So I am Kosab and I'm from Politecnico di Milano in Italy. And I think I am one of the fewest people from the university attending this event. So I'd like to start off with a few words about myself. I'm a master student. And the work that I'm going to present today is like a sneak peek into my master's thesis. And this is my first time at an open source event, both as a speaker and an attendee. So I hope you will bear with me through the talk. And I would certainly like to add a few more lines here. It looks a pretty blank slide as of the moment. So going to the topics at the end of the talk, I would like to answer these questions, like what are the requirements? Why do we need cloud platforms for the Internet of Things? What are some of the cloud platforms out there? And given a use case application, how would we use a cloud platform? And a million dollar question for today is like do open source platforms really stand out from the closed ones? Now, since this is going to be a long talk, I have divided the talk into a few sections so you can keep track of how it's going. So I'll start off with a bit of introduction. And I don't think it's quite important, but still go through with it. So as we know, Internet of Things is having applications in e-health, autonomous transport, and robotics. So it's growing pretty big. And one of the contributing factors is the devices themselves are getting smaller, the sensors, the antenna. So this is making it more ubiquitous like it was supposed to be. Now, if you look at the evolution of the Internet of Things, how it all started, there are many contributing technologies that can be termed as an enabler for Internet of Things. And wireless sensor networks is one of them. With wireless sensor networks, we had multi-hop devices with limited processing and sensing capacities. And the data was stored on a routing or a gateway node from which it was gathered. Gradually, as the size of the networks grew, the requirement for storage grew as well and the requirement for processing. So when we connected the gateway device to the cloud, we had more processing, more storage, and more importantly, we had remote access to the data. So for example, if I had an elderly person in my house and I wanted to monitor the parameters, I could do so from the comfort of my office in the same city or from a different part of the world altogether with remote access. However, this comes with a cost of latency. So you see, when we are connecting the devices to the cloud, the data is actually getting delivered from the device themselves to the data center in which the platform is being hosted. So for example, if I deploy my sensor network in India and my data center is in Japan, so it incurs a lot of latency. And with wireless sensor network applications where the sensor and the actuator are co-located, for example, if I want to take a traffic signal and I want to control the period of the traffic signal based on the number of cars that are on the road, this is the latency-sensitive application. So if the latency is high, this is quite difficult to do with the cloud. However, there are technologies coming in like the mobile edge computing and form devices, which is trying to address this problem. But cloud platforms with the advantages have a higher side than the downside here. Now going on to the next part, I would like to talk about the motivation like why I wanted to talk about the cloud platforms. So if you look at the architecture, we have sensors on one end of the architecture and the data is sent to a gateway, which is then forwarded to the cloud platform where we can process the data. And based on this processing, we can do something based on the data through an actuator, which is situated on the edge as well. Today, I am motivated to talk about the cloud platform section of this architecture. Now how many of you have been to Rome? Almost quite a few. And coincidentally, we are in the Rome room as well. So this is Circo Massimo. It's a heritage site in Rome. And how many of you have watched Ben Hur? So in the end, where the chariot race scene was shot, this was the actual location of the scene. So this place is currently in ruins, and I will show you more in detail. And there are archaeologists from the University of Trieste who are monitoring this site. And they came to us to improve their monitoring with the help of internet of things. So they had very basic requirements. They wanted us to place sensors there to get the data from the sensors. They wanted basic processing on the data. For example, we were monitoring the vibrations in the site. So they wanted to see how it was throughout the day. And they wanted to share the data with others who were also monitoring the site. And they wanted to get visualization of the data because, well, they are non-technical people. Now if we look at their requirements and what a cloud platform offers, I already stated these three features. That is, they offer storage of the data, processing of the data, and remote access to the data. Optionally, we need to have visualization as well. So I cannot feed or I cannot give the archaeologists the raw file which has timestamps on the data. I need to help them to see what the sensors are doing. On the other hand, we can have triggers which would perform sensing actuation applications. For example, based on the amount of value that the sensor is generating, I can do something with an actuator. And we need libraries for the Internet of Things devices to actually connect to the cloud platform. Now if you look at the options out there, there are a couple of options. And you have players like the big players like Microsoft. You have IBM. And then you have standalone players like Zively, SenseIT, and you have some open source platforms in the form of FANT and PERS. So my professor tasked me with the job to find out how can we choose a particular platform given an application we are applying. Now let's talk about some design choices before we move into the cloud platform part. So in the first one, we can have a gateway-based architecture in which the data is generated from the devices and is reported to a gateway. Then the gateway pushes the data onto the cloud. The advantage is that this kind of architecture offers that primarily to. The cloud platform is agnostic of the technology that the device is used to send the data to the gateway. So for example, I can use Bluetooth or 802.15.4 behind the gateway between the devices. And the gateway should be able to speak in both IP to send the data to the cloud and also to get the data from the things themselves. Secondly, the other advantage that this offers is the fact that the gateway is a single device and it hides the number of devices that are actually being used behind the gateway. So the cloud can only see one or two devices in the form of one gateway or if you are using multiple gateways. The disadvantage of this architecture is that the gateway is a single point of failure. So even though my devices are working and my gateway fails, I cannot have the data go to the cloud platform, so reliability comes into a question. And in the next one, we can completely bypass the gateway altogether and the devices nowadays are equipped with Wi-Fi shields. And so the data can be sent directly to the cloud platform. But the advantage that this offers is that I can see the data with its full granularity. So if my first node is generating, for example, temperature data, I can see from the cloud platform that my node one is generating temperature data. But if I use a gateway in between, this granularity is lost because only the gateway can see all the devices. Now, the disadvantage is that given the data is being sent directly from the devices, it takes up quite a lot more energy and there is an issue of latency. So if you are deploying the sensors in a sparse environment, there is a chance that it might be far from the router or the signal strength might be low, which might contribute to different latencies for different devices. Now I would like to come to the parameters which we would use to look at these cloud platforms. So I'll go through these parameters one by one. And first of all, we look at the protocols that are used to communicate between the device or the gateway and the cloud platform. So the first kind of protocols that we can use are request response protocols. Here we have a particular endpoint which points to a resource on the cloud where we can store our data. So devices which are generating the data or are sensing and creating some data can use the endpoint to post the data. So for example, if I have a device which is monitoring temperature, I would take that cloud endpoint and I would use the crude paradigm which stands for create, read, update, and delete. We can update the value on the endpoint and then some other user or application or another device which wants to know how the temperature is would do a get request on the same endpoint and would get the data. Examples of some of the platforms that are using it are Zively, Sensitivity, and a lot of other platforms as well. Now if we look at another model of this, message passing model is the one where we have a message producer and we have a message consumer. So in our case, we have sensors which actually produce the data, so are message producers. And we have message consumers who want to see what the data is being generated. So this is done in the form of certain topics which the endpoint in the cloud controls. So for example, if we look at the same previous example and we change the architecture here, we have the publisher, the devices that are generating the data, publishing the data to the topic temperature in Berlin. And the message broker has some subscribers in the forms of other users or devices which the broker forwards the data to. This interaction model is more of a push interaction model where the cloud platform is pushing the data onto the subscribers or the consumers while in case of request response model, the user or application is pulling the data from the endpoint. Now if we look at openness of cloud platforms, we have primarily two flavors of platforms. In close platforms, we have proprietary platforms where the platforms are hosted by the company themselves and they offer the services in terms of subscriptions for which we need to pay. Examples are mostly the ones which are proprietary, like Amazon's AWS IoT, Rear, Xively and many more. Now if you look at the open source platforms, these