Going on everyone Sam here with late in sports car driven 22 upper-deck skybox model universe champions hobby one box break number 45 random Pack style there's a look again at your random results as always you can find these all on the website under the results tab as well as the link That's in chat Hello Spencer Before I start I'm gonna drop you guys the link again to the iMac mixer that is at 17 spots to go everyone 17 to go on the iMac mixer again. There's 28 photo 2018 photo there's 2020 hobby in that as well All right, good luck everybody, so we're gonna have three stacks of five what packs one through five six through ten eleven through fifteen Yeah, it's kind of like what do you expect though in this in these conditions? You know what I mean? Yeah, I mean Yeah, this is Pretty much what I expected. Yeah pretty standard They got super crosses on we're betting on that Ryan. All right pack one Brandon H Love your buddy. That is Walker Kessler. Jose Perdomo. Chandler Smith looking into the future Diego Jota The die cuts and Jabari Smith.  Yes Believe they do Robert B at pack two here.   It's the Ritter Crew shade on sharp really T ribs DJ one go away Kendall Brown and Ricardo Pepe and gartham with five You know if you'll get golf in April. What do you mean macaroon like products or like golf in general? Well, they're coming out with a new product I did see that Armando Cruz Premium Sam Howell fresh foundations and MJ All right on number six now Greg J Deco, I'd imagine we'll probably get a little bit of it. We're probably not gonna get like Cases upon cases of it, but I'd imagine we'd get like a case or two of it Yeah, I feel like that's gonna be something what we just either Just use her things a couple of breaks or AJ Griffin 225 on the green That would probably be I would think personal that's I don't know yo bitch and I felt last time we got golf. We did a couple of breaks PMG coming up here everybody green one to Resolve that is Marcello Meyer To 10 10 of 10 on the green PMG Congrats Ron Good stuff, buddy Jackson holiday Group breaks. I just I don't know how you do it group breaks. I'll random golfer probably Have a haulers, but yeah true Gretzky or teas shade on sharp foundations Gonzalez and Alex Alcala Number nine is Richard H your letter maybe It's hard to it not really Shipe it's kind of hard to explain to be honest what the stock of the PMG is they're not really chrome though They're like smoother stock. They're kind of like they're like an upper day Like if you ever see a favorite ripped upper-deck hockey, they're kind of the same stock is that? Caleb Williams Z-Force of AJ Griffin and Alex Alcala and Steven T at the 10 spot that is Tiger Woods intimidation nation And Garrett Wilson right on to our last stack here Steven T at 11 a Matt Corral on the premium and Allen Iverson 12 Jason are about 2,500 degrees brice young Congrats on that Marcelo Meyer and Michael Foster. I think he'll continue to golf right who Tiger.  Gotcha 13 Steven C So imagine all the big a big non majors he'd be into Yeah, so he'll probably be like I would see him playing Reese Hall Otto nice That's Steven probably the players Maybe he plays in the arty just because like true he like Shane give him Arnold were close. Yeah Uh Potentially, maybe he plays like the Phoenix Something like that Spiller that is more a kawa Z-Force. No, he won't miss any majors So whatever. I'll plan all those for sure as long as his health. Okay, and then Ryan P. Mr. Macaroon at 15 look your bike Because like at this point in his career, that's always Jason is the major record. Yeah, was he three more? I think he's at 15, right? Yeah, so I think 18 nice look in the future. Caleb Williams was Nicholas's record Scoot and walker Tesla that'll do for the break everybody. Thanks again for filling that up up next is number 46


Live from the Mandalay Bay Convention Center in Las Vegas. It's theCUBE, covering VMworld 2016. Brought to you by VMware and its ecosystem sponsors. Welcome back to VMworld 2016. This is theCUBE. We call it our Iron Man, going through three days of coverage here. I'm Stu Miniman, join my co-host Mark Farley, storage pro, welcoming back to the program. Two guys have been on theCUBE many times. We actually helped us with some pre-VMworld activity from our East Coast studio, Randy Arsenault and Steve Kenneson, both are from Infinidat. Randy's the CMO and Steve is the Vice President of Product Marketing. Guys, thanks for joining us. Thanks for having us. Thanks Stu, appreciate it, good to be here. All right, so first of all, how's the show been going for you? It's been fantastic actually. We've been doing a lot of comparisons of our experience this year versus last year and everything has just scaled up like dramatically. The activity we've gotten in the booth, we increased our sponsorship level, so we've got a bigger space. We just had a customer presentation this morning. Little teaser, the customer's going to be presenting with us in the next segment, which is really awesome. That was well attended. The session ran a half hour over because we had so many questions. We've had a ton of analyst briefings that have all gone exceptionally well. So I think the level of visibility we're getting and the fact that we're kind of aggressively positioning relative to the all flash array vendors who are kind of dominating the show has gotten us a lot of eyeballs and a lot of attention, so I'm thrilled. Yeah, I mean, anybody that's been to VMworld know there's always more here and more people, more things, more technology, more parties than you could ever go to. I did finally get to like, you know, sprint through the show floor and you're right.  It is both a dessert and a floor cleaner. So, you know, flash is there.  You know, why is that and how does it fit? Yeah, so our theme this year in the booth was faster than flash and easy on cash.  So you hear this all flash performance and really the numbers tend to get inflated just because you're reading a lot of data. But if you have to do reads and writes and real world workloads, we have a solution the way our system was architected that actually has better performance than all flash arrays. So when you start taking three terabytes of DRAM, 86 terabytes of SSD and 480 spinning, you know, hard drives, you can fill a really nice system and have that perform very well for you and have capacity to grow and expand and really service your enterprise. All right, so, you know, Wikibon has not been shy talking about how flash is going to change architectures. David Fleurer, our CTO has talked a lot about how it's the things like, you know, de-duping impression and we can do that on flash. We usually don't do that on disc. And that's been kind of fundamental as some of the economics there. So is there a slight adjustment we need to have in our thinking or, you know, there's a fairly dramatic adjustment that has to happen, well, maybe not dramatic, but so, as you know, we've been speaking with David and we tremendously respect his opinion. He's a true, you know, thought leader in the industry. So we always look to David for kind of guidance and vetting of the message. So we've been talking to David a lot. We briefed him again yesterday. I think his core assumptions are valid. I mean, eventually, inevitably solid state media is going to reach the inflection point where it becomes, you know, where there's economic parity with spinning disk and spinning disk no longer becomes a viable medium. The issue or the challenge is that most of the all flash vendors bet about five years ago, most of them, some a little before that, they kind of placed a highly leveraged bet that by this time, spinning disk was going to be obviated to the scrap heap. However, what subsequently happened in the interim is number one, the elasticity in the pricing hasn't happened at the rate they predicted and the spinning drive manufacturers haven't slowed down. They haven't stopped innovating. They're constantly driving up aerial density. They're driving down power consumption. They're improving reliability. Disks stopped getting faster in 1992, right? So you're not going to get a fast system by building it out of spinning disk. However, flash is a tremendous caching layer. It's a wonderful caching layer. So use it for the purpose for which it is intended and keep your data for long-term persistent storage on good old reliable, cheap, stable, predictable medium. So as Steve said, we've architected the solution not from the media perspective. It's not media-centric. It's an architectural-centric view. It's a software product that is designed to exploit whatever media is relevant and economically viable at any given time, whatever that happens today. I have to jump in too, Stu. So yesterday, I heard one of our SEs went to Chad's actual presentation at EMC, and he had this chart where SSD was crossing over to a price inflection point for hard drives, spinning drives. And when he got close enough and he looked at the chart, it was the 15,000 RPM drives, and you're like, well, of course, right? But that's not the whole objective, and that's not what customers are looking to do, right? The ability to, again, through a special architecture, still provide the performance leveraging and taking advantage of the SSDs, but then giving customers the ability to have all of that data and have it present. All the workloads these days, they're changing, right? If I want to do big data, if I want to do analytics, I want to have that data online. I don't know what's important, so I want to be able to store everything. How do I know, right? And because someday, what might not be relevant today might be very relevant tomorrow. I want to be able to pull that up, do processing, and drive my business, and that's what we're finding our customers are doing. And because it's a pluggable architecture, and again, it was designed from the ground up to exploit high aerial density spinning drives as a persistence layer. But if we get to the point where the economics make sense and are viable, we can switch it. It's a software product that's running on commodity hardware. So it's not a huge gargantuan effort to make the switch. So are there any verticals that you're finding particularly good for you? Yes, and it's kind of the usual suspects, right? So one of the things that I find fascinating about Moshe, I mean, so Moshe and I as the CEO and founder of Infinitaz, I think most people know, this is his third major project. Obviously, Symmetrax being the first, XIV being the second, this being the third. And one of the things that I most respect about Moshe among many is that he's never tethered to the past. So whenever he looks at a problem, he always looks at it with a fresh perspective. He never ties himself to the architectural decisions or patterns of the past. He's ready to look ahead. Same thing with Infinitaz. So he recognized that flash is a really, really good caching layer. That's the purpose for which it's best suited. Much more so than a primary data store. He saw all the all flash guys who were basically the same people that nine, 10 years ago were telling everybody to put all their data on 15,000 RPM drive. So always put your data on the absolute most expensive media available at any given time because their architectures were never fundamentally altered to exploit the capacities and capabilities of that media. So they had to constantly keep cranking up the ratio of solid state media to spinning media just to sustain real world enterprise performance levels. So the approach Moshe took was, no, we're not going to do that. We're going to build an architecture. We're going to build a modular software framework that will exploit those drives in the means or in the manner for which they're best suited, but still provide the same performance. So we do benchmarks all the time. We do competitive situations all the time where, as Steve said, real workloads actually write data sometimes too. They don't just read it. So we get into these situations where we're delivering 99 or 100% of the performance profile of an all flash array, but in a general purpose, functionally rich, mainframe available, mainframe reliable solution. So at petabyte scale, so three petabytes in a floor tile, pre compression. So it becomes a pretty, and in fact, the customer who's coming up after is going to share some experiences when they did a bake off in a comparison between their legacy provider, Infinidat and all flash solutions. And the results are pretty interesting. So how many nines do you guys talk about when you talk about reliability? It's a big number. It's a lot of nines. It's a lot of nines. Seven nines reliability. And actually, it's pretty interesting. We had a Blue Lock, one of our cloud service provider customers in our booth yesterday, because we have customers who are in our booth giving presentations. And he had a quote on his slide that said, all the nines I can