Hey guys, thanks for attending this last minute. I mean this this is something I I thought of just last night I'm sitting around last night. I was like we are doing a big MIC meet-up over in Dallas next Saturday February 16th with Cobra trading Yep corporate trading so Those those that don't know Cobra. They are our partner Broker and so this is what we use and what we recommend our members use They're awesome. This is their Twitter make sure to follow their Twitter guys Hit them up tell them you're MIC and you get you get great deal there We have a special arrangement with them. They're giving our members 25% off and some some of their great products. They have there I Call them up. Here's their information here. You go there Twitter page Cobra trading Cobra underscore trading But yep, so we we plan this up actually a couple of months ago, so thank you Chad for setting everything up Here is the information So it's on the Cobra page, so if you go to Cobra the Twitter you can register here Click on the link and here's all the information. It's going to be in Dallas next Saturday. I guess that's Valentine's Day weekend, but This is the love of my life stocks the stock market and MIC So what a better way to send by Valentine's with the one I truly love right now. I'm just kidding But it's true though MIC. I love it. I see that's my family. So So the information is here. So that's not why I called you for here for the announcement The information is all here. I think it's open Space is limited. I think there's only like a hundred Maximum capacity is 150 But but out so this is how it became um, I thought about throwing this the seminar there as well So I went to Vietnam for a week as you know, I Met up with this great MIC guy. It's out of the blue man. We have members all the world, which is great They said hey, I'm in Vietnam juice. He's Australian. His name is Paul Let me let me let me give him a shout out I Don't know his name on Twitter, but Scout the tree Well, anyways, well, I met I met Paul in Vietnam and we you know, we we we went up to my room Brought up my laptop got some nice scotch to start drinking and started talking next, you know We're two hours deep and I'm I'm just like mentoring him on on what I do and what The lines are he's a MIC member by the way So but you know like like with anything one-on-one and in person is so much more in Death than you can ever get Online and so when I was doing last night I just run to me like dude at these meet-ups. I'm there to what drink a beer and shake your hand and talk to you Why not bring my laptop and actually show you stuff? So I was like dude So this this might be a new format for us, man instead of just going there and Socializing why don't we do both we can socialize and learn at the same time? I mean how awesome is that so I'm like do we might do these what I call like pop up You know like the supreme stores and all that and the ZZ's the shoes And so they do these pop-up stores and this will be a random dude. It's gonna be random all over the world This is the first one we're gonna do it happens to be put with corporate trading in Dallas I'm gonna bring my laptop. It's gonna be like grassroots like bootstrap this thing And just dude give you a free seminar man on how to day trade Of course, you're not gonna learn everything within two hours. That's not the point. The point is the ones that are Actively trading already can benefit from it and the ones that are new can see how The next you know how it is and see they like to do it and and see the manner in which I trade This is gonna be completely free man. We are not buying you drinks. We're not paying You know, this is this is like the last minute kind of like bunch of good old guys coming together Because I wanted I want to help you guys trade for real This is not we don't make money off this event. We actually pay a lot of money for this event It's it's more of a I think for me is giving back and also awareness and it's kind of like it I think myself as a stock evangelist My job is to I think educate people man on I'll tell you how how I started because I used to be an engineer back in the day in the dot-com and Silicon Valley, California I have stock options.  Oh, look all these cool stock options I didn't know that you can become rich off of it. I mean, this is a long time ago I mean, this is before this was during this is like man 19 like the early 2000s So this is like 18 years ago, you know, I Graduated got a bunch of stock option. I didn't know what the hell's going on I had job offers and these job offers that one company was telling me bow.  You would be rich within half a year.  What what what these pay? I just wanted the highest salary.  No one taught me stocks. I came from a Like a poor I would say ghetto high school area. I grew up very poor So no one even knew what a stock was, you know a stock is a guy that Stock is what what a guy at the supermarket does he stocks He stocks the cereal boxes. He stocks the cans, you know, so I was like, that's the stock boy So that's the first the first thing I know when I heard the word stock, right? So so as I grew up, I was like, dude, man, I could became rich So one of the companies that actually offered me a job was called web methods That's actually Google this right. I this is on the fly something.  I didn't know anything about stocks You can look it for yourself, but they had a bunch of these other companies I worked at and I didn't know anything about stocks, right? And so looking back I'm like, dude, I could retired it by the time I was 24 a year later the stock was still a hundred dollars a share Just so you think about that man. And so stock education It I mean it's only offered for the elite. I mean I grew up in poverty I grew up in poverty. I you know, I'm an immigrant. So in my high school. So I didn't know anyone knew about this stuff So as I grew up I learned this it so it's for me. It's it's kind of like giving back and so visiting Vietnam and seeing all these people They didn't know what they don't even they don't have this stuff So so the more people I educate I call it the pay-afford movement And so I decided hey man instead of just me going out and doing a meet-up and meet and greet Why don't I I bring my laptop and start teaching as well? How cool is that? So we're doing a meet-up on Next Saturday the 16th. I know this is last minute, but hey man, it's free This event has been sponsored by Cobra. Thank you Cobra So you guys knew about this event, but you didn't know the fact that I'm gonna bring my laptop and we're gonna start teaching a seminar too All for free guys. So don't don't complain that it's not up to par Of course, of course you not learn everything in two hours.  This is not this is free is an introduction And dude, I'm gonna be there a bunch of the guys who are going to be there. Alex will be there. Tosh will be there. Everybody be there.  It'd be fun. We'll do a meet and greet Just hang out man. I'm you know you get to meet me. I don't know why you want to meet me, but if you want to meet me You can meet me But just dude, this is a free I just think it's very cool. I must start doing a lot of these men instead of just me going there and drinking for no reason Checking your hand. I'm gonna shake your hand drink and teach So I'm gonna open up to some questions. Oh cool. We have no questions. That's even better I oh will I record it? Of course I will record it. We're gonna record whatever we do. We're gonna Let's see how it goes man. I think I can teach you how to get started trading stocks within two hours and not just a Simplified Bye bye bye dump dump dump. I'm gonna teach the lines. I'm gonna try to figure out how we can do this in two hours Thank you Paul over at Australia for visiting Vietnam and I actually did with him. That's why it gave me the idea It was so much fun man. I sit there and like the end is like dude all it took was two hours We covered strategies. We covered technical analysis. We covered the process This is stuff that people are selling DVDs for for like thousands and thousands of dollars guys And if you come to the meetup, right, that's it. That's easy, huh? Okay, wait, Jim Jim is raising his hand. What's up, buddy? Jim Sarleys Hey Jim We're gonna record this and we'll see how it goes guys. Cool. That's it guys. That's a simple there's nothing we record for this You guys want to ask any questions about trading since I'm here? I will open the questions for 30 minutes man This is a since you guys came all the way here to listen to stuff But can you talk about what will be covered in the one-on-ones? What one-on-ones I'm gonna be there with hundreds of people. I don't know about one-on-one I want to give a seminar and whoever can catch me catch me on the question. I guess It'd be impossible for me to go one-on-one for hundreds of people But but we'll do this dude. This is this is what we do I forgot about this.  This is an MIC event So but we are opening up to other people that want to come But this is sponsored by Cobra We'll see what happens man. This is all work in progress guys I just wake up and decided to do this and do it for free So you can't really complain about what what should it do and not do right No one does this. No one in the industry does this If they do it, they'll charge you. We were doing this completely free And we're doing this often now We're going to do this very often and we're going to do a pop-up bunch of different cities The next city after Dallas is going to be Miami, South Beach, Miami guys Get excited for that I like this kind of format man. It makes it less stressful We're just going to show up with my laptop and just start chilling man This is the way it is right.  