Great well, I'm visual asset news. My name is Rob and today there's really two big stories The first one out like talk about is as I call it the doquan stablecoin act and what that means as far as moving forward As far as stable coins, and I think some are gonna actually disappear Then also we'll talk quickly about drone Powell and his decision to raise 75 basis points Not really surprising and we'll talk about the Voyager auction update We're gonna talk about how Cardinals a nozzle upgrade is tomorrow Which I think some people have actually forgotten and then also we'll talk about tomorrow's gonna be a Twitter spaces with me Simon Dixon and The Celsius squeeze team we're gonna find out who's lying and we'll go over all those things and of course the very end We're going to Q&A, but first let's take a look at what's going on with drone Powell.  That's what they're gonna do Which is fine. That's fine see it all works out I think they have to do those things and if he comes in live We'll talk about it and see where it goes But the question I had was well, how would that affect the markets because everything's priced in right? Well, kind of actually Bitcoin went up point eight percent. That's pretty good tether. No one really cares. Let me see Yeah, the last hour I should say excuse me Bitcoin did drop a little bit Binance coin by Nancy everything's down a little bit in last hour. How'd that affect the S&P 500? Well, you can see right there a little bit of a drop I think I don't know if people were not expecting that's but that is what it is and also for Nasdaq also a drop So maybe that's your opportunity not financial advice to pick up some really cheap stocks and crypto for a second That's what's going on in the J-PAL world. Let's take a look at what I think is a bigger issue stablecoins and this new law that has been that is in draft now that it is not to say That we have this this is going to pass remember This is just a draft a lot of things can change from now until this actually gets passed by Congress but this is what you have in the floor and I will tell you I think this is what we we deserve this is what we deserve because of Doquan and the shenanigans that we're going out there. I'll explain in a second So draft stablecoin bill in Congress to require Fed and state regulator approval Here's what it is. Here's the crux of it really and I want to go over the whole draft boring But here's what it is stablecoins backed only by other digital assets Created by their issue issuers would see a two-year ban From new issuances. So if you got things coming out right now You're good to go. However Moving forward if you're not backed by anything Then you're gonna have to do something with that or else they're going to not allow you to operate here in the United States With a two-year grace period for existing stablecoins to receive approval after changing their business model Draft legislation to create a US federal framework around stablecoins would temporarily ban the types of payment coins They're not backed by outside assets Similar to Tara USD. So again, are we surprised this is happening? No, how many people lost a boatload of money because of the things that happen with Tara and their Algorithmic stablecoin and the collapse that happened The United States is gonna have to step in they did they said look we could just allow that to happen I want the free market rain just kind of go from there And you know, maybe everybody lose their money I know people right now are screaming at the at the screen and they're saying Rob, you don't get it Let him do it. Let him keep doing it. Let him keep doing it Let all those things to keep happening and everybody's just just lose and lose and lose before they get it Because that's what the free market does, right? That's exactly what could happen. Here's the thing You could do that But how how many times are we gonna let this happen? How many times you let people lose out and here's another question How many people have a perfect memory of what happened two three years ago right now? It's fresh in our minds. So it just happened, right? I can guarantee you people's memories are like goldfish They will not remember as things move down the road never like. Ah, well, it was it was a stable coin There was a thing happen, but there's this new way we're gonna do it So it's gonna be okay. Am I saying that this is the this is the best way to do things and that's what I'm saying I'm just saying that this is the regulation that we deserve after the fiasco that was going on. So let's keep going No, not bank issuers are stable coins backed by fiat currency It would also be overseen by the state banking regulators and the Federal Reserve. That's a bummer Banks or credit unions could issue their own stable coins This is the funny thing you've For these crypto companies that come out. They're saying look if you can do it, but it has to be backed by something And if you don't do that, we're gonna shut you down Now banks or credit unions could issue their own stable coins I don't know why they would but maybe they would which would be overseen by the office of the Comptroller of the currency in the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation because here's what I'm thinking what's gonna happen as time goes on People will just issue their own stable coin.  What's the here's my question? What's the problem with was just going? Yeah, we're backed. We have everything backed. We don't have it just like out in thin air Here's what we have here. It is and then so let's just keep moving the current draft bill under negotiation between House Financial Services Committee Maxine waters and Republican rep Patrick McHenry At least it's bipartisan would create a two-year ban on stable coins that aren't fully backed by cash or Highly liquid assets like the US Treasury bonds and the question is, you know What is it being backed by and the next question I had and that would lead me to The the thumbnail that you saw was with tether Like tether. I was always a little bit shaky on it I know some people love to have these tether all the time. I think it's the greatest thing of all time It's great. Fine. Go ahead use whatever you want. I don't care, but I know there was an audit I know I was done by an auditing company in the Cayman Islands And I and it apparently everything's on the up and up now They're gonna have to go through a lot more Rigorous steps. Just am I saying that they bypass