直接開始了這就是今天討論的主題如何建立一個維俊經濟我們知道中國的維俊經濟在1989年建成的是一名英俊經濟那是25年前現在有很多變化在世界上我們今天討論的是維俊經濟的主題是非常有時間的維俊經濟的主題是很簡單的但是我們需要經濟學者和學者特別去討論我們會介紹一些特別的第一位是公克的總統南海大學還有他我們歡迎林伯強中國中心經濟研究中心鄉民大學第三位是陳一龍專業的副總統筱凱蒂再來是李煛央總統標榮大學北京有一個和這一隻空軍座我們可以看到叫一名張興盛總統他不僅僅在交易中交易中必須與今天的題目有關如何能讓中國進行維修交易中必須與維修建一個維修如果我們能找到方法再建一個維修的維修可以解決這個問題解決這個問題利用者如果你建了維修的維修可以解決這個問題可能 Mr. Yilong你能做到任何事情可以幫助他是的 low-carbon development會幫助解決這個問題Mr. Ngong我不是那麼優秀我們仍然有很多輛車交易中必須很重要中國的朋友讓那些人在交易中進行維修下次我相信我能做到很多中國我會說幾句話他對中國是滿有信心掌聲謝謝四位嘉賓謝謝如何製造中國維修的維修這是一項題目首先我想向大家介紹一些影片影片拍攝過去幾年中國是世界最大的產業日本也有第三個經濟但是每個國家都付出了那是修修招募全球修修招募2011年中國的供應是18%美國的供應是16%中國的供應是16%歐洲的7%歐洲的11%但在其中中國的修修招募是6.6萬歐洲的7.3萬美國的17.2萬經濟增長和環境問題是一項大問題全球計算為環境保護在12年5年計算是3.4億RMB中國的經濟是一項必須的維修如何保持中國的供應如何保持保護經濟增長保護環境保護大家看到有些東西在我的身上是否有修修招募我們必須專注修修招募或像一般的修修招募是更重要的讓我作出這些觀點當我們看見修修招募我們必須要那些在於那些修修招募必須修修招募你的手中國的學生相信我們必須修修修修修修修主席您的想法是什麼您的想法是什麼在於影響環境我們必須修修警察東方設防水利盒了吧這裡一期臺灣總甲獨獨川anyway給他這裡掌聲一下在過去幾年中國做的進步但是我們仍然不斷討論美國的制度是否根據資料是否根據經驗是否根據那些我們未必知道所以我們必須做更多努力在一段實驗的製作程序有科學研究資料、資料、資訊以及參與所有的保安員你提及過制度是非常重要的但是在於制度我們所有的生意都會問問題我會支持這件事但是會不會是我們的 contribution博強有個 hot topic李道奎說在未來的三個經濟會支持中國的綠經濟是一件大家認為的這是個 broad topic我們如何去解釋綠經濟仍然是 ambiguous什麼是綠什麼是 non-green我們也不太確定沒有 clear demarcation我的 idea is thatanything cleaner than previous approacheswill be greenbut in the futurewhether green will be an economyit depends on how we could definewhat is a green economyso your idea is thatgreen economy is still vagueI'd like to give you a new piece of newsthe four panelistsis now finallythey are quite rightMr. Zhang Xingsheng has just arrivedfrom the traffic jamnow you joined the four panelistson the platformMr. Zhangyou just come from the traffic jamwe just made a jokewhether we could solve this traffic jamby greening China's economyyou are one of the sufferers victimsyou share with us your ideain terms of green economyI'm sorryI have some different opinionson green economyright now there are four problemsnumber onewhether an economy can be made greenwhether we have broken solutionsand also there areso many sectorial effortsthere is no concerted effortsalso short term dresssocial termevery government thinkit's a long term issueso I just do my jobI'll hand it over to the next governmentall of a sudden there is a smog in Chinawe are awakenedbut actually this issueis not caused overnightcan we radically solve the problemof a smog in Chinait is your ideaideal solutionactually that shows our understandingis not thoroughas a matter of factChina has come up with a new solutionto solve the problemin a comprehensive waywe have to build a civilizedecological environmentwe cannot solve one problembeside other problemso your idea is thatwe cannot just take green economyas the only way out5 years agoin summer doublesyou came here in different capacityyou told usit is very importantto make Chinese economy greenerare you satisfiedwith China's progressover the past 5 yearsno I'm never satisfiedbecause the progress is too slowgreen economyafter the third plenary sessionof the partythere is an important decisionwe have to achieve social equalityall emissionis the emission of public goodswateractuallythere is no valueadded to thesedifferent commoditiesalso what is green financegreen finance is not onlygreen economy based loansfinance isan engineif we do not have this greenfinance we cannot solvethe problemsso Mr. Gongpresare you in favor of thatcan we speed up ourdevelopment of green economyI'm in favor of Mr. Zhang's ideawe need a multidimensionalsolution socialeconomic sciencecultural solutionto solve theproblem of environmentand ecologymy Norwegian friendswhat is your viewfrom a Norwegian perspectivehow China will changeit's economy to a greenergrowthare you satisfiedwith China's economic growthor not satisfiedtoo slowit is extremely impressivehow China is growingeconomically even todaywith a green developmentin addition not insteadof economic growthfrom where China is todaythere are three important thingsfirstthere needs to be a massivesubstitution from coalto renewable energysolar, wind, hydropowerand other renewable sourcesand this is expensiveto begin withbut very cheap in the long run99% renewable electricity systemit was expensive30 years agotoday we have the cheapest electricity in the worldsecond isthe citieswherethe car transportationshould be replaced by electric carsand hybrid carswhich is electric plus fossil fuelin which the electricity is usedfor short distancewhich mainly is in the citiesreduce oil import to Chinaand takethe smog problem away from the citiesand thirdlythere needs to be price reformand how electricity is sold to the end customersso thatit is a fair distributionof the cost of the total electricity systemin which it is notcheap electricity to all citizens in Chinabut cheapto those who need itand full price for those who can pay the full price謝謝您的回答我們有一樣的想法on the root of the issuethe ancientgreekphilosophistsaidactually natureand the human unitylater on we separate natureand mankind300 yearsafter the industrial revolutionwe believe we can overpower naturetechnology hasunlimitedpowerare you really think soactuallythe earth cannotcarry such ahuge number ofpeoplecan weafford another two degreesof growth of temperatureour normal temperatureis 26 degrees celsiusif your temperatureis 20 38you have to be hospitalizedso actuallyour needof human beings and alsoare the same asour planet the earthearth also has an extremeto support all the peoplewe need the effortsof every peopleperson in the worldwe need farmersworkers the young peoplewe have tojoin handsto solve this problemin your wordswe need togreen the whole worldrather than greening chinese economywe need the efforts and cooperationof other countriesI like to ask my partnerlegion do you have any questionsfor the panelistactually I am so touchedby the talks madeby the panelistI am the only womanon this platformactually environmenthas to do with everybodyif I drawopen the window every morningthe clear skymake me happyif the weather is over causeI am not happyactually among my friends everybodywho are taking photosof green blue skiesdo you thinkwe can live in this worldhappily comfortablywhether we havea path for chinese economyto further growthat is urbanizationwhether we could innovatein the path of urbanizationbefore we start this sessionI like to show you another videoin 2007China's CO2 emissionis 6 billion tonsin the worldaverage CO2 emissionin China is lower than USbut in the future Chinawill be the main battlefieldfor CO2 emission reductionright now in Chinaon average 15 million peoplewill move to new citiesgovernment has to buildmore housesthere will be more CO2 emissionin 10 to 15 yearsthese will be a big problemin 2020half of the newly built homeswill become a green houseChina's CO2 emissionshould be 30% lower thanaverage developed countriescan you from an individual levelto make some suggestionsin the process of urbanizationwhat are the responsibilitieswhat kind of a role we can playfor each citizensas we saw from the video chipin the process of urbanizationit means very high carbonor emissionthe most important innovationin the process of doing thatwe need to realizelow carbon developmentindividualizedwe need to find a lifestyleof low carbon livingthis is also very very essentialwe should not only pursue luxurywe also need to forgoand todo things following that linelet me just ask youif individual wants to changehis or her lifestyleshould we relymainly on external factorto drive usI think both interiorand external factorsare importantthe legal constrainteconomic leverageand from inside of our mindwe need to pursuea very very innovative living stylethis is equally importantthe question now is for Mr. Chanyour company is a big onenew energyfrom your enterprise levelin the process of urbanizationwhat are the breakthrough pointsyour company can findI have a positive messagewe are encountering a problemthat is tohave acorrect mindsetin making developmentpursuing valuein this industrial revolutionthe enterpriseshave its responsibilitiesto innovate its development modelto create a model ofsustainable developmentto develop green economyand accelerate China'snew type of urbanizationon the basis of doing thisurbanization in Chinacan really do welland solve all the inherentdifficultiesthrough technicaland model innovationactually todayhuman kind has usheringa new erathat is a new eraofenvironment productionit tell us the key pointin future urbanizationthe main battlefieldfor green economyis towe are alsoit will also change greatlyour original lifestyleand consumptionmindset this greeneconomy is issuing in a revolutionlike the circular economygreen economyis a brand new modelthat is a brand newdevelopment modelurbanization innovation of enterprisesis to bring the new economyinto this new modelwe relymainly onscience management and capitalto create a brand newsustainable development modeland also at the same time to promotethe equity and justiceof social developmentthis is the voicefrom an entrepreneurof course, Mr. Chen also mentionedsomething related to energyMr. Lin, you are an expert in energyin the process of urbanizationwhat kind of planyou havefor reference in energy sectorin the first three decadesof economic growthabout 300 million peopletransferred to live in citiesabout the total populationof the united statesin the process of doing thiswith some of the opportunitiesgoing forwardwe still have anothertrue to 300 million peoplewe will transferfurther to the citiesgoing forwardso what we can do is thatnumber one planningthe planning for urbanization in the futurethat is we have tohave all the details for low carbonfor example the bicycle lanemany cities in their cityblending do not have a roomfor bicycle laneit's not that we do not want to ride bicyclessothat's a hard choice for usbecause we can do somelow carbon planningalso circular economyis another way outmost of the people, most of theplutions are created by the peoplenot by rural area peoplebut by urban people inside the citieshow should wemake things circularso that is also very very essentialtalking about energyin energy urbanization processwe can do very well with the planninggovernment can have very forceful measuresand then we have tofocus on infrastructurebuild up which is very riskybecause infrastructurebuild upif we dofollow a high carbonmodelso usuallyinfrastructure will be therefor 20 years 30 yearsso in building infrastructurewe need to focus more on low carbonmandatefor example buildings can we usewind and solar poweror energyalso some other innovativeaspect to incorporate themin the planning of our buildingincluding the