For the MIC, always the space for you guys If you are MIC, you are in man. I take care of my family When you come to Europe, I'm coming to Europe the end of February over in Paris and London guys For a personal vacation But I would meet with whoever is MIC I don't have time to meet up with every single person But for MIC guys that's over in Paris area or London and of February The last week of February I might be so hit me up if you're MIC man and you're down there in Paris All this is over in France and London, yeah Personal vacation over there But you know me man everywhere I go there's going to be people around the world And I like to meet people and help people so Cool guys, that was quick I hope you're doing well on the trading part today Let me show you some trades, you guys are around Let's do some quick... Which one should we be... H-Y-R-E, this is a good one to review Alright guys, H-Y-R-E So what happened was this, in the morning when it popped up to five something This was a weird stock, this was based upon some earnings And it's not really my niche, it's earnings So I had to dig into the filings and understand the company I don't know the company's profitable, I don't know what the EPS is So I played it really safe But there's still enough meat in this to make nice money guys So I'll tell you how I traded this Of course there'd be people trading much better But this is how I traded and this is the safest way you can trade it On the way up, as you notice This is all front side, I don't know what the hell's going on I don't know how long it is short If I don't know, I'm staying out I'm waiting for the chart to develop Once the chart develops, then I can make assumptions of what you do So at 8.30 it reached the top, 5.60 So when it dropped down here What it is, I was waiting for the top again too short But it never came up, it did another stair step down Then I waited for this balance too short But it was still too early And I was like, dude, it's low volume It's just weird, I just don't know So when it started dropping, I was like, of course I had FOMO I was like, oh my god, dude, I knew it You go through these, I call it a guru Pinesite guru, right? And so I was like, dude, man I missed it So instead of me chasing it I waited, I waited for the chart to form And I'm like hoping it bounces back I'm like, please bounce back to the 5.30 line Please bounce back to the 5.40 line But all it made up to was, so I was scaling in So the best I could do was this I mean, this was safe, basically the chart completely broke down There was a bunch of back holders And there was so much resistance So I was waiting for the first resistance line to hit And I scaled in a bunch here Then I covered it all the way down That was it I mean, it's maybe 50 cents But I mean, these add up, man You know what I'm saying? These add up So I mean, just those type of plays I don't want to go through everything Since this is meant to be the Dallas meetup I just want to show you some plays That maybe you can learn how to do it So I posted all these on Twitter, guys This is the sort of stuff that I will go over During the Dallas webinar I mean seminar So we're doing this in person, man I'm going to show you the step by step that I take to do these things And notice, you don't have to be perfect to make money The point of trading is to make money The easiest way possible with the least risk And that's the key, with the least risk It's risky on the front side too short It's risky to enter stock that you have no clue what you're doing I don't understand this And a lot of these stocks The stocks I do understand I paint the picture And I trade around it Here was a stock that understood MBRX It's a two-day MBRX They came with news There was dilution I painted the picture There were selling shares to conduct a clinical And I'm waiting all freaking day All morning for a bounce so I can short Didn't come I didn't chase it There was no meat left on the bone It closed at $152 yesterday And it was like $0.08 I was like, dude, it's not worth it If an algo came, ripped it, I'm dead So the risk reward was nothing I was waiting all day for the $1.70 So I could lean into the start To start shorting, but it never bounced And these are the days If it doesn't hit your lines Don't chase Because what's going to happen is this You may chase and make money And make your $0.08 Chasing because there's no meat And you're like, cool, I made money Next time you're going to chase You're going to get blown out of the water So you need to keep good habits Just because you made money Does not mean that you traded it properly Think about that So I'm going to leave that to you The key takeaway is stay in focus Stay in form, be disciplined Keep good habits Repeat good habits until they become Second nature, a reflex When you look at this Ignore, walk away, there's no meat Walk away, you can make money But there's risk You made money today, but the next time It happens, an algo hits you, rips you up You're dead, because there's no meat You have to think about risk reward You have to think about resistance lines So just be patient So the way I teach my guys is wait for the lines If the lines doesn't hit, move on There's a bunch of different stocks that you can make money on Let's see what else is there That was pretty much the main one Rest with little scouts I posted on Twitter, but That's the key point, guys The key point is to You only need one stock One trade to make your pay And once again, let's take a look At the one I made the most money on today Which was the easiest one for me Because I planned it, I wait for it And I execute it Notice I missed most of the trade I'm not the one who made the most money Notice I missed most of the trade I'm not the best trader But who knew? Is this thing going to rip up? You know? So I waited I would have missed it If it bounced up, I wouldn't care So that's how you should get into the mode You know, if it's not a perfect entry for you Why are you chasing it? Let it come to you There's so many different places I'd rather make the zero dollars Than lose trying to force a stock that is not ready And it came up to me Made my 50 cents and started shorting some more Went down and shorted some more I covered Stress free If you do this every day and you wait for a good setup Like this, you're done This is called the back side of the move And we will discuss this in the seminar, man There's a concept of front side and back side Back in the old day, I would try to anticipate And short the front side And get squeezed up I would keep adding to the loser and get squeezed up Sure, on the way back down it would make my money What if the stock didn't come down that day? What if it ran up and You know, there's a lot of these stocks that run That like drives, like all these stocks Tilray that went ballistic That it would blow you and the whole company Like natural gas Would blow your entire firm out You know, so You make money ten times in a row Breaking your rules Being bad habit Adding to a loss I guarantee you there would be that one time You lose that you keep doing this and keep adding That will erase all of your gains And then some Okay, and so I'm gonna leave it like that Go to the YouTube, I have a ton of these videos Let me show you So let's recap this Dallas Meetup Go register It's limited, first come, first serve Register, show up Okay That's the next area We're gonna be teaching all this stuff In the meantime Go to YouTube Go to our My Investing Club A bunch of videos I made I'm starting a new series Called FAQs of Trading This is This is a killer, it's very short Detailed exactly to the point Okay For those I want to learn All the In the beginning I did so many of these free ones Like all the ones with My desktop or the daily recaps Now we reserve The daily recaps for Our members because they're so powerful Each daily recap is like an hour long In depth, basically it's a real time DVD quality It's better than any DVD in my opinion that you could ever buy These DVDs are so generic It doesn't teach you shit Here I am trading every day And show you what I did right and what I did wrong And once again guys listen to this Listen to the level up I think this will change your life How to level up the right way This is very important How to avoid big loss and all that So I'm going to start doing the FAQ series And hit me up on Twitter CC me, let me know What topics you want me to talk about in the FAQs Okay guys, cool I'll let you guys go, happy lunch And we'll see you over in Dallas I'm gonna stop the screen share now


Hey Bears, I'm Hank with CalTV Sports. We had some news coming out of the sports world last Monday when NASCAR announced that Michael Jordan has become a majority owner in a NASCAR Cup Series team. We're going to break down what this means for NASCAR and also what it means for the world of sports. NBA legend and Hall of Famer Michael Jordan is now a NASCAR team owner. Now, first of all, this news might seem rather random or unlikely from Mr. Jordan. However, this deal has been years in the making and here's why. The partnership Jordan is entering into is with American race car driver Denny Hamlin who also happens to be a die-hard Charlotte Hornets fan who Jordan has grown close to during his time as the majority owner of the Hornets. In fact, Jordan and Hamlin's relationship dates all the way back to 2006. Jordan is no stranger to investments in sports teams or even venturing beyond the world of basketball and the NBA. The six-time NBA champion and current owner of the Charlotte Hornets also had his own stint as a professional baseball player in the MLB. However, this deal carries more weight for the world of sports as a whole. One of the most important announcements that Jordan and Hamlin's newly formed team has made is the commission of Bubba Wallace to be the team's new driver. Bubba Wallace is one of the only active, black race car drivers in a predominantly white sport. Over the past few months, Wallace has been a voice for change in the NASCAR community. About three months ago, Wallace called for the ban of all Confederate flags at races and NASCAR listened. Since then, Wallace has been subject to racist comments and hateful attacks. This has been an issue that NASCAR has been lamenting over for months now. But now, in come Michael Jordan.  Jordan is taking huge strides here to continue his work as a pioneer in the sports world, hoping to diversify the sport of NASCAR. Jordan believes Wallace has what it takes to become a champion, and in NASCAR's 2021 season, we'll all be able to root for Wallace on the national stage. Thanks so much for tuning in to CalTV Sports. My name is Hank Taft, and I will see you all next time.