platforms are available for cloning or download and you can use these platforms on your own server and you can modify the platforms as well according to your applications. Some of the examples can be SparkFun, Six Sense and POS. We can also classify the services based on the, based on the service, I'm sorry, my throat has not taken the building weather too nicely. So the service can be offered in various flavors as well. We can have a platform as a service where we have data being sent to a platform and we can build an application on top of the platform to process the data. Some of the examples are Amazon's AWS as your parse and most of the platform that I've already talked about. Next we can have services offered as a software. Here we have a software which is hosted on a server and we can treat it as a black box where we send some data and we get an output from the SAS software. So an example is Element Blue and Deviceify which are companies which offer software as a service which are different for different applications. For example, they have different softwares for monitoring water flow and different softwares for monitoring smart grid networks. And finally I come to infrastructure as a service in which the company which is offering the service offers the hardware, that is the devices that we want to have in software and the platform as well. The example is IoT Sense which is a company in Spain dealing with smart cities. Now if you look at the cost involved for the platforms for the open source platforms, we just have to pay for hosting the platform on our own server. We do not have to pay for the services that are being offered by the platform per se. However, for the closed platforms we have to pay based on different models. So now I would go through them one by one. We can pay by the number of messages that are being exchanged between the device and the cloud platform. For example, Amazon I think charges based on a million messages that are being exchanged between the device and the cloud platform. You can also be charged based on the amount of data you are storing on the cloud platform and as your charges you in this manner and you can also have the number of devices based on which the cost is incurred. Here gateway plays an important factor because if we're using the gateway as I told you before we can make the platform see that we're only using a single device in the form of a gateway instead of like five or 10 devices which we are using behind the gateway. And finally we can have a payment structure based on the visualization of the data that is the number of variables that we are visualizing. For example, if we are visualizing temperature, humidity and other physical quantities from a sensor network, we treat each of these as a variable and UBIDOTS as a platform offers visualization for up to five variables beyond that you have to pay up. Next I'll come to the authorization of the data and the resources. So with the cloud platforms we have the data in the form of resources and we do not want everyone to access the data. So how do we contain people from accessing the data? So the first kind of authorization mechanism is the traditional username and password in which we hash the username and password and send the data to the cloud platform when we are communicating with the cloud platform. On the other hand we can have cloud platform assigning API keys for reading and writing to various resources. So if the device has an API key which is assigned to the it by the cloud platform we can rule out rogue devices because we need to attach the API keys when we are communicating with the cloud platform. Thirdly, we can have authorization certificates assigned to a particular device with a certification authority. For example in AWS IoT we need three device certificates to communicate with the cloud platform. So when we write up a code to communicate with Amazon's AWS IoT we need to point to these certificates on the device itself. And finally we have access control lists which is a matrix in which we have a read write matrix and we have devices on one hand and we have resources. So if we have an association between a device and a resource only then can a device or a device can access that particular resource. And finally I come to libraries. Libraries here play a major role in making internet of things cloud platforms ubiquitous. For example, if I have the endpoint and I have the documentation for a particular cloud platform I know how to program so I can simply write up a code to do that. But for example if a non-technical person wants to do it they want to have something which they can for example plug and play. So they can use these libraries and simply initialize a platform client and push the data using the functions on offer. Next I would like to talk about some of the cloud platforms that we have considered for our use case scenario. First we have Amazon's AWS IoT which offers the option for multiple protocols in the form of NQTT, HTTP and web sockets. With Amazon's AWS IoT the data goes on to the platform and is then in the hands of the user in terms of what you want to do with the data. So we can write a script to store the data on a OSQL database. We can visualize the data using CloudWatch and we can monitor also the services that we are getting from Amazon with CloudWatch and we can also store the data in the raw form of files on Amazon's S3 bucket. Now in terms of cost each of these modules are priced separately and are on a pay as you go kind of subscription model. So the more of it you use the more of it you pay and based on each different module. Now if we move on to an open source cloud platform SparkFun has an open source cloud platform called Fent which is a short for elephant that never forgets. So for the open source platforms we have here SparkFun which can be used both from the hosting that is done by SparkFun on their website in the form of data.sparkfun.com and we can also have their repository we can replicate it and host it on our own server. Two things that stand out for SparkFun is that it is one of the few platforms which can be hosted on your own server and we can also use a server implementation from SparkFun. And secondly, when we are using the website implementation that is data.sparkfun.com the data is always public. So here you need to consider a trade-off for example if I want to keep the data private for example my Boolean monitoring whether my house is locked or not I do not want that data to be public so I would not be storing that kind of data on the SparkFun platform but if I'm for example monitoring the temperature of my house I can store that data in a public domain. And finally here we have the limits on the number of requests that you can make to the SparkFun platform. Now this limit as I told you before about the cost is not based on the cost but the limitation of the platform. Now if we are hosting the platform on our own server we can do certain modifications and we can also change this limit the way we want based on our application. The third kind of platform that I want to talk about is Parse. Parse used to be a closed source platform and in 2017 they're closing down their services and they decided to contribute to the open source community by making their platform open source. So with Parse we have the data sent in the form of HTTP requests and in the form of JSON objects. So we can report the data onto the Parse Cloud platform and we can store the data and to process the data we have these modules. With cloud code we can get the data and we can run functions on the cloud which can then process the data from the cloud itself. These functions can be invoked from the devices and from the cloud platforms as well. And we have a live query which we can use to which we can use to subscribe to particular objects. For example, if I have a temperature object I can subscribe to that particular object and when that object is updated I can get a push notification to my device. So in terms of the interaction model where we have to keep querying to get the data from an object we can convert the interaction model into a push kind of interaction model in which we get notifications once the object is updated. Now I would come back to the use case scenario and I would like to show you a video of the actual use case where we had deployed our sensor. So this is in the basement of Chocomassimo where we had to monitor and as you see that the place is quite in ruins and we had to place the sensors in various parts of this place. I'm sorry. So here we had primarily four problems that we had to consider. First we were not allowed to drill or modify the structure in any way. So to place the devices we had to find out our own mechanisms and we had to place the devices in various holes like the one that you can see there and we had problems because we wanted to get the data for vibrations and if we place it simply on a hole it's not pretty significant and the data was kind of not really good. Then we had an internet connectivity issue. Initially we had planned to get a router and we would place it in site. However, the place is guarded by an iron gate and it kind of acts as a phallide cage and it completely blocks out communication from the outside. So when we were doing the testing in our lab we were having 3G 4G connectivity but when we actually went there and tried to deploy it we were getting intermittent connectivity and it was 2G and it was really, really bad and these are kind of the situations that are unforeseen when we are doing real deployments. Thirdly, this place is completely unmanned through most of the week. So if something goes wrong we don't have anyone to address the issue so we had to deploy the sensors and come back all the way to Milano and if something went wrong we had to make a trip from Milan to Rome just to fit some device correctly. And finally, we had to consider battery because these devices that we used were running on battery and we planned to only go down when the battery ran out and we wanted to change the battery and replace them with new ones when we needed to. So now if you look at the devices and the architecture that we used here we used the libelium mode to get the data and we were using various sensors in various configurations based on the amount of battery it was consuming. The configurations I'm coming to in the next slide and here we communicated with a libelium gateway and the libelium gateway was connected serially to a Raspberry