anything? No, I'm not I'm just saying it'll be interesting to have more than one set of eyeballs on all these different books To see what actually is reality and what's just out of thin air. I just don't don't see it like usdc Alair the CEO went before Congress go look Everything is backed and here's the documentation that you possibly need. Here's our bank counts. Go ahead and check it Binance coin BNB. I didn't know this till I did a story about two weeks ago They're a hundred percent backed by cash and assets and not just some kind of stablecoin thing So if it's okay for them to do it, why is it? Well, we'll just look at the other guy slide I just I just don't see it to correct me where I'm wrong in the comment section. That's fine That's what we're all here for and then the question I had to ask you is like how many times we can get hacks and pulled Before we all wake up. Here's another thing There was another hack yesterday or today or some time. I can't keep track Winter mute lost 160 million of people's money making it come to number five Look at this. We even have a leaderboard for hacks on our 2022 DeFi exploit leaderboard Well, that's something to be happy about so far For total losses, I guess this is 2020 the last three years, but really 2021 22 We've lost quite a bit of money. We can see here billions of dollars and Here we are in winter mute. They just lost a hundred and sixty million dollars. My question is this How many of these are real hacks that really happen with with hackers? And how many are they are just rug pulls and people just coming behind it going? You know what? We'll say it was a hack and then we'll take these hundreds of millions dollars because it's crypto. Who knows I Have serious questions about all these protocols all of them and then not to be outdone I will give the benefit of the doubt. So winter mute. This is their Wishful cynic. He is the founder and CEO of winter mute and you go. Hey to the hacker We offer a 10% bounty on funds taken to make it easy We propose for you to transfer all the funds taken the exploit save for 16 million so you can keep the 16 million I guess Thanks for returning everything Well, I mean that is one way to do things So that's what's going on in the world of stable coins and my two cents Let me know what you think in the comments. We'll get into that Q&A and Let's talk about some good stuff, huh? Cardano the Voss love greats tomorrow and I think everybody's I mean Everybody who everybody who owns Cardano is excited.  It's just just how it is So just a reminder. It's to it takes place tomorrow. It's set to take place over five days I didn't know that with the first round of upgrade schedule for tomorrow in the second on September 27th And this is from Charles Hoskins, and he says we don't want to participate There will be any issues, but there's no going back now no amount of testing or anything can save us It's either gonna hit orbit or it's gonna explode. That's a that's one way to say it. Hopefully it works out And here's what it does. Voss will enable applications built on Cardano to become faster more sophisticated Make the blockchain easier to build upon all improving the user experience. I gotta tell you I've got I use Deadless wallet. I have no problems just that it takes a long time to download it also improve the network scaling capabilities through pipelining and lower transaction fees like that and But not to be a done Hard cork hard cork hard fork was originally scheduled for June 29th But suffered from two delays to allow for more testing and patching issues. Well, thank God They did that isn't that the whole point of the testing so I'm happy they tested and they figured out Hey, it's not gonna work. Let's push things back At least it and they didn't push it back like two or three years just saying anyhow, what you think about that in the comments Let's finish up with a little Voyager auction news so he didn't know voyagers in chapter little bankruptcy And there's a couple of big players that came out that were in the lead and apparently and This is just hearsay. This has not been this has not been officially reported but Crypto exchange is buying it today FTX have both bid roughly 50 million for voyagers assets a little confusing to me But just so you know neither offer has been accepted FTX and by us were in the hunt to acquire voyagers assets in the bankruptcy auction Which was held last week in New York final results the auction are expected to be announced on September 29th But that's not true. It's actually going to be announced. This is from Patrick Ackerman To looks like the voyager sale announcement has been postponed from September 29th to October 19th So we won't figure out anything until next month. But the thing that confuses me is this. Oh Hey Real quick We'll get to that a second. It's ought to be good. We're gonna finish up anyhow The thing that does that confuse me is about this So as far as assets, this is from the the Voyager Committee the total cash is 104 million total crypto loan Excluding 3 AC is 470 million total crypto held a 685 million. So the total crypto held alone is 1.2 billion dollars And they just got all this for 50 million I just don't I don't know if that's that's just to acquire the company and then to make different parts of the other people whole or Exactly how that's working and I couldn't get any any definitive answers from anybody So if anybody knows anything, let me know in the comment section and then lastly before we listen to Jay Powell I'm gonna be on a Twitter spaces Which I really don't like those things, but whatever It's gonna be me Simon Dixon and the crew from the Celsius short squeeze Otis and there's been a lot of back-and-forth stuff like this people accusing Simon like he's got his own agenda What's your plan? Where's your plan?    