This is a Brinks headlock where it ends up with the key. Where's the key? Standard plan of attack, small diamond. Locate false set. Tuidus raking. There's false curve. Look for a binding pin or a counter rotation. Reset the pin that just dropped. Include that the pick is too thick for the job. To false, more false. I'll tell you what, these Brinks are fun little locks. If you're in a part of the country where you can get them, all means do. In terms of playing with security pins, I put them right up there with Avis. There it is. Spring-loaded but not key retaining. There he is open. I can focal range. There's the lock. Very shiny. Here's the key. Probably shimmable, but we won't go there. It's not my thing. I have one more of these just to show you with a shorter shackle. That'll probably be in the next video. There you go. Brinks, padlock, lots of spools, SPP'd. This is Alex. Thanks for watching. Have fun and keep it legal. Cheers.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we fit a linear function to the given bivariate data using slope as well as using least square method and when we see which equation is the best fit to the given data we will also find coefficient of determination. Now we are let us consider the following bivariate data showing student to teacher ratio for public schools. Now for this data we will find line of fit using slope then we will find slope and intercept and interpret their meaning. Also we will write equation of regression line using b square method and we will find coefficient of determination and interpret it. So firstly let us find line of fit using slope. Now let us consider the two points where let us take these two points. Now let us consider these two points. Let us denote this first point where there will be x1, y1 and the second point where there is x2, y2. Now slope at line joining these two points is given by m is equal to y2 minus y1 upon x2 minus x1. So putting these values we have slope m is equal to y2 minus y1 that is 16.2 minus 16.8 for the point x2 minus x1 that is 2 minus 1 and on solving this we get m is equal to minus 0.28 so here slope m is equal to minus 0.28. Now we know that equation of line passes through the point x1, y1 and having slope m is given by y minus y1 is equal to m into x minus x1 the whole. Now here we have slope m is equal to minus 0.28 and the point x1, y1 as 1 16.8 so here equation of the line will be y minus y1 that is 16.8 is equal to m that is minus 0.28 into x minus x1 that is 1 the whole. This implies y minus 16.8 is equal to minus 0.28 into x plus 0.28 and on solving this equation we get y is equal to minus 0.28 into x plus 17.08 which is of the form y is equal to mx plus v the way you can see slope m is equal to minus 0.28 and y into sub b is equal to 17.08. Now slope is equal to minus 0.28 tells that there is decrease in student to teacher ratio by 0.28 per year and y into sub b that is v is equal to 17.08 is predicting that initially that is in the year 2005 the student to teacher ratio was 17.08. So we have found this equation as the line of fit. Now let us find the another equation of line of fit by using method of v square. Now the method of v square the regression equation is given by y is equal to a plus vx where a is equal to y bar minus b into x bar and regression coefficient b is given by summation of xy minus m into x bar into y bar whole upon summation of x square minus m into x bar square where x bar is the mean of x observations that is summation x upon n and y bar is the mean of y observations that is summation y upon n and here m is number of observations. Now by putting the values of x bar and y bar we have b is equal to n into summation of xy minus summation x into summation y whole upon n into summation of x square minus summation of x whole square. Now in this table we are given the x values and y values. Now here we have weight to more columns in this column we will find the values of xy and in this column we will find the values of x square. Now let us find the values of xy. Now here x is equal to 1 y is equal to 16.8 so xy will be 1 into 16.8 that is 16.8 similarly 2 into 16.2 is 32.4 3 into 16.6 is 49.8 4 into 15.7 is 62.85 into 15.9 is 79.5 and 6 into 15.4 is 92.4. Now let us find the values of x square. Now here x is 1 so x square will be 1 square that is 1 then 2 square is 4, 3 square is 9, 4 square is 16, 5 square is 25 and 6 square is 36. Now adding all the values of x we get summation x is equal to 1 plus 2 plus 3 plus 4 plus 5 plus 6 that is equal to 21. Similarly summation y is equal to 96.6 then we have summation of xy is equal to 333.7 then summation of x square is equal to 91. Now we will substitute all these values in this formula and we will find the regression coefficient b so we have b is equal to n that is here number of observations is equal to 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 so b is equal to 6 into summation of xy that is 333.7 minus summation of x that is 21 into summation of y that is 96.6 whole upon n that is 6 into summation of x square that is 91 minus summation of x whole square that is 21 whole square and on solving this we get b is equal to minus 0.251. Now we have to find value of a now we know that y that is equal to summation y upon n and xy is equal to summation x upon n so putting these values we can find the value of a so this implies a is equal to summation y that is 96.6 upon n that is 6 minus b that is minus of minus 0.251 into summation x that is 21 upon n that is 6. Now on solving this we get a is equal to 16.9785 therefore e square regression equation is given by y is equal to 16.9785 minus 0.251 into x so this is the line of fetch which we have obtained from the least square method and this is also the equation of line of fit which we have obtained earlier. Now see this diagram of scatter plot here we have drawn both the lines of fit this red line is the line of fit given by the equation y is equal to minus 0.28 into x plus 17.08 and this blue line is the regression line given by the equation y is equal to 16.9785 minus 0.251 into x. Now see that least square regression line is the line of best fit since it means the distance between the predicted and the observed value of y. Now see this point that is the point which coordinates 515.9 is closer to the blue curve that is this blue line then this red line thus least square regression line that is this blue line is the best fit line of the data. Now let us understand the concept of coefficient of determination. Now coefficient of determination determines the strength of correlation between the two variables. Now point of determination is simply squaring the coefficients of correlation and r eliminates the direction of the correlation and gives us a value from 0 to 1 which measures the strength of correlation. Now if r square is equal to 0 then there is no correlation if 0 is less than r square is less than 0.25 then there is very weak correlation and if 0.25 is less than equal to r square is less than 0.50 then there is weak correlation and if 0.50 is less than equal to r square is less than 0.75 then there is moderate correlation if 0.75 is less than equal to r square is less than 0.90 then there is strong correlation and if 0.90 is less than equal to r square is less than 1 then there is very strong correlation and if r square is equal to 1 then there is a perfect correlation. Now here using calculator we have found coefficient of correlation that is r is equal to minus 0.8765 so coefficient of determination that is r square is equal to 0.76825 so there r is negative and r square lies between 0.75 and 0.90 so there is a strong negative correlation between the two variables also you must remember that the coefficient of determination represents the percent of data that is closest to the line of best fit. Here we have r square is equal to 0.76825 which means that about 76% of the total variation in y can be explained by the linear relationship between x and y given by the regression equation. It is the measure that tells how well the regression line represents the data. So in this fashion we have learnt how to fit a linear function to the bivariate data using slope as well as using method of e square also we have learnt coefficient of determination and this completes our fashion Hope you all have enjoyed the fashion.


