My name is Marik Vashu then today I'm going to talk about these open source tools for fpga development So let me do a quick introduction with myself first. I work for this company. Thanks after engineering. We do all sorts of embedded real-time systems Development we work on you boot Linux open and be did and we provide trainings Me I mostly work on the Linux kernel on the you boot loader open and be did these sorts of things and I'm also an fpga hobbyists Although this is starting to be like a bigger thing for me. So that's who I am. No, let's get to the talk I'll structure it in the following way First of all, I would like to introduce the fpga technology itself What are what the fpgs are how they work on the inside a little so that you have an idea of what that is all about and Then I'll go through the entire process of generating the bit stream, which is the File which goes into the fpga From the source files and each in each step. I would like to show you a couple of tools which are available which are open source After that we will have a demo which is great But I don't have a board with me which I forgot in in my hometown which blows But I'll show you a simulation. So you will at least be able to believe me that I'm doing something there And finally, I would like to have a bit of a discussion why this is hard Although I kind of hope that this talk will give you an idea why there are so little open source tools for the fpgas Okay, let's get right into the fpga start fpj part What is an fpga? Let me just ask you how many of you know what the fpga is and That's excellent great and how many of you did ever work with an fpga Oh, wow, excellent. I guess I can skip the first part even But just for the recording Fpga is a field programmable gate array So think of it as a chip where you can synthesize your custom logic design your model of logic it has a lot of Ios which you can bind to to this this logic design and It is relatively high speed The the insides of the fpga are clocked at like hundreds of megahertz and you can put a lot of logic gates in there in the order of thousands to millions and and more so that's the sort of thing it is and it's fully programmable so you can Fully configure the logic on the inside now What is used for? Basically DSP digital signal processing so we can pipe the signal basically through the fpga You can assemble the signal on one side connected to the pins of the fpga then do some transformation on the inside In a pipeline fashion and then just output it on the other side of the fpga Maybe in some different format. It's also often used for bus adapters for example You have some sort of weird let's say aviation buzzer some sort of Obscure thing so you can use an fpga in case there is no dedicated converter chip and pull out something Saying like an SPI from it And then there's the ASIC prototyping part. So I mean building chip is chips is expensive, right? so You design the chip and the HDL language put it into an fpga it will run at a really slow speed But you can debug the chip and then when you are reasonably sure that the chip is okay ish without any Horrible box then then you spin out the buffer and build a real chip and then do some more debugging and so So this is what the FPGAs are used for Now contemporary FPGAs are made by a couple of vendors, you know Xilinx Altera now part of Intel Latest micro-semi and so So let's take a look on the inside of the fpga. I'm sure you can pardon my graphics. It's not awesome But it will do On the left side here. You can see a top-level diagram of the fpga Now on the edge of this diagram, you can see the eye opens This is what connects the fpga logic to the ins to the outside world This is where you connect your whatever LED or high-speed ADC in this sort of stuff and This is rooted into the chip now the the red stuff in the middle of the chip This is where you Configure the programmable logic. This is where you put your logic models. This is called the Logic array block and in Altera parlance It's also called adaptive logic module in the in the newer Altera chips. I believe it's clb in the Xilinx chips and so on So this is where you put your logic stuff and obviously there in the FPGA there is a little more of these this kind of red clusters of logic blobs and All of this is connected together by this blue stuff, which is the global interconnect So you model your logic in the red stuff connected together Using the blue stuff that they'll interconnect and then connect it to the outside again using the blue stuff And the IO blocks which are on the side Now if you look at the red cluster that the logic cluster the logic array block You can see there and at the top how it looks on the inside now It's a little bit more complicated, but not so much the Logic array blog is consisting of logic elements, which are the smallest logic building blocks in the FPGA And these logic elements are connected through a local interconnect together so that they can communicate quickly with one another And this is sort of micro optimization, but but it allows you to build a slightly faster designs the local interconnect the green stuff is then connected to the global interconnect and Yeah, this is how it works now if you zoom in a little bit more even at the logic element Which is the really smallest building block you'll see there is just a lookup table and a register in there and this is really what allows you to build both combinatorial and then sequential logic and By combining these together You can build large logic designs Now are there any questions to the architecture of the FPGA or any corrections possibly Yeah, no, okay, so I can move on right Now let's take a look at how we program the FPGA how we put the content into it Each vendor will provide you a tool chain These are typically proprietary closed source big packages of stuff Typically in the in the ballpark of tens of gigabytes download There are this this quarters silence is Vivado ISE But yeah, the problem is that that's there's a lot of stuff most of it is not needed really if you are working with a small project Of course, if you are working with something big then you still use a lot of these these vendor tools but if you look at the vendor tools and Analyze what they are really doing to get from the source of the design all the way to The bit stream you can kind of divide it into three steps basically One of them is analysis synthesis and there is place and route and finally assembler and On the side there are two more steps, which is timing analysis. This is important for high-speed designs and Then completely on the side is simulation visualization now I would like to go through all these steps and show you the tools Just to give you a kind of high-level overview of what each of these step does The first step that the analysis synthesis You can think of it as it reads the source HDL files and converts them into a sort of schematic of the circuit That's the netlist Then during the big place and route This the sort of schematic of the circuit is combined with the knowledge of the actual FPGA Which you are targeting and you get a technology map netlist So sort of netlist augmented with the placement information of where each of these elements goes into the actual FPGA chip and Then finally the assembler transcribes this this augmented netlist and produces Whatever bit stream file from from this information The timing analysis thing is important the high-speed designs the idea is that speed of light matters right and It might just so happen that some signal is too slow to get to a certain latch in the design at higher speeds And if this were to happen then your design would just not work and there are software tools Which are part of the vendor tools Which allow you to check for this and eventually indicate that there is a problem and Finally the simulation visualization just allows you to Check whether your design Matches some criterion so we can build some sort of test benches test cases for their design run the simulation and check for The result whether this is this is okay or not Okay, so analysis and synthesis is a little bit more in detail I just mentioned that this goes from HDL to netlist that means from the source hardware description language files To a sort of a schematic during the analysis step The source files are loaded into the memory checked whether they are even a valid, you know, better log VHDL or Other high-level synthesis files In this step, we also check whether all the logic is reachable or if you can just drop any piece of the HDL files because it's just not reachable and Build some sort of in memory representation of the circuit and during the synthesis step you dump this into the netlist Usually storing it on to on to drive or storage Now there's sort of an in kind of intermediate step in this process There's a lot of intermediate steps But one is kind of particularly interesting is that there is a logic minimization also in that so when you have this sort of circuit schematic in in the Memory you do equivalent changes on that Representation and try to minimize the logic as much as possible so you don't you don't waste space in the FPGA There are open source tools for that by the way So I'd like to show you three tools in in this chapter in the analysis and synthesis and One of them is Icarus this this is great tool then there is Odin 2 and Yosses this one is also awesome So Icarus I have it here because it used to be able to do synthesis into gate level netlist it cannot do that anymore, but Icarus is a has a great Vettelok parser and it is really pedantic So even if you have a proprietary Flow if you want to verify your Vettelok Vettelok Just let Icarus parse it and it will poke holes into into your design and tell you like yeah There there are some warnings your Vettelok is not completely perfect this sort of thing so yeah It has limited VHDL support although Given the name it's it's not really the target right it also can Generate the other simplified Vettelok as an output and so on It's also a simulation tool and I would like to show you a demo of using the Icarus Vettelok for circuit simulation So yeah, definitely check this tool It's it's it's a great one and we will get to the simulation part shortly now another tool which is used mostly in