So, although my title is focusing on advances in software spectral typography and I will underline the word spectral because that's really my passion, understanding spectroscopy using important things. I think I'm going to hijack the talk a little bit and slip in some non typography results in the context of major trust that my group is working in collaboration with Jim Higgins and I, I'm not going to get a pointer. Anyway, so my my collaborator is a young assistant professor in the chemical engineering department at McMaster has expertise in many areas of energy materials, and also a lot of experience in syncretron techniques, primarily to absorption but he was also a staff scientist at Stanford for the latter part of his three year postdoc there. And one of this time also to acknowledge my very talented students and a Iraqi who really done a lot of the fascinating things in the area that I want to focus on, which is using sticks and typography to study. Electrochemical reactions in an aqueous media inside the sticks and so in we're doing in-sync to modifications of samples and measuring the changes that are happening with the microscopy techniques. So, here's John Yang and hey, another person I want to mention at the beginning also is my collaborator, Martin Pops, who really helped up set up the CLS system, but very recently he's made some tremendous advances in the technology for doing in-sync to full electrochemical systems in sticks, in the South Country sticks area, which as you will see is quite challenging and it's really due to the creativity of him and the students that we really need to do the experiments. So what you have in the middle is a playback of one of the type of in situ typographic measurements that we make. We're working at the copper L-edge around 940 ee, where you can very nicely identify the oxidation states of copper, I'll talk about that more later. But what I want to show you that is this is a set of images recorded through the edge copper to the edge and those changes there can be very readily converted into maps of the oxidation state species. And just to show as a single frame, one-to-one comparison of sticks on the pyrography, you see a very nice improvement of spatial resolution. That was work that was done at the Soleil sticks of beeline permits in October of last year. So this is speaking to the converted here very quickly. We know that one of the strong points of using coherent x-rays is that you can diffract from various objects, both periodic and aperiodic. And looking at that diffraction pattern with the appropriate analysis, we can invert it into a complex refractive index signal from the sample and a complex light wave field signal, which is the x-ray probe coming into your sample. And so this diffraction pattern, spectral pattern, sometimes people call it, is essentially a transform of the properties in the old imaginary space of the object and the probe. And this goes back a long ways, now along with the Nash-Kirch, Chris Jacobson at NSLS-1 had some very early demonstrations that you could find ways to solve phase problem. So the issue and the challenge of conventional CDI is that you basically are taking a single diffraction image and trying to determine properties of a probe and object from inverting that single image. It can be done. There's all sorts of fancy mathematical ways to do it. But in general, it's challenging. If you don't have a decent starting point for your object to go functions, it's hard to get reliable convergence and there'd be crazy schemes where you would launch maybe 200 tries at it and you take the 100 best, this sort of thing, which is not the most satisfactory way of doing science. If you add one more component and do what could be called standing CDI, otherwise known as tachycography, we can use the overlapping space to place constraints on the mathematical reconstruction process. And in addition to be very much improving the ability to reconstruct the datasets in these multiple sample points with overlap. This also allows you to essentially go to a much, much larger field of view. And it works much more like a conventional microscope than a physics standard. It is still complex to process to reconstruct it, but the codes that are available nowadays have a very high degree of reliability. You can do the reconstruction and believe the result instead of having to sort of take a statistical approach. So how do we do this in soft x-ray? We adapt a scanning transmission x-ray microscope, which is a zone plate focusing device where normally you would have a single channel detector. We typically use a phosphor to down convert soft x-rays to the visible region and then use classic microphones for multiple through internet. So in the normal sticks, we're limited by the properties of the zone plate. And zone plates are quite good in the soft x-ray. You can have ones which will give you 10 nanometer spatial resolution, more typically people are getting more like 30 nanometers. And it's a relatively efficient technique. So if we add at the back of the sample, change that single point detector for a single x-ray sensitive x-ray camera, we are then able to do typography. And the advantage is now is that we have a platform that's designed for imaging. There's a lot of been worked over the years that have been invested in sticks to use interferometry to get very accurate positioning and accurate reading of the positions of the fold relative to points on the sample. And all of these factors mean that it's a relatively simple transition from doing single point detection transmission signals to the whole graphic experiment by taking advantage of all the effort that's been put into making sticks. Okay, so just a quick example to show the practicality and utility of this technique. This is actually one of the very first of the soft x-ray typography examples by David Shapiro and collaborators at the backslate source. And in addition to showing with a very special test pattern that they can reach down to three nanometer spatial resolution. This is what I'm interested in, respect to typography, the fact that by changing the photon energy, measuring up sequences of photon energies, we can sort out the chemistry of the sample at high spatial resolution. In this case, this is in the context of lithium battery optimization. This is a twin or an interpenetrating double crystal lithium iron phosphate particle in our lithium battery where they can charge and discharge it and show the kind of redox chemistry being one where the iron oxidation states from changes from iron two to iron three, which you see from this shift in the blue and red curves in the spectral plot. And there's a very lot of new insights that came about from the typographic studies of lithium battery materials. So this is one of the sort of things they do this technique helped contribute the understanding that in lithium batteries, the transitions in the individual particles making up an electrode don't necessarily happen simultaneously with each intercalation of the lithium into the lithium iron phosphate, the iron phosphate crystal, contributing partly what it is in fact that at least the low discharge rates individual particles change from zero to 100% iron to the iron three. And it's like bop bop bop bop. So in order to study the process of the intercalation you want to be able to identify those particles which are in the process of changing. Here, using the spectral capabilities of spectral typography, they're able to map over a region of space, those crystals which are in the reduced state iron two or in the oxidized state iron three, and they're looking for the ones that are intermediate with some species of iron or two or three, which in this color coding would be yellow. Now you guys may have fantastic color sensitivity, but I have a hard time seeing the yellow months the red and green field there. Whoops. And so this is just a very nice illustration of the value going to the higher resolution photography. It's not the same area but it's a similar area and similar materials and what you see is even with a very good sticks of 25 man in the spatial resolution, you still have a hard time identifying those particular particles you want to study, which are in the process of transitioning and therefore undergoing. Once you get the better spatial resolution of dichography and you can be multi energy mapping and see it's very, very easy to spot the crystal which can also. Okay, so that's just a quick connection to go here into traction since that's the subject for cool work. And so what I'm going to tell you a bit about is some of my work in software to start with dichography two different areas of biological example where bacteria which are being studied. And a second one in the collaboration with people at Soleil where we're pushing the full time energy range where you can do dichography. Well down below 500, which is the traditional lower limit for people using CCD expert families. So talk a little bit about that. So that is going to focus on our efforts to do in situ spectral microscopy with either sticks of work that are great to study copper catalysts like a catalyst for conversion of CO2 to more valuable reduce oxygen state materials in particular. So I'll tell you about our institute for chemical system, show you an example of work that we did in September 21 media light source on in situ sticks them. If you sense or what the value added is doing these measurements and then what we're very proud of is that last October we were able for the first time to combine the challenges of an institute for electric chemical system and hydrography, both of which are individually quite challenging at this point in time, not routine, and able to combine them so that we could do in situ. So you might ask because a lot of the people of this community are coming from a hard x-ray perspective right so we got a basically phase sensitivity, we can look at things that you don't have strong interactions with your sample, but using the technographic technique and really improve the resolution over some other spatial results, not that it's any of the samples. So, why hasn't soft x-ray technology developed as quickly and as extensively as a hard x-ray. In many ways it's limitations of the CCD cameras at the soft x-ray regime they're not efficient and hard x-ray of the beautiful dectrous cameras which have 100% sensitivity and no background. Also strong soft x-rays interact strongly with your sample. And that can be a good thing because I put it down here also some of the advantages. But it's a disadvantage and that you have to really worry about radiation damage because of that strong interaction. And so, then finally, in the practical implementation of this system, in