Tenikitten what are you doing? Oh my god he's got a mouse. Tenikitten, did you bring a mouse in? Give me that mouse. Okay, let go of the mouse.  He literally just brought it in.  Poor thing. Dude, I told you man, feral OP. This is my actual class. It's all spec rankings down here on the left and what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna look and this was my pre give us s plus tier, no. This is my pre runes tier list predictions, right? So we're gonna look on here and compare and see how we feel. This is this is tiers based off the abilities and talents that classes get and this is the tiers based off basically everything kind of is more heavily favouring the runes but yeah. So what would we change first of all? So arms warrior is in A already and I think that they will stay in A maybe later in the phase when they are like fully base and they're gonna do really high damage in group PvP then they can be quite oppressive potentially and maybe move up into S but I think for now that A is a safe pick for them. They're gonna have good mobility but may suffer from just generally lacking damage a little bit potentially slash rage. I don't know. We'll have to wait and see. It's a hard one to call. Warriors scale really well so it's whether their scaling is kind of kicked in enough yet basically. Rhett Paladin has come down from S to A. I brought it down a lot because of their lack of new tools from abilities and talents. They got a lot of OP rune stuff that had them in S tier in the first phase and they're not really getting amazing runes for Rhett in the next in this phase. They're getting sacred shield which is I guess is the main thing which is going to be problematic and that's going to be problematic on all palaspects but offensively they're not really getting that much so I'm putting them down to A tier. So yeah where are we at? Let me see Rhett Paladin, Holy Paladin. So Holy Paladin had down in B tier but with the new runes I actually think they're going to be sick and maybe I'm overranking how strong sacred shield's going to be but 500 absorb a sacred shield proc seems insane every six seconds. I feel like that's so much healing so I'm putting them bang out in S tier. Like that's just that's yeah it's nutty and then Shocked in which isn't on the list but I actually think they're going to be around maybe A tier. I'm not sure exactly how much damage they're going to do yet they might be a little bit annoying but I don't think you're going to see that many of them. Yeah they're going to also have an aura mastery helm so it's like tanking is breaking back in. I think the default value from Wrath is 600 not 500. Is it actually 500? Let me see. Yeah no you're right. Maybe that's why it says 500 then. Maybe that's why maybe it won't be 500. It'd be interesting to see. Good check. This seems like a wee copy pasted tooltip thing 500 will be undone. Yeah I mean the a power shield is like 480 or something at level 40 base so having this thing proc every six seconds for more than a power shield would be spicy. Yeah I mean I've got powers in S tier at the moment. Powers might go up to A tier. S tier is potentially an overreaction but it's going to be around. I don't think it's going to be B tier anymore. I think they're getting stronger ever so slowly they're getting a bunch of nice new things so maybe you know what I think I'm going to put a mini. I think that the sacred shield is purgeable. I think I think S is an overreaction. I think disc still has way better tools and no just full magic on pallors but more raw healing, more efficiency. I think A is fair. Thoughts chat? I'm going to put a mini. I like it. Shocking it. Okay we didn't do MM Hunter so the thing with MM Hunter right and the thing with hunters in general is if they shift some of the power off the pet like they should onto just general attacks MM gets stronger, BM gets weaker. If that happens then BM will be A tier, MM will be S tier. If the pet stays the same then a BM will be S tier and it will be insanely insanely oppressive and MM won't be as strong because of the range of attacks on it strong. MM is getting more utility through things like scattershot.  I think survival has the potential. Again I said this last phase but the survival has the potential to be really really strong especially now that they're getting trap launcher and this is going to be 40 yards and allow them to do a slow trap and AoE trap independently both of which can proc entrapment which is going to be very very oppressive especially in things like warsong.  Vanilla entrapment rolling 25% every 2 sec during frost trap CVA life. Yeah I mean it's rough for sure. So yeah hunters gonna be pretty strong overall but it really depends on how they balance the damage as to what's going to be where but I think there's you know there's going to be definitely some specs in the end. BM is going to be very very oppressive if they don't nerf pets. It's going to be very very scary. So I think BM up here, I think I'm going to put survival up here as well with them, MM going to leave down here for now but it's hard to predict that one. We'll have to wait and see. And what have we got next? Subrogue. Subrogue already had an ST I think they have insane utility and damage burst. Now they're getting shadow step as well and master of subtlety for more burst so I think Subrogue is firmly an ST here.  So only one round of cooldowns. They have good sustained damage but not as much burst. They didn't have as good mobility but now they're both able to get step as well. So this actually brings them both up a little bit but if you can actually get away from either of these you're going to be able to deal with them. So I'm personally going to be more scared of Subrogues but I think Asa and combat can still do good stuff. Next we've got disc priest. Disc priest I think is going to remain ST here. They didn't get great belt runes but they got pain sap and dispersion on boots. So you have the options to run either which is going to be really really really powerful. You're going to have a really hard time killing priests in the next phase as a result of this and then yeah empowered renewal or renewed hope for more healing basically and mines bike for some nice ranged damage. It's got a 35 yard range on this bad boy so pretty easy. Yeah and you've got the tailoring boots as well don't forget. And then shadow priest we also have in the end getting mines bike on the belt and then either pain sap or dispersion on the boots is going to probably start with pain sap when it's on cooldown rotating to pier. Sorry start with disperse and when it's on cooldown rotate into pain sap. One sec my cat is trolling again. So basically the benefits of PS are that you can use it on teammates right whereas dispersion is giving you mana back and is usable in CC. So most likely you're going to as disc like start the fight in warsong with the PS on throw it on someone and then rotate out into dispersion when you get an option and push in with the dispersion so that you know you can absorb a little bit of damage yourself and potentially pull back and this is going to you know allow your team to to play more aggressively because you've absorbed some of the enemy team's damage. Pain sap will be usable on self as well just the standard pain sap tool to shadow fiend. Yeah shadow fiend is going to be on legs I haven't included it on here but basically everyone's going to have shadow fiend which just only buffs all the specs basically. I'm going to put a holy priest in here I think man like I really don't want to but it's like it plays out so similarly to disc and it's just more of a heal bot than than a damage boy I think it's I think you've got it right just because how good spirit of redeemer is shadow fiend can be quality of life so I mean we'll see I'd be surprised man I'd be surprised if it is but this redeemer thing needs to get deleted from the game ASAP it's super toxic for the game the thing is right if you look on here right yeah here now I don't know if anyone has any like conclusive information on shadow fiend right but if you look on here in gray pants shadow fiend right says that it's a rune right but if you search for shadow fiend there's this random ass scroll as well so it's like you don't know which one it's going to be you know so flip a coin who knows man it's it's going to be one of the other right the leg runes are already in right it's the one that homies and pom is on yeah there's a new trinket in a common boys called but yeah you need to watch out for that anyway continuing with the tier list we're doing some adjustments so I think I'm going to put a holy priest in here I'm just trying to think in duels in wild pvp you're probably going to play it relatively similar they similarly to disc in war song you're probably running spirit of the redeemer you can really you can potentially you know switch it on in in certain fights so just be annoying waste time wait cooldowns I wait your fear of all these kind of things so definitely potential there for it I I don't think it's fair that I don't rank holy properly just because I think the rune is fucking toxic you know like yeah I don't even know what to say honestly like it's it's it's not a fun ability to press it's not a fun ability to play against overall I don't think it should exist I don't know what else to to say about it's just a mess so we're going to move on disappointing hopefully it won't be in the game basically the next up we've got enhance shaman in a which we have already no we've got a b right now so I think moving up enhanced a enhance still going to have some mobility issues and I think that's what's kind of keeping out of s potentially although decoy tome will help them a little bit with the freedom maelstrom weapon obviously giving them a little bit more range potential kind of same with fine over and then the 200 mastery 200 enhance might just be really really scary so that's one to watch out for as well so I've moved the enhance up to a then rest of shaman actually coming down into b because they didn't get riptied they haven't got any decent runes really they they're going to be running maelstrom weapon as well and the belt or power surge both of which aren't that reliable for them and then decoy term okay the freedom is nice and mostly rest of shaman's going to be about utility but they don't really have a dispel so it's like how much value it really is that you know so rest of shaman's coming down for me because they're going to be casting a lot you know the chain heal is decent but it's a longer cast time same with healing wave so they're very easily stoppable so offensively they're pretty good you know on a utility level they're pretty good but healing wise they're not great so that's why they're down in b because most of the utility they bring can also be brought by ellie and enhance and enhance can basically run these same things except do a better rate so rest of down here next up we've got frost mage and frost mage i rang to a because we didn't know the runes yet but seeing the runes with things like spell power missile barrage and all the the good stuff that frost is getting i've actually decided frost is in esti i think frost is going to be very strong i'm going to have a crazy crazy damage crazy utility crazy survival crazy control so i've moved it up i skipped ellie you may well be right ellie we thought was going to be in sailing strong maybe the best best group spec in the game it also now i've got some stuff to deal with smaller scale combat with maelstrom weapon so like duels and things like that where they won't be able to cast as much this is going to give them a lot more damage potential in those duels so yeah ellie shaman firmly in esti very very very strong spec fire mage