There's a lot of problems going on Variable variable issues for electricity. If you could help Puerto Rico. There's two parts first option There's a link in the description twitter.com on a Maria and then also protechos to start rebuilding those roofs because a lot of them got Ripped off and people can't live in their houses. So that's what's going on right now. Whoa, I just missed blue past that one Let's listen to a little Jay Powell and what he's got to say and go from there. So that'd be interesting share my tab Let's take a listen We have both the tools we need and the result that it will take to restore price stability on behalf of American families and businesses Price stability is the responsibility of the Federal Reserve and serves as the bedrock of our economy Without price stability the economy does not work for anyone in particular without price stability We will not achieve a sustained period of strong labor market conditions that benefit all Today the FOMC raised its policy interest rate by three quarters of a percentage point and we anticipate that ongoing increases will be appropriate We are moving our policy stance purposefully to a level that will be sufficiently restrictive to return inflation to 2% In addition, we are continuing the process of significantly reducing the size of our balance sheet I will have more to say about today's monetary policy actions after briefly reviewing economic developments The US economy has slowed from the historically high growth rates of 2021 which reflected the reopening of the economy following the pandemic recession Recent indicators point to modest growth of spending and production Growth and consumer spending has slowed from last year's rapid pace in part reflecting lower real disposable income and tighter financial conditions Activity in the housing sector has weakened significantly in large part reflecting higher mortgage rates Higher interest rates and slower output growth also appear to be weighing on business fixed investment while weaker economic growth abroad is restraining exports As shown in our summary of economic projections, since June FOMC participants have marked down their projections for economic activity With the median projection for real GDP growth standing at just 0.2% this year and 1.2% next year Well below the median estimate of the longer run normal growth rate Despite the slow down in growth the labor market has remained extremely tight with the unemployment rate near a 50 year low job vacancies near historical highs and wage growth elevated Job gains have been robust with employee employment rising by an average of 378,000 jobs per month over the last three months The labor market continues to be out of balance with demand for workers substantially exceeding the supply of available workers The labor force participation rate showed a welcome uptick in August but has little changed since the beginning of the year FOMC participants expect supply and demand conditions in the labor market to come into better balance over time easing the upward pressure on wages and prices The median projection in the SEP for the unemployment rate rises to 4.4% at the end of next year, a half percentage point higher than in the June projections Over the next three years the median unemployment rate runs above the median estimate of its longer run normal level Inflation remains well above our 2% longer run goal Over the 12 months ending in July total PCE prices rose 6.3% excluding the volatile food and energy categories core PCE prices rose 4.6% In August the 12 month change in the consumer price index was 8.3% and the change in the core CPI was 6.3% Price pressures remain evident across a broad range of goods and services Although gasoline prices have turned down in recent months they remain well above year earlier levels In part reflecting Russia's war against Ukraine which has boosted prices for energy and food and has created additional upward pressure on inflation The median projection in the SEP for total PCE inflation is 5.4% this year and falls to 2.8% next year, 2.3% in 2024 and 2% in 2025 Participants continue to see risks to inflation as weighted to the upside Despite elevated inflation, longer term inflation expectations appear to remain well anchored as reflected in a broad range of surveys of households, businesses and forecasters as well as measures from financial markets But that is not grounds for complacency The longer the current bout of high inflation continues the greater the chance that expectations of higher inflation will become entrenched The Fed's monetary policy actions are guided by our mandate to promote maximum employment and stable prices for the American people My colleagues and I are acutely aware that high inflation imposes significant hardship as it erodes purchasing power Especially for those least able to meet the higher costs of essentials like food, housing and transportation We are highly attentive to the risks that high inflation poses to both sides of our mandate and we are strongly committed to returning inflation to our 2% objective At today's meeting the committee raised the target range for the federal funds rate by 3.25% bringing the target range to 3-3.25% And we are continuing the process of significantly reducing the size of our balance sheet which plays an important role in affirming the stance of monetary policy Over coming months we will be looking for compelling evidence that inflation is moving down consistent with inflation returning to 2% We anticipate that ongoing increases in the target range for the federal funds rate will be appropriate The pace of those increases will continue to depend on the incoming data and the evolving outlook for the economy With today's action we have raised interest rates by 3 percentage points this year At some point as the stance of monetary policy tightens further it will become appropriate to slow the pace of increases While we assess how our accumulative policy adjustments are affecting the economy and inflation We will continue to make our decisions meeting by meeting and communicate our thinking as clearly as possible Restoring price stability will likely require maintaining a restrictive policy stance for some time The historical record cautions strongly against prematurely loosening policy As shown in the SCP the median projection for the appropriate level of the federal funds rate is 4.4% at the end of this year 1 percentage point higher than projected in June The median projection rises to 4.6% at the end of next year and declines to 2.9% by the end of 2025 Still above the median estimate of its longer run value Of course these projections do not represent a committee decision or plan and no one knows with any certainty where the economy will be a year or more from now We are taking forceful and rapid steps to moderate demand so that it comes into better alignment with supply Our overarching focus is using our tools to bring inflation back down to our 2% goal and to keep longer term inflation expectations well anchored Reducing inflation is likely to require a sustained period