handle. It was pretty good. I mean, that's a bold statement because I mean, if you analyze that, how many minutes or what during a year is that? It's three seconds of unplanned downtime per year. Three seconds of unplanned downtime a year. That means that only one customer could have a problem and you wouldn't be able to say it's seven nines anymore. Correct. I mean, that's a really bold statement. I don't know if people understand that, right? It's amazingly bold to say seven. Yeah, I mean, so the benchmark for the longest time are kind of the table stakes was sort of five nines. Everybody said five nines data center, right? When you think that seven nines is two orders of magnitude, it's not like 10% more. It's a thousand percent more. And there's a bunch of different ways we can achieve it. There's a fairly circumspect conversation about the architecture, but Moshe, again, having done this a few times and generally been pretty successful at it, understood that if we're going to be servicing petabyte scale workloads, another thing Moshe famously says is petabytes are the new terabytes, right? It used to be five years ago, if you had a petabyte class data center, you were in the vanguard. I mean, you were very much at the high end of the market. Now it's commonplace, right? It's not just the Apex big data providers, it's everybody, even the mid-market guys. The puck was moving there and now there's a whole game going on. Right, so he realized that if you're going to deliver a petabyte scale solution that's unified in a single pre-integrated delivery mechanism or delivery system, you're never going to overcome people's concerns about blast radius and reliability if you don't provide mainframe class absolutely bulletproof reliability. So the first thing he did was invest in a massive QA lab in our development center in Hursley in Israel. We have, at any given time, a hundred petabytes of storage in our lab that is being used for integration testing, performance testing, software testing. Every customer system is burned in for a minimum of a month before it ships to a customer. It's adaptive, it's self-healing, we can lose, it's everything top to bottom is N plus two, active, active, active, redundant. So it's a bulletproof system. And another thing Moshe famously says is all your data's important. Like we don't want you to have to pick your favorite child, right? Because Steve said this earlier, you might have a data element that today is of little value. The perfect example is genomics research and pharma, right? So you have a disease vector or an outbreak of some weird little regional disease that gets controlled and then all of the research data associated with that is archived off. Well, when something similar pops up 10 years from now, you need to quickly be able to go get that data set again and act upon it. So the only way you can do that is if you've got a solution that makes it immediately available at that scale. So I mean there's no doubt that Moshe has huge shops and storage. I mean, he's probably the father of enterprise storage as it was. You talk about that reliability. Here at the show we're talking a lot about what's going to happen with cloud? What's going to happen with some of this application modernization? How does that fit into your customer engagements? Well, it's really interesting, right? The more you hear about cloud, everybody kind of just looks, almost looks up and says, it's just there, right? But that data actually has to go someplace. A big part of our install base, and this goes to answering Mark's earlier question, is our cloud service providers, right? We have a lot of cloud service providers worldwide. We just released one of our customer testimonial videos from Nextra data in India, right? And what do you do when you have 1.7 billion people that need access to their data like that? It's reliability, it's scale, it's performance, you need to be able to handle all that. So while yes, cloud has been a really big topic here at the show, it's got to go someplace. And what they like about the models or the solution that we sell is not only can they, I like what Randy said, as far as you don't have to pick your favorite child, your data can kind of live where it needs to live. You can have that back end scale and you can have the performance required so that the active data that you need, you have it. In addition, the way we sell the solution from a capacity on demand model, we'll roll in an entire InfiniBox, right? It's just easier, it's smarter, it's easier for the customer to worry about, sell them 150, 250 terabytes and then let them, and we'll just monitor it and just charge them as they start to use it. It's not like you have to roll in, have an SE come in, plug something in, it's all there, it's all ready for them to go. And the service providers love it because that's how they make their money. They can't really pay until they're billing people, right? Yeah, and it also creates some interesting delivery model options for us, right? So for instance, we talk about Genomics the company was sort of founded in the genomic space and we've since expanded out into a lot of other verticals and use cases, but the big challenge in the genomic space was compute is very inexpensive now, so they can do massive, thousands of core analysis exercises in the cloud. The problem is the research data sets and the input data sets are also getting bigger and bigger and bigger. So while the compute, the elastic compute is very inexpensive, moving that volume of data in and out and around the cloud is incredibly expensive. So if you can have a solution that enables you to deliver petabyte scale storage in a sort of cloud adjacent model or sort of a hybrid on-prem model, that makes those exercises now much more economically viable. So it's good for both the end users and the providers. So in that case, do you have service providers that have Amazon Direct Connect or the Microsoft Evelyn to be able to tie into it? Stay tuned. Ask Brian that question in the next segment. So Steve, when you describe kind of those 1.7 billion users, from their mind, it's a storage list environment. And from the service provider even, what's the experience for them? Do they have to think about storage or? We said storage list doesn't mean that there's no storages that we kind of move away from it. What is kind of, you think of the traditional storage admin role or the virtualization admin at HearStore, what is that transformation when they choose an Infinidot? Yeah, it's been great. The Nexra data is a division of Airtel and Airtel is the third largest cell provider, I think, in all of India, I think is what they described to us. They bought three systems. So from a high availability perspective, not only do they have high availability in the system, but they also bought one for two of their other data centers. They rolled the systems in. I think the customer experience and the customer quote was, we installed the system, it took them about four hours and by 24 hours later, they were already customers using the system. The story they told me, the experience. And when I say using, I mean, they had already provisioned all the storage out that they needed to for a few of their different customers. Customers were already putting data on the box. One of their customers is like what we have here in the United States, Fandango, the movie theater ticket thing, to Randy's point, when you get a spike in a workload, right, you can provision, compute pretty easily. So when the weekend comes and everybody's going to the movies, there'd be a spike in their need to be able to service tickets for people that wanted to buy tickets. The customer said from servicing that and the data, they found a 10x improvement in performance. So rolled in really quickly, up and running in 48 hours and better performance. And the other thing is when you think about, you know, the server, the storage list cloud, you know, which is an interesting metaphor, but the other problem is that we talk about flash versus spinning disk. Every major Apex cloud provider uses spinning disk because it's not economically feasible to do it any other way. And furthermore, the reason they're using spinning disk is number one, because of the economics. And number two, because in order to guarantee data protection using the distributed schemes they're keeping five, six, seven copies of the data. So as the volumes continue to ramp up, that sprawl becomes a real issue. Like this is a non-trivial computer science problem, right, so at that scale, being able to protect the data, we have a 76% efficiency with our infinite algorithm. So we can deliver again, almost three petabytes in a single system uncompressed and more on that, at seven nines of reliability with a 78% efficiency of usable over raw. So economically, it just makes a lot of sense if you're in a highly dynamic rapid growth environment like a cloud provider. Is that data protection algorithm? Is that intellectual property? Is it? Yeah, the solution we have at present, there's 65 granted patents that are wrapped into the OS. We have another 70 in the pipeline. If you think about it, what's sort of one of the many things unique about our company is that we've got three generations of development and design expertise. We've got kind of the old timers from the Symmetrix era. These are the guys who developed distributed RAID, the guy who wrote the spec for iSCSI. I mean, these are the titans of the industry that are kind of the core. Then we've got some of the people from the XIV project who are the next generation distributed computing thinkers. And then we've got the sort of next third generation of the Infinidad people, the younger millennial kind of developers. And it's an amazing ecosystem of intellect. So these guys all learn from each other. And when one of the young developers wants to go solve some complicated problem, he walks down the hall and knocks on the door of Chaim Kopelevich and says, how do I do this? And he goes, here, we did that 25 years ago. Here you go. So it's remarkable, right? So having that kind of expertise in house gives us the ability to have such an IP rich solution. Because these guys have already solved all the really hard problems. So now they're into the more nuanced stuff, right? So that's how we're able to develop such an elegant solution that scales so well and delivers that kind of reliability. Sounds like it'd be a fun office to work in. So our primary, we have three development centers. The primary one is in Herzli in Israel. We have one in Boston, where our mainframe development is. And then we have kind of a advanced research team in the valley. So, you know, we're over in Israel a lot. And the environment is just, it's so energetic.   And it's in a very... And they drink a lot of coffee. They drink a lot of coffee, probably far too much. But they get so much stuff done that we encourage them to drink as much coffee as they want. Hey, so I don't want to end this without talking about how your business is doing, right? Business is going great. Again, thinking about where we are this year relative to last year, it's been phenomenal growth. You know, our customer base has tripled, our installed base has just about tripled. We've shipped almost a half of exabyte of capacity. Yeah, you know, the part on our... Half an exabyte. Yeah. I can't, I'm trying to think of the zeros here. Yeah, come on, Mark, in five years we're gonna be coming back. Ah, the exabyte's the new petabyte, you know. We figured out, we figured out for one of our briefings the other day that we've served, and it's constantly changing, 208 Terra IOPS, which is 10 to the 14th power. You're breaking my brain. So anyway, the short answer is it's going exceptionally well. We're very pleased with the momentum of the business. We're establishing a very strong brand profile, and we're investing where it belongs. And one of the other things that we talk about a lot with customers and prospects who are being bombarded by the all flash messaging, if you look at all the all flash players and you don't even have to name names, their business models are highly leveraged, let's put it that way. And that's a challenge, right? That's not necessarily a sustainable model. We're not in that boat. We are very fiscally prudent. We are very conservative. We invest where we need to invest, and the results kind of speak for themselves. So we're not putting ourselves in a position where we're going to be in trouble down the road from a cash flow or an operational perspective. So, all right. Well, Randy, Infinidat is a relatively young company, but definitely very mature roots in the storage industry. Both of you always appreciate coming on the program and looking forward to we're digging in one of your customers in the next segment. So stay tuned to keep watching the CUBE coverage from VMworld 2016. Thanks for watching. Thank you.


