The study found that even though two transcription factors Cephas and C.jun are co-ordinately expressed at the population level, their expression is noisy and uncorrelated with each other in individual cells. Despite this, the induction of downstream genes by these heterodimers is insensitive to the number of heterodimers in individual cells, due to sequestration of promoters within compact chromatin. This suggests that barriers to noise propagation and amplification are commonplace in higher eukaryotes. This article was authored by Kirti Shah and Sanjay Tiyagi.


So, good morning everyone and welcome to today's lecture. So, in the previous few classes we looked at a few problems in different coordinate systems. So, we derived the equations in the Cartesian coordinates, but very soon we found ourselves having to deal with a spherical bubble or a cylindrical jet of fluid in which case the ideal coordinate system was no longer the Cartesian coordinate system and we moved into cylindrical coordinates and spherical. And there when we had to use the gradient operator and the divergence, we realized that those operators don't have the same form as they do in the Cartesian. So, naturally the question will arise as to how one can derive these operators in a coordinate system of choice. More specifically a question was raised by one of y'all as to why the gradient operator for example in cylindrical coordinates has a certain form, but the divergence which is the gradient dotted with a vector has a entirely different form. So, what we will do in the first half of the classes is actually look at the theory underlying these curvilinear coordinate systems and how one can derive systematically all the operators, all the vectorial operators. The second half of the class we will continue with the previous lecture where we looked at perturbation theory and solve a simple problem which y'all have which y'all are quite comfortable with, but we will give a new spin to things. So, to start off to make it easier to understand I will work with a specific case of cylindrical coordinates and then we can generalize that later on. So, on one hand we have the Cartesian set of coordinates which we are familiar with. Of course here I am maintaining the right hand system of x cross y equal to z and on the other hand for specific example we have the cylindrical coordinates. So, on the x y plane I now have a radius r, this theta would actually be negative. So, I am measuring theta in the anticlockwise direction. So, actually I should not put it that way. So, the fundamental idea about having different coordinate systems is that there should be a one to one mapping between all the points in this space and all the points in that space and that is totally reasonable because the space is the same we are just choosing a different reference frame. So, what that means is if I have a point here whose coordinates are x, y and z they should get mapped to a unique point which will in fact be the same point in space but having a different representation as r theta z and this can be mapped back and forth. So, naturally the starting point is to understand what this mapping is or in other words if I have the x, y, z coordinates how do I get the r theta z and then things will follow from that. So, in the case of cylindrical coordinates that is quite straight forward. So, x is simply r cos theta, y is r sin theta and z of course remains as z. So, when we are working with a new coordinate system the first step is to always get the mapping. So, if you have a cylindrical jet and you envision this coordinate system the first thing to do is to get this mapping. There are some cases where you will want to instead of having a jet you may want to have a torus which means that you have a cylinder which also curves. So, in that coordinate system you can also proceed in the similar fashion but you will have to start with a different mapping. So, the even z will get mapped. Now, this is the mapping where I am able to write x as a function of r theta z and y as a function of r theta z and so on. So, z of course remains z. So, we just focus on x and y r theta because z is just identity map. Now, as I asserted if we can go forward we have to go backward. So, there will be the inverse mapping where I can write r in terms of x and y. So, usually we require that as well in the calculations. So, that we can write down and you all can work it out with me. So, here r should be just x square plus y square root and theta is of course tan inverse of y by x and of course z remains z. So, this you would be familiar with and there is no mystery there. Now, what this means in terms of representing vectors and the Navier-Stokes equations is what we look at. So, here we know how to represent any point. So, any scalar function defined here will easily get mapped to this reference frame because we know how to go from x, y, z coordinates to r theta z. Now, the next step is when you are dealing with vectors is apart from the magnitude of course you have a direction. So, the question is if I know the direction of a vector here, how do I represent that in the cylindrical coordinate system? Or in other words, if I have a vector pointing in the x direction for example, then here the vector is simply i cap. But if I look at it here, then that vector will be in some r and some theta direction or it will be a combination of the unit vectors in r and theta. So, that is why we need to understand how the unit vectors follow from when we make the coordinate system transition. So, of course in Cartesian, I will just draw it again. The unit vectors are straight forward. You have E x cap whose magnitude 1 of course in the x direction and y you have E y and z you have E z. When we come to the cylindrical coordinate system, you have one unit vector in this z direction same as before. The odd unit vector as you know is pointing in the radial direction. And theta is actually, so if I draw a kind of a circle here, theta will actually be tangential to that circle. So, at any point, the unit vectors at this point are radially outward, tangential to the circle, which is E theta and then z, E z vertically up. Now, the point here and the crucial reason why the operators change and have different forms is that as I move around in the Cartesian space, the unit vectors do not change. But the unit vectors in the cylindrical coordinate system actually keep changing as I move around. So, for example, if I am located at this point, then my E r vector is this guy here and E theta is this guy pointing perpendicular to E r. But when I move from here to here, you see that my direction of the unit vector E r has now changed. So, has the E theta vector. But in the same thing if I did here in Cartesian space, I would get Ex E y and it would still remain Ex E y, there is absolutely no change. Of course, it will displace the origin, but that is not what we are looking at. We are looking at the direction of the vectors and they remain the same, whereas here they change. So, the question is to understand how these unit vectors change with position and that is the first step and then we can look at deriving the gradient operator. So, to understand that, we need to be able to write down the vector say E r in terms of Ex E y and Ex E z, that is the main step. And we would like to do that because we know that these vectors do not change. So, if we can represent E r in terms of these then we can understand how it is changing. So, for that we need to have the basic idea that unit vectors are tangential to coordinate lines. And lines here in general could be a curve, just the nomenclature that has developed. So, what this means is that it tells us what exactly the E r vector is for example. So, the E r vector is in fact some unit vector that is tangential to the radial coordinate line. So, what I mean by a coordinate line? A coordinate line is a curve in space along which any two of the coordinates are constant. So, the radial coordinate line is the curve along which theta and z are constant or only r varies. So, that is quite clear because along this line which I am asserting to be the radial coordinate line, you see that only r will change whereas theta has a constant value and of course, z has a constant value. So, similarly you can find that the theta coordinate line is a line along which only theta changes which are simply the concentric circles in the plane of the board and z of course, are different planes. So, this kind of a picture you would have had intuitively in your mind. So, now we are just formalizing that as coordinate lines. I am sorry the z coordinate line is are not planes they are just the z direction that comes out. So, in XYZ the coordinate lines are simply the Cartesian axis themselves, but in the cylindrical frame it is slightly different. So, you have the radial line then of course, this tangent e theta along which only theta changes basically it is the circle and then you have just this z vector pointing out of the plane. So, mathematically we can use this form that we have to represent any coordinate line. Similarly at the radial coordinate line it can be represented as x is of course, I will leave it in the general form some function of r because you know r is changing. However, theta has a constant right and z is a constant. Similarly the y coordinate along the radial coordinate line will be given by this where again you have to put theta a constant and z a constant and the same is true for z. So, what this tells me is that if I want to find one of my radial coordinate lines all I have to do is come to this mapping give some constant value for theta may be 45 or in terms of radians pi by 2 or pi by 4 and then z you give some value may be 3 and now you just vary r and it will trace out the coordinate curve. In this case it is the trivial radial line, but in a more complicated system if you cannot figure it out visually you can always do this and understand what exactly the coordinate line is. So, you can figure the same thing out for theta and z. So, having established that the next question is we are coming back to is what is the unit vector. So, a real inspection will tell us that the unit vectors as I have said here I have already written that down. The unit vectors are tangential to the coordinate lines. So, that means that all we have to do to find out the unit vector er is to find a tangent a unit tangent to the radial coordinate line. Now the reason why I have written it in this form is that this gives us a particularly easy way to find the tangent. So, if you look a little closely at this figure I mean at these 3 equations what you will realize is that it is nothing, but an explicit representation of a curve which means that I have given you the x the y and the z coordinates in terms of 1 parameter in which case this is r and we know from basic theory of calculus that I can find the tangent which I will call t to the surface which is given by this explicit relationship by simply taking the derivative. So, what we are doing here is the x, y and z coordinates are changing only with the variable r and if you want to find the tangent all you need to do is take the small infinitesimal distance that gets propagated as I change r by a small value and that will naturally lead to the different components of my tangent vector. So, that is quite straight forward to do because we remember we know what x hat is what the y mapping is what the z mapping is. So, all we need to do is just take this derivative and we will get t and now er is simply t by its modulus or its absolute value so I can get a unit vector. So, proceeding in the same way we can find out e theta and easy and that would be quite easy pun intended. So, what we will do is apply this formula to calculate er and e theta and then take the next step. Alright, so let us work out er so the first is just the derivative of x with respect to r a policy I should have put partial derivatives is in general they are functions of any of r theta and z alright so er dx by dr