Good morning. The exam, the midterm is scheduled to go out tomorrow. However, we're still working on it. How many of you will be inconvenienced if instead, and it's due next Tuesday, how many of you will be inconvenienced if it goes out on Thursday rather than tomorrow? One of you. Okay. Good. Well, that's enough to make a difference. So we will try to post it by tomorrow or Wednesday at the latest. Okay. Good. After we post the midterm and until it's due, there will be no quizzes in class. Today's and the next lecture will be given by Ralph Adolph's. It'll be on the visual system. But today we are going to synthesize everything, most of the points that we have made so far in the course to talk about recreational drugs. So I actually bought the rights to show this cartoon from senior Wilkinson, who is a cartoonist from the Philadelphia Inquirer. She said to me, thank you for buying the rights, but tell me, is marijuana a gateway drug? This was about 10 years ago. I told her that probably if I knew then what I know now, I would not smoke marijuana and we'll find out why. But this is only one lecture on recreational drugs and next year, January 2017, I will give a course on neuropharmacology and we will talk in greater detail about drugs that act on the nervous system. We already know how a couple of these drugs work. We know that three of them are enzyme inhibitors, which you learned about in various courses and just the other day we learned about Viagra. And we know that three of them are also neurotransmitter transport inhibitors, Ritalin, appetite suppressants such as amphetamines and Prozac, which is fluoxetine. Unfortunately, candle does not have easy access to this material. It's scattered throughout candle. First, a disclaimer. Don't offer your pattern of prescription drug compliance as a result of this course and consult a medical professional for further guidance about prescription drugs. I'm not aware of all trends in current medical practice nor is Ralph Adolph's, neither of us are physicians and we cannot prescribe. Now there is a distinction between recreational drugs, addictive drugs, abused drugs and illegal drugs. For instance, caffeine could be termed recreational. It's probably not addictive in any of the usual senses of that term, nor abused, at least according to the definition of the National Institute of Drug Abuse. And it's certainly legal, but it certainly is true also that several of the drugs I'm going to discuss today are addictive, can be abused, and are in some cases illegal. So here's the constitution of nine drugs that we're going to discuss today and this little beaver crossed out means you don't have to remember their structures. We're going to discuss morphine, tetrahydrocannabinol, ethanol, caffeine, ketamine, actually one of its enantiomers, esketamine, LSD, nicotine, cocaine and amphetamine. Now some of you may have friends who use other recreational drugs and we could stop here and ask about those other recreational drugs and in some cases they act analogously to ones here. Would anyone like to offer the name of another one used by a friend or what have you? Okay, so let's go on. Just a reminder that most recreational drugs either arose or are derived from plant drugs. So here for instance is a picture of a coca harvest in Bolivia in the Andes. It's been going on for a long time. This is 1950. The coca leaves are the source of cocaine. And it is remains a large industry in the Andes and in South America to gather coca. These are coca leaves then from the coca plant. In fact, if we think about the source of the drugs on our list, here they are. Most of them come from plants. Morphine, of which heroin is a derivative, comes from the opium poppy, poppiver somniferum, the poppy that brings sleep. Tetrahydrocannabinol comes from two species of cannabis, the hemp plant. Nicotine, of course, comes from the plant whose Latin name is Nicotiana tobacco. Cocaine, we just showed you the coca plant. Amphetamine is synthetic, but I'll tell you an interesting story about that. Ethanol does not come from a plant but comes from fermentation from a yeast, Saccharomyces soradicia. LSD is purely synthetic. Caffeine comes from various species of the coffee plant or the tea plant. Enketamine is entirely synthetic. So again, we don't need to know these Latin names. Ting got its name from Jean Nico, who is the French ambassador to Portugal and Portugal and Spain, as you know from courses at Caltech, who were first to discover the West Indies. And in fact, the tobacco plant came to the attention of Europe when it was offered to Columbus's crew by the natives. Then about 50 years later, Jean Nico brought a sample of tobacco back to France. And he was honored for this by actually becoming part of the name of nicotine and there is a unique co in Paris. So the coca plant, amphetamine is synthetic, coffee and tea, although LSD derives from a molecules which are similar, which are found in the fungus ergot. And there is an interesting hypothesis that the fungus that gives rise to ergot actually infested grain in the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the particularly moist winters in the 1630s. And there is a theory published in a reputable journal that the Salem witch trials were triggered by people who accused other women of being witches while the accusers were under the influence of hallucinogens from ergot. This has not been proven in any sense, but is quite an interesting hypothesis. So one question becomes, if we look at the plant origins of many of these drugs, what selective advantage does making a recreational drug bring to a plant? Any question? Any suggested answers to that? So what