As she said, my name is Jared Lardy and I'm currently a master's student at North Dakota State where I've been studying soil science and I'll be presenting on methods for reducing runoff erosion and increasing plant establishment for these pipeline right-of-ways. This might sound pretty familiar as a lot of what we've talked about is going to overlap with a lot of what we've been discussing today, namely with the drought that we've been experiencing. So here in the U.S. and globally a lot of our energy consumption relies heavily on fossil fuels things like oil and natural gas and petroleum. Globally number one and two are oil and coal but then in the United States here we transition into a use of natural gas where petroleum and oil or petroleum and natural gas dominate the industry making up over 70% of our consumption. This domination with natural gas moving in versus coal leads to a lot of infrastructure development specifically pipelines transport all this natural gas to various refineries and suck and as a result those areas where natural gas and oil are found often see booms like here in North Dakota. We've been seeing one experiencing a boom since about 2006 and this has resulted in North Dakota becoming the second largest domestic oil producing state only behind Texas as of 2012 and then seeing record production levels at 524 million barrels of oil annually in 2019. Production did drop off with the pandemic but is expected to uptick with various economic factors happening at the moment. This requires an immense amount of infrastructure to be built with all this production and in western North Dakota that centers around the Bakken and 34x formations. Each one of these hexagons is 20 square miles and that density only increases as you get towards the center of those formations where oil and natural gas are found. Here in North Dakota there are currently over 17,000 active wellheads in the state and since 2006 that's an increase of over 14,000 wellheads. In order to transport natural gas that's produced at these locations nearly 30,000 miles of pipeline exists in North Dakota alone and the construction of these pipelines is incredibly important because it allows the flaring that occurs to then be captured as that flaring is harmful to the atmosphere but also it's a loss to that producer. They want to capture that natural gas as quickly as possible so they can make money on the back end as well. The process for building these pipelines as we've been talking about is incredibly invasive. Initially that topsoil is stripped and stockpiled to the side with that dark material being the topsoil on the left hand and then the subsequent subsoil is also stripped and stockpiled. As we mentioned this creates an opportunity for a lot of that topsoil and subsoil mixing and you see a depletion or a loss to that topsoil where a lot of plant establishment is limited mainly because the nutrients and organic matter are just not there anymore and then compaction is also a major issue as this pipeline is eventually laid within that trench. All that machinery compacts that soil which also reduces plant establishment as those seeds are trying to germinate. If that compaction is just too high it cannot break through that surface and get to the surface and access water that it needs. So then some of our challenges that we've been facing a lot of it is that compaction and topsoil mixing but also the lack of plant establishment as these plants continue to suffer. This sees a lot of invasive species moving in things like Kentucky bluegrass, smooth brome, keepgrass and other parts of the world and crested wheatgrass and all these problems when plant establishment suffers you see a lot of increases in erosion and a lot of more loss of that topsoil as time goes on. This forces companies to come in and receive these rideaways multiple times three or four times depending on the severity of some of these problems and obviously that costs some money but more importantly that costs these rideaways a lot of time as time is really valuable to this whole process. So that led us to ask ourselves a few things we wanted to know if there was a method out there which could reduce runoff as well as erosion because that runoff is important to that initial seed germination and we were interested in that erosion as that's a loss of topsoil which is necessary for a lot of that germination as well. We then wanted to know if any of these methods that we were going to be testing also aided plant establishment outside of the rainfall simulation that we were going to be conducting and so we ended up testing four methods with the control and the first one we have here is called land imprinting and land imprinting uses what we call the imprimter to create these pox on the landscape and so that creates a rough environment for things like seed sediment plant material and water to collect in the bottom of those imprints and the ideas behind that is that those imprints are v-shaped to bring all that down to the bottom and that is supposed to increase the germination success of these rideaways. One thing with these is that they've only been tested in arid environments and we had we were one of the first ones at least that we found in the literature to test it at the Williston Research Center. The next method we tested was using a wood fiber hydromolch. The wood fiber hydromolch creates a seal on the surface where it limits that of apotranspiration especially in the hot summer months that North Dakota experiences and what that does is it saves water from being lost to evaporation but as a result of that seal it also increases the runoffs that we've been seeing. This hydromolch also as a result of that seal keeps sediment within the right away and seed which is important for that germination too. One thing to note with this hydromolch is that it requires a lot of manpower and water. Installing these plots it took a lot to maneuver that around and we needed a thousand gallons in that tank for three of our plots each each one needing a thousand gallons and moving that around it could be cumbersome in a lot of different environments that a lot of these pipelines go in. Our next method that we tested was straw crimping. Initially what we did was blow straw bale across the right away and then crimped it into the soil surface and so what that ended up doing was mimicking barley residue and so that stands up on its end and it provides a path for that water to go down into the soil rather than being lost left and right during those heavy runoff events that our study area sometimes sees. The straw also acts as a carbon source for some of our regular ways which is important for some microbiology, microbiologic activity. Lastly we tested the combination of imprinting with hydromolch. As we talked about with the hydromolch that increases runoff which can be a problem if we're trying to capture some of that and improve that termination success and so combining that with that imprinting to catch some of that we thought we would be able to see a combined effect and hopefully an improvement on some of our right aways and then lastly for our control we just tilled everything up as a right away may look post construction and so what we ended up doing was using a strip plot design at the Williston Research Center and the strip plot design allowed us to test two percent slopes along the tops of each of these blocks and then five percent slopes along the bottoms and Williston, North Dakota is a semi-arid region. Williston usually gets about 13 inches of rain annually but in 2020 we saw four and a half inches of rain and then in 2021 we saw seven and a half nearly a half of what we get each year and both of those years were D2 and D3 droughts for the entirety of the study. We then also to test that plant establishment variable we broadcast seeded oats, side oats, grama, slender wheatgrass and western wheatgrass and that native seed mix minus the oats is from the North Dakota state trust lands and that's a common seed mix on some of our right aways that when a contract may not specifically recommend a specific seed mix and so we figured just testing a general seed mix would be what we want and then testing our runoff and erosion parameters we use rainfall simulation applying 50 gallons of rain to each individual plot for a duration of 30 minutes which ended up simulating a one and 25 year rainfall event and we conducted two simulations we did one in September of 2020 and then June of 2021 showing how those treatments behave over time but also because that is some of the most common rainfall months that Williston gets and then once we got back to the lab we had all the total runoffs that we had for each plot and we multiplied that out using our three foot by six foot plot that we had and came up with an equivalent depth for each runoff plot that we had for our sediment load or our erosion we took sub samples of that runoff and we brought that back to the lab and had 30 mil subsamples and then we expanded that to equate for the total amount of runoffs that we had so that it was a ratio of grams per liter and then we dried that all down so that we could get our sediment parameter lastly we had a few issues with our plant establishment outside of the drought we had a lot of weedy species come in but also we had some miscommunication with our folks at the WREC and our we were hoping to get some biomass samples but they ended up swathing it before we could get there so what we ended up doing was estimating cover using Gopinamire frames and we ended up analyzing that cover with all species just to ensure that we're capturing all the cover rather than guessing at what plant species may have been present because in the end what we noticed was there was about 15 species on top of our native seed mix that we had and so there was a lot going on with weedy species and then here we have some data looking at equivalent depth first that runoff parameter we can see that the treatments had both a treatment effect and a year effect and so in the next slide I'll split that up and talk about that a bit more but it's important to know that there was a year effect and then for that erosion parameter or that sediment load we had a treatment effect as well and then lastly that plant establishment variable none of our treatments were statistically different from each other and then same thing with our slope parameters so we ended up combining everything and eliminating the slope parameter from our statistical model when we do split up the equivalent depth over time we have on the x-axis bare ground mulch imprint with mulch straw and then imprint and looking at that equivalent depth that mulch is the first thing to jump out at you it was statistically the only one to be statistically different than that control and it multiplied runoff over six times from what we were seeing with our control and then another thing that jumps out is that imprinting imprinting worked extremely well initially it almost reduced runoff totally but it was not statistically different than that control and then in 2021 what we ended up seeing was that the mulch treatments were not different from each other and with this we can recommend not to do the combination of imprinting and hydromulch just because of the economic cost of implementing two treatments on one right away the last thing with this is that the straw was the only one to be statistically different than the control and when we experienced these long-term droughts like this straw is going to be our best recommendation as it was the only one to keep cover for the duration of this study that hydromulch broke down the imprint settled out and everything started to revert back to that control whereas straw was the only one to not do that looking at our erosion or that sediment load parameter both of those mulch treatments were the only ones to reduce erosion and be statistically different than that control they ended up reducing erosion by over 58 percent and they keep a lot of that sediment in the right away as we expected this led us to a few conclusions as we said before that imprinting is a great treatment initially if you can get that plant establishment to go within that first year that may be one of your better options you can see those imprints settle out over time as well that was one of their concerns with our stakeholders was would these imprints be permanent and we think that part of the reason that they settled out over time the way that they did is because we did not have the clay contents that some of our other soils in western or to go to had next our straw treatment is the most effective one over time this straw treatment was again the only one to reduce that set or that runoff parameter over time and it is also one of the most economical options straws obviously really readily available within the state and you can put it on most right of ways pretty easily and then lastly our imprinting with hydromulch was not different than our mulch and so we wouldn't recommend doing that combination simply because of the cost associated