of developing applications. Over the last few years, there's been a huge surge into the use of a container. What is a container? It's a much more lightweight construct to put in an app. It allows me to be able to encapsulate a set of logic, a piece of a service, in a way that it's very easy for me to spin up and spin down, very easy for me to scale up and down, and as part of doing that, I'm going to make that construct stateless. So in so many ways, containers are fundamentally changing the way we deliver infrastructure, but we have to recognize that the move to containers has created a whole set of needs. We need to think about how to manage these containers. We need to think about how to network them as they're coming in and out. They need to be scheduled, distributed. We need to load balance, obviously, around them. It's a much better way of delivering things, but it also creates a new set of requirements. And so Kubernetes really came in to be able to solve that second set of challenges, and really what I think Kubernetes does so well is it shifts the entire paradigm from thinking about delivering an app via a server, is the idea of let's turn it around, really think about a service. I'm trying to achieve something. So for example, a shopping cart. A shopping cart is a great example of a service. We understand exactly what it's supposed to do, and then the delivery of that is just really a matter of scaling towards the demand of a customer. I can create a service and that service can be instantiated in a series of containers, and then as I need to scale up and down, I just go ahead and fire up more of these containers, or I can go ahead and shut them down as people go to sleep. And so a service is a much more logical and better way to be able to think about delivering an application. This is really what Kubernetes is all about. Dan will be going into a lot more detailed in this in a second. But let's talk a little bit. I mentioned one of the challenges in this world where we've now got thousands of these containers that are that are delivering our applications. One of the challenges of this is being able to network them. And when we think about networking, we certainly think about connecting them.  How do I observe whether all the right connections are being made? Because we've all had that situation of having that spinning circle as for some reason an application is not being responsive. We also have to make sure we have to continue to make sure that all of our communication between our services as well as between our services and our customers remain secure. Now for 30 years we have evolved an entire market around one specific way of delivering this this monolithic architecture we were we were talking about. And you know in in the old world we really thought about a server and protecting that server and protecting a customer's access in and out. Our security and connectivity was really about hardware devices and and most of the time it was about hardware devices that sat between the end customer and the underlying infrastructure. Kubernetes, the Kubernetes architecture, undermines this model at every turn. IPs may be being created and destroyed every minute of every day. Change is constant in that environment. In terms of the bulk of communication it's no longer user to infrastructure primarily, what we call north-south, but more and more communication is happening between these different services as we've taken a complex application and broken it into a bunch of smaller parts in terms of a bunch of different services. And so our ability to connect to observe and to secure our applications has fundamentally changed in this new infrastructure. And so where we are today I think is actually very interesting. We have, thanks to Kubernetes, thanks to thanks to containers, we have a far better infrastructure. Linux itself is becoming the the strategic technology of this world and this is especially true for networking. Unfortunately the first generation of networking functionality that was built into the cloud-native Kubernetes world really sought to replicate a lot of the concepts from a prior era. It has a whole set of challenges which Dan will go into in a second. And so we realize this is what we're all about at ISOvalent is there's a need to reinvent networking, to reinvent network security from a cloud-native perspective. EBPF is a foundational technology that really allows us to do a whole set of things that weren't possible before and we have built Syllium leveraging these superpowers that EBPF gives us to be able to build a new networking observability and security architecture built for the cloud-native world. Cool so thanks Neela. Hey folks it's Dan again. I'm going to jump in and do what I consider at least the fun part which is getting into the core technology and getting into the customer use cases which is really what I think what really matters at the end of the day. So first off just one quick slide so that we level set a bit in a bit more detail around why some of these networking challenges exist in a Kubernetes world. So in Kubernetes you have you know Linux workloads often VMs but they can be bare metal right and these Linux workloads essentially are managed by the Kubernetes control plane to create a pool of capacity where individual lightweight containerized workloads that Neela was mentioning before can be scheduled in a highly dynamic way. You know these physical these these Linux workloads are connected to an existing network that's how they might reach out to reach legacy servers and legacy VMs or get to the external internet but they also communicate amongst themselves. And when you know you need more capacity let's say you're scaling up some of your workloads you're just going to throw in another one of these Linux workloads it's going to be managed by Kubernetes using the kubelet which is the agent that runs on each Kubernetes worker node and you know more pods are going to get scheduled to this. And so again the key things to to realize here is that you have a dynamic pool of Linux workloads with multiple tenants workloads being scheduled there you know they're getting assigned IPs they're being destroyed they're getting new IPs it's a very dynamic environment. And it's connected to your physical network but your physical network isn't really aware of what is going on at the Kubernetes layer and as we'll start to jump into some of the customer stories in the next couple slides