Timing in photography is everything, trip the shutter too early and the photograph hasn't happened, trip it too late and the moment has passed. But if you're on point and you trip it at just the right second then everything, everything aligns and you have photographic gold. But how do you know when that moment is? How's it? How's it? I'm sure at some point you have heard the phrase the decisive moment. This holy grail of photography when all of the stars align and you assume Henry Cartier-Bresson like status. It's so tricky to find because of course if it would, if you could produce it on demand then of course all of us would be like Henry Cartier-Bresson. Great photographers who just tend to get lucky again and again and again. The reason that Henry Cartier-Bresson got so lucky again and again is because he understood how to align those stars in the best possible way to improve his chances of creating those photographs. And this is what you're going to learn today is the elements that you can play with, the elements that you can put together to increase your own chances of hopefully one day creating a photograph that is as great as a Cartier-Bresson. These are not just techniques that are only applicable to the street photographer, they can then be employed in most genres of photography to help you elevate your images into something better. Over the years the decisive moment has built up a mistake and today we're going to take away some of that mistake so you understand the processes that you can put in place to improve the chances of you getting those golden photographs. William Shakespeare said that all the world is a stage and we are merely players and this is of course extremely true and photography is no exception. To start improving your chances of getting those decisive moments you need to decide where the stage is on which life is going to play out, it's at, it's play. Cartier-Bresson didn't just wander around taking random pictures and what have you, he found places you know events where he could set up the image and allow the people in them to bring their own humaneness to the photograph. Think about the very famous picture of you know the cyclist at the bottom of the steps. It is unlikely that Cartier-Bresson was walking up, came to the top of these steps, there was a cyclist going past, he pulled up his lycra and there was a picture. It's, I doubt it happened like that. If I'm wrong it will hold up my hand but he no doubt saw the wonderful composition, the framing, everything in that photograph and when it would be great if we can have somebody just go through that space. So he set up the stage and waited and this brings us on to the second aspect of what you really kind of would like to work on and this is a sense of timing and anticipation. For a lot of people it can be very tricky especially people who've only really photographed static objects you know that you're still alive and landscapes to a degree is to understand and work on the sense of timing and you can do this by watching people. Even if you don't photograph people I would like you to watch people because we understand people, we understand how people move and behave and if you sit somewhere have a coffee go to a cafe you know just do a bit of people watching and try and think about when they're going to step, when they're going to walk, are they going to you know put their hand through their hair something like that. All of these are little ways of polishing your sense of anticipation then you can maybe one day go up with a camera, be unobtrusive you don't want to be in people's faces because this is another thing with the decisive moment it is not about forcing a moment it's not that at all you don't want to be like that guy in London years ago who was walking down the street towards me sticking his camera in everybody's faces looking for reaction shots you know you know sort of thing right you don't want to be that guy he was doing something else entirely he was provoking reactions you want to be the stealthy person watching for the thing that everybody else misses but you are capable of seeing and that's when you start creating those photographs that when everybody else looks and you go I was there how did you see this is this is the magic you can see the magic at work you know photos now so practice this this idea of timing you know photograph people try and get them when they're just stepping onto the thing you know Edward my bridge Maybridge I thought I would never pronounce his name properly you know him with the horses that you know think about that right so there's some images in those frames and all the the images that he did subsequently people walking stuff that don't really have much about them but there's one or two where everything just comes right like with the horses you know because it was a bet about whether or not all four hooves were off the ground at the same time it's the image of the horse in full flight that is the one that most people are gravitated towards because that's the decisive moment for that one so you can see that this is not just restricted to landscape photography it can be sorry not let's go to the street photography because silly of me right it is not restricted to the street photography it is you can employ these techniques in any photographic genre that really you can think of with one exception that exception is still alive where nothing really is moving because the decisive moment is all about a little bit of motion static objects don't move rather obviously you know but people do move trees move clouds move wildlife move flowers and insects they move right those are the things that change the photograph those are the random elements if you want to call them that that make your photographs something special that really brings it up so that's kind of really you know if you want to try and employ these things you need to think about places where things can have a bit of fluidity there's no point in standing looking at you know a building for example inside on a completely clear and you know overcast there where nothing is happening it is extremely unlikely that there's going to be a decisive moment play out unless there are other things at play within the scene to give you more chance of getting motion into your images create compositions that lend themselves to these kind of things that there are elements you know look look at the the very famous uh you know the man leaping over the water at the back of the station by Henry Cartier-Bressard and I'm not going to try and pronounce because my French is awful but there's motion in this there's lots of elements that make it visually exciting can you see how you know all the things we've talked about so far are starting to come into play with these photographs and and there are many photographers throughout you know history who have employed these techniques in in various different ways and that's of course the beauty of it once you understand how you can start you know laying the foundation for these images to take place then you don't have to restrict yourself to just what you know Cartier-Bressard was doing you can take these these concepts and run with them in your own direction and I would employ you to do that once you feel like you've got an idea about going with these things and once you feel like you're getting a hand with it use it in your own unique way because this is what photography is all about the techniques are just a basis for you to go and explore in your own way and that's what I really want you to do this is this is why this channel is here it is because I want you guys to express yourselves in your own unique ways to not be like everybody else go and see the world as only you can see it in the modern age of digital why have you it's it's tempting to think that if you photograph a lot like you spray and pray do a bit of machine gunning right that that will improve your chances and and I would caution you against doing this unless you are like a wildlife photographer something with an extremely fast moving subject because you are using it as a crutch you are going to think it's okay just to photograph you know a hundred frames a second or some insane amount on the off chance that one of them will be okay I talked earlier about patience have the patience by all means if some if a scene is playing a photograph a number of shots right don't think that you are limited to just one frame of a certain scene you know photograph a couple of frames if you want to you know let the story play out if something different happens if something you know subsequent changes the whole scene then boomies take more photographs because you are going to build up this anticipation you're going to understand how a scene is going to play out much like Henry Cartier-Bresson he understood these things because the more that you do them the more that you practice this in any genre of photography then you are going to become more proficient at it see it doesn't have to be difficult the next time you're out and about photographing something I would like you to think back to this lesson to think back to this talk that we've had about how you can improve the chances of a decisive moment taking place doesn't matter what you're photographing think within that scene so is there a scene here on what something can play itself out is there a random element that is going to improve the scene does the composition of the image lend itself to to motion to movement to giving a focal point to that thing that is going to elevate the photograph and are you aware are you keenly involved in that image so that you know the moment when all the stars are going to align Alex Webb is a great exponent of these decisive moments we're having I've linked to his video here over here right because I think he will really enjoy looking at his images thank you ever so much for watching and I'll see you again soon


We're back with an ABA design. An ABA design is a three-phase experimental single-subject research design that starts with a baseline condition, A, followed by an intervention condition, B, and then a return to baseline condition, A. The criteria for exiting each condition is stability in the behavior. The behavior becomes stable in the A condition, then we go into the B condition, and again stay there until the behavior is stable, and we revert back to the A condition to make a comparison between this baseline and that baseline. A couple of examples for you. We could stick with the food example where you start with your traditional diet here during your A condition. You switch in your B condition to a new diet and you return back to your original diet at the end to see how the difference is, see if there were any differences between pre and post if you will. A second example could be where we have typical classroom rules, then we switch the classroom rules and implement a token economy, and then we remove that token economy to go back to the original classroom rules.