The study aimed at developing a standardized definition for heat waves to estimate their impact on mortality in Europe during summers 1990 to 2004 and 2003 separately. Heat waves were defined based on maximum and minimum temperature, intensity, duration, and timing during summer. The effect was estimated as the percent increase in daily mortality during heatwave days compared to non-heatwave days in people over 65 years. Results showed great geographical heterogeneity among cities with an increase in mortality ranging from plus 7.6% in Munich to plus 33.6% in Milan. The impact was up to three times greater during episodes of long duration and high intensity. Pooled results showed a greater effect in Mediterranean, plus 21.8%, the North Continental, plus 12.4% cities with the highest impact observed for respiratory diseases and among women aged 75 to 84 years. In 2003, the highest impact was observed in cities where heatwave episodes were characterized by unusual meteorological conditions. The study concludes that prevention programs should specifically target the elderly, women, and those suffering from chronic respiratory disorders to reduce the impact on mortality. This article was authored by Basanti Laliji, Kovatsari, Atkinson Richard, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


Australian man, 23, becomes world's youngest grandfather. Tommy Connelly had everything. A solid part-time job, friends and a great family. He was even a student at the University of the Sunshine Coast in Queensland, Australia. As far as anyone was concerned, there was nothing out of the ordinary about his life. But then, when he least expected it, Tommy got a phone call that completely upended his life. As it presented a challenge with which even an older, more experienced man would struggle. But Tommy stepped up to the plate and took it on. And that's just the beginning of how 23-year-old Tommy Connelly became the world's youngest grandfather. After college, Tommy Connelly got into the realty business. He did this by setting up a company with his business partner and Unrealty co-founder, Reese Purcell. But it wasn't easy. There have been obstacles along the way, and a lot of people, like his former boss, told him he couldn't go into this line of work all alone. But he was determined to become the best realtor in town. Not too long ago, he had bigger problems to worry about though. Tommy joined the track and field team at the University of the Sunshine Coast in Queensland, Australia. His prowess as an athlete was impressive. So, he decided to think outside the box and participate in non-college-related sports competitions. But things didn't go as planned. He wanted to race in the national and international championship competitions. That would have been his ultimate goal, but then, life threw him a hurdle that even he couldn't jump over and things got, well, pretty interesting to put it mildly. Australia offers tons of challenges for outdoor enthusiasts. And Tommy took advantage of them all. He hiked, climbed, and even went water rafting. But sports weren't the only thing that he was looking forward to. Tommy loved sports, but it wasn't his only passion. He wanted to start his own business, which is why he majored in business and economics. But that didn't mean he was willing to give up on sports either. He hoped that he wouldn't have to sacrifice his love for sports. In fact, he intended to have the best of both worlds by juggling his business with sports. But he also wanted to do a little traveling, too. Tommy had spent some time exploring remote areas in Australia, but he traveled abroad as well. In fact, he got an opportunity to travel to the United States, too. But he also wanted to help the less fortunate while remaining in his native country. Tommy had a big heart. He had cycled from Brisbane to Sydney to raise some money for underprivileged kids living in Ecuador. But there was so much more that he wanted to do with his life, until a long lost relative came into his life. He had a lot of ambition and an urge to travel, which he wanted to do before he got older and had more responsibilities. But he never foresaw being a father, let alone the world's youngest grandfather. Tommy has always lived by a simple philosophy. When bad things happen, it's your family that supports you. It means no one gets left behind or forgotten. So, he decided to help a teen who had lost her way, and what he did for her should seriously grant him a medal. He hadn't seen his cousin Kearna since they were both little kids. But when she walked back into his life, she was a grown 17-year-old teen. The two of them used to be very close. The time had passed, and Kearna had been living in Southport, if you can call it living. Neither of them had spoken to each other in more than 10 years. Then, out of nowhere, she messaged him on Facebook, and she had news that left Tommy utterly speechless. Kearna's parents couldn't look after her, so she wound up homeless. Then, she did what she had to do in order to get by, even if that meant taking things without paying for them. She also turned to controlled substances because she was in so much pain. Kearna dropped out of school after sixth grade and was on the streets after that. But she got clean by the time she was 15. Then she got pregnant at 16, and the bad news was that her baby's daddy was behind bars. When Tommy reunited with his cousin, she was already 32 weeks pregnant. But that didn't scare him off. In fact, he took her in immediately and offered to become her guardian. And it was a good thing he was on school break, because he had his work cut out for him. Since Tommy was on a holiday break from the university, he had been working full-time at a fruit and vegetable wholesaler. So, he saved up to $2,800, which was just enough to move into a new home and buy some baby items the new baby desperately needed. Kearna had a traumatic upbringing brought on by a lifetime of instability and bad history. Tommy was concerned that authorities would take the baby away from his cousin after it was born. So, he stepped in. He spent the months that followed working extra shifts, adjusting his financial budget, buying furniture and clothes for the baby, and of course, taking Kearna to all of her doctor's appointments. It seemed like things were starting to look up for Kearna. Mr. Connolly took her cousin in as if she were his own daughter in order to keep the family together and to make sure that Kearna didn't end up back on the streets.  Then, came the main event. On March 17, 2015, Tommy was in the hospital's waiting room while working on his university assignments which were due the following day. Then Kearna gave birth to a beautiful baby boy named Kay Dan, and the happy family became three. When news broke out about what Tommy did, the story went viral. But he never meant for the world to learn about it. When I tried to update some of my mates about my cousin, Kearna. I accidentally updated the world. Why did the post go viral, he wondered. He was quickly dubbed the world's youngest grandfather, but from Tommy's modest perspective, he did nothing special. If you picked a few people and did something randomly nice for them, big or small, and asked them to pay it forward to a few other people, the butterfly effect could explode. Aside from giving her a safe place to stay, Tommy also got Kearna a kitten, bought her clothes, and taught her how to read. On his Facebook page, he added, she's just passed her learner's driver's license test, and I'm teaching her to drive a manual, and also booked her in to get braces for her teeth next month. Kearna went through a lot as a young girl, but Tommy knows she's tough. There's still a long way to go, but things are on track, and she has the opportunity she deserves.


