And we are back with the moral of entrepreneurship because it's Tuesday. I go by the name of Barry Moses, or it's Barry Mone, every social media platform. And it's always a pleasure. Yes, so please remember, if you'd like to get some more insight on entrepreneurship and how people are managing to do it in this country, be sure to tune into Y and the Morning from 7 a.m. to 10 a.m. every single Tuesday. But from Monday to all the way till Friday, we have Y and the Morning with different themes. And yes, I'm pretty sure you'll find something that interests you or provokes something of your interest. Right about now, I have a guest in studio with me, the last guest of the day. She has a background in IT, but she found a way into the accounting world. And she's building her career in the music and the acting world as well. Strength of a woman, Kameli Karibusana. Alright, your camera is number four. You can introduce yourself. Charity, if I missed anything. Okay, my name is Charity Washira. I'm happy to be here. Alright, Charity Washira, you're all the way from Ember County. Yeah, I come from Ember County, the land of opportunities. The land of opportunities? Why do you say so? It's the land with everything that you'd want. So we call it the land of opportunity. From food to business. From food to business, good, beautiful ladies like I am. Okay, everything good.  Charity, you have a background in information technology. You studied information technology. Yeah, I did a diploma in IT. That was achieved as a college that is back then in 2013. Alright, so in 2013 you did your diploma in IT. And then you found your way into the accounting world. Yeah, now when you need a job, you can do anything. And I'm one of those people who believe that anything is possible in this world as long as you're determined. Anything is possible as long as you're determined. You've got to this point of getting to college and studying IT and moving slightly from IT because I think accounting nowadays is based on software. A lot of accounting is done on software. IT and accounting correlate. Yeah, correlating so much. Before all this. Who's Charity? Charity was born in the 90s. I'll not say which 90. But I was born in the 90s. By birth certificate, I was born at an embryo of five-year-old. By Mary and John. Those are my parents then. And when I was growing up, my dad passed on when I was a young girl. So I never came to have an experience of a father. But people would tell me, your dad was good. He was a nascari. That's what they would tell me. So I went to school. Mum was struggling with us. She would work hard. But then mum would work as a house help even here in Nairobi so that she could see us grow. See you through school as well. I had to see us through school and all of you. So I was a hand-working girl. Actually, I loved English. Still a hand-working girl? Yes. When I was in class two, there was this subject called reading. The teacher would call me being the last one because I would read everything correct. And when I got to class four, I was like, you know, I come from Shags. That is, people do not want to know Kiswahili English in one of you. But it was so passionate about English and Kiswahiri. So I remember the first time I was saying I wanted to be a journalist. But okay, that dream is still alive today. To date. I'm hoping soon it will come to be. So as I continued with school, when I was in class seven, my mom passed on. It was the hardest time, you know. I was like, why God me? So you're in class seven or at class seven level. Yeah.  Passes on. Your dad had already passed on before. Yeah. So you're left with your siblings. Yeah. We were two of us, my bro. Life was tough, you know. I remember. What did you do next after buying your mom? It was hard. We were left to our shosh. And she's a bit old, you know. She was taken care of us. But life was hard. It was actually that time I gave up. I was like, now there's no need of working hard because now where would I go? My mother is not there. My father is not there. There was stigma, you know, friends like, they don't want to be closer to you. You know, such things, it was hard. They look at you like some formal baggage. Yeah, they're like, oh, I asked another friend of mine the other day, why did our friendship just end?  So stigma was real. I was alone. No people to learn to. I was like. At that time, did you know what happened to your mom? Okay, when he was dying, I didn't know. But later on, it's when I realized what had happened to my mom because at that time she was sick, I would stay with her in the hospital because she was the only girl in the family, the others were brothers. So the doctor says she needs someone to be with at the hospital so I'm the one to go stay with her. So she was my best friend. So when she passed on, I was like. There was a lot going on in your life. How did you manage to carry on with school and to the level of going to college and studying IT? Okay, when I finished class eight, actually teachers knew I was a hardworking girl and they knew what I was going through. Though I didn't perform so well, but you know a bright girl will always be noticed by teachers. So they supported me to get to high school. So they bought me some shopping. Actually the other day I was remembering how we went to another children's home too. I was given some shoes. Teachers contributed my shopping to high school.  Yeah. Teachers from your primary school? Yeah. My shows did a small Arambe so we had some fees. I think it was 7,000 then. The money list from the Arambe. And then I was like, the fee was like 20,000. So that means it was not enough. So the deputy teacher in my primary school go to a teacher with his friend. He says, I want you to admit this girl. And then he goes to bussary offices in Embu. He wrote Arata. I reported for one with 7,000, shopping from teachers. And then Arata from the bus said that my fees would be paid Arata. That's how I managed to go. So you felt the effect of people giving back. Yeah.  Yeah. Alright, nice one.  Okay. I school is supported by teachers. They supported me and all of you. Actually, I know the offices of bussaries and then there are these well wishers groups. They've helped us so much. They would give us maybe food. They would give us clothes. Actually, I've managed to have a new cloth which is not given by somebody. So when I'm just big. When you started working. Yes. Alright. You've always been supported. Yes. We should appreciate so much. And then I've learned to work hard in my own ways, no matter what, you know. So I went to college. The college teacher was coming back to our high school to preach to us. So he advised me to do this. I had gone actually to do the packages. But at first, can you do this? We'll support you. And then friends were there supporting me. I was able to do that diploma. Yeah. Now you're here. You're employed as an accountant with training in IT. You're certified. But you still have a passion in your music and acting. Yeah. When did this start? Okay. It started a long time ago because when I was in primary school I would do singing. I would sing. I'd do poetry, such things. So the passion started when I was young. Now it's when it's coming to be. Yeah. Alright. The passion started when you were young. Now you have music recorded. Yeah. You were featured in some plays and films as well. Yeah. So far. Alright. So as somebody who has benefited from people just giving back to their community is there a way you found yourself also plugging in back to give back to some kids who are in need or some people who are in need not necessarily in terms of money but even time? Yeah. What I have decided is that because I know there's a place that I'm going and what I would want to do is that I to empower young girls and boys that is to encourage them. The greatest thing you can do to a person who is stressed on going through a hard time is by encouraging this person. So what I would do is that I'll offer people I should have to cry on a place they can go when they have issues. I can listen to them. Because talking to somebody who has gone through it is also very... Yeah. And then later I'll keep the secret. This is something which is hard to... That's why so many orphan girls are married early. Why? Because they don't have anyone to trust. Maybe they think this person coming and telling me that he loves me. He loves me, he cares me. So maybe you've never experienced that form of love. Such a thing you've never experienced. So you just go without even thinking something else. So I'll be here to offer such things. Which most of time, if not all, is always a mistake? Yeah, which is always a mistake. Because I've always been that mistake. So I'm like, I want to... The generation is coming after me to be better. The generation should be better. Yeah, should be better. They should not go through the same things I've gone through. They should not make the mistakes that I've made. They should not make the mistakes that you've made. Talking about the mistakes that you've made. Are these some of the things you address in your music? Yeah. Talking about the mistakes that you've made and the things you've been through. Are these the things that you address in your music? Okay, I've done gospel in their six songs. So most of the songs are appreciating God. This one song I've done called Murata. Murata means a friend. This time you're all alone and then you don't have a friend. And then I sang this song. The best friend you can ever have is Jesus. And then I have appreciated God because I couldn't be with my army if it wasn't God. Alright, so you are a living testimony? Yeah, I'm a living testimony. Yes. Well, we'll be playing her song in a few. She goes by the name Charity. She is an accountant but still has a passion in the arts. She's a singer and she's an actor as well. All the way from Ember County. So if you're watching us from Ember County, keep your views, your comments and your questions coming and direct them to Charity herself. Don't forget the hashtag wine in the morning. Don't forget the hashtag entrepreneurship Tuesday. Whichever county you're watching us from, send us a shout out as well. And don't forget to tell us where you're watching us from. So Miss Charity, as we come to the end of this, maybe you can start with your social media handles so people can check you out as we wrap this up. Okay. My Facebook page, Charity Tawashira. Just look them straight into their eyes. Okay. My Facebook page is Charity Tawashira and on Twitter handle it as well. Atwashira Kiyama. Alright. Atwashira Kiyama. What is the importance of getting into employment even if you have a passion? You have a passion in the arts, you have a passion in singing, you have a passion in acting and you have a passion in media. Which people are doing by themselves nowadays since we have smartphones and we have the internet. What is the importance of seeking some employment to finance this passion according to what you've experienced yourself? Okay.  That's what I do. The money I get here, I work at Isaac Whalton Inn, the money I get there is what I am putting back into music. It's what I'm putting back into acting and maybe to support maybe myself to get into media classes so that I may be able to go to the field in which I'm passionate about. Finding a source of income or a source of capital is very important. Sometimes you need to sacrifice. Because when I didn't have that job I was not doing this because I didn't have people to support me. I was like, now I need something to support me to do this other thing. Wonderful. Thank you very much Charity or Shira.  Your camera is number four still. Yeah, I would like to give a shout out to my shows. My friends who have been so supportive. My teachers actually have done a song for my teachers a dedication song. It's very sweet. I love everybody who has supported me to be who I am. My fans who celebrate me and they're like, where are you? I appreciate so much. You appreciate them so much. Did you get to see the story of the teacher who won a million dollars? Yeah. I don't know why. This spoke to you directly since you appreciate your teachers. Yes, yes, yes. And then I think this song will go to him too. This song will go to him too. So you think Kenyan teachers need to be appreciated more? To be appreciated.  They own a place in my heart. And that's why I've done that song for them. In Aitomali Moangu. This is a song from Charity to her teachers because teachers really played a huge role in her life after she lost both her parents. And shout out to the teacher who won their global award as well representing flying Kenya's flag the highest. So we have come to the end of this. We have come to the end of the interview. We have come to the end of the interviews as well. We had Charity who was an accountant with background in IT but has a passion in music and acting as well. Let's listen to one of her songs. I hope it's that one that she's dedicated to the teachers. And then we'll be back with more of Why in the Morning as we wrap it up. Don't go no more. Don't touch that out.