See with the transaction cost went over by thousand percent. Yes, what would you see in the next few years with the micro Doing micro transactions will not be feasible and how So the question was the transaction costs have increased dramatically Since the early days of Bitcoin The reason for that is because the transaction costs represent real-life Constraints on the scalability and resources available to Bitcoin if I run a fully validating node with 120 gigabytes of blockchain and you know 10 or 20 gigabits of bandwidth a month and Ram etc etc that cost money it cost me at least 20 or 30 dollars to host it if I run it at home It's gonna cost me more for hardware in the front end less over the longer run, but it still has a palpable cost So when you make a transaction, you're using the resources that I'm providing and that has a cost You're also using the services of the miners and various other parties in the system. The system has inherent limitations If the price is zero, what is the demand? Basic economics come on people. What is the demand for things that cost zero zero infinite? right There is no such thing as a free lunch Bitcoin was able to achieve zero-fee transactions because the transaction cost was subsidized By both the mining reward and the growth in the value of Bitcoin at a rate that was faster than the number of resources That were consumed those days are over and it's not because there's a block size limit Because if you move the block size limit up, you're just opening the space for more applications Those more applications will create demand. They'll start using resources and pretty soon there's competition for space on the blockchain again and If you make it free then it becomes infinite and you can't manage that we are going to see increases in the block size So what I wanted to know like every time we are Making a transaction we cannot run nodes like like we like the miners do because it's it would take lot of cost So we have to pay the miners for all of this transactions So don't you think like with the increasing amount of transactions? So this cost will increase and it will someday become a I mean it will get more and more central as as it's already discussed So overthrowing this technology of whole Bitcoin. Will it be that or can the Bitcoin be evolved from what it is? Bitcoin can be evolved and it is evolving constantly Bitcoin isn't a static system. It's a dynamic and evolving system. The rate of innovation has exploded over the last few years You're not paying transactions to miners because they're running nodes And if you ran your own nodes, you'd still have to pay transaction fees and those transaction fees are Not paid to miners because miners are doing something evil or whatever They're paid to miners because we need constraints on the system in order to be able to determine Which transactions are worth propagating and which ones are not that will cause there are two ways to achieve that goal One way is to say we will have someone decide Whether a transaction is worth propagating or spam That is a very dangerous power to give to anyone if I believe my transaction is worthwhile and You think my transaction is spam and we appoint a third party and say you decide the miners the developers the software rules any party That becomes a power of censorship That is extremely dangerous Bitcoin instead chooses to use a market-based mechanism That says your transaction is worthwhile if you believe it is worthwhile enough To assign a fee to it that is competitive These are the all of the other transactions that people are trying to make and if their transactions are not as worthwhile in their eyes As yours is they will pay sufficient fee They will not get mined at this time maybe later when there's less capacity There's less demand for the network. That is a market-based solution that ensures we do not put anyone in charge It does not escalate by the number of transactions and less we stop evolving the system There is a technology right now that is ready to deploy that will double the capacity of the system to almost 2.1 megabytes per block That will allow us to fix some very important issues called transaction and malleability and quadratic hashing and That opens the door to second-layer payment channels that technology is called segregated witness It has now been tested for more than a year and a half It is the most mature well-tested technology that exists in the space It is the best scaling solution that exists and we're waiting for it to be activated there is some political pressure and Some negotiation going on Because not everybody sees it as the most advantageous and profitable choice for them Specifically for the miners this represents a potential loss of profit unless they're willing to evolve their software and Participate in things like payment channels Why do that when they can just earn more fees on the base network right now and sir They're blockading this solution and proposing a different solution which gives them more power This is a political decision. It's not easy to resolve because no one's in charge But I have advocated that I think segwit which is ready now and is a great solution should be done first And then we should probably do a block size increase afterwards within the next couple of years to further expand the capacity otherwise And this is important to understand Otherwise, it doesn't mean Bitcoin stops working It means Bitcoin becomes something very specific It specializes if we choose not to expand the scale of the network Then what we are saying is Bitcoin is the system for doing extremely high security transactions That as a result are expensive. What is the value of a? Global uncensurable transaction that is guaranteed settled within ten minutes It's probably a lot more than a dollar which is what it's priced for today Unless we open capacity to do things like micro payments Bitcoin will become a network That can only do that but can do it very very well. That's okay, too Maybe that's what the market wants nobody gets to decide what Bitcoin is You put out ideas the market takes those ideas and decides yeah, no, I want to use it for something else And if the economic system allows it, that's what it's going to become. We don't know what Bitcoin will become the good news is that The recipe has been replicated and more than a thousand cryptocurrencies and if Bitcoin isn't the right thing for you Maybe something else fulfills your needs better and that's how a market should work That allows the full forces of evolution and specialization to operate within market dynamics Thank you for the last


Good morning. We're going to go ahead and get started since we heard that the sounds of CNI Welcoming us to start our session My name is Larry Alexander. I'm the associate university librarian for learning and teaching at the University of Michigan And this is my colleague Justin Schell who is a learning design specialist And we wanted to let you know that today's session is recording is being recorded Which is why we're kind of bound to the capturing system. So So welcome everyone This morning Justin and I are going to really focus on our recent work with our design labs The notion of a design lab is not particularly new to us We've had one on our North campus in our digital media commons for many years Which really focuses in on a certain set of disciplines. So the engineering schools up there are in architecture music and Art and design so many of the making communities we've had this design lab in our Digital media commons that has really worked to partner with those different disciplines And we've learned a lot from that lab and it's really served as an example for how we can take an active role in Extending learning experiences beyond the classroom Both in terms of online things that we can do technology things we can do but also real world types of Activities and that the design labs in particular have a real focus in on student learning So we've seen a real increase in the need for students to have Opportunities to be immersed in environments that build skills that build specific knowledges But also we have really gotten many more demands and requests to have different types of activities and support and engagement Around how to help students function in society to function in their careers to function in things that require skills like teamwork collaboration innovative learning Leadership qualities and to have environments that help them learn how to have those skill sets in fluid environments and to be very fluid So about two years ago. We asked ourselves How can we extend and apply this mode this? Model this notion of a design lab, but apply it to different disciplines So how might we apply it to the humanities the social sciences and the sciences did it make sense? Would it translate what wouldn't translate? Can we open further possibilities About how these disciplines as they are looking at increasingly adding peer collaborative learning into their Curriculum and into their work. How can we actually think about how the design lab might help support that transition? And is there a way that the library specifically can further meet? Both some of the unmet needs around expertise that's needed to help with this and also to leverage