order to couple a system to modify the property of the sample inside our microscopes, it's very hard in soft x-ray because our zone plate focal lengths are in the millimeter range. So we're trying to put a sample conditioning system with a few millimeters of space. Okay, so that's basically the pitch. You're doing standing CBI. Here's an example of the measurements I made in 2014 at the B-11 advanced light source. And what I'm doing is I'm playing back the individual points, the individual points where we're measuring these diffraction patterns. I've of course changed the scale to logarithmic scales so that you can see those scattering speckles as the beam hits these individual objects here, which are the parent sticks of image, you can't even really see what it is. So if we do the typographic inversion, you see very nicely that this is a set of magnetite chains that bacteria of a certain type like to make for reasons that we're still trying to understand. A little bit more example. Material from this example, using a 60 nanometers to 79 spatial resolution sticks and we can barely distinguish the individual magneto zones, the typography we're very much able to visualize and almost like to see the the facety of these single crystal materials to improve spatial resolution. And while we don't have the same resolution as a TDM, we are fidelity in terms of having the same image. So there are other properties of typography that are interesting. One of the ways that typography can be used to advantage is by localizing the signal after the processing in space because of your higher spatial resolution, you can become much more sensitive. So this is just an example, if you use a coarser resolution zone plate, you get a certain off the density, if you get a better zone plate, you get more off the density because we have only a 50 nanometer target, and we are spilling over the beam into areas where you don't have a proper. And so this is, I emphasize even more in typography resolution of the very small region in space. It also points out that with respect to typography, we can get higher two perspectives are going to do what you see in a true conventional transition by transmission. Okay, and so I'm not going to time to go in any of the details but this was a paper we did in 2016 and NASA just looking at one individual bacterial cell so it's about a micron long by the quarter to half a micron wide and what we found fascinating was that with this improved performance. So we can actually just start to get insights and how an individual bacteria grows these magnetizing crystals. So be here, which is a nice healthy magneto zone fully formed, you get a spectrum that's pretty much mapping on to magnetite, but you can have regions where you're in a gap between two chains, and you can still see there's iron but it's much more iron to rich because of the stronger lower energy and the up here is also a crystal that's in the process of forming, but has a slightly different signal. So we basically leverage these measurements we didn't do with that kind of people we did what's called a time series where you could follow as a population of bacteria grew higher magnetite inside their cells. And that's a whole lot of the story but reference here so by having higher spatial resolution with that kind of thing could be a wonderful follow up towards text a measure, you can really start to get insights in this case to why I'm an organization that Okay, so the other thing I want to tell you about is pushing the energy range over which you do technology as I say, most typographic systems in the world now are using CCDs at least in the soft x-ray, and it's only recently that scientific CMOS cameras that are adapted to the soft x-ray range that started become available. In fact, the group in collaboration in collaboration with the detective group here at Max four have really made these Diana cameras stand up and dance to work over energy put on engines for world energy. And so this is an example of what we did in 21 published the last year, just showing that way down at the carbon edge on the sample of carbon nanotubes, you get this sort of speckled pattern which is the signal that's given inside of spatial resolution. And what's really nice is we showed that you could get this type of typographic response using a highly focused beam so instead of a 30 or 40 nanometer focus beam six and we change our optics such that we're using one electron beam. So you can see that this is basically the spatial shape of the x-rays that we put in because one might find the projection of the annulus of his own face is where the light is. And you can see only about 30% of the light is hitting the actual carbon nanotubes, which are really different suspects. We get reasonable resolution not as good as we hoped for various reasons. And if we compare to a high resolution is also like six of, we don't see a heck of a lot of difference in spatial resolution, but we do have some advantages. So another property of interest to carbon nanotubes, they're geometrically analyst traffic so they have a strong X-ray and lead in dipoles. And so we were here by looking at maps of the same area recorded with vertical and horizontal linear polarization taking the difference, we can map very nicely linear and horizontal tubes which of course you can see from your eye. You can see this change in the response. The other thing I find fascinating is that there are potential advantages of looking at the absorption channel at the phase channel, particularly at low energy edges like the carbon edge where you might anticipate you can work at photon energies below the odds and where you can absorb and so you can to some extent reduce the problems of emission damage. That still needs to be explored and demonstrated. One of the really nice things about using de-focused beams for dichotomy is that of course you don't need as many sampling points in order to be able to build up the picture of the area you want to look at. In the last demonstration, we're looking here at 10.10 micron field review. And when we did this with one micron de-focused, we could get all the set of diffraction patterns in 10 minutes of acquisition. If on the other hand we had used the fully focused 50 nanometers of spot, it would have taken us two hours and completely carbonized example. So there are issues there. Second example that we explored again to push energy to lower energy values is set of boron nitride nano ribbons that are beautifully structured nano materials, very much like a piece of bamboo where the segments are linked to each other. And we're measuring the full spectroscopy with that geography, as well as the dichroism. And if we look at the, these are the two energies, one is the five-star boron and the energy edges. And you can see as you go to lower energy, the magnitude of the scattering, the range of it is about an order of magnitude less. In fact, there's really strong interaction there, such that the annulus, which represents just the x-rays passing through the sample without any interaction, is barely visible. All that speckle type signal, right where the annulus should be. So you're really scouting everything. Whereas in the nitrogen ones, even though it's very quality, the speckles are better defined, the annulus itself is the dominant signal in the images that we get the diffraction. So all we can do here is we can use the spectral typography characteristics to do that quality mapping of these one nanotube tubes and you can start to get insights from the way the spectroscopy varies across and along the structure of the nanotubes. Okay, so now to the main piece, is there a clock somewhere? No. Just give me a, okay, so I better move on. So, you know, why am I, am I interested in why do I think other people should be interested in pushing spatial resolution speckle capabilities from a pure study. The motivator here really is the idea that we can improve all the catalysis for various types of conversions, we are able actually to use so-called excess renewable energy. We know now it's much cheaper right now to generate electricity by solar and wind power, it's not unfortunately always at the time you want it. And so there could be a win-win situation here where you can use the excess capacity under high wind, there's a great base to do a chemical or electrochemical transformation and use this as a carbon fuel cell. So, this is typically then going to be a device where you have to combine some sort of catalyzed CO2 reduction with an oxygen evolution reaction to transform CO2 into other products. And again, the vision is that we know the private and secret environment that has nothing to do with Massachusetts. So, how are we going to improve this? We need to optimize catalysts, so we need to be able to understand what's happening when the catalytic reactions are happening. And that's why the precious things. And again, this has been a master for three years now, set up a very ambitious set of experimental teams dealing with all aspects from synthesis of new balance materials to integration into devices to electronic evaluation and various characterization. So his expertise is in by the X-ray spectroscopy on the characterization side, and we're collaborating then to combine soft and hard X-ray techniques to study materials. So this is more of a schematic of a practical device, feeding CO2 in and then looking at the output in terms of analyzing the chemical species point. And the thing you notice that although reducing CO2 from its four plus oxidation state to a two plus oxidation state in carbon monoxide or formic acid can be catalyzed by a wide range of metal elements. So if you want to go to making carbon-carbon bonds and carbon and sectively the hormone zero oxidation state, copper is the only game. So there's a lot of focus right now to optimize copper-based electrocatalysts. So we'll go through this quickly. While these catalysts work, they don't work very efficiently and they have uncontrollable product specificity. So the two main goals make it more efficient and get it such that you can tune a good catalyst structure so that you produce one particular product in higher yield. And of course, that means from a chemist point of view, you want to understand the mechanisms so that you can start to doctor the surfaces of catalysts to push the reaction. So I'll give you a little segue on the sixon because it's important to understand how we process our data. We process the spectro-technology data essentially the same as our sixon data. What we're showing you here is the playback of the copper deposition on the working electrode in our in-situ device at the copper 2P edge. And this is just a small area of the total area in study. And we can take the