you know you'll see that that is a really pivotal point in terms of achieving a lot of those requirements that financial enterprises have have always had. So let me jump in to the first user story. We're specifically modeling this on a large US bank but to be honest with you this is a pretty universal requirement for a lot of our enterprise customers it's just probably most extreme within financials and and other entities that have a ton of compliance requirements. So I think the key thing to remember is that you know all of those compliance requirements this is an example of the PCI you know requirement but there's other things like Sarbanes, Doxley, etc. You know these don't go away simply because you're using Kubernetes. You know so you know obviously a first requirement here is the ability to isolate you know a app that may have sensitive user data from another app. This is pretty obvious this is kind of network security 101. Why is even this something so basic difficult in a Kubernetes world? Well let's imagine you know we want to say hey tenant A should of course be able to talk to other tenant A workloads and also you know reach out to payments.com. Tenant B should be able to talk to other tenant B workloads and maybe reach out to a database in your legacy infrastructure and tenant C should only be able to talk to workloads you know from tenant C. These are pretty simple you know not mind-blowingly complex isolation challenges that you might need to do to meet your basic security compliance requirements. But the problem is you know traditionally what would you do you put tenant A on a VLAN, tenant B on a VLAN, tenant C on a VLAN and use a traditional physical firewall to isolate them. But the problem is twofold actually. First off you know physical firewalls that are seeing this traffic that has no idea if the traffic for example on that first Linux worker node came from pod one or pod two. So how does it know what that traffic should or shouldn't be able to talk to? It doesn't understand the identity at a Kubernetes layer of the workloads when it's seeing packets out the network layer. The second one is also pretty obvious from this diagram right if pod one is talking to pod two there it's never even going through the physical network it's never going through your physical firewall. Therefore a traditional firewall would not even see this connectivity even at a network layer. So it's pretty clear that kind of even the basic multi-tenancy requirements that you need for compliance can't really be met with traditional firewalls in a Kubernetes environment. So what can we do here? Well Kubernetes has a construct called network policy. Network policy is a way of defining network connectivity and restricting network connectivity inside of a Kubernetes environment in a way that isn't based on IPs because those IPs change all the time you'd be constantly updating your firewall rules you know you'd lose all the agility benefits of Kubernetes but instead based on higher level identity where you can say for example in a declarative policy you can say tenant A workloads should only be able to talk to other tenant A workloads and talk to www.payments.com and then wherever those workloads end up getting scheduled in this case Cilium we're using Cilium to implement network policy you know will program EBPF in the Linux kernel to make sure that wherever tenant A workloads pop up it has exactly that type of access and no more and because Cilium and EBPF are running inside of the Linux kernel on each one of those Kubernetes worker nodes there is no network connectivity even network connectivity within a work within a single Linux worker node that isn't seen and managed by these security policies. So first takeaway is firewall policies still need to be applied inside of a Kubernetes world and network policy is a Kubernetes construct combined with a CNI plugin like Cilium that lets you achieve that but this user story isn't done. This same bank has not just firewalling requirements but also security visibility requirements to meet their compliance right you know you've probably seen requirements that say hey you must be able to monitor and log all at all network access to systems with sensitive data you have the exact same problem you have in the firewall world if your logs just contain IP addresses how do you know who is accessing what sensitive systems right those IP addresses don't actually tell you what workload and with what data you know something was potentially accessed similarly your requirements your compliance requirements might require you to be running intrusion detection well you could run intrusion detection for all of your workloads north south but how do you ensure for example that only a select set of apps have intrusion detection enforced if there are compliance requirements dictate that and that that intrusion detection even sees all of the service to service communication between them it's essentially exactly the same problem for firewalling just in a visibility context so you know again the traditional IP import based logs don't give you the visibility and any network monitoring capability that isn't fully distributed will not give you that capability so again you need something that is a running inside of every one of your Linux workloads right and that sees every bit of traffic that is going between the workloads and sees it not just at an IP level but sees it in a way where those logs can include you know detail about exactly what kubernetes service was communicating at that exact time and that's really the power that you get with a platform like cilium and ebpf is that you're able to get all of your network audit and network connectivity information exported into for example the sim that your sec ops team uses like splunk or elastic or whatever else maybe arc site you know and you're able to get that data but in a fully identity aware way such that if your security team comes back three weeks later and says hey this IP address from your kubernetes environment did something suspicious you have the full audit trail there of oh i understand what team service that was at what time if it is determined that that service was compromised i can tell maybe how that attacker moved land early within the organization what information the attacker may or may not have gotten access to so that wraps up user story number one user story number two is another security centric story probably not a terrible surprise