So I think there are a lot of these stories and these pieces of advice that we hear in society and in the world and a lot of them are basically just the beliefs of people. You hear people say, for example, that money doesn't grow on trees and then you've got all these manifesters apparently saying that all you have to do is think and feel money and then you've got all this money. Well in this video I want to share what I consider five that are tried and true ironclad rules for life. What's up guys? Alex Hein, author of the book, Master of the Day. Now the first rule of life or rule four life that I like to think about is that it seems like in the short run takers win, but it's always givers that win in the long run. So when I first started going to all these business and personal development conferences, I showed up pretty naive, pretty green, and I wanted to meet obviously all these cool influential people just like you probably do when you go to a conference. So I went to these conferences and I was shocked by how many people were always trying to see essentially if you were someone important, right? They would talk to you about their business and then either they would try to brag about what they had achieved or they were like slinging frigging business cards like ninja stars trying to figure out if like this person could possibly lead to a business deal. Now in the short run that does work, right?  But the paradox is that ironically it's always the givers that are rewarded the most in the long run. The second rule for the game of life, a trait that almost guarantees you some level of success at whatever it is you do is grit. Now years ago when I started my business I think four and a half years ago I was in a mastermind with three or four other people and we were all apparently super motivated, super jacked up, hungry, wanting a better life. Now as the calls progressed over and over there was really just me and this other girl, this woman that were consistently doing the results and doing the habits we said we were going to do. And over time it was kind of interesting because the two other guys at first were very motivated very amped up but over time like every week was just an excuse it was like something simple they had to do and yet in a whole week they didn't do it a whole week went by they didn't do it another week went by they didn't do it. Now you flash forward about two three years later after three years I just made enough money to quit my job three years all right for three years I made enough money to quit my job and these two guys were still testing business ideas because they just like trying and not not just committing to anything and my business is not really that successful but basically the thing is I told myself once I had established this was the business I was going to commit to assuming it was working I committed to it and so year after year it progressed very very very very very slowly but now here I am four and a half years later things are going well and I've produced a lot of things I'm proud of the only thing quote special that I did I was disciplined like every week I created content every week I tried to figure out how to get better every week I learned a new skill for being a business owner the third rule for the game of life is this big debate and it is the bait between passion and not passion so basically there are people that say don't follow your passion follow what the market wants if you're going to be a business owner or follow what you're passionate about and like the money will follow right like another adage I've got a whole bunch of beef with but basically it's do you follow your passion or do you follow a profession where there's economic demand and then you do your passion on the side so my experience has been a lot of really successful people or in the passion camp they did work that excited them and there's a lot of really successful people not in the passion camp they just have a lot of discipline cultivated that trait and they push every single day and the thing is both work but if you want to know the difference it's not what externally happens in their life it's how it feels internally so you tell me you try it for 30 days tell me how it feels and it's not about one or the other but one thing I've noticed is that the people who talk about your passion not being important are people who do not believe that there is work that they could be passionate about that is kind of effortless and I'm not saying everything's going to be effortless it's all going to be a cakewalk but the thing is talk to people if you want to do work you love that feels good when you do it talk to people who've done that because if you're not then you're not going to get advice from people that actually live that actual that specific reality if you want to find people that did not do that go find a successful person that's just like highly disciplined they wake up at five they hit the gym a lot of grit if you want to go into that camp model those people and only take their advice the fourth rule for the game of life is that people who win always act before they're ready and this comes up a lot especially with creating content on the internet I've coached a lot of people to go through this process too and you know what no one likes or wants to upload the first one five ten fifty pieces of content because guess what as soon as you open your mouth and you put it on the internet anyone can say whatever the hell they want about it you open yourself to criticism you expose yourself if you're in a role or in a profession or a niche where there are actual doctorates people that have phd's a phd could comment be like that's bullshit that's not correct and that scares some people and it's realistic but the thing is when I was writing my book master the day let's see three years ago I was 27 or 28 I had like all the only belief in my head was I had something important to share I didn't see a book like that in the health industry and in my mind I was just as good as many of these diet and fitness authors they were not good writers so to me I wasn't comparing with like the great works of literature you know American history literature it was just like I have a unique message I think I can present it and so for me I told you the story where the cover was the thing that was annoying me the most about the book but I set a hard deadline for when I had to ship that and I shipped that even though I didn't like the cover guess what it was all fine and dandy because three years later three years later this cover came out almost to the month three years and it sold tens of thousands of copies in that time impacted thousands of people that I've gotten emails from and has provided me with an income that I can rely on that I never would have dreamed of so imagine if I waited until you know uploading videos on the internet on youtube I'm going to be the laughing stock of people that have doctorates and nutrition write a book like every author in the world is going to criticize me but you know what every successful person you admire that's exactly what they did you just don't know at the start that they felt that way but almost every one has felt like they were not ready but they knew that was the level up that was the next level and that's what they had to do so once you level up then it's going to be a piece of cake and then there's a new one and a new one and a new one but you have to act before you're ready and the trick or the trap is thinking that because you don't feel ready it's an intuition but it's not it's just fear now the fifth rule for life is to win be yourself and I know that's kind of revolutionary it's kind of like a buzzword now being authentic you often don't realize it until you have more life experience that you can actually win being yourself and that sounds crazy like for me as a really introverted kid I did not share a lot of my opinions or a lot of my thoughts when I thought other people were being stupid or other people were being rude I didn't say it mostly because of my lack of self-confidence and it took me a long time to realize like I was like a 14 year old boy reading books on witchcraft and paganism like you're not going to be very popular in any reality all right so I didn't know that there was a group of people now it's easier with the internet but when I was a kid there was no internet you can actually be the most successful version of yourself doing all the things that interest you that are yourself and the trap is that you know you're the artist that became the doctor because mommy and daddy said you should become a doctor to get the safe secure job and support the family yada yada you've got all this school debt and then what happens you've built this career you impress the whole world you make all this money you have prestige you have maybe fame you're the best from an external material standpoint and then you realize wow it's like this la paradox where you spent your whole life trying to impress other people and you became a person that you don't even like and you don't even know and these people you've impressed you don't even like them because they want to hang around people that just present this face this facade and then one day you wake up you're like wow I just made a living and a life not even being myself and this identity crisis comes upon you where you're like I don't even know who I am so you can actually win at life so it sounds crazy but entertain the idea that you can win at life just being yourself you don't have to stress about if you're the artist you don't have to become the doctor to try to have a safe secure life you can there's always a way through the things that excite you the things that are you and that make you uniquely you all right guys I hope that helps before you go comment there below let me know for you what is one rule for the game of life that you would add to this list and of course the best way to stay in touch is to grab my free personal development and weight loss challenge at modernhealthmonk.com forward slash youtube you can check out my last two videos right here and right here


Holy s**t, this one's big. Damn. The Giants are finalizing a trade to acquire Star Titan. Darren Waller from the Raiders, Per Sources says the arrow. Tom Pella, Sarah. Darren Waller's contract has been a conversation with the Raiders, and obviously, he's an absolute doge on the football field. He was their only offensive weapon there for like an entire season. Last year, boom, the Giants now pick up Darren Waller, an absolute superstar weapon at a tight end position. Also a good rapper. Oh, yeah. Got an album, gonna do well in the New York market, I do believe, off the field because of everything he's accomplished and done. And his story is a fantastic one. And now Danny Dime, Saquam Barkley, and Darren Waller are the offense for Dayball. Unreal.