selective advantage does a plant get from making a drug? Yes, just terrific. Now, if you could increase your voice by between six and three decibels, everybody in class could hear that. But I think that you've made a good point, nicotine is an insecticide, and therefore it would protect the plant against bugs or animals that would like to eat the plant. What you're suggesting. Yeah. Well, in fact, it is thought that the selective advantage of all of these drugs is that they protect the plants against herbivores. And that, and we and maybe cats and catnip are the only species that have learned to use these toxins to obtain pleasurable and recreational effects by limiting our ingestion of these toxins. So the average herbivore animal that eats plants does not know about limiting the input and so gets very sick or even dies after eating the plant. Any other suggestions? There have actually been some suggestions recently in reputable journals that the opposite can also be true, especially for caffeine and bees that actually insects are attracted to caffeinated plants, eat them more and are able therefore to spread the pollen more effectively. One more point. Notice that in every case here, we use the correct terminology for genus and species. It's italicized. The genus is capitalized, but not the species. There's no need to invent new terminology. This terminology and this use has been around for 300 years and biologists do it all the time. So another characteristic of nearly every drug that we looked at is that they have a nitrogen group. The only exception is THC tetrahydrocannabinol. The nitrogens in nearly every case have a pKa around 7.5. That is, they are partially protonated and partially unprotonated. And so for instance, for the case of cocaine, when one directly extracts cocaine from the plant using the solvents, it is in its free base form. Sometimes also called crack cocaine and when one treats the free base with an acid, the nitrogen gets protonated. But this reaction is reversible at neutral pH in a few milliseconds. And then you can treat with base ammonia or sodium bicarbonate and then heat to drive off the hydrochloric acid and you're left with the free base. And this is important because ingestion of most of the drugs is passive. It goes through lipid membranes. In fact, when one smokes tobacco, nicotine needs to pass through six cell membranes in its neutral, permanent form before it reaches the neurons of the central nervous system. Cocaine, when inhaled, also passes through six membranes. Typically it starts in the nose rather than in the lungs. So in its un-deprotonated neutral form, it can easily pass through membranes, gets into the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. And within milliseconds, it's in equilibrium with its protonated form. And the protonated form is, in fact, the active form that works on receptors. We learned about local anesthetics. They actually work from inside ion channels, get stuck in those ion channels, so they go through one more membrane, go into the cell as deprotonated, and then bind to the channel. To increase the amount of cocaine that they take, South American Indians have learned to use calcium hydroxide, lime, which is a base, to shift this equilibrium toward the deprotonated form. And in fact, there are also bases in cigarettes to help to shift this equilibrium, so that the first part goes quite rapidly. Any questions? Okay, so what about the targets? Which is really a major discussion of this course. Targets for recreational drugs. Well, we've discussed voltage-gated channels. They don't seem to be targets for any recreational drugs. We've discussed ligand-gated channels like nicotinic receptors and GABA receptors. They are targets for both ketamine and nicotine. We'll go into more details. We've discussed enzymes, which an enzyme is probably one of the targets for caffeine. It's an intracellular enzyme. We've discussed G-protein-activated channels as G-protein effectors. This is probably a target for alcohol. We'll get to that in a minute. We've discussed G-protein-coupled receptors, and these are the targets of some of the drugs, and finally neurotransmitter transporters. So we've discussed the molecules that are targets for these drugs. We've discussed how they get into the central nervous system. I just want to remind you of a slide that I've already showed you that neurotransmitter transporters are targets for the abused drugs such as ecstasy, MDMA, and the dopamine transporter is the target for abused drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine. However, antidepressants also bind to the serotonin transporter. These are the SSRIs, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. You don't need to remember the trademarks, but you, like me, presumably have friends who have improved their disposition in their lives by taking SSRIs or molecules that act on other neurotransmitter transporters as antidepressants. And then you presumably also know people who have long-standing ADD or ADHD, attention deficit disorder, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and control that using Ritalin or Dexadrin or Adderall. So these are very common in our society, and they are used medically as well as recreationally. Any questions? Okay. So each of them does a job that mimics or substitutes for an endogenous ligand. For instance, morphine or heroin substitute for an endogenous ligand, which is actually a small peptide. There's a family of them called the endorphins, literally endogenous morphines, and these are the enkephalins, several classes of these. THC also substitutes for, is an agonist and also substitutes for an endogenous