so that is simply cos theta so this is cos theta e x plus sin theta e y and of course because the derivative of z with r is 0 so that means that my er unit vector lies only in the xy plane which is consistent of course. Now e theta and this is possibly the unit vector which was the least obvious when you first encounter the polar plane so now we can calculate that even if we could not intuit it. So, now we have to take the derivative with theta so you will get am I done here no so I need to divide by the magnitude so I will do that and but that is simply r so essentially what happens is that the r's cancel out so I will just get minus sin theta x and easy is of course easy right so here we have our 3 unit vectors er e theta easy in terms of the unit vectors in the Cartesian reference frame so that is the crucial point of proceeding with any coordinate transformation so now we can go to the next step which is to try and relate it the other way round which means can I get e x e y easy in terms of er e theta so that is not too difficult because what we have here is a system of 3 linear equations right with 3 unknowns so all I have to do is invert it and I will get e x e y and easy in other words what I have done here is saying something like y is equal to a x where y is the 3 cylindrical unit vectors and x vector is simply the Cartesian vectors so I just have to say that x is a inverse y where this a will have this cos theta sin theta and the other terms so you can work that out but since this is relatively simple we can write down a solution by inspection which is what I will do now so maybe I will give you all a minute to tell me what e x is in terms of er and e theta sorry so you are saying sin theta er plus cos theta I mean agreement so you can of course check here I do not think this is going to work out just double check that so according to me right so of course I will do the easy part first which is to say ez is ez so of course let us look at it again what I what I know for sure is that the left hand side right hand side should be er so naturally e x has should have a cos theta term so I can retain the er guy so if I put cos theta here I think that works out right so if I substitute e x here I will get cos square theta er and here e y will give me sin square theta er so er remains and you will find that the other terms cancel off fine so now we have represented back and forth just as we had the forward and backward mapping for the points we now have that mapping for the unit vectors as well and that puts us in a good position because we can now calculate how the vectors er e theta easy change as we move around space in the cylindrical coordinate system so let us look at the er vector so I will draw it here again for reference so we have er now here if I look at a point I have e theta here in the cylindrical coordinate system is that 0.1 0.2 so at 0.1 my vector er is here so our schematic shows us that as I move as I move along r for example and my vectors do not change so as I move along r er remains the same right and e theta also sort of remains the same because I will just have right so e theta and er and easy do not change with r however theta is a troublesome guy because as I move in theta you will find that my er vector has changed instead of pointing horizontally it is now pointing at some inclined angle so definitely the er has changed with theta e theta of course also has changed now instead of going vertically it is now going at some oblique angle so I know that schematically my unit vectors are going to change with theta so let us see if we can calculate that from what we have just derived let us look at the derivative with respect to r for starters of er or let us just make it more interesting and directly jump to theta so we are looking at the derivative of the unit vector er with theta and now it is extremely useful to use what we have derived here because I know that ex and ey do not change so I can substitute er as in using my relationship here into that derivative calculate the derivative and come back so let us put er this representation into the derivative and tell me what the derivative is in ex and ey but that we can see from here is nothing but e theta so now we have the neat result that the derivative of the er vector as I move in theta is simply e theta so you can do the same thing for e theta with respect to theta and tell me what you get minus er of course the unit vector in the z direction in this case does not change I will just write this over there because I may need it in the future so I will store that away okay and now we are in a position to begin our investigations into the vector operators so let us start with the gradient of a scalar so since we are going to be calculating gradients of pressure in this course I will just take p so we know that the gradient of pressure in the Cartesian coordinate system is simply doh p by doh x e x and the question is how do I relate this to its representation in the cylindrical coordinate system so the first idea that we need to have is a vector is a vector as a vector so what that means is that just like you have a point in physical space that point is not going to change regardless of how you are going to you know view the system whether cylindrical or Cartesian in the same way when you have a vector entity that is a entity that does not depend on how you look at it which means that whether I represented in Cartesian or whether I represented in cylindrical those forms have to mean the same thing in terms of magnitude and in terms of direction so what I am looking to do when I am translating to cylindrical is really find out how to write this guy in terms of r derivatives of r theta z in terms of the unit vectors e r e theta e z while maintaining its original structure and what it really is so that in this case will involve two things first of all I need to transform e x e y e z into the representation of e r e theta and e z and that I already have over there so we have covered that but then the problem is I have derivatives with x and I will want to represent p as a function of r and theta so I need to rewrite the derivatives in x as derivatives in r and derivatives in theta so once we do those two things and put them together we should get our gradient form in cylindrical coordinates so we will do that I will demonstrate it for x now so dp by dx can be written of course as dp by dr into dr by dx plus and for the sake of completeness so I have just applied the chain rule of multivariable calculus and now we know r is a function of x right here so we can substitute that derivative and proceed some of you all might be tempted to calculate dx by dr from this relationship and then inverted and put that in so you are welcome to try I have done it in the past and of course not met with success because you cannot actually do that what you need to do is actually write r out as a function of x and y which means that at this step I really need the inverse mapping and that can be a bit of a pain because generally you have x related to r and theta in most practical situations that is the easy mapping to get to invert it may not always be possible so this is something I will come to later but right now we are lucky enough to have the inversion so we can proceed so let us calculate dr by dx so I will do this one for you so then the 2s go off and this is nothing but r so I will just get minus x by r in the same way I can get the derivative of tan inverse m is 1 upon 1 plus m square right if you use derivative of tan inverse m is 1 upon 1 plus m square which I looked up yesterday and then of course if I look at y by x I will get y by x square the negative sign so this is just minus y by r square so you can plug that in and we will find out that is a derivative with respect to r alright now I do not really want to keep r hanging around so what I will do is use sorry I mean I would want x to be hanging around because I want to convert everything into r and theta so I will use x is r cos theta here so I will simply get minus cos theta right and here I will put y is r sin theta so I will get so now we can put that back in is that the minus why is that right sorry yeah yeah correct yeah yeah so it is just positive you are saying sorry yeah so similarly we can write out doh p by doh y in this case we will just focus on this I need doh p by doh theta here so doh p by doh y we can write out can someone tell me doh r by doh y? Doh p by doh r into sin theta doh p by doh theta into cos theta by r so now that we have found the derivatives in terms of r and theta what is left for us to do is to now plug it back into this formula so we have doh p by doh x so that I have here so let us put this entire term there and then use my ex formulation that I have over here and substitute everything together and let us see what we get further I mean the first doh p by doh x star into something funny yeah so where was I yeah I was doh p by doh theta and we just need to substitute that in there and I will get maybe I should just do this systematically has someone done this essentially we need to just substitute I mean just multiply doh p by doh x with ex that comes out there so what that will give me is doh p by doh r so cos theta with ex gives me cos square theta and then the second term will be doh p by doh r cos theta with minus sin theta e theta right and then doh p by doh theta I have minus sin theta by r I will get cos theta e r and then doh p by doh theta times minus sin theta by r so that sin square theta by r e theta right so that is fine so you can see here that I have these two terms sorry you know those two terms yeah we are fine here actually there is no problem so this is what we have for doh p by for this first get now we do the same thing over here right and proceed so it is this plus this is e r alright now we do the same thing here so just calculate doh p by doh y e y by substituting from there so you will see I will get doh p by doh r sin theta into sin theta e r correct so I will get doh p by doh r sin square theta e r right that comes from the first term sorry that comes from here right with e r then the second term gives me doh p by doh theta cos theta sin theta by r right that comes from the sorry that comes from the last term right so I have doh p by doh theta cos theta sin theta by r and then you can carry it out so since we are running short of time I will just show you the calculus works out so if I look at the e r terms that I have so far you will see these two guys which basically amount to right because cos square theta plus sin square theta becomes 1 then you will find that the troublesome term which was this guy because I mean this is not there you know in the final formula e r so that just cancels off with the guy here and if you continue for the next two terms you will find another cos square theta term that comes for this that is in fact here see if I multiply this with this I will get doh p by doh r cos square theta by r so that will combine with the sin square theta by r so I will get plus 1 by r doh p by doh theta alright so what we have done here is started with the gradient representation in the Cartesian coordinate system which was the one which you are familiar with then rewrote the derivatives in x, y and z in terms of derivatives and r and theta using the I mean using calculus and then because we had the representations of e x, e y, e z in terms of e r and eta we simply substitute that back in and ultimately what comes out is the form of the gradient in the cylindrical coordinate system so that you can do the same thing in spherical coordinates or any other coordinate system and you will be able to derive what the gradient acting on a scalar is so this is how we got the form for the gradient so now that we have this let us look at the divergence of a vector and see what is it exactly that is different over there. So now we move on to del dot v where v is a vector in general but we will be calculating it with a velocity or del dot n where n is the normal vector for the normal stress boundary condition so now that we have the gradient operator and the gradient operator by itself is in fact the same as gradient of p so this is just doh by doh r e r alright and this has to be dotted with v r e r plus v theta e theta plus v z also if you look back at the form for e r and e theta which you will have in your notes you will find that e r dot e r is equal to 1 whereas e r dot e theta is equal to 0 and so on. So even the r theta z coordinate system is also orthonormal just like x, y, z so that means that when we apply the dot product we only need to consider the e r dot e r terms e r e theta dot e theta terms so e r dot e theta will go to 0. So if you just look at it that may tell you that all I will get is doh by doh r v r plus 1 by doh by doh v theta doh by doh z v z which looks exactly like gradient p but we know that is wrong. So the difference that comes in here is that my e r e theta and e z vectors are not constant. They are also functions of r theta and z which means when I operate on them I do not only operate on the component I must also operate on the unit vector itself. So I will just take the term which makes a difference so we know that nothing changes with r basically. So when r acts on any of the unit vectors it causes no change. So there there is no mystery I will just get it straight forward. So this will come by operating taking the dot product of this with everything else because doh by doh r of e theta remains e theta and e theta dotted with e r will give me 0. Now let us come to the second term.  