is we had it in a tier i think that stays in a tier same with arcane mage they're going to have really good damage overall but they're going to lack a little bit more that survivability that frost has and a little bit of the utility that frost has so i think even though frost is probably slightly less overall damage it has really good burst maybe more burst than the other two maybe not arcane arcane just really really pumpy overall single target not as good aoe fire with a little bit more aoe but the frost just has so much control to it that it kind of just has this all-round power rather than you know the more focused damage power that the other two have so the other two in a tier frost in esti a healer mage is kind of a mess right now i haven't got it on here but i would put healer mage roughly in b tier it has good aoe healing but the new rune kind of looks weird i feel like they've maybe worded it weirdly i don't know if the data mining is correct or incorrect or what so we'll have to kind of wait and see on that one not not um not a big fan of the way that healer mage is looking at the moment looks a bit awkward and next is the kind of the big surprise we thought affliction lock was going to be in the esti but the runes are so bad the runes are basically they give you a little bit more damage on a couple of them or an extra tick on your dot or a pretty bad aoe dot in terms of pvp so i'm bringing affliction lock down into a tier the affliction lock overlords are moving down slowly and sl lock is in b tier and yeah it's going to be very tanky and there's definitely going to be some niches for it potentially in warsong something like that just to be really annoying with soul link and meta however and drain as well of course however the damage of the spec is going to be relatively bad they're not going to have access to instant corruption so agony is kind of being going to be their main damage source which also isn't great so it's going to be like agony slash soaring pain spam and it's just overall they're not going to put out a lot of pressure and then it's going to be really annoying and then lastly destrolok which i think also is going to be in b tier due to they get some more damage but again they have to cast a lot and it's kind of awkward and the runes kind of suck right and it's just like you gotta it begs the question why destrolok went ellie you know they both kind of have the same options to cast stuff roughly the same cast times but if ellie does it they get insane reward for it and destroid doesn't really so yeah you you're going to have a hard time getting enough casts off to actually get much done on destro and unless it's something like a bg and then again if the ellie got the equivalent of you know shits going down and the last class is going to be druids and again i feel like this was a little bit of a surprise but feral druid got insane runes right they got berserk which is basically a 50% energy reduction on their their their abilities yeah i'll show you so reduces any energy cost for all cat form abilities by 50% and also removes fear and makes you immune for 15 seconds which is just insane right and then on top of that they got king of the jungle which is making tigers fury increased damage by 15% right it's off global and it instantly grants you 60 energy on only a 30 second cooldown so this is like insane burst potential for right now so ferals are definitely going to be scary if they open up on you so watch out for that they're going to be a little bit squishy and that's going to be their main main downfall they don't have more strike and they're a bit squishy but they have really good mobility and they have really good burst damage so yeah keep an eye out for ferals they will be more prominent in this patch balance druids still on the s tier speaking of i need to move ferral up to s2 i'll put them over here and balance druids are still firmly in s tier until star surge gets nerfed i can't see them moving out of s tier eclipse might even work on star surge with the wording of it since it buffs if you wrath it gives the starfire a 30% crit and it also stacks so if you suddenly are able to give your star surge a load of crit by using wrath it's going to absolutely pump so that's very very scary but i'm putting in a if it does affect star surge is definitely an s tier s tier rune nourishes another option if you want to play it a little bit more defensively and then dream straight is is great if you create you get mana regen which is nice for for balance druids who will also be getting inner bait and then finally we've got rest of druids who are in a tier the other a tier healer with holy palace and their pots are starting to scale they're gonna get more healing power they got nourished so they got that niche flash heal that they didn't really have before that's kind of filled and then obviously the option to do it you the dream state if they want to wrath try and get a crit and do some regen with the the free wrath ring there's the option for that or survival instincts if they think they're going to be targeted a little bit more they can go bear and and pop that wall and be tankier but they're not that game changing in the way of the runes so yeah if if rest of druid got better runes i think they'd probably be up in a tier and i think later phases we might see them moving up into s tier when they get more bonus healing so yeah that's it for now that's the tier list changes so we've got disc holy shadow all in s tier frost balance ellie feral subrogue bm hunter and survival hunter and then in aid tier we've got holy palace rest of druid and we've got arms warrior enhanced shaman rep pala we've got asa rogue mm hunter fire mage arcane mage affliction lock then in b tier we've got rest of shaman combat rogue destroy lock demo lock and then in c tier slash na i don't think anyone's going to play fury pro or other pro but remains to be seen maybe somebody comes up with something creative but it's hard to predict so i'm leaving those out for now and that is the tier list updated for the rune leaks i hope that is helpful i am getting a drink of war and poached thank you and you need to stop mate leave a beat when your venue dried how are you going in


What's up everybody welcome back to the channel I'm EvilRabbit here on Forza Horizon 3 staring at one of my old faithful favorite drift cars with that S13 with the original basically Galaxy EVL NRG paint scheme here on Forza Horizon 3 to do something a little bit different not really different something that I've been wanting to do for a while that I've done once before and did pretty well on it. So we're going to do some street drifting in this S13 for nostalgia purposes but we're going to be listening to some of the new Wii Rabbits tracks and I'll let you guys enjoy the sights and sounds of this S13 1000 horsepower V8 rip into the streets as well as some of the Wii Rabbits music that will be playing as well so I think it's time to get started get some street drifting on and enjoy some music.


Have you seen an increase maybe in not even the numbers but the volume and the atmosphere in the stadium? Oh no, I saw actually last pass game when the fans was lighting up their phones or whatever, then you know the fireworks and stuff like that. So I mean each year it seems like it's getting excited more and more excited and you know that's just from us winning games and people just you know feeling good about you know the atmosphere and the things that we've created here. So you know it's been fun I'm gonna be honest with you this year. You play with a lot of energy yourself, how much of that are you able to derive from the fans and you know their contribution? Oh no yeah you you feed off the the energy of the fans and that's what we were missing last year you know COVID was you know alive and well and it was keeping us all from being able to be around each other. So you know now that we have an opportunity this year you know it's something that was definitely missing you know you see the difference when you have fans especially going against other opponents it plays a big role and you know winning and losing. So now that we got these fans you know hooping in Holland doing the things that they're doing you know it's definitely helping us. Richon was it good to see David kind of get back out there with you guys and then just you know it seems like you guys already have a deep room that we possibly get him back from a big restaurant. What could that mean for the defense? Oh no it means a lot um you know David David's a hell of a player and you know be able to get him back and going and you know he had a injury and what a injury that he had and you know being able to come back and you know get kind of get back into the the feel of things and you know getting back into the scheme and all those different things it's always a good thing and you know as many guys who can get back you know even whether it's from COVID whether it's from injury you know it's always always going to help our team especially going into the back end of the season. Do you feel like you played some of your best game here in the last few weeks? Yeah um I think just from you know me playing the role that I'm playing and you know just bringing energy and you know just having fun with everything I think you know it's it's you know carrying on to the field and you know just at the end of the day man um you know I'm just having fun man having fun with being able to play on a really really good defense you know the opportunity you know be number one run defense in the league you know just by us you know doing the things that we got to do for these next couple weeks and you know that's an excited thing we got something you know be hungry about so man it's just an exciting year for me just exciting year for the defense exciting year for um you know just the whole team for us to be able to you know be where we at right now and have an opportunity to you know extend our you know our season and not only that be able to have a fans and you know see things like that grow each and every year since I've been here you know it's it's a beautiful thing. I think the fact that we're both physical players um we feed off each other really well um even when we first you know kind of met each other we hit off immediately and you know he I love the way he plays he you know he runs to the ball um and that's one of the biggest things that we teach is running to the ball swarming to the ball and getting as many hats as we can on to the ball so um he's done every bit of that and you know love to see you know him being able to do those things and just fit in just as naturally as he's been you know it's just a nice thing to see. Perfect what he loves about you as a defense is you guys respond to kind of clear the sheet and go back and do what you do and is that what you say you guys have done oh yeah yeah I think our ability to ability to adjust is probably one of our greatest attributes because like you said it's not going to be as pretty as you know everybody makes it seem you know they're going to be guys that we go against who are you know getting paid just as much and just as good as us and you know they they're they're trying to win games as well and for us to be able to adjust like we did you know also this past we went against a really good offensive line really good running running backfield so um now that we have another challenge against the the Dolphins you know we got to do the same thing and you know like you like like you were saying it's not going to be pretty but you know the big the big thing is good defense is great defense defense is they know how to adjust um you know I think it's it could be a combination of everything um you know me having a you know more opportunities and you know me playing and you know different roles and different things that they want me to do defensively you know that plays a big part as well and you know just just really being available at the same time you know you got to be a guy that's able to be available and you know all the different things that they're trying to do schematically you got to be able to you know only be a guy that's willing to make the play but also be a guy that helps another guy make the play so that's the biggest thing I've learned over the past two years you know you can either be the guy making the play or the guy that's helping somebody else make the play but at the end of the day is about what those numbers look like you know as a whole defensively and also too about winning so um you know just just just from now just make me the player that I am today