Pi which was acting as our gateway device between the sensors and the cloud platform. So here one issue that we had to address we had the Wi-Fi shield on the libelium mode so we could have basically connected the device directly to the cloud platform as well or we could have used something else like ESP266 and we could have used the Wi-Fi shield to get the data directly. But the issue that we had was with the connectivity and if we didn't use a gateway in between we had no place to store the data when the internet was down. In this way we had to use a gateway in between. Another issue that we had is that even with 802.15.4 we were having packet losses up to five to six percent so we were getting like 94 to 93 percent packets and since we were monitoring the vibrations in the form of FFT values for your fast Fourier transform values if we were losing packets in between it was very hard to get the actual essence of the data so we were sending the data in the form of seven packets from the device which was using the FFT and if we lost one we did not have the data from middle which was very hard to extrapolate later. Now considering the floor plan of this place we had placed these sensors in the different locations of the heritage site. Now our gateway is not pointed here our gateway was between the node 7 and node 5 somewhere between the green and blue dots and we had these various configurations based on the amount of battery these sensors were consuming for example we placed only a carbon dioxide sensor and nothing else because it was quite energy consuming and for example nodes 3 and 4 they were having accelerometers which we used to get the data in bursts so that was consuming a lot of energy as well and in terms of packet drops we see that our gateway was between node 7 and node 5 and from node 9 which was in the corner of the building we were getting high packet losses because of the distance so we had to consider these factors as well when we went back the second time to replace the sensors. Now these are some pictures from the actual deployment and the one that is in the sensor in the center sorry is the one that we used to get the data for accelerometer so we glued the sensor device onto the wall and on the right we see the gateway connected to the Raspberry Pi used as a gateway connected to the libelium gateway and the light coming from the right side is from the gate which was there so it was kind of near to the gate and we were getting the best connectivity from that place so we decided to place it there and now if we go back and look at how we were sending the data to the cloud platforms we go through them one by one. Now I would like to ask you have any of you used the parse platform? Okay, so we had four requirements from the archaeologist so we wanted to get the data from the devices we wanted to visualize the data we wanted to share the data and finally we wanted to do some processing so how we achieve this with parses we used the HTTP protocol to get the data from the devices to the cloud and then we did some processing when the data reached the cloud by writing code for the platform on the cloud code option that I was talking about before then we used an open source website called Freeboard which we used to plot the data from the devices and we could use it to share the data as well among other users and to do the basic statistical operations to get the mean and then the average and we wanted to do the calculations for the accelerometer values as well we did it from the functions we wrote on the cloud code next we had SparkFun which we used to get the data from the devices to the cloud platform here we used HTTP as the protocol as well and the data was reported to data streams for example, if we were monitoring the temperature we had a particular data stream for temperature if we wanted to monitor humidity we had a different data stream as well and the data on these data streams are stored in the form of JSON objects so first I deployed this platform on my laptop and I was using a virtual box and gradually I took it to a server and deployed it there and then I was getting data from the devices on SparkFun so to get the data from the devices to the SparkFun I was using HTTP as the protocol to visualize the data the platform offers an API to connect with the Google's charts library and to access the data I used a public key which is offered by the SparkFun platform to share the data the public key can be used only to read the data so it was better to share the data with other users and to process the data we did not have something like a cloud code which would run on the cloud so we had to query the data statically and finally Amazon was the last one that I tried out and I had faced quite a few problems with Amazon first when I tried to get the data onto the storage I was using MQTT as the protocol to get the data from the devices to the cloud now after I got the data I had to handle the data the way I wanted to so first I wanted to get the data into a no SQL database in the form of DynamoDB so Amazon offers certain figures based on which you can do something with the data so I was sending the data using various topics so for example if I was sending the temperature data from node six I would use a topic like sensor slash temperature slash six so in this way I was getting the data and then to insert the data into DynamoDB they have certain modules so when I get the data of temperature I can insert the data into a particular database now for the data I was having timestamp I was having values and I was having the node ID as well but when I used the triggers offered by Amazon I was only able to get the timestamp onto the database and not all the values so to do that I had to use scripts which is available on AWS Lambda to process the data I also had to use scripts on AWS Lambda and I wanted to visualize the data with Amazon's QuickSight which is a business intelligence tool that Amazon offers but it requires business accounts which I did not have access to unfortunately so I had to settle for the cloud watch which I used to visualize the data now here the cost became an important factor because first I was paying for the messages I was sending to the cloud platform then I had to pay for the script that I wrote to process the data then I had to pay for storing the data on the database and I also had to pay for visualizing the data now these costs are incurred based on the uses that you're having so it is difficult to predict how much you would end up paying before actually deploying the application now if you look at these platforms side by side we have the open source one which we could host locally and we have more options of protocols in the closed platforms in the form of NQTT and we could also use HTTP and other protocols there and now coming to cost so when we are hosting a cloud platform by ourselves in the form of an open source cloud platform we pay up for the hosting cost and we are not paying for the services so there the cost is kind of fixed and we have an estimate from before when we are using open source platforms which is difficult to oversee when we are having closed platforms like Amazon and I would like to share an anecdote here that I was using these databases for Amazon and at some point our devices ran out of battery after like three and a half months of running and I was not actually sending data to the databases but since I was using and I had provisioned myself for five or six databases it was beyond the amount of free provision rights that you can have and I did not actually write to the databases but I ended up paying like 15 or 16 dollars to Amazon because I had the databases with me I did not do any read or write during that period so that was costly given I am a student so now going to the authorization part we talked about various authorization policies now if we want the data to be private we can use the closed platforms which offer stringent authorization mechanisms but if we want to make it less stringent we can use the open source platforms and we can modify the platforms to reduce the amount of security that is involved here for example with PARS we can get rid of all the important keys and we can just use a master key to reduce the security now coming to the conclusion if we look at the open source platforms the advantage is that open source platforms is that the cost is fixed and we have the cost from hosting the platform on the server so it's easier to estimate we can fine tune various parameters for example we can set the cache size we can choose different security modules and we can have more flexibility in the terms of that we can modify the platform according to our use and we can also add certain features if we want based on our application and finally we can have a simplicity in terms of open source modules which we can connect and make them work but closed source platforms are good in some other scenarios for example if we are using a sparse amount of data we can use their free tier and we can bypass the cost of hosting the cloud platform they have stringent data authorization mechanism so if we want our data to be private and secure we should use closed platforms and finally the last one that we have is that we need some basic expertise to host a cloud platform and keep it running if you're using an open source cloud platform so if someone is not willing to do that it's better to go for closed platforms where everything is hosted and you can simply plug and play and so in conclusion I would like to say that if you have an application you need to ask yourself certain questions for example which protocol would suit my application what kind of security I would need would I want to pay for the closed platforms given my application and based on these questions you would have an answer and maybe one answer is not the right answer we could have multiple options so we could choose one based on the one that you find to be optimized thank you so any questions and suggestions that's true that is why we are basically using a gateway device in between for example most of these protocols sorry most of these platforms offer SDKs for different gateways so we can use that to communicate in various protocols and another thing is like now we have some other protocols as well which are bigger for example Microsoft has its AMQP protocol which is really big for ESP266 and so we need different devices with capacities to run AMQP so in the end I think now MQTT is really