Good evening, everyone. It's such a pleasure to be here. This is my first time in Sweden, and I'm enjoying every moment of it, except for the weather. But other than that, fantastic. It's so good to be at a conference about the internet, because I remember my first internet conference. It was in 1992. There were about a hundred people there, all of them were computer scientists or computer science students. Despite the fact that we were telling the entire world that the world was about to change, no one believed us. At least no one believed me, because I was nineteen years old, and awkward and shy, so that wasn't working so well. But it taught me one thing. It taught me to trust my instincts, because in fact it did change the world. My second book is called The Internet of Money, and the reason for that is because the technology I'm going to talk about today is about to transform the world in equal measure, and will also transform the internet itself. Bitcoin, an invention created on January 3rd 2009 by an anonymous creator, unleashed as an open-source project, built by a community of volunteers, run as a peer-to-peer network, derided, laughed at, ignored for the first five, six years. Not so much anymore. People are beginning to pay attention, just like with the internet. Things that were previously unthinkable are now thinkable. People are beginning to notice that this is something more than what they are told. And what are they told? Drug dealers, pornographers, criminals. Guess what? That's what they said at the first conference in 1993 about the internet. They were wrong then, they're wrong now. Every time you meet someone who is a dentist, who uses Bitcoin, or a hairdresser who uses Bitcoin, it undermines that silly narrative. Bitcoin is a protocol, and what better stage to talk about a protocol. And the moment you start talking about Bitcoin and thinking about Bitcoin, it brings up a very difficult question, what is money? And most of us, turns out, from all of the conversations I've had with thousands of people around the world, have no idea what money is or how it works. It's one of those technologies that is so deeply embedded in our culture that it has become completely invisible to us. In fact, we don't even need to think about money unless it stops working. Some countries realize that it stops working, and then everybody has interesting things to say about what money is. But what is money? At its very basic level, money isn't value. In fact, you use money to get things of value, products or services, but there is no value in the money itself. Money isn't a construct of authority. We seem to think that these days, because all of our money comes from certain authoritative sources. Some guy with a crown says that this is your money, it's your money. That's the authority it comes from. But what if money could be created without authority? What if money could be created simply through use? It turns out that what money really is, is a language. Money is a language that human beings created to express value to each other. As a language, it's one of the fundamental constructs of civilization that allows us to exceed what's known as the Dunbar number. The Dunbar number is the maximum number of individuals who can operate in a tribe on the basis of kinship, of acquaintance. But if you want two tribes to work together, you need some common bonds. These bonds have included culture, language, religion, and money, a fundamental construct that allows us to exceed the scale of a single tribe... and engage in commerce with others on a greater scale. As our money has evolved, it has been able to evolve its scale to allow us to collaborate and engage in commerce on a greater level. But money is also, ironically, a system of control, because controlling money confers great power to those who control it. As a result, kings and governments have always held a very tight control over money, pretty much like they used to hold over religion for pretty much the same reasons. And now that has changed. On January 3rd, 2009, the world changed, because some person created a peer-to-peer protocol, a flat network with no servers or clients, that is able to express money as a content type. As internet professionals, you may understand what I mean when I say money as a content type. Money that is expressed purely as data that can be transmitted using any communication medium that can convey information. A Bitcoin transaction doesn't need to be transmitted over the Bitcoin network, although that's a convenient way to do it. You could encode it in Skype emojis. You could write it up and put it in a Craigslist ad. You could post it on Facebook in the background of a picture of kittens playing with yarn. Money as pure information on an open network that is simultaneously uncensorable, open to anyone, neutral, and global. There are no borders on this new technology, just like there are no borders on the internet. Everyone can access it, because it is not a product. It is not a company. You do not need to register for an account. You simply download a client. A Bitcoin client is very much like a web browser. It is the user interface that speaks the protocol to other Bitcoin clients out there. As soon as you download that one application, you can join a global economy. That global economy is open to anyone of any race, religion, creed, ethnicity, age, anywhere in the world. For most people, this concept hasn't yet quite sunk in. The children born today will not know a world in which banks exist. They will not know a world in which paper money exists. Many of the young people in our industry today have no idea what the world used to look like before the internet. How many of you here remember libraries and looking up reference cards? Okay, you are over 40, so am I. Got you. The children born today will never drive a car. They will never have a world without the internet, and they will never know a world where banks control money, where money is issued only by kings, only by nation states. Money will be an integral protocol of the internet, a content type that can be transmitted by anyone anywhere. But that's not enough. Let's make it more fun. Every form of money until today has to have a person behind it. Money can only be owned and managed by people, or people together forming an association, a legal fiction called a corporation. Not with Bitcoin. It's a protocol. Autonomous agents can own and manage money themselves. No people required. Imagine a corporation with no directors, no shareholders, no employees, running entirely based on scripted machine learning, or maybe just a few simple heuristic rules that operate autonomously of any human action and can manage budgets in the amounts of billions of dollars. Now, at this point in the audience, we have a split. Some people are thinking, oh no, that sounds terrible. What if it's a virus? What if it's intelligent ransomware that self-propagates and buys Amazon web service systems so that it can grow when it's successful? What if it starts running A-B testing on itself by hiring programmers to make itself better? Yeah, all of that's going to happen. But what if it's a charity? What if it's an intelligent charity that can detect the emergence of a natural disaster and automatically and instantaneously divert large funds directly to the people most in need without human intervention? And unlike most charities today, 100% of the funds donated go to those in need. The world is about to change. Self-driving cars? How about self-owning cars?  That pay for their electricity or gas maintenance and leasing fees by giving rides to human beings who pay them in cryptocurrencies. Imagine software such as intelligent articles that propagate across the internet as content and expand their reach because people read them. And as a result, they're able to buy more hosting services so they can expand their reach. This is not your grandparents' money. It's not your parents' money. This is money that is fully programmable, scriptable, that has capabilities that can be finely tuned. You can specify who can access it and when, how it can be dispersed. A whole new field has opened up, which is now called smart contracts. This system allows people to program the behavior of entire systems that can also manage money. Money is such a narrow word to describe this, because we use things that kind of look like money all the time, but aren't really money. What about loyalty points, tokens, subway cards, airline miles? What about expression of a fan of Justin Bieber with full access to the catalogue of music as a token? What about all of the other brands that can be turned into tokens and made into a global, exchangeable system directly on the internet through this internet protocol? January 3rd, 2009, the world changed. Since then, more than a thousand other cryptocurrencies have been created using the same recipe, almost all of them open source, and they're expanding in old directions, exploring every possible niche of this ecosystem, every tiny variation in capabilities and features, creating new markets which are raising funds for thousands of startups around the world, and thousands of engineers, software engineers, developers are training to use this new technology. The internet itself is changing very rapidly. Now we have autonomous agents that are using money on the internet, and these are in many cases beyond the controls of any jurisdiction. What are the large corporations going to do with this new, magical, open, decentralized, neutral, borderless, censorship-resistant network? They're going to say, great, we'd like that, but could you take out the open, decentralized, borderless, neutral, censorship-resistant properties and package it with an SLA, a 12-month license, and control? Control for us. They will take the internet and they will make intranets. They will make closed gardens of boring, stale content that is fundamentally insecure, that sits in the backyards of corporations, adding a tiny bit of value, but outside of the participation of the global community, insulated from the wave of innovation that is happening all around us. They will create these intranets, they will claim victory, they will turn around, and they will say, we invented blockchain, and they will be wrong, and they will fail. Because the real principle, the real exciting thing about this technology, it's not the blockchain which is a database artifact that is created out of this protocol, it is the ability to achieve distributed consensus among parties that don't trust each other across great distances without any central party, without any authority, without any intermediary. And that consensus from the outside looks chaotic, it looks messy, it looks weird. Well, everyone in this room already knows something that is open-flat, weird, and is not understood by corporations. The internet, we already did it once, we're going to do it again. And this time, we're going to bring the entire world with us. In the background of this grand story, there's another story that's playing out. After 25 years of the internet, it still takes three to five days to send money from here to a country that's not in Europe. It will still cost you 30, 40 US dollars to send money. And that's only if the country you're sending it to isn't a poor country, in which case it will cost far more and take far longer.  In 2017, 2.5 billion people do not have access to banking. That means they have zero access to banking, cash-based only, and that's only counting heads of household. Not their spouses, not their children. Clearly they don't matter. That's according to the International Monetary Bank. Now, imagine what happens if you bring banking to an app, to a $20 Android, to everyone who has a smartphone. Three and a half to four billion people are on the internet today. Just over one billion people of those have banking, have full access to financial services. We're going to bring it to the other six billion, fast. This is going to change the world faster than the spread of cell phones. Imagine a $20 Android landing in a village in Kenya, and it's no longer just a communications device. It's a bank, not a bank account. It can wire and receive funds from anywhere in the world. It can do lending or receive lending for mortgage, to buy seeds for a field, to bring disaster relief. It can internationally connect every person on this planet, and we can do this within the next ten years. The world will radically transform when you bring the capability of a broad economic inclusion to everyone in this world. Now, you would think that banks want to do this. You'd be wrong. It's not really profitable serving people who have little money, little connectivity, no access to ID, in oppressed countries with terrible governments. Also, in most of those countries, the banks are criminals. They are criminal organizations, or really quite indistinguishable from the local mob. How do we fix that? Up to now, the approach for all of these technologies, whether it was PayPal or any of the other technologies, we've seen emerging financial technology very slowly, was to carefully and politely ask for permission. Bitcoin is not asking for permission. We forgot to do that. We will proceed in banking the entire world without asking for anyone's permission. This protocol is now spreading. If this one gets shut down, a 14-year-old with a copy of my book can rebuild it in a weekend, in any programming language, and launch it again with its new name. Again, and again, and again, until we succeed. The world is now connected. Finance is now an application, and money is a content type. Welcome to our new planet. Thank you.