Dam failures are catastrophic events. The sheer magnitude of the destruction they reap is unimaginable. One such disaster in 1963 caught live on TV would show the world the potential havoc that can be inflicted on a community. A failure to recognise the risks of poor site selection would show that the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power had not learned the lessons from the St Francis Dam nearly 30 years earlier. The event did however show the benefits of regular inspections, as even though failure would destroy hundreds of homes and run into the cost of millions, the death toll was a relatively modest five. It was seen that the Baldwin Hills Dam failure was assured when the project was green lit, but heroic actions on the day limited the potential for tragedy. As such I'm going to rate it here four on my disaster scale, but here on the legacy scale as it was one of the first dam failures caught on live TV. Welcome to a brief history of the Baldwin Hills Dam and Reservoir Failure. Our story starts just before the Second World War and the plan to build a reservoir to supply the South LA neighbourhood of Baldwin Hills with safe and reliable drinking water. LA throughout its life has been plagued by droughts, which was the usual reason for the LA aqueduct system and the ill-fated St Francis Dam. As the city expanded into different suburbs, naturally the need for basic amenities such as electricity, roads and of course water arose. The project started to undertake surveys of a proposed site in 1939, but wouldn't get underway until the mid-1940s. The site selected was atop one of the tallest hills in the region in the Baldwin Hills area. This was to make use of an already existing ravine, but this convenient location came at a big cost. This was that the location for the new reservoir was above the Inglewood fault line and the site area itself was formed at the subsurface of loose sandy soil. The engineers were aware of the associated challenges of building on such an area and set out to design the project to be resistant to erosion and seismic activity. The reservoir was going to be relatively small compared to some other projects undertaken by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, only impounding around 900 acre feet of water at an average depth of 65 feet. The comparison, the St Francis Dam, was intended to hold back 38,000 acre feet and whilst we're on the subject, both projects had something else in common, well apart from catastrophic failure and that was designers. Long on were the days of Moe Holland, but the lead in the Baldwin Hills project was Ralph Proctor towards the end of his career, but at the beginning he had worked under the former civil engineer during the St Francis Dam designing construction. Proctor had become over the following decades post St Francis failure and authority on new methods of control soil compacting, in doing so becoming the person responsible for design and construction and maintenance of all dams in the Los Angeles water system. The design of the reservoir made use of a steep ravine by excavation at the abutments and filling in the eroded valleys. The reservoir was to be held back on free size by compacted earth dikes with the Baldwin Hills dam on the northern face creating a roughly square shape and all of the structure was going to be earthen. The main consideration for the engineers was preventing water seepage which is one of the main risks to an earthen dam, as this can cause erosion and ultimately total failure, like what would happen to Teton in the 1970s. To prevent this the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power devised a lining around the reservoir basin to stop seepage into the dam's foundations. The lining consisted of a 10 foot thick line of compacted clay tapering down to five feet at the top of the embankments. This was placed on a quarter inch asphalt membrane which itself was sprayed onto the subgrade soils in two coats. Between the clay lining and the asphalt membrane a cemented pea gravel drain was constructed to collect any seepage, sending it to a central observation and measuring station called the drainage inspection chamber. On top of all of this another asphalt coating was applied. A separate foundation drainage system was also provided and additional tile drains at the toes of the reservoir slopes and a special fault drain was installed and fed directly into the drainage inspection chamber. All these drains allowed effective monitoring of the structure for any seepage. The design relied heavily on the clay lining to prevent seepage and if any would occur the technicians on the project could observe the amount easily. If any cracks occurred in the clay it was thought that the asphalt membrane would still hold out any significant erosion. With the ability to properly monitor seepage it was thought that ample time would be available to drain the reservoir and undertake repairs. Construction began in 1947 and in 1949 an inactive fault was discovered necessitating the modification of the positioning of the gate tower. Worries were raised during the design and construction of the project on the suitability of the structure and its location. The concern emerged from the active fault line and unsuitable foundational material. Lead engineer Ralph Proctor, not the type of man to accept criticism, proceeded with the project according to his own design. Construction was completed in 1951. By this time the Baldwin Hills dam reached a height of 232 feet and stretched a total of 650 feet in length. As a result of the design considerations of the reservoir after filling in 1951 the dam and embankments were frequently inspected and monitored. All would seem well for around 12 or so years until one such routine inspection revealed something worrying. Around 11.15 am the reservoir's caretaker noticed that brown water had begun draining from the pipes underneath the asphalt membrane liner. This hinted that water was seeping towards the foundations. At 11.30 am he figured out that the northeast and southeast tow drains and the fault drain were discharging muddy water in the inspection chamber, which as we've seen in disasters before, that dirty water means erosion. Shortly after the alarm was raised and by 12.20 pm the outlet works were engaged to empty the reservoir but this would take at least 24 hours. Because of this the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power contacted the police to evacuate downstream from the reservoir. Around 1600 residents would be successfully evacuated all whilst workers above them frantically attempted to show up the failing dam and clear out the emergency discharge pipes. At 2.20 pm lowering of the reservoir water level revealed a free foot wide break in the reservoirs in a lining. An attempt was made to try and plug the hole with sandbags but this proved ineffective. The efforts would be in vain as at 15.38 am the Baldwin Hills Dam failed, releasing some 250 million US gallons of stored water down onto the residential buildings below. Interestingly the breach was captured by KTLA using a helicopter. The footage dramatically illustrated the pure power of the tidal wave of destruction. The well timed and shot failure is something we take for granted today with 24 hour coverage but for 1963 this was rather unique. Within an hour and a half it was all over. The reservoir was now virtually empty, five lives were lost and millions of dollars of damage was inflicted. Although tragic the disaster was a testament to the quick response of the caretaker, operating engineer, LADWP and evacuation personnel. With so much destruction the next question that had to be asked was how did the dam that had worked and been monitored for 12 years fail so quickly and dramatically. Needless to say the failure sprouted several investigations and has been a key learning point for the dam engineering industry. The extensive drainage system wasn't as perfect as originally it seemed. Because of calcium carbonate deposits developing necessitating frequent cleaning and maintenance this caused a reduced amount of seepage to enter the inspection chamber leading to ineffective measurement of potentially eroding water. Throughout its operating history the reservoir was emptied a couple of times due to cracks in the clay and asphalt and leading up to 1963 the flows from discharging horizontal drains under the main dam varied rapidly. After the reservoir was fully drained the damage to the asphalt paving clay cap and membrane could be fully seen. There were significant cracks which allowed water to erode away at the foundations of the dam. The damage to the lining has been theorized to have been caused by a number of factors either on their own or combined. During construction heavy machinery was allowed to travel over the fragile asphalt causing hairline cracks in the surface and emptying and filling a reservoir could have caused stress fractures and effects due to nearby oil filled repressurization. Another factor could have been from tectonic movement from the nearby Inglewood fault line that had weakened the structure and lining. It was found that during oil drilling works to the south of the dam that drilling fluids were lost in the upper several hundred feet hinting at cavities and fractures in the foundation rock. It could be taken that this was similar underneath the reservoir as well. It is thought that the lining and membrane had been ruptured throughout its life allowing seepage into the unknown cavities underneath the dam as well as the known inactive fault lines. The resulting erosion reached a tipping point which could have been the cause of the total structural failure. The cause of the failure was and still remains a case open for study. In the early 1970s discovery of faulting and surface seepage of oil filled waste brines along the fault near the south of reservoir showed that oil filled injection of waste disposal and improved recovery of oil could have been a significant cause of the failure. This triggered hydraulic fracturing aggravating movements on the fault traversing the reservoir on the day of the failure. The reservoir was never refilled and is now part of the community park because of the disaster it's thought to be around 12 million dollars but luckily it wasn't higher due to the actions of everybody on that December day. This is the Plain Difficult Production all videos in the channel are Creative Commons Attribution Share like licensed. Plain Difficult Videos are produced by me John in a at the moment sunny southeastern corner of London UK. Help the channel grow by liking commenting and subscribing. Check out my Twitter for all sorts of photos and odds and sods as well as hints on future videos. I've got Patreon and YouTube membership as well so if you fancy supporting the channel financially you can check them out. And all that's left to say is thank you for watching.