standing out in terms of the protocol that we're using and with the public subscribe paradigm we can reach out to more subscribers so for example if I'm using an HTTP protocol I have to make the request myself but if I subscribe using an MQTT I can simply get the data from the platform itself so more work is done on the platform than on the device itself to get the data this is a very interesting point like when I was practicing this with my professor my professor asked me like we have proprietary software for example Microsoft Word that we're using on our computer and we are paying for it so in the future would we have some kind of platforms where it would be a proprietary platform we would not be able to see the code inside but can we actually buy that kind of thing and host on the server ourselves so right now there are nothing of that sort but in the future there can be does this address your query or? Okay Because we are in the future Okay I can Yeah Watson I don't know what's on here Watson? Yeah That's good IBM is what's on Yeah Yeah That's where it is Just to mention that this is our first layer which is the active layer like the nanotechnology we're doing a pretty good presentation it is more as code-based That's true, it's kind of converging it Actually the one that you're saying is like it's already kind of converged because if you look at the various the various SDKs that are being offered they are quite very similar so if you can start on with like one or two SDKs it's very easy to move on to different platforms so in that sense it's quite moving in that direction addressing your first query and in the second one I think for various applications which are more complex we are already having modules which are which are beyond telemetry for example you have as you have a machine learning machine learning module which you can apply for larger data so I have looked at the architecture but we haven't actually tested it but I know what you're talking about because for example as you or we have the other like the other interaction model where the cloud can push data on to the device and we can have some over the air over the air thing but the one that you mentioned we try to do it here and I would like to elaborate on that for example so when we were doing it we were losing a lot of battery for the sensors so what we plan to do is for example on the accelerometer nodes we wanted to have something where we can control the hibernation period using over the air communication so we were using the gateway in between and we were pushing a command onto the gateway which would then change the hibernation period based on the battery that was remaining but because of our poor connectivity it was very hard to implement yeah I think in our case we tried to use 6-loop and in the beginning to get the data directly but our nodes were dying and one problem is that if I'm not having a gateway in between for example I'm not being able to like get the data into a sort of a buffer so my Pi was programmed to keep on checking if the connection is there and only if the connection is there I was pushing the data which was very hard to do on the end devices there are questions okay thank you so much for coming to my talk I hope you liked it thank you


Today we are opening Legend of Blue Eyes, White Dragon. Um, boss, we only have Legend of Red Eyes, Black Dragon. Legend of Red Eyes, Black Dragon. Yeah, it looks like we ordered the wrong packs. Yeah, it should be fine, it's basically the same. Let's just open those up. Time to do do do do do do do do do do do. What's up guys, we're back with another epic video and you guys saw it, we have Legend of Red Eyes, Black Dragon. Yeah, they ordered the wrong packs. I don't know what happened. We have, I think like 15 or 16 of these. These are from Saus TCG. We've opened two of his mystery packs before. You guys can go check those videos out. They're both pretty epic. So hopefully these will be equally as epic. We also have a very special, the ultimate ruxen pack. It's a one of one. This is the only ruxen pack that's ever been made. So this is gonna be pretty exciting to open up. But first we have a giveaway. I'll be giving away these three cards, the different dimension dragon mirage, and the man Eater Bell girl. You have to do is like this video, be subscribed. Let me know what you think about legend of red eyes black dragon packs. And we have a note. Saus TCG sent us a few things like ruxen. It'll be great if you get some awesome pulls like last time. But I'm a realistic guy. So just in case you didn't get anything cool, I included the ultimate ruxen pack, one of one. Very nice. So we will get something guaranteed. You're guaranteed to pull a card that will beef up any meta deck industry enemies. Perfect. I need that for YCS heart for coming up. Hold on to your seat, bro. Have fun at Jesse Saus. Let's see what we can pull in here. I think that's on the next page. Legend of red eyes mystery pack ratio one out of six contains a card worth $8 and more, cool. Packs are randomly selected from a mixed pot. So you aren't guaranteed to pull $8. Yeah, of course. Red eyes black dragon. We've got the dark dragon. That'd be pretty cool. The black metal dragon and a golden ticket, which is a hand drawn FMR artwork. He showed me this. It looks really, really cool. I'll see if I can find the picture and pop it up. And we have a lot of other chase cards like breaker. So it's not all dragons this time.  I cannot speak to it. All right. So we're going to save the one of one for last. We have a ton of Saus TCG packs this time, which is more than usual, which is pretty exciting. I am excited to open these up and see what we can get because we're looking for that red eyes, I guess. Theoretically, it's what we're looking for. The dragon would be really cool. That artwork thing, the thing the guy drew was really awesome. Explosive. We've got the Dwemer to Glimmer. The Invoked Cactus. We get two rares in this one. Very nice. And the Myakashi metamorphosis. Inside, what is it? One hollow per pack. The last ones were like one hollow, one rare. This is just one hollow, which I don't think a lot of people really care about the rare that much anyway. So it's no big deal. Okay. Next we have an Umi from Legend of Blue Eyes. Very cool. Dry Tron Delta Altaeus. Look at the difference between these cards. So there's a new card, the Dry Tron. This comes from Genesis Impact, I think. And then we have a Legend of Blue Eyes pack, which I think this might even be a reprint. But look at the differences. The edge is like kind of blue on this one, and it's gray on this one. It's so much different, and like things have changed so much since your old days, even on the reprints when they tried to replicate the old days stuff. We got a gigabyte, very nice. The Fire Opal Head, and here's our foil. Will we get something over $8? Ring of Defense. I can confidently say this is not over $8. Still really cool, really nice. All right, next pack, the Mystery Pack. We have, oh, checkmate. We're playing a little checkers today, not Yu-Gi-Oh. All right, that's from Dark Crisis. That's an old one. Maple Maiden, that's from Battles of Chaos. So from very old to very new, very cool. Smoke Mosquito. The Magistus Invocation. Invocation, very nice. All right, next pack we have, our next card, I should say, Super Rare Subterrabehemoth Drogosary. So, so far we have pulled nothing. We should get two and a half foil, or over $8, based on one out of six, out of 15 packs, if that, you know, turns out the ratio turns out to be right, because ratios don't mean that you're guaranteed. They just mean that it's an estimate of what's gonna happen. So we got a Woboku. This is from Star Deck Joey. We're just having some, we're starting off a lot of old commons. Then we go to the newer commons, which is Speed Duel Backup Squad. The Quacky Mirror Overload, and Rock Scales. Okay, it's the next one. Oh, a Secret Rare Number 89 Diabolos, the Mind Hacker from Brothers of Legend. This is not an $8 card, but it's still pretty cool. We are starting pretty slow, but we have a long way to go. We also have a Ruxen, one of one pack. So keep in mind, that will be at the end. By the way, if you guys do wanna buy them, you can go check out his Instagram. Keep in mind, he showed us the ratio, so he showed where you can pull all that stuff. There's a limited amount of them. Armored Starfish, we got the Mischief of Gnomes. Oh, Ruxen Special Jacobite, we got the Imagilanica. And the Chakra. All right, we got some Naruto going on here. The Number Hunters, very cool. Man, there's a lot of packs in this one. Let's see what we can do. A lot of packs this time, so far. We haven't pulled anything, though. We got a Red-Eyes Beach, we got the Book of Law. I think we started off with five packs, then we went 10 last time, now 15. So he's ramping up every time. Book of Law, we got the Evil Twin Challenge. The Satellar Knight Capella, and Red-Eyes Darkness Dragon. So this has to be one of the cool cards. I don't know if this actually is $8, though, so this might just be another cool card to get, but it's a Red-Eyes card. So it's a Red-Eyes Darkness Dragon. I always thought this was one of the coolest artworks. I remember this from back in the day, and I was like, wow, this card's really awesome, but it's just not very good. So really cool Red-Eyes Darkness Dragon. I doubt that it makes it to the $8 threshold, but I could be wrong at this point. I haven't checked that card in a while, but it used to be very cheap, because it's pretty easy to find being a starter deck card. You can find the starter deck cards pretty easily, especially on limited spell reproduction. We got the Ux Blossom, we got the Shining Fearsville. I don't know what that was. Ghostric Festival, and the Latency. All right, the Wi-Fi's getting a little latent. All right, here we go. Next one, next one. I believe, I believe we can pull something good. We've got a Mighty God. The Unkyoi Punk, okay, we're not even gonna try this. It's a punk card, another punk card. What are these from again? Grand Creators, yeah, they're pretty new. Invoked Magellanica, again, for like the third or fourth time. We like Invoked, but that's a lot of this one. And Curry Volt, you'll love to see this guy. He's really cool, it's from Number Hunters, but he's not great, but still a really nice Curry Bow card. All right, guys, you know, if you were worried about stacking the packs for me because I'm making a YouTube video, you don't gotta