So YouTube team keep it clean what's going on the same gravy here with another video and in this video man We've been getting ex about this one like all day man, and it's been just this whole Jadavian Clowney experience That's the best thing to call it man. The Jadavian Clowney experience this thing has been It's been wild man. It has been crazy We covered it from start to finish And it I enjoyed every part of it like I told you all before man I enjoyed every single second of it all the speculation all the wondering all the trying to be a detective to figure out What this man and what that man and blah blah blah, and it's been fun But of course as it came out this morning The Titan sign Jadavian Clowney to a deal worth up to 15 million dollars And again the keyword is up to we don't know the guarantees yet We don't know all the details of the deal yet, but that's not important because Something else that also came out this morning was from Albert Brear and I know throughout this entire process man, especially yesterday. It's like Ravens fans their hearts were sort of ripped out from their chest as my boy Michael Blackman will put it But then their hearts were ripped out all over again and The next couple of it well the next couple videos that are planned to drop this one and then the one after this one Unless something else comes up It talks about some different things that could have ripped those Ravens hearts out, but this one specifically It has a lot of people sort of on both sides of the fence in this entire Jadavian Clowney situation Now y'all know me nothing has changed. I have wanted Jadavian Clowney Ever since he was a free agent when he was initially a free agent when free agency first started I did not think there was any way possible We would get Jadavian Clowney unless some crazy stuff happened I didn't expect him to become a Raven, but I still wanted him to and as long as he was out there as a free agent There was a possibility and like I always said it ain't over till it's over ain't over till it's over But now it's over but anyway Albert Brear on the entire situation with Jadavian Clowney. That's what he said this morning He had offers of 15 mil this offseason, but from teams. He didn't want to go to So again the Browns they offered him a good amount of money. You want to go there? Jags they They didn't offer him anything, but they were apparently interested in him But they were just monitoring the situation. You knew he wasn't going there, but anyway, that's not even important the market with teams he did like Like Seattle, New Orleans and Tennessee they crystallized this weekend and the offers were between 10 mil and 12 mil so that means They they really became something they've they became legitimate and those teams they gave them contract offers We obviously know what the end result was, but they gave him offers and Then it said word was that he'd wanted to go to the Ravens But they were lukewarm and I know when a lot of people saw that it was like wow Now me I when we found out that he was going to the Titans yesterday. I was cool with it I ain't had no problem with it. I was like, oh, man Now if you would have came to the Ravens, I would have been hyping there But I wasn't like upset or bummed anything that he went to the Titans because I was really expecting him to go to the Saints But when that report right there came out It just it was one of those reports that just made you think it made you think and it made you wonder What happened? What went down and what does it mean? So Judevian Clowney he wanted to go to the Ravens he wanted the Ravens to sign him He wanted to be a Baltimore Raven So y'all remember the pitch that we did the other day a lot of y'all were saying hey We need to send this video to Judevian Clowney. Maybe he saw it. I don't know but Realistically Judevian Clowney. He so he knew he knew what the best situation for him would have been. He knew it and He wanted that to be his situation he wanted to man just it's crazy too because Raven if he wanted to go to the Ravens and he would have got what he wanted Just imagine how good that could have been and again I don't feel like I never felt like Judevian Clowney was a necessity for the Ravens to get where they need to go But he would have certainly been nice and he would have certainly made them even better than what they are right now but It says the Ravens were lukewarm So he was interested in them, but they were like Okay Now the first thing that I thought of when I saw that was the money thought about the money and Ravens, I don't know the timetable that they were interested him with when they were interested in him I don't know exactly when it was we did get the report yesterday that a couple weeks ago Excuse me. They made a serious push for Judevian Clowney So exactly I know a couple is two so two weeks ago But that's when around when the old Earl Thomas thing was going down Could it have been before then or after then who knows but With them having been interested in Judevian Clowney Maybe the interest wasn't enough to what he wanted to make the money that he wanted to get paid Because there's no way even if it's for a deal worth up to Ravens weren't paying that kind of money Even if it's a base dealer like 11 12 million dollars Ravens ain't paying that they barely have that With the Earl Thomas thing that they still have the grievance. That's in in the process That has to go through the entire process and we'll see who wins between our Thomas and the Ravens But right now they have about 12 million dollars in cap space Well, that was before they they got to the 53 man roster, but they have about 12 million dollars in cap space And they like to have about five meal Just as an insurance policy. So if you were to sign a Judevian Clowney, is he taking a one-year seven-million dollar deal? I don't think so. I don't not think so, especially when he got a one-year 15 million dollar deal on the table Especially when he got one year 12 million dollar deals on the table So seven million he might want to go there and be like, oh, yeah, I love the Ravens I love what they're doing, but when he sees the money. All right, that's your final offer He's like, no, I don't want that And actually it could have been vice it could have been a vice versa to with Eric the Costa Because you know Eric the car they did it with Terrell Suggs. They did it with CJ Mosey Where they gave them office. These are obviously good players really good players They gave them office Terrell Suggs said no I don't want to feel like I'm stealing money. So that was a little different but CJ Mosey. Nope. That's not enough money He wanted more he wanted to max out and Eric the constant said no, we okay. Bye We will have to move on And that's that So with Eric the cost of the we know that he is very aggressive But one thing that he said in his introductory press conference when he first became a first was officially announced as the Ravens GM It was a phrase that he said and we've we've been seeing it through his short tenor as a GM He said he wanted to be financially responsible Y'all remember that Eric the constant said he wanted to be financially responsible So while he did say what wanted to be aggressive and he has definitely been aggressive since he's been a GM and we as fans we love it Because and sometimes it can be frustrating. It's fun because he be getting players especially for fifth-round picks But then it can be frustrating, but it's a good type of frustration because again He's been trying to make the team better. He tried to get a Jamal Adams. Try to get a DeAndre Hopkins Try to get a Jadavian Clowney. Try to get a Yannigan Godway So he's been trying so it's frustrating. We hear about the deals that don't fall through But at the same time for the deals that came together, it's like, oh, yeah, let's go Eric the constant, let's get it man But again, he's been doing all this while still being financially Responsible now one time where it did it seemed like they weren't financially responsible two times actually Was with the Earl Thomas deal and with the Michael Brocker's deal And they try their best to get out of both of those squeaky clean with the Brocker's deal You're like, oh, you can't pass a physical. Okay, null and void. Forget it contract done ripped up forget about it And then with our Thomas Boy that's still in the process of Becoming that they trying to get that guarantee money back. So we'll see how that turns out But besides those two deals in the constant company, they have been financially responsible. So this could have been another case with that We we don't want to mess up our cat We don't want to do a bunch of restructuring's and all that just for one player We don't want