academia is Odin 2 this works also on Vettelok and It emits usually B-Lift netlist the Odin 2 has been used for both asyc synthesis as well as FPGA synthesis It works greatly with VPR in fact Odin 2 is Now bundled with VPR into Vettelok to routing tool set Which you can I believe find in yeah in in the web in the github there and It's been actually used for asyc synthesis and it's not really that often used for FPGA synthesis What is used for FPGA synthesis is Josses, right So Josses is rather a newcomer But it's written in a really great way the osys and it's it's modern code. It doesn't have any legacy in that and the other thing which is great about the osys is that it can take chip libraries and Generate netlist with chip elements for Asyx a library so it can be used in asyx synthesis It can use the Xion 7 series libraries So you can use it instead of I believe the analysis and synthesis tab in Vivado And then it can generate the latest for the FPG then can use the latest for the series Chip libraries to generate the bits to generate augmented netlist for Further processing in the in the ice storm project So that's that Alright Yeah, one thing which is kind of important is that this works only on verilog now, but the VHDL is being worked on So the osys will eventually support even VHDL if that's your thing So that's the analysis synthesis. Are there any questions regarding these tools for analysis and synthesis? Yes Yeah, well Odin 2 I didn't really study the Odin 2 one But regarding the osys, this is a high quality code. It's being actually actively worked on There is a community around that one So this would be a tool of choice if if you want to to look into things The Icarus verilog is I believe almost one-man show sort of thing, but the the verilog parser is excellent Does this answer your question? Yes, I will get to that in the simulation part. So yes, thanks There is a verilator as well Okay, let's move on place and truth this in this step of the of the build process You take the netlist and convert it into a technology map netlist So basically in this step the the knowledge of the target FPGA enters the picture You take the netlist and Kind of place it into the FPGA or compute the the placement of the elements from the netlist in the target FPGA Now this has multiple sub steps One of them is packed So if you remember the the logic array blocks at the beginning the clusters of the logic Then these are created in the pack step. It puts the logic which is close by in the design Which should be close by in the design close together packs it into these clusters so that There are no long Connections in the FPGA itself because again speed of light matters and then there's place So it computes where these clusters go in in the final FPGA and then there is route Which connects the interconnect between these these clusters Now there are two tools one of them is Arachna PNR Which is kind of specific to to I see for the FPGA from latest and then there is a really generic one VPR Very quickly the Arachna PNR this is specifically written for the IC for the FPGA. It works together with with the YOSIS tool It takes this kind of technology map netlist from from the YOSIS Does the place on the root step on that and produces? Textual representation of what goes into the IC for the FPGA So when you look at the Arachna PNR you'll kind of notice that the the boundary between the analysis and synthesis and The place on the root is not really that sharp and also between the place on the root and assembler But there is a sort of distinction. So it's not like completely ad hoc You can find the sources here. It's not actually Entirely part of the project ice storm. It's kind of outside, but it's used together with you know, the YOSIS and The other ice storm tools now VPR is another tool. This is generally a research tool, but it's extremely flexible It's now part of the vera look to rooting together with the Odin 2 analysis and synthesis tool the thing about this is that you can build any sort of FPGA model and Load it into the VPR and it will use that model. So it gives you that flexibility I believe the FPGA vendors are actually providing some sort of let's say inaccurate and inaccurate models which kind of matched their FPGA without revealing too much about that technology so that the researchers can actually use the the VPR for Doing routing research Also, this one works with the vendor tools so you can use this instead of the place on the root step in the in the vendor tools You can find the original VPR at the website of University of Toronto Which is a big research hub for FPGAs and Then also check the Odin 2 if there is no newer version in the ad repos story So that's placing through then now finally assembler as you can see is we are coming closer to the hardware My voice is starting to fail and Also, the amount of tools is getting lower and lower. This is kind of the set through it So they the closer you get to the hardware the amount of tools is just decreasing because there is this Increasing amount of low-level knowledge, which you need to have to implement these tools now What assembler does is it takes the the place through to the netlist that the augmented netlist with the information of Where each part goes into FPGA and just transcribes it into some sort of binary format Which is the bit stream there can be multiple formats of bit stream that the assembler supports depending on let's say on the programming type of the FPGA so in case you are programming the FPGA over JTAG That might require different bit stream format than for example programming from an SPI flash and The problem with open source assemblers is that the FPGA technology the bit stream format is like The family gold of the FPGA vendors. It's just not going to be released ever unfortunately and Yeah, let's just take a quick look at the ice pack. So the ice peg is again specific to the IC for the FPGA It's part of the ice storm project It takes the outpad from the arachna PNR the textual representation of what goes into the FPGA into the IC for the FPGA and Just transcribes it into binary You can find the the ice storm tools at that website There's also a tool which goes the other way which is called the ice on peg It's also part of the project ice storm all the ice storm tools so Let's just do a quick recap. There are Full design flows. I actually had multiple ones here, but they were ASIC tools So in case we talk about FPGA's we only find this this ice storm project So the ice storm project is specific to the IC for the FPGA it contains consists of three tools implementing this these three steps jose or arachna PNR and ice pack for analysis synthesis place on the root end Bitstream generation. It is actually a complete open source flow for this IC for the FPGA and It's so far the only one There are additional tools ice proc for a programmer So you don't need the latest tools at all you can use completely open source tools to program the FPGA and There is now even newer ice time which allows you to perform timing analysis for the IC 40 without the latest tools Okay now I have a demo how to use the ice storm project. Yes No, the only thing missing from an open source tool chain for any FPGA is a model for possibly with the vpr So for the place on the route and then the assembler So the analysis and synthesis tools are available The framework for place on the route is available, but not the model for it for the vpr and the assembler is not available But if this became available, then yes, we would have an open source tool chain with the state of the art place on the route algorithms For pretty much any FPGA Which would be wonderful? Thank you for the question did it answer your question, right? So moving on let me do the demo So what I do here is I implement the gray counters So I had this board which had eight LEDs and it had an oscillator and then I see 40 FPGA So I modeled it in the following way. I just have an oscillator input That's the hardware clock, and then I have 80 LEDs, which are the outpads You don't have to make photos the slides will be available, you know So you can just download it and I can send you this the sources if you want that it's not a problem Just drop me an email So what I do here is is I have a counter register which is 8 bit and I hope this was the words In here I always in I always incremented on the tick of the hardware clock on positive H of the H of the hardware clock and then I assigned the LEDs in such a way that they Perform the gray counting I Forgot to explain what the gray counting is It's different from binary counting in such a way that each two consecutive Numbers in the gray counter differ just by one bit. So it is it's kind of beneficial when you are designing hardware So this is what happens in here Now since I have implemented my top-level module and I have the gray counter there I also still need to map the signals from the top-level module into The actual pins of the FPGA. This is what I do in my pin map and here I only define which signal goes to which pin of the of the FPGA This is specific to your defkit or to your design So this is what I define in here and finally I build the entire design So I use the yosas for the analysis and synthesis. I use the synth IC 40 command although It is possible to poke into the yosas analysis and synthesis steps some more and Use the specific sub commands by by hand to get some sort of more control over the analysis and synthesis process Here I just used it the bulk command this in the IC 40. I specified at my top-level That my top-level design file is called top and that I want to generate a bill if netlist which is called Top the bill if I provide the top V verilog file, which I wrote here. This. This is called the top V This is the second half of it So I provided to the yosas and it will do its thing and produce the top bill if that list Now the next thing I do is I use arachnaya P and R that as a place in the root step I specify that my particular FPGA is HX 8k CT 256 With these first two parameters The next parameter is that I want to outpad the top TXT which will be the textual representation of the content of the FPGA I specify my pin map here. That's that's this thing here Which I which I've wrote where I just mapped the pins to the signals