new approaches to Scholarship as they're being created So to that end two years ago We proposed to our provost to launch a design lab on our central campus in our Shapiro library to explore these questions So success with our design lab on our north campus around a set of disciplines How might we translate that to our central campus around a new set of disciplines? So Justin and I today are going to talk about our journey that we've taken to date To move the Shapiro design lab from a notion to a question to reality And we're going to dive into concepts like iterative learning design creativity Knowledge creation interdisciplinarity connected learning and we'll share both our highs and lows as we've kind of worked through these different issues And most importantly we want to leave time at the end for conversation with all of you about what you're seeing How this fits or doesn't fit with your campus and kind of share some lessons learned. I should also mention This is our our mascot that Justin designed our our design lab So that we did on a 3d printer. So it's kind of a fun a fun approach to that so before we Get started we wanted to take a few moments Can you move forward to the next slide? To look at a few images and ask ourselves the question what kind of learning Takes place and we just ran we went out and picked some pictures We want to spend some time thinking about what kind of learning does this space enable and we had an Interactive session prepared where you were going to be able to log in and add your thoughts to this But the Wi-Fi is not working. So we're going to do we're going to go to plan B Which is for people just to yell out their answers old-fashioned talking old-fashioned talking So what kinds of learning does this space enable thoughts? Collaboration brainstorming partner. Yep Okay Loud good That's true. That's true. What kind of space does this enable for learn what kind of learning happens here Sandbox creation teamwork. What's the role of technology in that space? Flexible great next month. How about this space? individual presentation Interactive I heard People from Indiana here or is anyone from Indiana here who recognizes what this is This cruiser is funky. What about this? practical teamwork Real-world perhaps some sort of Mentoring might be going on in there in our last space What might be happening here? casual hangout Transition and yet the students are actually adapting it for other purposes, right? Right visibility. Yes, so it's transparent what people are doing in that space, right? So we spent a lot of time as we were thinking about The Shapiro design lab around this question of what concept should be at the forefront of our thinking when developing spaces that Facilitate partnership models that facilitate collaboration that facilitate coming here learning those types of things and we Looked at different places. We talked with different people. We looked at our design lab on North campus Have lots of discussions about that and what we came to is in our first iteration is That the idea that we have an answer for the moment Right and that we're actually okay that this space is going to evolve and continue to grow and change So at the moment, we think a lot about digital scholarship and by that we in many ways are asking the questions around What are the capabilities needed to support scholarship in a digital error, right? So what are they some of them might be analog actually and some of them might actually be technical capabilities? We talked a lot about the residential experience. So what? Given all the affordances of online learning What is the unique role right now that the residential experience could serve as a differentiator to learning? We talked a lot about collaboration It's showing up in lots of places in lots of different ways So how are we going to support it a certain type of collaboration or clap? You know collaboration with a small C a big C a specific disciplines. How do they all look at that differently? Expertise what expertise does the library currently have how might we map that differently? Into the conversation and what expertise do we not have that we need to go get? This whole idea of iterative How do we actually set it up so that this service this program is by its very nature? Going to going to have a mandate to grow and continue to a change in and adapt How can it be a place of incubation? How can it really take advantage of the notion of peer-to-peer learning that's something we say a lot But what does that actually mean and finally this notion of how can we? provide Both the space expertise and partnership that really helps as our campus is trying to think about extending learning beyond the classroom So before we kind of jump into what we've done with the Shapiro design lab I thought I'd share three concepts from our North Campus design lab that had really informed our thinking as we've been thinking about Our new design lab so this these are all from our digital media comments And I thought I'd take three concepts the first one being around open pedagogy So and use real-life examples to show what we mean by that so the design lab is uniquely It's not reservable for an exclusive use right and it's intentional in that It actually wants to have multiple activities happening at the same time So even where there might be a lab going on like you can see in the front of the picture on the right there's also some activity and some other work going on simultaneously in a different part of the room and The example I've used is to comey Ogata who's the student there. He built this sound tunnel For a performing arts technology to 52 interaction design class he was in the design lab working on it and The whole point of that instrument that he was building was it's a way to use wind to control feedback And excite resident frequencies through the pipes. Well, he was working on that a different faculty member came in for a different purposes So professor David Chung he's in art and design and he saw him and said wait a minute There's a link to what he's doing to a course I'm teaching on in the studio 4d class and he invited that student to come in to actually set the stage for the next set of Areas of study that they were going to do around a unit basically around sound and so that's a great example of how The expert in this case is a student from a different Setting coming into another class to become the expert to launch a discussion about a new topic in a course So that's what we mean by open pedagogy It's it's there's a benefit to people seeing what they're doing and being able to translate that from one space to another The next Example is around student leadership. So Connor Berry was a student His thesis research explored the emotional potential of asynchronous audio Communication But while he was using the design lab for his coursework He became really interested in the idea of community, right? And how you could actually bring together different communities together to work on particular topics so he created a ad hoc academic group called the electronic lunch and it meets once a month in the design lab it brings members from the University community as well as the Michigan community of the the local community and Even from as far as from Detroit that people come and they do different topics They they try different things if we had the ability to for you to actually hear the audio I was going to show you the clip of him talking about his work But in that clip he is talking about the use of Lumen bots and how they attached that Concept and hosted workshops for people to learn how to use that and they applied it into a local Parade that happens in Ann Arbor once a year called the Fool's Day parade and so it's a great example of Student leadership of having an idea bringing people together Having the space and the support in order to do that and then making an impact back out into the into the community and Then the third example is about student research itself. So this is Robert Alexander He recently recedes his PhD in design science, but he started as an undergraduate And has had many roles in the design lab when he first started as an undergraduate He was a student then he was a collaborator then he was a mentor then he started to host workshops He became a leader performer a director a researcher and this was all through his undergraduate master's in PhD work He really found a home in the design lab of that being a place where he could do his different work and The the clip that we would have shown here is him talking about The work that he did With NASA around sound and how he was actually able to use the tech the tools available In our digital media commons in the space of the design lab to make that come forward So I think what we what we realized is that we have found ourselves at this kind of crossroads between the notion of Engaged learning and digital scholarship And we've really asked ourselves how do libraries fit into this scenario this trend of learning by doing? How do we offer space expertise and innovation as a way to have connected experiences? And most importantly, how are we helping students ask questions like who am I what am I passionate about? What's possible and that this kind of space this kind of