So, today we look at how to extend the zeta function to the entire complex plane and in order to do that we will take a detour short detour, but still we have to take a detour and introduce a familiar function to you which is the gamma function you know gamma right. It is the definition of gamma function of course, this is generalized to complex numbers. This is was originally defined for real numbers as with the zeta function and what we know about this function is if z is a positive integer then gamma z equals z factorial. So, it generalizes the factorial function and that is easy to see right just integrate this by parts. So, do you get z factorial or z minus factorial let us see you get z factorial you integrate t to the z minus 1 that is right. So, then that is you get t to the z by z good. So, now if you look at this function and think of z now as a complex number. So, what can we say? So, firstly we have to talk about this guy being first it is defined for positive integers very clearly according to this, but when z is not a positive integer it does not have such a nice expression for itself. So, we have to consider or analyze the behavior of this function on non integral values. So, first question that one ask is does it converge everywhere? So, what is your guess? Does it look like converging for all z? Actually it does not and it is easy to see that. So, let us just let us get back to this. So, this definition is of course, valid for any z that is how it is defined and let us integrate by parts. So, we get t to the z then minus 0 to infinity differential e to the minus t which makes this plus and you get t to the now this is as for t equals 0 this is 0 for t equals infinity also this is 0. So, that first term is vanishes away and we get 1 over z gamma z plus 1. So, actually this tells us so that gamma z is z minus 1 factorial. So, this but this relationship gamma z equals 1 over z times gamma z plus 1 holds for all z. Now, when z is 0 or gamma 1 is 1 that is straight away by the fact that it is n minus 1 factorial. So, gamma 0 is actually so it does not converge at z equals 0. So, that does imply that excuse me analyzing this function is can be little tricky. So, gamma 0. So, let us carefully analyze this and let me write gamma z again and the reason why we are suddenly spending time on gamma z will become apparent in a short while. So, z now takes any value in the complex plane. So, let us first draw this complex plane over here. So, what we know is that for every integral point it is well defined as a nicely defined value.  What can you say about the absolute value of gamma z? This is going to be bounded by t to the absolute value of t to the z minus 1 which because the z is in the exponent and real z is the complex part of z will vanish away any way in absolute term. So, this will be some t to the alpha where alpha is greater than 1 sorry greater than 0. E to the minus t is of course, c to the minus t is always positive in the absolute value this and this if you see will converge that is the value this is less than infinity why? Well firstly alpha is positive. So, near 0 this is close to 0 as you go away from 0 the value increases, but then e to the as t increases e to the minus t really starts dominating t to the alpha and it very rapidly takes it to 0. So, this is a sort of an informal argument, but one can make it more formal by just expand e to the minus t as a e to the minus t is power series not necessarily because this is going as still going to be. Yeah actually basically you show that beyond a certain t this more precise argument anyone of you have more precise argument for this why should this converge only integers yes sure gamma alpha plus 1 yes that is true, but what about what can we say about gamma alpha plus 1 sure I can say that this is absolute value of gamma alpha plus 1, but why is this bounded no alpha is not integer, but can we say probably yes is defined through this definition and, but I think you can say that because if you see as alpha increases the value of gamma will gamma alpha will increase because you the curve will always be above the curve for smaller alpha right you are multiplying this by t to the alpha which as long as alpha is of course greater than 0. Then it will always be above the curve and so the area under the curve will always be more than the area under the smaller alpha and therefore only for t greater than 1 fair enough, but between 0 and 1 this is anyway bounded. So, then you do not have to worry about it right. So, that together will imply that this is so that now makes the life somewhat better that at least it is well defined on the entire real line not only sorry not on the entire real line, but actually on the this half complex plane which is real z greater than 1. Now, what about the rest of the complex plane so this like again we this is a situation like the zeta function there is a half plane on which it is well defined and actually analytic this is also analytic it is analytic function of z because again integrand is analytic function of z and the second where for every value of t it is analytic function of z and the integral is fine it will take you make give it analytic. So, it is analytic on this real z greater than 1 and we again raise the question and we the reason why I am want to define it for the entire complex plane will become apparent very soon. So, let us define it to the left of the real z equals 1. Now, here unlike the zeta function the life is or the process of defining this is much just use this equation. So, this is valid for all z so which means if you want for example, gamma half that is gamma 3 by 2 divided by half. So, you got the definition of gamma at this point in fact, this is true for all points you can come so that is take this strip between 0 and 1 here you can define the gamma value in this strip by looking at the next strip between 1 and 2 and the gamma values there and doing the appropriate translation. Once you have the gamma values here you can define the gamma value on the previous strip between minus 1 and 0 just copying that and keep going back and this way you can extend it all the way except when of course, it diverges. So, when does it diverge does it diverge anywhere on the right side of this plane real z equals 1 it does not it is value it converges everywhere we have just seen. Does it diverge on any point between the 0 1 strip no because it is just pulls out the value from the p s 1 and this divide it uses this relationship and the only way it will diverge is when z equals 0. So, the first value on which it diverges starting from the right infinity is at z equals 0 except for z equals 0 what is gamma is minus 1 gamma minus 1 is gamma 0 divide by minus 1 and gamma 0 diverges. So, minus 1 is also infinity minus 2 minus 3 minus 4 essentially all negative integers including 0 is where it diverges and it does not diverge anywhere else. Therefore, gamma z is a meromorphic function on the entire complex plane with poles oh by the way why does it why am I calling it pole at what is the nature of gamma 0 it is gamma 1 by z. So, around therefore, has a simple pole pole of order 1 at z equals 0 at z gamma minus 1 that is gamma 0 divide by minus 1. So, it is really again the same simple pole we will get pulled in here and so and they will all work. So, no higher order poles occur anywhere each of the negative integer point you get simple poles. So, good. So, now we understand the gamma function in the entire complex plane. Now, let us connect it with the zeta function and that is very simple, but it is it is the connection is very simple, but the idea that yes there is such a connection is not real. So, let us again consider the definition of gamma function and let us do a change in variable no the other way around sorry t is nu. So, for t everywhere replace nu. So, then what do you get gamma z is what happens to n greater than 0.  So, n to the z of course, this comes out of integral. Now, this guy is familiar 1 over n to the z this is one term in the zeta function summation. So, let us sum it over. So, this equation holds for every n in particular for every positive integer this equation holds. So, you sum over n greater than 1 no greater than 0 1 over n to the z. So, this gives you gamma z this is gamma sorry gamma this is eta function equals this sum. Now, what I am now going to do is interchange the integral with sum again I have to be careful here these are infinite sums and integrals, but because of the uniform convergence on the of the thing inside the integral inside I can do this. So, I will go ahead and do this and what is this? This is a familiar series this is geometric series with multiplier being e to the minus u there should be an e to the minus u on the top here. So, now, we get this relationship between the zeta function and the gamma function zeta times gamma is this integral on the right hand side. We know that gamma is defined over the entire complex plane. So, if we can show that the integral on the right is also defined over the entire complex plane then we are done we got the definition of 0 for the entire complex. So, let us look at the integral on the right hand side is it defined over the entire complex which means does it converge first of all over the entire complex it is unlikely because we just saw for the gamma function integral that when real z is less than 1 then z minus 1 the real part is less than 0 and then the convergence does not quite hold actually it does diverge. So, we cannot directly use this relationship to conclude that the integral on the right hand side does converge. Unfortunately, this is slightly different from the gamma function integral which allowed this beautiful relationship between gamma z and gamma z plus 1 which allowed us to extend it which no longer holds for this kind of integral. So, that is also a problem. So, just by looking at this relationship it is not clear how to extend it, but one can actually use such a relationship to extend. But for that one has to do a little more work or there are two ways that little more work can be done and both these ways were given by Riemann in this paper. One way is to start with this integral itself and do something to this integral on the right hand side and then transform it in a way that eventually it takes a form which we conclude is defined over the entire complex plane and then therefore conclude that the zeta function is defined over the entire complex plane. The second way is more interesting which in that it starts with a slightly different relationship between the gamma function and zeta function and that is one I will show you because that gives something even more better than the definition of zeta function over the entire complex plane. It also gives a relationship between different values of zeta function just like there is a relationship between different values of gamma function and that relationship will be very useful for us later on. So, let us adopt the second way. So, the second relationship so again we start with gamma function and this time we do a change of variable again but not in the way that so I should have done this right here. So, I will not consider gamma z but gamma z by 2. Now, replace t by its pi n square u. So, this is a funnier transformation and it is remarkable I mean it is these are things that you just wonder how did it come by magic or something but it will you see that later on it will fit in perfectly with our analysis. So, what happens then? Of course, limits remain the same of course, n is of course, 1 2 these are always positive integer pi n square u to the power z by 2 minus 1 e to the minus pi n square u and dt becomes pi n square. So, this gives us 0 to infinity pi n square to the power z by 2 right pi n square z by 2 minus 1 and then 1 pi n square coming from here u to the power z by 2 minus 1 e to the minus pi. Now, this was expanded out pi to the z by 2 n square to the z by 2 which is n to the z which is exactly the form we like. And again do the sum use the uniform convergence to push in the sum inside we get zeta z. Now, this sum which is inside analyze as the previous sum of that is but do it advance even faster than the previous sum. In fact, that is the reason why we will we chose this because of the there are some points where it previous integral was diverging we choose a much faster converging sum here. So, that that divergence can be eliminated. So, that is the philosophy of course, the question is exactly why this form because this is something which we can still analyze not as well as the previous geometric series but still it is amenable to analysis. So, let us look at this let us give it a name w u. One thing that you can immediately observe here is that this is symmetric minus see for whether n is positive or negative this takes the same value because there is an n square there and for n equals 0 this is 1. So, basically all that is taken care of here.  Now, this sum is a fairly nice sum. Those of you who have tabled with some bit of Fourier analysis no does not matter we will do a bit of Fourier analysis here. So, it is really a detour and again I will again warn you that there are paths that I am going to ask me why somebody could think of this I do not know but the fact is that it has been discovered and here we are. Of course, to to demystify it a little bit I do not think anybody sat down in 5 minutes and in 5 minutes came up with all this analysis it required a lot of hard work I am sure a lot of different experimentation with different sums and finally identifying what is the right one. So, now we want to analyze this and in particular what I want to do is w u with and we let us define a function have I used the symbol f probably not and consider the Fourier transform of this. So, let me prove the following lemma just redo this I should consider this as a function of n not as a function of u. So, this is defined for different values of n and then the Fourier transform of this is f at m and still write f at n or let us write n there is something here I think is square root of u or 1 by square root of u. So, do not take my word for this when we derive this we will figure this out. So, what is the Fourier transform of this function anybody remember definition of Fourier transform function.