data set, which is a spectrum in each pixel in the area of study, and fit it to reference spectrum, which can be recorded separately on your materials. And if we do that, whoops, I lost my tears. If we do that, you can basically derive what are called component maps. And if these reference spectrum on a quantitative response basis, up to that speed per nanometer, we can get quantification. So the grayscale of each component map is quantitative in terms of nanometer thickness. If it's a bright light, we're at the maximum of 22.34 nanometers. And we can then combine these in some sort of liquid blue composite to really understand what's happening. And so what you'll be seeing is an awful lot of these color composites, and not an awful lot of wasps. Okay, so a little segue into spectroscopy. The copper 2P edge is just beautiful for studying the issue of oxidation states of copper tablets. And why? Because if you look at copper metal, it's got a de-can S1 configuration, and there's only that 4S hole that you can do the transmission. And that's this big broad peak here, because it's a metal well-defined structure that presumes as well. If you go to the copper 1 oxidation state, now you have a 4S-0, so you get a stronger transition, but more or less at the same energy. And the interesting thing is in contrast to virtually all the other of the 3D transition metals, when you go to the highest oxidation state copper 2, 3D-9, you're opening a hole in the 3D state, and you've got this whopping big transition, because P2D transitions are much stronger than P2S transitions. And so you have very, very clear differentiation of these spectral features, and we can take this energy, that energy, that energy, and decompose the chemistry in as accurate a way as if we take 50 or 100 energies to get this. And in contrast to the case shell, you can see, you don't have the same leverage. Okay, why? Because that 1S level wants to go to P's, and P will get a transition into the D's, which are chemically active electrons in 3D transition metals. So if you need to have asymmetry and get these very weak STD transitions. Okay, so how is our institute to electrochemical system work? Again, I wanted to immediately recognize that this wonderful system is from Martin Alps and Pablo Regino, a student, and it's a very simple device actually. This is basically a modified piece of printed circuit board. So we machine the back, we make contacts on the front side, and the trick is to make these electrochemically, sorry, the electrode-equipped cells, which we get from North Canada, to get the steel that I bring in the fluid and out the fluid through these vehicles on the backside of the board. So, what's special about this device? There are commercial devices that are designed to fit into soft texture stixens. They can't work with our 100 EB. This system works right down to 200 EB. This is a classic electrochemical system where they're working comparator reference electrode. And it's basically a microphoretic device in the sense that there is a blast PDMS composite channels. And the beauty of this four-channel two-in-two approach is that we can change the electrolyte very quickly. This is, in most systems, very tough because you're going down very thin into an even thinner layer. The fluid layers we want are two microns thick, and you've got to go over a couple hundred microns. And so what this is, is a demo of the speed of change in two different optical dyes, and by switching one syringe pump to pump one dye through versus the other dye, you're going to watch the imaging that the two different energies with the dye change from one to the other, and it takes place in this particular example, maybe two or three minutes, more typically it takes 10 times. Okay, so we use that to advantage. Again, the picture of the device, the inlet and outlet are two of these Tetzel tubers. Okay, so what are we looking for? Okay, we've got a tool. We're showing eventually the new technology on the system. What do we might expect to be? Well, there's two important subjects that have been argued about a lot over the last, let's say, three to four years. One is, what is the importance of the size and morphology? People are looking at the different crystal facets, they're looking at cubes or triangles, all sorts of things, and I'll show you some of this. The second sequence here is a TEM sequence showing the generation of the particles through the institute of electrochemistry, and one of the things you see when you carry out the reaction is morphology changes. The second theme is whether or not there is any oxidation state other than pure metal at the actual conditions for electric dialysis and CO2 reduction. And this is where we're going to excel because we can map out the oxidation state of the system. So our typical experiment is starting with a cooling cell, nothing on the working electrode, we have a thin area, we should have better x-ray penetration so we can do better spectroscopy at that point. By doing an electrode deposition, running a short CV, with a dilute solution of proper sulfate and potassium chloride, we can get these particles. And if we do the same experiment, the same conditions, exit you without the constraints of the small thin layer of electrolyte, we get a few hundred nanometer particles. And again, we're willing to take some resolution there, but if we go to the SEM to look at the same part of it, we're exactly in the same game. So we're looking at all of the materials. And then once we have that electrode deposited copper, we can change our electrolyte from copper sulfate, potassium chloride to bicarbonate sodium of potassium bicarbonate with a saturation of carbon dioxide, to substrate for the chemical reaction. We can measure the thickness of our fluid layer, favorable circumstances less than two microns, more typically two to three microns. And that's a nice compromise because we have enough ions in the solution to have good electrochemistry inside the cell, at the same time the water layer is thin enough. So, this is then measuring a small area of that sample. And when we do the mapping based on our reference vector and see that in this case the copper metal and the copper one C2O type materials are spatially separated. So we have green grains and red grains if you want. And now we can do a more quantitative analysis and you find that even though the mapping is essentially pure copper, there's still roughly the percent of copper one. And this is very typical of this preparation, you get this mix of copper one and copper zero. And the question is, when do they actually convert to pure copper as you go to the reductive potentials where the CO2 reduction is going to happen. And so that's the next step we do. We take our material in this case these mixed particles of copper one and copper zero, and then start to drop the potential into the region where C2O is expected. And so a little change, we lose portions of the material what the core state is talking about. So you get more negative potentials and you're seeing circles there to tell you where you're at in it. By the time you're at minus 0.2 volts versus the reversible hydrogen electrical which is about minus 0.6 in our device because we have a bold referencing. You get at least from our analysis on this pure copper and that continues all the way down. And we interpret the improved with a higher current as a signature that we are carrying the CO2 reaction. So we have a much more current in a very small class, very small series. Okay, so now we have to do quantitative analysis and we will look at this both of these four energy stacks when we talk about before plus 50 energy stacks to get better chemistry. You know, modulo a few small amounts of parent copper one, we're really saying down in the regime where the reduction is happening it's going to be pure copper. But the same experiment here Max four very much the same sort of story although we have very pretty core shell type projects where the core is copper and each particle has a surrounding of copper one so the nature of these particles starting point for the reaction really changes a lot. But again, as we go into the negative potential or series who are having its own. Okay, so let's go to the car. So here is an example with a dry sample. So, same sort of copper preparation. And what you see is on that particular green area here spectrum that definitely caught for zero, because we see the same. And not the prettiest image, but it certainly has much better than a special resolution in the first one. So, as I can show you in terms of comparison one to one of mapping the copper zero. So, can you feel the view mapping. And again, this particular example, although we don't really have a quality of the spectrum that I would like. We certainly differentiate the ones that were assigned to one from both of the proper zero, because of the absence of the zines that features. There's still some challenges for me. But last October, we had the opportunity to run at the solee sticks and take out the field. And this is very nice to camera, which is imposed in the shield. This is cooling and very fancy electronic readouts is one of these Diana cameras which has been cannibalized to very efficiently. Get the signal out while not having some of the parts of the system that he has delivered format which is basically for a super resolution. So, there is certainly technical development on the detector side that's ongoing as as we speak.  