For Colibri, which means hummingbird, Colibri is a beautiful bird all over the world and we bring music for children and we're going to show you this morning some of the instruments that are played in Latin America and Alisa is going to explain you the next song that is called Altambor. This song comes from Panama originally and we use it to introduce our instruments to you. It goes like this. This is the chorus. Altambor, Altambor, Altambor de la derrilla, yo quiero que tu me... English is called guitar and if you put the word you have the Spanish name, it's called guitarra. Guitar, guitarra, amigamia, yo quiero que tu... Other Andean countries is called... So it's another instrument from the Andes and they're made from goat's toenails. And the word for toenails and fingernails in Spanish is uñas and that's the name of this instrument. Las uñas, las uñas, las uñas, amigas mías, yo quiero que tu me lleves alta. English the word is pan pipes and Spanish we use the word sampoña. So let's sing for the sampoñas. Sampoña, amigamia, from Argentina, school out of Argentina there is a common area that is called the Andes and from the Andes comes the Andean music that maybe many people around the Bay Area knows. We're going to play a diana that is a call in the morning and you play with these two instruments or is one instrument split in two that are called sampoñas? Some way... There are two ways to play sampoñas. One is the way I played earlier where one person plays both parts together. The other way which is more traditional is that two people play one song together, one melody. And that's what we're going to do now. If you watch, sometimes litchi will be blowing into the pipes, sometimes I will. We have to do it together. This comes from the Afro-Venezuelan tradition and there's three parts we're going to do. The first part is about a girl named Juana who is so good at dancing. Her friends can't believe it. And they always call her... The second part is about a frog, kind of funny, frog dancing out in the banana field. I don't know. But this song Frogs Dance and people dance and kids dance and so in the last part we sing about everybody dancing and singing together and the name of the music and the rhythm is Gidi Mare, it's also the name of the song. And so she needs to take other people's clothes to wash them in order to make some money. And where she lives there are no washing machines so she takes her clothes and she goes out to the river and looks for a rock to scrub the clothes against. And that's what she does all day except lucky for her. She has a friend and in the middle of the day the friend comes and sings to her and brings her flowers and it makes her work day a little bit easier but then she has to get back to work. It's called La La Venderita. And the sound, we like to do this in the song, the sound that we think maybe she makes while she's scrubbing the clothes against the rocks and you guys here if you want you can help us goes. She grew up in Chile, Cusanos which means the worms and we're going to sing it in Spanish but what it means is how wonderful it is to live underneath the earth. We don't see the sun or the moon or their stars, uh oh ah ah, the dampness is so delicious. Uh oh ah ah, long live darkness. The rooster sings early in the morning but we get up whenever we feel like it. And we'll all dance together holding hands, centipedes, roly-polybugs, caterpillars and worms. Okay, well we're going to ask the people that are here to clap along with us and the part that we want to teach you sounds like this. Oops. Why don't you take the chair? La Lomida. La Escudida. A very small instrument that has ten strings because it's such a small instrument that needs a lot of strings to sound loud and it really does sound loud. We're going to sing a song that talks about friendship. Invites people to sing along with a song.


What's up everyone? It's your girl Kenzie here from Layton Sports Cards, and I'm ripping a personal for Joshua E We've got 12 which is a sealed case of 2022 Bowman Chrome baseball hobby boxes. All right, Joshua best of luck Thanks for your order starting us off this morning with a case With a case you're not gonna want to go anywhere cuz Up next we've got a 2020 NT football for a personal that will be breaking next So I'm super excited for that Don't believe I've ripped any 2020 Or if I have it's been been a while How's it going any other big Star Wars pulls lately Empty alright. Here we go. Joshua. Good luck. Julia Rodriguez rookie. We've got speckle first of Deandre Well, you know Jay Allen Shantos Lorenzo Loaded rookie class coming out of that series one I know a lot of our baseball guys and gals are excited for that. We've got Aqua lava of Freddy Freeman Dodgers 102 of 299 We've got a CJ Rodriguez first auto CJ Rodriguez for the A's We first auto there for you Joshua that Watson Invicta of Joshua Bayes Did they really beat huh wonder why I Know like I said before we only have a limited amount left So, you know, maybe they're giving Caleb a chance to rip that since we've been so much over here on the sports side Franco shades of greatness Caleb's awesome Pete's super super knowledgeable about all of that all the gaming stuff We've got Jordan Walker for the Cardinals to 36 to 250 I know his schedule has been a little bit different lately because he's been doing a lot of stuff on drip We've got a Evan Lee on the first refractor auto for 57 of 499 Washington Evan Lee Okay, and honest, I would check drip because you know how you can bookmark Stuff James Wood we've got Urbina on the atomic Invicta 96 of 250 I can check here for you soon Pete But I think he does magic Mondays on drip.  I tuned into that for a while He sold like some really nice some really nice Pokemon cards high-end Pokemon It's really cool. He had this one set. I don't I'm not familiar with Pokemon at all, but it was Three different cards from like the first First edition, but like there was a one in Spanish one in German and one in like French. It was super cool I was like, what the heck? I didn't know they even made those Bow's car on the shimmer first. It was super super cool. I really need to I feel like I would enjoy that Lot of different arts and just the design on them What's up easy? I tried I watched until like 1 a.m. I was like I need to go to bed because I have to work This I had to work this morning. Obviously like let me go to bed. There's anything crazy. It'll be in our group chat We've got an Edison Paulino that is 121 of 125 Sweet parallel there on the pink and aqua Paulino for the Red Sox Carol Nope, Kai the Super Bowl breaks went yesterday. Just personal's here. We've got a Charlie Welch first auto mariners Welch Hey Zeus trio Yeah, I have no idea about those Pete. I'm not sure. We've got Guzman on the Invicta Sweeney and Davis Yeah, not sure Since I did not open that case What's in the front of the shop is from a new case or or what my idea is Perez So there's no chrome galaxy and stuck at all on the sports side who's everyone got tonight Curse me. We've got blue Joey Bart Giants 139 and 150 got blue a Michael Hernandez for the Orioles that is 21 of 150 Two blues back-to-back packs. Let's see a one in here. True blue auto We've got a Braxton Fulford for the Rockies Braxton Fulford Joke and we'll do it Last pack box to Diaz Harris and Garcia yet she's by two says to me I The Eagles win it's gonna be close. I don't see them They got Philly at minus So what's that a touchdown and a half So Vegas has the Eagles winning I Don't understand Blake tried to explain how that works. Yeah, I don't understand the odds and stuff Mendez shimmer You like try explaining to me Bishop it's funny lane so Max Muncie and Max Muncie guard at the Yeah Oh We've got a Rosemont Verdugo that one is 21 of 75 Love these parallels Verdugo there Padres Come on. So yeah, Timothy. I think so. I've got speckle first auto of Austin Schultz Tigers 220 of 299 Yeah, and Joe Yeah, me too, William. I just want to watch a good game, you know, obviously as a Steeler fan I don't really care who wins your Bina. I would like to see the Eagles win Just for you know a different team. I respect the cheats though Ruhon rookie Springer Henry Davis Couser Hernandez There's a few Eagles fans who work here. So Bryce since got his eagle eagle jersey on out there already He's ready for it Henry Davis He was happy with the first fake. Yeah bet. What do you think y'all gonna do? We got another blue here of Dori Lorenzo Astros 88 of 150 We've got first refractor auto of Gavin Stone Dodgers Gavin Stone 320 of 499 Williams and Ramos Batman Perez and Alvarez All right One second here All right box four here for you Joshua About a two-hour to start us off this morning Only rip until 3 p.m. Today. This is gonna be the only stream Here in LSE today. No group breaks tonight Enjoy the Super Bowl Looking forward to spending some time with some friends tonight Throwing a little Super Bowl party at our place Have some some barbecue some beers hang out Should be fun time Got purple rookie Wanda Franco nice one there. That is 68 of 250 Here you go Joshua nice Wanda on the purple rookie Heck yeah Watson and Vera We have a Alex de Jesus first bowman auto for the Dodgers Wells refractor rich also added we've got four different 2020 football products in stock for personals today, too So I look forward to ripping some of that. We've got a 2020 and tea up next after this We've got shimmer John Kenzie Noel Oh Don't go anywhere. It's gonna be a fun one. We've got fuchsia Nick York Red Sox there 104 of 199 Triantos Paulino Well, you've got atomic first auto of Quincy Hamilton for the Astros that is 29 out of 100 Astros love the atomic look on these very nice Coonya and Hernandez There's Invicta of West Catwood and Montgomery And there's like an over-under time for the National Anthem We've got shimmer first of Daniel Vazquez Coonya Hernandez Yeah, I saw that one too Sanchez refractor Mean couldn't the person who makes it just tell everyone what it was blue Jonathan may have This one there 23 out of 150 carnaules We've got Sebastian Espino first auto blue jays You know who knows Hernandez Ladies you got Invicta of Roberto Campos So Justin, yep, we've got room. It's about a two-hour queue right now A two-hour queue currently But we do have room ripping until 3 p.m. Bruins bringer Ramos Baker's a ball a ball as well Banana shades of greatness. We've got speckle first of Samuel Zavala Padres 255 of 299 so fairly looks like a photo variation on this Armstrong You know cruise rookie base we have a brand old Mesquita on the first auto for the briefs Mesquita Renzo Jay Allen last pack box five Joe Trantos and Paulino. All right See some color on some of these autos Got a couple of fractures and a speckle. Let's see some color nice wander purple Sure when this first came out I was over $200 Well, I say it's still probably close to 100 bucks once you We've got sugar first of yes, you're Mercedes Twins Torque rookie base I Feel like I would go scoop one of those up and hold it. They've got fuchsia Jordan Lawler 21 of 199 trace weenie and Davis not the pink one six. No, I do not I just have I bought one off of Rich We've got yellow first auto of Juan Guerrero that is 44 of 75 Rockies There's a color auto for you. Nice yellow. I have a camo BGS 9 5 out of 25 rookie out of TJ. What now? Sold the pink to purchase the camo Valera. We've got Tyler black and Victor Valera and where oh, it's really sweet. I'll just send you a picture of it later. Thanks.  