service this kind of program helps them do that? And I think that it's really interesting if you step back and think about libraries This is historically being the place where this iterative you're gonna you need to find information You're gonna go find it. Oh wait, you can't do it You're gonna have some stumbling blocks along the way And you're gonna keep iterating until you find the information and this is a new expression of that So we really really have embraced this notion as we think about our design labs And so as I shared we went to our provost two years ago and we made a funding request We made we asked for money for a position for the design lab, which has manifested in Justin We asked for hourly funds and actually a relatively significant portion of hourly funds for the library From a library's perspective because we knew peer learning was going to be really key to this And we wanted to have the student budget to actually Have students be intricately part of building the design lab and delivering the services of it And we also asked for an operating budget and luckily she said yes. And so now So now just is going to talk about what we've done with the Shapiro design lab itself. Thanks Larry Oh, yeah, so I started at Michigan about four and a half months ago So this is a four and a half month report The design lab so this is what we started with this is about a thousand or so square feet total This is in the as of the Shapiro undergrad library, which is a high-traffic 24-7 space There is a space called the tech tech which was a closed off Sort of tech support computer lab and had a poster printer in there over there that was Very problematic in that it needed to always be supervised and so if it wasn't supervised the space was locked And so there's really lovely space that no one was using and so we eventually tore down that wall and moved it over to the side and now we have this large open space to play with You can see some of our early paint choices and things like that So, you know building this space from the ground up essentially has offered us a lot of opportunities and a lot of challenges One of the one of the great benefits was that you know, we have the digital media commons on North campus Which includes a 3d lab Media conversion center, and so we don't need to do all the things in the design and we can be Not much choosy, but we can say okay. Well, they do that up there Let's talk about one aspect of the project and so we don't need to replicate the different spaces But there's also sort of structural Limitations as we can't solder in there because there's not good enough ventilation or things like that So we've been working through the challenges inherent in this kind of space as well as the opportunities that it provides so we've been working through three themes that have guided what I've called designing the design lab and the first one is as collaborative and community and Taking from my friend Stuart Barnard's idea of the community garden as this really wonderful notion of the space Where going back to our partnership model, this isn't a production house This is a project design project incubation space. So if someone is coming in They're there to learn something and to participate in this community and not just say hey, I've got this idea go build this for me But also it's the idea that incorporating participatory design in the space itself That could be with butcher paper on the walls. It could be you know online surveys one of the things about this space is that from where that that first image was taken is usually filled with undergrads and How how can we engage them with the design of that space? How could we have them teach workshops much like Takumi did in that earlier example that Laurie shared It's also not just a space for people to use there's got to be some level of partnership involved with it We have actually I think in about an hour There's an event going on in the lab and and they just emailed me yesterday said hey There's gonna be students studying there. What should we do? Move around and engage the students perhaps So, you know, you don't have the space just to yourself and so as Laurie mentioned we did have funds for student workers. We've hired 12 student workers for Staffing the lab, which they have a range of backgrounds from architecture graphic design web design computer science And you know, so they spent these last three months or so working on internal library projects It's just sort of demonstrate because this also is an internal library lab space And how can we encourage people within the library to think about different things? So we're working on a Twitter bop for special collections or working on an awesome box Working on some visualization with publishing But how can we encourage people and have people who have expertise in these different areas be guides for? So that we're having lots of pop-up workshops in the space. I did two last week on Transcription and multi-multi-scholarship. We have one Thursday with a letterpress, which I'll talk about more in a minute And again, we're hoping to have some students teach these workshops as well from this basically, you know What do you want to teach? What do you want to learn? Let's make that happen You mentioned as well the iteration experimentation. This is a you know, I think a hallmark of Anything worthy calling worthy of calling itself a design lab The M for this space the design is project design and it's thinking through these different Facets of a project trying to get there very early in the process to think through not just the technical aspects But the methodological aspects the ethical aspects So we've had a lot of people come in and talk about social media collection and archiving and analysis And so, you know, we can talk about the technical things. Yeah, here's a Python script or twerk, etc But let's talk about where the things are stored Are you going to be using these can these things be traced back to individual people and Laying that out in conjunction with them So they have a strong foundation to go on in this work in the previous work as a clear fellow at Minnesota the biggest thing that people People were presenting was that they didn't really know how to get started They knew sort of what they wanted to do But they didn't know sort of the past that you take and this the sort of developing these pathways developing these workflows has been You know, I think successful in the project we worked on so far and I think is going to be a key element with the design lab We're also trying to Think about how we do this in the space. It's of how do we convey this in the space itself? And so we're looking at a design competition Where people can design their own furniture for the lab So if you have a prototype prototype for a chair will give you a fabrication budget and materials budget to try it out In the space or a design gallery We have these 16 windows that are part of those walls in which means we have 32 surfaces to play with what can we put on there? and Also, you know, we mentioned the digital scholarship and this isn't necessarily limited to the digital This goes you know throughout what it means to be scholar what it means to be community engaged learning In a lot of different ways. So we have our partnerships with the Detroit Center With different Ann Arbor community folks and so this is these are you know, sort of laying the foundation now for this One project particularly that I think illustrates this really well is a project with Wolverine press Which has graciously let us use the Challenger proof press on the left from somewhere in the 19th century from upstate, New York we it still has the spider egg sacks to prove it and and So we're working with Fritz Swanson who runs that and Rebecca Chung who's a school of information graduate student on being able to 3d print illustration blocks and eventually type to used on the letterpress and We are right now where we're looking through we figured out how to make 3d file from from a scan of a text so an association with Shakespeare's first folio and Now we're looking at the different materials that can be used to print because we have we have this right now See up there, but that will get crushed by the Cast iron and steel rolling pin. That's about 40 pounds And so trying to figure out what level of really super expensive material that we can use to have it not get crushed But still have the detail needed As compared to something like you know acid etched Illustration blocks and things like that that they use so we have our first workshop on this on Thursday and Finally accessibility and I'm using this term broadly and specifically For me it's providing access in a sort of welcoming environment For things that people want to try out But don't know where to get started just people who are game to try and explore stuff People have come in Asking how to do that how to do something like cool. Let's figure it out I think that's that's the sort of environment that we want we want to to know We're still working on getting the folks who are right next door to us in the The open sort of study areas to come in and work on that so a lot of it has been the sort of parallel track of We have people where we're connecting with campus