And welcome to season one, episode seven. Can you believe it of figments, the power of imagination on Think Tech Hawaii? And I want to thank Think Tech, a great organization, a non-profit organization that can use your support for letting me air Think Tech or air figments and share some inspiring stories. And that's what all of this is meant to do is to entertain you for 30 minutes and inspire you in your own lives. And by the way, at the end of the show, I'm going to have some exciting news about another version of figments to appear on alternate weeks. So stay tuned for that. I have two great friends with me today, wonderful people. And I have to admit, one of them is married to the guy who gets all my money in the golf course, especially in the last three weeks. So with me are Kim Rowley and Bruce Fink. And I know them through my Air Force and military connections. Kim's a physics teacher, an Air Force Academy graduate and married to Ross Rowley, who gets my money. And Bruce Fink is a retired army officer and government civilian and army engineer. And welcome, Aloha. Thanks for joining me. Oh, thank you. You guys are great friends. And you've had great lives, but sometimes things weren't always so great. And that's what we're going to talk about today. The figment that we're going to discuss in depth is recovery and how when you're faced with a really dire diagnosis, you keep that idea of the notion in your head that you're going to recover.  I'm not an English major, I was an American general, so I don't know. But you both are academy graduates. And we've got pictures of you in that life as you were cadets. And then in the life we'll talk about when you were under treatment for various serious diseases. And that's you, Kim, and here's Bruce at West Point. By the way, I applied to both schools and both schools laughed. But so I went to college instead. But you were both diagnosed in recent years, long enough for me to be a part of it peripherally with very serious forms of cancer. And yet you are here against the odds. And from talking to you, I know that you kept the notion that you'd recover. And that's what I'd like to talk about. So first of all, Kim, if you would tell me about the moment, that moment when you were told what were you told and how did you feel? So I was going in for a routine, really a routine, a doctor's appointment. And there was a young intern and she was doing the exam. And she said, I've got to go get another doctor. And so then the next doctor, Dr. Derek came in and he did a full exam. And then he goes, I've got to go get another doctor. And then he went in and then in came Dr. Dietrich, my oncologist now oncologist. And he introduced himself as the cancer doctor. And, you know, obviously I was floored because I just started a brand new job. Literally the the ink was wet on the paperwork. And I was to start on Tuesday and this was Monday. And I was it was just shock, shock and awe. And I called my then principal and said, you know, I'll understand if you want to go a different direction. And he goes, no, we want you. So that was my that was my moment. And I'm like, OK, I'm in this. Bruce, how about you? What was your moment? Well, I'd just gone back from a trip. Through soul to Sri Lanka to the Maldives, where we're having an environmental conference. And that's a long trip as a veteran of that trip. That's a long trip. A very long trip. And I got back and wasn't feeling well and want to see my doctor. He did blood tests and said, we may have put you in the hospital. So you talk about Doc. So they did all sorts of tests, the infectious disease folks and everybody couldn't find anything. They did a bone marrow biopsy and had came back the day before the 4th of July, 2014. And they said, you have peripheral T cell lymphoma, PTCL. That doesn't sound good. No, one of my doctors called it the bad boy of lymphomas. So we had the 4th of July weekend to Google PTCL and I would encourage you not to do that. Because you find out all the terrible things that could happen. And Laura sent out my wife sent out emails to everybody we knew, saying, does anybody have any experience with this? She got an email back from her cousin in Houston. We've just been here on a trip. First time I'd seen her in about 20 years and said her banker in Houston had been treated for almost the exact same thing at MD Anderson and she encouraged us to come. So that's how the weekend ended, much better than it started. And it did either probably not at the initial diagnosis, but I have to ask, was there a time frame for survival on either of those moments where they said, you know, the normal time frame here is weeks, months, years. Yeah, I know. So for mine, they said that the survival rate and it was for stage three C ovarian cancer. And and I concur with Bruce, don't look up the stats because it's pretty terrifying. And yeah, so, you know, I was going to be lucky if it was a year or 18 months.  So from the way you described your moments, it seems like you started looking for positives right away. Bruce, I'll ask you first, but when when did you because I know you're you're pretty stubborn, actually, unlike me, for example. And I can see you setting your jaw and saying, OK, I'm not going to let this beat me. Did that happen right away? Or did it take a while for you to develop that pigment of recovery? I would say when I got to M.D. Anderson, which was supposed to be for a three day second opinion. You know, by the way, that was a week later. OK. The Monday later after Fourth of July weekend, which is sort of a miracle. You don't get into M.D. Anderson that quickly. But miracles are good because of the type of cancer they said they need to get back here as much as they can. So the doctor examined me and put to my white blood count, which, by the way, was close to zero. So on the airplane, you know, I was COVID protected back in 2014. Back before COVID. And Doctor examined me and said, OK, we're putting you in ICU for 10 days. And then I ended up staying three weeks at M.D. Anderson. And at the end of that, I felt like I couldn't be any place better than where I was. And that's slow. That gave me confidence that I was going to make. Kim, how about you? Was it instantaneous? I'm going to recover or did it have to build like that? Well, Ross and I were actually talking about this last night and back to my experience from the Air Force Academy days, there were people at that time who thought I could never make it at the Air Force Academy. And my sister rides 500 mile bike rides. And she told me early on, you know, this concept of relentless forward motion. And I literally adopted that as a mantra. And I would I got my chemo every Friday, work Monday through Thursday and did it again and went through that 2012. And then in 2014, when it came back again, you know, I'm just like, here we go again. But I just think you choose your attitude and I chose positivity. Well, and one of the things we'll talk briefly about it and encourage everybody to see it. I know that you blogged religiously and you shared your experience and from what you've said in other conversations, that was a part of it. But the name of your blog so people can go read it because it's powerful. Well, thank you. It's www.ovariancancerfighter.com. And I went this the first time I thought, well, I'm done and that's it. I never need to worry about this again. But when it came back in 2014, I felt like it was really important to share my experience with other people so they could see, you know, what I was going through and that it doesn't have to be a death sentence for sure. Well, so I'm going now that we know that you had the figment of recovery, something, some things, some factors had to make it real. And I want to ask you what those factors were. I've got my list that I've shared with you so you shouldn't be surprised. How important a role did people play? Bruce, you know, I'm sure your family, but what role did people play? And what would you say about that? Well, I wouldn't have made it without my life. I mean, plain and simple. To have her as a caregiver. And her meticulousness. I mean, she took notes on every doctor's visit. Still does. There were times that doctors would say something and my wife would say, well, that's not what she said three weeks ago. That look at her and she'd go back at her. And so, yeah, I would say, number one, that caregiver is just absolutely essential. And then family and friends. You know, I had both my kids come visit. My mom came to visit. I had friends in Houston come visit. I had friends from around the country who just happened to be coming through Houston. Come and visit. That's irreplaceable. If you know somebody who's going through something like this and have the opportunity to visit them, do it because it's for me, that was inspiring. And I think that's an area worth for those who aren't directly involved, who don't have the disease or aren't in the family. Sometimes it's difficult.  And I've got a Facebook friend in an old fighter pilot script, but I don't know him. I know he's a kindred spirit from the posts in this very irreverent group of old fighter pilots. But he's facing a challenge with his wife with very serious cancer. And I only said, I don't know you, but here's a message and good luck with this fight. And I think every little bit helps. But I'm no expert, Kim, you are because you've lived it. Would you echo what Bruce said? And is there anything you'd add? Oh, yeah, 100 percent. Faith, family, friends, co-workers. Of course, you know, Ross, my husband, he was the one that lifted it with your money. He was the one that lifted me up when I was in the pit that, you know, for most of the time, I was just forward motion, forward motion. But there was a moment at Christmas time and I didn't have the energy to get up off the couch. And Ross was the one who lifted me up.  And he started talking about step function. And, you know, he was talking about, you know, when you're at the at the top and you're getting treatment and it doesn't seem so bad, then it gets worse and it steps down and it gets worse. And when I was at the bottom, he's like, well, this is just a step function and it's going to go up.  And, you know, that I'd say that was the one moment that it was just really, really hard.  And it occurs to me as someone again, who's only been on the periphery of situations like this, that those caregivers need your support to because they have to keep their brave face on at home. And they can't do that 24 set.  