Again, we got very nice results. And I'm not going to deliver this but that particular installation, you could convince yourself that if you're looking at a one by one area. The typography has done their is three to four times faster than the sticks on most because it sticks in his modification. Obviously you get better resolution, but you also get better statistics, you're putting a lot more photos for example, and at the same time because we use a different spot. We end up having a low dose. there are a lot of advantages that at first sight you would think are not going to be so this is just a question I raised. I think as tachyrography and esophageal gets more and more efficient there will be advantages particularly with the focus probes. Okay so what do we do? So here are the spectra recorded in tachyrography well and you can see that it looks just the so we're getting good spectroscopy in that system this is one of these systems again this is in a fluid cell with control of potential predominantly copper zero with some copper one do these color combination maps two ways when you get the spatial distribution even a minority species like a little bit of copper two bits present at the formation but this is a much better way in the context of experiment where you basically min-max all two of the component maps and you see it's predominantly we again get the phase spectroscopies what much not as clean as some of the other space spectroscopy we've done with other systems but it shows exactly the interesting features that the phase tip of the copper two material is a good two heads below the main 2p to 4s transition that again we can map with phase of course we don't know how to quantify the phase map and we get the same answer except that because phase is much much more sensitive to other various perturbations of the interaction of the sample and evolution of the code so it's clean as we do okay so now we're doing it all in situ here is again a 6-in-1 spectroscopy comparison which is one of the front's piece and again using one like a defocus spot and really half the time right in this particular phase the four energy maps are very nicely here and so we can map not just single energies but these chemical mapping using the four energies and tuning through the reference spectra and you can see appreciable improvement in spatial resolution again it's not record typography spatial resolution you can solve x-ray by any means but it's making improvements and the important thing is we're doing it with samples so again the sort of one where we're really starting to make contact with the problem scientific problems in the field this is now an individual one of these nanotubes okay and measured by typography under electrical conditions do the analysis we can see this particular particle is a mixed copper zero copper one we carry out the reduction conditions and CO2 saturated by carbonate and we see this onset of a current below minus 0.8 eb indicative of the CO2 reduction now we can then track both that single energies and also in terms of pencil mapping and by the time we've gotten sort of down here about minus 0.4 or so the material has become pure copper and what you do see is this transformation of the material dendritic spall asks again which has been seen much more clarity in the electron so we can address this question uh is it copper one under the CO2 conditions with our sensitivity no does the reaction involve reconstruction of particles our answer is yes that we can see modifications of the envelope okay just to wrap things up because i think i'm running out of time so just a couple of summary comments first of all uh why do you want to do spec and typography obviously the higher space spatial resolution and ultimately if we get everything tuned up stability of the instruments the stability of the probe uh we like to ultimately get to diffraction limited rewrite limited resolution which is around two man and years at the top you have the same kind of the sensitivity as classic transmission absorption and it uses the focus flag to reduce dose there are disadvantages if we use optimized x7 in fact the graph is still slower okay i think it can go a lot faster uh there are cameras coming on the market which are about two to three times faster than diana which will transmit a mega pixel image in the 20 ohm fence for 40 milliseconds the reconstruction time is still a challenge but that's getting faster and faster and there's efforts at the al s group only look at the instructions to automate the whole analysis process so that while you're measuring you're looking at real space data not at the country yeah and so really uh making an efficient system so it should rapidly switch from six into navigation and preliminary work and then high resolution studies with photography is really the goal and uh many people at different facilities working with you okay so just to summarize our efforts we had set out a target to follow electoral chemical reactions in situ we have done that very nicely i think in number of systems we want to improve resolution at situ takeography this is an example for the cms that's very much in hand uh but really what we're very happy about when we're trying to get published in uh and major communications is the uh advance of in-situ sector what we'd really like to do is have more control over the initial states of the catalyst so that we can say it's a cube or a triangle or a shell or a cube of particles etc and so far it's been a little bit hit in this and what we're going to do but it's really exciting this to be able to work at the carbon age because at the carbon age you have product and analysis capabilities we show them we can measure spectra of CO2 and the bicarbonate electrolyte we have yet to see any signs of the products of the effluent or carbon monoxide but they're nice targets from the point of view gas-based because we have a very sharp intense pie structure it should be possible it's a matter of months and weeks i'm not going to talk about that and obviously the range of studies one can do is much much beyond just CO2 production okay finalize uh final with uh some acknowledgments it's been really exciting few years so working with Drew and his very expanding group uh with regard to identifying the science of interest as with all synchrotron experiments it's so so important to have talented uh staff scientists that you can collaborate with i mentioned especially a knowledge to a full check who's most stranger here at max four help to start up the uh uh softening that sticks them straight into the bureau with advanced light source jaren line at the cls uh there's some funding sources and recognition you can see that comes here working so and there thank you very much


The ongoing COP27 summit in Cairo has thrown up a number of questions about the very future of humanity itself. As delegates tried to thrash out a final agreement, what is clear is the failure of the capitalist system to address the global climate crisis. A huge part of this responsibility falls on the United States, which is historically the world's largest emitter of planet warming gases. US President Joe Biden was at the Sherman Shake for the conference and kept doubting what he called the leadership role played by the US. However, has that really been the case? What has been the role of the US in the climate crisis? Eugene Perrier of Breakthrough News explains. I think that when we look at the United States climate policy, we can say it's failing on two levels. I mean, it's failing just on the level of transforming the political economy of the United States in such a way to be able to address and hold the globe below one and a half degrees of warming, but also it's failing to really address its own fair share of what would be required in order to be able to actually meet the burden of climate change around the world based on the reality that the United States alone and really the developing the first world quote unquote, the global North is responsible for the vast majority of global emissions. So you look at what's happening in the United States, for instance, on one hand, and you can see that there needs to be a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 here in the United States, excuse me, by 2030 here in the United States in order to be able to really do what the US needs to do in terms of its global share right now to hold the world below the crisis threshold of one and a half degrees of global warming. But based on their own admission, the climate legislation that's been passed by the Democrats will only get us 30 to 40% to where of that goal in 2030. So 30 to 40% reduction, you need to have a 50% reduction, and it has to happen in the next nine years, essentially, or eight years, essentially, and they're not on track, the government's own policies are not on track. And now in an era of divided divided government, it seems much less likely. And then on top of that, you have the broader issue of the sort of fair share, which was a huge issue in COP 27. And we can come back to that. But the United States is doing absolutely nothing as it concerns actually putting out climate finance and significant and a lot of the climate finance they're putting forward like with South Africa is actually loans. So it's almost like debt trap diplomacy, the way they're approaching it. But on top of that, you can see the United States is essentially playing a huge ideological role in undermining the idea of fair shares. John Kerry, who is the climate envoy of the US said, Well, everyone wants to get, you know, the whole $100 billion a year, which is what the rich countries are supposed to be giving developing countries in terms of money for adaptation and transformation. And obviously, it's not even close to that. I mean, it's, you know, what exactly it is is unclear, could be as little as 18 billion, even though there's a lot more that, you know, allegedly pledged, could be even lower than that, depending on how you look at the, you know, various different aspects of it. But that being said, John Kerry said, Well, I used to think when we got, you know, a 90 on a test, I did pretty well, well, they're not even doing 90%. But just the idea that, well, maybe we'll never make it to the threshold for what we should be paying. And that's actually even a low ball number that we may never even make it to the threshold of what we should be contributing based on our historic contribution to climate change. Then I think you can see that already the US is playing a huge role in trying to evade responsibility for what needs to happen. So both in terms of the contemporary reality in the United States, what does the US need to do with its own policies to hold the globe below one and a half degrees warming? It's not happening. They're at best 40% of where they need to be over the next eight years. And as it concerns really paying the cost for the share of global warming that the United States is responsible for, they are doing essentially almost nothing to make that possible, and using their own ideological apparatuses and bully pulpits in order to in order to really attack the idea that the countries of the global North do bear a disproportionate responsibility and thus have to bear a very disproportionate responsibility of the cost. The US is already seeing the impact of climate change through extreme weather events. However, there have been many instances of political deadlock on the issue and the approach to climate change is wildly divergent in various regions. How do we understand the domestic implications and approaches to climate change? You know, I think the sort of domestic conversation here in the United States is still very limited as it concerns the issue of climate change. I mean, first and foremost, I would say the maybe biggest error like sort of element of the conversation around climate change in the US is actually adaptation, not mitigation. And I think that speaks to how blinkered the reality is amongst the political elites in the United States about the scale of the challenge.  