Aikako, and welcome to the beautiful studios of thinkte kawaii located in downtown Honolulu in the Pioneer Plaza building. My name is Walter Kawaia, your host for another broadcast of Ukulele Songs of Hawaii. Today's episode entitled Na Hoku o Kaleipohaku featuring the man behind the scenes former member of the Peter Moon Band himself, please welcome Mr. Bobby Hall. Aloha, Bobby. Aloha, Walter. Good to have you. Good to see you. It's been an age in the last 40 years, huh? I saw the old guys tell each other. Yeah, I'm sure. Although Bobby was never officially part of the Hui Onalpio, while at St. Louis High School from 1969 to when he graduated in 1971, he sang and played music casually at outings with friends. He played with classmates, Dennis and Francis Kamahele. Bobby got to meet and play music with kids from other schools, which included Dennis Kamakahi, Danny Akaka, Mike Kawa, and a dear friend of mine, Randy Borden. Bobby never had any serious intentions for a musical career from 1973 to 1975. Bobby began his professional music career unintentionally, played gigs with college friends at weekend gatherings. After a close college friend went off to school in Colorado, plans were made for he and his band members to follow his friend. This is when it all began. Realizing the cost to get there and live would require money, they looked for playing opportunities. So they decided to put themselves out there and began playing for all kinds of paying jobs. Eventually, it led them to a five night a week gig at the Outriggery Hotel. They were known as the Calvary Trio. The time came to make their trek to Colorado. The group was all excited to go, but realized they were locked into a contractual agreement with the hotel and therefore never made the journey to Colorado. The group reformed with Bobby Hall, Steve Hall, and Brian Hussie, and they were known as Ka'ala. They were performing at the places like Ranch House, Ina Hina, Hilton Hawaiian Village, and the International Marketplace. However, Bobby's day job resulted in him having to relocate to Hilo and thereby leaving the entertainment business. But, fortunate for us, in 1978, Bobby relocated back to Oahu for work. Shortly thereafter, he was contacted by Peter Moon, who was looking to rebrand himself after the breakup of the Sunday Manoa group. Bobby Hall, along with Randy Lorenzo, joined with Peter to form the Peter Moon Band. And in 1979, they released their new recorded album entitled Tropical Storm. In 1980, that album gave the Peter Moon Band five Naohoku Hano Hano Awards, including album, group, and Song of the Year. The group would release 13 albums and win multiple Naohoku Hano Hano Awards. And in 1992, Martin Pahinui and Bobby Hall mutually parted ways with Peter to spend more time with their families. Bobby is now retired, living the life of Riley. He's retired from his day job, but continues to have a very active role at St. Louis School. His alma mater as a member of its board of directors. And in 2018, in an effort to fundraise for the school, Bobby created a venue where musicians who have graduated from St. Louis would come back home and put on a yearly event. Successful concerts show at Mamia Theatre, which I was fortunate to be a part of last year and looking forward to in a few weeks. And we'll talk more about that with Bobby. Because of that success, I decided to reach out to Bobby to join me here today at Ukulali Songs of Hawaii to talk about his wonderful, this wonderful event coming up on Saturday, July 27th, the second annual Naohoku or Kalai Pohaku. So Bobby, let's talk about that event. You're the man, the genius behind the event. And you want to tell us how all that got started? Well, first of all, that was a major flashback of my entire music career. And thank you for sharing that, Walter. Yeah, Naohoku or Kalai Pohaku was basically a creation with St. Louis Alumni Board and school president Glenn Madaris. It was talked about for years, but it never, nothing really materialized until I had the opportunity to share my past talents with the school. And with Glenn Madaris at the helm, it made the venture even much easier from an entertainer's perspective. So last year's event was the first time. Typical, try to get St. Louis entertainers back to perform. They showed up strong, represented the school. And for me, it was such a unique event, possibly something that couldn't be duplicated only because it was the brotherhood, playing for the brotherhood, with the brotherhood, you know, all red and blue throughout. And what was most unique to me was the caliber of the entertainment, very versatile, very well-renowned in Hawaii. And everybody just basically made up their show sets backstage. Yeah, that's true. I was backstage. I don't keep talking about it. I mean, it was awesome just to see guys. And most of the time, we were just catching up on stories, reminiscing, what's all you're going to play? Oh, what about this one? And then boom, boom, boom, boom, boom, you're on it in 10 minutes, OK. And I think that transcended into the audience for a night that probably might be too hard to replay. I know for me, being backstage most of the time, and of course, Bobby was all over the place, being the man in charge. First time. Yeah, first time. And so from an entertainer's point of view, from being backstage and looking out at the audience, I mean, the place was packed as far as what I could see. And I had asked John Lake's daughter, Sissy Lake, to fly in special, which she did, because she knew that there was going to be a part of the program that was going to honor her dad. And so she came to dance with my wife and I, as we sang and played some songs. Yeah, I mean, so many, I always, now, this is no reflection on commitment school, both my daughter is a graduate. Oh, you went there, Walter. I went there. My daughter's a graduate of Kamehameha. My two grandchildren graduated from Kamehameha last year. I love Kamehameha school, but, and I think Kamehameha school would agree. I mean, you know, it's nice to see another institution like St. Louis, well founded on this island, you know, reaching back into its roots, because there are a lot of people that have graduated from St. Louis, and not just the ones that performed that night, or that will perform this year, but I'm talking people that have since passed, like my mentor, Kahau Anulik, went to St. Louis High School, most of his high school career. There's a small segment that we put together, identifying, you know, by video, all that we knew that went to St. Louis, going back to the 1900s, early 1900s. And it was, you know, for me, it's like I didn't realize some of the graduates at St. Louis turned out. I didn't realize that, you know, Ota San went to St. Louis.  So when you look at that Genesis, it's like, wow. You know, and there were others, your classmate, George Helm, right? You know, I mean, people really realized the music side of George, but it was just astounding to see how many alumni there are in the music business.  Well, you gotta love, you know, you mentioned Dr. Glenn Madaris, and I've been working with him since last year on a project to help preserve some of the student records at the school, and I don't wanna get into that, but just, he has such a soft heart. I mean, he's not, he's not even a seamless graduate, but just by his behavior and how he embraces the brotherhood, you would think he is part of, he is part of the brotherhood, but he's not, you know, he's not a graduate, and I just appreciate that about him.   I know, I didn't realize St. Louis was that old. I mean, it's original. It's actually, in 1844, I was shocked, and its original location was back in Huy Manu. Right, right, right. And then, you know, it eventually made its way to Kalai Pohaku, that mountain, and so, yeah.  There's definitely history, and I think you have to be part of the brotherhood to have that piece of DNA that keeps us united. I mean, people talk about it, but, you know, if you've been on the campus and you've been through the school, there's a certain DNA, and that showed up in all the entertainers. You know, they, as busy as they were from their, you know, music schedule, and we're talking, you know, international schedules. You know, they were very willing to come back and perform, and it was like a good reunion night, and we look forward to doing, you know, something like that again this year. I'm gonna ask the engineer if he could throw up that. This was the, from last year, yeah, there we go. So, this was the program, pretty much, of those that entertained, but you know what really warmed my heart, Bobby, was seeing, you know, of course, we know Chris, I played with Chris, and to see Chris's dad, to see him there, was really something. And his dad's getting up in years. I believe he just turned 96. I could be wrong. Yeah, just recently. Still going. Still going, still going. I mean, it was great to see him, and of course, Holly Huckle-Seabury, such a talented musician. Nahua. Yeah, Nahua, this guy. But his, I first met him at Pohai Sousa's Halau. We were doing, this was two years ago, so I was joining with him to play for the Prince Laat Hula Festival at the palace. And so I never met him, and when I got in there, you might appreciate the story.  And he busts out his idol in the music world. Do you know who his Hawaiian music idol was? Alka Ailao. Oh. Alka Ailao was the still guitar player. I mean, an electric guitar player on albums one and two of the Kahau and the Lake Trail. And he plays every song, if you ask him to, the lick. I mean, it's incredible. I have to have him on another show, but it was great to see him there, you know, and others. So tell us, you know, these, these, I mean, I'm sure it wasn't your intention when you created this venue, but simply to have a night to showcase the entertainers that are in the field that graduated from St. Louis. I mean, it went far beyond that. It was, it was, the intention was to raise funds for... Well, like all private school institutions, you know, many of them have to fund raise to help supplement operational costs, tuition costs. There's a balance on, you know, what they can charge as far as tuition. And a lot of the costs get picked up through donation, alumni support, what have you. And St. Louis has always, you know, been a school that, you know, benefited from donations and fundraisers and things like that. So this was intended to be, you know, a fundraiser for the school. And at that time, last year, the primary needs of the school was to support their STEM program, and particularly the robotics program, which was taken off and literally taken off and, you know, going international and being, you know, renowned and with some expense, of course. So the first time, first try, there were the beneficiaries of last year's Na Hoku. Nice. Going forward, there's a commitment, you know, from the school to have Na Hoku support arts and music and arts.  