with that long term we think that using straw is the most economical option for our right of ways and it is great at reducing that runoff again in times of drought though any cover is going to be beneficial we've talked a lot today about reducing that evaporation and getting any kind of cover on that right away you need either a plant or straw of some sort to shade that right away and reduce the amount of sunlight coming down on that right away and that will in turn help your water conservation as this is the key to the whole process without water you won't have your plants germinating and your overall success will be diminished and the length of time and money is going to be significantly increased for this whole process some of the future research topics that we've been kicking around are using perpendicular methods for our straw crimping and so when we come across the right away the straw crimper goes with the slope as it's the only way to get that crimper on the right away easily but if you are able to do that perpendicularly or at a slope you may be able to even reduce runoff even more and catch some of that sediment too as that water wouldn't be going with the slope it would be running into that straw and hopefully going down into the surface also we've been talking about using different seeding methods seeding perpendicular to the right away maybe with a drill for this we use the broadcast seeder one other thing we've thought about is using annual cover crops and that's been mentioned a little bit today too just getting something out there to grow is beneficial and sometimes those weedy species aren't a bad thing covers incredibly important to this process too as you need that topsoil to stay within your right away lastly it may be beneficial to just postpone seeding to either the end of the season or even the next following season as long as you have cover on that right away you are probably going to see improvements within your right away in the long run with that thank you to a number of our sponsors H2 Enterprises specifically for helping us set up these plots and Williston REC for hosting us and with that I'd be happy to take any questions no so to make everything uniform across the plots we had to broadcast seed everything that would be another thing that we could test that imprimter has a drill seeder attached to it and you can also deep rip in front of those imprints um the hydromulcher too actually you can mix in seed with that hydromulcher tank and spread seed across your right away that way too but just for studies purposes we had to broadcast seed everything um when you were talking about cross crimping or there was two things you've talked about cross seeding um would you pick the area along the right away to do those or would you do that if the like the entire length how would you how would you do for a future study yeah yeah um you'd almost have to pick it so that every part of your right away would be even slope kind of thing and similar actual ecological sites if you were to do it as a study so and if you were going to do it implementing it say it works in your study and you're going to do it uh on the landscape basis how would you pick your sites that you would do that um that's a good question uh I think a lot of what's been going on too is that a lot of companies use more of a one-size-fits-all solution and so they have a 10-mile pipeline they just do the same thing for the whole 10 miles and that may be something that we look into later um you may come have to come up with uh like various recommendations for different ecological sites because if you do have a 10-mile pipeline you're going to be going through various different regions and you may want different recommendations for those types of differences so the question was what was the seedbed prep for our treatments or for the were for the plots before treatments were imposed uh initially the field had just finished its 12th year of no-till cropping and so there's a lot of barley residue uh we harrowed everything and reduced the cover that way and then tilled it up and so what you saw with the bare ground control was how everything was prior to plot installation yeah there was a great wind effect um williston had a couple days in the winter specifically that got over 100 miles an hour um and so we are on on a bit of a slope as we had talked about and towards the tops a lot of our treatments had disappeared in some areas and that probably led to a lot of the settling that we saw over time and then for our application rights for each strip so the hydromalch on this side we had to do the hydromalches next to each other and for each block there was a thousand gallons of water and 300 pounds of mulch and then for each straw treatment within each plot was one one round bale oh um each strip was 24 feet wide by 120 feet um yeah so i'm not sure what that would be in acreage but the entire study area was just under three acres


Inviting a guest speaker. Listen to this call between Carlos and Mrs. Doyle. Hi, my name is Carlos. I'm a student at Tacoma Community College. Can I speak with Mrs. Doyle, please? This is Mrs. Doyle. How can I help you? My class is learning about careers. We want to invite you to speak to the class. Sure. I would be happy to meet the students. What is a good time to visit? Are you free next Thursday? Yes. Next Thursday is fine. Is 10 o'clock okay? 10 o'clock? Sure. Great. Where is the school? Our address is 3101 South 43rd Street. Okay. So I will be there next Thursday at 10. Thank you. See you next week. You're welcome. Goodbye.


Today let us start the proceedings with considering the equilibrium thermodynamics as I said the goal for this is going to be to look at the adiabatic flame temperature we will talk about this adiabatic flame temperature in significant detail as we go along but before we get to that point there is a few more things that we have to learn. So let us start with some assumptions the first assumption that you will make is that chemical reactions we are talking about are happening in the gaseous state so occur between gases right this is something that we talked about previously where we are basically looking at fast exothermic reactions and the speed the high speed at which these reactions are happening with the high reaction rates that are happening is primarily coming out of the fact that we are looking at gases that are reacting in for most parts so this is not a bad assumption anytime you make an assumption you have to justify the assumption okay and you have to look at how broadly valid it is or where the invalidity is or where the exceptions would be okay so this assumption here kind of precludes things like surface reactions or heterogeneous what is called what is meant by heterogeneous reactions is when the reactions are taking place between molecules which are belonging to two different physical states okay here we are looking at homogeneous reactions and then we assume that gases obey perfect gas loss this is also a fairly reasonable assumption for most gases which are the which we encounter and their typical temperature and pressure but then the question that arises is when you know that combustion is a high temperature situation if not a high pressure situation so maybe we are looking at atmospheric pressure or a few tens of bars or at the most a few hundreds of bars but we are not looking at thousands of bars unless you are looking at gun propellant kind of applications okay so we are not looking at very high pressures but temperatures are high so the question is it okay at the moment let us let us say yes let us say we will just assume this for the sake of simplicity but it is possible to relax this assumption that is another thing that you have to examine when you are looking at assumptions you have to see is it possible to relax this assumption and make it make the analysis a little bit more complicated right so from that point of view this would now qualify as what is called as a simplifying assumption so we are trying to simplify our analysis by making this assumption the third is chemical processes occur between equilibrium end states right so we are talking about a few things in this assumption first of all as I said the other day we are dealing with thermodynamics so thermodynamics is all about dealing with states and paths not necessarily how fast you are going from one state to the other state through a path number one number two you are always better off talking in terms of state properties and state variables as opposed to path variables so we will always look for those kinds of thermodynamic variables that are state variables rather than path variables so so that we can essentially look at a starting state and an ending state or state one and state two those kinds of things the third that we are looking at here is we are now making the assumption the assumption about this is that these states are equilibrium states that means you started out with a state let us say in this case of reactants alright so you now started with a couple of reactants which are in equilibrium that means they are in thermal and chemical equilibrium with themselves and then you let the process happen and let us say the reactions happen and you now get to the final state and when the when you get to the final state you now get products right so the products are now at the let us say the adiabatic flame temperature or at an elevated temperature when compared to the initial state okay at that state at which the products are they are again at equilibrium that means they can equilibrate among themselves so that they will have interactions like collisions and energy exchange and all those things happening but they are all in equilibrium they are not disturbed out of their equilibrium state okay so that is exactly what we are assuming over here and this is important because we are essentially looking at equilibrium combustion thermodynamics we are not looking at non-equilibrium processes we are not looking at departure from the equilibrium situation where we are looking at the rate at which things are happening and so on okay no rates considered here okay so here if you now go back to this the perfect gas equation of state that will be applicable for us is the notation that we will use is PV equal to RT where V small V is the specific volume P it is understood that P is pressure the small V here is specific volume later on we will reserve the symbol for velocity when you are looking at flows but not now this is the specific gas constant right and this is the temperature all right so the specific this is not the universal gas constant okay this is the specific gas constant when you are actually using a specific volume over here they do they go together make sure that you do not make a mistake on this when you now adopt this equation of state as the perfect gas equation of state then this implies that your internal energy will be only a function of temperature okay so the notation here is to say E equals E of t only simply means that E is only a function of temperature and the enthalpy is only a function of temperature oops so this further means that you now have a specific heat at constant volume DE over DT this means that CV is a function of temperature only okay so we could go back and write H is a function of temperature only and CP is a function of so you could write here and CP equals DH over DT which implies CP is a function of temperature only okay so so long as you have the CP and CV as functions of temperature only we call this thermally perfect so basically what it means is if you now assume the perfect gas equation of state it follows that your gases are thermally perfect again in other words you can if you ask the question what is so perfect about the gas you can say thermally perfect it is just one and the same correct so what you do normally do is usually we express CV of t and CP of t as polynomials as polynomials in temperature okay so such polynomials are available for different chemical species in the literature so it is sort of like something that you can for most analysis that you want to do treat it as given okay so if you want to take a temperature dependence of the specific heats for specific species you should you should now treat it as given all right now so what happens like first of all the question that you have to ask is so why does the CP and CV vary with temperature in the first place right so there are quite many reasons for that and we won't go get into this you have to get into physical gas dynamics for learning these things so essentially you have the molecules can translate and they get some energy out of heating by which you are having a certain temperature whereas you elevate the temperature they start rotating and then vibrating and so on okay but there are some processes which will now cause a departure for these molecule for these gases to not just depend on temperature only but also one other thermodynamic property in which case we are now departing from the ideal gas situation all right or the thermal