to do that And then another reason that they may not have signed your Davian Clowney is about the whole training camp thing We've been talking about the whole training camp thing extensively But that is very very important because with your Davian Clowney is said that he ain't like training camp He wasn't feeling training camp. He didn't want to take part of training camp and guess what happened He didn't and he still got a decent amount of money So maybe air the cost in them hardball name because they are very much about the team It's team team team team team first Play is not even second. It's team first second and third So maybe they could have viewed that like hey, David Clowney is a good player But he is he's a really good player But they could have viewed that. Oh, he don't want to go to training camp So what about like the team meetings during the week? What about practice during the week if you don't want to practice then in the offseason? Is he gonna want to practice during the season? Is he gonna have that team camaraderie? Or is he gonna be doing his own thing off to the side? That could have been something that they might have thought about I don't know And another thing they could have also been like yeah, Judevian Clowney would be nice But then they could have thought about those first two things especially the money I think the money is the biggest thing because Ravens were not about to give this guy a bank But they also might have been thinking about holo While we we would like to add a Judevian Clowney he would be not a nice piece for us We got some guys here too, and it would have been nice to have Judevian Clowney opposite of Matt Jude on They could feed off of each other But Matt Jude on is definitely gonna feed off of us around him right now My guys oh I'm trying to remember there. I think it's lunch break hot takes podcast. Yeah, LB HT podcast shout out to them They Ravens fans and they um They did a podcast where they were asking the question who do I think is gonna be the who do you think is gonna be the breakout player for the Ravens this year and I've responded to that but their podcast in the comment section and I said either the Sean Elliott or Matt Jude on and That that was on defense on offense. I said probably Hollywood But on defense I said either the Sean Elliott or Matt Jude on and reason being because of what they have around them Because what they have around him around them, excuse me, they had so much talent man They got so much talent and they got so much help And that's why we did the video a few days back Talking about the Sean Elliott why this is like this is the perfect situation For him to become the start and for him to take over because everything around him He's set man. He got really good cornerbacks around really really good secondary around him And he got a good front seven as well man in the fast front seven So this is it's a good move man So anyway, would you David and clowny again? I am I already had closure with the whole thing again I wasn't upset that he didn't go to the Ravens I didn't get a little excited last night, but I was I was thinking at the same time So I did expect him to go to the Saints like when it first came out first it came out that okay Did you David and clowny expected to sound the Titans? I'm like, okay, cool. Titans get her But then Joe Cena came out and she said well hold up. He didn't make his decision yet But then it came out today, too Like I know y'all heard about it by now. What the Saints were trying to do Saints try to turn this thing into NBA They try to do it NBA style Because what the Saints tried to do in order to acquire one Judevian clowny, they tried to do a signing trade They wanted to have the Browns do they wanted to have the Browns sign Judevian because things ain't got that much money right now So they wanted to have the Browns sign Judevian clowny so the Browns will sign him to I think they said a one year 15 million dollar deal and Then they were going to trade the Browns a second round pick and a player and they would get Judevian clowny in exchange And they wouldn't have to absorb Judevian clownies entire salary That would have been crazy. I thought if they could have pulled that off, man I would have loved to see that I would love to see that but they said the NFL the NFL didn't approve it Oh, that's crazy. That is why you're old I This was Saints they they pull out all the stops when it comes to salary cap and the Saints those two things They ain't got nothing to do with each other Saints do not care about no salary. I didn't see a funny tweet though I did see a funny tweet a couple of a couple minutes before we started this video. That's it It said if the Saints really wanted to sign Judevian clowny oh No, it said if it said if they wouldn't gave all that money if they didn't wouldn't gave 20 mil to take some He'll then they would have been able to sign Judevian clowny. No problem. I was like, oh yikes big yikes But it is what it is But I do love Saints hustling me. They that's that's why it took so long Because initially again, he was expected to go to the Titans with Joe Cena Anderson end up being right She ended up being right. He hadn't made a decision yet because Saints were trying They were really trying to make this thing happen and that all that would have been crazy. Oh But imagine Browns fans imagine the pain that Browns fans would have had because Browns fans they would have signed Judevian clowny. Oh They would have went crazy. I would have went crazy, too Just not in the same way that the Browns fans are going crazy. I've been like, oh Miles Garrett Andrew Davion clowny and Olivia Oh boy, here we go. But anyway So Browns would they would have been jumping up and down. We got your Davion clown.  He rejected us three times. See what happens? No, not this time four times the charm Then you were got traded to the Saints Oh, Browns were got second round pick and a player. I will and I know they can't really they can't disclose that Well, they can disclose it, but it could be damaging to that players ego If the Saints let it be known who they were gonna trade Because if the Saints let it be known which player they were gonna trade Then that player may actually request a trade and be like, you know what y'all wanted to get rid of me You know, it just do it. I don't even play for you But thanks for ready since ready to pull the trigger But NFL said no, we switch straight and it reminds me of that I think it was a three team a three team trade between I want to say the Clippers the Lakers Oh, and I forgot who But was it they was David Stern still the GM of the NBA back then Well, I think Chris Paul was supposed to go to the Lakers, but they shut it down They shut it down. I think that's before Adam Silver took over. I believe but I'm not a hundred percent sure Whoever was the GM of the NBA? He shut it down.  They've been like, um, yeah, we'll take on them because they got some money left over And it would have just been for this year So what are they took some they would have took a little Saturday cap hit, but they got it. They straight and Then they would have got a player a second round pick and a player from the Saints So it had to be somebody of some significance It wouldn't just be anybody and that's no disrespect to the Saints players, but it would have been somebody of some significance So it's just funny how everything well, I guess everything kind of didn't work out everything worked out But at the same time it didn't work out So again, it's just David Clowney is It has been a like I said a wild wild wild ride But it was a lot of fun. Anyway team keep it clean. I appreciate y'all I love y'all so so much, man. We are like I think we had like 29.5 thousand subscribers, man I love y'all man straight up, man I appreciate y'all for for subscribing For giving me a chance to talk football whether on your phones your TVs Tablets iPads whatever whatever it may be man. I appreciate y'all rocking with us with team keep it clean I appreciate y'all being the best team ever And that's exactly what it is man a team. It's not about me It's about y'all about all us together in this thing together, man. Appreciate all the positive vibes, man Appreciate y'all just coming through me and showing that consistent support. Appreciate it. I appreciate it too much So I love y'all appreciate y'all What is my homey


I am Sudhanshu, she is my mother and previously she got treatment from CMC Valor and they recommended surgery for their spine. So, we decided to take the surgery from this one town only and we got connected with Dr. S. Iyansar and he has performed surgery and now she is fine. And mostly in 2 or 3 days, she will get discharged from this pulse hospital.