So first I go I am going to operate the derivative so here I will use the product rule. So I first differentiate v r and e r remains out here. The second guy of course will be where I differentiate e r now and v r comes out right 1 by doh by doh theta and this whole thing is dotted with e theta. Now here is the catch that the derivative of e r with e theta is not 0 it is in fact e theta right. So this term becomes v r by r e theta dot e theta and this is non-zero.  Now if I move on you will find that I will have to operate the derivatives on the remaining coordinates and then I will just get the rest of it is the same of course nothing much happens in the z direction. So this is how we calculate the divergence and this is why you get some additional terms that crop up here purely because of the change of the unit vector e r in this case with theta. Now the nice thing is that if you proceed you will find the same thing happening when you go to the del square v. So another challenge is to calculate the laplacian of the velocity vector which is a vector and this is what comes in all the viscous terms. So you will find in cylindrical coordinates that the viscous terms also have a slightly different form. So what we need to do here is realize that del square is some simply the dot product of 2 gradient operators del dot del and then act this del square once we calculated on v. But here there is again the same complication that when I this del square will involve some derivatives basically dou square by dou r square and so on.   So I do not only get the second derivative of v r I should also take the second derivative of e r and see what I get. So this term will give me some components along e theta and so on which is why you get these additional terms in even the viscous part of the equation. So you can possibly look at doing that yourself and comparing it with the cylindrical coordinate equations in any book and that should give you confidence about you know working through these calculations. So what I have shown you here today is a sort of I mean mechanistic approach based on the rudimentaries of calculus and what the vectors really mean. So that gives a nice understanding of the problem but there is a much more elegant treatment in the book by Newell I think it is vector analysis so dover publication so you can get it quite easily and what he does is he derives a series of formulas which can very easily be implemented on a computer for example. So with Mathematica I can actually get all the equations in any desired coordinate system by using those formulas and the basis of the formulas also quite nice and very powerful application of the Einstein notation so that allows you to easily generalize what we have done here for cylindrical coordinates. So I suggest that you work out the Laplacian and for these derivative calculations you can try to use Mathematica that will make things easier and if you are feeling particularly adventurous you can do the same thing for spherical coordinates.


Hey this is Brett and this 2019 Ram 2500 Crew Cab Short Box Tradesman is stock number 12555Z. We're here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, you're new and used heavy duty truck and Ram headquarters. This 2019 Ram 2500 has the 6.4 liter V8 Hemi engine, it puts out 410 horsepower. This truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop as a freshly land filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. We're going to go inside, underneath, start it up, take a look under the hood and of course all the way around in this video. Granite Crystal Pearl is the color we shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second so if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, or television I highly recommend turning them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition, and options of the truck before seeing it in person. And if you like the video on how we do things here at Summit Auto in the upper right hand part screen is a subscribe button to our YouTube channel, click that and then click the bell notifications you'll get updates every time we do videos here at Summit Automotive. This comes with the steel rims with chrome covers and Firestone Trans Force AT tires. These are LT 275 70R 18s. They have right around half the tread left on them. It comes with the Bilstein shocks and the frame and underbody is in excellent shape. You get those Bilstein shocks with the 4x4 off-road package. Front fender is in excellent condition, headlight lenses are nice and clear. You get the chromed front bumper, no dents or dings on that. Looks really good. The hood is in excellent condition as well. I didn't see any major dents or dings on that and you do get the clearance lights or cab lights up top there. Passenger side front fender, no dents or dings on that and the passenger side rim is in excellent shape. Granite Crystal one of my favorite colors on the Rams. It's got a lot of metal flake to it. Looks really good. Paint is in really nice condition on this truck and as you go down this side of the truck, take note of how clean that body is and how reflective that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by but just can't make the trip down, you can still see the truck, hear the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at and if this video helps you make that buying decision, let your salesman know that you saw the video that it was helpful and that Brett sent you. Back rim is in excellent shape and the back tires have just as much tread as the front tires. Frame and underbody looks really good and it's like that all the way underneath has all the remaining factory exhaust, cab corners and lower rockers are in great shape and it comes with the wheel-to-wheel side steps so those go all the way back to the back wheel which makes it easy to get into the box. Those are just stickers if you didn't like the 4x4 off-road there so you could take those off. Rear bumper is in great shape, no dents or dings on that. It does come with the full towing package which includes the receiver hitch 4 pin and 7 pin wiring. Tailgate is in really nice shape as well and you get the Lund truck hero soft tonneau cover that is in really nice condition too. I didn't see any rips or tears on that. You get a very nice spray-in bed liner. Let me turn my light on so maybe see a little bit better. No dents or dings back here. You do get the LED bed lighting and that spray-in bed liner goes on to the tailgate as well. Tailgate shuts nice and solidly and as you go down the driver's side just as clean as that passenger's side. No dents or dings on the box and for full disclosure this back rim, excellent shape as well. Down the rest of the side of the truck looks really good. It has the fold-up till mirrors. They are heated. I've built in directional signals. They fold in like so as well.  You get the 40-20-40 split bench seating. No rips no tears. It's the RAM work grade vinyl on there. Factory all weather floor mats. It does have the rubber floors as well for easy cleaning. Auto headlamps, power windows, power locks, and power mirrors. We'll hop inside, check out the miles, radio, and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior. You can see that this one has 22,287 miles. You get your vehicle information center there, digital speedometer, and it does have a compass display on there as well. Bluetooth and information center controls on the left. Cruise controls and gear selector on the right. Steering wheel is in nice shape. No excessive wear or anything like that. Push button start. This is your eight-speed automatic transmission with the turn dial. Push button, four-wheel drive. Downhill assist control. You do get two USBs, two USB Cs, and an Augs jack. You get the five-inch touchscreen radio, AM FM, and Bluetooth audio controls. You get your climate controls right there, factory brake controller. Then it has six up-footer switches that you can put extra lights on and stuff, tow-haul mode, and your stability control. Flooring and passenger side format are in excellent shape. Passenger side seat, no rips or tears. Smells very clean inside this truck. I don't think it's ever been smoked in and the headliner is absolutely perfect. Map lights up there. We'll take a quick look at the back seats, and then we'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips or tears back here. It does have the latch child safety system for any child car seats you may have. Fixed glass rear window. Really nice condition back here. Storage underneath the back seats. Get that rubber floor back here and the all weather floor mats too. Side curtain airbags, child safety locks on the back doors, and the bottoms of the doors all look really good. We'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that. This is where your backup camera shows up and even have a zoom to zoom in over the receiver hitch, which is nice. Get hooked up to your boat camper trailer the first time every time. I would personally like the thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you will have been able to verify the quality and condition of this truck all the way around inside and out. Under the hood we have the 6.4 liter V8 Hemi engine. Engine bay is very clean, runs very smooth. Here's your emissions sticker. And once again this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this truck is 100% ready to go. I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint. And to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SCVs, minivans, Wranglers, halftones, three quarter tons, one tons. You name it we got to go to that website right there at www.SummitAuto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at SummitAuto.com. If you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash Summit Auto. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. Click the bell notifications. You'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day here at Summit Auto. In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel in the upper left to link to more RAM 2500 truck videos like this one in the upper right. Link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left and a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those check us out and we really look forward to helping with this Ultra Clean 2019 RAM 2500 Crew Cab Short Box Tradesman 4x4 Off-Road and Granite Crystal Metallic. Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe, and share.