thermally perfect situation right now so we can expect that as you increase the temperature you are now exciting some rotations and then the CP increases and then after some point all the molecules are rotating okay so that the CP doesn't really change for some time and then after some time you are beginning to significantly have vibrations and then the CP increases and so on so it is possible for us to think that there could be ranges of temperature over which CP could be treated as constant that is it doesn't vary doesn't vary with temperature right so when for sufficiently small range of tests small range in temperature small range in temperature it may be acceptable to approximate it may be approximate the specific heats as constants this is what we would call we have we have what is called as calorically perfect calorically perfect gas okay. So a calorically perfect gas is like a subset of the thermally perfect gas okay the thermally perfect gas is essentially the one that starts obeying the ideal gas equation of state but it doesn't really mean thermally calorically perfect gas all the time this is like a further assumption that we have to make all right about calorically perfection yeah all right. Now this is like a prologue if you will but the prologue is going to continue on with some more thing let us now consider a general chemical reaction right and this chemical reaction that we consider would be of the form sigma i equals 1 to n let us say ni single prime script capital MI gives sigma i equals 1 to n ni double prime small ni double prime script capital MI okay we are talking about a chemical reaction here now what we are used to looking on high school is like let us say CH4 plus O2 gives CO2 plus H2O or something else like let us say I don't know I don't know NA OH plus HCl gives NA CL plus H2O those kinds of things right and then we look at the mentally aids periodic table look at those symbols for these different elements and then we now form compounds based on those symbols and all that stuff this doesn't look anything like that this is supposed to be a chemical reaction right. So how do we figure out that this is actually a chemical reaction yeah so the answer is this is the species right so script M stands for the chemical symbol of the species that you would use yeah and we are now looking at the ith species out of a capital N number of species keep in mind this capital N or the summation running from I from I going from 1 to N appears on both sides yeah so that means N being the total number of species okay so this is species I chemical symbol this is total number of species right. So why would the total number of species appear on both sides why would then all the species appear on either side so it is sort of like saying NA OH plus HCl plus NaCl plus H2O gives NA see NA OH plus HCl plus NA OH NACl plus H2O right so you are putting everything on either side but in reality you are having only a couple of them here and a couple of others there sometimes you could have one of them there like let us say you have an excess reactant okay so let us say you have a what is called a fuel lean situation okay and we will have to figure out what that means little later so you now you will now have an oxygen excess so you can now throw in oxygen on either side of your reaction but not all of them that does not make sense but that is going to be taken care of by these so if one of the species is going to be purely a reactant it is coefficient N Ni single prime is going to be non-zero and its coefficient Ni double prime is going to be 0 that means we now reckon that as a purely a reactant okay and vice versa see if something is a purely a product this survives this becomes 0 so you can essentially kind of construct a list of Ni single primes and Ni double primes look at which is all 0 and then figure out which is reactant and which is product okay so this kind of like good for you to plug in into like a computer program yeah so you do not necessarily have to distinguish between reactants and products so in reality as well you now look at like very complicated combustors right so when you now have the flow coming in is essentially reactants that are coming into the combustor you ignite and then you have a flame you typically have some recirculation zones like you have like a bluff body or like a sudden expansion and so on and then you have products and the products actually recirculate in this recirculation zone okay and then feed back into the flame in fact the products are hot as we will try to find out the adiabatic flame temperature and these hot products are the ones that are actually recirculating back to the cold reactants and heating them up to actually get them to burn further and further right so at any particular point in your combustion zone you will have everything you will have in general you will have the reactants you will have the products all of them together so it is always good to treat all of them together simultaneously you are always looking at a mixture of reactants and products together all the time yeah so there is a reason why we are always running this summation from i equals 1 to n through all species regardless of whether they are reactants of products okay so this is this is something that you have to kind of get accustomed to you have to get used to and essentially what you have done is to sort of algebra size okay if I can gin up a word like that chemistry so instead of actually writing chemical reactions we now write an algebraic equivalent of a chemical reaction so that you can go along with this okay so with this then we now look at what is a stoichiometric mixture what is stoichiometric mixture stoichiometric is basically then denoting that particular combination of ni primes ni single primes okay that is what is the proportion of the reactants that you are going to take such that you will have all of them completely react into products with none of the reactants left over right but how do I know what is meant by products I can take reactants all right I can get them to react all right and then I get something and how am I supposed to know that they are products what else can it be huh you just produce them right so what you produce is products on isn't it or are we missing something we are looking for stable products right so that means the reaction should be complete as it is in thermodynamics we do not really have a notion of how fast things are supposed to happen so now you got a couple of reactants to get together and ignited and got the reaction going and then you wait and wait and wait and I got something how am I sure that I am not going to get something more right wait for some more time go for coffee come back and see what happens is that how it is does it how it works huh so how do we figure out is that like a metric we can figure out that the reaction is complete now I got stable products and then I look at the products and if I do not find any of the reactants right then I figured that the combination of the reactants that I took was a stoichiometric mixture this is how I am going to say right so how do I decide that I got stable products right so there we go so there is this some someone who is beginning to say we have to look at their energy states huh we will get into quantum mechanics then right so let us do it a little bit simply we do not want to get into the molecular level as much as we can okay we want to stick to a continuum framework in this approach so well but there are notions of energy okay so that is what we are now beginning to get into so a stoichiometric mixture is a mix of reactants it does refer to the reactants that is the original set of reactants alone that you took up okay so if you are now taking methane and oxygen for example that particular proportion of methane and oxygen that will give you let us say carbon dioxide and water alone and no methane and no oxygen left over is what you are looking at okay but the question that I asked you is how do I know that I need to expect only carbon dioxide and water and nothing else could I have settled for carbon monoxide that is possible that is possible that is possible so if I now can take like carbon methane and oxygen and allow for it to react and produce carbon monoxide maybe some carbon monoxide some carbon dioxide okay so now different combinations are possible yeah so which proportion is supposed to be stoichiometric you see what I am saying I can give you these kinds of exam problems so consider like carbon monoxide carbon dioxide and water other as the products now tell me what should be the proportion of carbon monoxide and sorry methane and oxygen that will give you complete set of these products would that work for identifying a stoichiometric mixture so what is a catch is there a catch so what you are looking at is a stoichiometric mixture is a mix of reactants okay that is what I was beginning to identify that can in principle in principle this does not have to happen in reality there could be lots of barriers for the reaction to happen you put two things together they do not need to react for example in principle you can get aluminum to react with water but if you now try to put an aluminum kettle on this stove okay and then pour some water in that to make a cup of tea you do not see an explosion there right you want to have some tasty tea so that that is a reaction that is physically stopped okay so it is possible in principle but does not happen in practice usually okay so in principle react to give products products products with the highest negative heat of formation highest heat of highest negative heat of formation with nothing left over nothing left over is nothing none of the reactants left over right okay so we have now started throwing in some jargon in there we are now we are trying to say we are looking at products we are looking at products which which are specifically the ones with the highest negative heat of formation okay so we can say heats because these are products so so first we have to understand what is meant by heat of formation right one and then we will be able to understand stoichiometric what the stoichiometric mixture is so note then in the CHNO system when you now write something like CHNO what it means is we are now looking at a system with these as the atoms that are constituting the molecules in the system okay so these refer to the atoms that are available so in the CHNO there is a carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen system the products the products with with highest negative heats of formation are H2O and CO2 so that is the reason why I was expecting that if methane was getting oxidized I was I would look for carbon dioxide and water as the final stable products once I get them then I start looking at whether I have some more methane or oxygen left over if not I look at what is the proportion at which I took my oxygen and methane and then that proportion is the stoichiometric mixture okay. So now we know why we want to look for water and carbon dioxide we still do not know what is meant by heats of formation yeah okay. So example H2 plus half O2 gives H2O that is reasonable right and C plus O2 gives CO2 or stoichiometric stoichiometric if you have H2 plus O2 gives H2O plus half O2 or C plus 2 O2 gives CO2 plus O2 these are not stoichiometric right because we did not have this condition that nothing is left over we have some some of the reactants left over yeah in these cases okay and typically this is what we are looking at and this is what we would call as these are or of fuel lean stoichiometry okay. So look at the jargon here stoichiometry is something that refers to any combination of any combination of the reactants in a mixture okay so you can have a fuel lean stoichiometry or you can have a fuel rich stoichiometry or you have a stoichiometric stoichiometry. So what is stoichiometric is very specific but anything that is having excess oxygen to whatever extent is all fuel lean anything that is having excess fuel to whatever extent is all fuel rich okay now I would like you as your talk as we speak of course I am not giving an example of where for example you can say let us suppose that you have a fuel rich situation then it is possible that you have excess carbon but you have a deficient oxygen you might actually get only partial oxidation of the carbon that is available and get into carbon monoxide alright and with no oxygen left over or no carbon left over that is not stoichiometric either because we are not looking at products with the highest negative heats of formation okay so that is something that I talked about the other thing that that is come out in what we are discussing here is something about notions of what is fuel and what is oxidizer okay now here we are we are we are we are okay because we are we are always looking at oxygen being there and whatever is not oxygen in the reactants must be the fuel is essentially our brain wiring going on but how when you now look at a reaction like A plus B gives C plus B how do you figure out which is the fuel only