Good afternoon from Helsinki and welcome to this latest UNU wider webinar part of our continuing series on how COVID-19 is changing development. My name is Rachel Gisselquist and I'm a senior research fellow here at UNU wider. So I'm very pleased to be joined today by two very distinguished colleagues. Our first, the first speaker is having some difficulties in connecting so we might, he might become our second speaker, but our scheduled first speaker is his excellently Dr. Arkebe Okabe, who is delivering a presentation on COVID-19 crisis and implement and implications for economic development of developing countries. And then our second speaker and our discussant will be Professor Tony Addison. I think we should have a good amount of time for open discussion including questions, well I should say in particular questions from you the audience. And as possible I'll plan to unmute some of you to ask your questions so I'm really pleased to have all of you joining us here today. The current pandemic constitutes not only a public health emergency but also an economic crisis, including deepening economic disparities. As we've been exploring and research at UNU wider over the past year. COVID-19 has exposed the vulnerabilities of economies and developing countries, and is in his presentation. Dr. Okabe will focus on the effects of COVID-19 in developing and emerging economies, the lessons learned and policy implications. His analysis draws on extensive research into issues of economic development, and in particular three recent books published last year in 2020 by Oxford University Press. The first was released in June, entitled African Economic Development Evidence Theory and Policy by Christopher Cramer, John Sender and Dr. Okabe. The book has already received numerous accolades, been fine in the developing economies, notes that if this book were read and acted upon, prospects for development economics and for economic development for Africa would be significantly brighter. Not content with just one book in 2020, Dr. Okabe also published two Oxford Handbooks, the Oxford Handbook of Industrial Hubs and Economic Development, edited with Professor Justin Lin, and second the Oxford Handbook of Industrial Policy, edited with professors Christopher Cramer, John Sender, Dr. Okabe, and Dr. Cramer, John Sender, and Richard Kozolright. So in this webinar, we're also very pleased to help celebrate the publication of these three important volumes. Today, Dr. Okabe is a senior minister and special advisor to the Prime Minister of Ethiopia. He's also I'm pleased to say a UNU wider honorary research fellow. And he's been working at the center of policy making and government leadership for over 30 years. He's currently a candidate for the post of Director General of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. He's been in leadership positions, including founding Chancellor of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University and Mayor of Addis Ababa. And he's currently Professor of Practice at the University of Johannesburg, visiting professor at Sciences Po, and Nanyang Technological University, and a distinguished visiting professor at Fudan University. Christine named him as one of the 100 most influential Africans in 2016, and a leading thinker on Africa's strategic development. Professor Tony Addison, who was previously the chief economist and deputy director here with us at UNU wider. We're very pleased to welcome him back with us today. And he is currently the professor. He's currently professor of economics in the University of Copenhagen's development economics research group, and an honorary non resident senior research fellow with you in UNU wider. He's also held a number of positions and he's written extensively on issues of economic policy and development. His latest book is extractive industries, the management of resources as a driver of sustainable development. And he is currently working on the outlook for the extractive industries in the light of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic. So with further ado, I'd like to turn over to our speakers. And I think Dr. Okabe has not yet been able to join us so we're going to start with with Tony's permission with Tony, with our discussant and then we'll, so we'll shift the order a little bit today. So please Tony. I'd like to make something of a change of plan here but never mind. This is the world of the digital economy and zoom that we all live in now. So, perhaps I could sort of set the scene for us by taking us back over a year now and I think probably you feel as I do that. It's just been quite an amazing period since January 2020 when we first learned of the COVID virus.  It's also obviously a massive economic event and the economics, the economic impact of COVID both both adds to the health crisis, because particularly in poorer countries you, you have people living on very little income who find it very difficult to cope you, you have to go out and work if you're a day, a day laborer in South Asia. If you're an African farmer, you have to feed your family, you just simply have to be out there in the economy and it's very hard for people to do what we do in the advanced economies, like I'm doing at the moment sitting here in Finland, in relative comfort and working, working online. So the economic impact of the COVID crisis is, is added to the health crisis. And also, obviously, the ability of governments to respond to the crisis varies considerably across the world. So here in the, in the advanced economies, we've had absolutely an unprecedented response. Every government now is pretty much a Keynesian government and the Keynesian government on a scale that would be an unimaginable just two years ago with the magnitude of public spending, and also the accumulation of sovereign debt of public debt to finance the shortfall in tax revenues because those economies have taken a big hit, so their revenues have taken a big hit. And of course, the unprecedented action in the advanced economies of the central banks, driving interest rates and the cost of borrowing to extremely low levels, unprecedentedly low levels. In order to allow governments in the advanced economies to finance that public debt. The actions of the policy makers in the advanced economies have implications for the middle income countries and the low income countries, which have far fewer possibilities of managing fiscal and monetary policy in a way to try and both keep their economies from undergoing deep recessions but also to provide room for the increased health spending, the increased social protection, and all of the measures which have been necessary and absolutely essential to get us through the health crisis. I mean, if you turn to the middle income countries first you think about the Latin American countries where the COVID prevalence is extremely severe. Basically, we're seeing a very large scale accumulation of public debt in those countries. We're also seeing the accumulation of debt in Africa, and to a degree in Asia. And that's been facilitated by the low interest rates because the low interest rates these countries are still being attractive to lenders. But a great deal of this borrowing is actually on that floating interest rates. It's often dollar denominated and one consequence of the Federal Reserve action is the dollar has been quite weak. So there's a vulnerability that countries are borrowing extremely large sums in dollars, principally, with the dollar at quite a low exchange rate. And that's sort of working for the moment, but there's obviously a risk going forward, because the dollar can strengthen as the US economy strengthens as the US itself comes out of the COVID crisis and the US is doing better than we would have expected six months ago. And of course global interest rates will rise at some point. So there's a vulnerability in the global financial system. And a lot of warnings, a lot of red flags going up about debt, but but governments really have little alternative but to borrow if they can have this stage. So that's, that's a, that's a problem and indicates a sort of more of a structural problem that we've known about for years for decades really which is that the global financial system doesn't really work very well for developing countries we don't simply have enough concessional lending. We don't have effective mechanisms for debt workouts. And we simply don't have a international financial system that really works for middle income and low income countries, and to a degree, the ample liquidity that's flowing around the global economy at this point in time is sort of covering that systemic weakness but I do get worried as we get a year or two outward and forward. What really is going to happen with some of these countries and their very large commercial borrowing. And there's a big difference with the HIPAA the so-called HIPAA crisis of 20 years ago, when countries were largely borrowing from the donor community on concessional terms, and that crisis took a long time to work out but you know the donors were quite willing to write off the debt they didn't have actually much choice. But a lot of the borrowing of low income countries is actually on commercial terms as I said, and commercial creditors are people who want their money back they want the principal and the interest back they want to be repaid. And they're not really that concerned about how it's done so you know if you have to reduce your health spending in order to service your external debt. Well, a commercial creditor largely doesn't have a view on that whereas a donor creditor does. So that's a big problem and a weakness in the system. And we've already seen some countries in debt default Zambia last year. Some other countries you know had to go through debt restructuring and work outs Argentina and so forth. Now the next outcome is that even with the increased borrowing and middle income and low income countries. If you look at the IMF data on the size of the fiscal stimulus they've been able to put through. It's far less. It's about one quarter. And that's one of the fiscal stimulus that we've seen in the advanced economies. You know at Tanzania, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Liberia, it can't do what the Federal Reserve can do with interest rates can't do what the Bank of England can do. Borrowers will happily buy British Guilts US treasuries. So that's the scope, even though you can sell more debt at the stage in the cycle, as you do in the advanced economies. So their fiscal space is really very, very constrained. And that's a that's a real problem in responding to the crisis. Now, if we think about if we go back, you know, last year and I wrote a paper by canal, a rose a paper on the crisis with canal send director of wider and Finn Tarp previous director and Professor at Copenhagen. We wrote a paper on the macroeconomic dimensions of code it came out just about a year ago. And I was reviewing that paper the other day because it's, it's really quite interesting to look back, you know, at one's early impressions of the crisis. And last year I must admit I was deeply deeply pessimistic by March 2020 about how the prospects were really going to work out. In particular, we didn't know where China was going to be. And, you know, China now is such a big