worry, because so far we got nothing. Well, we got a Red-Eyes Darkness, which is cool, but none of the big pulls. We got a Petrulia, the Tribe Drive, the Soul Sweeper. Oh, and a Serpent Knight, I said, maybe I spoke too soon. There's a Serpent Knight Dragon. We just pulled this in first edition the other day. If you guys missed that video, go check it out. First edition magic ruler opening. This, I don't even know what this is worth in Unlimited. It's a little bit bent, maybe. So it's probably, it's probably like, is that bent, I can't tell. What is that line? You guys see this? It's like a slight bend, very slight, and then it has a little nick at the top. So it's not like Nierman or anything, but it's an original magic ruler copy. I don't think these get that expensive, but I could see it being eight dollars. I'm not really sure though. Still a really awesome pull that I'm happy about. We still got like six packs left, so we've pulled a couple of good cards. I still am not sure if we hit like the eight dollar threshold. I would assume Serpent Knight is one of them, but I'm not sure. Dark Gray, we got the Lap, Lap, Lap, Lap, Lap, Lap, well, I don't know what I'm saying. Soul Strike, I am struggling, the Detonate, very nice. That's nothing new. I struggle every single video to speak, which is kind of ironic, since that's what I do for a living, is speak, but you know, you can edit, you know? You guys don't have to hear all of that. I don't know if you will or not. Two Mutsuko, Evil Twin, we got the Epsilon, the S-Force, Lapiswell, and the Phantom Knights of Cursed, Javelin, very cool. I don't know why I like doing this so much. It's probably a bad habit for trading cards. We're probably gonna try and not do that on the expensive cards, but I started doing that. It's just very satisfying. The cardboard like, click, is that the word? I don't know. Ancient Elf, we've got a, it always starts with an old common. I guess that's the formula for these. Summer Reed, Tour Ride, we got the Diplos, Hero of Ultimateness, and the Ecole de Zone, Ecole de Zone. I don't think that, I definitely know that's not an $8 one. So we have three more packs. It seems like we've hit maybe one. Hopefully we'll get one more to get closer to our ratio. We have Heartbeat Lady Two. Either way, we have the Ultimate Ruxen Pack coming after Unpossessed, Junk Blader, Dolmonster, and Elemental Hero Blade Edge. This is another cool one that's unlimited, I think. It's a Starter Deck card, so it's probably not very expensive, very similar to the Red-Eyes Darkness Dragon. It's not even a cover card though, it used to be like 50 cents, but honestly, this is such a nostalgic artwork for me. I remember this card. It just looks awesome, does it not? I mean, it looks really, really cool. One of the last cards that I remember before I like actually got out of it, so two more packs. Let's see if these Sauce TCG packs will be epic or not.  Final Attack Orders, so far, pretty amazing. Okay, not amazing, but good. Gnomes with a Skilled Brown Magician, cool. The Epsilon, the Magnet Warrior, and the Basilisk Familiar of the Evil Eye. Okay, all right, Familiar of the Evil Eye, not great. Final Pack. This is our final chance, our final epic chance to pull something amazing. We have a Reaper of the Cards. Very cool from Legend of Blue Eyes. Perform a Power Friend document. It's not really the last chance because we got a one-of-one pack. With four hollows in it, apparently. Door Dot, not Door Dot-O, Do-Do-Do, Swordsman. The Raideraptor Vanishing Lanius. And a Ritual Beast Tamer, Lara. I have no idea if this is a good card. Cool, okay, Secret Rare, we will take that. But that's not the end. The Ultimate Ruxen Pack. Four hollows, one Earth Shattering card. Wait, Earth Shattering? Is that referencing the card? Is that just saying it's really cool? Like, let's think, Earth Shattering. Uses Earthquake and Pokemon? I don't know, I don't know what that could be. Let's see, so four hollows. So it starts off with a Gizmak Okami, the Dreaded Deluge Dragon. That's from Mega Pack 21.  Very nice, Ultra Rare from Brothers of Legend. Sun Vine Healer, another Ultra Rare from Ghost from the Past. Speaking of that Ghost from the Past 2 coming out in like two weeks or something, it's gonna be insane. Cosmall Dark Lady, this card was worth something out of, what's that said? The Buster Blader set in 2016, but then it got a reprint. And finally, the Earth Shattering card. Okay, it's a Ritual, it's a Ritual. Okay, so it could be Relinquished. That's my first thought, it's Relinquished. It could be some sort of TP card. They had a lot of Ritual stuff. Is it a Burger? Could be the Hungry Burger, I don't know. What do you guys think in the comments? Let me know, here we go. It is the Burger. Earth Shattering, why is it Earth Shattering? Burgers don't Shatter the Earth, I'm so confused. The Ruxen Special Pack, it's a one of one. We got a Hungry Burger, where's the Pakenio Moth? Ruxen Pack? No Pakenio Moth? We did get the Burger, which is pretty nice. I like it, I like it. If you guys like those and you wanna get some, check out his Instagram. Also, if you enjoyed the video, make sure to subscribe to the channel for more epic videos like this. Shout out to TCG, Trust, Accord, Stonefall Show, Tomato Juice, Dain Lee, Mike Nats, Mimikeko, Daxter, Ian Musa, Jr. Barting, Anand Natai Show, JT Show, and David FJ. Thank you guys for supporting the channel, and I'll see you guys next time. Peace.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jasper's casebreaks.com coming at you with 2019, 2020 Panini Mosaic basketball. One hobby box break, random team number two. And one spot gets you three teams in this one box break, just a quick little hobby box break, but these hobby boxes are pretty nice. Big thanks to everybody here for making this happen. So let's triple you up and all 30 teams are in. Let's roll it, let's randomize it. Six and a four, 10 times for names and teams. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, and 10th and final time. All right, see you Ramon. We've got George down to Bennett after 10 and six and a four, 10 times for the teams. One, two, three, four. Five, six, seven, eight, nine, and 10th and final time. After 10, we got the Boston Celtics all the way down to the Oklahoma City Thunder.  All right, so let's alphabetize by column B, and we're gonna pause the video really quick and we're gonna see if there's any trades, and when we come back, we'll see if there's any trades when we come back, and then we'll have to break. Stick around, BRB. All right, welcome back, folks. There were no deals done, so the list remained the same. Oh, I had this top camera a little bit enlarged for the Mystery Crate break, but now I can bring it back to its normal size. That's good enough. All right, so once again, big thanks everybody here for getting in on the action, appreciate it. There's a hobby box I just grabbed from the back. Love Mosaic, so we're looking for one autograph in this box, and then obviously those Mosaic parallels will, Mosaic parallels generally sell really well. And if we get some low numbered stuff, that's even better. And all card ship. Thanks everyone. All right, thanks everybody for getting in. The next hobby box is already in the store. If you wanna run this back, jaspyscasebrakes.com. Anyone here in this break that's watching right now, you know what popped in box four? I think we pulled this, we're pulling these from a fresh case. I don't know if the boxes from this case are being sold on the personal break side of things, but we'll see. All right, good luck, thank you. This is a random team break, one box random team number two. It's Josh Richardson, Silver, Justice Winslow, Red. Those Reds aren't numbered by the way. Got a Bluechips, John Morant, Donovan Mitchell, got LeBron James, MVP's. Bluechips insert John Morant going to George and the Grizzlies. Got Seth Curry, Dwight Howard, PJ Washington Jr., Hatchimura, and we got a NBA debut Silver, John Morant. Nice, good start for Memphis. That's gonna be for George. Walking in Memphis. What is that? I think that's just a little dust on the card itself. I wanna see if we can, or is that a scratch? It's just a bit of dust on there. Well, it looks like a little bit of dust stuck on that card. Almost like a paper shaving, but it's kind of stuck there, maybe from the packaging or something like that. But there are ways to, man, are we getting stuff all over the place on here? Oh, that's in the top loader, all right. But there are, I'll leave you to it, but there are ways to kind of carefully clean that off. All right, so that is once again for George and the Grizzlies. We got his teammate, Brandon Clark. Blue, parallel, that's to 99. There's our first Zion. NBA debut, Zion going to Stephen W. and the Pelicans. LeBron James, and an RJ Barrett, NBA debut. Mosaic parallel, that is for, that's for Sean Breen and the New York Knicks. They looked pretty good last season. RJ Barrett, one of the reasons why. Could there be some upside for Talon Horton Tucker? This goes to Eric and the Lakers. I, Talon Horton Tucker, top load this guy. My Lakers bias right here, I don't know. He's like one of the last remaining youngsters that have been drafted by the team or picked up by the team. So let's see how he does. Cody Volff, could get some nice minutes. There's Dehunta Murray, Silver, and a base Zion, nice. That's another one for Stephen. Yeah, Talon, a THT will be at, will be the young guy amongst the old men. We got a Cody Martin rookie, Silver, and a Troy Brown Jr. to 25 for the Wizards. That'll be for Ryan P. and the Wizards, and the Cody Martin rookie, Silver is gonna go to Jen and the Hornets. It's Kobe White blue chips. We need Kobe White to bounce back. That would be hashtag good for the hobby. And the autograph is for the Hornets. It's PJ Washington Jr., Charlotte Hornets, Jen, with Charlotte, nice rookie autograph. And a Mosaic Parallel Jamaran. Wow, this is a nice box here. That's going to George and the Grizzlies. Where was this Peyton Manning Eli commentary broadcast? I should have been watching that. JJ Redick, Julius Irving, Montage, insert LeBron James, and Romeo Langford at the end right there. Not too shabby for a one box break, ladies and gentlemen. Thanks everyone for getting in. All card ships, so you'll be getting everything you see here. A lot of greatable possibilities in that stack. We've got another box up on jazpeascasewrakes.com. Go and get it, and I'll break more with you next time. Bye bye.