And let's say about one third of Democrats are essentially in no way shape or form committed to actually addressing climate. The only thing that people really can agree on is that, you know, cities that are sinking like the Miami's of the world, the New York cities of the world, that someone should do something to try to address them or try to save them. And that, you know, that kind of those kind of issues are important to address loss and damage issues, which of course they don't want to address in the developing world. But that being said, you know, that's really the crux of the national conversation. Now, in the regional level, there's more things happening and you have a different patchwork of conversations happening around the country as it concerns climate change in states like New York, where I am states like California, you know, there's no doubt that it's happening and there's a very robust conversation. For instance, here in New York state right now, a huge push is happening. And in fact, it looks like it may in fact have the votes in the state legislature to drastically improve publicly owned power utilities that are operating on 100% clean energy and offering it for very low prices. So you can see that there's a sort of an advanced edge of the conversation, but then you have places like, you know, the deep south of the United States, the Great Plains, other areas that are dominated by the far right, where there's just no discussion about anything at most about adaptation, but almost every elected official is a climate denier at the local state and federal level. So we have this very deeply fractured conversation, which is leaving us with a lot of half measures. For instance, the US is spending billions of dollars to incentivize the production of electric cars, but they are not spending the enough money to actually build out the infrastructure for electric cars to really operate on a wide scale all across the country. So the only places where they have the infrastructure are a handful of places where private industry does things, and then a handful of states that are willing to take action in California, New York, and the District of Columbia, and the like that are willing to take action on climate change. So it's a very fractured conversation. There's a lot of half measures emerging from the political process, but at the end of the day, we can see that the sum total of it all means that the actual goals that need to be met by certain time periods, 2030 and 2050, that's a 50% reduction in emissions by 2030, and quote unquote net zero by 2050, I mean, there's almost no chance that they're going to be enacted. And a lot of that is because even though the majority of people in the country would probably like to see more happen, the anti-democratic political system makes it impossible to really assemble the correct majorities. The US role in climate change is inseparable from its role as an imperialist power. A report from 2020 noted that the Pentagon is the world's largest institutional user of petroleum, and its greenhouse gas emissions are more than even industrialized countries such as Portugal and Sweden. How do we see the US contribution to climate change in light of these facts? You know, I think that it's critical to understand that the United States approach to climate change from my point of view has really been completely deluded as it concerns the development realities of the world. I mean, as the president of Nigeria pointed out specifically at COP 27, Africa for instance has some of the lowest emissions. It's the closest to net zero emissions and has the largest number of countries of any continent that have actually met the social development goals, the UN SDG for climate, but yet and still Africa is being pushed aggressively to actually take the lead in reducing emissions, which in many ways means in, you know, essentially baking poverty into the reality of these countries. I mean, the reality is most of the poor countries are really in what you could call a climate deficit, because not only has their contribution over time been so low, basically nothing, but even their current contemporary emissions are so low, they could grow their emissions significantly, significantly, really even over the next 50 or 60 years and still actually not be playing a role in holding the world back from actually meeting the goal of one and a half degrees Celsius warming or no more than that. And so you can see that what the United States is doing, and we're talking about DRC for instance, where they are trying to sell oil blocks in order to generate revenue for the country. And when the Secretary of State Blinken was there, when John Kerry also spoke about this issue, they were imploring Congo to do nothing. The Congolese government, whatever criticisms one may make, we're saying, well, what about all the people living in poverty in our country? What are you supposed to do about that? The US presents no money, no agenda, no nothing to help the people of Congo. You can look at the same issue in South Africa, the so-called majorly touted deal of COP 27, the reality is it could throw 110,000 miners, coal miners out of work with no plan at all whatsoever to mitigate these terrible impacts on mining communities there in South Africa. And on top of that, this eight and a half billion dollar package, which is primarily in loan, so will make South Africa even more deeply in debt, which is a multi-layered issue there too, because most of South Africa's existing debt is only in rand, their own currency. This would probably be in dollars or in euros. So it's significantly unfavorable in terms of what it does to the debt load of South Africa, in addition to throwing 110,000 people out of work with no plan for how they're actually going to sustain themselves. But it also sends all the money to private corporations and guts the public sector, which of course will make it harder for South Africa to do its own development tasks and address issues like the 50% unemployment in their country. So you've got the United States that is essentially refusing to recognize its own fair share, refusing to do its own fair share, that in the context of the war on Russia has openly and willingly made it much easier for the fossil fuel industry to grow, also still continuing to insist that these developing nations that have almost no emissions, both historically and contemporarily, are not allowed to pursue their own development past because that will be deemed to be against the issue of sustainability. So they're looking to balance the crisis on the backs of those who are not only the least responsible, not both historically and contemporarily, but those who have the least means and least ability to actually address the issues.


Hello, it's Missy! Thank you for watching! I'm back with another French braid style. In case you missed it, I'm doing a mini series using French braids, so if you have suggestions for other series, comment them down below and I will think of other tutorials for future videos. Like and subscribe, click the bell as always, and let's get started! With my hair parted on the right side, I'm going to braid the hair on the left side into a French braid. By placing my part on the side, it will allow more hair to be included into the braid. To begin the braid, I'm going to pick up a slice of hair on the left side of the part line and split it into three smaller pieces to begin my braid. I'm going to be crossing one side strand over the middle, then crossing the other side strand over the middle. This will begin a three-strand braid. Once the braid is started, I'm going to begin incorporating extra sections in to create a French braid style braid. I'm not sure why it's called a French braid, but the incorporated sections will create a braid that is going into itself instead of the opposite effect where the braid sits out on top of the hair. I'm crossing one side over the middle, picking up a new section of hair and crossing it over, bringing it into the middle strand. I'm crossing the other side over the middle, picking up a new section of hair from my head and crossing it over, adding it into the middle strand as well. I'm going to continue this pattern, bringing hair into the braid and working my way along the left side of my head. So again, I'm crossing one side over the middle, picking up a new section of hair and crossing it over, bringing it into the middle strand. I'm crossing the other side over the middle, picking up a new section of hair from my head and crossing it over, adding it into the middle strand as well. And I'm just going to repeat this pattern, continuing the braid down the left side of my head, bringing in hair from along my hairline and from along the part line. Once the braid reaches my ear, I'm going to stop adding in additional sections and continue braiding the hair in a regular three-strand braid by crossing the side strands over the middle, alternating between the left and the right side strands. Once the braid reaches further down the section, I'm going to spray the braid with a medium-hold hairspray and begin widening the braid by gently pulling on the sides so they slip out of the braid just slightly. This will gradually widen the braid a bit. And for this particular style, I want the braid to look really big and be easily seen. So I'm going to slide a bobby pin over the bottom of the braid and then continue to pull on the edges so it makes the braid wider and flatter. Now I'm going to create the bun portion of the hairstyle. To do this, I'm going to combine all of my hair together at the nape of my neck I'm going to pull the hairband part way over the ponytail with my left hand. I'm going to tuck my hand underneath the ponytail. This is going to flip the hair so it becomes twisted. Then I'm going to slide my hand down the ponytail and twist my left hand again.  And I'm going to pull the wrapped part over the base so the base pops through the middle and these ends that are wrapped around my left hand are getting wrapped around the outside creating the outside of the bun. If any hair is left sticking out, I'm going to tuck it back into the hairband underneath the bun. Then I'm just going to detail the style. Let me know if you try it out. Let me know what you think. I love hearing your thoughts and thank you so much for watching. That wraps up today's tutorial. Let me know what you think about this hairstyle down below in the comment section. If you've been following along and you have a favorite so far, please comment down below. I love knowing which one is the favorite. Like and subscribe if you're new. Click that bell then you'll never miss any future videos. And I will see you next time.