and I provide the top bill if the bill if netlist So when I have the top TXT this will take like a couple of seconds on any modern hardware I used just the ice pack to transcribe it into a binary file and then I use ice probe to program it into the FPGA Now I would definitely like to show you the board which does the grain counting but like I said I kind of forgot it so I'll show you the simulation and then you will see how it's supposed to work Let's talk about simulation verification. Are there any questions regarding the the ice storm demo? No Yes Well the cheapest one is like 25 bucks. It's extremely cheap But it's unobtainable now because when the ice storm hit the news it's just everyone bought the kit and the lead time was like 29 weeks, right and There's a more expensive one like 50 bucks or something With a larger FPGA and you can still buy that one Until they restock the cheaper one Thanks for the question So moving on to to analysis and synthesis Sorry to simulation visualization So the idea here is that you take your HDL designs and you simulate them on the host in On a clock per clock basis The thing is that you can write a test bench for your design and Provide input into your designs and then check whether after a set amount of clock or at some event if The outpads match what you expect this helps during development Because if you do some change to your design Then then you can just rerun the simulations and see whether your design is still matching the specification at the beginning Of of design process or if you change something and broke something It also helps if you are looking for some bug then then just take the IP block run the simulation take a look at What happened there at the signals you can poke into the signals in the IP block and see what's going on in there There are multiple tools for this because you don't need the actual knowledge of the FPGA. So these tools do exist I would like to talk about GHDL first because this in VHDL tool. It translates VHDL into native code so it's extremely fast and The problem is that while it can outpad the VCD the volume change them the whenever able text representation of the simulation very low sorry VHDL Needs some some more information in the simulation outpads so GHDL had to create their own format But you don't have to be really afraid of that of the GHDL Waveform format because GTK wave the visualization tool can work with that and many other formats So that's the GHDL. There is also a ventilator that one translate the very long I believe into C++ Except that the verilog parser is not as complete as the Icarus one So I'll just just mention it very quickly here that it exists and I'll go I will move on to today Icarus verilog so this one is primarily simulation and Translation tool I would like to talk about the simulation capabilities now So you provide the the Icarus with with your verilog design It will parse it the parser is extremely pedantic which is which is great It really picks out even bugs which vendor tools don't show you or don't warn you about So definitely use that It doesn't compile the the verilog into a native code instead It produces some sort of intermediate VVP code and this is then interpreted by a tool which is part of the Icarus suit VVP tool To provide to produce the the output of the simulation You can also visualize the output of from the from the Icarus verilog using the GTK wave tool The website is at the following link Now let's do demo. So how do you write a test bench for your design using? Icarus verilog. It's actually pretty simple So you define your signals in in the test bench the name of the test bench module is stop TV It has no signals because it's a test bench then in the next step you instantiate your Module which you want to simulate in my case I just put everything into the top and I will be using the great counter demo here So I instantiate that connect the signals into this this top module And then finally I perform the simulation step now This is the actual Piece of code which describes the simulation so first of all I specify where I want to dump the result of the Simulation and I set my clock to zero and then I toggle the clock 1,000 times and To perform the simulation I first have to translate this to simulate this test bench into the VVP Intermediate code. I do that using the AVerilog tool. I Use both of the test bench source and the original IP block source, which is the top V I use that in the osu! demo and Then I use the VVP tool to interpret the the VVP out pad I have additional parameter there for the VVP tool It's the LXT 2 This tells the VVP tool to generate The out pad in an LXT 2 format, which is a binary format the output of the simulation now The thing is by default VVP will produce a value change dump Outpad of simulation and this is like this will generate huge files Which are slow to slowly be imparsed by by the GTK wave and it's annoying to work with it's just huge So instead of that I'm using the LXT 2 format. It's binary. It's much smaller and Easier to work with You don't have to be really afraid that that is binary because it's documented. It's an open format It's just smaller by size And it can be converted to VCD if needed to be Now finally I visualize this this out pad the top TV LXT Using GTK wave and this is the out that you get if you load it into the GTK wave You can see on the on the right side the LEDs and how they are counting So that's so that's the the gray counter example I Mentioned GTK wave, so it's a visualization tool. It supports multiple formats Whatever goes out of the e-curve's better log of the GTK wave you can put into In of the GHTL then you can put it into the GTK wave and it will display that it's great And you can find it on this this website Now any questions for to the visualization part? Okay, so I have one final slide which I would like to do and then then I'll conclude the talk Why are FPGA tools so hard? I hope I gave you some some idea why there are such problems But to summarize it there's a lack of documentation of the FPGA hardware itself the bit stream is undocumented It's like the family gold of the FPGA vendors Another thing is that Well, why you will never get an open source quarters or Vivado is that the vendors invested Arcane amount of money into fine-tuning these tools to Perfection and they they invested like both loads of money into the algorithms and they don't want to release that Which is understandable kind of and then define then there is another thing is the pushback from the IP vendors So they are afraid that if the bit stream format was documented There might be someone who would like take the FPGA content and the reverse engineer their precious Tested IP core from that and convert it back into the arrow lock without paying for it So these are I believe that the three main reasons why? FPGA tool the FPGA tools which are open source are so problematic and so much so suffering and This is where I would conclude the talk. So do you have any questions? Yes Yes, their sales have been skyrocketing on this small FPGA that's true Let us I believe they don't they didn't react on that particular one, but The IP vendors did actually react slightly and have been bombarding the project at times with These this exact problem that they are afraid someone might steal their IP Although I don't think this is This this makes sense because if you wanted to steal someone's IP from the FPGA You would have to put so much work into going from the IP all the way to any sort of HDL That it's not worth it. It makes much more sense to just write it from scratch Thank you for the question. Yes So in case you're doing FPGA design on huge FPGAs it takes a lot of time, right? So there is a lot of heuristics in that in the place in the root step, which is I believe NP complete problem or NP hard even so there's a lot of heuristics which allow you to do it kind of efficiently and kind of well That's correct. I mean the FPGA technology is kind of extremely simple thing Sure, you have some specialty blocks in the FPGA but The bulk of the FPGA is the fabric and this is really not such a difficult thing It's just a collection of lookup tables and registers Copied multiple times over and connected with a programmable interconnect and that's really it Doesn't answer your questions. Thanks Anymore question? Yes so the question is or well the comment is that The same guy who's been doing the ice storm work work is now working on the Xilinx 7 series documentation a Bitstream documentation and the question was whether I know someone doing anything on Altera while yes, there is ongoing work on the older Altera FPGAs it is not exactly public yet and In case there is interest I guess I can hook you up if you are interested in helping the project on the Altera side. Yes Does it answer your question? Thank you Anymore questions? All right. Thank you for your attention and enjoy the end game


You will be given one table to use in the prep room. You must do all of your prep on this table when you are not actively using the stove or other equipment provided by the contest organizers. When you finish the prep work, clean and clear your prep table.  It will be carefully carried by two adults. You can carry your posters and pick up any supplies that may fall off your table when it's being carried into the demonstration room. Your theme, elements, and tablecloth should be on the front of the table. These items should not interfere with your demonstration or block the judge's view. You don't need to show every step of your recipe during your demonstration. Choose two or three steps to highlight for your audience and have the other steps prepped ahead of time. For example, you can have a tray of pre-measured ingredients waiting on the back table for you to bring to the front of the table when you are ready to use them in your demonstration. Leave heavy or awkward pieces of equipment off to the side of the table so that you won't risk dropping them. If your recipe calls for a certain technique, such as separating egg whites from yolks, beating egg whites to peaks, tempering yolks, or using a water bath, it's a good idea to show that step in your demonstration. On the back table, keep your finished dish ready and waiting for you to present and serve to the judges.