This one section of scripture is all you need to prove that Jesus was and is the foretold Messiah. Don't miss this! So some of you know that I went to Israel last year and on that trip we had many interactions and encounters with Jewish folks on the ground. Those who would cling to much of the Old Testament as God's word but would reject the sentiment that Jesus is the Messiah. Beyond Jewish folks, non-Christians too will question the authenticity of Jesus' claims to be the Messiah and instead kind of regard him as a good teacher. But the truth is that scripture lays out something magnificent and interconnected that kind of blew my mind. To get a little context, we need to understand what is prophecy? What was prophecy in the Old Testament? When we think of prophets in the Old Testament, we can think of them as people who had a special connection with God. Yes, they were just people. They were not divine, but they had a special connection with God, a communication between them, and they passed on messages from God, whether it was to repent. So we think of Samuel and David when Samuel came to David and said, Hey, you got to repent for what you did with Bathsheba, calling them back to God, or stating something that will happen in the future that will take place.  It's not hard to find a comprehensive list, but going one by one through all of them is kind of tedious. But over the years, I come back time and time again to this one passage. We're going to take a look at the book of Isaiah and based on my research, it was written about 700 years before Christ. Keep that in mind because you think about it.  But if there was a guy 700 years ago that wrote down very specific things about my life that ultimately came true in my life and my death and I performed all these miracles that were performed, that were foretold about all of a sudden you should give me a lot more credence and begin to inspect a little bit closer or a lot bit closer. Thankfully, I'm not the Messiah, but that's what happened with Jesus. So let's take a look at Isaiah 53. For he grew up before him like a young plant and like a root out of dry ground. He had no form or majesty that we should look at him and no beauty that we should desire him. He was despised and rejected by men, a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief and as one from whom men hide their faces, he was despised and we esteemed him not. Remember guys, this is written 700 years before Jesus. This part here where he had no form of majesty that we should look at him, no beauty that we should desire him. He subjected himself to the muck and the mire of our world. He didn't come down with a halo, he came down as a baby. On the cross that was a culmination of the fact that he was despised and rejected by men. Surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows, yet we esteemed him stricken, smitten by God and afflicted, but he was pierced for our transgressions. He was crushed for our iniquities. Upon him was the chastisement that brought us peace and with his wounds we are healed. I love how this chapter so clearly illustrates the gospel that we were dead in our trespasses and sins, but through Christ and him taking our transgressions on himself, we could be made alive again and find peace with God. This is one of my favorite verses in the whole Bible. All we like sheep have gone astray. We have turned everyone to his own way and the Lord has laid on him. That is Jesus, the iniquity of us all. Remember 700 years before Jesus was actually on the earth, this was written down. He was oppressed and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his mouth, like a lamb that was led to the slaughter and like a sheep that was before its shearers is silent. He opened not his mouth. We remember before Jesus' crucifixion when he was being interrogated, how many times they would ask him questions and he would come back with either not answering the question or not answering it in the way that they wanted him to. There's even more to that chapter if you continue reading, but it illustrates an important fact, that last section, that it was God's plan from the beginning that Jesus would die to take the transgressions of his people that we would have peace with God. Ultimately that's a key difference between Christianity and the other Abrahamic religions is that Christianity teaches that we are not good, that if we stumble at one point in one aspect of the law, we are guilty of all of it, that we have all sinned and fallen short of the glory of God, that we are dead in our trespasses and sins, incapable of doing good, but it is through Jesus and his sacrifice on our behalf that we can be made right with God, that he was good for us. That it's not about keeping God's law or trying to please him to earn his favor, but rather receiving the free gift of salvation that he offers to us and stepping into the new creation that he wants us to make us into. The truth is that the Word of God is so thick, it is so interconnected, and when you begin to just dig a little bit deeper, you begin to see all these connections throughout the Word of God, everything echoing of type or a shadow back to Jesus showing us our ultimate Messiah, that it's not just about these, you know, kind of loose stories in the Old Testament that are meaningless in a lot of ways, or just to teach us some moral lessons, but rather pointing to Jesus as the ultimate Messiah, the ultimate conqueror, the ultimate king, the ultimate priest. Oh, I could go on, but I'll leave you at that. Get in the Word for yourself, discover it for yourself. Thanks so much for watching this video, guys. If you enjoyed it, subscribe because I'm putting out new content like this all the time. I do want to let you know that actually I'm going back to Israel. I mentioned that I've been to Israel in 2022, and I'm going back in 2024, but I want to take you with me. So if you're interested in what that could look like, and the details associated with that, hit the link in my description there, and there'll be a code that you can enter that will bring you to the right trip, the correct trip, so you can learn all about that there. I'm going with one of my YouTuber buddies that I've just made, Brandon Snipe, and he's a great creator, and we're going to take some people down there to explore the biblical sites, explore the Holy Land. It's going to be a lot of fun, so I can't wait to see some of you down there. Thanks again for watching, guys, and I'll see you next time. God bless.


Your best friend will get to this topic now calling you a grass and he got nine years for shooting you What's the full story with this? Right the bottom line is He he's switched on me. I had to talk to him Just before we fell out last conversation over it And I know I know what it was about because Pat had been out of crime or any involvement in anything For the best part of 30 years. They ain't no lie The I'll come out of prison in 2000 and he was a different person. He was chilled. He was Relaxed he was he weren't mixing with anyone. Who was that? So when he would be in England, I Wouldn't do nothing because I do not want to Draw him into a conspiracy down to me.  It won't be down to me association. Yeah, so I would make sure When he was here, I didn't do nothing. I've never seen no one when he went home Then maybe I duck and dive But where was we going with that? Just about how he's met and how all began and how you should be gone. So he says to me Paul he went look Someone's doing something around me Someone's doing up to no good and I can feel it around me with the old bill and all that So I said, well, let me show you one thing It ain't me And he looked at me. I went it's not me Well, if ain't me, there's only one other person close to you. All right, so He should have answered the question himself. I weren't about to tell him and That's that's just me.  I don't feel right.  He won't see me. He won't come of Being clearly and nothing he's avoiding me But he's avoiding me because I think He knows he was wrong and then there's time when on it got worse then I get called a smack dealer Now he's dragging up something from Where was it? 10 years before I was a smack dealer I've never touched making my life Were you talking bollocks for you? No, that's not me. He knows it's not me But now he said he's still letting me And then the next thing is I get told he's calling me a police informer He growls some people up on a smack deal We're talking about your prick Because that's exactly what I thought what you're talking about.  Yeah So did that put fuel to the fire then? Yeah, that fueled it up.  I'd go and do it bum bum bum bum bum didn't even didn't even I just went Nobody else is gonna be come back or every one of them. No, no, no, no So I go down I put it in a few places put in spills Cut the doors different people got it. Everyone got it Then his son starts mouthing off. Yeah, but he might have been on special pills that stops it working and And I thought What have I got to do here and people in pool you ain't got to do that Why are you why are you putting yourself through this? Yeah, why not just walk over here calm because as I just said you I've got nothing in this world.  I'm gonna kill him I said but the difference is I love your dad and I still can't even consider that because I did You think it was the fact because it came from him. It was more heartbreaking for you It was like my dad calling me it.  I was in it was I Would feel if something happened to his boy and I weren't now I Would be responsible in my head.   He's caused indirectly.  It's dad got a nine What what happened on the up run up to the shitting? It was it there was a many teams did you get shot three times one one one through it through here took me ribbed out through me What's it called your bow me liver and it come out here.  No 45 Fucking are today Never in my life of I felt something so painful. Did you think that he would have shot you? listen, I It's just this is an odd one. So I'll have to go back Result to what Pat said in cult And Pat said in cult these defense was I had a gun Right. I had a gun. I pulled the gun out. He ran across the pavement dived in the car winder Ressled the gun off me shot the gun shot me with a gun and run away Sounds like sounds like Jason Bourne as well. Didn't it self-defense self-defense, right? but You've done something you always said you would this against the rules Don't stick on someone. I was quite happy to go to prison for seven years for the gun Would have been a I was still done it even after all what had gone on I would have done it Did I ever think me and Pat would have got to that situation never because I thought he'd have been a man and Admitted he was wrong and just set back and gone. You know what?  He couldn't he could never have a friend like me Never and I don't think he actually realized. I think he just took it for granted