part of the global economy in a way that it wasn't say during the crisis of 20 years ago or even 10 years ago during the global financial crisis. That is really, really very, very important in terms of particularly commodities. So China was a big factor in this we just didn't know how China was going to evolve in the crisis. One of the upsides of the crisis has actually been China's recovery. China has been motoring quite strongly. Certainly it's demand for commodities. This has been extremely strong. And that demand for commodities has been actually one of the big surprises of the COVID crisis. Because normally when you get a macroeconomic shock of this dimension commodity prices collapse. And that initially happened. In February, March, April last year, particularly the oil price crashed to extremely low levels. Oil fell to about $20 on the international price and indeed on the American price it actually went negative, which meant the producers were paying people to take oil away. It was that bad. So for the oil price, for the oil producers, the crisis was extremely bad last year. The oil prices recovered. It's not where it was a couple of years ago, but it actually has recovered somewhat. And of course the dipping oil prices was good for countries that were importing large amounts of oil, particularly in Africa because they could get cheaper amounts of oil. And that would apply to India as well. It's got a boost from that because India is an extremely large oil importer. But they're really big surprise and this really did surprise me. And this is shows you why economists are not necessarily very good at predicting things, because my prediction was that the metals prices and indeed the prices of soft commodities like agricultural products would really fare very badly. Because that's typically what we've seen in previous macroeconomic shocks. But actually if you look now today, metals prices the price of copper is way above what it was at the start of the pandemic. And it's the more exotic metals like the cobalt and lithium, which you're going to go into those electric car batteries that you're going to be using to drive around in.  So, you know, Xambia is in has been in debt default. It's a big copper producer. So, you know, it's getting assistance on that side of the balance of payments. And the other metals producers, including the Latin Americans, lithium from Chile, for example. The other thing though that's this happened. And this has come to the soft commodities is that the prices of agricultural commodities are now rising very strongly. And obviously that's good if you're an exporter of agricultural commodities like soybeans from Latin America and part this is a China story because China has been as it's recovered. It's opening up again Chinese are eating at restaurants where they're eating. They're eating some imported food in large volumes, right. So this is pretty good for the exporters of food commodities but one thing that we flagged up last year at the start of the crisis was really to watch food prices on the consumer side. And then this is still a really big worry for me. Because a lot of countries are actually net food importers, you know, a lot of countries actually in Africa, particularly West Africa and net food importers, they grow their own food crops but they import say, you know, a lot of rice. And we've weak currencies and currencies have generally weakened in those countries, the cost of imported food has been rising. It's been going up as strongly as we feared but there are pressures there, there are pressures in the system. Because one, one, you know, dimension that we know of shocks that really transmits very quickly to down to poor people is actually food prices and food costs. Back in 2008 2009, you'll recall we not only had a global financial crisis we actually had a global food price spike at the time. And wider has actually done some very interesting work. Here's a, here's an advert for why does research program pair pinstrap Anderson as a book you can download on that period and a very interesting book because it gives a lot of examples about how governments at the time had to respond to those food price shocks. So that's been a, that's been a really big concern I think that's a big concern going forward, because you know as the advanced economies open up. But for example in the UK Brits are all absolutely mad to get down to the restaurants they're going to the pubs again. They're, you know, they're eating out. All of this is going to be putting pressure on global food prices together with Chinese top piling, and so forth. And these food price shocks can transmit themselves very quickly through the system, particularly down to poor people. There's a big concern going forward and it'd be interesting to get the reactions of the audience on that. Because, you know, although we're all desperate for the recovery. And there's this wonderful phrase called build back better, which is almost sort of completely empty and devoid of content, but we all love it, because hey, you know who would want to build back any worse. Right, so we're going to build back better. We're going to achieve that. Well, you know, in the advanced economies, and to a degree in some of the middle income ones. We have social protection systems. We can expand those social protection systems quite readily. We have a fiscal constraint but as I've said we're all Keynesians now, at least for the moment. And of course, you know a lot of people will be going back to work. So they're not necessarily going to need to be on a furlough scheme. The advanced economies and some of the middle income economies that have developed social protection, you know a large part of the build back better will be an enhanced social protection system. And we need that because it's quite evident that Kobe it is with us. Well, perhaps perpetually, you know, like the annual influenza. And we're going to need to respond we might have to have future furloughs future lockdowns. So, you know, every advanced middle income country is going to be putting in some fiscal space to expand their social protection system as part of build back better. But the low income countries. Yeah. Some of them, you know, a pretty innovative on social protection. They're doing kind of okay with it. But, you know, they do not have the fiscal resources because ultimately, they're poor economies. They might be raising some of the taxes to fund their social protection expansion. And, you know, there's a lot of wider work on taxation for development and, you know, how we might expand the taxation system but unfortunately, you know a lot of taxes that you can quite easily expand the taxes that generally fall on the average citizen. High income individuals are quite good at escaping taxes. So there's a kind of tension there, right. The low income country is going to do a lot of social sorry a lot of international systems to really build those social protection systems in a way that they need. And if they don't have them, then they're going to just be stuck with what we have at the moment, which is very hard for them to protect themselves from the health crisis, but also to build back better. So, that's one dimension of the build back better story. But I think we've been joined by our main speaker now. So, having done the, the warm up act for you. I think probably Rachel want to hand over. And you know that. Thank you. Thank you, Tony. So we've covered a lot of ground and welcome. It's nice to see you. Thanks. I know you had some connectivity and computer problems and we're happy to have you here today so I've done a brief introduction and then Tony's given his discussant comments first, but there's a lot of issues to talk about. And we've also introduced your three books as well so we're celebrating the publication of the three books as well. So why don't I turn over to you without further ado. Thank you. Thank you, Rachel and thank you, Tony, and dear participants. Apology my sincere apology for my connection problems. And I'm very glad that I feel delighted to be part of this panel and discussion. I should also express my appreciation for any wider for being the lead organization in debates on on on development issues in development economics, and I believe participants will benefit from from this panel. Actually, we have seen the worst crisis incomparable in the last century I would say, and the three books, which Tony may have been referring. They were all published in the middle of COVID-19. That is, if there is any common factor. Also, these books were initiated earlier some years back. They are the outcome and the output of years of scholarly work by many lead researchers and thinkers, but all were released in 2020 in the middle of COVID-19. There are three fundamental box that focus on key issues. African economic development, a collaborative work with Professor Kramer and Professor Sender is an amazing book and I should say that since it was released, as it is also open access it has been downloaded 100,000 times as the highest art university at Oxford University Press. And we are very delighted because the ultimate purpose of books is that readers will be able to look at them so I have I was telling Tony that because any wider has been leading the open access campaign, we have benefited from on this book as well. And as you could see, the image shows the messy process, the life in the world of policymakers, and I encourage everyone, every participant to download the book, the manuscript, and to read. Not all ideas you may be able to agree, but it's very provocative and it will stimulate you to do further research. The Oxford Handbook of Industrial Policy, a joint work with Hajun-Chan and Christopher Kramer and Richard Cosdride, primarily focuses on industrial policy. And what makes it unique is this is the first Oxford Handbook on industrial policy. This was a term prohibited in the 90s. Now industrial policy is coming back, and this book brings all the issues on industrial policies and debates, and all leading thinkers on industrial policy have contributed to this volume. The Oxford Handbook of Industrial Hubs and Economic Development, this was inspired, especially by efforts of policymakers in developing countries. Everyone talks about special economic zones, technology parks, but there is no much literature work on on the subject. And we all know that manufacturing sector cannot grow, cannot develop without an industrial ecosystem. So we worked on 57 chapters on the key regions of in developing countries, Latin America and Caribbean, Asia and Africa, to thoroughly study country case studies and bring back the theories bring back again issues on application of industrial hubs. And I believe this is a landmark project and I'm very proud and and honored to work on this one together with Justini Fulin. So these three volumes are quite, quite important books. My presentation will primarily focus on COVID-19 crisis, first the impact and then lessons and application to developing countries and I would also like to try to bring three important interrelated issues, especially the climate change, digital transformation and issue of global collaboration to the climate and try to finally bring the issues which have been highlighted in our in our volumes. So let's start. We know