Hey everyone got a little bonus video for you here on the weekend You see the tinfoil hat is on that means we got a couple juicy rumors to talk about here As always grain of salt and all that jazz, but we're gonna take this off Just remember grain of salt tinfoil hat time before we get into the rumors I want to remind you that we are giving away a Nintendo switch. Oh lead. That's right There's two things you have to do to win one be subscribed to the channel So head right now hit that subscribe button to be at our live stream this Friday that being said the giveaway is open worldwide So I wish every one luck Alright folks, we got some rumors for you and one of these is the kind of rumor I usually don't cover, but there's a very specific reason we are covering this rumor And the other one is actually an update on an old rumor But it's come back around again In fact, both these are kind of old rumors at this point, but there's reasons that they are relevant today So first let's start off with the game boy slash game boy color You guys all know we had the n64 and Sega Genesis announced at the Nintendo direct And we also had game boy game boy color rumor to be coming to the Nintendo switch online service from sources such as Nintendo life and Tom Phillips over at Euro gamer and a lot of legit places basically saying hey We are gonna get game boy and game boy color They didn't know when we were gonna get those those systems added, but they were pretty confident We would Emily Rogers who actually was the one who tipped us off on Genesis and n64 Also confirmed that game boy game boy color are still coming, but these are rumors because they're not officially You know coming from anything. They're not like a data leak. They're not, you know, something specifically announced by Nintendo These are just people saying it's going to happen. Well, Tom Phillips updated today And said the following on his Twitter account He said the n64 and Mega Drive were the two Nintendo switch online platforms I heard about alongside game boy slash game boy color I imagine n64 slash Mega Drive or as we call it in the United States Genesis remember Euro gamer is obviously not a United States outlet are being rolled out first as they're more enticing things to prompt people to upgrade I would anticipate the game boy and game boy color are part of the current Nintendo switch online service So the non upgraded the non expansion pack plan and Nintendo didn't want to conflate the two So, yeah, they're probably gonna add game boy game boy color I would assume, you know next year sometime within the next six months But it's going to be for the normal $20 subscription per year not the expanded upgrade So I now see all of them at once would have felt a little bit confusing potentially for marketing purposes Once they've rolled out n64 and Genesis and people kind of understand that that's an expansion pack They can then go add this other thing to the original service So that is at least what he is stating obviously we don't know this is all rumors at this point But you know it would make sense at least and we've never had game boy game boy color Actually part of any virtual console on any platform. So yeah that and Genesis are already more than what we've gotten on prior virtual consoles Now our second rumor this one's a little weird So there's always these rumor videos all over All over YouTube about oh, this is the next character for smash or this could be the final character for smash Or this is why we are going to get more characters than the last one that we're supposedly getting on October 5th But this one's a little weird Because I've been ignoring all of the so-called smash character leaks for the most part I think we had like one that we've maybe covered in the last year We don't really cover these leaks very often because more often than not they're just completely made up bullshit Smash stuff doesn't actually leak too often But it does leak sometimes and this one's interesting not just because of what character it is But apparently how this character potentially got leaked now the leak did happen on 4chan and again That's a whole nother reason why I basically never cover rumors for 4chan unless it's just like a for fun video Not meant to be taken seriously But I am taking this one a little bit more seriously because there was a post on 4chan back on July 30th So a while ago obviously ignored it for obvious reasons like we ignore any other 4chan rumor who really cares But here's what the rumor said Actual info here. I work for Disney music Nintendo called last week to request rights to several tracks from Kingdom Hearts to use in a digital event on October 5th Sora is the last smash character now again This is obviously Being somewhat conflated Somewhat potentially considered because October 5th is the date that we are having a sakurai presents presentation A 40 minute showcase of the new character the final character in smash So that's kind of where this is coming from this person nailed the date now It could have been a completely luck-based guess of course But it also might have been legit and having it leak through somebody who works at Disney music potentially Need music requests it all kind of lines up to something that would probably Be real this would be something that actually does happen You do have to have the rights to the music to use them in the present presentation Let alone to remix them and have them in the game So licensing is a thing Nintendo would have to contact the Disney music department for that because most of the music That is in the Kingdom Hearts franchise is actually fully licensed by Disney themselves So they wouldn't necessarily go through square for that. They would have to go directly to Disney music So this actually does make sense. It's just still it could be made up and this person could have just got Incredibly lucky with a guess, but incredibly lucky back in july Like this isn't even recent. This is a while ago. So Again massive truckloads of salt here Obviously some people, you know, don't think Sora could happen. There was an interview some time ago I think with Fumitsu magazine where like I think it was Sakurai or somebody Kind of hinted that Sora can't come to smash, but it was kind of out of context and the full um the full Actual details of it are kind of muddy. I wouldn't say that Sora can't be in smash Sora is an original video game character does originate in japan It doesn't matter that the disney characters existed beforehand, but again grain of salt I just think it's amazing to imagine Sora in smash really That would be pretty badass I gotta admit and definitely not something I actually thought was possible I thought crash or even master chief or more possible than this But again, we find out the truth of it all on october 5th Don't hold me to this. This is just a 4chan rumor go pack go You guys have a lovely end of your sunday and I'll catch you tomorrow For a fresh start of the week with a normal news video lots of stuff to talk about Already that I'm already gathering stories for And yeah, we also have some uh, so a live stream. I believe I'll be doing tomorrow And I guess that's what I'm trying to say. Alright folks. Thank you so much for tuning in and I'll catch you in the next video


The sooner the better. Don't wait. My name is Henry Huang. I teach in the acupuncture department here at SU. What acupuncture does is it helps the body to produce its own natural anti-inflammatory substances. It helps the body to produce its own endorphins and the opiates of natural opiates in your body. And that's what acupuncture does is it helps the body to produce those. And then it goes to the areas that are needed. And that's how it reduces the pain. There's no medicine on the needles. It's just your body's reaction to a stainless steel surgical grade needle. We put it in certain points and that tells the body, hey, we need more, maybe anti-inflammatory substances or we need more natural painkillers. And that's what's produced in the body. So anybody that is dealing with things like headaches, neck pain, spinal pain, mid-back or low back pain, joint pain. So anybody with arthritis in the knees and the hips and the shoulders and the, you know, in your fingers. So anything along that line, acupuncture would be great for it.


Morning Traders, Patrick Mumme here with another tickmail chart here to draw your attention this morning to a developing opportunity in the Stirling Kiwi on the daily timeframe, sending channel. Obviously we are getting some murmurings or mood music that seems to be pretty positive with respect to Brexit. We have tested into the monthly predicted or projected range support and held that area. We have nice momentum divergence since the lower end of the channel. I'm now looking for this descending train channel to be broken to the upside. I'd like to be long back through 1990 with the start below today's low as a protective start. I'm looking to test range resistance up to 197. As always Traders, plan the trade, trade the plan and most importantly manage your risk. Until next time, thanks very much.


So, Derek, I'm assuming that you're not taking last December's performance against the Jaguars for granted as you prepare for Sunday. Yeah, I really think about that anymore. We didn't play them and they won last game, so I mean, that should be out the window by now. I don't want to worry about that anymore. No. Another opponent game we got to win, so. Patience is coming to play for you as it was around. Say it again. How much does patience come to play? Like, what role does that play for you as it's around?  You let your blocks set up, let the play develop, and as you see a hole just hit it. Is that kind of like a requirement for the wide zone? Um, not really.  Depending on what you need to read and how the blocks are set up, but not in that big play. What would you say makes you such a great fit for that scheme of wide zones? I mean, I don't know him. I don't really, I don't mean, I just have to go out there and do my job. I don't really get into, you know, what makes me great or anything like that. I let the people who watch me, you know, and last my game, you know, make those say what they want to say about it. But I just got to do my job. Obviously you've done some good things already. Do you feel like turns into running back season now in that the weather starts to turn and in that you kind of took the steam on your shoulders that this stretch last year in similar circumstances? Just doing my job. I mean, that's all I can say. Just want to do my job and get paid to run the ball and when I did make plays, just doing my job. What's it like when you get in a good rhythm and you guys go back in the huddle? Is there a lot of chatter or is it all just business-like? You just want to keep feeding you the ball? What's it, what's it like as you're picking up chunks of yardage and gotten into a good green ball of drive? Just taking one play at a time. Focusing on the play that's called. You know, just keep my momentum going, keep moving downfield and getting the end zone. There's a whole million plays, I think they put out a Titans Hattle list today. Six huge plays over the last two years, more than anybody in the league, more than the best receivers, Ty and Caleb and stuff. What's it like when you're realizing that you're breaking those open? Have you ever seen yourself on a jumbotron and see what's going on behind you or as you realize that this is going to be another one of those? What's that feeling? Well, my eyes get big if you haven't seen any pictures, but you know, it's just credit to those guys up front and everybody blocking and I'm just making my reads doing the job the best I can and it's up and field, just trying to get six points. You had to pick anything you've changed as a runner over the years, what do you think might be one or two in terms of style or anything? I just want to be me, I never really changed. Just be me, continue to improve on everything that I need to get better at. Same runner? Yeah, same runner. Derek, I got it late. I don't know if you were asked about the sign or not. Just your thoughts on what they did to that? Yeah, that was a great moment for me and my family, my hometown and for them to recognize me and put a sign up for me. That's just something I'll never forget and I'll cherish forever. That don't happen too often, so I was very grateful and thankful for them doing that for me. Did you see that coming? They talked about it in previous years, but never really got it worked out and it finally happened. My coach Pat, who passed this past year, really was pushing for it and finally got it done, so I was happy for him. Coming from where you come a long way, what does it mean for you to represent your hometown the way you have? Like I told them when I talked to them during the ceremony, I told them I put Yuli Floyd on my heart and I carried them everywhere I go and I'm going to continue to do that as I'm playing.