You know, before the show started, Bobby and I were just sitting outside in the front office and talking, and I shared with Bobby that, of course, my mentor was Kahawa Nuleik, and he gave me, you know, long before his passing, he gave me all of his ukuleles, and so one of the primary ukuleles, which was made, ironically, by Sam Kamuka and Kamuka Ukuleles, all of them were made by them. This is the one that had his name engraved on it and that he played most of his musical career recorded almost all of the albums. And so it was time for some of the, the bracing was coming off, so I took it to Chris, this was about six years ago, and Chris looked at me and he says, Walter, the ukulele has surpassed its days of playing, and I was heartbroken because the sound on that was so cunning. Sure. And I just thought, oh, I can't give this up. So it took me about four years to part with it. But I'll say, I'll share with Bobby that I've donated that ukulele, a number of personal items of Cajal wanted to, Dr. Glenn Madaris was so grateful and we're trying to find a home for it on campus just to perpetuate that brand of music, that style of music. And so, you know, Bobby and I will probably talk, sorry, more off the air and maybe work with the alum and I to see that come to fruition and to see that displayed for the upcoming, you know, students at St. Louis and to hear that brand of music, which doesn't get played that often. It's amazing how an instrument, such as a ukulele, can produce that much history for those that perform there. Not only for themselves, but for people around them, for music and, you know, Kamako family has been inspirational, been basically the catalyst in getting the ukulele out there in the world. And we've all benefited from playing their instrument. But since this is ukulele stories, it is the story associated with the ukulele that brings that ukulele to life. And I can't think of a better home than Kalai Pohaku. Well, same. The argument's here, red, blue. Well, folks, we're having a great time talking to start with Bobby Hall, but former member of the Peter Moon Band and board member of St. Louis School, Bobby is here telling us all about the second annual Nahoku or Kalai Pohaku event that will be happening Saturday, July 27 at the Mamia Theater on the grounds of St. Louis School. We are going to take a 60 second break and we'll be right back with our guest, Bobby Hall. Hi, I am Yukari Kunisue, host of Konnichiwa, Hawaii. Think Tech Hawaii's Japanese program, broadcasting every Monday from 2 p.m. I usually invite a guest in Japanese language community who does interesting things and I'd like to share stories with you guys. Please tune in and listen to Konnichiwa, Hawaii. Hello, ha. My name is Wendy Lowe and I want you to join me as we take our health back. On my show, all we do is talk about things in everyday life in Hawaii or abroad. I have guests on board that would just talk about different aspects of health in every way, whether it's medical health, nutritional health, diabetic health, you name it, we'll talk about it. Even financial health. We'll even have some of the Miss Hawaii's on board and all the different topics that I feel will make your health and your lifestyle a lot better. So come join me. I welcome you to take your health back. Mahalo. As an entertainer, musician over all these years, and I'm asking Bobby a question now. Who are your musical influences for you?  You just said that to the whole world. Yeah, I know, I know, right? But in my early years, I was always a fan of big band music. Yeah, I like music from the 40s. I like Glenn Miller's stuff. I like Andrew's sister's harmonies. I've always enjoyed that. You know, my parents were musically inclined. And so whenever we had parties and get together, especially my mom and my dad's friends, you know, they just come and sing, which is typical for many Hawaiian families. So I picked up, you know, the Hawaiian music and stuff like that. But as far as Hawaiian artists, I would like to think part of the Hawaiian Renaissance, the late 60s, early 70s, so much inspired by Sunday Manoa, the moon, so much inspired by Wili, by the Pahinois, particularly Gabi Pahinoi, and the Sons of Hawaii. You know, so I basically in those days bought every record and played them 100 million times, you know. So I engrained myself with all of the music.   If you didn't get it on the radio, you got it at home because your parents were playing that stuff. And of course, the Kahaua No Lake Trail. So, you know, that influence. What kind of personal advice though would you give to, right now, you know, to a youngster that might be watching this show, that is contemplating, you know, teetering perhaps on making this a profession, because I know, you know, music was an avocation for most of us. We all had regular daytime jobs to support our ability to play and make it fun and enjoyable. So what kind of advice would you give to the youngster? So I'll condition my answer, you know, based on my age and experience, right? It's hard for me to evaluate, or I'm not trying to evaluate the type of music or the sounds that, you know, a musician enjoys because there's too much of a generational gap in between my preferences and the younger musicians of today. But, you know, I always performed taking the perspective of the audience. I've always been on stage and I've always felt that, especially if you're working as an entertainer, they're the ones that thank you, right? What would that person want to hear? What songs might make them happy? What gives them a smile? What do I know that can help, you know, get them to really enjoy the moment because music is for that moment. And if there's anything that I would, you know, recommend or suggest to aspiring musicians is when you perform, perform for them.  That's my perspective, you know? Share your music, that's what it's intended for.  You know, for me, this was the council, I'm going to say that word council, that was given to George Helm and myself. Because every Saturday morning, George and I used to go over to Kahawana's house for a lesson. And the council to him was- Lessons or scoldings? Both. We always thought it was scoldings, but it was actually, I mean, I don't know. And it's, you know what he told us? And it deflated our egos because we thought that we were, because we were being trained by him, we would just slip into their career when they slipped out. Well, quickly we learned because his advice to us, well, first of all, finish St. Louis, graduate.  And George and I were deflated because the last thing we wanted to do was go college and the last thing we wanted to do was to get a day job. We thought we would just play music day and night and just, you know, money would literally drop from heaven, like mana to the children of the house of Israel, right? Well, that never happened. So, you know, fortunately we listened, we went to college and furthered our education and got good daytime jobs and, you know, we're able to enjoy the benefits of playing music. Because one thing I learned from him was, whenever you play music, and I agree with what you said, I mean, if whoever you play music to, if they're not happy with what you're playing, you know, you gotta change that. They're not gonna come back.  And then you'll be out of jobs shortly. You know, so, unless it's a private gig for a private party, well, that's different because they came to you.  But going back to your comment about Benny Goodman and the orchestra, Big Band Sound, that, do you know that that was one of the things Kahawanu told George and I to go home and listen to Big Band Sound? Really, I didn't know. Yeah, and he says, and go listen to the Mills Brothers. And I'm like, I don't even know who that is. And so I did, I had to go out and do that. But then I realized, years later though, after listening to that, what he was talking about, because all of them jazz progression, those chords, when you listen to Big Band Sound, that's what, that generation, you know, our parents' generation, that's the kind of music they grew up. We grew up on rock and roll. They grew up on jazz music. And so that was a tendency to incorporate that kind of sound into the Hawaiian music. One of the things that really excited me when Peter wanted to, you know, come back into the music scene and start something different, you know, was our ability to do all kind of music, not just the traditional Hawaiian, maybe more aggressive contemporary Hawaiian, but all kind of music, you know, from rock and roll to reggae to Big Band, to ballads, to a whole bunch of stuff. And, you know, we went there with the intentions of drawing upon each of the band members, you know, personal background.  I mean, with guys like Randy, Lorenzo, Peter Moon, Sarah Pahinui, Martin Pahinui, Steven Hall, you know, I'm the sixth best musician out of group five.  Well, that's good to hear. Yeah. You know, and I think that's important to remember that every member of the band had its role. There were, nobody's ego got over anybody else's and you work together as a team.  You know, and I realize we're talking, you know, from our generationals perspective, right?  I mean, you can do recordings right at home. You can distribute your music electronically. The world is changing.  You know, so it's different.  Nowadays it's different. You know, aspiring young artists can make, you know, decent careers with online distributions and things like that. But I still believe that it's what you put out is what you're gonna get back. Well, our time is almost gone, Bobby. So I wanna ask for our viewers out there. So we have this event coming up on Saturday, July 27th. It's a fundraising event. It's a concert featuring musicians. They're all graduates of St. Louis High School and have gone on to have illustrious careers are coming back home to Kokua, to Brotherhood. So if people are interested, how can they get tickets? They can contact the school, St. Louis School. They can contact St. Louis alumni. I mean, I don't have those numbers off hand, but at the alumni in contact David Diamond there and at the school, you can contact Scotty Gonzales at the school and these two gentlemen, you know, are working on this event just as hard as I am. Excellent. So best advice is either call the St. Louis Alumni Association if you know someone, otherwise call the school. You can find it in the phone directory and ask for Dr. Scotty Gonzales. Dr. Scotty Gonzales at St. Louis School and Mr. David Diamond at St. Louis Alumni. Our time once again is slipped right by us and I want to give a big mahalanui to my special guest today, Mr. Bobby Hall, former member of the Peter Moon Band and remind everyone out there about the second annual Nahoku or Kalai Pohaku event that's happening Saturday, July 27th at Mamia Theater on the grounds of St. Louis School. So thanks for watching. My name is Walter Gawaii, your host for Ukulele Songs of Hawaii. Until next time, everybody, take care and aloha no.