that in 1989, the Spanish flu is a well known pandemic. And what makes it different is also not all the data are captured, but according to estimates, one third of global population close to 500 million people have died during this during the Spanish flow. And so far, the COVID-19 pandemic global pandemic which started in 2000, early 2020. And we are in the middle of that crisis. So far, close to 165 people have been affected. And we have to remember that not all data is captured. And also 3.5 close to 3.5 million has been has our lives lost. And now daily, the current weekly status is 600,000 infections every day, this time. This is comparable to the Spanish blue time, despite the scientific advances we have made, despite this is happening after a century. So, this is a very serious pandemic and we also need to understand there are a lot we don't really know, because the data and the evidence are not impartial. Data are being manipulated because of political interests, because of business interests for instance on vaccines. How long does the vaccine serve? Eight months, six months, efficacy level. All these are manipulated by business interests. And also we have seen forecast after forecast that they are less reliable. And there is a lot of unknown. So this is a starting point we need to consider. What makes the COVID-19 crisis quite different is the complexity, the level of depth. First, it's global in nature. And when we compare it with Ebola, with SARS, with Mars, which were a bit regional. And now over 200 countries have reported this pandemic and all countries have been affected by economic crisis. So global in nature, unprecedented in the last one century, and very complicated because it's not only a public health issue. It's also an economic recession. It's also social and political crisis. But our schools, schools are closed. We are going to see the impact of closure of schools, maybe after two decades. We are going to see, we see the impact of this pandemic, the effects, not now, but after a lot of research is for instance in urban structure. So this is a key element we need to understand. And from a long-term perspective, looking beyond this pandemic, what we see is now crisis has become, volatility has become enormous. We have seen in a period of 10 years, we have faced 2008 financial crisis, and now 2020 economic crisis. Frequency of crisis has increased, and because of increased interconnectivity, the impact is also magnified, and the depth of vulnerability is quite significant. So this is an element we need to understand in terms of the long-term pattern. Another key element is unevenness. The cost of the pandemic, the cost of the economic recession have been uneven across countries, across regions, across industries, across different social groups. What we have learned is this is a pandemic, a crisis which has increased, which has aggravated inequalities. The poor have been affected, the women have been more affected, children have been more affected, developing countries have been more affected. And the recovery also is according to recent IMF data as well, we know that recovery is going to be uneven, and uncertainty looms, which is going to affect also productivity of economic growth. Another element we need to consider is the weak global response. This is the first instance beyond the imagination of anyone when crisis has been highly politicized, COVID has been politicized, and we have seen weak global response. On the public health front, on the economic recovery front as well. 16 trillion of risky package has been allocated for economic recovery, but there is no single coordination among countries, among OECD countries, among emerging economies, among G20. So this is where we see a very weak collaboration on the economic recovery side. Also, we see that the current international governance system does not match with the current realities in the 21st century. The existing international governance system was the one that was developed in the middle of 20th century. Now the environment, the situation has changed, and there is a significant mismatch. Let's bring back them to Africa. Africa, we have seen that the effect of the pandemic has been so far, 130 people have, 1000 have died, and close to 5 million has been infected. The data may not have been captured, but one thing is very clear. They infection coverage, and they just are for sure very low. And this is not without reason. People have difficulty to trust that Africa is coping with COVID-19. I have to tell you that it's because every African government acted on time, took bold measures, took swift measures. This was a key element. Secondly, African governments cooperated to work together. African CDC did an excellent job for experience sharing because Ebola has taught us serious lessons. In addition to this, African leaders have put their voice up, demanding what G20 should do, what IMF should do, what World Bank should do. So we have seen unmatched cooperation and international voice of Africa during this time. And what we understand on the responses is that also every government has second responses. The responses are quite diverse. They are different from country to country, and also the level of infection, and these are different across regions, across countries. My country, Ethiopia, the approach my government has followed is not to adopt national lockdown. It can be debatable whether it's proper or not, but the logic behind it was that this crisis is going to stay with us longer. And we cannot shut down the economy where people are living from their daily incomes. So one key has been because the capacity of the government for providing safety net and the possibility the fiscal space is limited. The approach has been to ensure that production continues, daily life continues. That has been the key element. And we have also focused on a targeted support, especially to manufacturers in industrial parks and exporters to give them special support. I should also mention that one of the most significantly affected industry, the aviation industry or airline industry. My API is a key player here with its European Airlines, the largest airlines in the continent, that these airlines also showed resilience and one key element was it had to readjust with the environment, it had to diversify its business to cargo. It converted close 30 aircrafts to cargo, it doubled productivity of cargo planes twice and and without receiving any rescue package. The only airlines perhaps that did not receive any rescue package from government, the airlines in 2020 ended that fiscal year without any loss, without any layoff workers without cutting any benefit. And we are hopeful that in 2021, the same trend will continue. So it was a year to prove resilience of each panel. This is an example that this crisis is also a source of opportunity to improve competitiveness of firms, competitiveness industries, and to live in a new environment. So this has been the approach and also the government acted that PPE personal protection equipment is produced sufficiently for local and for export sector and also PCR testing kits were locally manufactured in last September. These are the efforts that have been made to benefit from the opportunities. Lessons for developing countries is the next point I would like to highlight three points. First, the effect of COVID-19 on developing countries has been twice of what of the effect on developed countries. According to current research, developing countries have been affected twice. But the levels that developed countries have been affected. We have seen 16 trillion assigned for economic stimulus in advanced economies, but developing countries didn't have this luxury and over 125 million people have been pushed below poverty line. And recovery is going to be an appeal process. It's quite clear now that agenda 2030 is already off track. So the lessons for developing countries. First, we have seen that countries economies that have more diversified economies were able to resist this crisis in a better way. Oil producing countries which were depending on oil petroleum face difficulties. These that hadn't diversified with the ones that were worth it. This is a killer. This brings us back to the subject of economic transformation, which is a subject of our these three books. Economic diversification is absolutely important. Also, to respond to global trade such as pandemic. Second, productive jobs. There are more to be less affected than let's say informal jobs. We have also seen that firms have been significantly affected in developing countries, because of the size. Because of the value chain, which is global and which has been disrupted. We have also seen that economies that have major macro economy balance of payment issues with the ones that has been affected. No export earnings, debt, limited fiscal space all indicate that economic transformation is the only pathway for developing countries and they must focus on it. The second important lesson has been industrial capacity matters. We have seen economies that can produce sufficiently. Vaccines PCR kids were able to combat this pandemic in a better way. We have seen governments who have a very clear active industrial policy, we're able to cope with this with this crisis. As the head of IMF said, COVID policy is economic policy that was what she said. Even improvised the same. I will say, vaccine policy is industrial policy, not just economic policy. So this brings us back to the issue of industrial policy and we have seen that governments matter, governments that are developmental. That are growth oriented have been able to cope with this crisis in a much more effective way. So what we have learned is industrial capacity matters, industrial policy matters, government matters. But we have also seen that public leadership or business leadership needs also to be changed. We have seen resilience becoming central. We have seen learning becomes critical in time of uncertainty in a rapidly changing environment. We have seen that adaptive leadership is going to be critical. We have also seen digital transformation is useful even to fight this pandemic, but we have also seen that digital transformation is not only what they as it's in the hype that all the romantic the beautiful things happening, but it also brings significant inequalities and also increased power of firms over government and over consumers. And this is the second pillar I would like to highlight in addition to economic information. The second one crisis could always be opportunities. And this is an opportunity for developing countries to develop productive capacity and build resilience and an opportunity to strengthen regional cooperation because African countries for instance, launched African continental free trade area. On July on January 1st, they didn't postpone during this crisis. Actually, the disruption in global value chain, the weak resilience was an impetus also to focus on building regional supply chains and strengthen the process of regional cooperation. We have also seen it's an opportunity for global collaboration on multiple fronts. The next point I would like to briefly highlight in two, three minutes is that we have seen three important trend is about interwining, intertwined with this pandemic and the economic