smart and greatso innovation in terms ofthe specifics of innovationhow we can incorporate themwith detail specificurban planningrequiring the plannerscity plannersto think throughfinally I thinkMr.Gong saidto change people's mindsetis very importantonce people useso certain kind of lifestyle is very difficult for them to changeChinesevisually the US peoplethey pay a lot of attention to saving the resourcesso to changelifestyle of the American peopleis not an easy jobbut the new peoplethe 300 million peoplewhich are going to enter into cityhow we can guide themto live a very meaningful lifestyleso the governmentreally can do somethingright now their living styleis not kind of a waste based oneas I knowyour companyis the biggestrenewable energy company in Europeso how do you seewhere thebricks through points liein China's urbanizationthe challenges for the cities in Chinais partly to do withtransportationit's congestion on the roadsand it is a pollution as a resultof massive amounts of carsand also some power productionthere's alsosome problems with water supplyin some of the citiesbuildings and the way of the city layoutis quite excellentplus the citiescontribute to the global warmingthe cities of the worldand the cities of Chinaand the last pointis very seriousif all ice on the earthis melting on the south poleand green land and glaciers of the worldwe will see a 70 meterof sea level risethat means if only 10% of the ice is melting7mthat means a city like Shanghaiwill not be thereso in order to solvethese in a combinationwe have to look for solutionwith less carbon emissionand at the same time stimulating growthso for the urban citiesof Chinaand for the rest of the worldfor that saketo as quickly as possiblecome over to low carbon emissionincluding electric bicycleselectric carshybrid carsunderground trains run by electricitythat is keyplus the water supplyneeds to be securedas wellso he really worries about the future of Chinabecause China's population is so hugeit's difficult for us to achieve thingsbut still say we need to gradually reducethe low carbon emissionotherwisewe won't see the cities like Shanghaiif things go on like thissowhat about you Mr. Zhangon the greening issueurbanization is an issueI very much agree with thiswe need to look at the urbanizationMr. StiglitzUS economists saidpeople are sayinghe saidIn the U.S. scientific innovationare most importantfor the 21st centuryin that 30-40 yearswe are going to have10 billionpeople in the worldso ecological issues are very importantthis is number onesecondly what are the principles of urbanizationit should bepapels centredsocial justicewhy can't we allow要成為一個維修的市民但是人們的中心獨自是不夠的人們的中心人們的基礎是非常非常重要的第二點是俄羅斯和維修的基礎的基礎如果我們來看三十年代中國正在俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯500亿人俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄羅斯俄發出的2020年社會馬上抺潰川普多特 Eat六川奧對美股OH De TS好特時間C. EdPDRN我們也必須取得經濟和綠色的經濟我們必須建造經濟的建築讓國家的建築能夠實現我們的製造模式和生活風格所以建築、水、所有的建築物都是美國的風格現在的大量的能量所以 humankind need to do some rethinkingand also biodiversity is also very importantch children in the cities do not understand thisyou know people all see the hazethe water is now clearpeople use a lot of a plastic bottle wateralso the food securityAnd then people feel all the congestionon their way going to workwe cannot just,you know, treat the symptoms我們必須要求治病所以在整個過程中整個世界正在看中國的做法我們今天不可以進入所有的細節但是我們必須推動全球的生產業務全球的政府全程向全球的政府這是一個很大的機會除非是在國際社會或是國際社會或是國際社會第二點是推動在國際社會和國際社會上在中國變成了一名國際社會的員工但在國際社會和國際社會上也有提供的價值也有提供的價值所以每個市民都可以選擇每天 每天 每天 每天 每天 每天 每天特別是女性他們每天都可以あー每天在家裡 購買每天在家裡 購買就會再類隨時他們可以乘以捐款每天都搜索付款會的存在比如在他和他的生活上就是說我需要與他們交給總亂我想要的 вопрос是在他們的期望過去中國的捐款尤其是紀念在2012年,大約3.62億韓圜,大約20%的全球飲料,大約2.5倍的能量,大約3.3倍的全球飲料,大約7倍的日本飲料。大約1.10倍的全球飲料,大約14,000RMBGDP,大約10倍的中國飲料。大約1.2倍的日本飲料。大約3.2倍的日本飲料,大約5.7倍的日本飲料。大約5.5倍的日本飲料,大約3.5倍的日本飲料,它是必須的我們有26個 civilisation in the wars從開始的 war但25 civilisation vanished並不是因為失敗或壞事的 war而是因為一個系統這就是我們認為我們會有一個好經濟和整個世界會暴暴所以中國要怎麼做我們已經推出了一條叫做Eco-civilisation這就是中國的計劃Eco-civilisation如果我們來看雙方的國民和經濟我認為這四個第一是大陸的經濟第二是國民和經濟社會正常的經濟包括國民和經濟的經濟社會的經濟和經濟社會的經濟也包括國民和經濟在技術方面但Eco-civilisation也很重要國民和經濟能夠治療到某個程度第四更重要這是國民和經濟這是國民和經濟在2008年國民和經濟並非只會成為最高的經濟而國民和經濟是最高的經濟像Mr. Gandhi說的國民和經濟給予足夠的資源讓國民能夠治療但國民和經濟並非最高的經濟所以國民和經濟也很重要所以我們需要國民和經濟聯繫聯繫聯繫所以國民和經濟是從國民聯繫聯繫但現在國民和經濟是雙重的所以我們需要聯繫和經濟我們要談論國民和經濟昨天在表面林克強也說過國民和經濟問題是Mr. Lin從國民經濟的未來的看法國民和經濟在國民和經濟哪有其他方式我們先來解釋兩件事第一件事在視頻中中國和美國國民和經濟我並不相信這是一個很不合理的比例因為兩國在兩種不同的經濟發展中是同樣的其實美國有同樣的或甚至 worse 問題像中國美國在中國發展中的發展中發展中的發展中是同樣的所以這就是我喜歡解釋所以你不能簡單地比例美國和中國有關中國國民經濟發展中的發展中再次美國和中國國民經濟發展中發展中這就是今日中國的投資未來的中國政府國民經濟發展中我對中國國民經濟發展中的發展中運作中最重要的是我們我們在中國一百分之一每年這要做到控制和測試也要做到新的能量清潔的能量正在發展在快速比我們預期的更高全都在一起中國政府做了很好的努力但現在的開始經濟增加是要跟進的我們在訪問美國的路線你總是很容易說不要把整個國家的路線但其實中國在同一路線在西方的路線上在西方的路線上在西方的路線上中國在同一路線上但比起在西方的路線上在西方的路線上是更多的一種我們可以做得更好在西方的路線上兩位評論者說中國西方和西方有不同的 perspective要進入這個問題請邀請伊隆在你的 research development你認為你有自己的方式對於 development當然在技術和工資我們可以解決這個問題現在在中國技術和工資是非常困難的就是說技術和工資是太高的百分比80%今天新的技術更多人會想到 wind powersolar power因為這些 are easy powers但是 they neglected one thing wind power in the new energy mixit can only play a supplementary rolethat is to say it can only generate powerrather than providingother kind of energiesreplacing the functionsof the natural gascruel oil and the coalsso only biotechnologyenergy can help to replacethe current energy resourcesproducing few electricitythings like thatin terms of the pastover the past so many thousand yearsChina was a civilized agriculture countrythere is no shortage of energybut industrial revolutionand 200 years after thatit has put the world in disorderbecause the ways of us using energy is wrongpeople are doing thatbased on their selfishness and greedevery yearthe how manyhow muchsolar has been changed intobiotechnologyvery limited amountbut last yearall togetherwe have 13 billion tons of standard coalgenerated bynatural gasand the crude oil and coalso we need to make more effortsright nowChina has made a lot of effortswe have produced far cleaner fuelswith the support of technologythere is a lot of successalso in terms of business modelwe can solve the problemwe have to mobilize the farmersto farm the energyright now we are seeingglimpse of hopespring is comingalthough we are still in winteractually environmental protectionis not concerned by usbut also by foreign countrieswe want to cooperatewith the international communitymy question to Christianin terms of green economyhow China should cooperatewith western companiesand in what wayI think when it comes to using bioenergythere could be some learningfrom processes in Europeand in the USand I do fully agreethat is also important for Chinato follow that pathon top of thatI already mentionedusing more electricity in the urban sectorthat should be combined withmore renewable energyin total on the rooftopsasolar and in generaland this is not only for the environmentthis renewable energyis a capital cost intensivebut once the capital has been paid downit will be more or less free energyinto eternityfrom the wind and the sun and the waterso it will be the cheapest supplyof energy for China long termand also it will be self sufficiencyfor the countrywhich is important in a wider aspectof providing China's own energyso the combination of renewable energyincluding biomassand electrification of citiesis what is neededlast I'd like to askpresident Gong KeChina is going to build a green economythat is a very taskyou cannot just saywe should speed up our processfrom the foreign perspectivethe foreigners are confidentin Chinaand also they want Chinato follow the international rulesand standardwhether we realizethis green economywe can have some new ideasfoundamentallyI want to say is thatecological issuehas to do with technologyenergiessystemsbut in the endthat has to do with peopleecological cultureis a human cultureso we cannot neglecteducationwe need a green educationto train new generationsof peoplenot only in Chinabut also in the worldnow this is the fundamental issuethat has to do with your postas the president of the universitybut for usworking in the mediumwe want to invite more ideastime is limited todayI'd like to invitepeople from the audienceto share your viewsthis personthis lady in whitetell us your nameand where come fromfrom economic dailymy question is to Mr. Zhangyou mentioned green financemy question iswhat is the biggest obstaclesof growing green financethe green financegreen credithas to do withthe social responsibilitythere's no limitand no bank is willingto do thatand also what isa return on investmentfor providing green financethere are many problemsinvolvedhow China developthese green economygreen financewhat are the problemswhat should be donethank you very muchMr. Zhangthis is a very good questionI'm not a financial specialistbut I knowgreen financeas a heartan enginecan kill three birdswith one stoneto solve the fundamental issueover the past 260 yearsof development environmentand developmentis always regardedas a contradictioneconomy and ecologyare harmoniousactuallythat is already expressedby the ancient Greekphilosopherthat's why our top leadershipof the countrycombined the reformof economic structureand ecological structurewe have to readjustthe functionseconomic developmentvis-à-visthe efficiencyof ecological developmentas well asis a contributionto socialand the mankindin terms of obstaclesfor Chinagovernmentshould make a gooddesignon the institutional levelbut in terms of operationswe need to relyon marketon the enthusiasminitiated of the peoplethat's whywe are tryingto builda greenecological bank不强I wrote a textbookof energy financeyou can searchfrom the internetand find my bookgreen financeis thisif you say greenyou have to definewhat is greenin terms of theit is very difficultfor the banksto understandwhat is green financeand alsothe term is very longwhen we talk aboutreturn on investmentwhen you give out the moneyyou haven't seen anythingyou cannot just sayyou have made a contributionby giving loansto somebodyso the bankscannotunderstand that easilythat's whywe need subsidiesat the firstit is also difficultfor the banksto give the loansthe government's roleis that to provideguarantee subsidiesso we have to combinegovernment withfinancial institutionsto come upwith a solutionsometimesissues cannot besolved onlyalone by banksElonyou must havethis problemhow do you persuadethe banks to help youthe core issue is thatyou need to havea newmindset of developmentas long asyou stick to the policyof sustainable developmentfor the new economydevelopmentto build afairlegal systemto support thatas our professor saidcarbon taxis an issuewhytoday's economic developmentis not fairtraditionalfossil energygroupdo