partners And we're working with researchers and graduate students and faculty and staff who are doing things I welcomed into the design lab and then they're also trying to figure out how we do this with the space itself So we're Offering these away, but we're also incorporating accessibility into the very fabric of the lab I have a fair amount of background in doing this as a filmmaker and media producer and the photo on the left is a very poor quality photo Because I almost forgot to take a picture of it It's a GoPro attached to a wheelchair with various devices and we're I was working at a movement rehabilitation center and doing video production with iPads and GoPro's and so thinking about How we can incorporate work like that into the lab We're working with a number of accessibility specialists to again very early on in the project talk about how you would make this successful, but less so you know as Requirement or compliance there's been a theme and a number of of talks in this thing, but not just making this about compliance There was a there was a professor Sylvester read and and the accessibility statement read as required by law these things are available and Good, we don't think and so we talked about how You know say if you do this in an audio format instead of a paper What creative opportunities does that enable rather than you know, oh you make this an audio format So this person can could understand it and so thinking you know combining this with things like multimodal or multimedia scholarship and being able to To expand what's possible with this We're also working on things like tactile maps for the space and topographical maps with 3d printer and so Just thinking through a lot of the different possibilities that we can do With a space like this with some of the technology have but also with You know a commitment to accessibility as part of this but also another example of Going back to the first definition of accessibility Is a really an emphasis on citizen science in the lab and this is a nice complement to what I see as the library's Engagements with this the scientific process So whether it's collection development research data management teaching in classes And so I've worked for the last couple years with Zooniverse the citizen science outfit based at the other planetarium and Oxford and the Folger and a number of other places and They do crowdsourced Analysis of scientific data you can count penguins and and transcribe Shakespeare and things like that But engaging people with the scientific process and so being able to have you know These projects up on up on touch screens revealed engage with but also work on data gathering and collection air quality monitoring Water quality monitoring. We have a wonderful public library that has data sense data sensors that you can check out and so being able to incorporate This aspect of the scientific process into the lab into these kinds of spaces and perhaps then Into sort of the real-world learning or a different path and they might have thought of earlier before they before engaging with this So we'd love to show you more pictures of what the lab looks like But it's still a work in progress things like furniture delays and Sign shops and things like that so furniture ordered in August still not here yet So we we have this really nice design on the wall and we chose colors. Isn't it beautiful? It's gonna say design lab there Sometime soon. We are currently investing in a vinyl cutter so we can make our own signs And we you know, we have whiteboards up the the tables there We were gonna put wheels on them and steel case took a month to say they don't make wheels for those tables So we are figuring out what we're gonna do with those But a lot of these, you know these things are as as Laurie said constantly iterating And I don't ever want to get to a space where I could say like here's the design lab because it would be here's the design lab today We've had conversation with people saying hey, there's this table over here. Do you want that back? No, that's where it should be so so I think as you know, these are These are the answers that we've come up with so far and So returning back to this question What concepts should be at the forefront of our thinking when developing spaces that facilitate partnership models? And we'd love to hear what you think of our answer and what How you've answered that question and just generally engage you with with some conversation Well, thank you for joining us. We appreciate it. Thanks


Joe Biden is the president elect. He has defeated Donald Trump in terms of the popular vote and the electoral college. And in doing so has gained the largest number of votes of any political candidate in American presidential history. But what does the demise of Trump mean within the longer time frame of the 12 years since the global financial crisis? Does Biden's win herald a return to normal? And what might his presidency mean not only for the US, but for the rest of the world too? With me to discuss all of that is Adam twos author of crashed how a decade of financial crises changed the world. And the Shelby Cullum Davis professor of history at Columbia University, New York. Adam, welcome to Navarra media. Happy to be here. If our viewers or our listeners can hear beeping and horns outside or the bashing of pans, that's because you're in New York and people are celebrating the fact Joe Biden is now confirmed as the as the president elect. They are. Yeah, it's been a party for the last future relief. Yeah, what does it feel like quickly? Because obviously, New York's not exactly representative of the country, but it's it must have been strange the last four years. And does this feel like some kind of finality or not? Yeah, it felt like a death in 2016. I vividly remember the days afterwards. It was a sort of consolation to be in a community of people all grieving. I feel it mainly through my family. I'm obviously not American. My wife, my daughter were really torn up in 2016. It was brutal for them. And the city is solid in Manhattan where we live up the West Side, very mixed, very Jewish neighborhood historically, and overwhelmingly democratic. So we live opposite what used to be the campaign headquarters for the Clinton campaign. And it's been an empty shell ever since four years ago.   Somebody somebody's partying a bit too hard, perhaps they had to call the cops. Yeah. The last time we spoke at him was really in the sort of opening months, the COVID pandemic. It's unusual for a sitting president to lose an election to not be reelected, particularly when you look at the kind of economic fundamentals in January, February, they look they look to Trump's advantage. To what do you think the COVID pandemic played a role in the fact that Biden's won and in the manner that he has? I think it I think it has played a role. We lack right now the really accurate and reliable exit polling data that would allow us to break down the numbers and one should very much beware the stuff that's beware of the stuff that's circulating on Twitter, because they did conventional exit polls. And the problem is, of course, that a huge percentage of the vote was by post and that slants very heavily democratic. So the stuff that you've seen out there that is giving like huge percentages of LGBT voters voting for Trump, African American black voters voting for Trump, take that with a pinch of salt because that is the people who actually showed up. In other words, generally speaking actually pro Trump motivated voters. So we don't really we shouldn't be very cautious in doing any too close analysis. There were a lot of hypotheses out there about the fact that for instance, COVID would swing Florida to the Biden camp because the older voters were very off put by Trump's handling. On the whole, I think there's no doubt that it hurt Trump, the economic crisis has hurt Trump that COVID has produced. But it wasn't the winning card that the Democrats expected it to be. After all, if you know if this had been an election on Trump's COVID record, you would have expected them to sweep the board. And that's the bitter reality that we're all of course coming to terms with as delighted as everyone is that we now finally have the confirmation of Biden and Harris's victory. The reality remains that it's tight. And that it has not swept the board either in the Senate so far or in state legislatures, which are very important for future redistricting. So it hasn't had the effect we don't think that you won one would have expected. Your most recent book crashed, which is an outstanding work of history. That's not just a person opinion. It's been everybody I speak to over the last 18 well, particularly a year ago, you read crash, it's a fantastic book, and it's much recommended to our audience. But you look at Trump specifically, I think there's a whole chapter given over to him towards the end. And it's not it's a relatively commonplace thing to do where people are saying, you know, does his election does his triumph in 2016 represent a repudiation of the, of the politics and the political economy of the pre 2008 era. A lot of people, a lot of sort of commentators, the liberal intelligentsia, at least in Britain, I'm not so familiar with America's, but