Why do these plants in my balcony need sunlight? Why is this apple rotting? And why does my head eat so much? To answer this seemingly random questions, we need to figure out the modes of nutrition. Basically, what are the different ways of getting food? And that's what we'll do in this video. So, based on how different living things get their food, we can classify them into two categories. Producers and consumers. So producers, as the name suggests, they are the ones who can produce their own food. Most examples involve the green trees and plants and all the green stuff around you and some bacteria as well. And how do they make their own food? Well, they do that by using the energy available from their surrounding. For example, plants and all the green things can use the energy from the sunlight to make their own food. And you may have heard of this process called photosynthesis, which we'll talk about in more detail in future videos. But that is the reason why I need to expose these plants to sunlight because that's how they make their own food. And you and I are not producers because we can't make our own food like that. So what are we?  Consumers, as the name suggests, are the ones that consume others, that eat others for food. You and I are consumers, my friend. And most animals and insects that you are familiar with and even most bacteria, they're all consumers.  So anyways, producers make their own food. Consumers eat others. Now, before we proceed, let me tell you their biological names. In biology, everything has a technical name. So the technical name or the biological name of producers is autotrophs. The word auto means self and trophs means nourish. So this means they can self-nourish. They can make their own food. They can feed themselves, self-nourish. On the other hand, consumers, their biological name is heterotrophs. The word hetero means others, trophs means again nourish. So like the name says, they can't self-nourish. They rely on others to nourish themselves. You and I and donkeys are heterotrophs, insects and most bacteria's heterotrophs. Now, guess what? Based on how heterotrophs eat, we can further classify them into three categories. Holozoic, saprotropes and parasites. Again, let's look at each one in detail. Holozoic are consumers which digest their food inside of their body.  I am also a holozoic. Most animals and insects, we are all holozoics because we eat and then the food gets digested inside our body. And we are called so because the word holo means whole. In the sense, we eat whole food. Okay, what does that mean? Take an example of an apple. It doesn't say that you have to eat the whole apple. But even if you take a slice of an apple, then that apple has some constituents, right? Like it has, for example, sugars. Then it has some proteins, maybe it also has some vitamins and so many other constituent. These dots just represent constituents, okay?  That's the meaning of whole. That's the meaning of holo.  And then once it goes into your body, then your digestive system breaks it into its constituent particles. Right? That's the whole idea behind holozoic. These are the animals that digest their food inside their body.  But what if you don't have a good digestive system? Then what happens? Well, then you become a saprotrope. Saprotropes are the ones that don't have a good digestive system and as a result, they digest the food outside of their body and then eat it. And as we will see, it's these guys who are responsible for rotting and decaying things and they include most bacteria and mushrooms. Well, mushrooms is a very specific example. In general, these are fungus, right? So bacteria and fungi, fungi is plural, fungus is singular. So bacteria and fungi are the saprotropes. They digest the food outside of their body. And they're there everywhere, okay?  Then pretty soon you will find these bacteria and fungi will start attacking it. So let's say these bacteria start attacking it. Now since they cannot digest the food inside their body because they don't have a very good digestive system, what they do is they try to digest the food outside. How do they do that? They spit all the enzymes or the acids needed to break down the food. Right? So as they spit these enzymes and acid, chemical reactions take place and the food gets digested then and there. And so this apple starts getting broken into its constituents. And then once it's broken, then these bacteria will start absorbing these constituents. Okay, but why does it rot and start smelling? Well, that's because whenever digestion is happening, whenever chemical reactions are happening, some by-product is created, right? And it's these by-products that start making things rot. And that's what makes the whole thing smell as well. And because of that more insects get attracted and now you can't eat this. And this sounds very disgusting, right? But what's interesting is a similar digestion process happening in our bellies as well. Even when we digest food, all this stuff is happening. But because it's inside our body, we don't smell it. But if you throw up, if you vomit, then you can smell that. I know it's pretty disgusting, sorry for that. But when you vomit, basically you are vomiting out digested food with all these by-products and you know even that smells, right? So we digest the food inside, but these saprotropes digest the food outside and that causes things to rot. And that's the same reason why this apple is rotting. It's being digested by these saprotropes. Another example is you may have seen if you keep bread outside for some time then they will start growing this fungus over here. The fungus are digesting it outside now. And your teeth also gets decayed for the same reason.  And that's why I always brush my teeth twice every day. And just a small thing, okay? After learning this, I used to feel they are so annoying. I mean, if they were not there, I wouldn't have to brush my teeth. Things wouldn't rot at all. Won't that be awesome? No, because guess what? They also feed on the dead. They are the ones that make sure to decompose all the dead stuff, right?  You cannot imagine what earth would be. So thanks to them, they decompose all the dead stuff as well and recycle all the nutrients, make sure they go back into the nature which can be reabsorbed by the plants, reused to make more food. They are super essential for our environment. And the word sapro itself means rotting. And that's why they are called saprotropes because they eat on the dead and decay and make them rot. Okay, and finally, what if you can't digest food at all? Whether inside or outside, then what? Then you become a parasite. Parasites hardly digest any food. Then how do they get their nutrients? Well, they depend on a host, meaning another living organism. For example, this leech is a parasite.  Now my blood already contains digested food and so it just starts getting nutrients from my blood directly. You see, they don't have to digest anything. So in that case, since they are depending on me, I am their host.  Lices are examples of parasites as well.  Again, I am their host. So parasites can either live on the surface of their hosts like leeches and lices or they can live inside them as well. For example, tapeworms and roundworms live inside intestines. So even though you may be healthy, you have these inside your intestines. And guess why are they there? Well, because again, intestine is where most food is already digested and so they can just eat that. And so the word para kind of means alongside. In the sense, they're eating alongside its host. So whatever I eat, they go to these guys as well. Now one important thing about parasites is I should think they're trying to kill me.    For example, when this leech starts sucking on my blood, they rupture the skin. Because of these lices, my head is getting itchy. Tapeworms and roundworms can cause my stomach to ache. So they are definitely not trying to kill us but they end up harming us. And again, I should think parasites are pretty useless and many scientists you should think as well. But recently we realized even they are pretty useful. For example, some scientists believe that the worms in our intestines actually help in boosting our immunity over there. Another example, some leeches are useful in removing infected blood from our body. And would you be surprised if I told you that 50% of all the species of living things on our planet are parasites? That's right, there are a lot of parasites on our planet. Almost every living thing has a parasite inside or on top of it. Anyways, that's pretty much it. So let's quickly look at what we learned. There are two basic kinds of living beings, autotrophs who generate the food themselves using the energy from the surrounding and the heterotrophs who can't produce their own food so they eat others. And based on how you digest the food, heterotrophs can be further classified as holozoic if you take the whole food inside and digest it inside your body. Most animals and insects come under this category and you need a pretty good digest system for that. If you don't have a great digest system, no worries, you become a safrotrope. Then you just digest the food outside of your body and then you make things rot.  Most bacteria and fungi. And finally, if you can't even do that, then you just become a parasite. Just stick yourself to a host or live inside of them and then you get free digested food.


Hi, so I'm Rikta Swanbrook and I'll be telling you about our work on universally composable end-to-end secure messaging. So Signal is a secure messaging protocol used to transmit hundreds of billions of messages each day. And one of its key innovations is it has a continuous key agreement with both post-compromise and forward security. And recall that forward security protects the data transmitted before a compromise, post-compromise security protects data transmitted after the exposure event. And so in a number of settings, the Signal protocol is combined with other cryptographic protocols, or parts of it are repurposed for other applications. And so in order to understand the security guarantees of Signal in these various settings, we need a composable security analysis. So in this work, we formulate the ideal functionality that captures secure messaging. And we then decompose the secure messaging functionality into sub-functionalities that are congruent with the Signal protocol design. And importantly, the sub-functionalities must be subroutine respecting so that we can then apply our composition theorems. And lastly, we show how to realize these individual components using standard primitives and minimal hardness assumptions. All right. So in this process, we need to get around a number of technical difficulties. And in this brief talk, I'll just mention two of them. So one is untangling Signal's inherent circularity. And the second one is dealing with adaptive corruptions. And for details on this third point, see our paper. So let's begin with our secure messaging functionality. So when Alice wants to send a message, she asks FSM. And in response, she'll get a CypherTex header pair. And then Alice herself sends the pair over the network. And later, when Bob receives the CypherTex and header, he can ask FSM for their original message back. So FSM has several desirable properties. First, Alice and Bob are guaranteed immediate encryption and decryption, even for out-of-order messages. And even against a fully adopted adversary, the parties will eventually heal from a state compromise. And their messages are protected by forward secrecy. And note that determining the exact moment where security is regained post-compromise is one of the analytical challenges of this work. All right, so let's decompose this ideal functionality. So the Signal protocol achieves forward and backward secrecy via a public ratchet and a symmetric ratchet. So the public ratchet functionality persists for the entire communication session. And it guarantees that parties will heal after compromise. And then within each epoch, we have a symmetric ratchet functionality that performs authenticated encryption and decryption of several messages with key evolution between them to provide forward security. And this is the original signal design that we echo in our modular breakdown. So next, we can further decompose the symmetric ratchet into a per message authenticated encryption functionality that does the encryption. And so at this point in our modeling, there's a problem of circularity that comes up. So the way that the Signal public ratchet works is it only advances its state if the incoming message authenticates. And the problem is that the incoming message is authenticated using a key that is derived from the message itself. So the behavior of the public ratchet depends on the message authentication and vice versa. And this is a problem when decomposing signal in a modular fashion. So it requires care in our modeling. So to break the circularity between these modules, we have the public ratchet functionality give out random nonsense authentication keys to the message key exchange module if the incoming message was mauled. And crucially, these random junk keys are mutually pseudo random. So the public ratchet then lets the caller decide when the public key is correct. Finally, we sketch the issue of realizing these functionalities under adaptive corruptions. So let's start with a public ratchet. So to realize the ideal functionality against an adaptive adversary, all of those random nonsense keys that we gave out need to be consistent with the true internal root key that is used to generate the message chain keys. And so one easy way of guaranteeing the consistency while also providing adaptive security is to use a random oracle to model this public ratchet. However, instead we introduce a new primitive that we call the cascaded PRFG. It can be constructed from puncturable PRFs and it allows us to simulate adaptive corruptions. So see the paper for more details on this interesting primitive. And next we can realize the authenticated encryption functionality with any adaptively secure encryption scheme like one time pad plus Mac. And here we do need a random oracle to guarantee adaptive security. And lastly, we make the public ratchet component a global UC functionality. And this allows us to compose all of these sub protocols into the original signal protocol. All right, so I'll just flash this slide of related work and you can pause the video if you wanna read it. But I'll just end by saying, please watch our 25 minute talk and read our paper for more details and also use our functionalities and analyses in your future papers. Thanks.