not show theresponsibilityfor the societythey damagedthe environmentand we haveto afford the billthat's not fairso ifwe levythe taxfrom thosefossil fuelcompaniesthat isa good waywe needto understandthere isa hugeresourcesof low carbonso weshould notfollow the traditionalway ofissuingloanswe have to makeuse of thelow carbonresourceswe areresponsiblefor protectingthis earthand to promoteequalityon this worldmy Norwegianfriendwhat is yourview on thisin your countrywhen you havethe similarproblemshow do yousolve thisproblemI thinkwhen it comesto financingthe systemis to have aguaranteed price systema fixed pricefor10, 15 years or sobecause then the riskto the capital is lowand then theinterest will be lowand therebythe total cost will be lowthere are a number of countriesdoing thatEngland has a good systemBrazil has a good systemso there are many places to lookbut the keyis to get the riskto investors downand therebythe cost downand China has a lot of capitalso you should benumber one countryin mastering thisthank you very muchthis journalistquestionis thatgreen economygreen businesswhether they aresustainablewhether they can growwhether they cansustain themselveson thevision companyis 119 years oldwhich is very successfulthis is the biggestEuropean renewableenergy companythis is the biggestcompany in Chinabetween youdo you viewyour Norwegian frienda competitorof friendcertainly friendscorporatorswe are now promotingtheir buildinga ecologicallycivilized societywe need a corporationwe want tobring to an endof the so calledindustrial civilizationand buildnew civilizationwithout the unityof the wholeworldwe cannot do thatshake handsthis is a historicalhand shakeof coursefrom theirfrom their eyesyou can seethey are real friendrather than competitorsthis is a goodhand shakeI'm sure thatwith the help ofwith the effortsof Chinaand effortsof other countriesChina'sgreen economywill be abroughtbright futuretodaymy impression is thatMiss Zhangtold usChina'seconomic growthis still lowwe need towork even harderhe saidas a matter of factwe need tohave a heartof civilizationa heartofecologicalgreen futureeconomyecologytwo wordsin Englishhas easeat the beginningalthoughtheyseem to becontradictory to each otherthey actuallycan join handsby joining handswith uswe can haveenjoyablefutureenjoyableearththis is my fifthfifth timeto attenddoublesChinaTianjinis very beautifulI like thisgreen photoon this pamphletI like to bringChina back to thisgreen landthank you very muchthank you very muchthe five panelists也謝謝你的參與謝謝thank youthank youthank you謝謝林先生稍等一下稍坐一下稍坐一下就是那個第二小段我知道了好佔用大家一分鐘因為音響的原因剛才我的聲音沒有收進去因為我們這樣是要電視直播可能畫面會不太好看這是第二段的那一句好剛才我們看過這個小篇相信每個人心裡都有自己的理解和感觸所以我接下來的第一個問題要問給公校長您認為從我們個人的角度我們在成正化這個進程當中我們自己的突破點在哪裡我想作為市民來講我應該怎麼謝謝您的回答太精彩了謝謝大家謝謝謝謝謝謝謝謝各位


Hello everybody, welcome to my channel. It's Iwa from Bohemian Crafting and today I'm coming to share with you my new kit or digital collection of pockets for junk journals. I've got these three sheets on my Etsy now. There is I think six pockets. There are three these large angle cut pockets. This first, second and third. There are these two small pockets and one larger with this cut for entry. There is tap, a few labels. There are tags for these pockets, epimeras for these pockets, this beautiful picture and the moth. So I decided to create something easy using these these digitals. I've got here book pages and the size of my book pages. The size of my book pages is seven and three-quarter by five inches. I'm gonna fussy cut out all these images and we will start to create.  So I'm gonna take three book pages. So I've got my three book pages scoring board and here I folded one of these angle pockets. I did print out on A4 size of printer paper. I do have in those files on Etsy shop also US letter size. So you can choose which size it's comfortable for you to print it out. And when you print out on A4, the size of that pocket with folded those flaps or folds. It's four inches and one eighth. So my book pages are big enough to hold those pockets. These book pages are five inches wide and I'm gonna score always one side half inch. So half inch here and I will be scoring half inch here. Three of these and half inch. I'm gonna fold these score lines and now I'm gonna take my book pages and I will glue those book pages into one long strip. It's kind of similar to the style which I showed you with that altered shopping bag when I created the journal from the shopping bags with first very long strip and then I add their pages and you know openings and in the final I glued that in the journal. I will put link for that video down below if you haven't seen that yet. So always I'm gonna grab the book page and I will glue the book page to that fold. I do have three book pages and I made three folds or three score lines here. I do have here score line as well. For that I'm gonna take another book page it's same size. I'm gonna fold it half, glue the book page together I'm gonna take my half book page I'm gonna add the glue to that last fold and place that book page right here and glue it together. So we do have kind of like mini booklet. I have distressed all the edges on these book pages and I also folded all these pockets. I made all these folds so my pockets are prepared. First what I'm gonna do I'm going to put a glue here and here on that half folded book page here and here on the bottom and fold it over. I've got here these two small pockets and they are a little bit bigger than are my book pages. If I will place them straight away on the edge this will be peeking out here. So I'm gonna move them that way it will be peeking out on the opposite side but I can totally work with that. I can make the pocket, workable pocket. So I'm gonna put a glue on these two flaps here and here the bottom flap I'm gonna leave open for now. I'm gonna place the pocket the way where I can fit this pocket on the bottom fold it over. I'm gonna put a glue on the edge of my book page here and on the edge of that fold from the pocket and fold it over. Same I'm gonna use this another pocket. Okay, so I do have my two pockets done. I've got here these three large pockets so one will be here, another one will be here. I think which one I would like to have on the top. Maybe this one will be nice to have on the top. So I'm gonna be using this on the first page from the right side. I'm gonna be using this as a second right next to it. So I'm gonna place it right here. This way, now when I will open it I'm gonna place one pocket right here. Don't go right there. And I do have one pocket here. So very easy way, nothing complicated, just simple booklet. So I'm gonna place it right here. The rest of these pieces I can decorate. So I can take that top and place that top on any of these small inserts and decorate with this top, any of these pieces. I think I'm gonna make a side top with this lady. So I'm gonna put glue on all my top and place it right here. Now I've got here a few of these labels so I'm gonna take one, I'm gonna place this right here. And I will use it as another mini pocket so if I wanna add there later some mini tag I can do so, so I will place a label glue just on three sides and place it on the picture here. Like this, I'm gonna take this moth and maybe I'm gonna place that moth right here on the top of this tag just like decoration. Look at this cute little picture so that can totally go into one of these pockets and the other pocket can hold these labels or I can use these labels on those other images but for now I'm just gonna slide it in and this very easy way, oh, gonna keep it there, very easy way with not too hard effort at all I created mini booklet, I'm gonna grab my book, I'm altering book about war because I don't like the war and I think I'm gonna place it just right here. Yep, and because this is a quote at the book page that glossy coat it's there I'm gonna be using this glue it's multi-purpose glue, it's a really good one and I'm gonna glue it on that spot so with this super easy folding and using printables you can create multi-opening in your journal very easy and I still do have empty spots here so I can create some nice tags and once this will dry on the page where I just glue it I can slide this one right there because I put the glue just on three sides I do have pocket from here as well so this can then be peeking out from my book like this so this is my very very short sharing with you it's very simple booklet for junk journals using this simple easy pocket for junk journals I know it's not rocket science but I hope you did enjoy it sometimes it's good to bring some very easy project not too complicated I do have this digital collection on my Etsy link will be down below and also I do have there a few paper pads I do have a new paper pad it's again office papers and there is 52 pages every single page it's different it's one-sided print because I was thinking if you would like to use it as a tag as a writing spot on the backside and maybe some decoration from this side that is good if you would like to teedite coffee-dite or use your inks to have that backside empty or if you just want to fold it half and use it in the journals it's good to have there writing spot these papers are 170 gsm they are perfect for making tags making envelopes pockets they are perfect in journals to hold your pockets because they are not too heavy but they are strong enough to hold openings flips, flaps and any kind of pockets and I try to use I try to choose from my digital those which we like to use in our journals not every single page has only one image as you can see here on some pages there is more than one image so it's not just 52 images in this paper pad there is much more sometimes there are 2, 3, 4 images on one sheet all of them are vintage related and all of them are office related but it's mix of times it's like this is retro style there is like very very grungy style shabby style, shabby chic style so there is so many different styles of office papers and office documents I do have a few paper pads left but if there will be many people who will like to buy it please just click that like button and I will know how many people will like to have this paper pad because I don't have too many left they were mostly for my patreons that first batch I wanted to try so I don't have too many left I do have really just few go to have a look on my Etsy it's there and as you can see every single paper it's different these are really gorgeous these are papers which my sister has Germany ledger books and she doesn't want to give me those ledger books she just scanned few pages for me so I will rip it off which I will never do so with those books so there are Germany and all kinds of ledger papers forms and stuff which can be used in our junk journals so if you would like to get this paper pad go to have a look on my Etsy and if they will be not there just click that like button here and I will see if the second batch that I will ask you to print a company to make a few more will make sense I hope it makes sense what I'm saying so we are nearly on the end here and here another multi ephemera sheet with the bank checks with all kind of ephemeras and for junk journals for those who like quotes I do have also two pages in the end with quotable labels probably quoted labels so that's all what is in this paper pad thank you so so much for watching this video today thank you so much for joining me for spending your time with me I know this was very easy to do it wasn't nothing complicated but I really like to create these multi openings they are so fun and they are always interesting and with the gluing on the right parts you can create even more pockets and I do love to create pockets for my journals so this digital kit will be on my Etsy link is down below the paper pad is still on my Etsy sorry it's still on my Etsy if it will be not there just click the like button on this video and I will know how much I should order thank you so much have a beautiful day take care about yourself and I will see you soon bye