You know cruise shades of greatness refractive. We've got purple rookie Matt Manny Tigers 69 and 250 that's in Harris and Garcia order is in says Justin Ramirez we have a Cooper Bowman auto for the Yankees Cooper Bowman a Bowman Bowman. What do you say?  Yeah, the Steelers playing in Jacksonville preseason this year. It's usually every other year. They play in Florida So I'm not sure if they're gonna be playing plan this year here They were in Jacksonville and in Miami, but I couldn't go to the Miami one because I was like 39 weeks pregnant I guess that's probably wouldn't be a good idea. Panada on the purple shimmer 53 other 250 If you honestly had to talk me out of buying tickets to that one He's like Ken's what if you give you go on a labor and we're in Miami If you had a Steelers game, they're pretty dope On the old cruise shades of greatness. We've got refractor of headbert Perez 447 of 499 Green drinks like the evils one already We've got purple first auto of Brando, Mesquita for the Braves 143 out of 250 nice heat up with these colored autos Come out of the second half here. Nice one there Josh one Los Santos and Coloss Jacksonville's impetuous here. Ah, man. They already have this schedule release Aaron judge refractor There you go. 315 of 499 Weimar and Donka Even look at the schedule yet, whoever you guys work your base Mingas data Bruja So my Got gold. We got gold here Marcella Meyer and a Costa See what we got Joshua Good luck goal for the white socks a Eric Hernandez first true goal that is 50 of 50 book Sorry nice Take a true gold first Eric Hernandez for the white socks. Oh, we've got a redemption as well about our John Kenseth Well, let's see. Let's see you to receive Bowman chrome prospects autograph Hey, Roderick Arias, there you go Joshua. Nice hit Yankees Congrats We'll mag this redemption for you Congrats on that. So it's super was live that map hold, but the base autos I guess are not Gummarine Mercedes Dancer. I mean, that's a good thing though. Like at least the supers life. Yeah Alright What's up badger put in order awesome sounds good again everyone we're about a two-hour queue possibly closer to two and a half This is the only stream that's going today here at LSE no group breaks tonight more group breaks start tomorrow morning with magic Matt at 10 over on the LSE baseball channel Force will be live at 5 here for some group breaks and then I'll be live on drip tomorrow night as well. So Three different streams going tomorrow Dolo Thomas white Mitchell Harris Heen up here Joshua Like it Bobby with junior rookie base Watson Lollard Mingas What do you mean six? We have a lot of NFC West games Marco Luciano 326 to 499 our taga and Leonard So we've got atomic first auto of Yendri Rojas Pondray is quite a bit of ponderies auto is coming out here for a Joshua Second atomic auto there Nice Rojas potteries have quite a bit of a prospects in this Nope, it was yesterday Jackson It was yesterday backwards refractor rookie of Redulfo Castro pirates to 425 of 499 cheerio Jonathan India So my refractor Jesus I'm not sure. I am not sure. I did see that bulldoe torque, but shits Perez and Alvarez I'm not sure Wander rookie base court seeker greatness jeans would Okay, we have rookie MJ Melendez 28 of 50 man, could you imagine that was a wit nice gold though? We'll take a gold rookie Yeah, nice MJ there been show and Muncie Yeah, yeah They might like I said, I am not sure I'm not gonna speak on it We've got first refractor auto of gray colon for the Orioles 284 499 Glean and Virgola Yeah, if we can get an O line Build around what we have All right got purple shimmer blaze Jordan Red Sox on that one 33 of 250 Garcia and Job All right box nine Get up next y'all. We've got a 2020 NT football hobby As a personal so don't go anywhere prison basketball first off the line and NT Football hobby Yeah, I think that's our defenses. I would say solid. It's not the best, but We definitely need to build around our offense for sure Again y'all we do have Rich put forward different 2020 football products in stock today We've got a future of Rosemar Quintana. That's 167 of 199 Hernandez triantos I believe it was 2020 contenders optic 2020 flawless 2020 NT and There's one more 2020 obsidian So some big 2020 products available speckle first auto of Thomas bar 56 of 299 reds Benny and Okunya Ripping the contenders optic. Oh, you have badgers. I would you order? That'd be sick. We've got fuchsia Jose Ramirez Cleveland 82 of 299 Pedro Panetta and James Wood In 2021 contenders nice Kellink Montgomery refractor looking forward to ripping that for you Abrams rookie The other crews red shades of greatness white junior We've got Willie Vasquez on the aqua first raise 112 125 arias in Watson Close we have a Jack Herman for the pirates on the first auto. Got the contenders magic. You think so? Also Goldschmidt Ramos Williams Last box got nice fuchsia shimmer first Brian Okunya Twins 10 of 199 Kunya all right box 10 Box 10 here. Hope everyone's having a great Sunday Looking forward to the Super Bowl tonight Anyone have any fun plans going to watch it anywhere just hanging out anyone throwing a party Are we invited Let me know Here we go. Yeah fuchsia shimmer of Harry Ford Mariners three of 199 Really refractor My refractor got refractor first of William Burgola. You go Philly's 186 of 499 Williams Sheets we have first auto of Tyler Collins for the Braves quite a few Autos in this as well Got fuchsia rookie of Reed Dutmarsh angels 86 of 299 onesie and tovar. Yeah, that would be that would be sick Counselor no, well hot Mercedes down three Big auto here for Joshua Lewis Reed Dutmarsh. We've got aqua Christian Hernandez Cubbies, let's see her in 122 125 Marta and Fernandez. We got orange. We got orange Christian Hernandez Jose Rodriguez Got orange here for you Joshua. Good luck for the red socks a It's a sedan rafella rafalia that is four out of 25 on the orange shimmer Nice it there for the red socks. Yeah four of 25. We will get this one in a mag for you Don't like the top 10 prospects out of this Thank you. I love this shimmers. It's such a nice look Yeah Laddie Hernandez shades of greatness and couser. It's very nice. Yeah It's so bright nice hit there Joshua All right box 11 What's up, Blake? I was watching The stream yesterday that Caleb had on Paulino on the purple shimmer 122 out of 250 Preto and Quaiva Yeah, I have them on Matt's Matt's little cheat sheety made to four six seven Gorman Cabrera and Juan Devers couser shades of greatness and Karen was giving away like a whole sealed 10 we've got Cabrera and Hayes on the aqua way raid 34 of 199 of Pokemon Go Yeah, Blake almost won I almost always win almost We've got purple first auto of Estevan Machado 248 of 250 heating up here towards the end for you Joshua Very nice. What's up April? Yes, it's about a two hour two and a half hour queue right now We'll be ripping until three So if you want to go ahead and grab something and get in queue go for it We've got Pete Alonso refractor To 20 of 499 Watson and Vera Shea Artega Zero refractor Wreckley Refractor we have here Bowman ascensions of Oscar Coloss on the orange 25 and 25 bookends There you go Joshua nice orange box here. Wow. I love these Bowman ascensions inserts. There you go What's up James? Yeah, we just had a pretty big card Guzman and Montgomery gonna do a recap after this last box of all the All the autos here for Joshua and first refractor auto of Danny Deandre for the twins There you go twins Deandre plays and hassle for Tray Turner Waller refractor and Acuya All right last box here for you Joshua Heating up here at the end. Let's see we get out of here I was really hoping that gold rookie was gonna be a wit but the MJ Melendez is pretty good Yeah, I think we pulled like one or two base wits. We haven't seen very much of them. Let's see. Let's see big one out of here Then y'all you got 2023 top series one releasing this upcoming week. We have a pre-release Break on Tuesday with magic mad. I think again last time I checked just the Rangers and pirates were left on that And then plenty of pick your teams for Wednesday's release. We've got Red Sox Bowman Ascension Marcello Meyer Flakes boy there trout. We've got Anthony Volpe. He's one there Yankees. Yeah, JK 184 of 499 and then there's some athletes who are like exclusive Like that's why you don't see like Michael Jordan or LeBron autos because they're exclusively with upper deck Willy Vazquez on the first for the race I'm like Brady is fanatics. I know Ben Rothesberger is fanatics. We've got fuchsia of Brandon Crawford for the Giants 108 of 499 Paulino and Lorenzo Valera Fernandez and Triantos. All right second half here Second half then we'll do a auto recap Brer Oh, what do we have here? We have a Ryan Valade on the rookie patch. Nice Arizona All League Cool in there. That is 90 of 150 Purple pinstripe there Cabrera first Yeah, Marbles are sick. I love the Marvel cards guy green rookie Matt Manning Tigers 33 of 99. That's the second time. They got us first. It was the goal for Yeah Kirby we've got speckle first auto of a belt car for the Reds that is 91 of 299 Nice one there for the Reds good prospect Neil Cruz rookie Diaz refractor Lottie White jr. Last pack here for you Joshua Brian I've got shimmer of Christian Hernandez Arias and Khalil Watson Right All right, let's do a quick recap here for you Joshua We've got your patch of Ryan Valade and then we had the gold rookie of MJ Melendez to 50 We had a Eric Hernandez on the gold first base and then our autos Tyler Collins Willie Vasquez Jack Herman Cooper Bowman Mesquita Espino day hey Zeus full third welch CJ Rodriguez refractors Gavin Stone they on Draid Gary Cole or gray colon. Sorry Evan Lee our speckles the 299 Thomas far Bows car for the Reds Austin Schultz purples to 250 a Machado, Mesquita Atomics to 100 Rojas Quincy Hamilton yellow to 75 of Juan Guerrero and Then our mag cards you had the base auto of Roderick Arias Yankees The orange Oscar Colas on the Bowman ascensions 25 of 25 bookends and then the card of the case We had the Ruffella orange shimmer 4 out of 25 Congrats again on that Joshua Thanks so much for hopping in we'll get these right out to you


Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. Currently we are studying Hal Sandhi or Consonant Sandhi. Hal stands for a Consonant and Hal Sandhi is the Sandhi that substitutes the Hal. As we noted that Hal Sandhi can be classified broadly into two, Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Ekasthanika Dvyadesha. Ekasthanika Ekadesha means one Substituent which is replaced by one Substitute. And Ekasthanika Dvyadesha means one Substitute replaced by two Substitutes. Ekasthanika Ekadesha is the type that we are studying right now where we study how one Substitute is replaced by one Substitute in the given environments. This Ekasthanika Ekadesha can be further classified into two Purva Nimitaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Paranimitaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Purva Nimitaka states that the Nimitta is Purva and Paranimitaka states that the Par is Nimitta is Par. So this Paranimitaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha can be diagrammatically represented in the following manner. When you have A plus B in close proximity in the Samhita mode and then in the environment of B in the Nimitta of B which is Para in this case A is Purva and so this A gets substituted by C. So this is Paranimitaka Ekasthanika and Ekadesha. So one Substitute and one Substitute. So A plus B is the input and C plus B would be the output. So far we have studied Shchutva Sandhi and Shchutva Sandhi as instances of this particular Paranimitaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Shchutva Sandhi and Shchutva Sandhi also had a part which comes under Purva Nimitaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha as well. Now we continue studying the Paranimitaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha and in this lecture we will concentrate on Anusvara Sandhi as well as Parasavarana Sandhi. These two are closely related and so we shall deal with them together. The Parasavarana Sandhi primarily which is related with Anusvara Sandhi will be dealt with in this particular lecture. The Shutra Torli which is also dealing with Parasavarana Sandhi will be dealt with later on as it primarily does not deal with Anusvara Sandhi. So the question is what is Anusvara? Anusvara is very important in fact people describing Sanskrit generally describe it by this feature Anusvara in a Sanskritam. This is how popularly Sanskrit is described. What is Anusvara? This term Anusvara is used by Panini in his grammar the Ashtadhyayi and we shall see the Shutra in which this term is used. But Panini has not explicitly defined what is an Anusvara. Panini has defined what is an Anunasika, a sound that is produced through the oral as well as the nasal cavity which is called Anunasika and so the fifth letter of the class consonants namely N, N, N and M and Pratyahara Sutra, Yamangana, N they are the examples of Anunasikas. But remember we are talking about Anusvara over here and Panini has not explicitly defined what is an Anusvara. However, the Paniniya Shiksha and the later Paniniyan grammatical tradition has described the feature of Anusvara. So Anusvara is a sound which is produced only through nasal cavity, Nasika Anusvarasyae. So this sound corresponds with the written symbol of a dot on top of the line Anusvara is also described as one of the Ayogavahas, Ayogavaha sounds. We have already studied Ayogavaha before, Ayogavaha stands for the sounds which are always pronounced together with a, a stands for a vowel. So those sounds which do not have an independent existence and which are always pronounced together with the vowel they are called Ayogavaha and Anusvara is one such sound. The next question is what is Parasavarna? The word Parasavarna is derived of two components Par and Savarna. So Parasya Savarna, Parasavarna, Para is latter Savarna is homogeneous. So the sound which is homogeneous with the latter sound is Parasavarna. Now what is Savarna? The sounds that have same place of articulation and the same internal effort of articulation they are called homogeneous with each other. So, this is how Savarna is defined. There are two sutras stating the Anusvara Sandhi. They are both stated in the Asidha section of the Ashtadhyay. They are Monusvara 823 and Nascha Padantasyajali 8234. The Parasavarna Sandhi sutras are also two and are also stated in the Asidha section of Panini's grammar. They are Anusvara Sya Yai Parasavarna 8458 and Va Padantasyajali 8459. If we look at the number of these sutras the order in which they get applied also becomes clear. The sutras stating the Anusvara Sandhi namely Monusvara 823 and Nascha Padantasyajali 8234 they apply first as is the metalinguistic arrangement in the Asidha section in the Panini grammar. And so after the Anusvara Sandhi sutra applies then the Parasavarna Sandhi sutra applies if its conditions are fulfilled. So, there is this sequence that we must not ignore and after the Parasavarna Sandhi sutra is applied we cannot go back and apply the earlier sutras. This is the principle of Asidha. Let us now study the sutras which describe the Anusvara Sandhi namely Monusvara 1st 8323. This particular sutra has got two words, two padas in it. First one is Maha which is 6 slash 1 of M and sixth case means in place of so Maha means in place of M sound M. Anusvara is 1 slash 1 of Anusvara that is substitute the Anusvara. The words continued from the previous sutras are 6 slash 1 of Padha namely Padassya. This is continued from 8, 1, 16 and also Hali 7 slash 1 of Hul. So, Hul is a consonant and Hali means immediately before a consonant. There is also a Paribhasha dhyana-vidhis-tadan-tassya which applies over here and because Maha and Padassya both the words are in the same case that is 6 slash 1 so they share the relationship of qualifier and qualified. So Maha is the qualifier and Padassya is the qualified and then this Maha is interpreted as tadanta that is mant and element which ends in M. So, the meaning of monusvara after having put all these elements together would be the following. Immediately before a consonant Hali at the end of a Padha, Padassya, Yana-vidhis-tadan-tassya, Padanta-sya, Maha is substituted by an Anusvara, Anusvara. I repeat immediately before a consonant Hali at the end of a Padha, Padassya, Yana-vidhis-tadan-tassya, Padanta-sya and Maha is substituted by an Anusvara. So Maha Anusvara. So what is a Padha? Padha is defined in Paninian grammar as suptingantam padam, 1, 4, 14. What this means is subanta and tinganta they are called padha. So subanta is that element at the end of which appears a sup, for example, Ramam, there is supam that comes at the end of this element, so Ramam is called subanta, similarly tingantam. So at the end of which appears a ting is called tinganta, for example, apatam, apatam is the imperfect past tense of the verbal root pata, this is first person and singular, apatam. So apatam is a tinganta, Ramam is a subanta and Maha appears at the end of these subanthas and tinganthas and so now if there is a hull that comes immediately after this Maha. So if you have Maha plus hull over here, if this is the situation then A323 applies and converts the Maha into an Anusvara, the dot on top of the line and hull remains as it is. Now if you look at subtingantam padam, the sutra itself, you will notice that there is this tingantam, there is this Maha which is followed by per and therefore this Maha becomes an Anusvara by the application of this sutra A323. So this Maha is the substituent and since it is followed by a hull or a consonant, it gets substituted by an Anusvara, this is the meaning of monusvara. So if we look at the padha in some more detail, we also note that there is one more definition of padha and the definition that is stated by 1417, Swadhisthva Sarvanamasthane can be called an internal padha. The padha that we looked at in the previous slide which was defined by subtingantam padam is the external padha. The padha which is subanta or tinganta is fit to be used in the sentence. A sentence is made up of a subanta and tingantas whereas this padha stated by 1417 is strictly internal. So what this sutra means is the following, a prathipadika is called padha when it comes immediately before a set of suffixes and this set begins with 412 and continues up to 5416 with the exception of the three, the first five stated in 412 and then the vowel beginning suffixes stated in this particular section 412 up to 54160 and also the suffixes in this particular section which begin with a consonant. So a prathipadika is called padha when it comes immediately before this set of suffixes which set of suffixes 1, the set of suffixes that begins with 