Hey everybody, I'm here live for your questions today looking forward to chatting for the next 30 minutes or so. So stop by say hello. Tell me where you're from and I look forward to hearing from you. I'm just going to get our audio set up so I can see your questions at the same time as I am doing this live. Okay, here we are so I can see you hopefully you can see me. And again welcome today. So excited to be here talking to you live this afternoon this Friday started out kind of cold this morning in Boulder. Now it's up to about 55 so a little bit warmer and we're looking forward to a beautiful weekend. I am here live to answer your questions. Well, I'm waiting for you guys to pop in and say hello and send me some of your questions. Stop in, say hello, tell me where you're from. I will try to do this multitasking I'll be here answering your questions I'll be reading your questions, and I'll try to respond the best I can. If there's a longer answer I'll come back and answer those later so just stay tuned if you do have a question there that doesn't get answered. Okay, I'll come back in and answer those as I can. While we're waiting I'll just let you guys know if you've been around you've heard my new book, unexpected this is an advanced copy is coming out on March 28. So I am so so hi Ashley from Minnesota. Stop and say hello. So excited to introduce you guys to my new book. It will be available on wherever you listen to audio books or hardcover or Kindle whatever version that you prefer on March 28. So stay tuned. I'll actually be back here probably multiple times before that but on March 28. I'm doing a special live Q&A in the evening for for the book to talk about the book and so please come back and join me on March 28 that Tuesday tonight I will be here and I'll be answering your questions live. Just a little tidbit I'll start with from the book. One of my favorite quotes is here in the beginning. It says incurable doesn't mean healing is not possible. It simply means there's not a drug to reverse that condition. In the book, I tell you all about my own journey through overcoming breast cancer and Crohn's disease, overcoming auto immunity, and then later overcoming biotoxin and mold related illness, mass cell activation syndrome Lyme disease it's all in the book guys. And the best part is, it's my story but really what I want it to be as a reflection of you. When you read it, maybe you see parts of yourselves or parts of your own story or parts of your own healing journey in the story that I'm telling. And the great thing about it is I have loads and loads and loads of practical advice as well so you'll get the story and my own journey, but I have lots of these little sidebars like here's one you see the gray. This one's called living well in a toxic world. So in these sidebars I just give you loads and loads of practical tips and tricks and things on how I overcame illness. And then talks about clean air how to equip your home with air filters what types of air filters to purchase clean water the best types of water to drink the best types of water filters to get clean food and how to do that clean mind and clean body, and all the tips and tricks so, like I said you can preorder now get your copy read unexpected.com as well where you'll find this. And I hope you'll grab it. I hope you give me feedback on what you love, what was helpful for you and again is coming out March 28. It's a special offer for any of you guys who want to preorder the book if you're like me you're like oh I'll wait till it comes out right.   One is a coloring journal coloring was really transformational my own healing journey and accessing that inner creative that child like state that that playful side of and so I created a coloring journal for you to color along with the book and do some journaling exercises. There's also a free recorded lecture on mass cell activation syndrome. This is becoming more and more common. We'll probably talk a little bit about mcast today if you have any questions.  And then the last thing is I recorded a secret audio chapter that's not available in the book you'll get access to that at read unexpected.com after you purchase preorder the book.  So that's all I'll say about that. Let's start a little bit with some of the main questions I get most commonly. First of all how many of you out there dealing with mold toxicity or chronic infection. Anybody raise your hand virtually stop in let me know your questions about this. One thing in particular that I wrote about in the book and I want to talk about is this toxic load and infectious burden and how they play together. So I have a whole chapter on how to transform toxicity. And it goes into how I really struggled with mold related illness when my office was water damaged in Boulder, Colorado, and I started getting sick from the mold did not know what it was at first and had to find out what was going on and then deal with that and get out of that place and get well and in that journey of overcoming mold related illness. I realized how toxic it was to my brain and my health and I also dove really deep in helping patients to recover from mold related illness. So one of the things I'm best known for now is literally mold related illness as crazy as that sounds so anyway, I talk about in the book toxic load plus infectious burden. I believe most patients with complex chronic illness have a combination of toxic load, meaning basically the toxicity in our environment in our bucket and as that bucket level water gets to the top and starts to spill over the edge we present with auto immunity, things like lupus and ms and Hashimoto's thyroiditis and rheumatoid arthritis all these idises. These are related to auto immunity and can be from toxic load in our environment. So in the book I talked real specifically on how to overcome environmental toxicity, how to choose clean bath and beauty products how to choose clean cleaning products and things in our household, and how to breathe clean air and drink clean water and just the practical things that actually make a huge difference in your toxic load. The issue there is that toxic load plus old infections like Epstein bar when we get mono when we're in our, you know, teens or 20s and we have Epstein bar we have mono, we get over that but that Epstein bar resides in our system, and it stays there until we get you know when you're stressed or lost of a loved one or lack of sleep and then it can pop back up. So this toxic load infectious burden is really core at the center of many of our complex chronic illnesses those of you who have unexplained headaches or unexplained fatigue or unexplained brain fog, or new onset brain conditions like, you know, subjective cognitive decline which is we also call brain fog. All of these things can be related to the toxic load and infectious burden. Many of you were bit by the ticks or spiders or other types of insects, and that could have been carrying an infection and those infections might have gotten into your system. You don't need to treat them until you get into a moldy environment or you move into a home that had water damage. And all of a sudden, this mold in your environment weakens your immune system and all of these old things start to pop up. How many of you have heard of friends or family members or people in your life that post COVID they got shingles, or they got chronic fatigue or they've had long COVID symptoms. Many mechanisms and I'm happy to talk about some of those. But what often happens is, as those T cells are impaired post COVID. A lot of these old infections are popping their heads up and people are getting shingles or they're getting chronic fatigue from reactivation of Epstein bar virus, or they're getting old Lyme symptoms cropping up like neck pain or back pain, or brain fog or fatigue. So this is really common. So pop in, leave your questions. I'm here for 30 minutes today and hear live answering your questions. Dana. Hi, Dana. Do you give your patients 40 or more supplements at a time? Oh boy. That's a funny question. I'm always conscious of the number of supplements. And when I'm with a patient, I am always asking them, you know, what's your limit? What can you take? Can you take pills? Can you take powders? How can you do this? Unfortunately, even if we eat organic, clean, wonderful whole foods, a lot of our soils are so nutrient depleted that the average apple of today has about one fifth of the magnesium as it did 100 years ago. So what happens is nutritionally, we just cannot get all the nutrients we need from food anymore just because of soil depletion and the quality of foods. So because of that, many of us, especially if we're trying to actually move the needle on chronic illness, need to take supplements for nutritional value or we need to move the needle on detox and take additional glutathione. So, Dana, your question 40 or more, I'm very conscious and I'll just check in with the patient and see where they're at and what they can do and we'll try to work within the realm of what they're able to do. But I will tell you myself, I have overcome breast cancer and Crohn's disease and mold related illness and Lyme disease and I function very well, but I do take a whole handful of supplements twice a day. And I have no problem with that because I function well I feel all my brain works I sleep well, but there's always that negotiation with the individual patient to find out what works for you and how can you incorporate into this into your life and I think that's really important. So I would say work with your practitioner, find a place where you're getting the nutrients you need but you're not overwhelmed. Great question. All right, let's go Anna. What's the difference between well call and CSM so she's asking about binders for mold. These two are prescription binders colostyramine often abbreviated CSM is one binder that's by prescription. These are both bile acid binders so our liver and gallbladder are where all the detox action happens. Our liver through phase one and phase two takes these metabolites that are toxic out of our tissues, converts them into intermediates and then in the second phase of the liver we take them into water soluble active components that actually get excreted into the bile. The bile then is either stored in the gallbladder, or if you don't have a gallbladder it's dripping out drip by drip by drip from the common bile duct. And it goes into your bowels, and our body is incredibly efficient so it's about 95% efficiency that is recirculated.  