given how important security is to the financials this is actually from a startup who is a pain in the payment space um they migrated their app from an on-prem data center where they had strong kind of guarantees about physical security um to a cloud data center and as part of that they were trying to understand how they could get stronger guarantees about encrypting traffic in transit um as obviously there's a lot of sensitive payment related data um that was being transferred between their different services and from their services to various payment gateways um that that that that they integrate with so of course the traditional way that you would encrypt data in transit would be at the application layer your application developers would you know build their applications using for example tls and um you know rely on encryption at the application layer now that's fine and it's secure when done properly but there's a couple downsides to that you know first off if you initially built your application assuming it was an environment where you didn't need to worry about encryption right but now as part of your cloud transformation for example you are now moving to an environment where you do need to worry about encryption right you now have to go back to every one of your application teams and go tell them to change how they've built and run their apps to um to add encryption the other part is that even if they did add encryption you don't necessarily know the choices of encryption ciphers tls version ciphers etc that they that they've chosen so i don't know how many of you've seen this i know i got several emails like this recently you know there's a basic deadline for pci compliance that you have to have moved off of older versions of tls and that that that they'll now be fully deprecated um this article is from july i feel like i got several emails in the last couple months about this from from different um the sass providers um basically saying tls older versions of tls will no longer be supported so now what what happens here is you have to go and tell all of your application developers hey to continue to be compliant you have to go update all of your apps and well it's certainly possible it's much easier if you just have kind of a easy button um that you can transparently apply these more stringent security requirements to your application and that's what's actually possible in kind of a kubernetes world with something like cilium is that you're actually able to just declare say hey workloads from these sets of pods right should always be encrypted it doesn't matter what the application has done in the linux kernel itself add the encryption on top of the underlying communication and so what that gives you is not only saves your your development team's time but also from the security perspective gives you a lot of certainty you know for sure that all of that traffic is encrypted um you know exactly what encryption parameters were used to encrypt that traffic and so you know this is i we joke we have one of our customers used to call this boom encryption because you set it once and boom it's everywhere as opposed to having to go team by team by team trying to nag and corral them to kind of being fully compliant and then realizing that at any moment they may deploy a new part of their app that is no longer compliant and you have to continue to track them down so transparent encryption is kind of a new model of thinking about moving those meet the the work needed to meet those compliance requirements to the infrastructure layer rather than solving it in each individual app right another last one is actually a combination of two different user stories one is a large us insurance provider and the other is a europe-based um financial payments company and i think there's an old joke that i think it's in real estate there's only three things that matter location location location um i think in financial services software you probably say well there's security but location location location as well you know there's several examples nila already touched on this first one which is often you know you'll need geographic proximity to an exchange or to another financial api to reduce latency of a transaction but there's also tons of requirements around data residency right you know if you're a global financial institution you'll often find you have to store the data for your customers in germany you know in germany in germany right i can't tell you the number of financials that are saying well i'm going to either do you know i'm probably going to have alibaba as a cloud at some point because i'm going to need to do work in china right so you're kind of almost inherently if you're a global financial biting off these um types of data residency requirements and then the last one this is particularly relevant i think for the insurance company but it's probably relevant for for all the financials is fault tolerance you need to know that even and probably especially you know if your data center which might be in your home region is knocked out you still have other locations um that are fault tolerant you know if there's a hurricane that hits hits your home area where your your primary data center is and that's exactly when your clients are going to be filing claims and wanting to check in on their policies and you need to be able to make sure that that you have that that fault tolerance built in so you know the key challenge here from a kubernetes perspective is that you want to be able to still apply those security policies that you had in place but now these workloads aren't in the same cluster but you don't want to expose for example a service in your primary data center you know to all other workloads in your internal network just so you know a kubernetes cluster in your trading one location can access it right that's not at all least privilege what you want to be able to do is essentially have those find those same fine-grained zero trust policies even for workloads that may be spanning uh different different geographic regions for any of the reasons that we talked about in the last slide so the answer here is to kind of create a mesh of the kubernetes networks cilium has a feature that can do this called cilium cluster mesh but essentially you want it to be a single fabric from a network identity perspective so that when a packet arrives at your primary data center you know you can tell that it came from tenant c and should