Warning! This video will contain spoilers up to chapter 1039. You've been warned! Hello my Nakamotachi, this is Joygirl. Today we're going to discuss the future bounties for law and kid post-Wano. Now this is a video topic that quite a few people have asked me to do quite a number of times in the past, but bounty predictions isn't really something that I like doing mostly because numbers aren't my forte. I don't really like numbers, especially after what a disappointment numbers have been in the Wano arc. Alright that was a low blow, I'm sorry that was just a joke. You know what, numbers could actually become really really interesting and some of the numbers actually have become really intriguing after what we saw between Fuga and Yamato, but that's besides the point and you know what, that was actually even a lie. Fun fact, I actually came first in general maths for my state when I was doing my end of high school exam. Now to give you a little context, general maths is the lowest level of maths that you could do, but hey at least I topped my state in it. But anyway sidetrack over, let's get into this topic, so bounties for law and kid. So given that law and kids fight against big mum is now essentially over, I imagine that that was pretty much it, so unless we get something more for these characters as Wano inches closer to the finale and to the end of the arc, I do think it's a pretty good time to assess these supernova captains and then start speculating what this could mean in terms of their bounties, in terms of their future post-Wano. Now I want to set a few parameters. A parameter for my expectations about what their bounties post-Wano will be, that being that I've already discussed my post-Wano bounty predictions for the straw hats in another video and in that video, I saw Luffy having a bounty of 3.5 billion berries at the end of Wano. And I think that that's still a pretty reasonable number. So then when it comes to law and kid, I'm going to give them bounties lower than that 3.5 billion berries because I do think that their bounties will be lower than Luffy's, quite substantially lower actually. And I think that for a number of reasons. First of all, their current bounties are significantly lower than Luffy's current bounty. Law, as of right now, is sitting at 500 million berries and kid is at 470 million berries. Whereas Luffy has already broken into the billionaires club, as of this moment, sitting at 1.5 billion berries, whereas obviously law and kid have yet to broken into that yet. So obviously that's not a huge reason because they could just get astronomical increases in their bounties to match Luffy's. But given that they're already starting from a significantly lower spot, I do think that there's going to be quite the difference between them, even after a potentially huge increase. But the bigger reason why I think that they're going to have a much lower bounty than Luffy's is because of the circumstances of the fights that are taking place and of their roles at Wano. I just think Wano's been an arc that has really put the shine on Luffy. It's an arc where we've gotten to see that he's really on a new level. And look, we could probably say that all of the captains have had pretty good showings in this arc. All of the supernovas have been pretty impressive actually, especially the ones who participated in Roofpeace. But really, I don't think people could dispute that Luffy has risen to another level. The speed at which he's developed and advanced in terms of his combat, the speed at which he's come to understand and utilize advanced Conqueror's Haki for example, has just been phenomenal. And because of this, we really now get the feeling that he is going toe-to-toe against Kaido. Albeit, this is obviously a Kaido who has come under the attack by a lot of different groups and individuals like the Scabbards for example, again the supernova on Roofpeace and then Yamato as well. But still, it has been really impressive from Luffy. Whereas the situation or the fight between Lauren Kidd against Big Mom is a little bit different to that of Luffy and Kaido. One of the main points of intrigue and sometimes even contention in the fanbase was how this fight was going to play out. This fight against Big Mom and the two supernova captains, how that was even going to work, because there was this great question of believability that these two would be able to win against Big Mom. For a while, the conversation surrounding Big Mom at Wano and her role here in this arc was whether she was actually going to leave the arc still an undefeated Yonko and would still be playing a role in the future of the series. Now, that's not necessarily something that I believed in because I did make a video. I was actually in the minority and I've been saying for a while that Lauren Kidd defeating Big Mom would actually make sense for the story. But I do think that that was somewhat of an unpopular opinion. And again, I think that says a lot about Luffy because no one, hardly no one expects Luffy to not win against Kaido in this war. When we think about Luffy's fight with Kaido, it's almost just a matter of when Luffy's going to beat him. Whereas in the case with Law and Kidd, it was almost a matter of how on earth are they going to defeat Big Mom. And this is actually something that I think Oda's done a really good job in. Making Law and Kidd's win over Big Mom believable and cool for the supernova captains while still not diminishing Big Mom's character. It's something that I mentioned during my chapter 1039 review that even now, as she's getting defeated, as it seems like she's being taken down, she just remained so so cool and she just demands so much respect. And even now, they've only really managed to do so through the combined efforts of both Law and Kidd, and really they both had to give it their all. It's through this fight that we've been able to see their awakenings, they've been able to take their death fruits to this extent. And as Law said in the last chapter, he has nothing left. But needless to say, even though we haven't gotten that final confirmation yet, we haven't gotten that narration box confirming her defeat, I think it's safe to say that they have essentially achieved it, that essentially she has been defeated or she's pretty damn close. But nonetheless, this victory for Law and Kidd, or soon to be victory, has come under very very different circumstances. Again, whereas Luffy's been engaged in a one-on-one match against Kaido, the fight against Big Mom has been a two-on-one match, and on top of this, I don't think that Law and Kidd are going to get as much as recognition from the world government because of the fact that they were fighting Big Mom. Now, I mean that as no disrespect to Big Mom. I think she is a really terrifying, really strong character, but ultimately she is just one person, a beast of a human for sure, but just one or the same. And I think it's really important to remember that Oda made sure that Big Mom is alone in this arc. And I think Oda has actually intentionally taken out the Big Mom children away from the arc, away from the story for this purpose. Because another huge difference between the fights between Luffy and Kaido and Kidd and Law against Big Mom is that Luffy has taken on the entire Beast Pirates. Obviously, I don't mean that personally, that Luffy alone is fighting the whole of the Beast Pirates. He obviously has his alliance behind him, but it's Luffy that declared war on Kaido on the Beast Pirates and even on Big Mom. And so I think there is going to be a difference in how the world government perceive and recognize Luffy as marching into Wano to take on not only Kaido, but his entire crew and in his own home base, in his own territory. And this is obviously going to be different to how they see Law and Kidd, who, yes, fought an Empress, but fought her alone away from her family separated from her home base. Because I think what's important to remember is that the Yonkou are not by themselves Yonkou. I've actually talked about this before, so feel free to watch that video. But an Emperor or Empress alone is not what makes them a Yonkou. Of course, they do have to be strong in their own right as the captain or as the leader, but they gain this status as a Yonkou through a lot of things, including the strength of their crew overall, as well as their territory, the territories that they have under their control. It's really about what makes them a threat and how the power they have under their control makes them such a force that they're able to balance against all the other forces. So then, when you look at it from that perspective, yes, taking on and defeating Big Mom is a huge achievement, but defeating her and her alone isn't the same thing as taking on an entire Yonkou crew and doing so in their own territory. And these are the reasons why I think Law and Kidd's bounties post-Wano will actually be much lower than the bounty I predicted for Luffy. So for these two, I'm going to put them between a 2.5 to maybe 3 billion range. Now, if I have to be specific and come down to just one number, which I don't really like doing because I think numbers can be just arbitrarily chosen. And when you're dealing with millions and billions, how do you come down to just one number? But for the sake of this video, I will give it a shot. Now, Kidd, I'm going to say 2.4949 billion berries. And the only reason why I came down to this specific bounty is because of the potential pun we could make with the numbers. Now, if you speak or have a good understanding of Japanese, then please confirm if I got this right or wrong. But I think you could make out the 4.949 as Jikijiki in Japanese, which is obviously a reference to his devil fruit. Now, I know that's not entirely correct because 4 is usually pronounced as Shi and 9 is pronounced as Q or Ku, but it's my understanding that there can be some leeway with this. For example, when you look at Roger's devil fruit 5.5648, that apparently contains Roger's name in it through the numbers 648 rojiya, even though it would really be more like Ro Shi Ha, which is why I thought maybe I could apply the same and go with 4.949 Jikijiki. But like I said, correct me if that's not right. But then using that basis and moving on to Law's bounty, it seems like when it comes to Law, Oda likes to give him nice whole rounded numbers. We started off with 200 million berries and then 400 million and now we're sitting at 500 million for Law. So when it comes to his post-Wano bounty, I was thinking of giving him another nice whole rounded number going with 2.5 billion berries. Now obviously this will shake things up quite a bit because that means kid has a lower bounty than Law's and it is actually something that I've had to grapple with because on one hand I do think it's quite unlikely that Oda's going to change the rivalry dynamic between Kid and Luffy. Oda's made quite an effort to establish that rivalry and then has actually gone to some lengths to maintain it at Wano as well. You know, this dynamic was seen at the Udon prisons but then even continued into Onigashima, even down to the point of Kid taking that final blow on Big Mom as we saw in Chapter 1039. So why would Oda change this now? You know, why would he take away this rivalry now? But then on the flip side, an easy counter to this is that obviously bounties are not the be all and end all of power of strength in one piece. And also this could actually be how Oda changes and establishes the new dynamic between the supernova captain's post-Wano. In terms of the character relationships and how they interact with each other, I think it's quite possible even likely that Luffy and Kid will remain rivals but when we look at it in terms of real strength, I think it's pretty clear that Law and Kid are at a much more comparable level and Luffy stands above in a league of his own. And so maybe the bounties will actually play a part in how Oda establishes this new dynamic and the rivalry between Luffy and Kid could still remain and also this way this could set up some nice comedy between Kid and Law now. You know, they've now spent quite a good amount of time together to really establish a dynamic of their own and I wouldn't mind seeing more of their squabbling because it is something that I enjoyed immensely during their fight. But anyways, they're the bounties that I have arbitrarily come up with. Let me know your thoughts on my bounties and let me know your predictions by leaving a comment below. Don't forget to like and share the video. Please do subscribe if you'd like to hear more One Piece discussions. You can also join our Joyfleet Discord server and even become a Patreon member. And thank you to our patrons for help supporting the channel. This is Joygirl and I'll see you again soon.