But it seems to me that faith gives you the faith to fight, that it's the things are not hopeless. But it also gives you the ability to accept an outcome that isn't what you want, that you might lose, that that it is a two sided coin that you need in either event. Yes or no. Simple. Yes or no answer. Oh, amen. Yeah, I adopted faith over fear. Yeah. You know, sort of like a fraction for engineers and Ross, the mathematician. You guys are killing the policy major here. I'm trying to figure that out. I'll Google it. Faith over fear. You've got to believe in something outside of yourself and you can't give into your fear. You just have to believe that you're going to make it. OK, that's probably a great place to take a break. And besides, it's where I told myself I'd take a break. So you take a break, grab your Kleenex if you need it. Viewers, if you don't have Kleenex handy, I well, you got sleeves, right? If you're not in Hawaii, you might have sleeves. So here's what's coming up on figments, the power of imagination. Next in the next show, two weeks from now, I'm going to give my perspective on racial bias and racism in the military. And I'll have Kleenex ready. It's going to just be what I've what I believe. And I believe in our country and I believe in equality. So tune in for that. And then imagining the checkered flag. Honey, I bought a race car that's kind of self descriptive. I have a great friend in Vietnam who I worked with in US Vietnam Reconciliation and we'll talk about that. And then the famous Ross, who's got more mentions than anybody in this show. Well, talk about how his mathematical skills helped encourage Major League Baseball to employ instant reply. All right, so now back to our topic at hand recovery. You guys recovered and you've been through this once because of the reoccurrence, Kim. So I'm not going to ask you first. Bruce, I'll ask you when you go for your periodic check. How do you feel? Are you scared? Are you determined? What's the dealio? I go to a local oncologist and it depends on, you know, how the test go a month, two months. And then I'm supposed to go every year to MD Anderson. I didn't go last year because of COVID. But I never have any apprehension as I look forward to those visits. I always try to do, especially when you go to the mainland, to MD Anderson to try to visit, you know, my mom and other families and Laura's family and things like that. And so make it more than just about going in for a checkup because, you know, it could be some place where you get bad news, but I just I never go in with that expectation.  I remember back to when my folks were both in their last days and my mom had throat cancer, my dad had emphysema, lifelong smokers stop near the end, but not soon enough. And now that I think about it, listening to you, Bruce, they did that, too, they they were in the process of dying and they knew it and their diagnoses were very dire. But they never just went for treatment. In fact, they they made a point to do everything they could. Not a big fan of the term bucket list, but they didn't let their lives be consumed by their disease, which was good. Kim, your thoughts on going in for the next checkup, especially having been through more bad news? Well, I think for me, one thing is that I realized I couldn't put life on pause and we made the trip it with our good friends, Dan and Ellen, to France and really started to make that effort to to do those things that you want to do, get out there, do the traveling that you want to do. I just think there is that sort of feeling of waiting for the other shoe to drop.  But again, you just have to move forward and believe that remember the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and they activate. I'm ready to activate my, you know, my network again has needed. We have a question from a viewer that is a good segue and something we're going to talk about because in its very period specific, if you will. And the question is, what advice would you give to people who got diagnosed with cancer during covid and are stuck alone at home? Because covid does kind of tear at our social fabric. And the social fabric was important, both of you. So, Kim, I mean, that's a tough question. I don't know if there is an answer. Yeah, no, I have I have some good answers. In fact, of course, I've had friends read. I have friends that have reached out to me and said, my friend just got diagnosed last September, last summer.  We have virtual support groups for women's cancers that I'm part of reading blog posts, connecting on Twitter and Facebook and Instagram and Zoom. That's been it's been like the bonus of all of the pandemic is that this technology, things that you never stopped thought possible, like having astronaut Susan Helms pop in for a chat are now possible. And so, right? Yes, she was amazing. Oh, my gosh, and she's coming to talk to my students soon, too. So wow, that's exciting. But yeah, so I, you know, I would suggest that get involved with those online networks. They're strong, they're powerful. I've been messaging friends that are going through active chemo right now and just spreading that positive positivity. And and you know, you mentioned faith, one of my favorite Bible verses is with great power comes great responsibility. You know, it sounds like the Spider-Man quote, but actually does Bible, Luke 1248. And in because we're survivors, we have that responsibility, I think, to pay it forward and to share and to be there that we can be helpful to people that are going through the same thing. Because you're survivors, you have the responsibility. Bruce, anything else? Covid? I would agree. Yeah, there's a lot of trauma. You can hear from a society in the hard part when you first get diagnosed is getting those connections with people who have been through it. And I've had numerous people come to me and the best advice that I give to everybody, no matter what is, get to the best place you can, the type of cancer you have is going to be possible. And that's not as easy during Covid, but still, especially now, more possible and get as much connections with people who've been through it, ask for help. You know, to paraphrase big rules, never miss the opportunity to ask for help because there are people out there you just don't know. And you have to recognize, I think, again, going back to my parents' experience that you can have great doctors in your personal care network at home forever, but they don't know everything. And when my mom was diagnosed with throat cancer, he was a little stubborn, again, so unlike me. And but he just drove and drove and drove to find an alternative approach from what his very good doctors offered him. And instead of two months, she got two years and 10 months and they were good years and 10 months. I was going to ask, but I'll let the viewers ponder it instead because I'm going to ask you more about what your current segments are in a second. But Survivors Guild is a real thing and people have it. So you are the outliers. You beat the odds. However, the odds are odds for reason. Ask the math major, right? So it has to be a little difficult when you run into friends or family who have lost a loved one who didn't beat the odds. And so I'll let the viewer ponder and think about what you do in either side of the situation. But let's talk about figments. What's your current figment? First, we got a picture of you in a half your time post recovery. And that had to be a great moment. Yeah, I was at the Honolulu Airport coming back from MD Anderson, mostly with people from my office. Where are your masks? Where are your masks? Oh, yeah, before COVID. Yeah, but I got eight hundred hours of donated from government service, eight hundred hours, which completely covered the six months that I was out of war.  Let me explain for viewers who might not get that. That means his in order to get paid. He had to take leave and the government has the capability of folks who can help somebody in that kind of situation by giving up their own free time. And, you know, all treasure are free time, I think. And eight hundred hours is a lot of free time. So what's your current figment? Current figment, that's the question. Giving back, I've been involved in Rotary International for 20 years. We have a sister club relationship with Hiroshima, Japan. Our club is the Rotary Club of Pearl Harbor. And you think of it sort of like bookends in World War Two. I mean, they attacked us on Pearl Harbor Day and we bombed them in Hiroshima. And yet we've come together goodwill and better friendships for peace. And that's a powerful thing. Women involved in something called Young Life, which is a non-denominational group that helps mostly troubled teenagers. A lot of them, you know, single parent kids and don't have a lot of chance at life. And we have volunteers that go on and help them. You've been given this extra time and you're going to make the most of it by giving back. You can tell we're getting to the end of the show. And I want to give Kim a chance to talk about what your figment is right now. There you are. Great picture of a great family. Yeah, so this was us at Niagara Falls. And this was part of my renewed enthusiasm for travel, which hopefully we'll be able to start doing again this summer. Of course, you know, I'm still continuing to write in the blog. We have a local ovarian cancer support network that I'm part of. Ovarian cancer survivor or fighter dot com, right? Yes, ovariancancerfighter.com. Yes, and I actually made sure all the widgets were updated. And I've been I've been focusing to on, you know, progress, not perfection of working on, you know, my healthy, healthy diet and trying to get those daily blueberries in so I can be smarter and think as well as Ross does. And then, you know, I'm continuing to teach and I love, love, love my students. And the same thing as Bruce said, my co-workers who didn't even know me, because this was in 2012. And then again in 2014 to start the next day. Yeah, both times donated leave to help me out. And just just a huge heart and ohana here. And, you know, I think if we have to activate the network again, we will do it and move forward. Wow. Well, thanks for sharing your stories in such a personal way. And what would Fig do? Fig would, because we always cover that during figments. And Fig would take your lessons and your observations to have faith. And whatever faces us, there are people and things that can get us through regardless of the outcome. So mucho mahalo and I'll see Bruce, you on the golf course soon and Kim, you and Ross together sometime. All right, so thanks for watching, folks. I've got a I've got chicken skin again. I guess I get it about once or twice an episode. We're going to be back. We I'd love your ideas for what you'd like to have us talk about. I'm figments. And I'd really like you to be excited that figments on reality will start on 24 May or their bus. But the the new every other week show at 10 a.m. why standard time is certain. But the start date, we'll see how it works out. And that's going to be two things commentary on the events of the day in a non-political nature, because there's enough politics already. And I might do some storytelling because I have some stories. So thanks for watching. Thanks for supporting Think Tech, Hawaii and Aloha.