412 and continues up to 54160 and the exception is the first five suffixes stated in 412 plus the vowel beginning suffixes stated in this huge section plus the ear consonant beginning suffixes stated in this huge section from 412 onwards up to 54160 the entire fourth chapter and the fifth chapter in the ashtadhyay. Here is an example, so if you have kim plus bhyam, so kim has got m at the end over here followed by bhyam. Now bhyam is a suffix that is stated in 412, it is not amongst the first five, it is not a vowel beginning, it is not beginning with ear and therefore now when bhyam follows this prathipadika kim gets the term padha by this particular sutra 1417. So kim is termed a padha with reference to the suffix bhyam. So this is an internal padha, internal padha. So mer coming at the end of a padha means mer coming at the end of a subanta padha or mer coming at the end of a tinganta padha and the examples are ramam at the end of subanta and apatham at the end of a tinganta and similarly mer coming at the end of an internal padha which is primarily a prathipadika like kim in this particular example. So all these makaras coming at the end of the padhas, they are substituted by the anusvara. Now let us look at the second explanation of anusvara which is given by this sutra nashchapadantasyajali Now the key word in this particular sutra is apadantasyajali. In the previous sutra it was padasyajali or padantasyajali which played a key role. Now in this particular sutra the sounds na and mer which appear not at the end of a padha. They also get substituted by an anusvara provided that they come immediately before jal. In the previous sutra the right hand side environment was hal and the substitute event or the kari was chast ma. In this case in this sutra now the right hand side environment gets reduced to jal which is a subset of hal and jal includes all consonants minus the fifth as well as yava, rha and lh. So let us study this sutra in detail now. This particular sutra has got four padhas. First one is na which is 6 slash 1 of na the consonant na and so na means in place of sound na. Chha means and apadantasyajali is 6 slash 1 of apadant which means not at the end of a padha and of course jal is there jal means immediately before jal. Jali is 7 slash 1 of jal which means immediately before jal and jal is a subset of hal. So jal means all consonants that is hal minus the fifth yamangana na and also yava, rha and lh. All consonants minus the antastavaranas the semi-bobbles yavarala and the anunasika varanas yamangana na all other consonants are termed jal. So when they follow na and then the words continued are maha from the previous sutra, maha is 6 slash 1 of ma that is in place of ananasvara, 1 slash 1 of anasvara. After having put all these elements together the meaning of the sutra nashchavadantasyajali becomes clear and the meaning is immediately before a jal and jal is all consonants minus the fifth consonant of the class plus yavarala sounds na and also ma which appear not at the end of a padha are substituted by ananasvara. I repeat immediately before a jal sounds na and also sounds ma they both which appear not at the end of a padha they are substituted by ananasvara. So immediately before a jal that is jal sounds na and ma na and maha and ch which appear not at the end of a padha are substituted by ananasvara anusvara. This is the meaning of A324. So to put it in the form of an equation we can say that if you have na or ma within a padha that means probably at the end of a pratipadika or probably at the end of some other element or in between some other element for example a verbal root. So this na and or ma should come immediately before a jal consonant and then this na or ma will be substituted by ananasvara with jal continued to follow. So na or ma plus jal is the input and A324 applies and anusvara plus jal is the output. Now after having studied the sutras dealing with the anusvara namely monusvara with ma coming at the end of a padha and naschapadantasya jali dealing with na and ma both coming not at the end of a padha. Anusvara is the substitution. Now after these two sutras get applied and anusvara comes as a substitution we have the parasavarna which is a substitution that replaces the anusvara and it is stated by these two sutras now we will study study them one by one. The first one is anusvara sya yai parasavarna 8458. This sutra has got three padhas anusvara sya yai and parasavarna anusvara sya is 6 slash 1 of anusvara which means in place of anusvara yai is 7 slash 1 of yai and yai consists of all consonants minus her sya sya and sya that is what is yai and of course parasavarna. So this is 1 slash 1 of parasavarna which is a substitute. So the sutra means immediately before yai that is all consonants minus her and sya and sya and sya substitute an anusvara by a sound that is homogeneous of the latter which means yai. So if you have for example if you have ma coming at the end and followed by yai the sutra 8458 would apply and then the output generated would be parasavarna plus yai but parasavarna is specified as if you have ma followed by yai then the output would be nasal parasavarna because we have to take into account the substitute which is an anusvara which is pronounced only through the nasal cavity and so the substitute should be such that it should also have the nasal feature in it and it should also be the savarna of yai. So that is why the output would be nasal plus parasavarna plus yai. So this would be the parasavarna of the anusvara. Now this rule takes the anusvara as input and generates nasal plus parasavarna as the output. Arrangement of rules is in accordance with the input and output scheme stated in this particular slide and so there are some peculiar forms like kurvanti which remain which are generated by paninian grammar where there is first of all the anusvara substitution taking place then in the sequence the sutra 841 tries to apply but there is no condition remaining and so it does not apply and then 8458 applies and after 8458 applies 841 cannot apply. So even though we see n the sutra 841 does not see n and therefore here we do not have the nattva substitution taking place and so we have the form kurvanti as is spoken by the community of speakers. Now the next sutra is va padantasya. This also explains the parasavarna. This sutra va padantasya has got two padas va and padantasya. This is 8459. Va means optionally and padantasya is 6 slash 1 of padanta which means in place of the sound which appears at the end of a padha. Anusvara sya is continued from the previous sutra which is 6 slash 1 of anusvara which means in place of an anusvara. Yai continues 7 slash 1 of yai. Yai means all consonants minus her, she, she and sir and also parasavarna which continues. Parasavarna is 1 slash 1 of parasavarna. So parasavarna is the substitute. All these elements when put together the meaning of the sutra is generated and that meaning is the following immediately before yai that is all consonants minus her, she, she and sir substitute an anusvara that appears at the end of a padha by a sound that is homogeneous of the letter that is yai and do this optionally. I repeat immediately before yai, yai substitute an anusvara sya that appears at the end of a padha, padantasya by a sound that is homogeneous of the letter parasavarna optionally. Wow. So to put it in the form of an equation we can say that if this anusvara occurs at the end of this padha and followed by yai then 8459 applies and generates the output first in the form of nasal plus parasavarna. Actually this is also generated by 8458 but 8459 says that this will be generated optionally. What it means is that nasal plus parasavarna is one substitution and so the output generated is nasal plus parasavarna plus yai and optionally this will remain as it is. So you will have anusvara plus yai optionally. So there are two options that are possible as per this particular rule 8459 namely wow padantasya. Let us throw a quick glance at the nasal parasavarnas of yai one by one. So if yai is the substituent the nasal parasavarna substitution of yai is nasal yai. V is the substituent and the nasal parasavarna substitution of v is nasal v.  Similar is the case with n which is a substituent and the substitute is n. Then the substituent is n and the substitution is n. Then the substituent is n and the substitute is n. These five were nasals which these five were ananasikas and so their nasal parasavarna is the same. Then we have j, b, g, h, d and the substitution would be its nasal parasavarna that is yai of b, m, of g. The nasal parasavarna would be n, of d, it would be n and of d, it would be n, the nasal of its own class. Similarly, the nasal parasavarna of j would be n, b would be m, g would be n, d would be n and d would be n. This is jabagata d, the third consonant of the class and the nasal parasavarna of them would be the fifth nasal consonant of each class. Then we have kh, whose nasal parasavarna is g, then we have ph, whose nasal parasavarna is m, then ch, whose nasal parasavarna is yai, th, its n and for th it is na. This is khafa ch, th, th, the second consonant of the class and then we have chatatakapa ch as the first consonant of the class. So, the nasal parasavarna of ch is n, of th is na, of th is na, of k is n and of p it is ma. This is yai and these are the parasavarnas which are nasal parasavarnas of yai. So, these will be the substitutions. So, when anusvara is followed by these yais, the anusvara will get substituted by these nasal parasavarnas. To summarize, in this lecture, we studied the concepts of anusvara as well as parasavarna. We also studied the sutras related to them, to sutras each. The sutras take na and ma as input and generate the anusvara as an output. Then another set of sutras takes this anusvara as an input and generates the parasavarna as an output. These sutras are arranged in sequence in panini's grammar. Now, we need to study the examples, the specific examples which explain these particular sutras and this we shall do in the next coming lecture. Thank you for your patience.