of below trend growth And it will very likely be some softening of labor market conditions Restoring price stability is essential to set the stage for achieving maximum employment and stable prices over the longer run We will keep at it until we are confident the job is done To conclude, we understand that our actions affect communities, families and businesses across the country Everything we do is in service to our public mission We at the Fed will do everything we can to achieve our maximum employment and price stability goals Thank you and I look forward to your questions Hi Chair Powell, thank you for taking our questions, Gina Smiley from the New York Times I wonder if you could give us a little detail around how you'll know when to slow down these rate increases and how you'll eventually know when to stop So I will answer your question directly but I want to start here today by saying that my main message has not changed at all since Jackson Hole The FOMC is strongly resolved to bring inflation down to 2% and we will keep at it until the job is done So the way we're thinking about this is the overarching focus of the committee is getting inflation back down to 2% To accomplish that we think we'll need to do two things in particular to achieve a period of growth below trend And also some softening and labor market conditions to foster a better balance between demand and supply in the labor market So on the first, committee's forecasts and those of most outside forecasters do show growth running below its longer run potential this year and next year On the second though, so far there's only modest evidence that the labor market is cooling off Job openings are down a bit, as you know quits are off their all time highs There's some signs that some wage measures may be flattening out but it's not moving up, payroll gains have moderated but not much And in light of the high inflation we're seeing, we think we'll need to, and in light of what I just said, we think that we'll need to bring our funds rate to a restrictive level and to keep it there for some time So what we'll be looking at I guess is your question. So we'll be looking at a few things. First, we'll want to see growth continuing to run below trend We'll want to see movements in the labor market showing a return to a better balance between supply and demand And ultimately we'll want to see clear evidence that inflation is moving back down to 2% So that's what we'll be looking for In terms of reducing rates, I think we'd want to be very confident that inflation is moving back down to 2% before we would consider that Thank you Mr. Chairman, Steve Leesman, CMBC One second Okay, so that's pretty much it. I mean look, I mean we could listen to Jay Powell all time but I think we got the gist of it, what he wants to do He's not going to stop until the job is done. They want to hit 2%, whether they make it or not, I have no idea There's three things that they actually want to see. They want to take a look at supply and demand They want to make sure that the inflation rate goes starting to actually decrease and the things they're actually doing are working So until that time happens, which I don't see that going down, and we just saw the CPI numbers, especially core inflation go up Or month over month, I guess It's probably going to keep raising. So the question then is what are we going to have until the end of the month? And I think, let me make sure that I'm not talking out of my left side September, okay, I was wrong So there are a couple of more meetings. Let me share my screen Coming up. So right now they just got done with the September 2021 meeting You're going to skip October. Hey, October's out. And then you get November 1st and 2nd Remember those are midterm times for America. It was they start to vote in or vote out different members of Congress And then another one December 13th and 14th. So along that time, expect more rate hikes Well, they go 100 basis points, 75 base points, 50 base points, no clue But like he said, and it was interesting what he said there. He goes, Hey, we're going to make this or continue this on into 2023 And 2024 to maybe we can taper off in 2025 That's Jay Powell talking not me. And of course, if you want to fight the Fed like Ben talks about, go right ahead. That's not my game Just here to just to accumulate a little bit and that will take care of today for the news. So look, thanks for stopping by and hanging out with me for 25 minutes Well, me and Jerome Powell hanging out with us. So that's great But that's it for the news. If you want to stick around, I'll answer everybody's questions the best of my abilities and we'll go from there If not take off hit the like button, subscribe. Sure. And we go from there. But thanks so much. I appreciate it. Now let's get into a little Q&A Let's see what we got


Hi, I'm Dr. Matt Hanley. I'm here with Timothy. We want to make sure that you're safe with whatever activity has you out and about this season. One important thing if you're skating or riding is to make sure you have a helmet and it fits correctly. Let me show you. The first thing you do is you make sure that it's level front to back. You don't want more than two finger breaths between the eyebrows and the front of the helmet. We've got to protect that brain. Next thing you do is push on the back and make sure that you don't get any gapping or significant gapping in the back. If it does, you tighten that strap. Then you grab the sides and you move the helmet side to side. See how Timothy's head moves? The helmet moves with him. That's just what you want. Okay, Timothy's going to open his mouth to show that the helmet moves down just a little bit showing it's tight enough. If it doesn't move down, you need to tighten that strap up a little bit more. From everyone at Kaiser Permanente, stay active, stay healthy, and stay safe.


ABBV-CLS-4-84 is a novel drug candidate that targets two key proteins involved in suppressing T-cell activity, protein tyrosine phosphatase-1b, PTP-1b, and protein tyrosine phosphatase-N2, PTP-N2. This compound was found to be highly effective at increasing T-cell activity against tumors while avoiding any significant side effects. In addition, this compound was also found to increase the effectiveness of checkpoint inhibitors such as alpha, PD-1, making it a potentially powerful tool in the fight against cancer. This article was authored by Shu Wei Liang, Eric Tran, Shindu, and others.