Patriot Prime Reviews is a channel for adult collectors and may not be suitable for children under 13 years of age. Viewer discretion is advised. Hey, what's going on guys? Patriot Prime here once again with another video. But before I get started with the subject of this video, I want to give a huge shout out to my sponsor toyhacks.com. Toyhacks is a company that provides upgrade decals for modern transformer figures along with reproduction decals for the vintage ones. While visiting Toyhacks, make sure and check out the Toyhacks Armory to see their line of Transformers weaponry in multiple collars. And toy stages for awesome display backdrops. Each purchase from Toyhacks earns you Robocents that you can use for future purchases. You can check your balance anytime in your cart. Toyhacks is a company run by collectors for collectors. So make sure and check out toyhacks.com and tell them Patriot Prime sent you. Now, on to the review. The featured bot in this video is the brand new Transformers Legacy Deluxe Class Skids. And yes, I know, I am way behind reviewing this guy. I have had him for about three weeks now, but I keep getting newer stuff and I just keep pushing skids farther and farther back. But now he is in front of the camera. So let's take a quick look at the box. You got skids right there behind that open window on Hasbro's new tamper proof packaging. Transformers there on the side. Transformers Legacy and some great artwork of skids in vehicle mode. Totally armed to the teeth and opening fire. That is wild. Side of the box, we got more great artwork, a close up of skids face and a full body shot. Back of the packaging shows the combined weapon mode, skids in vehicle mode, skids in robot mode, and the QR code that you can scan to get a bio or tech spec of skids. This side of the box features the splash art showing Optimus Prime, Hot Rod, RC, Blaster and Bulkhead. So now without further ado, let's get skids opened up out of this packaging and check him out. And welcome to Patriot Prime Reviews. Now once you get skids all opened up and out of the packaging, you'll see he does come with a sheet of instructions that as usual is very well illustrated and easy to follow. He also comes with three different weapons. You get this single barrel pistol, a double barrel pistol, and this transparent blue energy axe or blaster. Really not sure what that's supposed to be. And then of course you've got skids himself. Now the first thing you want to do when you take skids out of the packaging is down here on the side of the foot, take the wheels and fold these up and under the foot. That is how he's supposed to be. That is very G1 accurate. And speaking of G1 accurate, just look at this guy. Legacy is killing it with these generation one figures. I mean they look like updated versions of those classic toys. He retains that blocky look, same collar scheme and when I get into the transformation, it's almost the same as the generation one toy. Now taking a closer look at skids, love the face sculpt. That looks awesome. Great paint job as well. Silver face, the blue eyes, bright red Autobot logo there on the chest. You got the silver grill, the headlights, the signal lights down here. Great sculpted details as well. Pinstripes along the doors, moving on down. That's about it for the paint applications. Got more pinstripes there on the side of the calves. This guy just looks great. I can't get over this. I mean how long has it been since we've had a retail release skids? I know this is the first skids that I've actually bought since generation one. I missed out on the thrilling 30 IDW version, never found him. So yeah, I am really impressed that we got a skids. Now articulation for skids, the head is on a ball joint. It can look up, it can look down, it can do a complete 360. The arms can do a complete 360 as well but they are going to run into the doors back here. And another thing about this figure that's really surprised me, the joints on mine are so tight. And I mean it is every joint on this figure. So arms can do a complete 360. They can go out, they can go in, of course you're on it. They're on a hinge right there. So you want to watch that. There's an elbow bend. There is a elbow rotation. Let's see, there is wrist rotation. Like I said, that is tight. I mean I'm putting some pressure on there. Look, it's dented my thumb. There is waist rotation. Legs can go out. They can go in. They can go forward. Tight joints again. They can go back. There is a knee bend. There is a thigh rotation. And there is ankle tilt. So yeah, lots of tight joints on this guy. And he's got lots of great poseability. Now looking around the figure, there's also not a lot of waffling that everybody complains about. He did a real good job filling this figure up. Except if you look kind of right through there, he's got a little bit of a gap, but it's not too bad. So yeah, he's a really, really good looking homage to Generation 1 skit. Now taking a look at the weaponry here. Of course, the weapons can go in either hand. We've got the single blaster here. We've got the double blaster right there. Let's get those plugged in and a tight fit. Now the single blaster doesn't seem to be blast effect compatible, but the double blaster is. But let's see, let's go ahead and check that out. I do happen to have a blast effect laying on my desk. So yes, the single blaster is blast effect compatible. And I can see the little pegs right here on the double blaster. It is as well. So yeah, we still got some blast effect compatibility. Now you can also take these weapons. And the way I like to do it, man, it's a tight fit. You can take both these weapons and combine them together into a triple barrel blaster. So put that in Skid's hand here. And then you've got this thing. Put that in his hand. So he's got this axe weapon or take this off. And you can attach it right on top of the other two blasters. So you've got this weird mega cannon axe thing. So yeah, Skid's is all armed and ready for battle. Now let's get Skid's transformed into vehicle mode. And as I said earlier, his transformation is very similar to the Generation 1 toy. Now the first thing we're going to do is go ahead and bring the arms out like so. And then flip this whole chest section up, separating it from the torso. His head is going to go right through the hood of the vehicle. Now what we're going to do is take the waist section, this red section right here, and just bring this up while kind of bringing the legs down and kind of collapsing onto himself. Now I find it easier to right here, just go ahead and peg the legs together. So you've got that going on. And we'll go ahead and flip those wheels back also. Now what we're going to do is rotate the wheels around like so. You set tight joints and then bring the arms in under the hood. Now what you're going to do is make sure that the ports are facing out. And then we're going to bring the arms down. Now the hood's going to want to come with you a lot. Bring the arms down and make sure that the arms slot into this little section right here. Kind of lines up. Sometimes it can be a little tricky. Get that to line up just right and should slot right into place. It took me a while to figure out why those wouldn't attach just right. But as you can see, it's kind of designed to fit right there. Now what we're going to do is bring these black sections down and just kind of collapse skids up and into himself. And then once you've got this going on, just kind of squeeze, get everything together.  They'll snap into place. These little tabs on the doors line up to the slots right there on the side. Do that on both sides. And then try your best to get the roof to attach right there. There is tabs, but mine will not connect securely. So I'm kind of stuck with that. And there we have skids in vehicle mode and not a bad looking vehicle. A great homage to the original Generation 1 toy. I absolutely despise the clear windows in his vehicle mode. Because you can see all of the robot junk there on the inside. And you know me, I just absolutely hate that. Love the pinstripes all along the vehicle. Looks really, really good. You've got the sunroof. I can't talk tonight. You've got the sunroof right there. And you can see that's translucent plastic as well. You can see the pins on the arms through the sunroof. The details from robot mode carry over with the Autobot symbol in the front of the vehicle right here. The wheels, the front are clip-ons where the back are pinned in. And he actually, he rolls really, really good. Now let's do a comparison of Legacy skids with his Generation 1 counterpart. And they look so good together. Though he really needs some chrome rims. Other than that, perfect collar match. Hasbro, you did a great job with skids here. Now you can integrate the weapons in skids vehicle mode. I've got the combined weapon right there. So you can put that on top. So he's rolling into battle that way. You can also pop everything apart to separate them. And there are ports here on the side. So you can put a weapon on each side of the vehicle. And this cannon blaster thing right there like so. And let's check this. That is also blast effect compatible. And that's a perfect collar match right there. So there you go guys. There is skids in vehicle mode. And now for some quick size comparisons. Here is Transformers Legacy deluxe class skids with Generation 1 Optimus Prime. Generation 1 skids. And something I just noticed. Legacy skids has these ports on top of his arms. I wish he had them on the sides that way he could peg his weapons in. Just like the G1 toy. And Legacy Leader Class Laser Optimus Prime. Transformers Legacy deluxe class skids is a great homage to the original Generation 1 toy. The collar scheme is the same. The paint deco is the same. And the transformation is very familiar. That being said I wish the vehicle mode was better and that it tabbed in more secure. That's about my only real complaints with the figure. But it is so cool to finally have skids once again in the mainline series. So there you go guys. Transformers deluxe class Legacy. Transformers deluxe class Legacy skids. So does a Transformers Legacy deluxe class skids belong in your collection? Well if you're an old school G1 or like me. Absolutely. This is a great homage to the original Generation 1 toy. Newer fans who didn't grow up with G1 may not really dig skids because of his weird alt mode. I mean that is pure 80s right there. That being said skids is pretty much an okay Transformers toy. Great robot mode. Transformations decent. But the vehicle mode I find lacking. It just doesn't tab together well. And just something to me seems off about it. But that may just be me.  Don't hesitate pick him up. I think you're really gonna like this guy. Faults aside. Now guys if you enjoyed the video. Don't forget to like. Don't forget to subscribe. And don't forget to click that bell icon to get notified when I upload new videos. Also if you're in any position to help out the channel. I do have this new super thanks button that YouTube is now activated on my channel. I also have channel memberships. And I want to give a huge shout out to all my current channel members. Because it's support like yours. That helps keep this channel growing. Once again guys. This is Patriot Prime. Signing out.