be allowed to go to a tenant c workload but not a tenant b workload or a tenant a workload the same thing applies to those security security visibility requirements we talked about right your logging needs to be able to log and understand that hey service a was talking to service b even if service a and service b were in different geographic locations and so really you can kind of think of this last aspect of as being able to preserve the critical identity for security enforcement security visibility even despite you know these these kind of requirements of financial workloads to often run in different geographic locations cool so just to wrap up we talked about three main user stories we talked about the need to be able to meet the core finance you know firewall and security monitoring requirements that financials face by adding an understanding of kubernetes identity in a world where ip addresses have become meaningless we talked about being able to you know add transparent encryption to be able to meet encryption requirements when for example a workload moves from a you know maybe on-prem environment where encryption wasn't critical to a cloud environment where it now is critical and for user story number three we talked about being able to guarantee these types of properties in a secure way despite having these amped geographically distributed as is required for many reasons in in the cases of financial services software so with that i want to thank you for your time i want to encourage you to check out learn more about ebpf and cillium if that's interesting to you we actually recently just hold hosted a virtual conference of ourselves the ebpf summit and we had um capital one talk there which will i think resonate with a lot of the user stories i just talked about above so i'd encourage you to check out that video it's only a five minute video so really easy easy to talk or easy to to take in and then um you know we'll be live on the conference chat if you want to chat right now or um you know always feel free to reach out to nila or i on twitter and if you want updates around the cillium um feel free to follow cillium project on twitter as well all right so thank you very much for your time i appreciate it thanks everyone


Action Grant Community Response to End Equalities, shortly CORE, is a reflection of a global aid strategy for 2021-2026. And it's a Homework for the European Union. So the strategy puts the community response in the centre and that's exactly what the CORE does as well. Putting the community response, the communities who are affected the most by three epidemics, HEV, TB and viral hepatitis in the centre. The networking is so important that I'm full of expectations. I'm so excited. This project is very exciting in the sense that it provides an opportunity for community organisation first to have resources. It brings an opportunity to really scale up services for key populations, not only exchange experiences or develop methodologies but really do services. For sure this project will allow us to further develop our services and to really pilot new intervention that we can show to the government that they work and they need to support us. It's fantastic that the European Commission provides this funding because it provides political backing for this kind of initiative. Action Grant CORE focuses on several countries and several member states. So on one hand it focuses on countries in the central Europe which are experiencing backlash in human rights and LGBT rights and specifically who are traditionally low prevalence country but due to the developments and also due to the lack of new scientific developments in HEV response or adopting them by the countries, they're a bit lacking in the HEV response. Another set of countries that CORE focuses on are Western European countries which traditionally are quite successful in their HEV response. However, there are communities that are left behind. Among them sex workers, migrants populations, people who use drugs, they're not part of the overall HEV response in those countries. It's a three-year project starting from January 1st of 2023 and finishing on the 31st December 2025 and includes 24 organizations and one affiliated entity from 16 countries. Among them 14 organizations implementing from 12 countries. It is very important for someone who is working with the community to have the smallest understanding of what it is to be vulnerable. If you want to get tested for free in Romania, you can do it but only in a very short amount of time in the morning. Mornings are usually times when people go to work, go to study or people don't want to wake up in the mornings. So we try to move them in the evenings, which fits more the community. This is the difference between public service and community services. We are thinking about the community, we know the profile of the community and we create services that respond to the need of the community and not only of the people working there. It has been an encourage, an in-current regulation and guidelines. It is very much promoted decentralization of healthcare provision when it comes to HIV, hepatitis, tuberculosis care. There was community settings, these community settings themselves when it comes to working with other healthcare settings are experiencing also stigma and discrimination just by association with the communities they're working with. Over the years I think we have seen that there's a lot of experience and also there's good collaboration between healthcare and the community. There's good collaboration between healthcare providers and communities but even when that exists there are legal and regulatory barriers to decentralized testing and different services for communities. So for instance in some countries you can still not do rapid testing without a medical professional or self-tests are not allowed or for instance PREP provision is still centralizing HIV reference clinic. For the development of community-based and community-led responses one of the main challenges that still we keep on having is criminalization whether it is criminalization of HIV, criminalization of sex work, criminalization of drug use, migration. In Sweden where I work it is well known that the majority of those who test positive they are migrants even if it has been a lot of taboo around it is almost 80%. I suggest that the work the need is in that group and they are not represented enough in our work or HIV resources