In this final kinetics video, we're going to get down to the nitty-gritty of exactly how things like concentration and temperature affect the rate of reaction. To do this, we're going to expand on collision theory, the theory that describes how collisions between molecules lead to reactions. In the last video, we talked about the facts that the rate of reaction actually depends on the chances of a successful collision occurring between reactant molecules. Now we're going to figure out why it is that the variables of surface area, concentration and pressure, temperature and catalysts affect those chances and thereby affect the reaction rate. Firstly, let's look at surface area, concentration and pressure. We're going to bundle these together because they essentially work in the same way. Take our hypothetical flask of reactants and their Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Have a look at the y-axis of this graph. This is the number of particles. Keeping all else the same, if we increase the surface area, concentration or pressure of one of the reactants, we're effectively increasing the number of reactant molecules per unit volume that are available to react. So we can redraw the distribution to show that there's more of everything like this. The shape of the distribution remains the same. Give or take my dodgy drawing. The proportion of particles with any particular speed doesn't change. It's just that there are more of them crowded together. Now, it's still the same reaction, so the activation energy remains in the same place. And if the activation energy is the same, then the proportion of particles over the activation energy also remains the same. But because we now have more particles in the same volume, the rate of all collisions increases, and so the rate of successful collisions must also increase. Just as an aside, we should make it explicit why increasing the surface area in a heterogeneous reaction has the same effect as increasing concentration in a homogeneous reaction. If the reactants are uniformly dispersed in a single homogeneous solution, the number of collisions per unit time depends on concentration and temperature. But if the reaction is heterogeneous, the reactants are in two different phases, and the reactant collisions can only occur at the interface between those phases. So the number of collisions per unit time is reduced relative to the homogeneous case, and so is the reaction rate. But if you increase the surface area, and you could do this by dividing one of your phases more finely, for example, like having calcium carbonate powder in acid as opposed to a single large chunk of calcium carbonate in acid. If you do this, then you increase the frequency of the collisions because there's more surface area, there's more reactant molecules exposed, and hence you increase the reaction rate. Car engines use surface area effects to increase reaction rates. By spraying the fuel into the engine cylinder in microscopic droplets rather than in, say, a single liquid stream, the fuel burns more rapidly. So to sum this up, increasing surface area concentration or pressure has the effect of increasing the number of collisions that each molecule undergoes. If the chance of a successful collision remains the same, but collisions happen more frequently, then successful collisions will also occur more frequently, and this means the reaction goes faster. To give you a really simple numerical example, imagine a situation in which molecules were undergoing 100 collisions per second with a 30% chance of being successful. That would mean that on average you would have 30 successful collisions per second. Now if you increase the concentration so that there are 200 collisions per second, you've still got a 30% chance of being successful, but that gives you, on average, 60 successful collisions per second. So we've effectively increased the rate of reaction.


We are at Malboot today. Andy Schrock sent me this board. Check it out. Yes sir. He sent me two of them actually but I gave one to my housemate Katie because he needed a board and I'm a good bloke. So I'm going to set this one up today. And yeah, he said my curb hunter video was hilarious. He actually wrote me a handwritten note and said your curb hunter video was hilarious. So Andy Schrock thinks I'm funny. I must count for something. Yeah I'm going to set this up in a little while. Write this beautiful prefab park here in Malboot. This ball's really fun. I thought it was sketchy at first but it's really fun now. So we're going to skate here, set this board up and then go do some other stuff in Malboot. Hang loose. Yes sir. Just like Sean. Yep. In the USA. Do you even smell a fresh ball? How does it smell? Let's see. Let's see how it smells. It smells like. It actually smells like my old job. It smells like a lumber mill. It's not mob. No. It's jussip? No. Is it evening mob? Yeah. Wow. Look at that. Rep the set. Reping the set. Yes sir. Tiny nose cap on his. Ready to make a good cut. This is what I do. Okay. I'll cut. Yeah. Really? Cut here. Really? That's why your job's so bad, homie. No. It makes it easier. See that dude? Dang. Oh, hold on. Hold on. Look at that. Oh yeah. Look at that right there, baby. Ready? Let's see it. Let's see it. Oh. Oh. Oh. Oh. I got too excited. Got too excited and finished early. My grip is a little better now than what it was. I'm begging you. You know what I think it is, Sean?  You have to peel it up a little bit. That isn't bad, is it? No. That's pretty good. Oh, dang. This is not bad. Evening mob. Whoa. What is this? It's a stretch mark. That's all right. We don't have a body shame here. I'm now. Hey, good thumb now. This is the first board anyone's ever given me. As in like, hey, we like your stuff. This is a board. Yeah. So this is like very sentimental thing right now. So Andy, if you do watch this video, thank you. Damn. And then you gave me your other one. Oh, you needed a board. That's true. That's true. What are you going to say? No, you can't have one because I'm going to skate both of them at the same time. I'm going to set one up and set the other one up. You'll be sick. No, this is the first time anyone's ever reached out and been like, hey, we dig your stuff. This is a board to keep going. Damn. You know? Crispy board. Crispy boys. Steps. There's no stairs or anything. You're chilling though. Okay. Oh, we have that. Good stuff. Little girl. The candy man cat. You're like making that. Oh, what the heck? You crack. Whoa. I think you got it. Too much. I thought that was it. That was closer. That was it. Straight up. Just stick on it. Dude, you got it. You just have to find that pinch. You got to be king of the pinch. Skateboards. Andy Schrock. Thanks for the hookup. Yes, sir.  That's like the longest I've seen you both said. Was that scary or? I feel like you looked more comfortable on a longer one than trying to kiss the end of the rail. It's easier to come out longer. Yeah, that's scarier to get on. Like, yeah, but there's that. There's really that real feeling of like having to choose to go again. You know what? You know what? Dan says fear will put you in the right place. And he's right. If you get on earlier, it'll put you in the right place to go all the way. There you go, dude. Bow. I'm sweaty. We're close to the ocean. I didn't realize how close the ocean was. Yeah, that's why it's nicer. It's a breeze. Been out of Venice for like, how long have we been here for? 45 minutes. 45 minutes. I've placed my water bottle down. Someone's pinched it. Lucky I didn't put my car keys next to him. Got my phone and my keys in my in my jeans. My water's been pinched. Dogtown told me hooked it up. Yeah, look, he got stickers, dude. Dogtown. He's official, guys. In Santa Monica. Dogtown. Big shout out to Revive. Shouts out to Andy Schrock. Big shout out to Justin Lonaker. He was the one that kind of hit me up in the beginning. Hope you enjoyed this video. I don't know what else to say. If you're not following me on Instagram, hang on. My voice is a bit dry. I need to drink a bit more of it. If you're not following me on Instagram, make sure you're on head on over and follow me at enuckism. 20% off is still running over at eveningmob.com. Go and pick up a t-shirt or a hoodie. And yeah, cheers for watching the video. I'll catch you guys in the next one.