So just drop that miracle round and pull them out of your body is with binders binders are again the colostyramine and well call our bile acid binders they have a charge and they kind of pull those toxins and excess bile out through the stool. And that's what they're used for colostyramine is a very strong binder it's in powdered form typically in a packet. You mix it with water smells kind of bad. It's very powerful, especially good for binding okra toxin. Not everybody tolerates it causes constipation in some patients and well call is another prescription binder that comes in tablet form. I would say it's a little bit weaker but also less strong as far as binding minerals and things so patients who have ball issues or constipation will often use well call instead and I use them both. Nowadays I use a lot less colostyramine than I do charcoal and clay but I do use well call and personally in my own healing journey. I used well call to heal that would be taken between meals not with meals because you don't want to buy in the food you want to buy in the toxins. So great question Anna thank you. Got some more questions here so I'm just looking through. You're welcome Anna thanks for thanking me. Hi Kate Kate says my 11 year old daughter was diagnosed with severe Crohn's disease two years ago. She doesn't have classic Crohn's symptoms she primarily just had failure to grow and no tooth loss we tried. She had a parental nutrition through an energy to for 120 days to reset her gut and then transition to a specific carbohydrate diet for seven months. Unfortunately her labs didn't improve. And so they want to put her on Humira. What are thoughts. No. Kate thanks for sharing. I do want to say here I'm not here to diagnose you I'm not here to treat you I will give everything that I can to give you good information but I also want to be really clear. I cannot give you medical advice because of course it's virtual I don't have a relationship but I'm going to give you some general tips and I hope this will be really helpful for your daughter Kate. So Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease. I had that I was diagnosed 26 years old right after my breast cancer diagnosis. And there was definitely a correlation with the chemotherapeutic drugs that caused permeability of my gut. And then I also had an underlying genetic predisposition, a gene called NOD to that may be more predisposed for when that bacterial contents of my gut leaked into my bloodstream. It would trigger an inflammatory reaction and I was more likely genetically to have an over reactive immune reaction to those bacteria that went through the leaky gut the wall of the gut and create a damage collateral damage and that's one of the definitions of Crohn's this is overactive immune response. So back to your sweet daughter, Kate. Your doctors are you've tried some things nutritionally, which is wonderful, and they're now wanting to do immune modulating drugs. So in severe cases of Crohn's failure to try the, sorry, failure to thrive loss of weight or other things that are really seriously happening. Often biologics will kind of stop that immune over activation and they're not a bad idea, especially to temporarily gain some ground if she could gain some way back and you could you know gain a little bit of ground. What I would say as a function mouse and doctor is there's likely still dysbiosis so what you tried is as parental nutrition through an energy tube and then you tried to transition to the specific carbohydrate diet which is often if in mild cases of Crohn's or colitis can be incredibly helpful. Because it takes out the kinds of foods that feed the small bowel bacteria. What I would recommend you do is get a good functional doctor get stool testing get organic acid testing get blood testing. Look for dysbiosis in the colon or in the small bowel look for SIBO and CFO small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, small intestinal fungal overgrowth, you can order an IBD panel from lab core to look at anti carbohydrate antibodies. This is predictive of severity of Crohn's all those things will kind of tell you what things for her are triggering the immune inflammation, because you might need humor or some medication to calm that inflammatory storm while you look at the root cause, especially if she's going downhill or not gaining weight, but what you can do is still look for the root cause and treat that root cause to stop that inflammation in its tracks and hopefully regressed or not regressed. Hopefully, stop that auto inflammatory process and heal her body from the Crohn's. Hopefully that's helpful. Hey everybody, I just stopped by to let you know that my new book, unexpected finding resilience through functional medicine, science and faith is now available for order wherever you purchase books. In this book, I share my own journey of overcoming life threatening illness and the tools and tips and tricks and hope and resilience I found along the way. This book includes practical advice for things like cancer and Crohn's disease and other auto immune conditions, infections like Lyme or Epstein bar and mold and biotoxin related illness. What I really hope is that as you read this book, you find transformational wisdom for health and healing. If you want to get your own copy, stop by read unexpected.com. There you can also collect your free bonuses. So grab your copy today and begin your own transformational journey through functional medicine in finding resilience. Dana, what do you think of high tech air machines do you believe they destroy mycotoxin safely. Okay, so this is a great question because I have my thoughts on air filters and things so I think 80% of our environmental toxic loads comes from the air that we breathe so this is absolutely an issue and if you have one thing that you do air filters in your home or in your bedroom are a great place to start. One of the ways that you can do that is dilute the air and that'll decrease the toxic load by opening your windows or getting good airflow making sure your events are circulating, making sure that filter in your furnace is a high quality nerve rating so that you don't get the typical HEPA filtration is going to do particulate like spores and things that are a little bit larger size and that will filter out those spores. But what the real problem is for many people is mycotoxins or volatile organic compounds are VOCs. So VOCs are 2.5 microns or less. It's similar to the size of the viruses. So what you want is you want a good air filter that filters out not just a great HEPA filter, but also a good VOC filter. The ones that I have at my home and in my office are Austin Air. AirDoctor is another great brand. Those are two of my favorites. And just so that I could pass discount on to patients, our office is actually an Austin Air dealer and we do give some deep discount. So if you are interested in getting a filter, getting a discount, you can call my office and we can order those and drop ship them to you. Either way, wherever you get your air filters, you want to make sure you have a HEPA filtration system and a VOC filter so that you get both those things out the small formaldehyde fumes, smoke, and mold mycotoxins which are VOCs as well. Hi Ruth, is colostrum good for the gut? So wonderful question. I'm a huge fan of colostrum and bovine immune globulins. These things are all in a class of things that contain immunoglobulins. So what are immunoglobulins? Immunoglobulins are from our B cells. Our B cells create antibodies to certain things. And these are things that actually can passively bind candida in the gut, H. pylori in the gut, bacteria in the gut. So they are helpers from our own immune system to actually help us to bind anything that's bothersome or excessive in our own guts. And in this class, we have whey protein. Whey protein is just a protein. It is from dairy. So if you're sensitive to dairy, I would not recommend it. But if you're not, whey protein contains immunoglobulins and can be a great way to start. Now colostrum is new milk from cows or from humans, and it does contain a high level of immunoglobulins. And I use a lab. You can find it at drjilhealth.com. It's called Sovereign Labs Colostrum. Sovereign Labs Colostrum is one of my favorite liposomal colostrum products. And this is wonderful healing for those tough guts. I'm a huge fan. It does come from dairy as well. So if you're sensitive to dairy, you may want to try the third thing, which is bovine immunoglobulins at drjilhealth.com. You can find gut immune powder. Again, another of my favorites. It does not contain dairy. So for those of you who have sensitivity to dairy, you can use bovine immunoglobulins, gut immune powder or gut immune caps at drjilhealth.com. It's amazing to passively bind some of those things in your gut. So chronic diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea. You're traveling. You don't want to get sick. You're getting over H. pylori. You're treating SIBO or SIBO. You're treating excessive clostridia in the gut. All of these conditions can be aided by adding bovine immunoglobulins or colostrum. And Ruth, that's a great question because it's a great product to add to your gut regimen for healing your gut. Hi, Louise. With mold Hashimoto's traumatic brain injury being 75. I seem to be so low in many vitamins. I went off by a nutritionist advice and went downhill. What would you recommend as an essential one to take? Thanks for the question, Louise.  That alone is going to create resilience, which I talked about in the beginning. This book is all about resilience. And like I said, you want to be sure and get your copy. So let's talk about you and vitamins. So I am actually not a huge fan of the multivitamin because it's kind of this one-size-fits-all. And who actually is the one-size-fits-all, right? None of us. So I, if I'm in the clinic with a patient, I'm looking at nutritionally their needs. I'm looking at the pathways that I want to move. For example, if someone has migraine headaches, I'm going to give them riboflavin and magnesium, which are two key ingredients, B2 and magnesium for headaches or for migraines. And say you have excessive estrogen, estrogen dominance, for some reason. I'm going to be giving you zinc because zinc tends to help the progesterone and copper will raise the estrogen. So I'll give lower copper, more zinc. Say you can't sleep or you have muscle cramps or leg cramps or you have other symptoms that might give more magnesium at bedtime. So I do individualize this, but bottom line, Louise, as you're looking for kind of a simple thing, I would say my mitovite, M-I-T-O-V-I-T-E, at DrJillHealth.com. It's one of my favorite multivitamins because it's a very, very comprehensive formula with some additional supplementation for the mitochondria. Mitochondria are the powerhouses that are like the energy production factories inside each cell that make ATP, which is the currency we need to breathe and live and do all the work that we need to do. So I love the mitovite because it has all the basic nutrients, but it also has additional supplementation for the mitochondria. So it's all four fans and alpha-lipoic acid and a few other key ingredients, CoQ10 to support your mitochondria. So check that out, DrJillHealth.com. Mitovite is my favorite. Hey, Eric, great to see you. And it looks like you're sending a link to watch a mold talk. So check that out from Eric. He's also always got great information to add. If you wish to learn about mold, the story is in four of Dr. Richie Shoemaker's books. I'm just sharing some information if you're there. You're welcome, Kate. Another Kate. Hi, Kate. Can you comment on niacin versus NAD? Does niacin feed candida? So niacin is vitamin B3. It is essential for our bodies. And NAD is a derivative from niacin. It's nicotinamide riboside or it could be another form. And these are different forms. NMR is another form and NNN is another form. All of these forms contribute to our production of NAD. And NAD is crucial for mitochondria, for detox, for so many cellular processes. And if you're in a moldy environment or you have chronic infections, you may be depleted of NAD. And so this NAD, pH and NAD recycling is essential. Niacin tends to be more causing a flushing and it's a precursor. So you still have to do several steps to create NAD. And a lot of people nowadays are doing IV or subcutaneous or inhaled or intranasal or oral NAD precursors to help that process. I do want to caution. There's been some recent studies that came out with NAD and risk of cancer. Now, I don't believe it causes cancer, but like any cellular process, cancer cells need NAD to survive and reproduce. And I think some of the studies were showing that maybe if you already have a cancer or you're predisposed to cancer, taking excessive NAD could be a risk. The data is not complete yet. And I think NAD is still a powerful thing. But like anything, even like methylation, if we push these processes too quickly without balancing all the other ingredients, you can be in for a problem. And it takes methylated vitamins like methylated B12, methylated folate B6 and riboflavin in order to process NAD. So if you take a lot of NAD, you're going to make sure that you replace those B vitamins as well. You're going to want to make sure that. Hi, Emily. She said, I've noticed that my own and others handwriting abilities are affected by being exposed to mold thoughts. Oh, I love this, Emily. As a physician, I am known for my bad handwriting. And sometimes I like to blame it on the mold, but I will just tell you that all joking aside, I have noticed that when I have an exposure or when I have brain fog related to recent mold exposure, I notice it's what it is is the fine motor skills are affected.  