Can you please explain what is your opinion on Zcash and Ethereum as an alternative to Bitcoins? I'm very interested in both Zcash and Ethereum. I've used both of those platforms. I've ran Ethereum nodes for a while now. I still run one. Actually, I run two. I run one Gath and one Parity. I've run a Zcash node for a while. I experimented with the testnet. I've been involved in Ethereum since the very beginning. I'm interested in both of those platforms. Not as an alternative to Bitcoin, though. That's the critical phrase where you lost me. As a compliment to Bitcoin, as something that is specialized in doing something different from Bitcoin. Part of my argumentation in this subject has been that the two do not compete, Bitcoin and Ethereum, or even Bitcoin and Zcash. Many of the choices that one currency makes, or blockchain makes, to become more specialized in one direction and differentiate, make it unable to do the things that Bitcoin has specialized in. If it does the same thing as Bitcoin, then it's not really competing, because Bitcoin has been doing it longer. Network effect wins, there's no point. If it does something different from Bitcoin, then it's different. Bitcoin is different, and the two are not really competing directly. They compete indirectly for the attention of developers, and maybe sometimes for some of the speculative investors. But as a platform, as a technology, they do not compete. They don't compete any more than a lion competes with a shark. Yes, they're both predators. Yes, they both use oxygen. In the bigger sense, they're competing for resources on the planet, but they're not competing directly against each other. Because all of the environmental and evolutionary adaptations that a shark made, the apex predator of the sea, make it a flopping piece of soon-to-be sushi on land. Yummy for lions. Similarly, pussycats don't like swimming, and the lion adapted itself in an environment where, if it jumps into the sea, shark bait. If you wanted to stage a cage match between a lion and a shark, the outcome would not be decided by whether you pick the strongest lion or the weakest lion, or the strongest shark or the weakest shark. It would depend entirely on whether you fill the arena with water or not. That would determine the outcome. What are you doing with the platform?  Are you doing complex smart contracts that require flexibility? Okay, well, Ethereum. Simple. Do you want robust store value that is absolutely uncensurable and doesn't have consensus failures? Bitcoin. It is precisely the things that make Ethereum really good at smart contracts that make it very difficult to maintain consensus and not have an attitude of move fast, break things. You need that in order to do flexible smart contracts. It is precisely the things that make Bitcoin robust that make it useless for flexible smart contracts. The same thing applies. Zcash is making some trade-offs between privacy and scalability. Much better privacy. Ten times worse scalability than Bitcoin. Actually, a hundred times worse than Bitcoin. How do you reconcile those two? You don't. You choose the thing that fits the niche. You decide, what is the environment in which I need this, and what is best adapted to this environment? I like all of the platforms. They are all doing very interesting things and advancing the state of the art. Sometimes they compete for speculative dollars, but effectively, in the long term, they don't. Do you not think that Ethereum, Zcash, and other altcoins are competing with Bitcoin, at least in the short-term and medium-term, because of the block size issue? A lot of apps and even startups are likely to be considering or building on other blockchains because of this issue where fees are high and lightning isn't going to be implemented for a long time. Yes. Ethereum, Zcash, and many other cryptocurrency are competing in the scaling debate, which is hilarious. From a technical perspective, it's ridiculous. It's insanely ridiculous. It's laughable. The idea is, I don't like how Bitcoin scales, so I'm going to take my coins and go over to Ethereum. Really, Ethereum scales ten times worse than Bitcoin. The fact that you haven't hit a scalability thing yet is because you haven't scaled to the point of hitting the scalability things. But Ethereum proponents say, we'll do sharding. Great. When you do sharding, we'll do sharding. In Bitcoin, too. When both Bitcoin and Ethereum are doing sharding, Bitcoin will still be doing sharding, ten times more efficiently than Ethereum, because the underlying scaling architecture is ten times worse. The idea is that you're going to take your application, because it's not scaling on Bitcoin, and move it to Ethereum, which is going to run into just as serious scalability issues only ten times worse, or Zcash, which is ten times worse than Ethereum in terms of scaling. Those are trade-offs you don't want to consider. If the only difference in differentiation is something that scales slightly better, then essentially what you're talking about is no different than what would happen if Bitcoin was forked into two. One of them got the scalability solution that some people wanted. At that point, we get to evaluate if that answer to the scalability problem produces so much centralization that you can no longer trust the security, which is the argument that's being made about scaling. Scaling is not easy, and there are no easy answers. There are trade-offs. The question is, which trade-offs do you want to make, in which order, and how easy are those trade-offs? Maybe the answer is an alt. Certainly, even though the market is currently telling us that people are taking their money and moving it elsewhere, because of the problems that Bitcoin has in its scaling, that didn't last very long. You see these cycles happening again and again. Money drains into the alts, they inflate in price, people get excited about cryptocurrency. What do they do? They buy more Bitcoin so they can invest in more alts, and Bitcoin goes up as well. The market tips for a bit, then it balances back. When you look back three months later, you're like, the entire market has increased in cap by $2 billion. Everything rose, because this flow out of Bitcoin depressed the price. As the price got depressed, it became more attractive to investors. They're like, I missed my chance at $1,200, but now it's $900, and I know it can get to $1,200, so I'm going to buy me some Bitcoin, and even better, I'm going to buy more, because now I think I should also go into Ethereum. It creates a situation where the entire market benefits. I don't think it's bad to see these flows every now and then. I think that's how you grow the entire ecosystem. You also test the scaling limits of all of the currencies. They will all be tested, and they will all have governance problems when they reach that test, because someone is going to have to make a decision, and then all of the people who they thought were their friends are going to go, oh, you traitor, you made the wrong decision, and then you have drama, just like Bitcoin. Drama is unavoidable. I use the following analogy. If Bitcoin right now looks like this rusty old steel boat in 80-foot swells, and the entire crew is on deck, soaked to the bone, welding, cutting, patching, bailing as fast as they can, meanwhile, over at Ethereum, on the deck chairs. I'm like, this is really nice, isn't it? Are you having the shrimp cocktail with the lobster today? I heard the buffet has both. I don't know. Maybe we should do an ICO on this side. If you use a prediction market, that would be cool. They're like, look at those fools, they're so wet. Well, you know, the reason it's all dry is you guys haven't left the harbor yet. Come out here in the 80-foot swells and see if you can sit on that deck chair, and see if they're still serving shrimp cocktail, or if they're handing out buckets at the buffet. It's easy to not have scaling problems when you don't have scale in 2013. Did Bitcoin have scaling problems? None whatsoever. Did we have a governance problem in 2013? None whatsoever. What changed? Scale happened. Big money happened. That brought us to a level of maturity where problems started.  He keeps getting upset over his job. He should really take a page from my book. I'm so chill in school. I have no responsibilities. I am winning at life. Yeah, give it two years. We'll see what happens. Should we go with this?


But all you need to know is if a stock has possible dilution, it does not mean that it's automatically a short. It just means that the odds are even more in your favor. So I'm looking for stocks to be even more in my favor. The more good things or the more tech-related stuff, bad things that the stock has, the better it is for my short thesis because it gives them more reasons to come down.


I hope that this video will shift your perspective about what marketing really is, because you know, as well as I do, that without marketing, your business can't grow. But most of us dislike marketing, and hopefully what I'm about to share with you will shift your perspective about it. So instead of thinking, I need to get so many followers or email list subscribers in order to reach my business goals. Instead of that, I encourage you to think about how do I reach my 100 true fans? What's a true fan?  When you express yourself authentically, you put out this energy signature that is unique, truly, and that your true fan automatically senses as something real special. Your energy signature is not going to attract everybody. And by trying to attract everybody, you dilute the power of your energy signature so that even your true fans don't really sense who you are. But if you are willing to continually dive into your authentic expression, to practice, to explore, to try different things, and to sense more and more into what is authentically powerful for you, whether that's being loud or being quiet, right? Authentic power can mean a variety of things. It can mean that somebody is very colorful or somebody is relatively grayscale, but that's their authenticity, it doesn't, right? So the more you can explore, experiment, and empower your authentic expression, the stronger your energy signature is, which then attracts your true fans to you. Because even one true fan will then spread the word and spread your energy to others who are like them and then your audience starts to grow. So imagine you had 100 true fans and what is a true fan? Again, someone who naturally enjoys who you are and therefore many of your true fans will purchase many of your products and your services. Not all true fans, but many of them will buy just about everything you sell out there. So if you had 100 true fans, let's say, and each of them, on average, paid you, let's say, let's say you have a group program and your group program is $100 a month, okay? If 100 true fans, they're buying your group program, that's $100,000 a year, six-figure income with 100 true fans. Now, even if your group program's $50 a month or it's still $100 a month, but you have 50 of your true fans buy it, that's $50,000 a year, just about. Something like $60,000 a year, right? So if you don't need a million TikTok followers or 100,000 Instagram followers, what we all really need as solopreneurs particularly is those hundred people that we really care about, that we really get to understand, and dare I say, love them with our mind and our heart so that we really understand what the lights them, what their needs are, what lights them up essentially, so that as we get to know what lights them up, it'll naturally enlighten our minds and our content creation and putting our offers out there. It'll just naturally, the more you know your true fans, the more your offers and your content will be naturally aligned to what they want and need. And so it's a much saner approach to marketing. So what I mean by that is instead of saying, well, I gotta perform in a way that makes me feel misaligned, I gotta perform in a way that gets a lot of followers, right? Because then they'll get the 1% conversion or the 10% conversion, no. Instead, let me continually figure out more of what is my authentic power and express that so that I get my 100 true fans. Because those are the ones I really can careful. Start with one. Maybe you have one follower who's a true fan. Get to know that person. What really delights them? What are they struggling with? Especially regarding the kind of stuff you provide. What have they tried that hasn't worked? What do they think might work, right? And what is the product, the service that they would love for you to provide? Get to know them. Get to know their wants and their needs. And the more you do, the more you'll naturally create things that are aligned for them. And then they will tell their friends who are likely to be just like them and they will tell their friends, et cetera, et cetera. So it's a much more truly heart-based way of doing business instead of the typical way of marketing that's all about getting traffic and learning persuasion psychology. Ridiculous, because with your true fans you don't need persuasion psychology.  There's no need to contort yourself into any shape other than what you're authentically powerful as for your true fans. You just need to start with one. Get to know that one person really well from your heart, from your mind, and then expand from there. Aim for your 100 true fans. You don't need more than that. I mean, yeah, sure, you can go after you get to 100, fine, then go for 200 true fans, 500 true fans. But as a solopreneur, you probably can't handle more than that, right? You'll be well into the six figures income by then. So I hope that this is inspiring and shifts your perspective about marketing just a bit more towards the heart. Thank you, thank you for joining me and I'll see you in the next video. Thanks again.