Police in Letcher County are searching for a teen accused of biting the tip of his sister's nose off during a brutal assault. The Mountain Eagle in Weizberg is reporting that 18-year-old William Dakota Phillips has been on the run since he allegedly assaulted his sister, 14-year-old sister, early Saturday morning. The paper is reporting that the siblings got into an altercation at 4.30 a.m. Saturday near the grandmother's house in the Isom community, and that the younger sister suffered not only the injury to her nose, but also a large bite mark on her wrist and bruising and swelling on her neck. William Dakota Phillips' sister underwent plastic surgery at Niswanger Children's Hospital in Johnson City, Tennessee following the incident. The Mountain Eagle is reporting that police have not yet determined a motive for the attack. The Weizberg Police Department is asking anyone with information about the incident or Phillips' whereabouts to contact them at 633-2737.


So, weird condition one is the passivity condition already unusual and then there is a zero state observed condition which is not too unusual. Let me see if I can try to sort of justify this and let me see I am not sure if I can. Let us go to the sort of linear system case and also we will test this condition in an example. So, you will anyway you know figure it out how to use it yeah it is almost like this Lassalle invariance condition. It looks like that if you see you have a set which is some function equal to 0 and you are saying it does not contain anything but the trivial solution that is the zero solution. So, and what is it a solution of? It is a solution of this system the uncontrolled dynamics. So, this whenever you put the control to 0 you are saying it is the uncontrolled dynamics no solution of this uncontrolled dynamics is here except the equilibrium the zero solution. Equilibrium itself is a solution it is a trajectory well not this but this still a trajectory. Is that clear? Now, let me try to sort of at least make sense of it and try to connect it with our linear system idea yeah this is our uncontrolled linear system LTI system and our output typical right.  Now, let us see how do you write the solution in this case it is X t is e to the power a t X 0 correct just the using the exponential. So, this will give me the output is c e to the power a t X 0 right. So, how do we why do we have the observability matrix condition? Because if I expand this yeah what is it identity plus a t plus a squared by 2 factorial t squared and so on multiplying X 0 right and of course, you can already start to see I can write this actually I can write this in infinite series if you want this is c c a c a squared multiplied by some something here yes yeah and what you have here is the controllability matrix sorry observability matrix yeah I it does not have to be infinite length because of I can make the infinite length into finite length why this again do not need to check this infinite matrix and only need to check the finite matrix why just 2 words name of a person a theorem why why can I shrink this infinite because this is infinite right I hope you believe that this is an infinite series. So, obviously it is an infinite length matrix, but your typical controllability typical observability matrix is only till what c c a squareds until c a n minus 1 ok why yeah there is due to Cayley Hamilton theorem yeah because all the higher powers are anyway you can write them as smaller powers. So, no need to write all the powers ok. So, this is the observability condition all right great now why this so let us see what is the set this set in this case what is the set in this case it is in the linear case I am saying that x in R n h x is equal to c x is equal to 0 ok. So, if I use my solution this is actually equal to the set of x 0 in R n such that let us see c c a c a n minus 1 ok because everything else is now independent of states right all this quantity this is all independent of states it contains what it contains time and this matrix right because once I use Cayley Hamilton I will just have some complicated functions of time here is that fine just by the way each of these will be infinite series inside this, but we do not care about all that. The idea is this in fact I do not think this is writable like this we have to write it in a different way this is because this is not compatible operation anymore x 0 is in R n and this is the what is the dimension of the Gramian sorry the control observability matrix number of rows is number of rows is p number of columns is n it is a p cross n matrix it is a p cross n matrix right. So, I think you will have to write this not like this I apologize I am going to erase this for those who copied already this is just doing vector math I am not doing anything magical this is x 0 transpose c c a c a n minus 1 transpose times this vector equal to 0 yeah you will get something like this ok you will get something like this why I just did if you notice this is now compatible right compatibility is huge result why this is a 1 by n right this is n by p right and this is whatever this is whatever dimension this is of course appropriate to make it a scalar right ok. So, this is fine this is now compatible and you can see that this is now this is the set now tell me something what is the set of x 0's that will make this 0 by the way this is to be for all t and all t cannot play a spoilsport here right because no in in in when I say that the set is 0 it has to be 0 t there can be no t and all happening there it has to be for all t t cannot mess it up. So, I am looking at set of all initial conditions right such that this product is 0 how did we get this product just from here plugging in the solution for x ok just from here we get this just plugging in the solution for x nothing magical and expanding the exponential and rewriting it in an appropriate matrix product form that is it I mean if you even if you are not convinced about this you can go back and think about it that is not a problem this is it will come out to be like this now tell me something when will this be 0 for what x 0's will this be 0 anybody yes good call for x 0 equal to 0 yes can you give me a slightly more complicated difficult answer like is that the only choice of x 0 for which this will be 0 see because this can do nothing right like you can pretty much forget about this because this is all a function of time and all this 0 thing has to hold for all time. So, obviously this product has to become 0 this product has to become 0 when will this product become 0 yeah somebody was saying something whoever said that word null space null space whenever x 0 is in the null space of this matrix what is the null space of this matrix called I think you guys have either not done this linear system very well or you forgotten unobservable subspace unobservable subspace the null space of this matrix is called the unobservable subspace alright okay no problem okay and this is called the unobservable subspace okay. So, whenever x 0 belongs to the kernel of the observability matrix or the basically x 0 belongs to the unobservable subspace only for those x 0 this is 0 okay alright and once you can find any one x 