Hi, welcome to Breakout Room 8, a pandemic pivot from paper thesis submissions to ETDs. We have Nicholas Deese online, Amy Walker from the Pratt Institute Library, and Austin McLean from ProQuest, the part of Clarivite.  Great, thank you, Stacey. Nick and I had a lot of fun putting this together, and it's really primarily Nick's story. ProQuest has a cameo role in the middle there, but Nick's going to do most of the explaining about what's happened and where they are now. So over to you, Nick. Awesome, thank you, Austin. And just an FYI for everybody, while Amy Balmer contributed greatly to the creation of this presentation, it's mostly going to be me and Austin talking today. So hello, my name is Nick Deese, and I'm the user experience librarian at Pratt Institute Libraries, where I design and develop the library's website as well as manage a wide array of our web-based applications. So today with Austin, I'm going to give you some details on a years-long process of shifting from paper-based thesis submissions to ETDs at Pratt Institute. So to start off, Pratt Institute is an art and design school with an FTE of about 5,000 students. We're located in Brooklyn, New York, so it's a city school. And of these 5,000 or so students, about 1,300 of them are graduate students. We have about 22 graduate programs that submit theses to the library. And these projects usually entail a lengthy paper and inclusion of video documentation, of art exhibits, images, interactive software occasionally, and multimedia. So what we're looking at here is a beautiful shot of our campus showcasing how things were back in 2019. Very bustling, lots of activity. Back then, thesis submissions were done in person. Library staff would review submissions and confirm the title and signature pages, conform to our formatting guidelines before accepting and packaging them for shipment to our local binary. Students would pay an overall thesis binding fee and were entitled to one personal bound copy, which was really appreciated by the community. And when those bound copies returned, often months later, the theses would be cataloged and entered into our ILS and made publicly discoverable on our catalog. One thing to note about that is they had very limited metadata. Usually we just pulled in the essentials like the title, author, year, and related academic department. So suddenly in 2020, we had the pandemic, which changed things dramatically. But before the pandemic, we had an average of about 500 thesis submissions at the beginning of every, or at the end, sorry, of every spring semester. So this would usually happen in a short time window and we needed to solicit help from faculty librarians and staff in order to make sure that we were able to handle these big spikes in activity. This was very unpredictable most of the time. Sometimes we had whole classes coming in to submit at once. And occasionally, students who had printed their thesis on wrong paper or using the wrong format would naturally be very distraught when they were rejected and they would have to go through the process of getting new signatures and reprinting two copies, which can ultimately be very expensive. So it was a stressful time for many students. In some cases, people were very upset when things didn't go right. And it was often a bummer from the library side to leave these graduate students with that being their lasting memory of the library. It's not really something we wanted. So moving into the pandemic, we knew we wanted to kind of solve some of those logistical problems. But at the time, we had no remote submission workflow whatsoever. So we had a very short time window, like as March 2020, right? And we usually start getting theses in around May. So we needed to come up with something that would work in the interim, that would leave some room for asynchronous back and forth that's usually required for students to get their paper and ship shape. So another important element for us was implementing some kind of approval mechanism. All the departments at Pratt have very different people who are required to sign and improve theses. So we needed to make something that would account for that. And in particular, there was concern in the library's leadership about allowing students to submit digital documents without real penning signatures. There was worries that this might be abused or it could be inaccurate. And there was also the problem of supplemental files. Previously, we had students submitting their files on flash drives, disks and DVDs. And so we needed whatever platform we were going to use to be able to accommodate some pretty massive files. These days, a lot of students when they submit documentation of their artwork, they're like submitting 4K video, which takes up a ton of storage space. So after meeting regularly with the library director and the chair of library faculty, we came to the conclusion that we could use the institute's Google Drive system to facilitate digital submissions for 2020 while we simultaneously researched a more long-term solution. The G Drive submission flow was modeled after the print workflow, but it had some key differences. Instead of allowing students to submit, we only gave permissions to verified thesis advisors, which ensured that the document submitted had the approval of the department. And we created a unique share drive for each department and pre-populated them with folders for each student submitting for that period based on data from the registrar. So it was a very lengthy process. We did some scripting in order to pre-populate those directories, but ultimately we used Google Drive and we were able to facilitate the submission asynchronously. So this was in May 2020. So immediately it became apparent that while functional, the solution was not without its difficulties. Despite regular outreach, communication with faculty across the institute, there was some degree of confusion with faculty thesis advisors as to how the new submission workflow was supposed to function. Some faculty members were also uncomfortable with the idea of using Adobe Acrobat to digitally sign documents. And we needed to invest additional staff time to walk many of them through that process. Our new digital system was only digital, so there was no way to get students' personal copies of their work, unfortunately. We removed the thesis submission fee, which helped make things a little bit easier, but it was less satisfying than being able to give a student a bound copy at the end of the process. We provided resources to them to go through a third party vendor, but ultimately it only goes so far. But we had difficulty also with file naming conventions. In the lead up to our outreach, we created extensive guidelines on how to name files and share these with the faculty, thesis advisors that were participating. But sadly, many did not adhere to it. So it took some time to correct files on our part in new validation. Last, we knew ahead of time that these works were going to have some kind of public access down the road. So we needed to request permission from the students in order to make their thesis available in an online thesis repository. So to be clear, this didn't exist yet, but we were thinking ahead. So we were asking permission. We created a separate form for the students, and it took a lot of time actually to outreach it to all the graduating students and checking in with them over email to make sure that they all submitted it. So with the spring 2020 submission behind us, with lots of issues, of course, we were able to dedicate much more time to researching ETD platforms and preparing to make a move. And one of the first things we did was an environmental scan. We reached out to fellow libraries in the consortia and art and design libraries in particular to see how our peers were handling electronic thesis submissions. From Connect New York, the Rochester Institute of Technology was particularly informative for us because they made all of their thesis submission workflow information publicly available. They used ETD admin, and we have at that by that point looked a lot into ETD admin, and we found that RIT's workflow is very intuitive. I personally exchanged emails with a number of their staff asking a few questions, but overall, we found that ETD admin worked really well for them and their documentation made it seem more realistic for us. We also looked at some peer institutions in the art and design space, in particular, RISD and MICA. Both of them had different solutions. RISD had a digital commons form, and MICA had like a self-grown solution. And while we consider these methodologies, we ultimately went with ETD admin. And I'll switch over to Austin to talk a little bit about that procedure. Great, thanks, Nick. So yes, we received the request from Pratt to have a demo of ETD administrator, which we did, and it was one of those demos where sometimes we get a lot of questions, sometimes we get no questions. Boy, the Pratt team peppered us with questions. You really were prepared coming into this and did your homework. So you talked a lot about workflow and asked about how this works and how much the library can be involved versus the graduate stakeholders. And essentially, I think what we got to at the end was you agreed that you were gonna take a look at it and