then you can tell me whether it is fuel lean or fuel rich so how do you know you are look at electronic exchange and all those things so again you have to get into the molecular level can we do without that so he is talking about economics okay air is something that available for free in this planet for you to screw around with and okay and keep contributing to global warming and that is for free you can you can do it with that with that no penalty for yourself except for your future generation but fuel is something that you have to pay for now so you want to use it less that is not quite true well I will come to that so it is not quite true okay for example in rockets okay we have to provide both the fuel and oxidizer to ourselves and we choose usually to go for a fuel rich composition all right so it is not completely true that you always have the deficient species as the fuel okay now we take the answer that we have we have from back there so the answer is you look at the heats of formation right so based in the heats of formation without looking at electrons and all those things we should be able to decide what is a fuel okay that is the purpose of this lecture okay so if you have to get there we first of all have to understand what is meant by heat of formation yeah okay so before we get into a heat of formation we first have to look at what is a heat of reaction so the heat of reaction is heat liberated heat liberated when a reaction starts at some p and t and ends at the same p and t how is that possible is it possible is it possible for you to have a reaction that started a certain pressure and then come back to the same pressure and temperature of course it is possible right so you can now take a take a container and typically you know you can have a container which is like a cylinder and then put a piston on to ah come on the thermodynamics we were missing piston and cylinder all the while so they are coming back to back to haunt us so can we do without piston and cylinders and thermodynamics we will do pretty soon huh so but for this for the idea of conceiving what is what you are talking about let us say you now have a piston cylinder arrangement and then you now put in some reactants into the cylinder you now throw in a weight on to turn top of this piston okay which is acting in a time non-varying gravitational field okay and then you you know and then you have a certain pressure and temperature there and then you ignite and then get the reactions going okay obviously a lot of heat is liberated and the gases that are coming out or expanding and then the it is now pushing the piston up let us say okay it is still acting at the same pressure because the piston has to balance the weight okay so that the piston being allowed to move up at a with a constant weight on top is essentially ensuring that you have a constant pressure situation and any heat that is liberated that is going to heat up okay you now take it out you now put this in a water bath all right and then you take it out and then get and then you now get it back to the same temperature as before now you look at the heat that you now took out and the work done do we have to worry about the work done what worked but that was to maintain the pressure constant the piston is massless but it is going to carry a weight on it on top of it okay so the thing is the thing is we are now basically looking for getting the same pressure and temperature we try to maintain the pressure we get the temperature back by removing the heat that heat is what we are talking about okay so you still have this nagging doubt in your mind we had this expansion work right is that we counted or it is not supposed to be counted okay from this you are like no no no whatever heat you are actually getting out by bringing the temperature back to its original position is what is the heat is what what you are talking about that means we are not talking about the expansion work okay so keep this in mind you have an expansion work to account for or maybe it is already accounted we all we had to bother about it so let us let us keep keep that in mind okay there is something that is going on there okay now is it possible for us to talk about this without piston and cylinder okay so let us say for example you are like aerospace engineers and therefore we want to have engines and you want to crank up the engines and run them and all that stuff that is what we are here for what are we talking about piston cylinder sorry so you are basically looking at it in the map of thermodynamics right so we are looking at what is the pressure and temperature of the system when it was when it was in the form of reactants and what is it now when it is now become products this could be happening for all we care inside a gas turbine engine and as a matter of fact most of these open systems like gas turbines and rockets and so on which have a nozzle or an exit they happen to maintain the pressure pretty much more or less so they are all typically constant pressure systems fortunately for us so we do not have to we do not have to have a piston and a weight on top of it and all those things gravitational feel nothing right so we have a constant pressure situation for most of the time okay the one who is to capture the products and bring them back to the same temperature okay if we did that then we would not be flying this engine right so if you want to now figure out the heat you cannot be flying so get back to the piston and cylinder that is good enough good so now we talk about standard heat of reaction right now this is the heat of reaction at some standard oops PNT so previously we did not fix what the pressure and temperature were we just simply said whatever we started out with we want to come back but now we fix that to be some standard okay and why would we want to do this is something that we want to keep looking forward to to understanding as we go along so we want to standardize some things here so we will now take for example most often but not always but not always standard PNT or one bar and 298 Kelvin 298 Kelvin right now one bar is like 10 to the 5 Pascal's Pascal's is actually the SI units for pressure but atmospheric pressure is approximately like 1.01325 bars therefore we go in terms of bars instead of Pascal's itself and 298 is pretty convenient okay so it is like about 25 degrees Celsius which is reasonably warm okay so it is not unrealistic for let us say Indian conditions or something so this is a reasonably good standard for us to and this choice for all practical purposes of analysis that we want to do is arbitrary okay so you do not have to question can I change this in your own planet yes when you say standard that means everybody accepts something that is what it is but it is an arbitrary choice okay so now we come to heat of formation now the heat of formation is what we are really interested in okay we have been beginning to talk about heat of formation when we talked about a stoichiometric mix mixture and we also noticed that if you wanted to recognize a particular component as a fuel the heat of formation is going to help us this is pretty important you know like for example let us say you become an astronaut and then you are sent to a new planet and then you are now beginning to dig up again then you are now getting something something new you have to know whether it is fuel or not isn't it so and you will start making a lot of money if you if you knew how to figure out what what a fuel is so so heat of formation at some P and T some P and T is the negative heat of reaction negative by convention more than anything else negative heat of reaction at that P and T for a compound for a compound found from its I am going to use within quotes reference elements okay we are beginning to get an idea of what the sentence means first of all we are talking about any species which could be a compound compound is like basically bunch of molecules put together right and then we are looking at this being formed from its reference elements so elements are like the building blocks of the compound okay but we have something called the notion of what is called as a reference element so we have to see what that means and I also want to point out so this formed so I also want to point out that this reaction as it is does not have to happen in reality okay you do not necessarily need a compound to be formed from its reference elements in reality this is a hypothetical idea of any compound that could be formed from its reference elements okay so now we have to see what that means now so reference element means that element as found most commonly commonly in nature in nature when alone okay this is for every element so every for every element you have to look at what is the most natural state at which it would be found and that is what is called the reference element okay so still this is a little bit enigmatic so here example example O2 H2 N2 carbon within brackets S to denote solid okay solid and when we say solid we are looking at graphite not diamond okay because if it were diamond that is most commonly found do not be very expensive right so graphite etc for okay now let us use words for oxygen hydrogen nitrogen carbon etc respectively okay N and not okay so every time we give an example we also give a counter example like what we did here so you always know what is good and what is bad so not is OH N and let us say carbon in gaseous form you try to vaporize carbon get it up to very high temperatures or something and then look at the carbon that is not considered a reference element we are looking at carbon in a solid form for graphite and since we started out with the assumption that we are looking for reactants reactions to happen between gases gases is by default the state for most of the reactants that we are looking at that means we are not going to say O2 within within brackets G H2 within brackets G and so on so we are not going to specify if it is a gas it is only if it is a liquid or a solid we will use parenthesis like S and L and so on okay so when you now have S in parenthesis that means it refers to a solid if it is a L it refers to a liquid like for example you are looking at AL2 O3 that is being formed in rockets it stays in molten form as it comes out of the nozzle but as it goes through the nozzle it the flow cools and therefore it solidifies so there is like a AL2 O3 L that gives rise to AL2 O3 S okay so and there we have there we will specify L and S very specifically so this is what is meant by reference elements so the phase is indicated only for liquids and solids and not for gases because gases are the default okay so what is meant by so what we have done here is to explain only the last couple of words in this in the sentence right so what is meant by looking at a heat of formation that means if you now look at H2 plus half O2 gives H2O okay C solid plus O2 gives CO2 these are formation reactions for formation reactions for H2O CO2 respectively right. So what else could not be an example if you now said H plus O gives so let us say 2 H plus O gives H2O this is wrong this is not a formation reaction okay not a formation reaction right so what about formation reactions for O itself if O is not going to be like a reference element okay that could be formed because O2 should be the reference element therefore we can say half O2 gives O is a formation reaction we are always looking for one mole of what is being formed so everything is normalized for the reactants correspondingly okay. Now if O2 is supposed to be the reference element what would be the reference element for it itself right so O2 gives O2 is also a formation reaction that sounds silly does it no it says it tells us something if O2 has to react with itself to form O2 with a take any energy no right so what do you expect for the heat of reaction 0 we will now assign a 0 for the standard heat of reaction we still haven't looked up what is standard heat of reaction keep in mind we are looking at a heat of heat a standard heat of formation okay so we are looking at a heat of reaction and a standard heat of reaction a formation reaction is a particular reaction so it's rear heat is going to be the heat of formation and then we should be looking at a standard heat of formation. So we now arbitrarily assign a 0 for the standard heat of formation for reference elements because at standard state we now suppose that there is no change in the reference elements right. So standard heat of formation is a heat of formation at some standard P and T okay. So could be the same as same as what we have noted there one bar say one bar and 298 K and the notation for this is ?HF not 298 is the notation ?H stands for a enthalpy change okay and F stands for formation 298 is the temperature not refers to the standard pressure so this is the notation that we will use I will pick up from here in the next class and then point out to the question that is in our minds if you now have a constant pressure and temperature what happened to the expansion work okay. So I will see you next class.