recession. The first is climate change. The pandemic is inseparable. It has partly been caused by climate change. And here, an important lesson for developing countries, including Africa is that green transformation is a pathway to the future. It's not an option only for advanced economies, but it's also even more important in developing countries. We know that Africa contributed 3% to global carbon emission, only 3%. But Africa is the most affected. Actually, Africa's agriculture is the most affected by that. So industrialization at the price of environment is no more feasible in 21st century. So it destroys the environment as it has been the case for three, four centuries since the first industrial revolution. We have to follow carbon neutral industrialization, green industrialization, and this is a key lesson also we need to link with the COVID crisis. Second one is digital transformation. We have seen that during this pandemic, the big five whose revenue is close to one trillion. These are Amazon, Alphabet, which owns Google, Apple, Microsoft, Facebook, a combined revenue of one trillion, capitalized over six trillion. They were able to grow between 14% and 27% during the crisis. The inequalities is unimaginable. We have seen that access to vaccine patent is an impossible topic, an impossible where there is no consensus. So we have seen that digital transformation, while important and every government in developing countries should develop its basic research capability, improve its education system, develop its technological capability. It also needs to develop its regulatory capability. It also needs to be aware of this digital divide and a policy is required that we benefit from the positive things from digital transformation, but we also cartel or contain the damages. The third issue is a global collaboration. We cannot live in the current arrangement without collaboration. We cannot live, we are not living in isolated silos, we are in a very interconnected world. So here, the global collaboration has to focus or to base on the principle of multilateralism and multilateralism is not a formula. It's an arrangement whereby independence and interdependence are negotiated and agreed. We have also we need a new form of governance that is suitable for 21st century. We also need this global collaboration to focus on international inequalities, narrowing international inequalities, supporting the weak should be a critical element in this process. This global collaboration should also focus on responding to global traits, and also sustaining a much more accelerated and a more stable world economy. This should be the objective, and this is not, this is easy to say, but with the current populism, with the current posturing of all issues. This is going to be a big challenge in developing countries should work hand in hand with those forces who are championing multilateralism. So the three areas climate change digital transformation global collaboration become an important and inseparable elements in this process. My final point will be the implication for these three books. The key element in our book is the approach, the fresh approach on research methodology and development perspective. Here, our focus have been focusing building on evidence. Evidence is not neutral. Evidence are manipulated. And we have to check we have to use multiple sorts of evidence. We have to encourage and build on pluralism. We have to question every conventional thinking. We have also focus on interdisciplinary. And in our book we have said, we have to end the hegemony or the imperialism of only economics. All different disciplines are critical to understand the key basic social economic issues. The point we have emphasized as an approach in our book is unevenness unevenness is a key source of policy learning unevenness would demand us to study different countries so that we get the best lessons from understanding the diversity. I want to emphasize the point of possibilities, which is a concept coined by Albert Hirschman, whereby pessimism and euphoria are not a key element, and that a realistic element of optimism is needed. So balance rather than I mean in balance rather than a balanced approach as a key growth drivers in balance is a key dynamism, taking development to the next level. So this is a key element we have highlighted in our book the second one on industrial policy, the emphasis have been, it helps us to build high productivity activities and sectors. We know that technologies are shifting and changing and boundaries among sectors are blurred. We have to be selective and targeted. This approach is still going to be even more important in post COVID time. We have also seen the importance of learning and late camera advantage, especially critical for emerging and developing countries. The focus has been also to address issues linked with middle income trap issues of gender. In industrial policy literature, gender is not covered. And in our handbook, we have given a serious thought in both handbooks. And we try to understand the link between gender and industrial policy and industrial hubs and green industrial policy in now the feature and the must for everyone. The book on industrial hubs real essence, especially economic zones or industrial parks must be a part and should be understood within the broader framework of industrial policy and industrial development strategy. This industrialization and manufacturing sector requires an industrial ecosystem. And this has also to be linked with also building productive cities or building a wider ecosystem. And the third element is that sustainability become innovation become, and also building global value chain and upgrading with this global fight, global value chain become a critical issues within the industrial hubs approach. This is what I would like to reflect. Wonderful. Thank you so much. So I know I have a lot of questions. There's a number of questions here in the Q&A box. I don't think we'll be able to get to all the questions but we'll try to get to many of them. I wanted to give Tony a chance first, if you would like to to respond and or raise some questions for discussion, or if you would prefer to reserve your, your questions and responses to later it's up to you Tony. So at some point at this stage which I think very neatly connects the diversification dimension, which I can be raised of the recovery, the need for diversification which of course reduces the vulnerability of economies to shocks and increases their resilience. And there is a very profound connection to the climate policy agenda, and that is through the energy systems, which supply the manufacturing and agriculture and service sectors of low income and middle income countries. And unfortunately, a lot of those countries are still on the trajectory of coal and coal fire power with his very high carbon emissions. It's a vulnerability, it's a vulnerability not only in meeting your own commitments under the Paris Agreement, you know the national obligations under the Paris Agreement to reduce emissions. There's also a vulnerability actually going forward in the global economy, as we know that consumers increasingly want to buy products and services with low emissions.  And I'd watch out, you know, three years, four years, five years down the line, you might be losing your market position to countries that are saying hey, buy from us we're using increasing proportions of renewable power and other types of low carbon or net zero energy. I think there's a big connection there and that's a massive part of a massive part of the challenge of the recovery agenda. Thank you. Thanks. Why don't I, if I may, I'll just collect a few questions and then if with the audience's permission help keep us a few minutes. The audience and the speakers permission if I can keep us 10 minutes more to so that we have a chance to have a bit more of a connection given that the rocky start with connection problems. Is that okay for both of you, Tony and our Kevin. Yeah, okay. So that's one question, and then I was going to unmute Carlos, oh yeah if he's there. But let me start with another question here first from the q amp a box from an anonymous attendee. He says, you mentioned that the quality of data capturing is an issue when it comes to developing countries. Carlos I'll I'll go to you in one second. Your opinion, how good is the level of data capturing on covert numbers and developing countries and in Africa in particular. So the next question from Carlos oh yeah. The question that you and I thought you were going to read it. Yeah. So, thanks. Thank you, RK before for an excellent presentation. I wanted to build on on a number of points you've made on on inequalities and how the covert 19 crisis has really exacerbated and made many of the inequalities that we leave within and this is very open. And I think there's a number of contradictions that are emerging from the pandemic on the one hand, the high visibility of what we call now key workers, those working in health systems, farm workers and so on. And how, on the other hand, these key workers are not really getting a decent pay, both in rich and low income countries. At the same time as very big business like Amazon have been doing absolutely great from the crisis and some of the biggest fortunes in the world have seen their fortune actually increase. I think the key question here is, again, you know, what can we do about it, because we keep talking about these issues we keep talking about inequality I think there's a consensus, even among big organ large international organizations that these needs to be curbed. But the doesn't seem to be a clear consensus on on the key mechanisms. So I was thinking of two key mechanisms that are often mentioned one is taxation. What would require I mean you've talked about global collaboration, this is clearly an issue that requires global collaboration can. How can we make businesses like Amazon pay their due taxes once and for all. And the secondly, the issue of the labor the decline in the labor share in income GDP. What can be done to make sure that in different countries rich and poorer countries wages actually increase and increase faster than profits. Thank you. Thank you. I'm going to ask for one final question and then I'll give our two speakers a chance to respond and give some some closing remarks. One question is from Sadak Mohammed. I think the Carlos's question leads well into this one as well. Yes, thank you, Rachel. Do you hear me. Yes, I do I hear you. Thank you very much. And thank you for Tony for the nice presentation. I just want to ask you one simple. It was really indeed a nice procedure for both of you. And this pandemic has seriously affected under different especially under different countries for money obvious causes way. I think for the inequalities of getting fascination and other tools to mitigate the effect of the pandemic has made the situation more serious than what we thought. How such countries such country like Somalia who are struggling and maybe some other countries like Somalia who are struggling to get or book some taxis to fix in their nation in order to mitigate the effect. How can they overcome such while they they they have a barrier to this pandemic they have some obstacles in the in recovering or increasing