Good morning, everyone. My name is Ali, and I'm a computational biologist from Dr. Levi Garroway's lab. Today I will speak about somatic alterations in clinically relevant cancer genes among 12 TCGA cancer types. This presentation is based on a project that was done in collaboration with Dr. Han Liang of MD Anderson and is currently in press. Okay. So I don't need to tell the people in this room how much TCGA has helped identify alterations that may contribute to many different tumor types. However, less attention was given to this data with a clinical lens. As these profiling technologies that enable TCGA move into the clinic, an understanding of the landscape of clinically actionable somatic alterations may inform patient care. So now the question is, what does the spectrum of alterations in clinically relevant genes look like across tumor types? Somatic mutations and indels were called from 3,276 TCGA patients, and we focused on clinically relevant cancer genes. So what are these genes? From our perspective, these are genes that when somatically altered can predict response or resistance to known therapies, or it might have diagnostic or prognostic utility. So we created the target database, which is a set of genes that we define using expert opinion and literature to be clinically relevant in cancer. This database is online as of about 10 days ago. And here's a link to it. At the time of the analysis, this list contained 121 genes. We know that this is already out of date, since it's very difficult for a single group sitting in one office to keep track of them. And we think we could do a much better job as a community. So we want to encourage you to contribute to this list if you have any genes that you would like to nominate. Now among these 12 tumor types, we identified over 600,000 mutations or short insertion deletions. And of these a little less than 500,000 were non-synonymous. Of these non-synonymous mutations, over 10,000 alterations occurred in clinically relevant cancer genes in about 90% of the patients. Now we do recognize that not all alterations are drivers or are known to be clinically relevant, but we do want to highlight them to promote further study of these alterations and to better place them in a clinical context. Here you can see the frequency of alterations across the 12 tumor types in the clinically relevant genes. I know it's impossible for you to read the names of the genes, but what I'm trying to demonstrate here from a 30,000 foot view is this long tail of alterations in clinically relevant genes. Now you might be wondering what the highest peak here is. It is TP53. Before you roll your eyes, I want to say that we do recognize that it remains unclear what the clinical relevance of TP53 is from a therapeutic standpoint. But it remains an entry criteria for many clinical trials. Therefore, we feel that it's worth including here. There has also been some very interesting clinical trials emerging with neuropneum. Recent evidence shows that patients with ERB2 mutations show response to neuropneum. I've also included a couple of other mutations, but rather than going through every single gene here, I would like to highlight a few key themes that emerge from this analysis. So theme one. Right now, many clinical centers are using hotspot profiling technologies for clinical use. These include technologies like mass spec that find individual predefined events in a given gene. Here we have taken a representative hotspot profiling approach called Oncomap that looks at over 400 alterations in 41 genes. And we ask by tumor type with this technology how many patients have at least one alteration in this panel. As you can see, this does cover a reasonable territory. Now if we perform whole-exam sequencing and take the same set of genes and ask how many of our patients have alterations within the same list of 41 genes, as you'd expect, we do find a lot more patients with alterations in this gene set. Expanding next-gen sequencing into the clinic will help us identify more clinical alterations than hotspot profiling. This can help us to take more clinical genotype-to-phenotype relationships. Now one might argue this objective might be achieved if you just looked at targeted panels. But you have to keep in mind that the list of clinically actionable genes continues to increase. And the cost of doing whole-exam sequencing is approaching that of doing targeted panels without the need to re-sequence as information about new genes emerge. Theme two, hotspot on other alterations in well-known clinically relevant genes occur rarely in unexpected tumor types. For example, as expected, we observed BRCA2 alterations in ovarian and breast cancer. However, when excluding patients with mutation rates of higher than 10 per megabase pair, we observed BRCA2 alterations in multiple tumor types. These alterations may have clinical relevance and are generally not thought of in these tumor types. As these mutations may predict sensitivity to PARP inhibitors or cis-platin-based chemotherapy, so they may have clinical relevance. For research purposes, this may not be a significant gene in this tumor type. But for the few patients with this alteration in a cohort of, let's say, 500 patients, this is clinically significant and needs to be identified. Theme three, genes that are rarely mutated in one tumor type occur frequently when considered across several tumor types. As an example, TSC1 alterations may predict sensitivity to mTOR inhibitors, at least in bladder cancer, as was demonstrated by David Solid at Memorial Sloan Kettering. However, having a clinical trial in only one tumor type is not feasible. But if you look at TSC1 mutation status across tumor types, you can imagine a clinical trial. These types of trials, the so-called basket trials, are emerging. And this is just one of the many examples where genes rarely mutated within one tumor type become frequently mutated across tumor types. In addition, we also recently learned that certain mTOR mutations may predict sensitivity to mTOR inhibitors, like Everolimus. As with TSC1, mTOR mutations occur rarely in any given tumor type. But in aggregate, they provide a rationale for a similar basket trial. Thus, if you consider low-frequency alterations across tumor types and within pathways, one can further imagine clinical trials that can be designed with this knowledge. So our ability to increase the link between alterations in cancer genes and clinical trials is improving. Here, we downloaded all of the clinical cancer trials from clinicaltrials.gov from 2005 to 2012 and asked whether they had the name of a clinically-relevant gene in their title. You can see that the number of trials that incorporate clinically-relevant genes continues to increase. Now that we've identified the landscape of alterations among a list of clinically-relevant cancer genes, we have the opportunity to design the next wave of rational clinical trials. So in summary, what we saw today was a long tale of alterations in clinically-relevant genes. We also saw that going from hotspot profiling to exome sequencing will yield a more complete and clinically-useful patient-tumor profile. We also showed that clinically-relevant alterations in well-known genes occur rarely in unexpected tumor types. And also, genes rarely mutated in any given tumor type are more regularly altered when considering aggregate studies. Broadly, we know this is just a start. To improve on these analyses, we are moving to integrate additional data types that may have clinical impact, such as copy number variations or targetable fusions, such as ROS1 fusions in lung cancer. We hope that this work will kickstart more omic studies with a detailed clinical focus. I would like to thank Dr. Garaway for his mentorship and guidance, Dr. Van Allen and Dr. Wagley, Gadigets and Mike Lawrence from the CGA group, Dr. Han Diyang and Yuan Yuan from MD Anderson and Lars Sononberg. Also, I would like to thank the TCGA organizers for giving me this opportunity to present. I have a few minutes if there are any questions. Hi. In theme two, where you showed mutations in BRCA gene appearing in other unexpected cancer types, were these mutations that were recurrent across cancer types or with a specific mutation specific to those unexpected cancer types? So, I'm talking about position-wise, are these hot spots or are they? To my note, no, they weren't. They occurred in different positions. Do you think that's important? Whether they occurred at the same position or not when you're looking at across cancer types? Well, it might be more interesting. What we want to say is that it's worth taking a look at. I don't know whether they're interesting, whether they're useful information, whether they're driver events, but it's worth taking a look at. Thank you. Thank you, Ali. The next presentation is by Leila Esper on inferring intra-tumor heterogeneity from whole genome, whole exome sequencing data.