0 like that you have created a trajectory right because yeah you understand right as soon as a given initial condition I have solved this I obtained a trajectory right. So, for every x 0 in unobservable subspace I get one such trajectory right now if you say there is nothing but the trivial solution what are you saying then you are saying that there is no x 0 in the null space other than 0 itself okay so null space is empty is how we say it 0 we do not count yeah. So, we are saying the null space of the observability matrix is empty which means system is observable okay system is also what we have just codified in this slightly more complicated language is just the fact that system is observable okay what we are calling this 0 state observability is actually the observability condition that you have for linear systems at least for linear systems it boils down to that for non-linear systems you can have slightly more complicated notions of everything yeah which is why it is called 0 state observability yeah. So, basically you are saying that if you if you write this condition out for linear time invariant systems all you are saying is that the system is observable that is it okay all right make sense no confusion all right this ah okay okay your question is why do we say that the system is unobservable okay why do we say that the I defined observability as being able to identify the initial conditions from the outputs okay that was the idea. Now if you look at this expression yeah or I mean or basically this guy is just this guy if you look at this expression the question is can I reconstruct x 0 from y that is the question I am asking okay now if the system is observable let us look at the good case system is observable means this is maximal rank observability means it is maximal rank that is only then the kernel will be 0 right. So, what is the maximal rank p right because it is it is an p by n matrix wait a second did I get this correct this is a p by n matrix or not c is p by n c is p by n this is also p by n this is not a p by n matrix ridiculous I was wrong this did not correct me this is a this matrix is a what p by n times p matrix is that correct or not see this c itself is a p by n matrix right. So, this is also a p by n matrix right wait a second wait a second wait a second c is p by n first of all this is all messed up anyway that is fine it is supposed to be written in that way c is p by n this guy is also p by n everything is p by n and how many such entries do I have but this seems wrong to me it is very wrong yeah actually this is not the observability matrix itself this transpose is the observability matrix this is the observability matrix itself actually. So, it is c c a that is why it is all coming out to be messy in my head yeah because actually I am sorry it is just vector arranging the vector in matrix multiplication nothing magical this product like I said can be written as this guy and this is the observability matrix the transpose with the transpose. So, now the dimension there ok what is the dimension of this it is what p by n n p cross n right n p cross n thank god it is becoming n p cross n did I get this right up we get but like that n p cross n then though this product is not compatible I did not get this right then it is some function of t times c c a c a n minus 1 times x 0 equal to 0 ok this is now correct yeah because this was an n p cross n matrix the observability matrix is an n p cross n matrix and the x 0 is an n by 1 vector this is now correct all right big mess. But the basic point is this expression here can be written as this ok now if this can be written as this yeah and we are saying that this guy is full rank or maximal rank what is the maximum rank of this guy n yeah because p is of course, greater than equal to 1. So, it is n. So, it will be an n ranked matrix which means what which means what so basically you have some n ranked matrix multiplying x 0 it is a solvable system of linear equations it is a solvable system of linear equations ok the simple if you want to think more simply assume p is 1 single output it is a single output system ok if it is a single output system then this is an n by n matrix. So, basically what you have is a n by n matrix multiplying x 0 which means it is an invertible matrix right. So, I can invert it and get a my initial condition ok. So, that is the whole idea I need to be able to compute the initial condition from the given data which what is the data data is the measurements that is observability. Therefore, if you have anything in the unobservable subspace yeah. So, these are all funny it is a funny thing see just think about this ok if I have multiple points in the unobservable subspace x 0 1 and x 0 2 for both of them this is equal to 0 correct for both initial conditions my measurement was 0 for both initial conditions my measurements along the trajectory are 0. So, I cannot distinguish the two initial conditions anymore ok which is why this condition there can be no trajectory, but the trivial trajectory in this set ok. So, anyway this is itself a very nice subtle topic it is not that easy to follow which is why and also I am not teaching this I am more it is more haphazard. So, I was just trying to make a comparison yeah in linear systems the idea of observable unobservable controllable uncontrollable this in itself is a relatively involved topic I mean you have to sort of wrap your head around it takes a little bit of time ok. But the idea is if you have unobservable subspaces then you will have initial conditions which are indistinguishable by measurements you can take you know measurements and you will not be able to distinguish between the two initial conditions ok. So, I mean you can even say simply something like let me see if you have y equal to C e A t x 0 1 and also equal to C e A t x 0 2 these are the same this is the measurement right and two different initial conditions I have the same measurements then then basically these two are indistinguishable and if these are indistinguishable what did I just prove that C e A t notice x 0 1 and x 0 2 are different I just proved that x 0 1 minus x 0 2 is in the null space and x 0 1 minus x 0 2 is non-zero not a trivial vector. So, it is in the null space of this which means observability matrix is not maximal rank. So, you can go both ways yeah and you know sort of understand that you observability that is being able to construct initial conditions from measurements requires that observability gramian or observability matrix be maximal rank ok and that condition is what for non-linear systems is codified in this sort of zero state observable idea yeah again why it has this funny name is because observability has multiple there are multiple observability and controllability notions in non-linear systems ok. So, more complicated ok. So, that is the only reason why we have these multiple notions any questions. So, two important definitions passivity this we have not sort of connected to linear system we might later on as of now no need to connect it it is a just a general motion or general property of systems and the zero state observability which we have connected to observability of linear systems all right ok.