Hey everybody welcome back today to RetroTech and I just wanted to first start things off today by saying I'm sorry I got a I made some mistakes in my last video and this video is the video that just came out a couple days ago about ripple current and ripple current ratings on Capacitors and how that pertains to CRTs now There's still some pretty good information as far as how ripple currents can affect a CRT or really any old Analog device in that video, so I won't be taking that video completely down I figured I'd rather correct the things that I made mistakes on in this Update video and the most important thing to me is that you guys have the right information when it comes to all this stuff And so first off I did want to say thank you to Mark from the retro channel I'm gonna give his channel a link down in the description of this video So you go check him out, but he did reach out to me on Twitter It sent me a DM kind of explaining where I had messed up on my explanation and my conclusions that I had come to based on Personal experience and the information that I was studying about the ripple currents and what I had explained in that video Now let's go ahead and I want to show you what I mean is as far as getting the correct information to you Let's switch over my screen so I can show you what I'm talking about. I've got a capacitor here pulled up on Mauser and this is the datasheet from a 50 volt DC 1000 micro farad capacitor with a 105 degree Celsius Temperature rating and here's the size 2000 hour life and then finally down here is the ripple current Rating it's nine hundred fifty milliamps and so what I had said in my past video was that That rating was you know, it's somehow tied to that fact that the capacitor was going to allow that much ripple through so like it was a negative thing as if the capacitor was going to filter out a lot of the Ripple current there and that's actually incorrect. What's happening here is this ripple current rating is actually a longevity or life expectancy performance rating for the capacitor and What it means is that you can have a ripple current going through whatever you know The rail is for voltage on your circuit and you're using this capacitor on that circuit and your ripple current can get up to nine hundred and fifty milliamps and This capacitor can handle that and stay within its heat range and its tolerance Performance range before it starts to break down But if you really get any higher than that you're going to start really wearing out the capacitor a whole lot quicker So, you know to make a long story short.  It's not actually the The rating is not actually, you know tied to adding additional current to the ripple It's just how much the capacitor can withstand on the ripple So the higher rating should in fact be a better Indicator for how long the capacitor should live or meaning it should be a better capacitor If it has a higher ripple current rating and here's another producer the shea that makes a similar capacitor And if you look here, it does have a slightly higher Ripple current rating. So that is something that I definitely wanted to clear up because I don't The good thing is is the majority of CRTs that I've worked on in my entire Career of doing this The majority of those CRTs do not use higher than a 105 degree temperature capacitor So if you're using the 105 degree temperature Capacitor most of the time it's going to be better performing than the one you're replacing it before however, if you want to go further and test with trying something that has a higher Millie amp ripple current rating then you should see better Performance and a longer life on that capacitor according to the data sheets and according to the correct information so again, I am extremely sorry that I messed up on that and It's never my intention to you know throw bad information out there I just want to say a couple more things here about all this So if you just wanted to know the correct information, that's it that's you know that rating is and again a statistic provided by the capacitor manufacturer that says if you have a ripple that you've measured on your voltage and you're using this capacitor in that Then you need to have the ripple not go out of this parameter and be too high or we'll wear out this capacitor and The capacitors ripple current rating isn't actually impacting the the physical Ripple itself as far as like what I had thought previously so For the fifth time, I'm really sorry I don't I will now tell you how I got to that crazy conclusion in the first place and A couple it just goes back to a couple years ago when I really started digging into recapping a lot of CRTs and I started with a lot of my own things and this was Also a time when I was developing cap kits because there weren't a lot of kits out there at all And so the cap kit development pretty much involved me going through and a lot of times referencing things like The service manuals as well as the boards themselves that I was looking at and I've gone through before and shown you How I documented that but then again when you get to an order she like we're shown today there's all kinds of different options when you're ordering a capacitor and We're actually not in a good stock period of time right now It's not as bad as it has been for the last you know six months ago, but it's still not good So there are a limited number of choices But back when you had open stock and anything was available you had all kinds of choices So I had a job two different jobs that I ordered some capacitors for one was a BVM D 20 that is my own Personal D 20, I still own it right now And then the second one was for a 20 L 5 that I had in the shop and I bought the largest Capacitors I could find at that 105 degree rating I bought like 10,000 hours and the ripple current ratings were insanely high on these And I thought man if I get this to work Then this is like a supreme upgrade that I should be able to basically say hey I can upgrade the PVM and give it so much better Performing parts that it will increase the life and you don't have to worry about anything But the problem was the capacitors that I ordered they did not react well in both of those situations The first off the 20 L 5 when I did the decap or when I did the deflection cap kit I had all kinds of issues I wish I had some kind of visual pictures to show you but I don't because it was such a long time ago But for the most part, I could not get the diet or the deflection corrected at all on the screen The controls would not adjust nearly as much as they should adjust. I had some interference on the picture And overall it was a bad situation and front to be frank I had to take that cap kit out and I ordered a kit from save on Pat And then I just used his kit instead of my personal homemade kit So I took those parts out and when I put Pat's kit in everything worked perfectly and as expected So that was one indicator that I was like hey I went way too far on these capacitors and then the same kind of thing happened when I put them in the BVMD Series this time I recapped the PA board and the PA board got so funky It started flashing bright lights that I thought I had messed up my entire BVM because I went through and I recapped and it worked for a little while worked perfectly So I went through and recapped all the boards in it and what happened was Somehow it just you know after a cut not even that long a time It just started really showing interference and the PA board especially it just made some Awful things show up on the screen that I thought was going to be like a tube issue. I was very unsure so in that situation I talked to Pat again and I actually sent those boards all to him to service and so he took care of all those boards except the PA board I actually kept that it's still in the shop and he sold me a service to PA board and I figured I'd rather just have an extra So I have both of them for this monitor. So that is you know my experience of having bought those capacitors and you know Then having the experience of put them in the monitors and having just terrible results Really soured me on the idea of even making my own cap kits at all so really since then most of my capacitor kits have either been published along with my deep dive videos on a certain monitor or my cathode ray blog site or even All of them are published on my patreon page So that's all something that I've been keeping track of But that whole experience of having them put in my own monitors and having just a bad You know bad things happen made me not want to have that happen to other people If I was going to offer these kits to them and have them have the same kind of issues that I did so Then I started to get into this idea of well now Caps are coming available again, so you have more choices We went through this period of time where stock has been really bad Obviously on all kinds of components capacitors included in that discussion. So If the capacitors started to come back into stock like they had been I was starting to think I should re-up a lot of my Capacitors that I have in storage, which I did So while I was doing that I noticed more being in stock And I thought that it would be a good time to kind of study more myself on what the ripple current meeting was But I already started with this negative annotation with this ripple current and how it might be impacted And for some reason I got in my head the correlation between a higher ripple current Would somehow be associated with yes a higher temperature and higher life rating but like it was a cost of the performance on the Capacitor for some reason like I associated that if you needed a lot longer life to your capacitor That it would somehow let a higher ripple current go through and that's actually not the case I Was thinking that you needed to you know back down on that and kind of give or take a little bit in that relationship And I was just based on that experience of doing that and then swapping it out for lesser capacitors than what I'd ordered from my Crazy high-end cab kit and having it work So I took that personal experience and then I went into the Google machine and I sat there for goodness gracious Two or three hours just reading through posts and blog posts. That's the problem You know another issue that we're all dealing with here being in this kind of profession of Working and trying to document things on social media and online especially YouTube so I found some information kind of Intrigued my bias is more that I had been starting to create and that's how I got down the rabbit hole of thinking these were two tied things and Unfortunately, too, it's really hard to Google this kind of information and get a good result back. That's direct It says yes, this is how this works this Capacitor has a ripple current rating on the datasheet and that means it can handle a bigger current than one that has a lower current rating That's that's just you know It might seem second nature to somebody who's been doing this or has a full background in electrical work in electrical engineering But as I said many times on this channel my whole passion for this has come out of me just loving these machines and What started as a hobby has now blossomed into a wonderful and Loving career, but the crazy thing about it is not having that's you know traditional upbringing of a university or any kind of degree That would teach me maybe these kind of things in a classroom setting I've done all my learning online by