You have to, like, hold yourself back knowing that you've...  You know, I'm not thinking about my injury when I get on the field, so it's like, when is that time to get on the field, time to go and not even think about the injury.  I mean, we even saw it, I guess, in training.   How excited are you to be helping somebody other than the trainer? I mean, I'm excited, you know, I'm just ready, like I said, it's whatever they have me doing, you know, I don't know what it may be today, but at the same time, you know, I'm just, it's the point of me being on the field, finally being on the field with my teammates, so that's what I'm excited about.  Just the way they lead, the way they go out there and handle the business on the other side. I'm excited. Like I said, this defense been playing lifestyle football, you know, and whatever I could do to help this team win, you know, no matter what that may be, you know, just waiting to tie on the sideline and help this defense, you know, be juiced up, you know, I'm down for it, so.


Live from Las Vegas, it's theCUBE, covering ServiceNow Knowledge 2018. Brought to you by ServiceNow. Welcome back everyone to theCUBE's live coverage of ServiceNow Knowledge 18. We're coming at you from the Venetian in Las Vegas. I'm your host, Rebecca Knight. I have with me Paul Webb. He is the ServiceNow Practice Lead for EY. Thanks so much for coming on theCUBE, Paul. Thanks for having me, Rebecca. So before the camos were rolling, we were talking about what EY's focus is, and it's not traditional IT. You're really focused on bringing ServiceNow into the business. Can you talk a little bit about this? Yeah, that's right. So, traditionally, ServiceNow has been seen inside the IT organization, transforming the way in which the service desk is run. But what we're finding is more and more of our customers see the power of the platform and how it can be taken out into HR, customer service, and automate a lot of business process that have traditionally been manual or used by a bunch of disparate systems. So that's been our focus, and it's been very compelling to our customers, and it's been very good to us. So give me some examples of what you're doing. What are some innovative solutions? Yeah, so we've got a couple of really cool ones. One is fleet car management. So we've taken a device that we've put in vehicles that then transmits back to ServiceNow Hub to give us the vehicle telemetry. So then when the vehicle comes back in from being used like someone like Hertz or Avis, anyone like that, they can then use a device to see whether the car needs a repair or service, new tires, and then automatically trigger a work order to get that taken care of. So that's a really different use case than the traditional IT.   We're seeing this need for disruption sort of kicking in this year. It's like last year it was a lot of ideas, a lot of thought around what the art of the possible, but now we're starting to see companies ready to embrace it. And so that change, that transformation is happening sort of right now in 2018. And how are you helping them? Because it's not easy. This is, the stuff is hard, change management. Yeah, it's kind of great that we're such a diverse and broad company. So the fact that I can bring our customer service teams, our supply chain teams, our human resources teams, all of that consulting breadth that we have and deep subject matter experience, we can bring that to the ServiceNow platform and then take it to a client to really transform the way in which they think about a problem. And what would you say are some of the best practices that have emerged? Because as we've said, this is a really disruptive time for so many companies. You just talked about car industry. What would you say, sort of the insights you've gleaned in working with clients? It's time to value. I think more than anything else, it's getting something in the hands of the customer or the user very, very quickly. So our typical cycle is 12 weeks from an ideation and idea of what they want to achieve to something they can actually touch and feel and experience. 12 weeks. 12 weeks, yeah. And we typically work in these 12 weeks delivery cycles. So that you don't end up with fatigue and design fatigue. You just get your hands on something you can touch, you can feel, you can experience, and then you can mature it from there. So walk us through the process. I mean, at 12 weeks, that is stupendous. Yeah, first of all, it's containing the scope. It's not trying to do too much all at once. We then really help the clients to whiteboard what problem they want to solve. We may do something as simple as a proof of concept or we call them hackathons, it's common here. Do that to sort of get the ideas into an environment that they can touch. Then we come up with a series of requirements that need to be in the first release. And then once we've done that, it's send it to our developers, get them to turn the crank, turn it into something that we can get in the hands. Even if it's not in production, if it's not production ready, it's got to be close enough where they can say, yeah, we need X changed, we need Y changed, we need something different. Or this is good to go, let's now evolve. When you're in this design process, which is messy and complicated, how are you sort of sparking good ideas and creativity and innovation on your team? We find the client brings that themselves. You know, we've got smart people, they do good things, they're young, they're innovative. But we find when we start to produce some ideas to the conversation, it rapidly sparks the same back from the client. So this sort of collaborative approach works really well to bring everybody up to a whole new level of thinking. So the tagline, the new branding for ServiceNow is making the world of work work better for people. And that is where you're focusing EY's business too. So what would you say should be sort of next, what are the next employee pain points that you want to focus on with the ServiceNow platform? It's interesting that it's a little less exciting, but it's this concept of the system of protection. One of the guys who works with me, Lawrence, came up with the concept of using ServiceNow as the system of protection, where we can look at things like compliance and security and risk, and use ServiceNow to help manage that, facilitate that risk. The second side is obviously the sort of more creative, improved productivity, improved efficiency, drive more of the sort of disruptive digital agenda into the equation. And so those two ends of the spectrum, protect the business and then innovate the business. So our two prime agenda items right now. Finally, why would a client choose EY? What do you bring to the table? I think it's the breadth and depth. We are a very large global company. We have a lot of really bright minds. I think 70% of our business is now millennials. So we've got a lot of brilliant minds that are really trying to bring new ideas, new disruptive thinking. And yet we still have that maturity and that experience across that spectrum. So bringing all that to bear on a problem for a client enables us to do some really unique things. Great, well thanks so much for coming on theCUBE, Paul. Thanks very much for having me, Rebecca. We will have more from ServiceNow Knowledge 18 and theCUBE's live coverage just after this.