de l'étudiant. Merci Emmanuel. Merci. Nous continuons. Nous allons finir avec les techniques de sharing. Et après ça, nous verrons comment nous pouvons développer les techniques pour expliquer le processus de toute la compétition dans les processus sévélisés de l'étudiant. Je vais présenter quelques techniques de sharing. Nous allons conclure avec une introduction de la problématique spéciale qui est une nouvelle problématique adressée par notre communauté depuis 2012. Juste de conclure sur les techniques de sharing, j'ai précédemment dit que l'étudiant peut être seen as encoding with error-correcting codes with biometrics and the parameter of the sharing meaning the security D and the number of shares N are related to the parameters of the of the codes which is used. But there are also other techniques of sensitive data for instance I list here some of them so we can try to use multiplicative sharing. So why using multiplicative sharing for instance it can make sense if you want to process multiplicative operation on Z. Assume that you want to process you want to compute Z square and ok you want to compute Z square if you use linear sharing not Z square but Z cube if you use linear sharing you will have to to develop the processing of Z cube for all the shares but because the addition cannot be developed with respect to the multiplication law there is an issue, there is a difficulty complexity in doing that instead of sharing the value additively you can choose to share it multiplicatively and so if you want to compute Z cube from the multiplicative sharing you just have to compute Z1 cube Z2 Z2 cube so this is a way out to process with the multiplicative sharing the problem is that with the multiplicative sharing you cannot use 0 you cannot use 0 shares of course because if you use 0 shares then the result is 0 whatever Z and you cannot mask Z so there is a difficulty in applying this for Z if Z can take the value 0 ok ok there are also other techniques which can be used I list them here but not all of them are interesting we can just maybe I can just say a few words on this contour measure which is useful when it comes to protect asymmetric processing for instance the processing of RSA for electric curves we don't split of course the secret with the bitwise addition low but we split the secret with the arithmetic addition low and so everything I previously said must be adapted to this kind of operation last slide on the sharing there is also an interesting alternative to the sharing as presented in the previous slides the idea is quite simple you split Z into 2 shares always into 2 shares and so you could think that the security order the security achieved here is only 2 on adversari to observe the manipulation of Z0 and to observe the manipulation of Z1 can rebuild Z this is not true if you use a particular code with dual distance D so if you choose Z0 in some code C of dual distance D and if you choose Z1 in some code C in the same code you you can prove that all the moments all the statistical moments of this addition are independent of Z so they are constant whatever Z and so only the so you have to if it leaks according to the mean weight so in some model with positive information you have to rise the leakage at some power and so it force you to increase the amount of noise to decrease the signal to no ratio it's another way how to do that just to to ensure that all the statistical moments till till some threshold D are constants with respect to the shared data and become to be dependent on the shared data with the statistical movement of order D so this is another idea another techniques which have been proposed recently is the linear product sharing which can be applied in a different context and just a note if one of the victor in the inner product sharing is constant we have a sharing which is equivalent to the classical linear sharing so now that I know that I have many different techniques to share sensitive data the question is how to pair it on this sharing while ensuring that there is always my security at order D so once again I recall having the security at order D means that if I can defeat any adversary which is only allowed to observe D and not D ok so the the original ID I'm going to present has been proposed by Shaysa Wagner in the crypto 2004 paper and it was limited in this paper to GF2 but it can be straight forwardly extended to any finite field and I'm going to present you the ID so it starts from a Boolean sharing so the data Z the sensitive variable Z has been shared split into DEPLESS 1 shares ZI and now I'm going to split my processing for instance a block cipher processing into operations which are only a fine or a multiplication so I can do that always because any polynomial can speak like that so I have a finite field in which my processing is described and I'm splitting this processing into a fine operations and the multiplications for the affine operations are easy to get to get a secure processing so imagine so let us assume that I have first shares in order to process L to securely process L of Z from the shares I just have to process L on Z0 then L on Z1 and so on and I know by linearity that the sum of the shares gives me LZ so good it means that I can easily build a sharing of LZ from a sharing of Z and the complexity of this is only in D linear in the security order ok it is unfortunately much more difficult if I want to process a multiplication which is however a quite simple operation ok et Ishaï Saivakner a shown a way how to do that with complexity D2 meaning that it is D times slower than the processing of an affine function so ok we start with a sharing of I want to to securely process A times B I have from a sharing of A into D plus 1 shares and a sharing of B into D plus 1 shares and I want to compute a sharing CI of A times B so ok I'm starting by noticing that the sum the sum the sum of the shares CI I want to build because they must be equal to A times B can be developed like that and so I have that the sum of the shares CI equals the sum of all the all the cross-products A, I, B, I so the first thing I have to do if I want to I can do if I want to to securely process A times B is to process AI times BGI ok with that I am able to build these matrix so I do the processing separately so of course if I am manipulating if I am just manipulating first product separately I don't I still have my security because the manipulation here only leaks on each share of A and one share of B and this is true for all the elements of the matrix so manipulating the elements of this matrix does not does not introduce a flow with respect to my D-order security the problem is that here I have a sharing of A times B into D square D square elements and recall that I want a sharing into D elements so how to do that I could simply add the elements of each column and define C0 equals the sum of these elements C1 equals the sum of these elements and so on the problem is that if I do if I am doing that straightforwardly directly I have an issue because here B0 will factor A times A1 plus A1 plus A2 et A0 plus A1 plus A2 in this example equals A so I recover something which is dependent on A so I cannot add directly those elements so the second idea is ok I cannot add directly so what I am doing is that I am generating matrix of random values RIG so they are a sharing of 0 but instead of that they are totally random I am summing I am building the sum separately so it gives me this matrix and now I can sum the elements of each column why ? because I am protected by those random values and because those random values are random except that all all of them sum to 0 I have the independency and I need I am ensuring that if the adversary only observes C1 or C2 or C3 only observes at most 2 of the of the shared CI then he is not able to recover C he needs to have all the CI to recover C because this is the condition to have all the random values summing to 0 ok so this is the construction this is the idea of the construction by Ishaï Saivakner so we see that in order to secure one multiplication we need to process d square multiplications and we need to use d square d square random values actually Ishaï Saivakner shows that it is possible to reduce by 2 the cost in terms of random values just by by using an argument of symmetry in fact they use the same random values here and here essentially without decreasing the security and actually it will be shown in a paper tomorrow that we can still divide by 4 the randomness complexity and this is an open question to reduce at most as possible the randomness complexity of this scheme we know that there exist a scheme with linear random complexity but the proof is not constructive ok perfect I have a technique to secure the processing of linear functions I have a technique to secure the processing of a multiplication at any order d so I have a technique to secure any processing of a polynomial function ok because any polynomial function can be seen as a sequence of linear operations and multiplications so great if I need to securely process something like that the processing of s on x which is described like that then I can split this processing into additions scalar multiplications multiplication by constants into squares and the squares in characteristic 2 are also linear so good they are also linear in d and I have regular multiplications so the first the 3 first kinds of operations are linear so this is the operations I want to favor in my decomposition of the processing and only the regular multiplications what I call regular multiplications is a multiplication which is not a squaring ok a multiplication a times b which cannot be described as a squaring so the regular multiplications have complexity d square so I want so my goal will be to find decomposition of the polynomial function in a sequence of operations with the minimal number of multiplications because these are the operations which are costly ok and it leads us to define what we call a masking complexity of s which is simply defined as a minimum number of regular multiplications which are needed to evaluate s ok ok so with this definition brings 2 problematics the first one is how to compute the masking complexity of function s at least how to have bounds and the second problematics is how to find evaluation methods which are efficient for the masking complexity criterion for monomials it's once again it's related to something which is well known in the finite field ok in fact for monomials it's a month to look for what we call two addition chain exponentiation is a splitting of the exponent as a sequence of of additions and each term, each new term in the addition in the sequence must be the result of two previous terms so this is an addition chain and we add the term two addition chain because we also assume that we can multiply by two so we want to find an addition chain leading to the power we want to compute and which is as short as possible and to build this chain we start from one and we add a new element just by adding the previous one ok and for polynomials it demands to find efficient decomposition and several propositions have been done to efficiently split monomials while reducing the number of needed multiplications so a proposal is just an application of quite famous algorithm by Knut-Ev the second one is a proposal we have done in the paper in 2012 which is called a cyclotomic method and another one is due to Coron Roy Vivec and has been published in 2014 so I will present those techniques ok, our first the cyclotomic method so what I just introduced some notation I call cyclotomic class of alpha all the elements all the elements, the set of all the elements I can get from alpha by multiplying alpha by a by a power of 2 2dg modulo finite field size cardinality, magnet squad ok why do I introduce this notation this is just because if I can check that if I have processed an element of cyclotomic class c'est alpha then I can get for nothing all the elements of the same class why? because as beta is in the same class of alpha I know that I can compute x times x to the power beta just by squaring several times alpha ok, just because alpha and beta are in the same class and why do I say that this is for free I say that this is for free because squaring in a field of characteristic 2 complexity linear in the security order while my goal is to minimize the number of multiplications which have complexity in d square ok, great I know that all the elements of a cyclotomic class can be get once I have one representative one leader of the class ok, so what can I do so I have the decomposition of sx as a polynomial with monomials the power of x and first I start by grouping all the powers which are in the same class so I get this class so this class I can compute all the elements of this class multiplications because once I have x I can have x2, x4, x8 just by squaring and squaring is for free then I have x cube so I take all the elements of the class x cube so once I have x cube I can process for free x6, x12 etc, etc and so on so in fact I am splitting I am decomposing the processing of sx as the processing of linearized polynomial in a class cyclotomic leader and so the number of multiplications ok sorry and so the number of multiplications is only the number of multiplications needed to compute all the cyclotomic leaders so for instance here if I assume that I have only the class in my representation of the of the s box I have only the elements in the class of x x cube x5 and x7 then I just have to find a way I want to process all those powers with the minimum number of multiplications so for instance here I will have to go from x to x cube because I have to compute x times x square, x square is for free so I have one multiplication here to get x5 this is only at the cost of one multiplications this is x cube