go to the broader community for feedback among the Pratt community. And we were happy to do that. I think we then had a follow-up call to answer additional questions after the fact, but it wasn't too long after that before we received the good news that Pratt was ready to go forward with ETD administrator. So back to you, Nick. Thanks. Yeah, it was a really smooth process. From that point on, we formed a library implementation team with myself, Russ Abel, the library director, Amy Ballmer, the chair of faculty, Johanna Bauman, the head of collection management and Matt Garclops, our eResources librarian. And because of the experience with our G drive, our general philosophy was to change as little as possible about the digital thesis submission process. We wanted to keep the overall breaststrokes the same because it would help mitigate confusion and it would also limit the necessity for making big decisions that could impact department's existing workflows, which we learned from G drive could cause some real strife. So after lots of meetings with the P2D team and doing some testing internally, we had like a sandbox of ETD admin, we decided to launch the system with a few months to spare before our next thesis mission period. And immediately we found out that ETD admin solved a ton of our problems. The tools to communicate with students directly about their thesis and allow revisions made the process of getting a student's thesis where it needed to go so much easier. And while we would occasionally receive a panicky email from a student not being able to resubmit a revision or concern about when they would hear back from us, the bottom line is that with ETD admin, there was no financial risk to the student in terms of printing out costly theses. And if the students made a mistake, it was usually very easy to fix. They didn't have to actually hike their way out to the library only to find out that they were turned down. So the asynchronous communication really made it so much better for us. And being able to assign individual librarians specific theses also made it very easy for us to distribute the work equitably. So as I said before, we had librarians help out in the IRL days managing print submissions. And we did the same thing with ETD admin, but it was a lot smoother because we didn't have to worry about random times of peak submission that we couldn't anticipate. By doing it all asynchronously, we were able to equitably split up the work. In addition, the checklist features with ETD admin in order to prevent error on our end were incredibly helpful. They enabled us to verify specific information before moving a thesis forward to the approval phase. And overall, it just has reduced our propensity for error tremendously. And because there was no restriction to supplemental file size, this really helped out our departments like digital arts submit some of those ginormous 4K video files. Another major improvement for us with better metadata, as I said before, in the print days, our touch with cataloging thesis was fairly light. But because with ETD admin, we're giving the students an option to select their own keywords, to provide an abstract and additional information. This has enabled us to actually get richer records from ProQuest that we can then ingest into our local catalog. So that has been like a huge boon for us. And the ability to have on-demand print copies for students has also been very appreciated. Now, one area that we would like to go in the future is exploring a single sign-on. So Pratt uses Microsoft ADFS and one of the, I don't wanna say a bummer, but one aspect of the user experience is that they have to create an account on ETD admin. And it would be great if in the future we can get this configured with our SSO system so that students can just log in with their existing Pratt One keys and then just submit that way without having to create a separate account. So after we got our initial experience with the platform, we started to put together resources both for our internal staff as well as faculty and students at the institute. So I did things like building video tutorials, walking people through the ETD admin process from beginning to end. We created a whole new suite of thesis submission guides. And again, we looked to RIT as like a leader in this space for us to get inspiration. And then we did a lot of campus-wide outreach, the stuff that you normally do when there's a big change, lots of mass emailing, lots of direct emailing to course faculty that we know are teaching thesis sessions that year or that semester. And then we did a lot of staff training on ETD admin, a lot of checking in with staff to make sure that people felt comfortable. So the real reason potentially you're all here, what did we learn from this whole process? We learned a whole bunch of things, but Lesson One was pretty much that managing approval mechanisms is really hard. ETD admin has some options for setting up thesis committees, but they tend to be pretty universal. And at Pratt, all of our departments have their own different configuration on how a thesis is approved. And so we found out through communication with ProQuest that in order to take advantage of those features, we would need to build multiple sites. We had some concerns that that might be tough on users. Directing people to the right site could be confusing. So we opted to rely a little bit more on our traditional signatures using Adobe Acrobat for digital signing. We very much thought of it as just extending the existing department approval mechanisms into ETD admin. And the checklist verification has helped us sort of manage that process, but it is still tough. And sometimes we do have issues getting theses with the proper signature pages in the same way that we would in the print world. So we're still working on a better solution, but this is where we're at when it comes to approval mechanisms. Another thing that has come up for us that we cared a lot about was protecting signatory privacy. So we knew that if we threw up the theses directly into PQTT, that other academics could see the signatory signature. So we got inspired by RIT and decided to take in the signature pages as a supplemental file as opposed to putting them out there on the broad internet. And this has been a challenge for us to manage just as before with Google Drive. There's been some confusion, but overall it was something that we were very passionate about and it is working for us. And despite going to digital, it still has some restrictions. So one of the main challenges that we've had is we have, we're an art and design school and many artists and designers think that if it's digital then we can make our theses whatever size we want. 300 inches by 500 inches. And it can be including interactive embedded content. And while some of that is possible when you're creating interactive PDFs, when we're publishing to pro-questation patients and theses we're providing the option that someone may choose to print out that theses. And so we put guidelines in to kind of reign in that creativity a little bit and ensure that whatever people submitted had fonts that were appropriate and could actually print out in a regular thesis size. And I think this was a challenge for some of our art and design faculty to get behind. So this is something that we're gonna revisit and think of ways to expand those possibilities without being so rigid but also accounting for the fact that somebody's gonna read this on a screen and somebody's gonna have to print it out eventually. We also learned that managing metadata can be really easy when you solicit the metadata from the students themselves. So just by virtue of the way that BTD admin is set up we get all of this rich metadata. But it has been a challenge to explain to students what subject terms are and how to properly select the subject terms. We've had a lot of meetings and even a video tutorial on it. And we also didn't anticipate that some students or faculty would be worried about having to submit an abstract of theses. So we actually had to meet with a couple of departments to talk about how to factor in writing an abstract because this wasn't a part of that department's usual workflow. And also having them select their own keywords was something that we needed to personally put some time in to developing. So our very last slide, I see we're at 20 minutes. Our future plans are to ingest all of our new ProQuest records into our local catalog and we're in the process of doing that right now. And we also plan on updating our metadata in our pre-2020 feces all the way going back to the founding of the Institute. And so we're actually considering using the ProQuest as kind of a model for us to build off of to make it more consistent. That way, we can build an institutional repository and make them that much more accessible. And so with that at 21 minutes 52 seconds, I'm done. So thank you everybody. And let us know if you have any questions or any answers. Great, I think we're at time. So yeah, so thanks Nick. Loud and clear from this end, things went really well. Yeah, we wish all the universities were as easy to work with as Brad. So you set up by an example. Awesome, thank you, awesome. I just wanted to let you all know that the push through sessions start in just a moment.