Hello and welcome to the Euforium Talk Show. Our guest today is Anjana Ghosh, CEO of Exotic Fruges. FMCG veteran Anjana joined this family-run business last year when the company decided to rope in a CEO to accelerate its growth. Welcome to the show Anjana. Thank you. Anjana, you worked in Bislady for 15 long years before joining Exotic in your kind of, you know, comfort zone. And how challenging or different these six months have been for you? Well, rightly put by you, I was really, of course, the initial years with Bislady was because when I joined Bislady, it was in the similar capacity. It was a company with about 200 people at a time. And when I left Bislady after 16 years, it had reached almost around 3,000 people. So that was my journey from 200 to 3,000 in Bislady. And yes, rightly put, the fragment of my career with Bislady, I felt that, yes, now, you know, that there is not much to be done. And I had gone into a comfort zone. And that's when I think our current promoters, promoter, Mr. Raju Saigal had pushed me and he said, now you have done enough there. Although we are a small company, but would you like to join? And this decision for me was really, very, very, you know, difficult to take because I thought that I had to put in, you know, 16 years building a brand with Bislady, of course, Bislady, mentor was Mr. Anjana. And with him, and now again, to, you know, back to starting a journey again and trying to work with a company which is around, say, 150 floor. So that was a very difficult decision for me. But I waited for some time. I didn't really rule out. But at the same time, I wanted to sort of check out, evaluate, as to what, how, how would it affect my career moving ahead. So I did a bit of understanding about the brand. Because at Bislady, the brand was already built. And when I had to move to exotic, the brand has to be built. So that was the biggest challenge. And so when I did at Bipstake, I went into the market and tried to understand how, what is exotic, how exotic is, you know, currently, the brand G-Roo, the flagship brand. How is it, you know, sort of accepted in the market. So I found two very key things that came to me is that the consumers that I met, they all told me that, you know, of course, brand, it is a nice product. It's a good product. But, you know, nowadays, we don't see it. So it's not available.  And they also said, Madam, the brand is good, but it doesn't come. So then I thought it's a good challenge to have a good, you know, a problem to have that the brand is accepted, the consumer wants it, the trade wants it, but somehow it is not reaching. So then it becomes an easier task for me that the distribution has to be ranked up, the production has to be ranked up. And I said that this is something which really sounds that, yes, you know, I can get things together and take it up. So that's when I decided I'm, and in all this in the process, I told Mr. Saigal, yes, I'm ready to join because this is something which I will be creating from the scratch because the want is already there then, but journey becomes much easier. So that's how I accepted it and post for five months now I'm here. So we would like to know how exotic is placed in the tough non-alcoholic beverage market? I see this company exotic is absolutely, it's not a new company, the brand is new. In fact, this brand had created its own niche by starting the Jira Masala in the year 2007 when the Jira Masala did not exist. So it has its own first more advantage and Jiru as a brand is well known to the consumer and the taste is well established, consumer wants it. Yes, and it is a 15 year old company, not sure you know. And in the last 15 years, they have been growing well at around a category of say 30% here on your profit-making company, completely independent, the promoter family was running it. The next generation have joined about say for five, six years back, Mr. Saigal was running the company. So it is a promoter driven company but the values of the company as the family is, it has its own niche, it has its own role. So I don't think it is absolutely, you know, because yes, I have worked with a promoter driven company even in the slurry. So they're the promoter's values and the other promoter's values are quite similar because they are more tuned towards customers, their internal employees, the environment of the organization is very, very conducive for people to sort of work, learn and achieve milestones. So as a company, yes, it's on the, you know, probably level of any other good organized company would be. But yes, the turnover is small because it started from zero to where it has reached now. But yeah, the value system is in place and the company is well. I think, yes, we can build much better but yes, the foundation is quite strong. Anjana, you mentioned about Juru and we learned that you are going to rebrand it as J. So can you please, you know, explain us the rationale behind the rebranding? Well, you see when after, of course, in 2007, probably Juru was the first mover. It was the only Jira drink which existed. Prior to that, they only wanted to brand locally available in the south, not really in the north, not the entire concept of Jira drink was more tuned to the Shikanzis that they would drink during the summertime. In Bombay again, the Jira drink was more as Jaljira which was available, you know, ready to drink at a restaurant or at a hospital, right? So when this bottle concept came in and prior to that, yes, partly also had doubled with this idea of Jira drink invention but it never took off. So I think what first they have broken the barrier of that, you know, ready mix drink, fresh drink to bottle drink, that advantage Juru already had taken up and they have given a bottled version of Jira and they have the first mover advantage and they were doing good. But today when I look at the market, there is n number of Jira. There is 192 grams of Jira across India because this Jira somehow is a very, you know, known kind of an ingredient with the consumer and it is also associated unfortunately with that as a digestive drink. So when I looked at Jira, Juru or any other Jira drink, it automatically gets slotted with, you know, consumption of after food and it gets associated very closely with food. So when it gets associated with food, then the consumption becomes limited because, you know, you will drink a Jira only after food, you will drink maximum one. Then again, the consumption is more aligned to the consumer who I say probably codified 40 plus. The young beverage drinking consumer is completely disconnected with this kind of drink because they believe that they don't need it. Then this 192 brand across India are very locally distributed. So every brand is doing a niche market in the other area. So they get branded as a local brand. So this is the kind of, you know, environment in which currently Jira drinks are and Juru is also. So if I had to sort of break these barriers, it has got a very firm barrier around itself. You can't just come out of this barrier with the main Jira. So if I, it had to be broken, it had to, you know, sort of come out of this and try to address the new segment of consumer. And today, the maximum beverage drinking consumer is the young consumer. They tend to, you know, sort of probably 25. They are consuming the beverage in all occasion and multiple times in a day or a week. Now, if I have to address, if I have to go and offer this drink to them, then of course it cannot be Juru because they are not associated with the brand. They just do not want to. And that's where when I thought that we have to come out of this whole now legacy of being a Jira drink because then you get slotted very much as a digesting drink and not really a funneling. And as far as the taste of Juru is concerned, it is fantastic. So everybody loves it. Probably if it even appeared to, you know, the segment that I'm talking about, the PG that I'm talking about, they love the drink. But again, just because the branding is so much sort of aligned to being a local brand and Jira, it has to be only consumed with food. So they don't really enjoy it in their parties or they would not want to be seen around with a Jira. That's where the thought came in that we have to come out of this whole branding legacy of the brand that it is a Jira drink and that's where the rebranding and the entire exercise happened. Very interesting proposition, I guess. It was actually a big challenge because a brand which is built on its core proposition of being a Jira, good taste in Jira drink, to break that and come out of the Jira was a real challenge. And because the entire perception of the brand has to be changed. So of course, yes, but then we did a bit of research. We understood the consumption patterns of the new generation, the so-called ZNZ. And we understood that, yes, if we just do change the proposition, because it's a good tasting drink, it will be accepted. And yes, even internally, we had a lot of debates and discussions to change a brand which has a legacy of being a good Jira brand to completely come out of the identity of Jira. Very interesting, J for Z. Okay. What is the share of carbonated and non-carbonated categories in terms of volume or maybe revenue? And I would also like to know from you how has consumer behavior changed in between these two categories over the years? See the beverage category as such across India is a 60,000 third category, which is a huge category. So if you take a 60,000 third category, so you can understand the consumption of the brand. So maybe in the food category, the FMCG food category beverage is the largest consumption, largest consumption. And in that carbonated drinks, because carbonated again is somehow very much associated, because it is carbonated, it is associated with celebration and fun. So when you have a party, you will never sit with a still drink like a fruit juice or something, you would always want to have something which is bubbly, bubbly means carbonated. So out of the beverage, 60,000 for 80% is ruled by the carbonated segment, because that's the celebration part. When you want to have fun, when you have to have party, you will always bring in a carbonated drink, your folks and the pipsies and the spikes. So that's how the carbonated rules the beverage consumption. And about what is carbonated, I mean, what is the portion in carbonated and non-carbonate categories within Exotic? So within Exotic, the carbonated category is again 80%, because zero is with carbonation. And that is our function land and in fact, more than 80%, it's around 85, almost close to 90% is zero. And I've got still drinks, that is the Kachar, Palaketta and Nibu Masala is the other 10%. On which we are working now to also take that up in a big way. Because yes, as you were talking about the consumer behavioral change, yes, the consumer also wants something new. Consumer is now torn between a carbonation and a still drink. Carbonation still is his consumption when he is enjoying. And the still drink, that is the food juice and the other categories are consumed when he feels that I must have something healthy. So that is even in today in the consumption pattern, 20% of that carbonated is only ruled by the juices and the other variants, which doesn't have carbonation. 80% is still carbonation. So the consumption, consumer behavior is changing slightly, but that category is big. Consumer, the new consumer that we are talking about Zensi, they have a very different attribute. They do not want something which is a routine. They want to sort of break every status for which probably the earlier generation had held on to. So this generation wants to challenge everything. And in challenging everything, we also want to sort of experiment with new things. So if you see the current trends across the beverage market, you will see there is a new category of beer which is coming, which is the craft and beer. So now that this new generation of consumers do not even like to have just the boring beer. So similarly, they are getting bored with folks, I mean, but the Polars or the oranges and the lemons, they want something new, they want something innovation. So that's the niche which is getting created in the consumption demand. That's where we want to claim. We want to get into a segment where we will avoid, we will have carbonation about it. But at the same time, we will want to be something new. So the consumer that is looking out for new drinks, he will want to have a new variant problem for him every year. That's how we plan. Okay. You mean to say you might enter into beer category also? No, no, no, no. I was just giving you an example. Okay, it would be interesting to know about your strategic roadmap, I mean, for which I the company wrote in. Oh, well, see the company currently is at, as I said, 150 crore. We want to become a thousand crore company in the next five years. Because that's the need of the art today. If you have to survive in a very competitive environment, that's emerging now, you have to be a big player. You cannot remain a small player. So that's the need. And that's where we are moving, that we want to be a thousand crore in the next five years. So that's the strategy that we have put for ourselves, for which we have inducted people because people are the base of any organization. So people are all coming. And now how do I expand the distribution, expansion of sort of manufacturing units, etc, etc. I would like to know your media mix also, media strategy, are you going to change it? What is the milk? I mean, what is the share of digital and to this thing? See, currently, if you ask me, very frankly, I haven't even thought about that. Because I strongly believe that for a brand, the distribution has to be in place. And you have to be available everywhere. And that's where you can start your communication strategy. Because if your consumer has to connect with your brand, the brand should be available. So if you ask me truly, my first year plan is only to increase distribution. And in this year, we will only concentrate mostly on digital, because that's the medium where I can build in the initial engagement with my consumers. And maybe the below the line, that is at the point of sale, visibility, etc. But not really a very good medium. Okay. And now, now last question. Women professionals, they often have to push through many barriers to build alliances, to influence, to convince others. What was your experience when you started off your career? And do you see any changes in the boardroom discussion now? Yes, I always get this question. But fortunately for me, throughout my journey, I am now in the industry, almost for about 35 years, out of which 15, 16 years has been FMCG. Prior to that 15 years, I was working quite for putting up, I was in projectings of putting up silly plans. And if you see the steering is a very dominant female dominated kind of an industry where females have no sort of entry at all.  And I never thought that I had any kind of, you know, sort of, I was deprived of anything that the men enjoyed in the industry. In fact, I was taken care of because I was used to be in a projecting only girl and the rest for all. So I feel that not depends on you as a person. As to how you conduct yourself, how you're building your own strength. And so if you allow to be predicted, then you get predicted. Otherwise, if you don't allow that people should have some advice with you if you stand, if you have your own standing. And if you contribute equally as the men do, I don't think that there are any kind of, you know, shades that you don't get the right opportunity. And I've always had opportunity and I've always worked in an environment which was always dominated by men and female were always a minority. But I think I got all my opportunities and I was appreciated throughout my career. Thank you so much for taking time out on speaking with me for you. Thank you. Thank you so much. And all the best. Thank you so much. you