internal revenues to cover their expenditure. And this pandemic has came and make the situation more serious, more worse than it was. And what are the what it means for the world. The rest of the world for such countries and what are the regulations that you think it will come this challenge cost by this pandemic. Thank you. Good. Thank you very much. So we have a wide range of questions, you know on from climate change and green growth and data and inequalities and taxation and international support. There also I know Tony's been already answering some of the questions in the Q amp a box so feel free to respond to these also if you if you want to but I'll give the last, the last words to our two speakers. I think we're going to start with our Kebay respond to the questions you'd like and some final remarks and then we turn to Tony. Thank you I think Carlos and start a crazy very important questions and also in the Q amp the ISO some of the questions. One question links with data in Africa. data in Africa it's even worse than we usually find data in in advanced economies for many many reasons because the economy is significantly as an informal component the agencies of statistics are not strong enough and not much research is conducted and and this was a key element we have been emphasizing in all our publications and then many scholars including Carlos and those that saw us have been working on this issue Chris and and John Center and and improving data and evidence starts from recognizing the importance of evidence without evidence you cannot have policies that can be implemented and can be effective because the very very foundation is based on wrong data and outdated data so it requires a continuous improvement secondly it also requires an institutional approach and I should emphasize universities can play important role in narrowing this gap and they should strengthen the research units that work on on researchers international organizations such as UNI wider can play an important role in strengthening the research capability and and and also strengthening the capacity of statistical agencies and of course I am not missing politics is also an important element in this process so data in Africa is even much lower quality the other element I would like to emphasize is the issue of this big power big companies is the the required interventions are multiple if you look at taxation issue I am aware about the recent initiative taken by Biden administration supported by some European governments on the minimum level of taxation percentage but I believe this is only part of the solution from perspective of developing countries one key constraint is the price the transfer of pricing is a major issue they don't pay what they deserve to pay when the for products they see in developing countries so it's not about the minimum percentage but even that they have multiple ways to avoid taxes and they don't usually pay in developing countries so we need a much more different approach that will benefit developing countries and then this is one one key element the other issue we need to look at is in the in the inequality side let me give you one figure so far vaccines that have been uh uh produced is over 1.3 billion vaccine units from this Africa's share is only 2 percent the debate has been there but everyone says or talks about it but when it comes in real action we have seen less commitment we have seen much hypocrisy and the the path for way I mean the path forward is going to be to include three areas one is we have to manage our expectation it's quite clear that developing countries especially those who are low-income countries are not going to be assisted at difficult times and we have to think of a solution at local level at national level and regional level so we have to manage our expectation the same principle applies also to let's say the issuing of SDR which has been a subject of contention up to now and then the G7 countries could not agree on this especially the United States so this is managing expectations the second one is developing countries should voice should collaborate should cooperate in presenting their voice when they are more united when they present their voice it can be heard so this is the second point because they have to earn it uh and they are not going to uh to be rewarded easily uh uh this is part of the wider politics so second one is there must be a collaboration among uh developing regions third one is uh the international governance should in a way be uh that accommodates concern that narrows inequalities that addresses the basic the underlying course of international inequalities uh so this is going to be a long journey but I believe this three areas could be where uh some improvements could be uh recorded uh other element I would like to emphasize on the issue of leveries especially from the perspective of developing countries as competition becomes much more difficult productivity increasingly becomes a critical element and as they primarily rely on lever and lever intensive industries they show skill upgrading up and and also uh uh retraining and and improving productivity becomes central as far as we are not able to improve and as far as we are not focused on uh productivity increment it will always be difficult uh that the workers revenue will improve or income will improve but it also becomes for our industries to be competitive so one thing we need to be in mind in our industries is the uh issue of improving especially labor productivity uh on the other side I should highlight that we are not yet back to the growth dynamics even to uh pre-20011 2007 level if we look at fdi uh in 2007 it was two trillion and 2009 it came down to 1.5 trillion before covid crisis and during covid crisis 2020 it even decreased to uh 860 million or 0.9 billion 0.9 uh eight point 860 million or 0.86 uh uh trillion so we could see that it is shrinking so we are not even yet back to 2007 level uh let alone that the global economy grows uh uh uh is improving so uh this is a critical element and this is also combined with the uncertainty and also weak uh productivity and as far as especially productive the investment that will help to improve productivity and and also uh green investments are not increasing this will limit our job creation capabilities as well so this requires also a collaboration at global level thank you thank you very much so just uh we're in our closing minutes and I'll give Tony the final words the closing words well I could just return to a point I was making earlier about the importance as we build back better of building back social protection and making it very strong including in the low income countries but also in some of the high inequality middle income countries of latin america that need to make more progress and there's a link there to the diversification agenda that arkeby in his his three books has very eloquently expressed and outlined which is that societies that have social protection are actually much better at adjusting over time to the dynamics of economic change because people are less fearful of what economic change means for them if you have no social protection you become unemployed you're likely to starve along with your family if the social protection system is reasonably generous and if it's combined with an education system that retrains you then labor is much more willing and able to move into the new sectors of higher value added which connects to the productivity theme that arkeby expressed and indeed if you look at the nordic societies one feature of the nordic societies is that they have higher levels of social mobility than some of the pure market economies such as the united states and certainly social protection has been no hindrance to those economies in developing new sectors over time so you know the building back agenda is both a strategy of building more resilience through diversified economies building more humanity into the economic system through social protection but also embedding the climate change agenda in ways that really do mean something and it's to be hoped that the leaders of the g7 when they meet meter later in the summer might take some of the messages from arkeby's work but also the work of you know wider on board because the advanced economies really cannot ignore what is happening now in the developing world it affects them if we have covered in india we have covered in brazil we have covered in south africa then we have covered in europe and united states you know it's one world system is one health system thank you thank you uh so it's a lot of food for thought here and um thank you to arkeby and to tony for for your contributions um i will just uh refer us to tony for the closing remarks which i i think it's hard to to beat closing remarks from tony but thank you both and thank you to our audience for uh for their questions and engagement there's still some questions here uh if the the two speakers might like to answer have some time to stay on and answer some of them thank you all


Welcome to Toffy TV, here is the matter of action Tottenham Hotspot 2, Everton 1, Everton lose for the first time in five games. Yeah, we've been made to play really for some awful defending in the opening 20 minutes of the game and that's really what's cost Everton today. I think you just can't defend the way we did. You know, space scored two, Brennan Johnson should have scored easier chance than either of the two goals really and he put it over. We just looked at sixes and sevens. I think Michel Enco was all over the place for the opening 20 minutes and after that he went on to have a good game. But you just can't start Premier League games the way we did at the back and expect to get anything against a team that is blessed with the attack and talent space. The manager brought Michel Enco back in, went back to a back four with Paterson a right back, Tarky Brantuit and Michel Enco. Left back in midfield at Garnay, Oun Arnay, Nidrissa Garnay. Gage ac arosn of the right, McNeil of the left and Dominic Alvedlin through the middle. The absence of Adelaide Acore is a huge problem for Sean Dyche and Evan. We saw this last season when he was out, we struggled to get to grips with it. We saw it against Fulham the other night at Goddus, and of course we didn't really know how to cope without him. We just couldn't get any kind of fluid as he was going. But today, I don't think it was that today. I think, like you said, the defending. Evan actually started quite brightly today, got on the ball, jipped it about a little bit. Dominic Alvedlin in Dwight McNeil done brilliantly. Slyd Dominic Alvedlin in, and his face touch isn't good enough, but he still should have enough time to get a shot at maybe his left foot, and he hesitates. And I think it's a mirror, that gets back, but there are those moments that you get in again where top strikers finish it. Dom just isn't playing well at the moment, and therefore the goal is looking smaller, and he wants things right in front of him. If he did just pull a trigger, he knows what would have happened. But a couple of minutes later, Spears went down the other end and took the lead. And like you said before, Brennan Johnson, excuse me, had too much space, and he got in behind Michelin Coach. Slyd did a cross on the tiarlas