How is it going in Zelda, Tears of the Kingdom? It's the only thing I play. I don't play anything else right now. I'm closing in on 70 hours into the game. By the time I edit and upload this video I'm probably up in 100, probably. I think I have like 100 Koroks. I'm gonna check. Let me log into the game. So in this video I'm gonna let you know how it's going. I'll show you some funny clips and some experiences I had, some first thoughts I had when I encountered some specific locations. And I'm also gonna sprinkle in a few tips and tricks from what I think so far. From what I think.  Let's see, let's load up my game. Another thing to remember is that sometimes you can get chests in an alternative way by attaching the chest to another object, which is kind of funny. But it doesn't work on all chests. Oh, I'm right now in Hytano Village. Hytano. Rövrö. Okay, I'm gonna show you from my album some funny moments. Okay, let's go. Like for example, here's a moment that gave me serious Super Mario Sunshine vibes. I'm so satisfying. You can steer your flying birds by walking around on them. Maybe you didn't know that. Okay, so if you guys watched my first impression video, you pretty much got my first impression from the entire Sky Island and then I dropped down below. And here's what I did immediately after I finished that video. The first thing I focused on was pinning all the locations of map towers, which was easy peasy, and now I had a plan. That was the first thing that I wanted to do and cover the map because I don't want to go around blind in Hyrule. And I am loving the new designs of the towers. You no longer have to climb the towers. Now you're shot up and you get a great vantage point. And also you should remember that time stands somewhat still while you are pinning down locations that you want to go to, which is kind of neat. This video is kindly sponsored by Timu.com. Timu is a marketplace where you can find just about anything for an affordable price. They have multiple categories and sales at up to 90% off. And Timu is right now having a special Nintendo Switch OLED campaign where you can actually save $100 on a Nintendo Switch OLED. You download the app, you get the coupon, you punch in my discount code, and you can get a Switch OLED for $254 instead of the usual price. Get the app, have a look around and see for yourself. 10 million plus downloads of Timu. There are tons of Switch accessories, like for example this Switch game cartridge case. Highly recommend this one. There are several Nintendo Switch controllers, Joy-Con skins, Switch bags, Zelda themed carry cases. Who wouldn't want that? If you play a lot in handheld, the OLED Switch is a must. It is also worth checking out what they have, not only in the gaming category as a whole, but the other categories on there as well. Thank you so much for sponsoring this video. Here are some other things that I did in Tears of the Kingdom. I'm doing a few shrines and the puzzles are so clever. There are always several ways to clear shrines, and I have found so many alternative ways. I'm doing the shrines wrong, I'm pretty sure. Now, here's one thing that I was like, when I experienced this in the game, wait, mute that. I thought to myself, I have to talk about this. The feeling, actually, I'm the feeling. Okay, so this is a location spoiler, and it is involving something that is, I knew I'd probably been there already, so I mean. I didn't know about this place. No one knew about this place. This was the biggest secret ever. I fell down there, and I can show you on the map where I randomly fell down. The row and plane, well, there it is, because I didn't jump down into them when I saw the big creators in the ground. I am loving the dots. Highlight gaming point, top five event happening this year, gaming-wise, discovering this place, I mean, and collecting pose. So excited to see pose again. That is so occurring of time. Oh, and the brethren, the brethren locations. First thing I did when I discovered the depths, I collected all the pose, not all the pose, a ton of them, and then I knew where to go, so fine. Now, here's another thing that I did. I'm not very good at fusing yet, but I can fuse a beehive on a stick, and it actually shoots out bees if you hold your attack button. I'm messing around occasionally up in the sky with some sony devices. Are you guys into the sony devices? I still have to wrap my head around that. I'm too busy down in the depths, if you know what I mean. There are new enemies in the game, several, actually, and that leads me to caves. Caves is a new thing, loving that. Going back to its old roots without caves is essential. So yeah, some new enemies, including trees. Walls, they're called. Ever mean? Here, for example, is a beautiful construction that I did, that I felt very clever making, and it actually worked. Look at that. Another thing is that if you guys ever played Breath of the Wild six years ago, you remember the importance of having stamina food on your old times? I'm still like that, at old times, because sometimes you just need a bit more stamina. Since gliding places is a huge way to get places and discovering locations, using recall on fallen boulders is such a welcome addition in Tears of the Kingdom. I am loving the emergency shelter. I often return there to pray at the shrine, sleep, cook, and get rumors from the newspaper. There's a newspaper in the game. Okay, so here's a fun side activity. Taking pictures of everything. When I unlocked my Hyrule companion, compendium, not companion, this is what I did. I threw out everything that I had on the ground and took a picture of it. And I mean weapons, materials, fruit, you name it. Fun pastime. Am I the only one that does this? I'm loving the camera features, like collecting that. And here is a clip of me. When I noticed that the roots in the depths has a shrine just above it, with its name just reversed, funny. And for the longest time, I thought I always had to shoot the bright bloom seeds with an arrow. You don't have to do that.  Okay, so one of my biggest tips is to make your own platforms, combining the Ultra Hand with the Recall ability.  Neighbor Stefan didn't know that when I told him the other day. But now he knows. The Rito Bridge with my mom. I actually brought my switch over to my mom's place and she was watching me play actually this section of the game. And this made me think that Nintendo does it all the time. They make their games fun for family to watch. Even non-gamers can watch this. So we were building this bridge together. She was like, you gotta have it longer. And I'm like, no, this is long enough. You gotta have it longer. Also the fun factor of just jumping on ice. Okay, so here is a shrine that took me one hour to do. One hour, I kid you not. I was very stubborn in this shrine. I tried having a platform with some sort of sticking down platforms on the rails and that sort of thing may be going over. I was thinking in the wrong way. You need to think outside a box for a moment. It was a whole thing. It was such a mess. One hour in this shrine. I finally did it though. I came across some pirates. Here I am building a raft with a steering wheel. I found a star fragment while jumping down from the sky. And here is a map of my progress so far. I still have a lot of shrines that I haven't done and I still hover my A over the earth's planes. Like I did in Breath of the Wild, I love that. And another thing, don't forget to visit all the bridges in the game because the names of the bridges, they don't show on the map unless you have crossed the bridge. I cross every bridge. So I guess my 70 hour mark impression of Tears of the Kingdom is, for one, it is actually very similar to Breath of the Wild with some improvements. My favorite improvement being the ascend ability, attaching things to my arrows like bombs. The ascend ability, no. Caves, actually. The depth, definitely. And the creativity of building things. I'm not good at building things, but looking at people that are good at building things. That's kind of funny, actually. Those are the features that I think stands out. Also, I am liking the sky theme a bit more now now that I let it sink in a bit. I wish there were more sky islands, a bigger area of land up there. Because so far, I feel like there are only small sky islands. No actual big field up there, if you know what I mean. I would like to see that. And sound design is out of this world. Sound effects and music and stuff. I haven't locked three of the Great Fairies. I just got to Tarrytown. I've done none of the Shraa temples, I mean. Dungeons, temples, whatever. I've done none of them. I'm doing them lastly. Right now I'm just making my way into Gerudo because I like the heat. Something like that anyway. Collecting gear, so fun so far. I wanna hear how far you are into it. How many hours do you have? That's what I wanna see. Down in the comment section. How many hours do you have? I'm not rushing the game, not at all. Do I recommend the game? Yeah, you just get it. There's no question about it, just get it. Because it's Zelda. The only way I would not recommend it is if you didn't like Breath of the Wild to begin with. If you played that one and you didn't like Breath of the Wild, then it's a lot of the same stuff in this one. And if you played Breath of the Wild and never even got off the grid at all, I don't know what to say to you. I think you're missing out. Join my discord down below. Check out Timo, my link. And thank you so much for watching today. Hit like on the video. And I will see you later.