And dysgraphia is the name of it. As you said, this is actually not uncommon with any toxic exposure. We see this in kids with ADD or with other symptoms. And often when we give them the detox ingredients they need and start them on a healthy path, their handwriting improves. So this is a real phenomenon, right? Emily, you are absolutely right. And so I think that's something you could watch. And for me, I have noticed my writing is worse after an exposure. Dana asked, let's see, we talked about, oh, the high ticks. I didn't really answer your question. Did I, Dana? So you're talking about these, there's a couple out there like molecule and aeroasis, I believe. These actually claim to destroy mycotoxins. So let's talk a bit about this because I have a definite feeling about these. What they do is they react with either infrared or ultraviolet radiation or some other process to neutralize the toxins in the air. All well and good. However, even though these machines don't necessarily produce ozone, that reaction to the chemicals or the compounds or the toxins in the air can produce ozone. And for someone like me who has severe mold sensitivity and has had lung issues in the past related to mold, that little bit of ozone in the air that's created by these types of high-tech filters can be very irritating to the lungs. So as a general rule, I'm not a huge fan of these. The data I just don't think is that strong as far as those patients who are very sensitive, maybe the average person. And I know they use UV light and things to alter chemical compounds in hospitals. And I don't think it's the wrong thing to do, but you need to know what kind of person you are. If those compounds are incredibly sensitive, you might be bothered by the production of free radicals in the air as that ozone or UV light reacts in the air to those molecules. So just be cautious. I've just got a couple minutes left. Kate says, I became B6 toxic. A practitioner says moldies can't process B6. So that's not a one-size-fits-all. First of all, B6 toxicity is a real thing. It's a very real. However, I would say that not all people who have sensitivity to mold are problematic with B6. It just depends on your genetics. So definitely that statement isn't true about all people who have mold exposure. And then one last question here, Louise. I was told methylated vitamins will encourage mold. Okay, so I think what you might have heard is B vitamins are sometimes grown on aspergillus. And you can actually see there if they're from Saccharomycese Surveysae, because yeast, that's Brewer's yeast contains a lot of B vitamins. And some of the over-the-counter vitamin supplements are grown on yeast, especially B vitamins. So you can actually look at the label and see if they were grown on aspergillus. Someone who has an allergy to aspergillus will probably not do well on those vitamins. I'm like that. So when I'm getting a B vitamin, I make sure that they are not grown on Saccharomycese Surveysae or any sort of Saccharomycese or on aspergillus, because both of those things can be fodder for those B vitamins. But you can get vitamins, B vitamins that are free of that. And one of my website, DrJillHealth.com, is just activated B complex. It's a really clean B vitamin with adequate levels of all the Bs that you can take that is not mold or grown on mold. So hopefully that helps. I'm going to come back again. I try to do this at least once a month. Thank you guys all so much for your time today. If you didn't get your questions answered, you can pop in, leave me your questions. I'm going to come back and read through and try to answer anything that I missed today. And like I said earlier, please stop by redonexpected.com, grab a copy, pre-order the new book, you'll get all the bonuses there. I've put together a color in journal and free audio chapter that's not in the book and all kinds of goodies and lecture on mast cell activation syndrome that should be really helpful. Anyway, thank you all so much for joining me today. It's a joy to see you here virtually and I will be back. Be sure and come back on March 28. That's the book pub day. I'll be here live for two hours to answer your questions. We can talk about the book. We can talk about Lyme. We can talk about mold, anything you like. And for now, I'm signing off and we'll see you next time. Bye-bye.


We need a new rack, you know we could Just figure out what screw size fits in these holes and just Get some machine screws and tap them into yeah thread Threaded racks are better than this Well, we don't even have one that actually takes rack nuts. That's the problem I don't know rack nuts suck, too. Oh, they do, but I mean it's better than But but it does fire. I'm threaded holes this firewall looks so good in here like that So we decided to replace her old firewall with this neck gate 50 100 and this rack mount I T rack mount kit and This was the real easy part was putting it in actually it It was the setup that I want to talk about and changing over from a completely different firewall to another firewall They both run pf-sense, but there's sometimes some challenges in matching everything up when things aren't exactly the same when you swap things out So now it's all installed and I know someone's gonna complain because of the screws in there But that's why I had the first part of the video. This is a actually this is a tell-com rack that I've had for like 15 years of Putting stuff in it and it doesn't have the proper Screwbackings so it's hard to reach these top ones and two screws is enough someone will criticize it and Complain I just get it out of the way go ahead and complain about it It's not how we do our customer stuff, but for our rack two screws is fine and holding everything perfectly tight All right back to why we're here for the video swapping out pf-sense is Generally not too painful it's people get worried about it and they worry that maybe what they trade out a Pf-sense box are gonna have trouble lining up the networks What'll happen all the firewall rules etc etc and I've done a video a while ago I'm back up in store on pf-sense and it's actually only gotten better because of the way they handle it so We swapped out from a custom build. I wanted to go ahead and use an actual neck eight box Part of the reason for that was you know I've been stocking a lot more neck eight boxes because we install so many of them for clients and I said You know what let's just use a neck eight ourselves because someone has called me out on it going Hey, Tommy, don't you have a custom built one and I'm like, yeah, and it's getting long in a tooth I've had it forever. It's old. It's a really old Zeon and I you know, I just said, okay Let's retire that and put a neck eight fifty one hundred in there and it's perfectly adequate for what we do here at the office and Then I always keep a spare in stock And this is something we do both our clients and of course for us anything critical We try to keep two of because well if something goes down I don't want to wait, you know, even if it's next day or shipping That's a whole day of well no firewall. That would be bad and we kind of need that to get our work done But when swapping and I have so many rules and features and VPNs and lots of settings How do you get all that transported over from a custom built box to a netgate box or vice versa? If you move from a netgate box or early any different box that doesn't match the same There's gonna be an alignment you have to do with the network interfaces, which if it was just that would be pretty easy So let's first just take a look right here So this is PF sense running on my lab and it's running on my lab because it's the easiest way to demo it Everyone seems to ask about virtualizing it and Complaints about the problems they've run into a virtualizing it such as alt Q support in PF sense not being as good Or even missing in some of them And someone's even commented that in a new version of VM where apparently it doesn't I'm not clear if alt Q Is going to be supported. I've seen some trouble on that. I'm not a big fan of virtualizing it It just it seems to be more trouble than it's worth it I've had people with little hiccups and bugs that went away as soon as they went back to real hardware enough of that talk, but for demonstration purposes, it's way easier to virtualize it and so we have when at Xn0 LAN Xn1 and right here Xn2 and What these are is each one of the network interfaces on here when you add them in Xen they get added as Xn accept when you add ones that are SRI OV so my Zen server does have a 10 gig card that does support SRI view Basically, it's a virtualized version of pasture and I set it up on here for demonstration purposes There's not only not too much to configuring it You can Google how to add SRO EV But it does require it at the motherboard and the network card support it But back to the point here we can go ahead and take this card and we've attached it to it And we're gonna go ahead and look right here inside of our up and running PF sense and we're gonna look at the interfaces assignments And we see we have this extra network card just not in use hanging out there So here's this one's but let's the goal really I want to take this not Xn0 But I Xv0 and make it the new WAN so a couple ways we can do it first We can just go here to the council and change interfaces Absolutely easy way to do it. You go to assign interfaces hit one and There the options are so if we wanted to swap out which one belonged to which and rewrite all the interfaces Restart the firewall, but I want to talk about doing it via the backup method The reason I bring it up doing this way is because you can back up and restore a lot more And we're gonna talk a little about the XML config file that comes with the system. So we're gonna go over here and Let's go to the PF sense Diagnostics backup restore we're gonna download the file And I have it right here and we're gonna go ahead and open it up with an editor Don't open this up a notepad because it can leave extra spaces in there Use a proper editor or use Vim make sure it's an editor. It's made for editing files without adding any extra Rapper on spaces. So whatever your editor of your choice for me It's the genie editor in here in Linux, but this works perfectly fine so what we're looking at is the entire config file for everything inside of here and So let's take a look at how we swap the network interfaces. So we go here Interfaces assignments we have xn0 as WAN and I x v0 as what we want to be WAN Well, the real simple way to do it. We're going to control F. We're going to say and 0 and There it is it actually only occurs once so right here's interfaces WAN and there's the interface All the rules and everything are attached to what you called your WAN interface So we call this one WAN so all the rules are attached to the WAN interface So once we change the actual physical layer of it here to the New interface then