agonist, anandamide. Nicotine is an agonist and has many of the same effects as acetylcholine, a point we've mentioned often in this course. Cocaine is an antagonist. It binds to a, it substitutes for dopamine. Amphetamine and derivatives can be either antagonists or false substrates mimicking noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine. Ethanol is unusual in many ways, and it acts in many ways, but it seems to be able to activate ion channels the way G-proteins do. LSD is an agonist, which acts on the same kinds of receptors as serotonin. Caffeine is an inhibitor. We discussed last time that it is in the G-protein pathway, and it acts on the same molecule that handles cyclic AMP. Ketamine is an antagonist and seems to block glutamate, seems to interact in the same pathway as glutamate. In more detail, I should point out that there's a caltech story involved here as well. Some of you have worked in or taken classes in the Alley's building. Alley's noted the properties of a plant called ephedra, again, genus species, which was highly useful against asthma. He synthesized amphetamine, which is synthetically related to ephedrine, coming from ephedra. It got the trademark benzedrine, and he patented this. He got a nice income from that patent, and the income from that patent helped to build the Alley's building at Caltech. He got his BS a while ago, his MS and his PhD, and he was on the Caltech faculty as a research associate for many years. So thanks to Gordon Alley's, we have the Alley's building with the help of the NIH, which helped to build it. If we look again at these drugs, and we ask detailed questions about their targets, the target for heroin and morphine is a G-protein coupled receptor, specifically a GI-coupled receptor. It is the mu-opioid receptor. The target for THC is also a G-protein coupled receptor, a GI-coupled receptor called the cannabinoid receptor. Opioid comes from the word for opium. Nicotine, of course, has the target of an agonist-activated channel, and its most sensitive target is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, because it's a sensitive target for nicotine, we call it nicotinic, and it happens to be the receptor consisting of alpha-4 and beta-2 subunits. The target for cocaine is a plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter, which I showed you, the dopamine transporter. Amphetamine and its derivatives actually are very sly. They target both vesicular and plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporters. Remember, there are two transporters, we described this a couple of weeks ago. The particular target of amphetamines, in addition to the plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporter, is the so-called vesicular monoamine transporter, abbreviated happily enough, V-MAT. Again, ethanol is an outlier. It may activate a potassium channel. In fact, a G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel called GERC-1 or 2, G-protein-gated inward rectifying potassium channel. And we discussed last time how you can activate these channels using excised patches in endogenously applied beta-gamma subunits of G-proteins. LSD's target is also a GPCR. This one happens to be linked to GQ. That is, it produces intracellular calcium. Formally, it is called the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. As we remarked, there are lots and lots of G-protein-coupled serotonin receptors. The one that is most sensitive to LSD is this one. Caffeine's target is an enzyme, and as we discussed last time, it is cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. One of the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterases we discussed last time is the target for Viagra. The target for ketamine is a ligand-activated channel, specifically the NMDA glutamate receptor, and we have learned all about NMDA glutamate receptors. They are calcium permeable, and also they serve in memory and learning. They are the ones that get plugged up by magnesium. So ketamine seems to enter and plug those NMDA receptors very much very similar to the way that magnesium enters and plugs them. Let's take some time out and have the promised and threatened quiz. Close book, close notes, close laptop, and so we replace the mouse gene with the altered gene, and because the gene produces a gene product that glows, we can easily figure out which mice have that altered gene. We select the mouse with the altered gene. We read many identical mice with the altered gene, and then we measure the drug response in the wild type mouse with the intact gene versus the altered mouse with the substituted gene or with the knocked out gene, and we do it in such a way that when we read them, we make them homozygous for the knockout. That is, we typically knock out both copies of the gene. You've learned all this in previous courses. So let's look at the results for knockout mice in neuropharmacology, and we're going to be discussing mostly behavioral observations. So the mu-opioid receptor knockouts, KOs, meaning knockout, they do in fact specifically lack responses to certain types of pain, and I'll show you how those experiments go on the next slide. So that really does give us proof that the mu-opioid receptor is necessary for the pain-killing responses of the opioids, morphine, and heroin. When we knock out the alpha-4, beta-2 nicotinic receptor, either by knocking out the alpha-4 or the beta-2 subunit, animals respond less to nicotine in pain tests. Nicotine is an analgesic, it suppresses pain, and they have less of a response to nicotine. And also they fail to self-administer nicotine for pleasurable drugs, as we will learn in by 155. Self-administration