when the resources are distributed. It's key that migrants take up the challenge because they are part of the solutions so they should be involved because some of the issues that are being addressed in the communities can only be solved by the migrants themselves. So when we talk about breaking taboos I mean it's the better understand their communities so they should be involved. It's very important that sex workers and other marginalized communities are involved in public health responses but we know that's not always the case and there are various factors some of them are due to structural factors such as criminalization, discrimination, stigma as well as poverty for example which really limits the involvement of sex workers in the community response but we also see that there is a lack of appropriate resources and funding for community-led organizations. Trans communities are one of the most affected communities by HIV with the highest numbers of new yearly infections during the past decade. It's not just the fact that we are kicked out from our homes at a very early age we ended up in a state of homelessness quite often and performing or being part of the sex work community also but we're also constantly target of sexual violence and we have very little access to healthcare services and this includes HIV related services. The level of stigma and discrimination against gay population in Romania is quite high it's in the top three categories of people discriminated in Romania which are two of the three are people living with HIV and gay men and this is why people refuse to go to services. What we lack is the governmental support for the time PREP is not available in Cyprus in the national health system of Cyprus moreover there is only one spot one place I mean for people to go and get their medicine for to go and get the care these people are in need and the doctors working for that are very few. The major challenges in Bulgaria in the last five years are the missing services for gay populations entirely missing prevention services support services because all the network that we were able to build with the support of the global fund for like 15 years was unfortunately lost and destroyed due to the permanent lack of funding and political support. If communities are more visible and better heard maybe the situation can change. In some places harm reduction might exist but harm reduction workers might not be able or don't have the capacity to provide services to migrants who use us or migrants that have HIV or people living with HIV with a sexual background so responding to these intersections is one of the important things. The biggest challenge for me I think is data because we do excellent work at community level but you find that you know that has to be backed up by data and if the systems are not set up to capture the data and disaggregate it sometimes it becomes difficult to argue some of these points or to highlight some of the disparities we see in healthcare especially amongst gay populations. The idea in this project is try to harmonize the data collected all the services and try also to improve this data collection covering the gaps that we know that we have with the specific communities, gay populations and try to improve all this process to have these harmonized data, harmonized indicators. It's really important because it's the way the community organizations can show to stakeholders what they are doing and how they are playing a really key role in this progress towards the target of ending HIV and AIDS and STI and viral hepatitis. We have been working on capacity building empowerment which is very important helping the migrants to be able to help themselves not just being pushed around and I believe that collaborating with the other organizations learning from each other having exchange of experiences I mean it could be very very important. Testing new services showing how it can work that the fact that it happens in different countries can serve to convince governments and local health authorities that it's useful to invest in these services and that by like establishing good peer-to-peer services the people who would benefit from these services will have more trust to go and visit these organizations to get what they need. Hopefully we'll build the capacity to train more people and have a bigger team in order to cater more people to have more testing spots and more testing times definitely to be able to provide more tests about other STIs and be more in touch with specific populations needs. We hope with this project that we can further increase the capacities of organizations to collaborate with sex workers organizations to reach out to sex workers and in particular to sex workers who face multiple marginalizations such as migrant sex workers, trans sex workers, sex workers who use drugs etc. Hopefully we will be able to use the core project to increase access to the different trans communities that there is around Europe and Central Asia.


Imagine taking the best football team in the world. I'm putting them on the pitch without any defence, no defensive players. Still got all their world famous household name strikers, the Ronaldo's, the Messi's. But they don't have any defence. Suddenly teams that previously had no chance against them pose no threat towards them and are now in with the chance of beating them. And I say this and use this analogy metaphor because I think when it comes to our mental health we underestimate the power, the game-changing nature of strong defences. The defence is not as glamorous and as sexy and as exciting as the strikers but without them winning teams become losing teams and become vulnerable to be beaten. I think when it comes to our defences mentally and emotionally in life you don't know what you've got till it's gone. So I'm encouraging you today with your mental health to make sure your defences are always on the pitch with you. You're sleeping well, your nutrition is good, you're exercising regularly, you're getting outdoors regularly, that you have good social connection and friendships that you are practising kindness and gratitude. All of these things are part of our fundamental defences against being scored against by what life throws at us. So don't go on the pitch today without your defensive players because they are bigger game-changers than you and I think they are. Alright, love you guys, have a fantastic day, go strong. Talk to you soon, cheers.