The title of my speech is, what are we doing, right? I really like puns, most people don't know that about me. I really like puns, the changing tithes of the Thinner Foundation Grants Program. So my name is Ken, like Barbie and Ken, like the doll, that's how you remember me. I send a lot of emails out. But I'm really happy to be on stage today because a lot of what I've heard throughout the weekend is the Thinner Foundation Grants Program is a black box, right? Like no one knows who you guys are, you guys are so mysterious, and what else? You guys, you have some money, right? The Thinner Foundation Grants Program has a lot of money, sort of, but what we like to do is talk through what are we actually doing here, right? Like what is the mission of the Grants Program and is this actually sustainable, right? So thus far this year, we've given out $11 million to 75 projects, which is not insubstantial. Yeah, yeah, there we go. It's awesome because we were able to bring a lot of people from all around the blockchain industries, right? So it's not just Ethereum, it's not just the community, but it's also bringing people over from Secure Scuttle, but it's also bringing people from university academia, bringing Kestrel Institute, bringing everyone from around the world, and really talking about what it is that the Grants Program really is trying to do, right? And it's kind of nebulous thus far. This is, I guess, like a face that you see now for the Grants Program, but there's not just me, right? It's a lot more on the team. And I don't like saying I, it's more of we, and I'll get back to this and I'll do some more puns. This is gonna be good. It's like stand-up comedy where you wrap it around at the end, maybe, I don't know, I'm not that funny. But what I think I really want to kind of bring out here is that it's this idea that the Ethereum Foundation Grants Program is really just funding Vitalik's friends and you guys are just doing whatever you want with all this money, and that would be really cool because that would make my job a lot easier, but it's not easy. We're actually talking about, for the Grants Program, it's fundamentally changing and empowering the community. And that's very, very broad, right? What does it actually mean to empower the community? It's talking about funding and empowering open source development, right? It's actually talking about creating upon the core infrastructure of Ethereum. And what that means is really talking through public goods, right, public utility, public tooling. What does Ethereum actually need, right? It's actually facing the hard facts of what's broken, right? What, where is our roadmap currently and how do we build upon that? How do we address the issues head on? And so one of the things that I've really realized in this space is we don't like to talk about what's broken. We don't like to admit our flaws, but that's okay, right? A lot of things are going really well with Ethereum and that's amazing. The foundation is going and it's not just the foundation, it's everyone else in the community. I kind of liken this to, you know, not, we're not really looking for a return on investment, which is what a lot of people ask us, right? It's like, how are grants actually sustainable if you're not getting ROI, but that's the point of rents? You actually don't need an ROI. What we're looking for here is actually impact, right? Compounding impact. The Ethereum foundation doesn't have that much money. So if you look at the grants program, we actually have less than 1% of all Ether in circulation, right? It's not insubstantial. We still do have money that we're, you know, pumping out into the ecosystem. I'm going to continue to keep pumping it out. The idea behind this is, you know, what this can really fundamentally do is bring more people to the table, right?  It's really like, how do we bring all of us? Yeah, Oprah style, right? I wish it was Oprah style, but it's, you know, we want to bring more people and come to the table and sit with us, right? Don't be afraid to come to me and ask me, can I apply for a grant, right? We actually saw a decline in applications because people were kind of scared and saying, like, you know, like, we're not even worth it. Like, yes, you are. Absolutely, you're worth it. This is the Ethereum community. Everyone here can apply for a grant, and I will talk to every single one of you, not just me, but everyone else on this team, on the grants team, we'll talk to you and we'll make sure that you hear back from us, right? So fundamentally, what we want to do is have everyone here come to the table because the Ethereum Foundation wants to use this to diffuse our power, diffuse what we have here, all of our resources, and make sure it's disseminated across everyone here, right? For the decentralized futures to actually exist, it can't just be us at the table. It's every one of us. It's everyone building with client diversity. It's everyone building on security because the experts are out there. The experts are all around the world and it's not just people who say we're a Ethereum Foundation, right? It's every one of you guys sitting out here saying we want to build. Yeah, so let us help you build. Let us give you funds. Let us give you resources. Let us bring you to the table. Let us have you talking to everyone else around here. Don't be afraid to do it, right? Just come off. And so now we're gonna go back to funds because I only have three minutes left. So what I like to talk about is how, what we're doing here is like a sale. It's like a ship, right? And so what we're doing is really like making sure everyone's sales are up and we're just pushing wind out at everyone, right? Little by little, we're just gonna keep pushing more boats at sea so that we have a full navy out here, right? It's not just one ship. The most powerful navy is with the most amount of ships flanking around, right? It's not just one guy at the top. No Christopher Columbus here. And it's still debated when Christopher Columbus, that's actually an American reference. Sorry, I apologize.  But it's really cool to see teams like Prismatic Labs, right? Yeah, woohoo, Prismatic Labs. Where you just kind of meet online, right? You just meet online and just say like, this is what we wanna build. This is our passion project. Let us get a grant and let's build a full team. And they've been able to do that. And then they come back and say, hey, we wanna build a client. Absolutely. Yeah, just let's keep doing it. Let's have more people do the same thing. Let's build our passion projects. Let's see where it goes. Let's stop worrying about building, let's stop worrying about how do we build a business. Let's stop worrying about all these other things. Let's actually build what we wanna build. Let's make Ethereum better, right? Let's actually do it. And let us give you the wind so that your sales can keep going, right? What are we doing? That's it, man. This is what we're doing. But I truly do believe that jokes aside, through the grants program, the decentralized future is really in our hands. It really is. And we have to understand that using resources, using funds, tap and rely on the Ethereum Foundation and rely on the grants program to let you do that because the other question we get asked is, who are you to be giving these grants out? Great question. Because the grants team is actually not just us. What we do is just facilitate. We facilitate conversations, right? So all of us go out and reach other people to get on these calls and get on these conversations of who deserves to get a grant, right? We are not technically the experts of everything, right? We don't know everything, right? We get people from outside of the foundation, internal, external, anyone we can get to make sure that what we're doing is fundamentally going to better the ecosystem, right? And that's having these hard conversations of, will this essentially be my competitor? Absolutely. So that's okay, right? It's okay. We have to be able to say like, you know what? I love it. Let's all build together. We can build the same thing and we can build it better or we can work together, right? That's even better. This is the Navy right here. We can keep going, right? So yeah, I'm just gonna end it with that. Let the grants program allow you to put the decentralized future in all of our hands. Thank you guys. Thank you.