And Cinderella and the Prince got married, and they lived happily ever after. What comes next? The end. The end, that's right. Okay, give me a snuggle. Come on. I'll be home. Remember what I told you about Daddy? Okay, Daddy won't be home tonight, but he's not very far away. I'll be home tomorrow as soon as he sees a man and he'll give you a snuggle, then. Okay, honey? Okay.  I'll use this on both of you. Anything you want.  This is happening to me, but a man just broke into my house and I've been attacked. Uh, yeah. No, I didn't know what to do. Yeah, she's asleep. Okay, call the police. Oh, okay, all right. Okay, bye. I've been raped. Can I help you? Yes. This is Mrs. Farrell. She's been a victim of an assault and we would like to have her examined. Hello, Mrs. Farrell. My name is Lynn Paraly. If you can wait here a minute, I'll go get the nurse to be taken care of you. Our primary concern when a sexual assault patient comes to the emergency department is to ensure priority and triage, privacy in all aspects of her care, and companionship throughout the process. I'll call the count for you. Okay. In my initial contact with the patient, I want to make her comfortable and give her a feeling of safety. Mrs. Farrell? Hi, I'm Mary Noble. I'm the nurse that's gonna be taking care of you. Okay, Mrs. Farrell brought in some extra clothes, so I'm gonna need all the ones you're wearing now for evidence. Okay. Thank you very much. We'll be in the copy room. We'll wait for you while you're getting examined. Why don't you come with me, Mrs. Farrell? I'm gonna take you to a room that's a little bit more private. Mrs. Farrell, would you sit down right here?  Thank you. I think you've been through a pretty rough experience. I thought that he was gonna kill me. Are you still frightened? It's like it's not real. I can't believe it. And I've always been so careful. I never thought that anything like this would happen to me. I don't want to talk about it. I just wouldn't forget it happened. I don't want to talk about it. I understand how you feel. It must be still very painful for you. But we found that it really does help to talk about it. Don't feel quite as alone with your fear. Would you like me to call him for you? No.  Would you like me to check with her to see if she got a hold of him? No. I'd just like to explain to you what we'll be doing here. And the first thing that we're gonna be doing is a physical examination. The doctor will be asking you specific questions in relation to the physical exam. And he'll probably also ordering some lab tests for you too. He'll discuss that with you. Then we're gonna want to collect evidence. And we'll need a consent for us to do that. And then we'll need a separate consent from you to give that evidence to the police. Okay. Yeah, I'll do that. I want to give it to the police. Okay. And then we'll have you talk to a counselor regarding the emotional feelings that I'm sure you're having. And we probably will have for a while. I used to think rape was something that happened only to women who somehow invited it or who weren't as careful as I am. But in talking to rape victims, I find that most of them are just as careful as I am and many of them live in neighborhoods just like mine. Rape is on the increase. We're seeing more and more victims in the emergency department. It makes me realize that it could happen to me and my family. And that's real scary. But even though I have my own feelings, I want to help the patient while she's here. I want her to know that she's now in control of what's happening to her. That's what I try to communicate to her the whole time I'm with her. I know that what I do and say will make a difference in her recovery. I also feel very responsible for making sure all the evidence collection is done correctly because I know how important it will be to the victim if the case is prosecuted. Seems okay. Dr. Martin. Yes. We just admitted women who have been sexually assaulted. If you get them ready to go, I'll leave right now. Hello, Mrs. Farrell. Dr. Martin, and I'll be taking care of you while you're here. I know you've been through a bad experience, so we'll try to make you as comfortable as we can. Sexual assault patients should be considered victims of multiple trauma, and they should be given appropriate treatment priority. Their care involves very complex medical, psychological, and legal issues. It's very important that every emergency department should maintain and follow a formal written protocol. While many of these patients have no physical injuries, their psychological trauma often is serious. So psychological support and evidence collection are the main tasks. It's particularly important to approach these patients with a non-judgmental attitude. Because of the powerlessness and helplessness experienced during the assault, it also is important for the physician to help the patient regain feelings of control. You give the patient control by explaining what you wish to do, and why, before you do it, and also by involving the patient in each of the decisions affecting her care. The next thing we'll need to do is a physical examination to make sure you're okay physically. Because sometimes you have injuries you're hardly even aware of. And at the same time, I'll be collecting evidence that may be needed later if you decide to prosecute. And I'll try to explain everything as we go along and tell you about each step, but feel free to stop and ask questions if you have any. So why don't we start with some general questions about your health? I usually begin with questions about the patient's general medical history to give myself time to establish rapport with the patient before I get to the more sensitive questions. Occasionally I'll get some really important information. A recent illness or abdominal surgery, for example. This would indicate a much more careful evaluation. Then I ask about gynecological history including parity, parity, date of last menstrual period, and the use of contraception. Then I go on to ask about the assault itself. As I approach each section of the history, I explain the reasons for the questions I'm asking. The purpose of all these questions is to help me know what to look for when I examine you. So why don't we sort of start at the beginning and let you tell me about what happened during the assault? It was about nine o'clock and I was upstairs putting my daughter to bed.  And then he yanked my arm up behind my back and pushed me into the bedroom and threw me on the bed. Please, take anything you want. Later. Now what happened next? You mentioned that he yanked your arm. Where did he grab you? On my wrist. Does it hurt? A little bit. And you mentioned that he had a knife. Did he use it in any way? No. He didn't cut me but he threatened to and he had it against my face. And after he threw you on the bed, what happened then?  I know this is very difficult for you but I do need to get some details for the exam and for evidence. Can I go on? Was there vaginal penetration? Yes. Could you tell whether or not he ejaculated? Yes, I think. Yes, I'm sure he did. Was there any anal, any rectal penetration or any attempt? No. Was there any kind of oral sex? Was there any other type of sexual or physical abuse? We need to identify all the areas of sexual contact. We also need to ask if the patient lost consciousness or was forced to take drugs or drink anything. The purpose of these questions is to help determine the kinds of injuries the patient may have and to guide collection of evidence. This is also why we ask whether she scratched or injured the assailant and what she did after the assault. I only have a few more questions. After the assault, did you change clothes? No, this is the skirt. It has stains on it. We can use that later for evidence. Did you wash or bathe or douche? No, I didn't know what to do. Did you use the bathroom? No. Did you take any medications? No. All right, that's all the questions for now. And the next step is the physical examination. I know this has been kind of hard for you, but the information you've given is very helpful both for the exam and for the evidence. I'd like to have the nurse help you get into a gown and I'll be back in just a minute. All right. This is Farah while I'm getting you undressed here. I'm also checking for any scratches and bruises. And I'll also want to examine your clothing for any evidence of the assault. Notice some red marks here on your neck. That's pretty sore, huh? Yeah. I think the police are going to want to take pictures of that just to give them an idea of the force that he used on you. I was really scared. I mean, I kept thinking that my daughter would wake up and I felt so helpless. It's really terrifying being so powerless. That's what I was. I was powerless. That was the worst part. Do you know if there's any stains on anything else like the bedclothes at home? No, the police checked it. Okay, Henry. We want to just have a seat right there on the bed. Each article of evidence should be placed in a separate paper bag. And each bag must be carefully labeled. We're going to need a urine specimen from you. It'll make you feel more comfortable for the exam. If you come with me, we cannot get that. The specimen will allow us to do a baseline pregnancy test to find out if the patient was pregnant prior to the assault. And the urinalysis may reveal sperm in the specimen. If I think the patient has not had a pelvic exam before, I make sure to explain the procedure before the doctor begins. First, I'd like to do a general physical exam, okay? So let's go ahead and start with the head. Any tenderness up here? No. The physical examination of the sexual assault patient begins with a general inspection of the body. The physician's responsibility is to carefully search for and document information that will help corroborate the patient's history of the assault. We especially look for signs of force, such as bruises and scratches, or even tender areas. This is the sore wrist, right? Squeeze my fingers. Pain. Very good. Signs of trauma are often found on the victim's neck, back, and forearms. Just lie back. Now I'd like to do the pelvic exam. I'll try to make this as general and comfortable as possible. But if you experience any pain or have any discomfort, I'll go and I'll stop. And then I won't start again until you're okay. All right. Is that evidence kit ready? Yes, it is. Because communities have different requirements for evidence collection, it is important for each hospital to establish a protocol in cooperation with their local law enforcement and criminal justice agencies. What we're going to do first, Mrs. Farrell, is check for any signs of external injury. And you may feel some strange sensations while I'm collecting