a lot of them over here are saying that this betokens a return to normal. What do you make of that? Well, I would agree, but not in the way I think they mean. In other words, the normality that this is a continuation of is the messed up, fraught, polarized, crisis written antagonistic reality that has indeed marked American politics. I would say that you really need to go back at least to the 1990s to see the origins of this. In other words, in the really the tuperative campaign against the Clinton administration launched from the right. Some would say you really need to think of this historically as originating in the Southern strategy that was run by the Nixon campaign in the late 60s, basically trying to flip the front. So reclaim claim Republican votes in the South on the civil rights issue. And that I think is the normality which Trump and the Biden campaign in this this election really continue to represent, right? What we are struggling over is the terrain created in this last half century of on the one hand, rising inequality of the breakdown of the classic blue collar, white industrial proletariat and its association with organized labor in the Democratic Party against something that goes back to the 70s with the notorious hard hats that were mobilized by Nixon against the countercultural left. And the issue of race. And that is the struggle that's been played out in Georgia. I would say that this is as it were positional warfare on the terrain of that American normality. So indeed, now as it were back in the liberal administered liberal governed version of that reality. And let's let's make no mistake about it. It's a huge relief. Because Trump is uniquely toxic as a politician, and has stirred up in a way that no previous Republican has the underbelly, the undergrowth of conspiratorial right wing politics, the militia and so on, has not even been willing to pay lip service to the conventional norms of anti racism and diversity in the United States. But I would say that we really are speaking about a continuity in various ways of politics in particular. And certainly with regard to economic policy, I mean, what would you say there was certainly a rhetorical shift there was a much more brutal trade policy, has anything fundamental shifted in the American income distribution? No. And do you think that race is unique in the US context? I'll ask for a sort of a distinct answer on that because of course it does. But many people in Britain and Europe sort of fold Trump within the broader populist upsurge after after 2014, really, I think maybe a good place to date it. And they say, you know, there's a continuity between Trump and Brexit and all of these things. But it sounds to me that the sort of post 1964 civil rights context is a really, really, really important one. And it may be lost on, for instance, many, many Brits who are on looking. So can you explain that with a bit more granularity? And if the Democrats do win Georgia, you know, what does that mean again, within a broader historic context? So the crucial thing to say is, of course, all societies have racial politics, right? This is not something that's particular to particular places, especially Western societies with their colonial heritage and their heritage of racial slavery. So this is indeed, in some senses, a common denominator of Britain, France, Italy, indeed, take your pick and the United States. But to ignore the consequences in the United States of slavery followed by the failure of reconstruction and Jim Crow that followed after that, in other words, the apartheid system of entrenched racism, that affects not a one, two, three, four, five percent of the population, but 13% of the population, that's the share of black people in the United States, and of course, far, far larger percentage in the so called black belt of the South, or in the big American cities. You know, you're really, you're not grasping the particularity, the salience, the extreme urgency of the, of the racial problem in the United States, unless you give credit to that and its history. So this is not something, as it were, that there was a colonial history that then came back by way of migrants, Windrush generation, for instance, and then is painfully rediscovered by institutions of the liberal variety, as is the case, say, with British universities or something. This is an omnipresent permanent reality of racial disadvantage, racial discrimination. And of course, in the last two or three decades, massive criminalization of black men in particular. And you see that you can't, it's just visible in every street, every street corner, in every American, major American city, and it's true of the Northeast as much as it is, and even more pronounced form in the Southern States. So when we talk about the racial component in the politics of the GOP, it's really, I don't think at all helpful to think of that as simply the same as the xenophobia of the UKIP party or something. That doesn't mean to trivialize the racism of UKIP, but it's to insist on the significance, historical significance and national significance of this problem for the United States. It's not untrue, I think it's helpful indeed, to just simply recognize the civil war as the abiding problem of modern American politics. And what do you think Trump's legacy within the Republican Party is going to be? Because I think it's fair to say he's not really turned the dial significantly on on domestic economic policy, you know, the rhetoric on trade and overseas, yes, particularly China, particularly Iran. But do you feel like he's permanently changed the landscape of internal Republican politics? Do you think that his successes, you think the candidate, if it's not him, the person that runs with the Republican nomination in 2024, do you think they're going to have to in some way replicate the politics and rhetoric of Donald Trump? Yes, because I don't think Republicans think of this as a failed presidency at all. I think that's the thing to start with, right? For liberals, it's so incomprehensible that the actual outcome is the way it is. And people on the left, because we broadly speaking regard his presidency as a shambles, whereas the GOP really don't. And the narrowness of their loss, which they have not yet conceded, essentially, Trump in particular has not foxes grudgingly admitted that they're now predicting the Biden will win. And the fact that Trump's vote, I mean, you said in your opening, which is true, of course, that Biden and Harris have won more than any previous ticket. But number two on that list is Trump. He won more than Obama. His vote is up by at least 7 million relative to his winning number in 2016. And they've managed to break into the constituencies, particularly Latino men in Texas and Florida. They never thought they would be able to reach. So they don't think of this, I think, as a disaster. And there isn't going to be a candidate, I think, that can run successfully for the Republican nomination in 2024 without doing lip service, too, that what they regard of essentially as the triumph of the Trump presidency, because it undead the Bolsheviks. It was willing to just simply face up to what they regard as a mortal threat to the culture, the identity, the politics of this country. So, and the people, I think, that are front runners that are not, as it were, Trump himself would be people like cotton of Arkansas and Pompeo, both of whom have positioned themselves as dynamic figures on the right wing of the GOP. And they are much more coherent ideological politicians than Trump himself, who, you know, who's perhaps one saving grace. It's his sheer incoherence and cynicism. Yeah, I mean, I've said this, and again, not a unique insane. He strikes me as an incredibly sweet, generous politician who's managed to navigate broader trends, which I think any liberal or progressive should be very wary about. And it does seem to me that the very complacency which we may be seeing now in this kind of discourse for a term to normality is precisely what underpinned his rise in the first place. So you think that there may be a more polished, more sort of politically literate version of Trump come to 2024? Isn't that the most likely outcome? Well, it's difficult to know anything else at this point. That's the way forward that we can see. Those people are already positioning themselves. You know, my fantasy, of course, is that some Romney styling so far, you know, one indulges in fantasies about reform of the GOP. But I think if you have an idea about how the American two-party system is going to function, you in some senses have got to have a hypothesis about this. Because if what we end up in is a rerun of GOP resistance of the Freedom Caucus, Tea Party version that crippled the Obama administration from 2010 onwards, then the prospects for any kind of progressive politics in the United States at this moment are pretty grim.  