searching these things out and also just doing things like watching YouTube videos and Trying to determine what was the best information from that a lot of times and so that's one of the big reasons I really love YouTube and I love the platform I love the opportunity it gives people to share this stuff so that we can ultimately learn the right thing But at the same time being stuck here in my own little basement man cave thinking about these things myself and not having that opportunity to kind of get out of my bubble and You know bounce ideas a lot of times off people who are smarter more educated know a lot more about this stuff than I do That can be a detriment to me. So I want to in the future just help, you know, everybody learn what's right What's the best thing to do? I wanted to make sure that you all had the right information here today and again just accept my apology this time know that there's a Possibility that something like this could happen again in the future because I'm always going to be Uniquely cutting edge as far as like trying to problem-solve. That's always something I just try to think of things differently, especially coming from outside of this industry and Going into electronics, you know, you have a different background than a trained one So a lot of times it's going to point me in the wrong direction but I do think it also puts me in some creative positions and Some interesting problem-solving situations that do turn out to be good, but this time, you know Hopefully there's no harm no foul for anybody and I just want to say that again We'll do better next time and in the future but I thank you for hanging out here with me for this like 15 minute ramble and Excuse any edits or you know things if I got a little long-winded there And if you have anything that you'd like to clear up with me Please leave a comment below and finally one more thing if you're a capacitor expert Especially for anything like these aluminum little electrolytic capacitors these older style capacitors, please I would love to talk to you and just like interview you a bit of some questions if now this yeah I mean, I'm not just gonna say like you need to know a lot about capacitors I want to know somebody who's like works in the field of capacitors and Knows a good knowledge about them and basically knows a lot of these things that like second nature to what We do because I believe a lot of people would be benefited benefiting from a conversation around a lot of this stuff that We just you know are looking at on paper and don't fully understand And it's not as easy to get in there and get the right information All the time especially without making a mistake first. So anyway, I'll see y'all next time. Thanks again and have just a wonderful day


Lucy from Cyberpunk Edgerunners is an analog for every MOBA support main ever.


Glamahue exiting early or shella as well both those a great x-rays negative But is there anything more you can tell us about those injuries? Yeah, so DJ it's from from when he fouled the ball off his knee the other night and It was obviously okay to play yesterday Move moving good stole a base and then today was fine and it just kind of started stiffen up on them So we just got him out of there You know, we think that's all it is, you know, he had his x-rays will MRI it on the off day And he'll see the orthopedist, but Yeah, just just hopeful it's just something that's stiffened up on them in the day game Urshella obviously got smoked really good on the hand X-rays were negative. So Just kind of a day-to-day thing. So obviously the off day Coming at a good time for us and hopefully hopefully we avoided some serious injuries with them He said let me he was going to get an MRI as well Is there concern on your part that it could be more than No, I think it I think it's a deep bruise that kind of residual up the IT band and stuff So that that's the hope but we're gonna certainly obviously make sure of everything Mon seemed to be cruising and then obviously ran into trouble. Did he fatigue in that anything? I don't think he fatigued. I think he just made some mistakes, especially with two strikes, you know Polar Sand of all both guys there where he's got two strikes on him where he needs to expand a little and he misses on the plate And they got him so I don't really know if it was fatigue more than just making some mistakes when he had a chance to put away Some guys, you know, obviously belt dump the one out and left You know, he had the walk to start things a little uncharacteristic, but For as much as he was cruising a little surprised that You know, he ran is some trouble there, but it was just frankly some sort of look seemed like some two-strike mistakes We got good players in that room and they've all continue to step up and really embrace this thing and You know even today, you know, I mean we two guys we got to take out for injuries You know, no surprise Cameron goes in there and and contributes Tyro strata goes in there contributes they've really Take into the next man up. They're coming in focus. They're coming in ready and And and all doing their job really well and just just proud of how they've rallied around one another A lot of teams would be fazed by this and yet you guys don't seem to be fazed. Why do you think that is? I Think we got really good makeup in that room You know, it's something that's important to us to have those kind of people and and I think we have that in spades in there with with guys that are tough that are Prepared, you know, I've always felt with this team, you know Through ups and downs whatever I feel like they're really good at turning the page But I think there is a an extra focus right now. Just go with what we're going through That guys are coming in ready for any kind of role any kind of situation and they're delivering Just felt like we want with down to two position players and pretty low leverage situation with two outs And nobody on if we would have had a runner on obviously would have gone with Ford there Actually first and second we probably would have send Jay up there to try and get a bun down So we were kind of prepared to go either way there just just holding the position player at that point So if we needed something late, we had the right left option still between Ford and row Especially with all their lefties down there Yeah, I mean he's He's a really good hitter And and as obviously really caught fire on this West Coast trip the power You know he's getting off his a swing a lot, but but really controlling the strike zone he's been Look it's it's what we believe him to be so it's it's not surprising at all


Okay, time to fire up. A little more about myself. I've studied here in Utah, finished my PhD at Utah State, and a good job at the University of Wisconsin where I'm now. But I'm going to start just writing to it because I'd like us to connect with your own experiences and so forth at the end and have enough time because I find most people run up right to the end and hopefully have none of the same thing that we can connect a little more because I feel there's real need for connecting. And sometimes at the conference, you get to hear a lot but you lack the opportunity to really have a meaningful discussion. So let me job really good. I'm looking at obviously what we all understand is that they're in a situation that you deal with in open education and that them being the well-funded for-profit enterprises who buy up content, hire the experts and dominate the market with copyright that never expires. So that's kind of a straightforward quick jump on who they are. So then you'd say, okay, who are the us? The us are the former, them's former customers.  Now I want to dig right into the battle. Who is going to win here and how is it possible for us to win? Now obviously if I had to play devil's advocate and say, okay, if I were to consult with them and say, you know, how can you keep the us dead and out and eliminated, that's a very important question that we have to answer. And I'm going to look at these principles of being unified, visionary, focused, sustainable and so forth and go through them and then I'll look at the we principles and look at what saves us in that case. So as we look at these principles I'm going to touch on each one of them briefly. Obviously unified. The concept of unified, you're all familiar with the cathedral and the bazaar and the analogy of not Google it, but that whole thing of they've got a very orderly planned environment so they can plan a great strategy, they've got the funding, they've got the subject matter experts, they've got what it takes to beat the market and they do it. Very effective at that. So that's in their favor, they unified. The second thing is they're visionary. They know what's coming at it down the pipe and obviously within their own realms you've got those who fall out and the ones that come in as all the ones dominate with a specific environment but don't see the future and so forth but you can definitely say they have vision in where they go with it. They take their products to new platforms, they localize it to languages all over the world, they dominate in impressive ways. So immediately as you look at these you say well how about us? How do we deal with these same things? Obviously they focus on money specifically. I worked in the corporate world and I understand that environment now being in the educational environment I'm often frustrated with the lack of experience and understanding of what money does and how to play that game. That is not something that goes away. We have to deal with it too obviously in different ways. So they have a short term and a long term vision, their focus is there. And then we've dealt a lot with the concept of sustainability. Now they've got the upper hand for sure because they've got an economic model that maintains that's one very key portion of keeping them ball rolling. And then the other thing is mind share. That's a fight, a big fight is mind share. And we've seen the whole infrastructure giving them the mind share basically. We've got request for proposals that hands into them on a plate if you go that way. That's old school thinking. So that concept of mind share of how we can sway mind share and we can't do it by trying to compete on a request for proposal. We have to capture mind share in another way that people say I don't think an RFP is the way to go today and come up with new ways of evaluating and being inclusive of the environment that we offer. So obviously they're cutting edge. And we often envy what they deliver and produce. So now let's look at the other side. What is the our strengths that we can book on? Not that we have to ignore their strengths, we have to counter it effectively, of course. So, number one is a very important one. We've got strength in numbers. We've seen this proven with software development. As the open source stuff took off and freeware and crowd sourcing and so forth started to happen. Of course there was a lot of skepticism about it but it's proven its value. Not every model works and there's a high percentage of failures but there are some phenomenal successes as well and that's obviously the environment to pull from is how can we harness the strength of our numbers. Something that goes very well with strength in numbers is we have the expertise. Not them.  