We have been talking about geomaterial characterization and which is quite prolonged, you must have realized and what we did is we studied the physical characterization, morphological characterization, mineralogical characterization and then we spend lot of time on chemical characterization. There is a misconception that environmental geotechnology deals a lot with the chemistry, but I am sure that you will realize that without chemistry nothing is possible in today's world. See, even if two people meet, we say there is a good chemistry gelling them together. So, this is the fact of life, biosciences have become very important. Similarly, the applied chemistry is becoming very important because environment is all about how the chemicals are influencing it. Now, in this context, maybe the next in series is the thermal characterization and which is quite a physical phenomena. Most of you must have studied the concepts of heat migration through materials. We are going to extend this information and knowledge to the heat migration through geomaterials, but before we do that, it is important to understand how to characterize geomaterials based on their thermal properties. In other words, when geomaterials are exposed to thermal gradients or thermal field, how do they respond? So, its importance we will be studying methodologies which are used or employed for thermal characterization of geomaterials. What are the thermal properties of importance then influence of various soil parameters on thermal properties of the geomaterials and followed by a bit of centrifuge modeling and one of the applications of thermal properties in geomechanics and environmental geomechanics is the cracking characteristics of soils. So, I will spend some time on discussing the cracking characteristics which are nothing but an indirect implication of the swelling and shrinking characteristics of the soils. And this is where I will also try to emphasize on the fact that gone are the days when swelling and shrinking characteristics of the soils used to be unwanted properties. In the contemporary application of geotechnical engineering and environmental geotechnology, if the soils are passive, they are not swelling and shrinking, they are not supposed to be a good material. So, the context has changed completely. And having done this, we will come back to the electrical characterization and magnetic characterization. So, to begin with the thermal characterization of geomaterials, what is the importance and what are the real life situations where you will be using these concepts. Some of these situations are listed over here. So, the first and foremost is the high level radioactive waste disposal which we have discussed quite in details in the initial lectures of the course. And I have been citing this example since then that the modern day geotechnical engineering is more towards thermo hydromechanical coupling. And hence the thermal effects become very, very important when we deal with the geomaterials which are going to contain the toxic waste or the radio nuclear waste. High voltage underground power cables, the more and more industrialization is taking place in the country. The more and more need is to electrify the industries as well as the societies as well as the housing colonies and so on infrastructure you may say. And this is where high voltage underground cables are becoming a part of modern day civilization. And apart from power electronics guys, the best possible solutions to how to lay the power cables in the soil mass can be given by the geotechnical engineers. There were many projects which I have been dealing with in the country and abroad where these type of situations were dealt with by us and our research group. And then I will show you some of the case studies where how these situations were you know answered. Different types of roads, pipelines, structures in the cold regions they require the concepts of thermal properties of the soils. Particularly in the cold regions where the freezing and thawing is an absolute problem. People are talking about insulation of the geomaterials so that the structures or the infrastructure which is coming on the top of these type of deposits does not get distressed when freezing and thawing actions take place. The most important of these type of infrastructures would be the air strips in the cold regions. And I am sure you must have realized that including India rest of the world is also facing a severe problem of creating air strips in the regions which are extremely cold where the freezing thawing action is extremely important and very critical for the safety of the infrastructure. Then comes the agri and aquaculture fields and the solar ponds. You will be surprised to know that the design of the solar ponds is based on the thermal properties of the geomaterials because the whole idea is to grow the aquaculture or agriculture and unless the proper temperatures are maintained within the ponds you cannot grow shrimps, you cannot grow lobsters and whatever. So this is what the demand is in present day society. So when you design these type of ponds the thermal properties of the geomaterials particularly the foundations of the ponds becomes very, very important. They should not be allowing heat migration taking place through them to maintain the optimum temperature for the culture of aquatic life. Then ground improvement techniques including the soil heating and freezing which requires a lot of concepts of the thermal properties of the geomaterials. I think I have cited some examples also when you are working in highly fractured rock mass and when the tunneling is being done where the highly fractured rock mass might allow the groundwater table to get activated and the seepage occurring into the tunnel shoots. This is where the ground improvement can be done by freezing of the geomaterials, the rocks particularly. Brick making is a beautiful example of you know how the clays or the soils react to thermal fields. And if you go to the history and particularly the stories of the world war II, there was a time when the airstrips were made overnight by heating the soil from the top and making sure that the influence zone of the heater which is heating the surface is about 300 to 600 mm. So, this is how you can cast the roads under in situ conditions. Different types of thermo active structures which people are talking about these days require thermal properties of geomaterials particularly energy conservation schemes. So, thermal piles are good example of heat exchangers which are being designed. This is also a good example of you know why somebody should be studying the thermal properties of geomaterials. Transmission of the hot flades, most of the time transmission is done underground. So, this is a similar situation as of the power cables where you are trying to convey the power electric current and in this case this could be air conditioning duct or there could be some chemicals which are either going into the industry or coming out of the industry under all circumstances you want to minimize the heat losses, all right. A good example would be pipelines also where you might have to do thermal insulation of the pipelines so that the cavitation does not occur in the pipeline. I hope you know what is cavitation. So, imagine a situation where you are pumping hydrocarbons through the pipelines and these pipelines are passing through very high climatic conditions, very extreme climatic conditions, extreme temperatures like you know deserts Rajasthan, parts of Rajasthan and so on. So, the chances are that the hydrocarbon might get you know vaporized because of extremely high temperatures and hence the cavitation may occur and once the cavitation occurs you cannot convey the fluids further. So, the subject is becoming very important and very relevant to the contemporary geotechnologists and I hope you know the importance of you know infrastructure which is being done for sustaining the society, the present day society. Another interesting example is the heat loss from the basement of the buildings, mostly cold storages which are designed or which are constructed you know to save the cost of the air conditioning the best thing would be to isolate these type of structures from the environment and hence the basements have to be insulated. This is also valid for the hydrocarbon tanks which are installed in the tank forms very close to the coastal areas where the import, export of the crude oil takes place or different type of chemicals occur. So, under those circumstances also you would like to make a foundation system which is thermally insulated. So, I hope it is clear to you that there are a lot of applications of why somebody should be studying the thermal properties of geomaterials. It is a very contemporary subject. Now, there are three properties which I would like to find out or define for the geomaterials and these are thermal resistivity, thermal conductivity which are related to each other in the inverse form. So, thermal resistivity is RT and inverse of this is thermal conductivity k. Second is the thermal diffusivity, how easily the heat gets diffused from one point to another point. If you remember when we were analyzing the you know the energy fluxes and this is where the second order differential equation which I was talking about you know we were discussing about you know the similarity between the diffusion coefficients and one example I had given to you was the similarity between alpha or Cv the coefficient of consolidation. So, thermal diffusivity is a similar sort of a term which indicates how easily the heat flux can diffuse from one point to another point in the geomaterial. Accumulation of heat is not a good idea, why? Because if the accumulation of the heat flux takes place the temperature of the geomaterials will rise and once the temperature rises the chances are that the moisture will be lost coupled phenomena, heating induced moisture migration and which will ultimately result into the cracking of the soil. So, this is what we will be discussing subsequently after studying the thermal properties of geomaterials. The third parameter is specific heat of geomaterials defined as Cp. In your 10 plus 2 physics I am sure you must have done this. If you want to know what is the heat discharge Q, so normally what you do is m into Cp delta theta is it not, where m is the mass of the material Cp is this specific heat multiplied by change in temperature and that is the heat flux which is either going into the system or coming out of the system. I am sure you will realize that there is no conventional tool or equipment which is available in the market which can be utilized for determining KRT alpha and Cp. So, our research group was you know quite active in this context since the early 21st century and we have been doing lot of work in this area and in the process we came out with design of instruments and design of you know methodologies followed by the experimental work. This is a big challenge to determine these properties like thermal resistivity and thermal diffusivity and specific heat and in today's discussion I will give you some idea about