times x square and so on so essentially the number of non linear multiplications with this method is the number of cyclotomic classes involved in the representation of s and I removed from this count the cyclotomic classes of the 0 element f1 element which can be obtained without multiplications so this is one possible way I want to split processing into linear functions and multiplications while decreasing the number of multiplications another method is just an application of the Knut-Eva algorithm so it's very simple you start by splitting the powers into two sets the even powers and the odd powers ok great and now you factor by x so it cost you one multiplication and then you just have to reduce the to reduce the degree by replacing x square by x and now at the cost of one multiplication you have divided the total degree by factor 2 and so you can repeat this process several times so now you have two sequences each sequences can be split into two sub-sequences one for even powers and one for odd powers so the next step we require two multiplications and so on until some other air and it gives you 2 times 2 to the air multiplications to get the full decomposition and after that to finish you just have to process this power so if this power is too expensive to process you can continue to split the method with higher degree and so on great it gives you a method with 2 to the n minus air minus 1 plus 2 to the air minus 2 non-inert multiplications so this is another way out of multiplications ok, the last method I wanted to present to you is due to it starts from cyclotomic classes and it starts by building a union of cyclotomic classes of s cyclotomic classes so that all the powers in the polynomial representations we want to split these belong to the to the c plus c where c is a union of the cyclotomic classes ok then it gives me a set of polynomials p with powers only in the union of cyclotomic classes so this is not all the possible polynomials this is only a subfamilies with monomials only in c ok and now I will look at splitting of the processing of s like a linear combination of products like that plus a polynomial and so my question is the question we have to solve is to find to find t polynomials p i and t polynomials q i and t polynomials p t so that this equation holds this is a quadratic system so it's a difficult system to resolve but we can linearize it quite easily we just fix some polynomials here we choose to fix the polynomials q i at random we have linear system with so we have a system like that with 2 to dn 2 2 to dn equations and we want to find the polynomials p i and as the polynomials p i belong to p they are n times t plus 1 times n times s terms for each n at most n times s non-zero polynomials in each p i and I have t plus 1 such polynomials to find so I have t plus 1 times n times s unknowns to to recover 2 to dn equations great so if the necessary condition here is satisfied then I can I can hope to find to find a solution and actually what has been shown in the paper by by Corot Roy Vivec that this condition was sufficient in practice if the polynomial q i was generated at random and this is a very efficient method it can be seen that with this method which is heuristic but we have complexity in terms of multiplications which is the square root of 2 to 2 to dn divided by n times square multiplications which is a very important scenario and this is very efficient because we know I didn't I didn't explain that but we know that there is always a polynomial with evaluation that requires at least the square root of 2 to dn divided by n multiplications so we know that this is an upper bound and so the complexity of the method by cq is almost optimal in the worst case and with that you can so I give you a table here for some dimensions but just to illustrate so we know how to evaluate in a quite easy way the ISS box with four multiplications today and for the DES for one of the DES for all of the DES we know how to process them in three multiplications so this is quite surprising a function like DES which has no structure can be evaluated with only three non-linear multiplications by using this technique ok finish this part with last results which is quite interesting also this theorem says that if you want to evaluate a function H on the sum of D shares you can split this evaluation into the evaluation of H into the sum of subset of the shares and the size of this subset is just limited by the degree of H so it's quite it's quite a complex formulation but it simply says that if you want to evaluate H on D shares, whatever D you just have to know how to evaluate H on the sum of S shares where S is a degree of H so the degree of H is bounded it does not change so for instance if this is the algebraic degree sorry I forgot to give the definition of the algebraic degree the algebraic degree is defined as the rate of the power of the non-zero monoméals in his decomposition for instance the algebraic degree of the ISS box which is defined over GF 2 to D 56 GF 2 56 sorry as degree 7 algebraic degree 7 it has degree 254 but algebraic is degree 7 so here it's good it says that if the degree of H for instance is 3 the algebraic degree is 3 then you just have to know how to process H on the sum of 3 shares and not on the sum of D shares if you know how to do that you could deduce an evaluation for D shares so it's very interesting if there is a huge difference between the number of shares so the security on the order and the degree of H oh, there is a problem little problem the problem is that the complexity of this method is D times S so it is better it can be expected to be better the Isheï Saev Agner approach where I am splitting the entire processing into linear functions and multiplications so here the idea is to split the processing into linear functions and polynomials of degree at most F so this approach which is more general can lead to efficient to efficient constructions if S is small because the complexity of operating of applying this technique is D to the power S so at least for S equal to 2 so for functions of algebraic 2 for functions with algebraic degree 2 these functions give you a method this theorem give you an argument to split the processing into linear processing so the processing of an S-box to linear computation and quadratic computation not only multiplication but any quadratic function and it will cost exactly the same as the Isheï Saev Agner method with only linear and linear functions and multiplications ok to conclude this tutorial I would like to relax a little bit my model to make it a little bit more practical we have seen that if I am assuming that the adversary is limited to D observations and if I am assuming that only computation leaks meaning that if I focus on one operation I will observe something which is only related to this operation so to the input of this operation and the output of this operation so if I am in this model so I have quite interesting methods to secure the processing the problem is that this model can be seen as too idealistic as too ideal for instance and this is an observation which has been done in a paper in 2006 by Sefan Monger in the CoSource in fact it can appear that glitches effect what we call glitches effect occur what is the glitches effect the glitches effect is just to say that in the ideal model you assume that a gate is active only if the two input of the gate are simultaneously are there if you speed the processing into a sequence we assume that each gate associated to an operation is active only when the operation is needed but it's not true in practice in practice all the gates of a circuit are active every time so they can evaluate the output even when the two inputs of the gate are not already there so for instance this is the ideal model I'm assuming that all the gates act at the same time sorry sorry in the ideal model I assume that when this gate is active this gate is inactive and when this gate is active all the other gates are inactive but in the real model in the real life all those gates are active at the same time so when the processing here is done this processing is also done but not with the good input because the input is not already there so it is evaluated on something which has no sense in terms of the final output but which can be measured to to get an information about wrong processing it's a little bit like in multi-party computation going from the multi-party computation model with honest players meaning that the circuit you are analyzing is working ideally and is exactly processing the things that are described in your paper from the multi-party computation model with dishonest players where the players can deviate from the original protocol in the world in the world of circuits which means that the circuit you are analyzing is sometimes acting in some way you cannot predict unpredictable way so it's very it's very complex to define security with this kind of model ok I will not enter into these details so and this is however the purpose of the techniques called threshold implementation threshold implementations so let us formalize threshold implementation problematic so you have you have Z which is shared into D plus 1 shares Z i we can assume that the shares are additive the sharing is additive so for the bitwise addition and I need to also to consider Z i as a vector itself as a vector of coordinates so all the Z i belongs to some some field so for instance they belong to GF2256 so they can be viewed as vectors of 8 bits so this is essentially what I am writing here if here I have a byte I just want to have the decomposition of Z i in terms of bits ok so I write this matrix so I have the shares here so I am writing the column vector ok so this is the vector corresponding to Z0 the vector corresponding to Z1 and so on so what I want with a threshold implementation is to implement FZ and because Z is shared I know that processing FZ amounts to process F on Z plus 1 plus 2 plus Z2 plus Z3 plus Z4 here sorry Z4 remove it sexually not only against classical such-and-all attacks but also against classical such-and-all attacks in presence of glitches effects and so this can be stated in the TI problematic as the problem of finding t functions fi and t sets EI fi only operates on subsets on the bit coordinates and the sum of all the output of this function fi gives FZ ok but in order to deal with my glitches effects I have a condition of EI for security at order 1 meaning if I want to have an implementation which is secure against adversaries which is only allowed to observe one interpreted result so if I want that the condition of on the sets EI is that each EI must be such that for any row here I have at least one cellule and here which is missing in EI meaning that there is at least one element in each row which is not in EI if I have that we can see that EI is totally the elements in EI are totally independent of Z for sure because the sum of the Z gives Z if I remove a single element in each row it means that I remove one share of each coordinate of Z here and here and so I don't have enough sufficient number of shares to rebuild Z so if this condition is satisfied I am ensuring that EI all the elements in EI are mutually independent on Z so it means that FI is operating on input which is statically independent on Z so FI can do anything it cannot reveal information on Z because it is operating on input which is independent on Z especially if there are glitches during the processing they will not lead to a security flow because this glitch will only reveal something which is independent on Z so this is the core idea of special implementations so this is quite okay this is quite easy to satisfied this condition is quite easy to satisfied the second condition is much more difficult to satisfied the second condition is the uniformity the uniformity condition is just to say that the set the tuple of FI after the evaluation the tuple of FI like that gives you a new sharing of FZ so you start with a sharing of Z and after you have a new sharing of FZ for that in order to have a sharing remember that you have to have a sharing of of uniformity of independency for instance if you want a sharing secure at order D you have to ensure that all tuples of D of at most D-1 shares is independent of Z so it means that you have a sharing and this is in fact uniformity so this uniformity condition not only you have to find something like that but you have to satisfy that the outputs are essentially independent and the only condition on the input is that when they sum they call FZ so just an illustration of how we can see the threshold implementation problematics so the threshold implementation problematics you start with a matrix like that you start with a matrix like that and a way how to process a way how to define the set E1, E2, E3, E4 is just to for instance for E1 you remove the first column for E2 you remove the second column for E3 the third one and so on for E4 the fourth column and then you just have to define you just have to define the function Fi but you can do that in many different ways at the same time the papers focused on this representation on this splitting but all those definitions of the set AI works so now how to define the function Fi to define the function Fi you can you have also quite straightforward method you start with with the splitting of this function of this polynomial function which is seen as and you see this function as a multivariate polynomials in this EDI and to define F0 you take this polynomial this multivariate polynomial and you fix all those bits equal to 0 essentially it means that from the description of the multivariate polynomials you remove all the monomials which contain bit coordinates of the shares at 0 and so you remove all those monomials it gives you a subset of the monomials and with