surface specimens, okay? Okay. We also look for any stains or foreign matter, such as hairs or fibers, and usually take pubic comings. When foreign matter is found, it is collected, preserved, and labeled. Okay, that's fine. I don't see any sign of any injury on the outside. So now I'm going to do an internal examination. And for that, we're going to use this speculum. We've warmed it in water to make it a little more comfortable. Are you ready? It will go slow and easy. Try to relax as much as you can. And it might help if you do breathe in and out through your mouth. Nice and easy. We don't use a lubricant on the speculum because it would contaminate the laboratory examination of the specimens we'll be collecting. How are you doing? Fine. This part of the exam is often very difficult for the patient because it reactivates the vulnerable feelings she experienced during the assault. Flashbacks are common at this point. It helps the patient if the doctor keeps talking with her, letting her know his findings. Now I'm going to collect some specimens for evidence. We swabbed the posterior fornix, being careful to avoid the cervical os. Now you're going to feel a little touch inside. If the assault had occurred more than six hours ago, we would take a second swab from the cervical os also. Be sure and let those slides air dry. The swab and the slides will be examined for sperm and acid phosphatase. If there are any pool secretions in the vaginal vault, we place the aspirated specimen in saline. I'll examine a slide later under the microscope for the presence and motility of sperm. Now one last specimen to collect. Do you have that there, Martin? We take a GC culture at this time and draw blood later for a baseline BDRL. Now I'm going to remove the speculum very slowly and as I come out we'll check and see if there's any sign of injury inside. Everything looks fine. Now I'll be doing a bimanual examination. I'll have one hand from the inside and one hand pushing on the abdomen. If the patient's description of the assault had indicated, we also would examine for tissue damage and collect specimens from the perianal and other areas. What about the way over on this side? No. Now we finish the pelvic exam. We'll help you slide back up on the table and then we can talk about treatment. Because of the assault, you've been exposed to some health risks. I could be pregnant, couldn't I? Well, it is possible. Because of the time in your menstrual cycle, there's about a 5-10% chance. And that's certainly something we should discuss and see what could be done. And basically there are two options. What are the options? In the treatment discussion, the physician should cover two issues. First, the patient should be informed of the chances she might become pregnant as a result of the assault. Second, the possibility that she may have acquired venereal disease should be explained. In both cases, the patient may elect to receive immediate prophylactic treatment or to wait and reassess the problem later. The patient needs to be fully informed about the purpose of the baseline pregnancy and VD tests, the need for follow-up tests, and the risks and side effects of the various options. Whenever there is no clearly preferable clinical course of action, the final decisions on timing of therapy should be left to the patient. Making your own decisions also helps the patient regain her sense of control. You can either take antibiotics now and hope to prevent any infection, or you can maintain very close follow-up with your private physician. And then if a culture is positive or if you develop any symptoms, then take the antibiotics. I want to take it now. Mary can give you the medication and then you can get dressed. Now that we've dealt with the medical aspects of things, I'd like to help you deal with the emotional impact of what has occurred. We have a specially trained counselor, and I think it would be very helpful for you and your family to spend some time talking with her. I'd like to call her in as soon as I'm finished. Okay. Her name is Ellen White. While Mrs. Farrell is with Ms. White, could you take the evidence down to the police? I'm sure. I also have this specimen you wanted to look at under the microscope here on the counter. The nurse will tell you about the follow-up care before you leave. You're okay medically, but be sure to have the follow-up tests we talked about, all right? Okay. Do you have any questions? I'm really sorry this happened. Thank you. Hi, Bob. Yeah, the specimens are in this bag here. And then I just need you to sign this right here for chain of custody. Okay. Okay, thank you. What medical personnel do in the hospital makes a difference as to how successful we are in court. The doctor and the nurse truly have to be very knowledgeable in knowing what to look for. It is extremely important to keep complete and thorough records of your findings. The doctor's chart is very powerful and persuasive in court. It is relied on by judges and juries. If it is legible and if it is complete, often times stipulations can be obtained in advance saving the doctor the necessity of coming to court. Successful prosecution of the offender is one of the few ways that a victim can do something about what happened to her and prevent it from happening to other people. But rape is a very hard crime to prove. Sometimes the only corroboration we have is the evidence found in the hospital. That is why we work so closely with hospital staffs and encourage the use of systematic procedures. In short, by working closely with the staff of a hospital, it makes it easier on a victim and much safer for our community. I should have fought more. Maybe I could have stopped him. Why is it you think you could have done? I could have screamed or hit him with something. What do you think would have happened then? I think he would have stabbed me with a knife and I didn't want my daughter to wake up. Your choices were really limited.  I was trapped there in the house and I just kept thinking about my daughter. Alice, it sounds like you were really worried for her safety. I'm really worried about going back into that house. I don't know how I'm ever going to feel safe there again. Feeling afraid is very understandable after what you've been through tonight. Is there anything that you think might make you feel safer? Well, I think that I'll call the police and ask them to come out to my house and make sure that it's secure. That's a good idea. How long is this going to last? Because I keep thinking about it over and over. You've been through a really traumatic experience. It's a normal reaction to feel upset and unsettled for a while. If you'd had a physical injury you'd need time to heal. This is an emotional injury. It needs time too. I keep seeing it over and over again. I've seen it over again is what we call flashbacks. After an assault we know that people may have trouble sleeping or concentrating as well. These are all very common reactions and they last a while. I'm here to help you through that. And we know that talking about it too can help to relieve some of the control the event has over you. Talking about it does help. It does make me feel less shaky. But I can't imagine talking about this to my husband or to my friends. I'm going to be really upset. Could you talk to him first? I'd be glad to do that. When something happens to one member of a family the rest of the family is affected too. That's why we have follow-up counseling here for all of you. And Alice we have dealt with some of your concerns but I imagine there are a lot more feelings you'd like to talk about and we could do that in our next visit. Could I call you the next day or so and make arrangements for another visit? Is there anything else you'd like to ask me about? Mrs. Farrell? Your husband is here. He's out in the waiting room. Could you go down there first? Sure. I'll be glad to and I'll see you before you leave. I have your after-care instructions here and what I've done is listed all the things that we've done for you today like the lab tests and the medications that we've given you. The after-care instructions should explain common reactions following these assaults and list the phone numbers and locations for community resources. Medical legal and counseling referrals specifically and financially accessible to the patients and responsive to her unique crisis needs. It's important to get several phone numbers work, family, friends where we can reach the patient for follow-up because rape victims often change their residence suddenly. It's also important to make sure the patient has a safe place to go and transportation to get there. How have things been going the past few weeks? All right. Um, I'm still having a little trouble concentrating. What kind of trouble? Well, I keep thinking that it's over and then it all keeps coming back to me. Like, I'll be right in the middle of something all of a sudden. I'll just remember everything that happened. That makes it really difficult for you. But it's really normal. Good. But I'm trying to take your advice and I'm trying to let as much out as I can to my husband and my friends. That's good. Is there anything else you think might help? Yes, there's one thing. I'm having trouble with... my daughter keeps asking questions and she wants to know why I'm so jumpy and why I check the house carefully at night and I know that she senses something is wrong. I told her about what's happened. Well, I told her that somebody broke into the house and scared me. But actually, I've avoided talking much about it at all and I really need some help on this. Well, Jeanne is eight years old. She may need to have a little more information. Children may notice many things they're curious about. Changes in mother's behavior. New locks on the door. A special concern on father's part. The child was at home. The parents can never be sure the child didn't hear the attack but is too frightened to bring it up or perhaps has even repressed the memory. It's best to be truthful and help the mother to give whatever information is appropriate to the child's age and agrees with what the child did see or hear. But even though I have my own feelings as a nurse I want to help her cope with her feelings. I'm a caring person as well as a professional. I try to show her this in everything I say and do. Even more than other patients rape victims should be informed about every procedure before it is done and they should be involved in each of the decisions affecting their care. This will help to restore their feelings of safety and control. The psychological impacts of rape trauma can be long lasting. If counseling begins early as part of the victim's initial care her opportunity for a good recovery is greatly enhanced.