Alright so I want to show you guys something. I talk about targets, I talk about goals. If you don't have a goal, if you have a target, what's the point, right? So, these are our sales guys, right? We're adding more, right? We just added someone else. It starts tomorrow, we're adding several more. These are their commitments to me for this week, right? This is what they're committing to doing in sales. Alex being the longest, Alex being the second longest, Brennan's been here like three weeks, Dylan started a week ago, right? We're going to know that tomorrow. They signed it recently saying, here's what I commit to selling in revenue this week, right?  We don't say stuff and not do it. I'm going to 30 cities all over the freaking country because we committed to doing it. And if we don't, what are we doing, right? So these are their commitments. This is the target. They committed to doing this. And then I had them sign it saying they're actually serious about doing it. I don't believe in saying stuff. I believe in telling the world. And I believe in putting them on blast to the world that if they don't do it, right? Now all you guys know about it. What are your agents doing? What's their commitment? And are they signing off on it? When I made 170k in my first year, 117k, right? I wrote down. I want to earn $100,000. I want to win the top incentive trip. I dated it. I signed it. My dad signed it. I put it on my wall in my office, right? That's a target. That's a commitment. Now it's time to execute.


Hello, EmberConf. I'm James Steinbach, and today we're going to be talking about building forms that your mobile users will love. It's easy and unfortunately common to build forms that they won't. Areas where they need to input, where they need to add their email address, but it's getting capitalized. Put in a username, but it's getting auto corrected or spell checked. Type in a number like a one-time authentication code, and they've got an alpha keyboard. These are all correctable problems. But what the point I want to make to start out with is, when we put these hurdles or these pieces of friction through accident, or just being too clever for our own good, sometimes we're guilty of that, I empathize. When we put this friction in a user's path, it seems like a user experience issue, but for many people it is an accessibility issue. And this is the part where Scooby-Doo's gang pulls the white ghost mask off, and we find out that underneath it has been accessibility the whole time. Only it's a good guy and not the bad guy here. This is an accessibility talk pretending to be a UX talk in its title and description. But as we talk about accessibility, I want to remove the idea that some people are able, then some people are disabled, and the world can be kind of divided up in a binary like that. There's a wide spectrum on all sorts of different axes of various kinds of ability. Right now, my ability level is different from what it was three months ago. You can see on screen I'm wearing a neck brace, vertebrae broken in a car accident, as well as broken arm. Right now I'm interacting with the world and devices in a different way than I did before. I go to my phone as my primary device right now because I can hold it in one hand and type everything I need to on it. I don't like my laptop because typing with one hand is cumbersome and I got to go back and forth and it's tiring on my arm. I don't like my tablet because it's heavy. My phone is the easiest thing, but if the mobile experience for me is bad, say on a banking or insurance or hospital website, man, that is frustrating and hard for me to use. And I don't have the privilege I used to have of just saying, oh, I'll bookmark that and grab my laptop next time I'm downstairs. No, when there's friction in the way of a person who's primary and sometimes only device is a mobile device, that's an accessibility issue. We are all at best just temporarily abled. And there are many different issues that affect what we consider our ability levels. It could be the tablet or the device shape or size or portability we're carrying. It could be a condition in Oslo vision relies on screen reader. It could be a physical illness, something like Parkinson's that causes tremors and inaccurate swipe and tap gestures. It could be a perfectly healthy person riding a bus on a bumpy part of town and that gives them the same result as tremors. It could be an injury, maybe something as simple as your kid is interrupting you for the third time today asking for help getting zoom back on for school. But now you've been distracted and your ability has been constrained by something as simple as an interruption. And if you all added your use cases that you've solved for in your careers, we could make the slide three, four times longer easily.  And this one needs a media query and this one needs a different media query and this one needs some JavaScript and this one needs a polyfill library loaded and this one needs a bunch of RE attribute and this one needs... And we get exhausted, we get overwhelmed and the cognitive load is so heavy and I empathize and that's why today I want to suggest a simpler more unified approach for solving lots of varied situations without writing lots and lots of varied workarounds. In fact, as few workarounds as possible. And here's a big takeaway, use semantic markup. I know that sounds like, uh, James, what else am I gonna do? But here we are, it's 2021 and we still have people attaching click events and roll button to a div that should not be happening. Please don't do that. There is a button element that does that for you, okay? Use semantic markup, not just tags, but we're going to learn today three attributes in HTML. They're not part of the ARIA spec, they're just normal HTML attributes and they have semantic, some of them have semantic payoff in terms of how browsers, assistive tech and anything else implement our interfaces. Three awesome benefits here. First, worry less about ARIA. That's right, I said worry less about it. Studies have shown that the more websites use ARIA attributes, the more they miss and overuse them. Unfortunately, the same sites that are really high in ARIA attribute, both everything on are high in accessibility errors. Here's a rule of thumb. A vague UI is better than an incorrect UI. When in doubt, don't just copy paste, don't just cargo call the bunch of stack overflow in. Make sure that the ARIA attributes you're using come from a reputable expert and they really do solve the problem you need to work on. We're only going to look at one ARIA attribute today, in fact, and we're only going to look at it briefly in passing before we get into the heart of the talk. Second benefit is writing less JavaScript. Wait a second, it's a JavaScript framework conference. Why should we write less? Because the less you write, the less you have to test and the easier your workload is. Also, the less you write, the less you send to your users, unless they download, the more power efficient everybody's devices are and the faster your site is for everyone. That's a fantastic benefit. Everyone wins there. And then third, future proof your apps. We're going to look at the way HTML attributes are mapped to accessibility API data points and see how much we get for free today. Future interfaces and devices and software that haven't even been invented yet are going to follow those same standards if they're compliant devices and software. And so we are going to be future proofing our apps by doing ARIA, or not ARIA, sorry, by doing semantics correctly as a baseline. So here's a foundation for how to make an input that will be rendered and handled correctly on any device. You need a label attached to every input. The CodeGolf winner here, the shortest, fewest keystrokes, is wrap your label around the label text and around the input element. This is great. AssistiveTech knows how to announce that correctly to screen readers as associated boom. They're linked.  Super handy. You didn't have to write a click event for that, developers. The browser did it for free. Sometimes we want to style our label and our input as siblings. And in that case, we separate them like this. We give the input an ID. We give the label a four attribute that matches that ID. And now they're linked in the exact same way, all the same behaviors and accessibility, AssistiveTech, and in browsers. You might not like repeating all the ID stuff. That feels really kind of boring. So you could write a reusable component that has label and input as a pair. And you might be tempted to have to pass the ID in as a prop, but you don't need to. There's an RFC here linked for an Ember helper called unique ID. And every time you instantiate that, you get a unique ID. Let the computer write all those IDs and fours for you. You don't have to worry about human error accidentally duplicating an ID that's invalid HTML. You don't have to worry about making choices and thinking about boring repetitive, okay, I guess I need an ID here. Just let the computer make those boring choices for you. Super awesome. Last scenario, a little bit of a bonus. Sometimes you need a paragraph of text to describe your input, but it's not the label. It's maybe a hint you need ahead of time or perhaps an error message that comes back after a validation event. In that case, give that paragraph an ID and only ARIA attribute I'm telling you today. Put the paragraphs ID into ARIA described by on the input. This is one of the unfortunate areas where HTML doesn't have a way to semantically link that input with a separate paragraph, but the ARIA spec provides this ARIA described by attribute that does do that for screen readers. So that out of the way, let's jump into three HTML attributes. They're plain old boring attributes are not part of the ARIA spec. They don't feel really complicated or hyphenated. And the first one's going to be really familiar