this subset of the monomials you define F0 now with the monomials which remains after this processing you do the same but now you remove all the monomials which depends on coordinates of the shares at 1 and so you ensure that F1 does not depend on the shares at 1 so it gives you a new a new polynomial and with the remaining polynomial after this operation you continue you remove all the terms depending of what you do and so on until it remains nothing in the multivariate polynomial and you have like that splitting of the function F splitting of the evaluation of the function F into Ft evaluation of functions Fi which apply only on a subset and these subsets are defined so that there is a total independency between the input of the functions and the shared value Z so this is the construction unfortunately it does not satisfy necessarily the uniformity property and actually it will almost never satisfy the uniformity property so this construction just to say that I can satisfy the first condition but it does not say how to satisfy the uniformity condition so for the uniformity issue in fact we have something which is not fully addressed at the moment this is the most difficult part to deal with in special implementation problematic there is no generic explicit construction working for NEF part approaches by exhausting testing and they are based on functions classifications with respect to a fine input output invariance just for information special implementation is a special implementation of the non linear part of the Ketchak hash function is given in the specification that's why many researchers are working on this subject because it has been proposed in the in the specification of the Ketchak hash function and it was possible for the Ketchak hash function because the non linear part has a very very low very simple algebraic description and for this very simple algebraic description it is possible to exhaustively test all the decompositions and and at least and even it's possible to do that by with paper and pen and it's quite easy just for your information this idea the principles of special implementation have been extended to any order in a paper by Bill Ginet and co-authors as a CRIP 2014 and and it has been linked to the classical problem of security in probing model in a paper at CRIPTO 2015 last year it has been successfully applied to the No-Keyon S-Box once again because the No-Keyon S-Box is very simple as a very simple and it's working in a very small dimension so it was possible to output a special implementation like that so here you have your our functions F1, F2, F3 and you can see that indeed F1 is only parameterized by X1 and X2 but not by X3 so F1 the input of F1 total independent of X this is also the case for F2 for F3 then after that you have a first set of registers and this set of registers is still a sharing of Fx so this is a sharing a good sharing and then you process a second step of the processing with a new threshold implementation G1, G2, G3 so here the No-Keyon S-Box has been split into the composition of two functions, two very simple functions F and G and the special implementation has been found for F and for G separately ok to conclude this tutorial we need so what I wanted to point out is that we need algorithmic con-term measures with formal proof of resistance and this is not only a need for researchers it's also a need for the industry we need to be able to guarantee a certain level of security even if the model is not perfect but of course we also need models, formal models fitting the physical reality of devices enabling relatively simple proofs so this is sometimes difficult as I showed you we have models which are good because they enable simple proofs but they are not as realistic as we wanted as we would like but we also have models which are quite realistic very realistic but with these models it's much more complex what I wanted to show is also that con-term measures must be efficient and resistant against powerful adversaries so this is always trade-off sometimes we we can accept some low level of security because we want something very efficient sometimes we are able to pay a lot in terms of efficiency because we want something very efficient and it also depends on the amount of noise in the device for instance it's much more simpler to attack old smart card for instance 20 years old smart card than attacking an AS processing running smartphone a lot of noise a lot of electronic noise and extracting the information is very complex in the case of mobile smartphone you have a low level of noise you have a very high level of noise you have a high value sigma because you have a high value sigma maybe you can tolerate a small masking order D because you know I show you that the security the security is sigma to the poverty and in the other part in the counterpart if you are working with old smart card maybe the amount of noise is very low so in order to achieve the same level of security you will have to pay a lot in terms of sharing order what I wanted to point out is that there is a lot of links between our problematics which can be seen as quite practical but there are a lot of links with other theories which are considered more theoretical like for instance error, no not error but multi-party computation or things like that techniques which can be used from visibility so there are a lot of connections also there are connections with efficient the array of efficient processing in short characteristics and so there are certainly many many ideas to take in visibility so once again we have a lot of many open issues improve the proof techniques automatise them so there are some studies which are done with respect to this problematics especially in Spain in the steam of Gilbert but other researchers are today interested by this improve the existing techniques and adapt them to such a context so this is once again related to formal proof reduce the randomness consumption of existing techniques so this is so problematic I didn't speak a lot during the tutorial but generating random with good quality is quite costly so limiting the amount of random which has to be used is important in terms of timing complexity Find efficient evaluation methods so it's more related to the attacks part and for threshold implementation one of the open problems is to find generic constructions to secure at least some families of polynomial functions at any order thank you for your attention and if you have any question to ask is there or here during the pose or tomorrow thank you so thank you Emmanuel for this very interesting and very broad tutorial so we have time for a few questions or maybe the questions can be taken offline no questions so let's thank the speaker again thank you


African swine fever, ASF, is a deadly viral disease that affects both domestic and feral swine of all ages. While it poses no risk to human health and cannot be transmitted from pigs to humans, its discovery in St. Lucia would have a significant impact on livestock producers, their communities, and the economy. As of the 28th of July, the Dominican Republic reported its first case of ASF. Acting Chief Veterinary Officer of the Livestock and Veterinary Services Division, Dr. Shamin Melvin Edwin, says the region is now on high alert to ensure that this disease remains at bay. We are happy that presently this disease does not exist in St. Lucia. However, African swine fever is a viral disease, a hemorrhagic disease, a disease that causes severe hemorrhaging, internal hemorrhaging. We see a lot of hemorrhaging in the organs, in the heart, in the spleen, in the kidneys. And so there's a lot of redness. You notice a lot of redness on the animal. The tip of the ears may be red. The abdomen, the extremities, very red. So it's one of the diseases that we call red diseases of pigs. And so in addition to the redness, you may see that the animals will be depressed, they'll huddle together, they may become anorexic, they lose their appetite, so they will not eat for you. The females may experience abortion, you may have formating, you may have diarrhea, you may have cyanosis, or which basically means that poor blood circulation, so you'll begin to see the areas beginning to turn blue because of the lack of oxygen. And so this is highly, highly, you can understand the devastating effect that this will have on our pig sector if this disease were to enter. According to Dr. Melville Edwin, there is currently no treatment or vaccine available for this disease. She explains that the only way to stop this disease is to depopulate all swine herds that have been infected or have been exposed to it. Travelers are advised to be cautious and avoid transporting pork products as the disease can be transmitted through them. We need to have proper biosecurity measures on farm. What do I mean by biosecurity measures? When that you take the proper precautions, persons who are coming and ensure that persons who are coming to your farm are persons who only need to be there. The clothing that you wear on your farm is not the same clothing that you wear out on the streets. Use your foot baths so this infects your boots, this infects your clothing when you enter the farm or when you leave the farm. Farmers, the use of food scraps is not encouraged, it's not encouraged because again as we know the virus can be transmitted through food, through pork products. However we do understand the economic impact and the high cost of production. So we are encouraging farmers if you have to use swill, you have to use feed scraps, make sure it is cooked at high temperatures. The virus can be destroyed at high temperatures for a certain amount of time. Dr Melville reiterated the importance of public vigilance in the fight against the African swine fever. Farmers are asked to contact their local extension office or the veterinary and livestock services division if they notice any signs of the African swine fever. From the communications unit of the Ministry of Agriculture, I am Anisia Antoine reporting.


Yeah, because we're awesome. Do not forget about us in November Okay, I know you're mad you struggled you worked hard You missed a lot of opportunities to get ahead in your professional career all to pay down your debt Responsibly which proves that you can do it again for them Remember this is targeted relief for working-class people like a married couple making two hundred forty grand a year You don't want them to suffer do you? Let me get back to you later. Are you willing to donate just seven dollars to help us win in November? We got to keep making progress who knows maybe cancel more debt down the road, huh? No, we can't stop subsidizing student loans Harvard's endowment is only fifty billion dollars You don't want Harvard to suffer. Do you this really isn't about you? Okay, so just chip into your part But stay out of the way. Hey, can you believe the cancel Samantha be like what what ratings problem everyone? I know watches that show the important thing is that we mitigate the damage that we cause Without ever addressing the root cause of the problem You don't want Congress to suffer.  That's all we have to say never engage with any substantive argument or numbers or math of any kind It's only gonna cost about three hundred billion or so the first year we think with inflation That's gonna feel like a lot less if you guys were smart you would have taken a loan You couldn't afford to go to college, but you didn't so pony up. It's about two grand per taxpayer Put it in the bucket and leave. Do you guys want to get smoothies or something later? We need more people in debt so they'll vote us into office to get them out of debt I thought you people went to college. Oh, please. You couldn't even spell moral hazard. Cool. Awesome.  Oh, I didn't see you there. You know you kids are the future That's why we're doing our best to make sure none of your actions will ever have real consequences Except maybe voting Well, you know, we're working on that too