I bet if you ask someone why fruits and vegetables were good for you, they couldn't really give you a straight answer, let alone explain it in depth. I'm going to go over the plant forms of vitamins versus the animal forms of vitamins and why we should be striving to achieve optimal nutrition through nutrient-dense animal foods as these vitamins are more available to the body in their animal form. Starting with vitamin B12, and vitamin B12 can only be obtained from animal foods in nature.  It always does. It has to in the form of an animal food. And vegans will argue that you can supplement it and then that animals get B12 from the bacteria in the soil. But that's because those animals have drastically different digestive systems than humans do. If vegans had the digestive system of cows, I probably wouldn't be making this video. Just as cows convert the bacteria in the soil into B12 in their bodies, cows can also convert a lot of other nutrients that humans can't convert. Cows can convert vitamin K1 into K2 in their bodies to a much better extent than humans can, as well as the carotenoids and grass and toretinoic acid in the flesh of the animal and ALA in the grass into DHA in the body. These animals have drastically different digestive systems that can convert plant foods at much better rates because of their fermentative guts and the different bacteria strains they have in their stomachs. But I just can't get past in my head how contradictory that is and how illogical it is that vegans will say you need B12 but the only way to obtain B12 in nature is in the presence of fat and cholesterol and those are some scary words to some people. It is required for optimal health, everyone knows this and causes irreversible neurological damage when gone for a period of time with a deficiency. And I mean we see a lot of vegans with mental health problems, depression and this might be one of the things to attribute it to. And you'll notice in a lot of elderly people that do have mental problems their diet tends to be low in animal foods and that is not only in deficiency of B12 but some other vitamins as we'll see in the future. In regards to vegetarian deficiencies, and this is up to, this isn't a concrete percentage, it might have been like 40 to 62% of pregnant women were deficient in vitamin B12, up to 41% of adolescents, up to 86% of children and up to 90% of elderly people were deficient in vitamin B12, imagine how much worse vegans are. And a lot of people in the general population are even deficient in vitamin B12.  These people tend to disregard the health of their child especially when pregnant or nursing for their dietary beliefs. Iron is similar in a sense that it's a deficiency that most vegans and even vegetarians develop after a period of time, but anemia is probably seen more than vitamin B12 deficiency and everything outside of B12 tends to get swept under the rug in the vegan community, they don't really talk about the importance of these vitamins. Meat is actually half heme iron, just an interesting fact and vegans will argue that heme iron is carcinogenic. I have a video I did a couple months ago on going over carcinogens in meat and the reason heme iron is attributed to carcinogenic activities is because it is now being consumed out of the context of vitamins it is normally present with. So I'll find that video and I'll put it in the description for you guys. Vitamin A improves absorption of iron. This ties in because since these people on plant-based diets are getting the planned form of vitamin A, they don't have as much of vitamin A to fight against the oxalates and the phytic acid, the anti-nutrients, the things that inhibit nutrient absorption that are contained in plant foods. These anti-nutrients can be countered by high vitamin A intake to some degree, but on a vegan diet, your vitamin A intake is inhibited as well. Vegetarians have similar intakes with more deficiencies. On paper, same exact amount of heme iron, same exact amount of non-heme iron, they still get deficiencies that's attributed directly to the anti-nutrients. These bind to minerals in the body and take them out. 40% of 75 vegan women were iron deficient. I believe that any vegan develops anemia over a period of time, if not incredibly low iron levels, inhibited by phytic acid and oxalates. So oxalates bind to calcium, iron and magnesium primarily and phytic acid binds to calcium and iron overlapping and then zinc, copper, phosphorus and manganese. I have a study linking each of these to the inhibition of these minerals, literally like 15 studies I'm going to link you guys, but I'm not going to go too much into anti-nutrients in this video because I do have a separate video speaking on other various anti-nutrients. It is important to note though that the reason a lot of the minerals in a vegan diet are not available is because of the incredibly high oxalate and phytic acid content, although the foods that contain these things are not necessarily bad themselves. When consumed without animal foods and in heavy, heavy amounts, that's where we see problems. So vegans will literally say, oh well phytic acid is good for you in a way, but they're anemic so go figure logic out the window. Vitamin K2 is something that doesn't really get talked about a lot. It's very, very important for bone metabolism and calcium regulation as well as blood flow. It thins the blood in a way. It's almost like a natural form of aspirin and vitamin K2 and vitamin D3 are deficiencies so prevalent in the population that's why the calcium RDA is so high. People think that, oh if you put more calcium in your diet your bones will be stronger, but no. Your body doesn't really need that much calcium. Your body needs vitamin K2 and vitamin D3 to absorb the calcium into the bones and vitamin K2 can be obtained from a fermented food called natto, but it is an unnatural food and it is in the form of MK7 which still needs to be converted to MK4. So to be clear there's different forms of K2 that need to be converted into MK4 and in regards to the plant versus animal form vitamin K1 gets converted into vitamin K2 at fairly low rates and that happens in the gut. It happens with the gut bacteria, vitamin K1 converts into vitamin K3 and then that produces vitamin K2. It's a fairly complicated process but most people are deficient. They actually recommend mother's supplement vitamin K because a lot of babies are deficient now and I will link that study in the description. It needs fat to be absorbed and fat can only really be obtained in nature in all parts of the world from animal foods.  The absorption rate of spinach, vitamin K1 and spinach was 7.3% whereas spinach with butter was 24.3% and it's important to note that butter itself has vitamin K2 so I think this statistic is smudged a bit and we can't really use it as an accurate metric. Spinach had about 11% availability versus a tablet form of vitamin K1 so the whole form of food, definitely low availability for the vitamin K1 should definitely either be supplementing vitamin K2 or consuming a lot of fermented foods. I mean natto is the only plant version, egg yolks and liver have a ton of vitamin K2, cheese is known for having an incredible amount of K2. I have a bunch of other videos touching on this. I'll post them below. Vitamin A and I love talking about vitamin A because I think it's the most important vitamin that will come up in the future that people will realize we needed to be consuming in much larger amounts. Not only that, beta carotene carotenoids are the form of vitamin A in plant foods but they are allowed to label beta carotene as vitamin A whereas true vitamin A is in the form of retinoic acid in animal foods. The conversion rates are around 12 to 1 for fruit and 28 to 1 for green leafy vegetables. I'll put a bunch of other foods here but the interesting one is spirulina. It's a man-made protein based food and that's why the conversion rate is much lower, 4.1 to 1 of beta carotene to vitamin A. Golden rice tube, the starch structure of golden rice allows it to be absorbed a lot better but when people were fed 6 milligrams of carotene in oil, the absorption rate was 3.8 to 1, 126 milligrams, 55 to 1. So 3.8 to 1 sounds pretty good but 55 to 1. What this tells us is that either the body cannot convert carotenoids in a large amount in an efficient way and that's definitely true. What it also tells us is we need fat to absorb and convert carotene to vitamin A and this means we need animal foods because as I said animal foods are the only source of fat in all parts of the world in all regions. There