all the rules and everything follow it So when you go over here and back over real quick just to show you so I X v0 I'm just gonna type that in right here. I X v0 We're gonna go ahead and just do a save as We'll call this New WAN It's saved. So we have a separate file name this one saved But all the rules that are attached to it. So it's just when you go to firewall rules It's not many. I just have a couple here for dark stat allow us to sage etc Those are going to copy over to the new interface automatically because it's named the same. It's so called WAN so we're gonna go here and This is saved just close it diagnostics back up restore choose file new WAN and Go ahead and restore all you could just do the interfaces We'll do just a full restore of the system I wanted to I didn't really change anything of course But we're gonna get to that next and show what happens when you do a more drastic change The firewall configuration has been updated firewalls now rebooting go over here to the interface here You'll watch it go through the reboot process And there it kicks off and we'll fast forward to this real quick while it reboots All right, the system's rebooted and you can see WAN is now assigned to I Xv zero and it did get a new IP address because There's a new MAC address. So it got handed a new IP address so we can log into it and Because it was a full reinstall it says Package process finished successfully and what it does is it'll reevaluate the packages and see if there's changes from what it has And goes, okay, I'm gonna change everything Naturally it for restoring it. So if you were to and for me, we'll get more specific to my use case here with our XG 51 SG 51 100 there was a lot of changes that we had in the network interfaces So I had to reassign all the different interfaces to match Because of the custom it a custom machine we had to the way the interface names are on that one But that's not where we had to stop. So it turns out and all of the system settings, for example I had a whole lot of system tunables that I had changed over the time I had a lot of things that turned out to be very incompatible when it came to the custom config so when I would try to reboot the 51 100 it would go into basically a non-booting mode and I said, you know There's two ways approach to this and I went ahead went what's not really more difficult But I've decided I didn't want any of those weird settings in my system So we can do a different type of restore. So we're going to go over here to back up and restore And this is what's kind of cool about pfSense is you can do very granular restore So I really only needed my packages my firewall rules To be copied over so I just copied over the interfaces the package and a firewall rules and then the things like open VPN Pretty straightforward the only extra thing I really had to do that requires a manual editing was doing the Certificates so you import expert certificates as well. So let's show a little bit more how that's done And I'll start with like for example, we're going to go ahead and go over to my pfSense backup of our actual pfSense here And this is the one for our office and We're going to go ahead not and store a whole thing But let's go ahead and say let's just restore the package manager for example And I bring this up because one of the things that's obviously a really big deal to set up Well is packages or even the VPN. So let's just go ahead and open up a new window real quick here And we'll look at like the VPN. So right now no VPN server set up And we'll just do this one real quick through the VPN because the package manager is a little bit more involved So we go over here to open VPN And it's hit restore Are you sure? Yep, firewall may need to be rebooted. I don't think it will be and Just like that we have the VPN set up. So there's the VPN settings For my office and we actually have two VPNs ones for phones ones for actually getting into the network and We keep two separate sets of users and two separate networks forum with a lot of rules So you can see that quickly you can restore settings back from pfSense Well, let's dig a little further. Why not look at the package manager and we're going to use that same one Choose file and we'll choose packages And we'll go ahead and restore configuration data. Are you sure you wish to restore this? Yep Alright may need to be rebooted it actually won't we're gonna go the package manager now This is a little bit stranger because it's going to have broken packages. So now we're gonna go ahead and There's my settings for there and let's do the more complicated one looks look at what happens when we Fix Saracada, so Saracada if you spend a lot of time setting up Saracada or tuning it and suppressing rules and Figuring out which ones are good and which ones are bad it can take some time doing and yes PfSense does in that single backup file do this and what if you wanted to then import that configuration to another one? Well, you can do that too. So let's see what happens here. So pfSense Saracada completely installed All right, we're gonna go over here to services Saracada and Obviously, these are more networks that I have in mind that don't exist on this system But the ones that names matched it was able to set up right away. So we can just go ahead and purge these It's thinking there we go purge the last one and Now I have Saracada all set up and running with the rules how I want them, you know It remembered everything here. It'll have the different options turned on Categories set up flow stream variables, et cetera, et cetera and Away you go that easy to configure and now Saracada is up and running you can say I did this in all real time on this system This is one of the advantages you have with PfSense of being able to do this Now I mentioned the certificates that one's actually a little bit tricky I'm not going to show you the search that I have but I'll show you in the config file how this can be done So we're gonna switch back over to this We'll open with other application And I believe it is under slash cert There we go And we need to find the certificate file There we go And all I had to do and these are the ones not from my main computer These are the ones from here is go through here and you can see this is like the web configuration certificate So as I had to do to get this in here is copy and paste This little piece into the XML file and that allows it to import the certificate again So I just grabbed that out of one XML file though my original config restored the certificates restored a couple things I needed and now I've Custom done the firewall upgrade for my system in This is one of those things that they make it really easy to do in PfSense is to have this grander control And look at this and be able to go alright I just want to change this or change this or move these type of things in here And it's just like no big deal You can move them and away they go and if I want to put this thing completely back to the way It was go back up restore again, and you know we have Sericata We've got other things all set up in here, or we can go back to choose file And we're gonna go back to the downloads folder and here's our generic config This is the new way on this is the generic config that we had in the beginning and we'll just go ahead and restore And it's probably is going to prompt me for a reboot Which it should because it swaps some network information and it's a full restore again By our wall configuration and change now rebooting and we'll go ahead and we'll watch it do the reboot again All right, it's kind of reboot All right, so I booted configured and you notice that we went back to the 196 address not the 197 because it's back to the other Before we swap the WAN, so we'll go here Same thing. It's gonna say hey We successfully, you know update the packages because it was a full thing and we go back over here We see well Sericata is missing everything's back to the way it was You can flip-flop PF sense really quickly back and forth like this to different options To different config files in all you have to do is save just that one XML file to make this work Now the last thing I'll comment on that I've actually worked with a client that was really impressed the way they did this was They went through and had put in a whole lot of VLANs and the way they did it because I couldn't believe how many they Created it for a very large complicated Project well see large complicated. I mean they simplified it by scripting at all They wanted to build I think it was a 120 VLANs or some larger number based on an apartment complex where they wanted to separate Everyone into their own VLAN and instead of going through and manually creating all the networks they actually created just a couple of them looked at the XML file and then Took the XML file repeated that information and combining things as needed with a series of scripts and then put it back up there and Created all the different networks and I thought this was a rather clever way to do this So you can look at the differential changes and like I said, it's all XML So it's easy to read and make those changes Programmatically and then re-uploaded to PF sense to have this done. It was an interesting project I was helping them with a couple aspects of it, but they figured out the programming without me But it's not too difficult. I'm just I'm not a coder So I didn't write it, but it was pretty cool the way they did that because well, it's not too difficult You look at it and go these are the settings that need to be added to the XML file And then we just increment them all by one so to speak Which included a separate DHCP server each one a separate, you know VLAN ID in a separate network Well one physical card it's attached to but then separating out all the VLANs on the one physical and Feeding off all these different places to supply internet to them So it's really flexible being able to do that with the backup file It's really something I think people get more scared of when they've had weird problems of PF sense Or when you're in my situation Searching from a custom build to a netgate box There are different things that you may run into that just don't work Including when you have a bunch of tunables you can probably go through and say just remove all those And I probably could have made all the changes to align it properly to go to a completely different platform Because if you're not familiar and we'll pull it up real quick here the SG-5100 Does not have anything more than a serial type counsel X connection Well, it's actually USB, but because of that You can't just go in and us It wanted to output things to VGA So that was the first challenge to run into of because I had custom loaded it it had issues Trying to output for the video So there was the first challenge I would have had to fix but because I just needed really the rules and the VPNs and the certificates for my old System it really wasn't that much more. It seemed like less time to me Just pull in those things and then pop in the package manager So Saracada and my radius server and all the users that are in radius server were set up That was the quick change. I did that then you modify Very little and now I've got a completely working SG-5100 now like I said about having a spare Somebody and someone's gonna ask me why I don't just put it in HA and the reason for HA is because we only have a five block of IPs On the WAN so if you're familiar or watch my HA video You'll know you kind of have to I call it wasting IP addresses because you have to assign IP address to each one Just not that big of a deal for us. We just have the backup file Anytime we make a change our processes to put the backup file in the proper backup folder