to you. In fact, I would be willing to wager that probably high 90s percentage of y'all watching have used this attribute. Type has values like email password or radio checkbox. This semantically identifies the type of value or content the input can hold or accept. And that's semantic information because it has passed along to the accessibility API mapping for various models of assistive tech. And it can suggest more specific labels or other data to screen readers or any other application or device. Here's a screen cap from the AAM specification site. This is the HTML version of the AAM spec. And if we use input type password, we get a whole bunch of things passed right along to four different assistive tech accessibility APIs in various ways. All this information is used by their accessibility models to make it easier for their users to fill out the site. And it's all for free just by using the right type attribute. You shouldn't try to implement passwords. As something other than a password. We try to make them text, but that's a different talk entirely, the whole show password button. Autocomplete is another really useful attribute we're going to practice today. This tells browsers or plugins or software or anything what user data to offer as an autocomplete option. Even better than making it really easy for users to type their answers to our form fields. Let them get away without typing at all. Let them just tap once on an autocomplete option. This also is mapped to a supports autocompletion state and a couple different accessibility API models here. Third and final attribute we're going to focus on today is called input mode, and it suggests the right on-screen keyboard for a device to show to users. This does not have any AAM mappings, so I don't have a screenshot of another one of these tables for you, which means it's just presentational. It's not part of accessibility. Let's practice using these attributes in our last few minutes together now, shall we? A couple of notes before we get into these. I've got Android in the middle and iOS on the end. I've got code blocks that only show you the input. I did not include the label, but you still need the labels, okay? What I said earlier about labels still applies. I just shortened my code blocks for these slides. Here our user needs to add their username. Maybe they're creating it, maybe they're signing back in. There's not a type of value that's semantically appropriate for usernames. We just go ahead and use text, which is the default. But we do add autocomplete username, and that tells password managers with browser plugins or OS integration, as well as the mobile operating system, which might see the user's contact card having a handle saved for the particular domain. Autocomplete options are provided. You might notice here that our keyboard is lower cased. That's not normal. Normally iOS and Android have uppercase keyboards by default. We turned off auto capitalize, auto correct and spell check with the three bonus attributes here. I'm not going to show you those again. Those are just here if you need them on the slide deck. And I want to refer back to them. But if we look at the email option here, the next thing you might want a user to submit, you can see we're still on a lowercase keyboard. We've also got the at symbol available right away with no modifier keys. But the browsers and mobile operating systems have disabled spell check auto complete, or sorry, spell check auto capitalize and auto correct, simply by the fact of this being a type email. All that UI accessibility stuff came for free with a simple using the correct attribute type email. And then that gets us on screen keyboard and then autocomplete email gets us the autocomplete options you see above the iOS keyboard. My Android experience is just an emulator here, unfortunately, and I couldn't set up a contact card. But I did confirm with other Android users that yes indeed autocomplete is a super helpful feature on Android versions as well. Telephone number looks basically the same, not going to spend a ton of time here. But you get the telephone keyboard and autocomplete options by using type tell for the keyboard and autocomplete tell for autocomplete. Addresses are common. Type text is all we need there. There's not a semantic value related to physical location. There are autocomplete options that help us here. Street address is the first one. City, state, zip code, country, are other valid values for autocomplete. And the awesome payoff here is if you mark those inputs all up correctly together, one tap fills in five or six inputs. Very handy. Numbers are tricky. There's type number. And on a desktop computer, this has little up and down arrows at the end of the input itself. It also responds to key presses for the up and down arrows for incrementing or decrementing the number. And on some browsers, you can even scroll over an input type number and that will increment or decrement. That's not what we want most of the time. It is what we want if, say, we're doing like a font size chooser or a scale UI and something like a canva no code design tool on the web. Input type number might be really useful there. But most of the time, the forms we build want users to type in numbers that don't have increment or decrement banked in. Nobody wants to increment their credit card number or their one-time authentication code or their zip code. In that case, we've really actually got an input that's type text that just coincidentally happens to only need digits in the text field. And for that, here's what we don't do. We do not do an unfortunately too common stack overflow option, which says, oh, just use type tell and get the telephone keyboard. No, credit card numbers and zip codes and authentication codes are not telephone numbers. So we never send false information through our HTML to any kind of accessibility software or devices. Instead of use type text, being a little more vague is better than being wrong. And we use input mode equals decimal to get the on-screen keyboard that mobile users are going to want to see. Super handy. Verification codes like a two-factor auth follows the same pattern. Autocomplete is one-time code, is our extra addition to this slide. Dates can be handled as a type date. It's got some UI issues though that are a concern. If you're on iOS or certain versions of touchscreen Windows devices with older edge, you get like three spinning wheels and those are really challenging to spin if you have anything preventing you from being really precise with swiping and tap gestures. Can be really hard to line those up. Android uses a rectangle that kind of covers most of the browser window and it provides calendar-shaped grids of numbers and you kind of have to tap your way through them to get to different months and years, etc. Those tap targets on Android are really, really tiny and also hard to use for people with imprecise tap ability. As well as the fact that if the date you need to get to is more than a few months ago, it's going to take a long time to tap your way through to where you're going. Imagine trying to find your, you know, college graduation date from eight or 12 years ago and having to go month by month to that. It's hard. You really just want to type at that point. And you can do that. We can write an input that's actually three inputs. I like to call this a compound input. And each one of these follows our text decimal pattern. We've got length helpers for our native HTML5 validation and browsers that support it. And to wrap this all up really semantically, a bigger code block. Each of those inputs needs its own label. And then we wrap the whole compound input set in a field set and we give it a legend which acts as a meta label for all three of the sub inputs if you want to call them that. And this is for many users a much quicker way to type and tab their way through the inputs. We're providing a description of what content as well as what format right there in our label. So very semantic and user friendly. And there's more. You've got input mode and type for URLs. There's autocomplete values for anything related to a credit card as well as a birth date. Tons of cool stuff. CSS tip. Sometimes iOS zooms in and out of form fields. What gives? Why is it doing that? It does that if the form field input text area or select is less than 16 pixels calculated font size. Whether it's ms or rems or percents, however you'd wrote the number. If it comes out to less than 16, you'll get a zoom behavior. For a long time, people tried to turn that off with a meta tag. User scale is zero and that's horrible. We should net that disables pinched to zoom entirely which is an accessibility anti pattern. Very bad. Instead, we should make sure that all of our inputs, text areas and selects have a font size of at least 16 pixels. Again, define them in ms or rems or calc with vw and pixels or whatever as long as it calculates down to 16 pixels or higher. Also save your users some cognitive load. A single column layout is much simpler to go down than having to zag back and forth through horizontal scanning as well. So wrapping it all up, we said this talk is really about solving accessibility issues. Making sure more and more users can access what's behind a form on our apps and sites. By solving these accessibility issues at the semantic level, we improved our UIs right now for existing technology and we've future-proofed those interfaces as well for years and devices and users to come. Here are some awesome resources, way more information than I could even fit in this talk. You'll see more examples there. Thanks so much for being a great audience. I would love to continue the conversation if you have follow-up questions. I'm in the Discord now. I'm also at JD Steinbach on Twitter, GitHub and at my blog. Please feel free to contact me and have a great rest of your EmberConf. Take care.