are two common non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms with genetic variability that result in a 70% decrease in absorption. This pretty much says that a certain percentage of the population cannot convert carotene to vitamin A. That literally says while x% of the population needs to get vitamin A or carotenoic acid from animal foods and that could also be a reason that a lot of people go on the vegan diet and they don't do so well after just a matter of a few months where other people last a bit longer. DHA, DHA the importance I think everyone kind of agrees, cognitive function, development of babies, cardiovascular health, DHA being a long chain fatty acid as well as EPA, abundant in brain, eye, heart, tissue as well as breast milk, EPA being important in heart health, ALA a short chain fatty acid with low conversion rates being the plant form of the fatty acid. It's also worth noting that ALA is contained in animal foods as well as plant foods so it's not like you're not getting ALA by eating animal foods. The main thing I wanted to focus on here was that the conversion rates of ALA to DHA are negligible and I would even argue you cannot raise blood levels of DHA on most vegan diets. That one tablespoon, two tablespoon of flax seeds and you're shaking the morning to get your omega-3s is the biggest BS there is in nutrition, at least right now I think. In the context of a high saturated fat diet, the conversion rates more really looking at DHA here is 3.8%. If the diet is high in omega-6, it's going to cut the bioavailability by 50%.  So this is best case scenario, this is not like theorizing. You would need 1 cup of flax seed to get the equivalent amount of DHA to just over 1 bite of mackerel. No one needs 1 cup of flax seed, no one does. One tablespoon of flax is about 1% of a serving of fish, 1% if it's getting converted in the body. The International Society for the Study of Fatty S's and Lipids recommends 500 milligrams of DHA and EPA every day. A vegan isn't even getting 10% of that at best. Vegans aren't even close to hitting the RDA with these, let alone optimal health. Levels in breast milk of DHA can vary from .05 to .75% and consuming fish twice a week doubled the DHA in breast milk of women so it's safe to say there's a minimum amount of DHA that needs to be in breast milk for the mother to be nourishing the child in an optimal amount. I'm assuming that somewhere between .3 and .4% DHA although the more the better I guess as I said earlier.  What's going to nourish the child? Protein is something that I didn't really want to touch on too much because we know there are a lot of vegan bodybuilders and people can get protein from plant-based sources. It is important to note though that these plant-based sources of protein, none of them are natural. We could look at the bioavailability of foods like milk 91, soy 59 and plant-based foods don't really look too good in regards to their protein bioavailability but when we look at powders and concentrates, various plant-based like soy protein powder is actually pretty close to whey protein powder so I don't really want to argue anything with the protein despite just saying that they're not actually natural foods. They would never have existed especially the protein powders but vegans have laboratories in their backyards so go figure. I didn't put fat here because I would just be arguing well plant fats can be high in omega-6 and the main argument against plant-based fats is that all these vitamins I'm talking about today are contained in the fat of animals. Plant fats do not have the vitamins you need to build your body, coconut, avocado, macadamia nut, although their fatty acid profiles might look great especially you know when compared to certain meat products they might be like oh this is pretty similar they do not contain the fat side of the vitamins that animal foods do, particularly high quality pastured animal foods. There are two forms of vitamin D, vitamin D2 and D3, D2 is the form that plants use and D3 is what humans use and metabolize from the sun as well as various animal foods contain vitamin D3. Fatty fish, egg yolks, cod liver oil are mainly known because chickens tend to be out in the sun, pasture chickens and fish, wild caught fish do contain vitamin D3 especially cod liver oil, the liver of the fish. Freshly killed animals that were on summer grass do actually have vitamin D3 in them. The problem is a lot of cows aren't really on pasture in the summer when they're slaughtered you know the animal has to have decent vitamin D3 stores in the body in order for its meat to actually have vitamin D3 in it so although animal foods might not be our sole source of vitamin D3 they were definitely used in various climates and regions where the sun exposure wasn't as high for parts of the year. Carnicine and taurine are two things that are only contained in animal foods. Carnicine being an antioxidant, abundant in muscle and brain tissue associated with athletic performance but it can be formed in the body so but again like the conversion rate of you know you're doing all these other things what's the conversion rate of carnicine you know we really need a lot more research on this stuff. Carnicine amino acid it's abundant in all tissues it's associated with longer life spans reduces cardiovascular risk and it is currently being used to treat epileptic seizures as well as liver disease so I mean I'm sure I could touch on just those two in a video itself but I just kind of wanted to get these points across and explain to you guys the bioavailability of all of these foods and how kind of contradictory you know people literally think a vegan diet is nutrient-dense that's very far from the truth. The problem here is they will say oh you could supplement B12 you could supplement iron and iron is actually bad for you we don't need that much you can eat natto for K2 anti-nutrients are good for you oh you don't really need that much vitamin A that's enough that we converted from carotene DHA take an algae oil supplement protein oh you could take soy protein powder take hemp protein powder fats some healthy fats and avocados are good for you vitamin D3 get it from the sun you know these aren't needed they will literally make an argument against every single vitamin mineral does not matter they have an argument for it and I just it's just I don't know where does it end I guess one thing I didn't touch on was crystal Kasumi Chris was vegan and had very low vitamin D3 levels despite supplementing vitamin D3 she stopped supplementing vitamin D3 she went on a carnivore diet her vitamin D3 levels I think they tripled over the course of a few months so guys just because you're getting something on paper does not mean it's being absorbed in the body or digested in the body I think these paper value warriors vegans writing down on paper oh I'm hitting my RDAs all I'm doing this all I'm doing that RDAs are just not being deficient nothing to do with optimal health I can't even convince carnivores that vitamin A is important in large amounts that DHA is important in large amounts how am I supposed to convince vegans that they need to obtain these from animal foods I feel like I am completely screwed you know I really do so hopefully and there's probably a there are probably a lot of other things I could have touched on in this video but these are just the main points because these are vitamins that I personally believe are attributed to my overall health I mean B12 comes inherently an iron is more about deficiencies as vegans but vitamin K2 vitamin D3 vitamin A DHA those main things are what I attribute to being an optimal health those main fat soluble vitamins I will post the video on vitamin A explaining why nutrients are important how retinoic acid vitamin A is the precursor to every cell being created in the body I don't have a video on vitamin D3 titled the Greek God I do have a video debunking heme iron I will try to link everything for you guys in the description if you guys would like to support me please just share the video definitely check out the stuff below in the description if you guys would like to reach out to me for some makeup tips use the contact form on my website or shoot me an email I will be doing a video on anti nutrients next week and hopefully I will do a video comparing the nutrient profile of various foods just so you guys actually have an idea of where to get these vitamins from those two were on the books for next week let me know if you guys would like to see anything else in regards to the educational stuff