There will be a bit of the American social fabric and the economy which still continue to be profoundly dynamic. Its business sector may be part of that. But we know we could be looking at a sort of profound gridlock trench warfare in Congress. It does depend a little bit on how the Republicans play it. Sicking on that topic, I mean, obviously a lot of this depends now on these these two run-offs for the senators in Georgia that's going to be in January. Let's work on the presumption that things will broadly stay the same. The Democrats won't exercise de facto control them. Because of course, if it's 50-50, the person who is the kind of the makeshift is the Vice President. In which case that changed the complexion of all of this a lot. But if that doesn't happen, it does feel like Joe Biden might be going into the Oval Office next year as the weakest president of all time, partly because of his age. He's 78, for a British audience, and that's the same age as John Major, who left office 23 years ago. But also because, as you've said, his rival has done phenomenally well, exceeded all expectations, despite the fact that sort of will be on the pale within the normality of American politics. Do you think that could be the case with Biden? Do you think he may be a uniquely weak president? Or is that unfair on somebody who's just, again, won pretty comprehensively by ordinary measures with the U.S. presidential election? I think the question is, is it we're aware that how that support translates into leverage? And right now it's not easy to see how it does, right? So I think you're right that the most plausible hypothesis is that the GOP retains control in the Senate, which gives them a veto position over all major appointments, and also a veto position on all major legislation. It's also true that the Democrats look as though their majority in the House, the lower House of the Congress, has dwindled, which means that Pelosi or whoever succeeds, Pelosi will have an increasingly difficult job in balancing the two wings of the House Democrats. So on the one hand, the left, which your listeners will be familiar with, centered around people like AOC, very dynamic, very brilliant, quite charismatic, won her election in New York, hands down, in fact, the entire squad has come through this looking very good, so their electorate is rewarding them. But that is not what the Democratic majority in the House is built on, which is crucial. It's built on much more marginal people contending essentially purple states, narrowly between red and blue, and those centrists exercise huge leverage over a party managers when the majority is small. And what they will extract is essentially a middle-of-the-road Clintonite, Blairite agenda at very best, you know, focused on potentially things like deficit reduction, tax cuts rather than spending on welfare or on other types of infrastructure. So the balancing out will be very difficult. On this issue of power, you know, what makes, after all, an administration powerful? Another question you could ask is that, who are their enemies? So of course we, and who's, what are the counterweights? And you could ask, and we've identified of course, that one major counterweight is the partisan political opposition of McConnell and the Republicans in the Senate. But if you ask about broader societal interests, the wager, if you like, of the centrist Democrats is that if they position themselves in the right way, they can implement bits of a progressive agenda, which some of which they are, I think, quite wholeheartedly committed to. It's not difficult, after all, agree to agree that America needs a much more comprehensive and effective healthcare system. And I think they're quite serious about climate change now, though it has taken some time for them to get there. But I think the wager is that they may actually also be able to bring powerful social interest groups along with them, basically business, and major elements of the business community. And to that extent, you know, they don't face the kind of opposition that say an FDR did, because their agenda is, in many respects, you know, conforming with the long-rung strategic calculations of key bits of the American business, of the business lobby. And to that extent, you know, they may be able to get things done, not transform, not transformation, not the social democracy in America that the Democratic Party left dreams of, but they may very well be able to find ways around congressional logjams on issues like climate. And where does COVID fit in all this? Because of course, you're talking about people who are in the house, these purple states. But clearly, the context has changed so radically over the last seven, eight months that, you know, a singular focus is on the deficit reduction. For instance, do you not think the fact that COVID has changed that a little bit, there may be a greater emphasis on things like infrastructure, public health, climate, or do you think actually the old, the old terrain, which is, you know, we're so obsessed over by the Clintonites, to a less extent, Barack Obama, do you think that will sort of remain their default politics? Well, I think, I think you're right. I mean, the first thing to say is that the Americans don't have the answer for COVID any more than anyone else does, and no one does have an answer. So, you know, we've got to be clear about the benchmark that we're measuring against. Not even the Germans appear to have really a good idea about how to control this epidemic. That's the first thing to say. I think there probably is a solid majority of bipartisan variety in favor of somehow coordinating from the, from federal government down, state-level action, because this is a giant country, right? So, it can't be done from the center. It has to be done organizing the states, some of which are the size of large European nation states, California, 40 million people, Texas, you know, they're the size of Belgium, Netherlands, large, large chunks. And I think the Biden administration can probably hope for cooperation there. They may get lucky with a vaccine, which would really, which would really help. And it's also fair to say that, say Nancy Pelosi had agreed to the most minimal of Mitch McConnell's stimulus proposals, that would be, as it were, to support people facing unemployment immediately before the election. Say they'd settled for half a trillion dollars, which, you know, the Republicans would have conceded to them. If you add that to what they did in March, the CARES package, it would be by far and away the luggage stimulus package that had ever been done in America in peacetime. So, yes, there is, broadly speaking, an agreement to do things which Republicans would not have dreamt of conceding a year ago. So on the one side, yes, on the other side, and now this is all political. So now, where the Democrat, putatively in the White House, the game for the GOP shifts quite fundamentally. And there are bits of the GOP who are perfectly willing to take American society, the American economy, and the good credit of the American state hostage for the pursuit of various types of political goal. And they did that twice with the Obama administration in 2010 and 2013. They effectively, 2011 and 2013, they effectively threatened to drive America towards default and had to be torqued off the cliff twice.  So we're talking about very serious, very aggressive players here. This is the age that, you know, that spawned Steve Bannon, who talked to himself almost, you know, he referred to Lenin and talked about smashing the state, the administrative state. So those folks are out there and they're still out there. So it's not clear exactly who it is that the Biden team will have to play with.  So obviously you're looking at all of these things in a very sort of long term context. In the background to all of this is, of course, the relative decline of the American economy and the American state. If not the American military, you've got the rise of China. That kind of that reality, you know, intensified really with the COVID pandemic this year. Is that infusing Republicans or do you think that they're still very much, you know, minimal state, Koch brothers, libertarian sort of obsessed sort of ideologues. But I mean, as we've seen repeatedly, COVID does seem to have changed that. It does seem to have repudiated that kind of that vision of politics and of liberty. I'm not sure that it's COVID that has done that in the U.S., but certainly for folks of that ill, correct? Because after all, we were going to fight pitch battles over mask wearing and issues like that and shut down. I mean, people were took to arms. But what has is China. So I mean, remember back to the summer where you had Mike Popeu, a bar as Attorney General threatening large American corporations that they will be listed as agents of foreign influence if they continue to lobby against American protectionism towards China. So the mood, the music shifted dramatically under the sign of national security. That's what did it. So it isn't it isn't a pandemic. It isn't public health. It isn't worrying about old people dying in care homes that's going to do this. But what is this great power competition with China and the manifest perception of course, they're not going to concede decline, let alone it's inevitability, but they recognize China as they call it as a peer competitor. So this is no longer asymmetric counterinsurgency type stuff or the war on terror. This is classic or in some cases they see it even in cold war terms as a renewal of or continuation of the clash with global communism. And