Welcome to today's class. So we were discussing polarization transfer and today we will focus on how we can measure distance using NOE. So we will connect the concept of distance and NOE into this class. So what we had done previously, we explained the origin of NOE, what is a physical process behind NOE and as we said that it is a nuclear relaxation which cause nuclear overhouser effect. So how it is done? So we are saying that there are if two couple spins, they are coupled by dipolar coupling or through a space. What we are doing? We are applying a saturation pulse on one of the signal. So this saturation pulse actually equalizes the population across this transition and then by irradiation we equalize this population and then effect of that, of that equalization of population by irradiation of a particular signal, we look at what is happening on other spin. So if two spins here we are equalizing population and we are looking effect of this on another coupled spin. So NOE essentially is manifestation of attempt of the system to come back to the equilibrium and that is we had defined at nJs is i minus i0 divided by i. So this is after perturbation, this is the equilibrium magnetization and that ratio with equilibrium magnetization that is called NOE enhancement factor. So we discussed the NOE effect and just to remind you what we had discussed earlier. So we had two spin, say spin A and spin X, these are say weakly coupled spins A and X. So there are four energy level, here both spins are say up, up, alpha, alpha, here one spin is up, another spin is down, here one spin is down, another spin is up and here both spins are down. So now there are four transitions possible, these are called omega 1 single quantum transition that means only one spin is flipping, so this spin is flipping that is why alpha is becoming better, this spin is flipping alpha again becoming better. So these two belongs to omega 1, omega 1 of A spin and these two belongs to X spin, so these are single quantum transition. Then we had looked here both spins are flipping, X and A both spin are flipping, this is called double quantum transition and here both spins are flipping simultaneously, if you look at alpha goes to beta, beta goes to alpha, so net magnetization change is 0 that is why this is 0 quantum transition. So resonance line intensity changes caused by this dipolar cross relaxation, so this is happening of various transition and then there is a dipolar cross relaxation because A and X spins are connected by dipolar coupling. So from the neighboring spin with a perturbation energy level population that is what now it changes and we have seen previously because of this relaxation the population redistribution happens. So omega 1, 2 only these two spins are flipping and omega 2 alpha goes to beta, beta for a one spin and another spin is this, so that is omega 2 and here both spins are going. So actually that is what is the transition probability for omega 1, omega 0 and omega 2 that is what we had discussed in the previous class. So now to give you more clearer picture that what is actually happening here, so I draw a population diagram. So let us say we have two spins again A and X spin, here are alpha state and beta state and here again in X spin alpha state and beta state. So if you saturate one of the population say A, there are two mechanism that will relax and equalize the population and both of these contributes to the NOE, one we had discussed is omega 0 and another we have discussed that is omega 2. So we also discussed that positive NOE that comes because of this omega 2 mechanism, this we have shown quantitatively in the previous class and negative NOE which happens for bigger molecule that is coming because of omega 0 mechanism, right. So mechanism which cause unperturbed spin say X to deviate from Boltzmann equilibrium distribution a decrease in alpha beta population difference happens and that actually cause what is positive NOE or negative NOE. To make it even more simpler let me try to consider these spins as a magnet. So omega 1 spin and omega 2 spin is what like if you say we have H1 frequency. So say we are doing proton resonance at 500 MHz and transition is happening at 500 MHz for a proton. So that means one transition here say alpha is this alpha is flipping to beta here this one. One spin is flipping so that means that 500 MHz induces a transition. Now for both spin flip you see this 500 MHz and this 500 MHz so total transition say will be equal to field 100 MHz to flip and for 0 quantum you just need couple of hertz difference because both spins are at 500 MHz but their chemical shift is little bit different and that difference in terms of hertz so that will be around 102,000 hertz. So omega 1 requires 500 MHz say omega 2 will require 1000 MHz however omega 0 will require approximately 102,000 hertz. So this is 0 quantum transition here what is so bar magnet kind of a simplistic cartoon representation we have shown. So flipping is happening just from spin here to spin here both are up down happening. In omega 1 transition flipping is happening from one state to another state and here double quantum flipping is happening from this state to this state. So that is what we require for these flippings to happen but this is a static case whatever I showed from here to here 0 quantum this transition is single quantum this transition is double quantum. But this is happening for like here it is cartoon is showing for static case but suppose spins are reorienting in solution. So they may generate some frequency and we can calculate how much frequency is generated by this random rotation of a spins. So if we calculate then we can find an expression for something called spectral density at any frequency omega and spectral density is given by j omega at any frequency omega 0 which will be given by tau c and the frequency of that particular spins. So tau c is the tumbling time of that particular system or spins. So that is given by 2 tau c divided by 1 plus omega square tau c square. So this j omega is called spectral density and we can calculate how much certain frequency is generated by this random rotation of spins because of all these relaxation that is coming. Now so that has been calculated and plotted spectral density that is j omega versus log of omega here. So this is the frequency. One can see if a molecule is large, large molecule has a slow motion and that is how the spectral density will be plotted like this so it decreases fast. Now an intermediate motion which is for intermediate molecule you have a decrease which is relatively slow and for a fast motion for a small molecule you have a quite broad range of j omega. So j omega value is less but it varies for a long omega t. So one can see for any particular omega t for all these molecules for intermediate molecular weight you have value here and for a small molecule you have j omega value here but for a large molecule you have very short j omega. So we have a maximum at omega equal to 0. So that is a spectral density and it is obvious intuitive that big molecule will relax fast and small molecule will relax slow. So tau c here whatever we have defined is a molecular rotation correlation time. So correlation time in short it is a time that that molecule takes to rotate in the solution. A long correlation time is for sluggish rotation and it fast drops.  So j value very small at high frequency contribution for short tau c that means fast rotation causing much wider frequency distribution or more frequency contribution if you look at here. So for a small molecule you have a broad range of frequency at a particular j omega. So that is the spectral density with correlating with your tau c or omega. So give some value for this rotation. So larger molecule generally as we say slow reorientation time therefore longer tau c. So say molecular weight of 100 Dalton that is 1 kilo Dalton will corresponds to typically like 0.5 nanosecond. If molecular size increases like it becomes say 10,000 Dalton that is 10 kg tau c will correspond to 5 nanoseconds. So you see as molecular size increases the correlation time increases. So for a typical Spiegel size protein the correlation time is 5 nanosecond however for a small organic molecule correlation time is 0.5 nanosecond and that is what we see that spectral density accordingly changes and for any particular frequency. Like tau c correlation time is not fixed for a molecule it can also vary depending upon temperature. So like if temperature is higher like if you increase the temperature molecule tumbles fast. So even a bigger molecule can give you sharp line or actually different spectral density if you record a spectrum at higher temperature and the other thing is viscosity. If you keep increasing the viscosity of solvent now small molecules can also experience slower motion. So all those spectral density and the frequency depends upon temperature and solvent viscosity because more viscous longer tau c if you have longer tau c like we have for larger molecule spectral density decreases fast. Now we correlated your spectral density with the frequency as well as with the correlation time. Next move and let us see we have seen this earlier as well that NOE. Now NOE enhancement coming back to now NOE, NOE we have seen that depends upon molecular motion which is tau c and spectral density J are dependent of the reorientational correlation time it depends upon omega. So we had seen earlier that correlation times and NOE enhancement is like this. So for large molecule we have a negative enhancement for small molecule we have a positive enhancement and correlation time tau c in nanosecond typical protein like large molecules comes here and typical organic molecule comes here for a small molecule that we had seen earlier as well. So just to refresh you again how we are doing these experiments in case of a steady state we were taking two coupled spin one spin was perturbed with a CW like weak irradiating pulse then we are applying a 90 degree pulse and we are acquiring and we are seeing what is the signal change and comparing that with a non irradiated or reference signal. So we have seen that this long low power CW irradiation which is shown here actually induces deviation from Boltzmann population distribution and then relaxation happens that relaxation because of omega 0 and omega 2 this also we have seen and this happens because of T1 relaxation. So we have seen that T1 relaxation is the main cause of these two relaxation omega 0 and omega 2 and it causes population distribution in the neighboring spin. So that population distribution because of irradiation is compared with reference spectrum and then we get positive and negative energy. This we have understood earlier as well. So now refreshing you. So observable signal that is determined is given by the omega 0 frequency and a spectral density at particular omega 0 because this is the double quantum frequency and this is zero quantum frequency. So this is cross correlation rate depends upon our