how these properties can be obtained by simple instrumentation and which has been done by my research scholars and I am going to present this to you today. There is a relationship between these parameters that is the thermal resistivity RT, rho is the density of the soil mass or the media, alpha is the diffusivity and specific heat is Cp. So, Cp is RT into alpha into density inverse of that. So, if you know two parameters, the third one can be obtained because density of the soil media can be obtained very easily. So, if density is known still I have three unknowns. So, out of the three unknowns I have to obtain at least two parameters to obtain the third one. So, normally the practice is that by conducting heat migration experiments we obtain RT directly which can be obtained inverse of RT will be the conductivity which can be obtained and then diffusivity is obtained. If you want to find out specific heat either you obtain this mathematically or there are some other equipments like if you remember we have talked about differential scanning calorimeter DSC. So, that can be utilized to obtain the specific heat of the material or you can do simple calorimetric experiments which you might have done in your class 10th and 10 plus 2. If you remember you take some amount of the material and then heat it in a calorimeter and then find out how much time is required for the temperature to sustain itself and so on. It is so interesting to see that all these conductivities can be related to each other and good example is that hydraulic conductivity can be related to the thermal conductivity. So, this concept has been utilized by us in determining the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils because as you must be aware of that is very difficult to create unsaturated profile of the soil number one. Number two there are no instruments which can give you the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the geomaterials. So, under these circumstances the best thing would be if I heat the soil mass slowly and if I create a unsaturated soil state or unsaturated geomaterial state by allowing the moisture to migrate out of the sample. This is how I am creating a unsaturated state of the material and then if I observe how the moisture front moves out of the sample over a given period of time I can compute hydraulic conductivity. So, this is an intricate work I have guided two PhDs and the best one I would be saying is of Dr. Hanumanthra who is a faculty member at IIT Bhuvaneshwar now he is a pioneer in this area and he did lot of work related to unsaturated hydraulic conductivity determination of the soils by heating the slow heating of the samples. What you have to make sure is when you are applying thermal flux to the soil samples or the geomaterials they should not crack and the cracking would occur because of loss of moisture, fine. So, this is an interesting philosophy which has already been exhibited to be working alright by our research group and there are lot of papers which are available in the repositories. So, coming to the factors influencing thermal properties of geomaterials with a big series of the parameters which influence thermal properties number one is the type of the soil definitely the texture of the soil plays an important role. Then is the moisture content because I am sure you must be exposed to this fact that heat migration through air is going to be less as compared to heat migration through the liquid phase is this correct or not water is a better conductor of heat as compared to air. So, moisture content in the voids plays a very important role. Imagine a situation where the pores are filled up with air only and if you heat the system in second situation there could be a partially saturated soils where you have some air some amount of moisture and then you heat it and the third situation could be I have the pores which are fully filled up with water saturated soils alright. So, heat conduction is going to be much faster in the saturated state of the material as compared to the dry state of the material. Then comes the distribution and size of the grains because this has something to do with the density of the material. So, uniformly distributed soils will create a dense matrix this is a well known fact. So, if particle to particle contact is better the heat conduction is going to be good as compared to the situation where particle to particle contact is not good fine. So, distribution and size of the grains indirectly controls the density and this density is directly controlling the heat migration through the geometricals. So, more the density the resistivity is going to be less. So, density of the soil plays an important role temperature and pressure I am sure you must have come across this concept when you are doing your 10 plus 2 Phyrix that you take a resistor and pass a current through it and when the temperatures are increased what happens to resistance the resistance also increases and that is the reason we are quite bothered about designing the power cables. So, imagine the power cables are buried in the soils and soils exhibit very low thermal conductivity or very low thermal diffusivity. So, what is going to happen when you pass the current through the cables the soil mass in the vicinity of the power cable attains very high temperature and when the soil mass attains very high temperature what is going to happen to the cable itself the resistance will increase and if the resistance increase what happens to the power I square times R clear. So, first of all there will be losses of the current you cannot pass the current because of very high resistance. So, imagine from one city to another city if you are trying to transmit current because of elevated temperatures of the soil or less diffusivity of the current in the soil mass the temperatures of the cables will rise they may get burnt clear. So, this is a very trivial situation or even if they do not get burnt the current carrying capacity which is known as MPCT of the cable wires or the cables decreases we call it as MPCT all right. So, the current carrying capacity gets affected. So, it is a very intricate subject I am sure you must be realizing and what is the role played by the geotechnical engineers I am trying to emphasize all the time presence of contaminants depends what type of contaminants are present in the geomaterials all right in what phase this could be liquid this could be solid this could be gaseous phase and they would have their own influence this concept or this factor has not been investigated much until now requires lot of understanding and lot of you know experimentation first of all to put things together and then to frame the thumb rules method of measurements it depends upon what type of measurement method you are trying to use or which is being employed for conducting these studies I will be talking about different methods also another interesting thing is the way we are utilizing these properties that is the thermal resistivity diffusivity and specific heat I want to utilize them to create a classification scheme of the soils and the beauty is that this type of a classification scheme will include physical, chemical, mineralogical, chemical aspects associated with the geomaterials I hope you can understand this. So, depending upon the minerals whether the minerals are acting as insulators or good conductor of heat clear so that is the fundamental nature of the mineral a good classification system can be created. So, let me talk about the transient method which is what we have practiced much in our laboratory and which turns out to be a quite a decent method to find out the thermal properties of geomaterials transient is something which is short lift momentary. So, what we do is we apply a heat pulse of very small intensity for a very short duration to the geomaterials and the idea is simple we do not want any distortions in geomaterials to occur fine distortions first thing is moisture content second thing is if the minerals have their inherent thermal expansion coefficient I hope now you can realize where I am heading to because of the expansion when they are exposed to high temperatures what will happen there is a distortion in the matrix which is going to occur. So, that means under these circumstances the initial state of the material is not going to be same as the final state of the material. So, you will be measuring the properties of a different state of the material. So, these are the issues which have you know helped people to talk about the transient methods where low intensity heat flux is applied for a short duration 1 minute 2 minute maximum and idea is to measure how this heat pulse migrates into the geomaterials. So, this type of a probe was developed by my student in 2000 on in fact before that 1995 I would say one Mr. Gangadhar Rao was there he created this thermal probe he was the person who was working in this the first project which I handled for cable corporation of India that time you know there was a big supply of cables which was being done and the installation was being done for different industrial applications and people were clueless that how to find out the thermal properties of soils. So, we were the first in the country and maybe it is a significant part of the world to tackle this problem. So, what you see over here is that this is a copper tube of about 95 mm long it is a hollow tube and then we got this fabricated we put a nichrome resistance wire inside and we fix it at the bottom and then we put a thermocouple inside the probe all right this is a T type thermocouple and the probe is ready. Now, if you buy this instrument this will not be costing you less than few lakhs the commercial organs of these instruments will cost you about 7 to 8 lakhs these are available in the market unfortunately we could not patent and we could not fabricate this things at that time. For better supply of the heat which gets generated through this nichrome wire when you connect this to the power what we do is we fill up the space in the tube with a something known as you know heat source sink fluid this is a oil of high thermal conductivity. So, what the whole idea is that you replace the air which is inside the tube with the heat sink fluid. So, this system becomes a monolith and what you are observing is that the other end is tapered. So, I can insert it into the ground very easily just by damping it clear. And then this thermocouple gives me what is the temperature of the thermal probe this is a copper tube the surface is going to be an isotherm the moment I put this whole thing in the soil mass the temperature of the copper tube and the soil mass attains equilibration and that is what is measured over a period of time. These are the thermocouple leads which were used you know. So, the thermocouple is grounded at the junction at the bottom most point there is stainless steel tube of 1.2 mm diameter and this is the body of the insulated T type thermocouple all these things was done in house at that time.