I think we shouldn't underestimate the way in which the socialism label has surged back to the foreground over Republican thinking and demonology over the course of this. Yeah, I mean, and so we have seen, I mean, we've seen it from the American left, the DSA, Democratic Socialists of America have acquired a momentum like we've never seen before. There is on both sides of the American political spectrum without drawing any equivalence, let alone a moral equivalence, a radicalization which certain elements in the Republican Party are happy to seize on as a ideological as it were driver. And that does imply shifts in the relationship of the state to business. So Barr basically was, you know, telling American business wake up to smell the coffee. The reason why we still speak English here is, or rather in his phrase, I think we still speak American is that your predecessor's worked with the FDR administration to crush to crush Nazi Germany and we expect you to do the same. And some of you have forgotten that. So very heavy duty historical memory lessons learned from the past were mobilized with and they were demanding as it were that the American capitalism close ranks around the hard power national security strategy directed against China. So what extent do you think Democrats might repeat those lines because, of course, you know, there have been Democrat politicians over the last 20, 30 years who've been incredibly hawkish? And do you think it's possible that you may see Democratic senators or people in the house actually saying, yes, China is this great threat. We need to have national protectionism. We need to exclude Chinese interests from the domestic American economy and so on. But we already do. I mean, this is one of the few things on which there is impact genuine bipartisan agreement in Washington. And it was seen as a weakness of Biden as a candidate that he has a track record of in fact being actually having had quite close personal relations with Xi because at the time that they were both number two, Biden was in fact in charge, I think, of managing one of Xi's visits to the United States. So that to which the Biden campaign countered by as it were competing with Trump for an anti Chinese position. Chuck Schumer, people like that in the Senate, Senate Minority Leader is a China hawk. And after all, you can see the way in which the Democrats might seize on a whole variety of different issues to motivate that of human rights. After all, there's a profound concern in dealing with the Xi Jinping regime. Xinjiang, Hong Kong are burning issues. And it depends, of course, a lot of this isn't as it were just for the Americans to decide. It depends on how aggressive Beijing chooses to be, for instance, over Taiwan. It'll be very interesting to see whether the Biden administration chooses to back away, for instance, from the really extraordinary overt aggression against an entity like Huawei. I mean, this was a targeted effort by the United States government, selectively moving really like responding rapidly so as to make the business model of China's tech champion non viable. And every time Huawei moved, they would move again, shut off another source of chips or chip manufacturing equipment. I mean, a really military style operation against military style sanctions operation against Huawei, whether or not the Biden administration will do that kind of thing. I think this is going to be very interesting to see whether they continue that, but the broad posture was not invented by the Trump people. It goes back to the Clinton when Clinton was Secretary of State in the Trump, in the Obama White House, in the White Obama administration, it was really initiated there and it was owned by Obama as well. Between 2011 and 2013, that front really hardened and the Trump people took that further, added a variety of different layers. Anti-immigration, stash of security, trade policy all bundled together. We'll see whether some of that unbundles. So you think that the sort of move against the globalization, which was the kind of the default opening up a markets and etc. before 2008, you think there's an element of bipartisan consensus in that because when I think of the quick things that may change under a Biden presidency, I think Iran, I think China, to a lesser extent, Latin America. What do you think Biden in the White House does for U.S. foreign policy? Well, it is very early to say, but they look like a continuity team with the late Obama administration. I think they are not anti-globalization, but I think they may be arguing that basically what we need to do is save our version of globalization from China. So I would imagine they would spin it that way. I expect them to be much more interested in collaboration. So working with Japan, South Korea, Australia, the EU, I think their policy towards Central America is really rather important and they have announced that they want to ramp up an age package. And that's I think desperately needed because it's something with which a region with which North America is profoundly and deeply entangled. It's now not just the U.S. problem, it's also a Mexican problem too, because the desperate migrants from Central America are moving through Mexico, helping to further destabilize the border region between the U.S. and Mexico. So I think, but of course you're dealing with 100 years if not more of conflicted, perverse interactions between the United States and Central America. So the idea that there's some sort of easy win here or any easy path forward is far from obvious. But in fact that they are going to pay sustained attention to the structural development problems of that region is a huge step forward and urgently necessary because if the COVID crisis has been a North American crisis in some extent it's even it has been an even greater challenge to Latin America. And the economic damage there will be grievous and the structural problems of that region are huge. So I would expect the Biden administration to engage whether or not they'll find it easy to find partners and so on is a different question. The final question Adam and thanks again for joining us today. To what extent do you think a Biden presidency over the next four years if there is inertia in the Senate? To what extent do you think it's possible to raise the living standards of ordinary Americans? Do you think that's something that the Democratic Party can definitively do or do you think they'll find that challenging? Well it's a very low bar. I mean the Trump administration raised the living standards of the vast majority of Americans if you were not in one of the groups that they victimized and of course they victimized many and many people of color migrants of course experienced the constant terror of fear of deportation ice and so on. But if you look at the economic data what the Trump administration shows us and it's a lesson that any liberal administration in the US should learn is if you do the basic Keynesian thing if you keep the taps on if you raise government spending and do not raise taxes if you run gigantic deficits even when the economy is approaching full employment you'll get more employment you'll get more rapid growth and the people who benefit most from that are the people at the bottom end of the income distribution and above all minorities and specifically black men. Trump you know makes this absurd claim that he's the American president who's done most for black people in America since Lincoln and you know apart from the delirious insanity of that the kernel of truth there is that unemployment abounds black American men fell to a record low at the beginning of this year and so you can do that these are not difficult things to do and there are a variety of different interventions that the Democrats can make within the welfare apparatus of the United States in terms of funneling whatever resources you do have to the places of greatest need which are the big American cities and the hardest hit states all of this should be within the realm of the political imagination that doesn't mean even under a democratic administration that it will necessarily happen right this is the sobering lesson of the last two big democratic administrations is that neither of them not the Clinton administration which is of course notorious now for its brutal interventions in the American welfare apparatus and its expansion of the criminal justice regime targeted at black men and disappointingly the Obama administration was far less effective if you like in dealing with the salient problems of inequality that you would expect would have expected them to focus on with a notable exception of the Affordable Care Act which is a messy story of compromise but nevertheless did deliver for the least well-off Americans so of course a Biden-Harris administration can make a substantial difference to tens of millions of people in this country but I think what has to say is a measure of just how great the need is and how obvious some of the answers are Adam thanks very much it's a great way to end it I know you've got to join somewhere else shortly and I hope you celebrate later on today in New York have a good time cheers good to speak to you you too bye


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