Hi friends, welcome back to my channel and a very special welcome if you're new here. My name is Jen. I'm a certified weight loss and nutrition coach and I'm on WW personal points. Happy Friday, friends. It is Friday. It is the weekend. It is a weigh-in day, WW workshop, topic recap day, and I'm going to share with you how my week was. So if you're excited for another weigh-in, give this video a big, huge thumbs up. Make sure you're subscribed and your bell notification is turned on because I upload a weigh-in video every Friday and I do five videos per week. Check out the description box down below for nutrition coaching. I offer personalized to you macros and calories. Highly, highly, highly recommend as well as one-on-one coaching if you would like to chat with me directly. Links, discounts to all of my favorite things and my Facebook group. Come on over, join that community we would love to have you. So let's jump into my week, my weigh-in and the WW workshop topic. I hope you had an absolutely a fan-tastic week. I hope you had an amazing 4th of July. I did go ahead and share some pictures on both my Instagram and my Facebook group of our 4th of July, including this picture right here of a side-by-side from 4th of July last year to 4th of July this year. And I have to say, I was shocked at the difference on how different I look. Everything about me from how small my hands are now to how small my body is now from the last 4th of July to this 4th of July. It was quite shocking and actually quite satisfying honestly. So my tip for you is to take a lot of pictures throughout your weight loss journey because that's how you're really going to see a visible difference when the scale isn't your friend. We're gonna dive into the scale a little bit more for this week's weigh-in but by taking pictures and visibly seeing the changes can be really beneficial on a weight loss journey. We had my in-laws over on Sunday for our little 4th of July barbecue and then on 4th of July, we actually went over to our next door neighbor's house for a few hours and had a barbecue with them. So it was a weekend packed with good 4th of July food and I will tell you that I feel like overall I did well. Now, did I eat all the good food for 4th of July? Absolutely, absolutely I did. I even talked about how everything in moderation is important during the holidays and I also shared on my Facebook group how when we went to our neighbors on 4th of July I brought a big huge bowl of fresh fruit and that way I knew that I had something healthy on hand, something that I could feel my plate with if there wasn't a lot of other healthy choices or choices that fit into what I wanted to eat on my weight loss plan at that little barbecue and it came in really handy. I had a plate of delicious food including half of my plate of my fresh fruit, some wings, some chips and queso, really enjoyed the holiday weekend, enjoyed the company, didn't focus so much on the food and just really tried to be in the moment and enjoyed the holiday with family and friends. It's important to me to not let food take over everything and not let food take over time with family and friends and holidays and I really feel good about how the 4th of July weekend went for me. Let me know down in the comments what you did for 4th of July and how did you do navigating through all the good barbecue food that happens for the holiday. Also this week I focused on getting in more vegetables like I talked about in last week's weigh-in, I made sure that at least two or three meals a day had vegetables and I feel like I nailed it. I really got back into my vegetable game this last week. I made a big salad when my in-laws came over and I put a big amount of salad on my plate to take up more of my plate than the potato salad and the baked beans were going to take up and just really heavily focused on getting in my veggies and it felt really good and I'm definitely going to focus on that again this week. I'm still working out daily, seven days a week, going to the gym three days a week, feeling really good about the changes that I'm seeing in my body that again have nothing to do with the scale. I feel like my body is toning up, leaning down. Whether or not the scale represents that or not, I can just feel it in my body and that's such a rewarding feeling from going and working out and sweating in the gym and making exercise a priority. Before I jump into this week's weigh-in and we have lots and lots to talk about, let's talk about this week's WW Workshop topic which is planning for a roadblock before it even happens. This topic is great for the 4th of July weekend. This topic is great for summer because we go to a lot of cookouts and barbecues and events during the summer and we worry about how the heck are we going to stay on track when we're invited to so many fun summer related events? You don't always have to stay on track. You don't always have to make healthy choices when you're at these events but if you can navigate those roadblocks that are going to come up before they come up, it can help you be a little bit more prepared when going into these festivities. There are five tips from WW on how to navigate roadblocks. Starting with tip number one, which is to roll camera. Pretend you're watching a typical day play out like a movie. What's going on? Who is there? How's it different from your usual routine? Rolling that camera, rolling that footage of your day can really help you navigate the difference between your everyday life and what happened when you're attending these events. Tip number two is to notice the hiccups along the way. List anything that might get in the way of healthy habits you rely on now, that you rely on from your day to day. Maybe your friend doesn't have a treadmill or you can't cook your favorite morning oatmeal in the hotel room. Think about things that may stand in your way before they actually happen. I know for me when I travel, I always find out is there a fridge in my hotel room? Is there a way to warm up or cook food? Am I going to have to rely on eating out? When I'm thinking about going to events, kind of like the 4th of July, get together at my neighbor's house, I thought about what food is going to be there? And I honestly had no idea what food was going to be there. I stopped that roadblock in place by making sure that I brought something that was healthy and on plan. Tip number three is to find realistic solutions. Think of things you can do to stay engaged with your journey. You could stream workouts in the WW app or you could try a recipe for no cook overnight oats. So kind of going back to the hotel room. If you don't have a way to cook your favorite oatmeal in the morning, you can make overnight oats the night before and throw them in the little refrigerator in your hotel room and still enjoy your favorite healthy breakfast. Maybe you're too busy to do your normal fitness routine or maybe there's not fitness equipment where you're going. You can always again stream workouts on the WW app and still get in your exercise. I know for me my go-to when I'm traveling or in a situation where I don't have fitness equipment is to go on a walk. Enjoy the scenery, get some vitamin D from the sun and just go on a long walk. Tip number four is to revise the script. Use your answers from step two and three to make an action plan for how you're going to support your goals. Be specific about what, where, how and when. I shared with you a few things that I do when I'm put in a situation where these roadblocks pop up, whether it be traveling or events or festivities. Think about what you can do to navigate that before it actually happens. Going back to the old saying fail to plan, plan to fail. Plan ahead a little bit. Think about things that may stand in your way before they actually stand in your way. And tip number five goes hand in hand with this and this is to think ahead. Fast forward to after the credits roll. When is the, when the day is over, how will you get back to your regular routine? Write down the first thing you'll do and when. There's nothing wrong with overindulging or splurging or eating a lot on a holiday or at an event or at a barbecue. There's nothing wrong with that, but the biggest thing that you have to do is just get back on track. The next day, get back on track. Write down the first thing you're going to do to set yourself up for success the next day. Let's go back to the whole oatmeal situation. Maybe what you're writing down is that you're having your favorite bowl of oatmeal for breakfast, which starts your day off on the right foot, gets you back into your normal routine and gets you back on track. Don't get me wrong, I love a good routine. I am very type A. I am very routine oriented, but sometimes life happens, festivities happen, holidays happen, and we can't stick to our normal routines as much as we want to. We have to make shifts and we have to navigate roadblocks that happen outside of our normal day today. We have to plan ahead the best that we can. We have to make the healthiest choices that we can, but we also have to enjoy our time with our friends and families. Holidays only come around once a year, so enjoy them. Don't focus so much on the food, but focus on the holiday, your friends and your family. I really like this topic because for me, it's not about depriving myself or stopping going to family events or stop celebrating holidays because the food that served doesn't fit into my day. It's about navigating those the best way that I can and really just focusing on the event my family and my friends and of course, enjoying all of that good holiday food. So now let's jump into my weigh-in. Post-4th of July weekend, week six of my fitness routine. Let me tell you, let me tell you, it's been a week when it comes to my weight loss journey. It's been an annoying, frustrating, maddening week with the scale like I shared with you guys last week. My weight has been interesting. It's been very interesting since implementing my fitness routine. I'm seeing a lot of this. I'm seeing a lot of this where my weight stays the same and then I'll go down a little bit, then I'll go back up a little bit and then it'll stay the same for days and days on end and this week, this week, this week. My scale was not my friend this week. My weight stayed the same to the ounce the entire week today included. So when I stepped on the scale today, I weighed exactly what I weighed last week, which means that technically this week wasn't maintained for me and I can't tell you the last time I maintained my weight. I mean for months and months and months on end, I have lost weight every single week. Now don't get me wrong. I would much rather maintain than gain of course, but it's interesting that I maintained this week because obviously I'm in a calorie deficit like I have been every other week. I'm still working out as I have been every other week and what's even more interesting is that my workouts, they didn't change from last week to this week, yet my weight maintained the same and honestly, full transparency, I was annoyed. I was frustrated. I was about ready to write my fitness coach and not very happy email because my weight did not change this week, but then I stopped yesterday, Thursday and reflected on my week and remembered that I did everything that I could. I did everything right this week. I worked out. I drank my water. I ate my vegetables. I was in a calorie deficit. I did everything that I had to do to see the scale move and it just didn't move. The scale for some reason this week just wanted to stay the same way as it was last week and there's nothing that I can do about that. I could get really mad and frustrated and go off the deep end and eat all the foods for the fourth of July weekend or I can just stay the course and know that next week, chances are at the scales going to move in the right direction again. There can be a lot of contributing factors as to why we maintain our weight or why we don't lose weight every day or every week that are out of our control. I could be extra sore or inflamed or retaining water from my workouts. I could have eaten different foods than I ate last week that just caused my body to kind of go whoa and maintain my weight but on the flip side of that, when I was getting ready to head out the door to do my grocery shopping and getting my purse out of our haul closet by our front door, that's where we keep all of our coats, our winter coats, our spring coats, our windbreakers, things like that because we don't need a lot of coats here in Arizona and when I opened the closet and reached for my purse, I saw a North Face jacket sitting in my closet that I have literally had for at least 10 years. When I was at my very lowest weight, I bought this size medium North Face jacket and it fit me great. I could zip it up, I had room, it was comfortable, I wore it all the time but for the last nine years, nine and a half years, that jacket has not fit me. At my highest weight, before starting my weight loss journey this time around, I couldn't even get the jacket on. I literally couldn't put it on, more or less even think about zipping it up, it just didn't fit me and I kept it over these last few years and I thought about decluttering it, getting rid of it, donating it several, several times especially when we made this move from Spokane to Arizona. I thought, you know what, this coat does not fit me and yeah, I tried it on. I tried it on before we moved and it didn't fit me. I could get the coat on but it was about this far from actually being able to even zip up or wrap all the way around me but I kept it. I kept it because I thought there's a possibility if I keep going the way I'm going that I'll actually be able to get this jacket on one day, that I will actually be able to wear it again and it was not an inexpensive jacket, it's a very comfortable, lightweight jacket, perfect for Arizona, so I kept it and since we moved here almost four months ago, it sat in my closet. So when I saw it, I thought, I'm gonna try this on. I'm gonna see if I've made any progress from Washington to now, when it was about here, a few inches from even being able to close and I tried it on and guess what? Guess what? Even though my weight hasn't drastically changed since I moved to Arizona, that jacket fits me. I can zip it. I can zip it. Now, is it tight? Absolutely. Is it uncomfortable? Absolutely. Would I ever wear it zipped up? No way but I can zip it. I can zip it. It now closes completely and I can zip it. So now it is my mission. It is my mission in life to get that jacket to fit comfortably like it did 10 years ago.  That alone was the highlight of my week, scale aside. It's just a reminder to focus on things that have nothing to do with the number on the scale because like me this week, you can do everything right and the scale doesn't move. Don't get discouraged. Stay the course, trust the process and keep going. I promise eventually it'll all work out and the scale will move and show your hard work paying off. So now I wanna hear from you guys. Let me know how your week was. Did you gain, did you lose? How was the scale for you? And also let me know your tips and tricks for encountering roadblocks and of course how your 4th of July holiday went. If you enjoyed today's video, don't forget to give it a thumbs up. Make sure your subscribe and your bell notification is turned on because we do a weigh-in every Friday and I do upload five videos a week. Make sure you check out the description box down below for nutrition coaching, links and discounts to my favorite things and come on over, join us on Facebook. We'd love to have you. Happy Friday and I'll see you in tomorrow's grocery haul. Bye.