on the sidefoot of the past Jordan Pickford, with an easy finish to give Spears the lead. We then got back on the ball, waked the ball wide, and the cross coming in from the left-hand side, Dominic Alvedlin, doing again with a header this time, which the Vigario, the keeper, makes the save from. And then Everton gave another cheap goal away. Just before Dom almost equalised it, like I said before, Brennan Johnson's put one over the bar, which looked easier to score, really, than what he did. But Spears did get a corner, the ball come out, and eventually it's in front of him. You just can't leave players on their own away, we did. We'd had a warning in the opening 40 seconds when Tottenham kicked off and got in round the back and across to the edge of the box, which was volleyed straight at Jordan Pickford. And we just, in that opening 20 minutes, we were just leaving too many gaps, and they were exploiting it. And we were 2-0 down, the sun's goal, it's 2-0, and John Dyche will have been furious, I imagine, on the line, the way we were defending because it looked like at that stage they could go on and be 3, 4, 5, 6, because Everton were just all over the place. And yet the iron he was, we were nicking the ball off then, high up the pitch and looking dangerous at the other end. We've had three or four chances towards the end of the first half, which could have gone in. I mean, we've got to talk about a great little move that comes from Michel Enco, and as he comes running in there's another ball on the pitch, which he kicks the ball against. I mean, what's that all about? And Spades get the ball back, because that, well, hasn't basically doesn't understand the rules anyway, which he proved on numerous occasions today. You know, there was that, the carry on my, the good save my team's going to strike. We had things flashing across the goal, don't want to call the loon on us getting on the end of stuff.  Because we've had, you know, easily as good a chance as as them, if not better. In that first half, I didn't mention that André Gomez came on for a drink of Garnagay, and I thought he did really well. He moved what John Dyche did was drop James Garnag back a little bit and push André Gomez higher, and Gomez got into the game, started playing some lovely little through balls, and he carried that on in the second half, and he grew more and more into the game, and he was playing a little bit. It's interesting to see because this is a player who's been injured all season, basically. His contract's up next summer. I don't see any way ever to extend it, and there's a lot of talk he'd be going up the door in January. But he's put in a really good cameo today, and I imagine John Dyche will want to use him in that kind of role against Manchester City as well, up against top quality players. You need someone who can take the ball under pressure, and that's what Gomez can do. And he got us playing a little bit. He had a chance early on in the second half with his left foot when past the defender and smashed it into the side netting, and he was the one prompting and probing, trying to get people in. He'd had one in the first half when he'd nicked the ball and he tried to slide down on the culvert looni, but he grew more and more into it in the second half, and everything did four spares back. They were always the threat on the break and they were always the threat. So we did have to be wary of that, but we thought we'd got ourselves back into it when it's Andre Gomez goes and the dispossessor to the defender, Emerson Royall, and slides it through to the dominant culvert looni. He sweeps it in, really well taken strike. But when you see the replay, you're thinking that's going to be this or that. When you realise that it's Michael Oliver on VAR, then it's definitely going to, the referee's definitely getting sent to the screen if everything they're involved in it with Michael Oliver. That's what happened, and we knew that it was sent out. Just being told that's not going to be a wonder. And once the referee goes over to the sheen, you do see it, it is a foul. It might be a soft one, but it's a foul, he kicks him. And that was a little bit disappointing, obviously, because that would have grabbed us back in the game. But you know what the players, they keep going. They keep plugging away at it. Beto came onto the pitch, and Dan Duma came onto the pitch, and we had more opportunities, particularly Dan Duma. Had two or three really good opportunities. One, he's sent through, he's got to, I think he's got a score. The goalkeeper makes a good save from him. He put another one over when he's definitely got to hit the target, at least.  Tottenham, I can conceded the goal all season off corners. We score with the first team to do it. Ball comes in, it comes out to André Gomez, and he smashes it into the back of the net with the Chris Finn. It's a really good strike with something like nine minutes to go, and that gave it a bit of a lifeline. You know, to be fair to them, they're plugging away the whole half-space. We're hanging on a little bit, and just after we scored, we get a corner to Dan Duma, when he runs through him, the keeper saves it from that resultant corner. Tarkovsky has won, cleared off the line. We've had one start again, coming in right on the back, players just kicking it anyway, defenders kicking it anyway before everything can get an equaliser. And then we had the moment where you're hoping for one more opportunity in that six-minute injury time, and we got it. I think it's Dwight McNeill put the ball in, and Dan Duma is onside at the far post, hits it with almost his heel, but it hits the underside of the bar and drops down, and it hits the goalies thigh and stays out. I'm glad you're about that much. If the goalkeeper wasn't there, or there'd been a bit further over it, it would have come down and gone over the line. It's the angle it drops and drops in front of him, and he's able to smuggle it away, and that was it. It was done. Frustrating. We couldn't get that goal, and frustrating that we started so poorly defensively, and we really did. A few players below the best today, but I'll be honest, I could see that coming in the Fulham game. You could see a lot of them running on MTV, but the one thing that this team is doing now, and I think the fans, the travelling fans, will massively have appreciated as well, is that they didn't throw the towel on the in. We kept going right to the end. There's a lack of quality in this evidence side, but there is not a lack of endeavour, and a lack of willingness to fight for this year. And listen, on other days, we may well get over the line with that kind of endeavour and that kind of durability staying in the game. It hasn't worked today. We've lost it to one. It's frustrating, of course. There's a couple of other bad results, but we're going to have that through the season. We've just got to relax. We're miles better, no suicides anyway. And we should have got something out of this trip to Spears, which is never, ever a happy place for Evan to go. Unfortunately, but today we've just come up a little bit short. Man o'r math, I'm going to give it to Andre Gomez. Very surprising to say that. Not sure I ever thought I'd be saying that again. But I'm in an evidence shape where I thought he'd come on and affected the game today really well and kept going, scored a good goal, created opportunities for us, so he is my Evan man o'r math. That is it from me. Give the video a thumbs up. Subscribe if you haven't. Thanks very much for watching and have a lovely Christmas. See you later.


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta. In this video, I am going to discuss the differences between structure and union in C programming. Before starting, you can note how you can search my YouTube channel. You can simply type my name Sanjay Gupta in YouTube search. My channel will be available there. You can watch various programming related videos there. Now let's discuss the differences between structure and union. So first structure, here keyword struct is required. In case of union, here keyword union is required. So this is the first difference between structure and union. In case of structure, we use struct keyword and in case of union, we use union keyword. Now second difference structure, it allocates separate memory blocks to each member. So in case of structure, if you have four members, then four separate memory blocks as per their data type will be allocated automatically. Now in case of union, it allocates memory to the block which requires highest amount of memory and remaining members share that memory. So in case of union, memory will be allocated to the member which requires highest amount of memory and remaining members share that memory. So in case of union, only one block will be allocated for n number of members and remaining members will be sharing that memory. So this is the second difference. Now third difference. So first structure, here we can assign values to each member of structure at same time. But in case of union, we can't do so. So here we can assign value to any one of the member at a particular time. You cannot assign values to all the members at same time in case of union because union has a particular memory block which is common for all the members. So if a particular member is using that memory block, then another member cannot use that memory block. If you want to share that memory block with other members, then its previous members value will be overwritten and new value will be placed. So structure assigns values to each member at same time. But this is not possible in case of union because union is applying sharing nature. Now fourth difference, that is for structure, here memory waste performed. So if you are not using all the members at same time, then there may be chances of memory waste. But here in case of union, memory can be saved. So if you want to share memory and if you want to use different members at different point of time, then you can prefer union. Now there are syntaxes. So this is the last difference. So first I am writing the syntax of structure. So for structure, you have to use the keyword struct, then name of structure, then data type, variable 1, data type, variable 2, data type, variable n. So this way you can declare a structure. Now I am going to write syntax of union. So here you have to use the keyword union, then name of union and rest of the statement will be same as structure. So this is the syntax of union. So these are some differences which are available between structure and union. Both have their unique advantages and they also have their drawbacks. So if you want to use all the members of a particular variable, it can be structure or it can be union. If you want to use all the members, then instead of declaring it union, prefer to declare it as structure. But if you want to use a particular member at a particular time and remaining members are not used when a particular member is used, then declare union instead of structure. So these are the differences between structure and union in C programming. I hope you have understood whatever I have discussed in this video. If you want to watch more programming related videos, you can search my channel by my name Sanjay Gupta in YouTube. Thank you for watching this video.