Hi, my name is Ethan, and I'm from sunny central, Florida You're watching trucker Josh and diesel on the best channel on YouTube tj v. Enjoy Morning everybody. I'm all dressed up all fancy. So is my wife We're on our way into the city for our late honeymoon. No, I keep calling it a honeymoon date an anniversary date We're going out for dinner and we're going to Cirque du Soleil I'll quickly sneak in here. We don't have gutters here yet. Oh Think I made it wrong vehicle on taking the wife mobile with the winter tires Steinback got a lot more snow than we did and we're not even that well, I guess four ways out of town. Yeah, but Crazy yep Cirque du Soleil is cancelled today We just got the email So we're getting a refund, but since we're here already we may as well make the most of it We're gonna go to Red Lobster Have a nice meal and then maybe go see a movie or we'll decide over supper what we're gonna do instead Yeah, this is crazy. It's when we're filming this. It's what October 11th. Yeah October 11th, and this is not normal all the time. I mean, I'm sure it's happened before But this is not the regular every year weather for October 11th But once September is over It's fair game for mother nature. She does whatever the heck she feels like Manitoba. Yeah, this is Manitoba. So that's not Surprising it's just not common, but nothing's common here when it comes to weather It's called winter peg for a reason exactly So we're doing about 50 55 kilometers an hour Speed limit here is usually a hundred So for you Americans, that's what 30 miles an hour and a 60 mile an hour zone Good thing we got the winter tires put on last night Husband of the year Just coming up on the tent here Going by the date we'll never have The anniversary celebration will never get to enjoy See why they cancelled it though.  We have great weather in the summer Yeah, well, they should have Well, they should have done this. What do we know? But I wish they would have had it at the MTS Center at the arena. Yeah indoors would have been way smarter I'm pretty sure the last time they came it was indoors probably a lot more expensive though And they've been here for what two months So they probably can't reserve the MTS Center for two months straight. No other people don't want to use it Yeah, there's a lot of shows going on there Like Fleetwood Mackin such well next time they'll have to come at least in September no later than September. This is winter peg This is what happens in October and then everybody acts shocked every single year. I Mean usually it doesn't come quite this early, but I kind of expected it to with all the rain we were having But everybody. Oh, it's the topic of conversation. Everybody's acting shocked. Oh, there's snow. Well, yeah, you're in Manitoba Crazy crazy weather. Well, I guess I can't say crazy Still it's the first snowfall of the year. Usually our first snowfall isn't this bad. It's just super wet and slushy Haven't seen too many vehicles in the ditch yet though. I'm surprised I was expecting a lot more. There's been a few Well, we thought we'd be clever and we'd be the only ones at Red Lobster because everyone would be like, oh, I'm scared of the weather I'm scared of the weather No, they're busy. This is still the it's only half full. This is the Least amount of people I've ever seen in this parking lot Yeah, but there's a lot of other people that are just like us. They're pretty hardcore both their lobster Yeah, four-wheel drives and pickups, but yeah, we all came out. So at least we it shouldn't be too packed in there No, we'll get good service. Hopefully all the employees made it. So we did tell them that we're going to Red Lobster, right?  So I'll talk to you guys after I'm gonna leave you in here All right. Well, we made it There's not too much snow left on the terrain We actually don't have nearly as much snow here as they did in Winnipeg Winnipeg they got at least one coastal foot, I think here we the grass didn't even get covered just a little bit of dusting on the driveway We made it this thing is a tank and the snow Judging through the snow Deep snow deep snow. Oh boy. I hope you're not getting any snow in your shoes Look at this got hardly anything It hit the western central western part of the province more than it did here Brick gets annoyed at all the posts so quickly every year people act like it's some sort of anomaly What is this white stuff? A lot of people sure don't know how to drive in it That's for certain. We saw a lot of cars in the ditches We laughed a lot. Oh, we got the one. Where's the others? Where's the others? Where's my boys? Hey Frankie Is there a weasel?  So yeah, we rebooked our tickets for Sunday afternoon They gave us 30% off because they had to cancel the show today because of the weather So it's not quite as good seats. We had front row seats today and on Sunday We have third row so it's still pretty close, but it's like a hundred and twenty-five dollars cheaper So it's a pretty good discount So I guess we're going on Sunday Let everybody get your collars on We should teach them how to put their own collars on especially you I don't want to lose you out there I know I wonder I need the neighbors to know where to bring you if you get lost Yeah, I need to blow we call her to we should probably hit up Cabela's next time we go to the city. Yep Hi, my name is Ethan and I'm from sunny central, Florida You're watching trucker Josh and diesel on the best channel on YouTube TJV enjoy