that me or my other technicians have access to So when you plug one of these in Clean boot make sure it's up to date with the same version of ours, which we always keep ours on the latest version of PF cents you quickly restore it and When it's time for it to reboot it plug it in the same network ports as ours And it's just gonna work when you're going from the same model to the same model This is really great And we do this for our clients matter of fact because we always when we change things on a client We keep a copy of their backup file and because we stock many of the ones that we have installed at our clients When if the chance that there's a failure of a device We have the backup file and we bring the firewall with us in case that's what the problem is when we have to go on site If something becomes completely non-functional and it's as easy as just pop that backup file in and as fast as you seen in here Especially with a reasonably fast box You're talking you have the client back up and restored the settings are applied It's exactly like just where you left off the most important thing to do and there is a rescue option in PF sense for those of you that don't do it and yes I've had a few tech friends have had to help with this If you don't back up that file and somehow you crash your PF sense or lock yourself out of it through some misfortune or oops clickings It does have the ability to rescue because it's all saved in that one XML file and that's the last thing I'm gonna show you real quick just ways to edit that so if you have SSH installed and set up on PF sense, which is I'll show you real quick system advanced Enable secure shell I have it on port 222 and then for this purposes because I'm actually Administrating a firewall through the WAN interface. I do have a rule right here that allows SSH remote access to it Right here port 222 just to match back over here SSH in and we go to whoops CD slash CF Conf and there is the XML file in here, so we go to VIM config.xml Whoops by I want to type VIM But there's that same file as it lives right here on the server and this is where if you wanted to Don't edit it from here that you edit it differently from there But if you wanted to get that file, this is the Location of it CF slash Conf and then it's the Conf that XML file So if you've crashed the machine, but then boot it up and want to pull the drive out and get this file Right there's where you get that now the last little piece I'll show you right from the documentation in PF sense the PFense XML configuration file So it says the same thing I said here's the config file. Here's where it's located, etc This is the kind of cool part that I like so for Administrating for those who are familiar with the vi editor Use the vi config command to edit the running configuration live and after saving quitting editor firewall remove the cache Configuration and then changes will be visible in the GUI The changes will not be active until that service relevant to the edited portion of the config as we started So let's show you that right here So log in again Get a shell and instead of typing vi and then going and finding the file you can actually just type vi config right from the command line and then we're going to go and Look at the firewall and right here's a dark stat. So it's on port 666 We can do a quick find actually for this 666. I think it's the only time it occurs it is So right there's the description dark stat data web and port 666. Let's just change that to a seven WQ the magic incantation to exit vi and save And we're refresh And you'll see it's now changed it But please note until you actually and I'm just going to move it arbitrarily as a rule hit apply Until you apply and reload the rule set it or reboot the firewall either one of those the relevant section has not been loaded So it may display that but it actually hasn't applied the changes and the UI Because you're making the changes within here Realizes there's a change and asks it to be applied And then sometimes you'll have to either restart a service or do something like I just there or like I said Just reboot the firewall So it's just important to remember if you do want to edit or have some custom thing you'd like to do from the command line If you make changes in here of anything you have to then reload that relevant service But at least they've made it really convenient to be able to go in here Right from the command line without any extra tools ssh in and start making changes to the system If you have some custom thing you want changed or you've now goofed something that has locked you out of the UI But you still have ssh access or council access to be able to go right in and do this Because that's certainly something people have done is accidentally disable rules and lock themselves out of it on many occasions But some of the quicker ways you can also do that too and I'll point out Is if you go to restore recent configuration option 15 it can list The backups and list the changes that you made for example when you lock yourself out and you want to Like we just reordered the firewall rule. You can actually just restore a backup choose one of the options and Roll it back one or two feet one or two options back to unlock yourself back up from the command line as well Control c and exit that But I'll leave links to documentation. I just want to show that it's relatively Harmless to configure this for you there provided you know what you're doing edit the xml file Change it. We've got a lot of confidence in doing this because we've done it so many times And restored things. It's also handy if you spent a lot of time configuring something Let's say seracotta and you just wanted to import that configuration into another firewall for all the time you spent You know custom tuning or setting up settings in there You can see it's a lot quicker than going through and setting it up manually each time And if you want to change anything even custom in that that package config information is still located in xml file So you can make all the changes you want in there Provided they're proper and not goofed up and then re import it in there And pfsense does have a sanity check to make sure that you haven't broke the xml file in some unusual way It won't let you load a broken file. It does say hey this file's got a problem with it And then you can start over. 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Okay, we're back live here. This is lunchtime here at Hadoop Summit 2012. I'm John Furrier, the founder of SiliconANGLE.com with my co-host, Jeff Kelly, analysts at Wikibon.org. And we were going to take a lunch break, but we have such a special guest. We wanted to bring him to you. He's the keynote speaker, Phil Shelley, who's the CEO of Metascale and also Senior Vice President of CTO of Sears Holdings. You gave the keynote speech out there. He's looking very corporate. Jeff, get the tie on him from California. I don't have the tie on, but Phil, welcome to theCUBE. This is our telecast. We go out and extract the signal from the noise. Great reviews on your presentation. You guys are a leading example of competitive advantage using data. So talk about one, what you said in your keynote. Highlight that quick summary of the talk. And then two, how you guys are using big data to transform your business. Yeah, the highlight was really to try and bring some practical use cases of how you use Hadoop in a real, let's say, traditional enterprise, not a real enterprise, but it's a traditional enterprise, non-internet or non-pure internet play for traditional workload. Structured data, the workload that would have been done historically in Teradata, mainframes, Nutiza, Oracle, traditional large applications. There's a real need there. We have increasing workload. We have to manage our budgets, of course, in IT shops now, but we have to be near real time on everything we do. We have to be more personal down to the individual customer on whatever we want to do. And that's just becoming, was becoming impossible to do on traditional enterprise. So at Sears, what did you guys do? What are you doing and how's that transforming your business? Well, what we can do now is on a scale and a degree of personalization that was previously impossible. We can do a lot of pricing analytics, for instance. We can even get down to personalized offers and coupons based on what we know about a customer, the history, products that that person's interested in, products that are even available in the stores close to that person, that where we may have surplus inventory, we can do customized offers and coupons. That degree of computation was just previously impossible. Also changing prices rather than quarterly, monthly, weekly, even daily price changes. So just a more granular level of detail, more history, more changes. So your industry's been through a lot of change. You know, Sears has been around a while, but over the last decade we've seen Amazon come along, we've seen the targets of the world. And so that's kind of disrupted your business. Talk about how Big Data is helping you kind of compete in this new landscape. And you talked about some of the use cases now, but in a big picture, how is Big Data and analytics allowing you to kind of re-engineer your business to compete with some of the web specific companies? Well of course our internet business is really growing dramatically. And our mobile business too, where we're becoming one of the prime spots to go for, even the leading spot some months for mobile shopping. So the advantage we have of course, having bricks of mortar is you can order on your mobile device or online and pick it up in the store within minutes. And so leveraging our supply chain, combined with mobile and internet is a huge competitive advantage for us. And very few people, Amazon certainly can't do that. And we think that's a big advantage. Phil, I gave a keynote speech at one of IBM's adventures last week in Orlando. They merged their storage group together. You know IBM, old legacy mainframe vendor. I'm sure you're familiar with them in your dealings of your data integration. And we talked about the disruption around the four horsemen of IT. You know, with cloud, that's IT transformation. I've seen some nice things with cloud. Mobile, you've got real-time analytics, iPad. Social, you've got real-time as well. Mobile's more bringing your consumer device to work, handing that in. But big data is the burrito that wraps it all together, right? So could you talk about specifically what was the one thing that kind of made Sears go, wow, we're going to double down on this effort? When you guys started using the big data, what was the one thing that said, we're going to explode this, we're going to give you all the resources, and then get the ultimate spin out going? Yeah, some of it's pretty boring actually. So it's, but it's really important to enterprises. I'm going to sexy it up a bit.  But some of it's really boring. We needed to fundamentally have a new data architecture for a large, when you get to a large company of 40 plus billion dollars, you have a lot of data, a lot of copies of data, and we needed to clean that architecture up. So Hadoop is a technology where the scale allows us to do that. So that's the non-sexy bit. But the other side is to be able to do things in near real-time, near real-time fraud, near real-time offers, near real-time coupons, marketing campaigns on a massive scale. What does that mean to you in near real-time? Seconds, minutes? Minutes, usually. Not hours. No, no, minutes, usually. Yeah, minutes. And we've been able to do things and engage people. For instance, if you are shopping in a store and you're looking at, we're looking real-time at your register.