And we go. If you need the money you go. One thing that I see that counters us with the expertise where we can stand is that we have people that really believe in the cause and if you have a job already although not well funded but you have money coming in and you can put bread on the table often that higher cause that unites us is something that strength and I'll touch on that in a second. So the world is connected today that serves them too but it serves us really well. We've just had some great examples in the plenary of the connectedness of all of the world people contributing and so forth how can we exploit that connectedness to make this really happen and then the openness obviously in finding this stuff is great. I'm not going to touch much on that. That's been touched on a lot but I want to touch on the concept of weakness I call it weakness and what I mean by that is there is a ethic there is a similar sharing that we have in this room that binds us, that's why we're here and that is that common good that wanting to share that whole thing of why we share and it's deeper than financial things and it's stronger than financial things for most it's that weakness that I think can take us the long way but if that weakness is strong then we'll have the staying power to take us right to the successful end. But it leaves us with many complexities as we look at the stress that the other side have of having the money pulling together the forces knowing their market, delivering what's needed and we seem to be disjointed often. We are scattered all over bringing unity is the main thing that you need that divine and rule principle is absolutely decimating our efforts they are able to keep us divided not necessarily by sowing discontent amongst us but by creating a unified vision of where it is and when you look at open stuff it seems so amateurish, so scattered so yeah not now. In fact maybe that's true, maybe we are there we are scattered, we are weak and we still have to look at the future of where we're going with this that's what keeps us back right now. But the one thing I always stress when we talk about this when I tell people about adopting software, you know you've got one mindset of you know a Chevy Nova you know it's a crappy little car it's never going to be a smart, great vehicle that you would totally recommend it it's meant to be a little cheapy let's say something like a Mercedes Benz and BMW and likewise then you'll have a much higher standard those standards are maintained through the decades it doesn't come up now whereas say when we deal with software environment it's up and down all the time and so sometimes you find something that's insipid today, give it a year and you'll be totally surprised how it can be overall and renewed and revitalized I saw that with Linux. When Linux started out it was saying, I'm not ready for showtime promising, not ready for showtime look at it today, it's a totally different story so in our environment we have to keep the hope with that that yes, we divide it right now there's lots that we need to do we will get there and it's this persistence that we need to sustain power to get us there so a few caveats do consider as well one thing that's very important and now we deal with those who are beholden to them mostly and that is the the first one I want to talk about that I always ask people is what's your exit strategy in other words if you buy and do anything one of the first questions asked is if I were to approach the vendor I would say, okay tell me my exit strategy that you have provided for me in other words I'm now going to enter your realm if I ever want to exit, how will it happen and if they ever come oh I don't know why you would want to do that this conversation's over if they say it's completely easy we follow up with standards, this is how you do it you can come and go as you please and really make it easy and fully support my exit from them I'm interested in going to step two so an exit strategy is very important you cannot get people away from them if they have bought into an environment that there's no exit strategy to it's like oh I can't even imagine us leaving or pulling out of this so much we are so embedded in this environment no way the second thing is proprietaryness I work for WordPerfect here in the valley in the good old days the European Union obviously used WordPerfect as the default product they came to WordPerfect and said would you mind opening your file format as an open standard because we've got so many documents in your file format we really need that we were perfect to nope they died and one decision killed them they had said sure very different story today killed them and so watch out for proprietaryness when people come and lock you into a file format that they hold that's theirs and it's not open and it's not a standard it is an absolute poison to your future if you go there rather hold your horses and do something less shiny you've arrived the other one is what I call the flesh pots of Egypt and that I remember my mom telling me the story of the Israelites leaving and heading for the Red Sea and so forth and the murmuring this is really tough and it was so good back there when we at least had meat to eat now we're just starving in the desert this is how we are on a journey and we are heading through the Sinai Desert right now and all our friends yearn for the flesh pots of Egypt and that is the when they, when the them comes and say oh just a one button solution everything is real, we've told them and it's true they really have good stuff and you're like we gotta go back to the flesh pots of Egypt and so that is a big one and obviously the thing of perceived value is a real clincher and a very important thing to understand these economic principles are very important I'll give you a perceived value one if there are any Microsoft people here sink down please hi, because this one is going to hit Microsoft a bit in Wisconsin we localize all our products to Microsoft stuff just, you know, just if it's Microsoft sure we want it because everything is so nice and integrated and weren't so well at it that logic and we thought just wise, you know you can't go wrong with Microsoft and the licensing negotiation came around and the Microsoft guy said yeah we're going to significantly up your license what do you mean, the fees? sure this is nuts I mean this is unfair and the people got real around that but we localized everything we've got to your products I mean we give you more and more business you should now lower our prices instead and the guy said the perceived value of our products has been increasing significantly and because of the perceived value of our products we are increasing our products what was he saying you were so stupid to localize our products now you are in our back pocket it's going to cost you so much to leave us and we do that you're going to have to pay more because we can't charge you more because you are now stuck and that's really what the reality was and they had to pay more because leaving would be more costly and so they dug a hole for themselves out of ignorance so those are some of the big ones so now I want to touch a little bit on some of the development of that the first principle that I want to stress is what I call zoom level awareness if I were to show you a graph and you see it dip and then shoot up would you be impressed it takes dip and then shoots out very nicely at a 45 or higher it'd be very impressed but what if I zoom out and you see this little thingy is a little blip in a solid path down you're still impressed oh I didn't know that was the bigger picture so with the graph environment you can clearly see sometimes you might quickly fix on just one little day of trading and it looks all the things are going up but when you look at 90 days you're still on the floor now that principle is very important as we deal with our stuff unfortunately a criticism to our field at large is we're myopic in our development we focus on me and my course and what I need and our standards and just my little world that's all I care about so I develop for my world so when you zoom back where you go with all of these little granules that are so developed and so forth and you realize so much replication is happening in this process and so that's a real problem the zoom level is very important to keep in mind now I'm going to go with another thing to address this I call it the menu versus the pantry approach think food sit down in the restaurant here's your menu here you go this is what you eat let's change the game we've got a pantry a pantry can serve all come the chefs all come to the same man cook up their food and the menu goes out and so forth I want to encourage you to consider the pantry approach in other words when I say menu approach I often think we myopic we think of the course that we're teaching the specific standards we have to meet that's our menu that's what we have to deal with when you think of the pantry approach you think of the discipline when you think of math areas and how it can be addressed and so you think of that and now so that's the bigger layer and then you can bring your menu and pull from the pantry of what you need so keep that concept in mind that helps you a bit with the zoom level mindset of how we design and how we plan that we not myopicly stuck just with our standards but think the content for the larger course and sometimes across several for example I do language teaching and I'll show you at the end my language site it covers four semesters it covers all beginner and intermediate level foreign language learning what I do and they're all accommodated in the same environment instead of we've got to do the 101 and then create a whole new course for the 102 that mindset is vital and so a quick little vision for less commonly taught languages that's what the LCTL dictals as they call them too less commonly taught languages some of the less commonly taught languages you have a few students here, no teacher a teacher there, no students it's wonderful to bring it to the web in short what I'm trying to establish with openlanguages.net is that you've got one mega site that serves internationally anybody in the world with that site so go really global it is from English the language that I'm doing right now I'm doing Korean and Afrikaans it's obviously from English to Afrikaans but the environment's already plumbed that we're doing it from German to Afrikaans, from Italian to Afrikaans and wherever the media is so it's got that global perspective in mind so that you can offer Afrikaans let me take Afrikaans as an example I'm at the University of Wisconsin we have a system of 13 campuses that the course can be offered at any of those campuses that all join the same group and we might have 30-40 students but that's plenty and then you can go beyond that and then bring on cohort teachers kind of like you have firemen in waiting if the fire is bigger they call a few more have that kind of a facilitation the site can serve and it's open you can participate in the course outside of a university environment it's totally an open resource and learning environment so here are some of the big pictures suggestions that I've got with media that is one is granular developments need to merge with the same granules elsewhere I've actually asked a few people there already as I hear here in Utah we're developing this course and in Arizona we're developing the same course but why don't we have one course where we get these people to talk together and go for the content and instead of just myopically