double quantum frequency and zero quantum frequency. So if this term is higher than GA0 we get a positive energy and that is typical in a small molecular case. So their double quantum frequency is higher than zero quantum frequency and cross relaxation rate actually depends upon that and it is also inversely proportional to distance between them. For a small molecule this is higher therefore we have a positive energy. So we can have that for a small molecule where there is a relatively high spectral density at 2 omega 0 that is double quantum and we have a short tau c. For a long tau c which is typically seen in a macro molecule omega 0 dominates this whole thing can be negative and if that happens this is negative then cross correlation rate which depends upon these four this gives you negative enhancement. So that is what we have seen. So typically there is a crossing point between positive and negative energy that is given by omega 0 tau c which is typically 1. So if you have seen in previous slide here so this is a crossing point which is typically around 1, omega 0 tau c is typically around 1. At some cases like where omega 0 and tau c is typically 1. So omega 0 relaxation rate and omega 2 relaxation rate will cancel each other and there will be no energy. So let me summarize again omega 2 which is dominant mechanism of relaxation for small molecules gives positive energy. Omega 0 which is dominant relaxation mechanism for macro molecules gives negative energy. So maybe some cases comes where both of them cancel and that will cancel when omega 0 and tau c becomes almost 1. So there will be no effect. So effect from omega 0 and omega 2 will cancel each other and there will be no net annoying enhancement for some cases. So we had done detailed calculation to find it out that enhancement between A and X spin will be given by the gyromagnetic ratio of A and X spin. So like we have seen if two couple spin proton and carbon this is the distance between them Rij if they are coupled proton and carbon so if this is 13c and this is proton the gyromagnetic ratio of this is 4 so we have enhancement of 2. If they are proton and nitrogen then NOE enhancement will be 5 and if they are proton-proton then NOE enhancement that we get is 0.5. So we have seen STD STD NOE does not depend upon distance but if these two spins are less than 5 to 6 angstrom you get an enhancement looking at these formula. However as you said NOE is very very important parameter to measure the distance quantitatively between two coupled spins. So for doing that experiment we had seen earlier that there was a another experiment transient NOE but just look at two spins how much enhancement we get if you do STD STD NOE. So if you have two spin system like A and X so suppose we are saturating spin A we will get a 50% enhancement in spin X and we have seen what are these two spins say proton and proton so their gamma is equal so we get half 1 divided by 1 that is a 50%. So this is generally for small molecules because omega 2 is dominating now suppose we are saturating X and we are looking at A again here enhancement will be 50% so both of these is for small molecules. Now suppose we are saturating here say A and for a large molecule where omega 0 is dominating you can get negative NOE enhancement of almost 100% because the mechanism is very different and similarly X spin is saturated then you can get enhancement of 100% because for this omega 0 dominating. Now let us take linear combination of three spins AMX now here we are seeing the distance between M to X and A to M is same if we are saturating A now what is happening now we saturated A by applying a RF pulse and M and X are like their population is changed and they are going undergoing relaxation now. So now they are competing both of these are competing mechanism for the relaxation so they have to compete for two neighboring protons and therefore that NOE enhancement will be distributed so for such cases one can do calculation so that M will get 25% enhancement and X will get negative enhancement of 11.5%. Similarly if we saturate M now M is sitting in the center A, X and A are located so both of this will get approximately 50% enhancement however if we saturate X now again for X is located at one side and we are saturated here so now enhancement will be similar like this 25% for M and minus 11.5% for X so in such case this is three spin system but now there is a competition of relaxation or redistribution of population between M and X therefore this is the saturation 25% and 11% for both of this. But let us see what happens if the distances are different between Mx so say here Mx distance to time more than M distance so now if we saturate A so M will get around 50% and X will get around minus 18% negative enhancement and if we saturate M then both will get 50-50% and if we saturate again X very less enhancement will happen for M and A here only 0.8% and here minus 0.4% and this is the case when omega 2 is much much higher than omega 0 for a small molecule case. So in this case AM are closer and relax with each other very efficiently therefore you see enhancement is quite a bit. If you saturate A almost 50% enhancement, if you saturate M here 50% enhancement. So now one thing is clear because here we change the distance enhancement are going to be different. So NOE buildup can be measured depending upon distance and that is done in another way which is called transient NOE. So NOE requires a significant interaction as we have seen between the magnetic dipole and between two spins so dipolar is interaction that we have seen also varies upon distance so if these are two dipoles it depends upon how much distance between them. So one can measure NOE between two protons up to 526 angstrom that we have seen earlier and this is the enhancement that depends upon this distance. So one can vary in this case of transient NOE that we have explained earlier so it depends upon tau M the mixing time. So to remind you how this experiment was done there are two couple spins say I and S or A and X selectively we are inverting one spin by applying a 180 degree pulse then we are varying this tau M which is mixing time we apply a 90 degree pulse and that brings to XY plane and we detect it here. In the other experiment we are not doing this just applying a 90 degree pulse this is reference experiment and we are detecting here. So because of the selective perturbation of coupled spin and varying this TM time we can see difference in the NOE enhancement because this NOE enhancement directly depends upon our mixing time and also directly depends upon cross relaxation rate. So if they are both are coupled the two parameters that actually dictates one is distance between these two spins and another is mixing time. So if we vary say mixing time we can get a build up curve of NOE enhancement. So if we here TM and we have a NOE so we can get a build up and from this build up one can measure how much the distance between these two spins. So that is what is done and that is what I will explain it here. So cross relaxation rate as we know tau this term depends upon the distance between these two spins and it is inversely proportional to the R2 power 6. That means this term is inversely proportional to R2 power 6. Now in transient NOE experiment we can use this to estimate internuclear distance. So here is our enhancement factor and this is tau M. For short TM it is very linear so that is what in this linear regime we can vary and measure the distance and that is used for structural determinants. However, if you keep increasing this mixing time then it becomes nonlinear here if you look at it keeps increasing and then it starts decreasing that is a nonlinear behavior. Now nonlinearity and decay of NOE at higher mixing time is a consequence of leakage of the magnetization because of the lattice contribution and that is because of various cross relaxation rate comes into picture. So to simplify you if we keep increasing the mixing time the NOE enhancement is not going linearly starts decreasing. What is the reason for decrease that is various relaxation rate sticks over and this mechanism is called spin diffusion means spin is diffusing and losing out its magnetization because we have kept it too long so that is called spin diffusion. So in this case measurement is not very precise so for all the distance measurement we must stick to this linear regime of the tau M. And precisely these experiments are used for measuring the 2D experiment which is called nuclear overhouser effect and this nuclear overhouser effect becomes the holy grail of structural biology because if you do same experiment this is 2D so little bit of I just introduce it here for doing 2D you added this module which was not there and in the 1D but essentially it works on same formula you put up one of these spins and then you mix it at various time and then you apply a y pulse to bring it to xy plane and you detect it. If you have this mixing time spin through dipolar coupling it starts mixing it and the cross peak intensity that comes in this spectrum so there is overlay of 2 nosier spectrum you can find that there are various peaks that appears or this is the representation of distance between 2 coupled spins. So by measuring the intensity of each of these 2D plots one can get an accurate estimate of distance between these 2 spins and this is used in 2 dimensional spectroscopy for getting the distance in protein structure and used for structural biology. However as we saw that for small molecules this nosy is not very efficient way the rosy is the more efficient way so rosy is little variation from the nosy what you do here in case of rosy you apply a mixing pulse isotropic mixing pulse so this is 2D experiment so when we go to 2D we will explain little more detail so here is just for introducing one time domain for 2D and then you apply a weak RF pulse for mixing these spins similar like NOG concept but here it is done in rotating frame and you mix this spin and you get the magnetization transfer through dipolar coupling and that is what the cross peaks gives the distance information. So if you look at the same curve nosy is applied for these large molecules and rosy is applied for small molecules in this correlation time. So here interesting thing happens that cross peaks comes of opposite sign and then the diagonal peak and this is again used for distance information for small molecules and this distance information comes because these spins are coupled by dipolar coupling in small molecules. So thumb up rule rosy is applied for small molecule distance instrumentation nosy is applied for large molecule distance instrumentation so with this I would like to stop here and in polarization transfer next class we will discuss about the selective population inversion and how we do it and what we can achieve by doing this in case of heteronuclear system. So we will continue with that if you have any question please write to us or ask us we will be happy to answer you. Thank you very much.