focusing on our standards and our specifically what we want but go for a bigger picture then you develop a table of contents that pulls from that hyperlinking makes it really easy you don't have to just add just your stuff you can have a table of contents that pulls what you need and the rest could be of interest to them but not necessity so that's the example they were which I gave you in the second grade class that collaboration can happen widely that pulling more people and building critical maps where something becomes really good that others would want to join it if it happened I really emphasized a modular mindset modular mindset is where you understand which layers to separate from others because sometimes if you mush it too much it really serves just one need but if you can separate for example think of YouTube, it's a great modular thing it pulls all the videos into one repository although the videos still serve you perfectly of course it does you can pop a YouTube video anywhere you want in your site but it comes from the module that mindset I think is very important because it makes things very flexible and reusable so if you just push it all together just in your own what I call a zoom level problem you've got to zoom back and see how these things need to come together at one point and not immediately throw everything together I want to not much has been said about this but I strongly encourage you not to ignore accessibility get some blind students, blind people on board let them test your site, give you feedback but don't ignore that it will come back to all of you because of federal regulations and hopefully eventually they're going to come down and if you built this whole building and suddenly realize we didn't do any plumbing, dang it's not fun to go and figure out how to get your toilets in this building and plumb it if you didn't plan for it it's the same kind of problem not to be ignored and then one totally odd suggestion that I've had for years that I just want to drop as a totally separate little thing I've always dreamt of a public domain taxonomic driven image repository and this is how I would view it it's like Flickr but it's like a tree structure like we saw in Yahoo this morning so you go okay I want to learn about plants actually trees is what I mean to you the city is trees da da da da da da and you can see images of every the city's tree that there is and all those images are contributed totally in the public domain no copyright whatsoever no strings, zero zero zero strings but while you've got to read the copyright none of that nonsense, get that talk out of there submit it, totally open you can make money with it you can mess with it as much as you want it's free and for everybody to use and with that I've got also the about.com so for example if I'm a botanist by trade and I've got lots of images of specific things I take over a turf of this environment where then I collect and solicit images to build the thing I go nuts to make sure I fill my area and there's a machinist that's really into locomotives that collects images of locomotives and so you build a massive image repository I think something like that would be massive bonus globally of course but it has to be totally free and open no strings and all of all the pins none of those are pins, it's just totally totally open and then lastly I want to touch just give my details and now quickly show you my site as you notice with this I've used the same template for many languages with lots of tools that's been developed I've got a nice cozy relationship with the university in Austria they develop nice tools for me and flash tools often and so forth and blesses any language if I get a small language out of a obscure part of Asia or Africa joining it's available to them so it's just wonderful to step into an environment that's really ready to go. What you will notice here that I want to show you is the modularity of it so with pronunciation I've got a specific focus and every language has a difference of the vowels, the consonants and whatever else they've got and they know holistic focus where you've got songs and poetry and stuff that you can see the text and hear it and learn to pronounce by interacting with holistic stuff I've got lots of stuff for vocabulary and cool tools and so forth with carousels that you can go through with flashcards and learn with rich media and so forth so all kinds of cool ways to learn it and a whole topic-centric way to do the vocabulary and so forth. Grammar will be different for every language. This one is very particular to Afrikaans how this is developed then all culture environment with all kinds of culture stuff that can always go on and it's very exciting to do that and a very important one communication one. I've got beginner topics kind of based on the Actful's OPI thing of the type of topics that you do with the beginner level and the intermediate level and so forth ties it very nicely with the vocabulary and so forth with samples of people speaking and saying the stuff and so forth and go on and on. Now the important thing, this is to me the cherry on the cake and what I'm going to show you here is this the curriculum I've got a curriculum here for Afrikaans 101 sorry so I'm going to go here to the curriculum and show you this thing the curriculum for Afrikaans 101 here it's there's week one for pronunciation vocabulary communication and grammar all of it pulled from the thing. Let's say four of you also teach Afrikaans and you're somewhere else in the States all you do is this page for yourself you look it up into the site or wherever you please and you've got your own situation so you don't have to buy in to what this offers because this is a pantry and you can make additions to this and expand the pantry because on some things it's like building a city it's just very vast so you can never eat everything so I find this is one interesting solution when I started this development as I said I was here in Utah teaching Afrikaans I moved to Wisconsin I moved out of the language teaching thing and I decided I was very into the open languages thing and I thought I'm going to do something different here what I'm going to do is not develop a course for my class and open a window on the side and say everybody can come in and watch what we're doing forget the class I'm developing it open to the world but now that's why we're modular if you know the language already you can go wherever you want to in the thing it's not like a chronology or linear process like a table of contents of a book that you really should follow this logic you build that on top of it zoom focus you've got all the pieces there you can now build your layer on top of that and I find this has really changed in the game in allowing many more people to use the same resources because if you go with the old traditional logic of just doing it for myself well what would I want to do then I would want to pull some of your pieces and go put it in my bucket because we do the same thing but I do it this way you do it that way but if you zoom out and I just do the focus on the subject matter and I myself had to build my table of contents so do you but we focus on the same resource it makes it way more accessible and reusable within the same contents thank you let's open for questions please I just have not given that thought to deal with that and do it a good observation I'll have to obviously you know eventually pop that on but I've been so inundated with everything else that I just haven't sat out so I can now I'm going to put that I've had that question fairly recently too and I'm thinking I better get to that but we'll get to that how are the weeks listed right so is there a way to do it as a self-paced model or you just have to avoid looking at things this page can be redesigned if you've got an independent study I'll show you one thing for example when it comes to culture culture is not on this list when I come to week 8 scroll down fast here in week 8 I just say you've got weeks 1 through 4 you've got to know this stuff so you can shape it you can say within the first 6 months you need to cover these things you figure out how you want to order them and progress through them so you've got total flexibility in how you order things still the infrastructure is not lock-stepped that you make assumptions of how people think and so forth and then when you build this on top of something else that has already got an imposition on it then it's not so well suited and then you would want to pull that stuff out to do the thing properly and that solves that problem having a modular approach that you can build your table of contents based on your needs and it's really the design of it is free and then also at the beginning there it said something about credit units because I'm at a university so this is built specifically for that based on my specific needs and so whatever your situation is I can also build one just for people in general and also once you want to learn the language I could make recommendations on how to proceed if you can spend half an hour a day this is some progress that I could suggest and if you can spend less or more you can have different paths so it's very flexible in addressing different audiences final question yes I've seen any difference in the student achievement levels in terms of moving into this environment you are very engaged in the material right now a very important question, our time's up so I'll be very quick on this doing foreign language online is a tough job and initially we had a class with about a week into it I realized a big mistake and I added a synchronous component online of course that's a very important thing what I'm working on right now is just about perfected just weeks away from having it unfortunately I don't have it here guess what I found is to me a bigger problem than how rich the content is in our teachers is the student managing all the pieces that they have to address and master so I've developed a very interesting graph with all the assignments on it and the assignments move down to the deadline as the time moves on and you want to arrest that assignment before it hits the deadline so you click on it, you go to the thing, you do it and you check that you've done it and then arrest it right there so you've got this one visual graph that shows you everything you need to do and you go and just do it and stop it before it hits the deadline and you know the electric wire and you get it and now I have to test it but I'm very excited about that because I think just plain student managing the process is the bigger problem you can have the coolest stuff they still stuck with that problem so I've moved into that with Hagen-Berkin that looks very promising so if anyone you visit with me afterwards I'd love to show you more stuff and visit with you on any of these issues time's up, thank you very much


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As a kid, I didn't see native men or native women on the big screen too often, especially not in an athletic sense, like I was watching the NFL, the NBA, never seen any native superstar athletes. So I got curious and started doing some research and found out about Jim Thorpe in my school library and that inspired me hearing about him being an Olympic athlete and everything. Even though he's been gone at this point for a long time, I needed somebody to look up to who was native and that was important for me as a kid.