is a very handy and robust way of figuring out which drugs work and how much. Now when we knock out the dopamine transporter, dopamine transporter knockout mice are hyperactive. They show less of a response to cocaine, and they self-administer cocaine less. So it does look as though the dopamine transporter is a major target, but not the only target for cocaine. Now when we knock out cannabinoid receptors, these are GPCRs, they actually have very few obvious differences to normal mice. However, they don't show these rather subtle effects of THC or of anandamide. And THC and anandamide do produce decreased pain responses. The knockout mice don't have those responses. And THC and anandamide also decrease heart rate and knockouts do not have that response. Do the knockout mice get the munchies when you give them THC? I don't think that experiments have been done. Okay, on the other hand, some experiments just don't work. For instance, when you knock out NMDA receptors, the animals die at birth. So that's an uninformative result that tells us that NMDA receptors are necessary for postnatal life. It is possible to make conditional knockouts to knockout NMDA receptors after birth or in particular part of the brain, and very interesting neuroscience has come from those studies. So I promised to tell you about a couple of these assays. First of all, the pain assay. First of all, I should say that no permanent harm is done to the mouse. These experiments are carefully regulated. The experiment replaces the mouse on a hot plate at 55 degrees C. And one notes the time it takes for the mice to show signs of discomfort such as licking paws or jumping. We terminate the experiment at 30 seconds, regardless of the outcome. And a pain relieving drug increases the time to react. Typically, it takes just a few seconds. The pain reliever may increase the time, but we always terminate the experiment at 30 seconds. Carefully regulated, highly useful. Then another way of looking at the effects of a pleasurable drug is self-administration. So here we train the rodent, in this case a rat, to press a lever. We cannulate, we put a cannula in the rodent so that each time the animal presses the lever, a motor pushes the syringe forward in a drug syringe and the animal gets a little squirt of that pleasurable drug. And clearly it is possible to use an experiment like this to find out which receptors are involved, how much drug you need, whether the animal prefers one type of drug or another, whether pretreatment with one or another drug makes a difference, and where in the body the drug is acting by use of conditional knockouts. Now, one of the more complicated mechanisms for drugs involves MDMA, which is ecstasy, or amphetamines, or a large number of newly synthesized drugs. Some of them are called bath salts, others come out of clandestine labs at a great rate. They all look like substituted amines, typically with benzoyl groups or with aromatic groups. So ecstasy, ecstasy, moly, they are all weak bases with a pH of 8.5, and so that means that they can all pass through membranes. You'll remember that I told you about three transporters involved with monoamine neurotransporters, an ATP-driven proton pump, proton coupled vesicular serotonin transporter, and serotonin transporter on the plasma membrane, and this serotonin transporter on the plasma membrane called appropriately enough SIRT, serotonin transporter, is the target for the SSRIs. So if we put MDMA in the external solution, because it has a weak, it has an uncharged membrane protonated form, it goes right through the plasma membrane, right through the vesicular membrane. Because secretory vesicles have a low pH, a high concentration of protons, the MDMA molecule gets protonated inside the vesicle. This protonated version of the drug is not passively membrane permanent. It would get stuck in the membrane, but it is a substrate for the vesicular transporter. So it leaves the vesicular, the vesicle, carrying with it the proton, and this dissipates the vesicle's pH store as rapidly as it can pump, and so this short circuits the pH gradient in the vesicle. And then the drug can also pass through the plasma membrane serotonin transporter, and it's in a high enough concentration in the cytoplasm because of being dumped from vesicular transporters, so that it passes out into the synaptic cleft as well. And so the cell releases either the drug itself or serotonin by reversing this proton gradient, and the result is a massive release of serotonin. Can we measure these topics? We can indeed, using various techniques, one of them is simply enough electricity. And so here is an electrode that's modified, so it's connected to a patch clamp and can pass very small currents, but we can monitor dopamine, for instance, in the synaptic cleft, because you can oxidize these catechol groups to become ketones, and this current from oxidizing the hydroxyl groups passes through the carbon fiber. So if we release dopamine near a cell, we can detect that dopamine with an electrical means. And so here is an experiment from several years ago using dopamine transporter called DAT, knockout mice. So in the wild type mice, which are positive for the dopamine transporter, we stimulate the presynaptic nerve, and we get nice release of dopamine measured by the electrodes. And this happens again, we get lots of nice release. Now if we add amphetamines, we gradually deplete the vesicle store, but at the same time, and so we get less and less dopamine released, but also the amphetamine is releasing dopamine by itself near the synapse, and so the result is that we get a high concentration of dopamine near the synapse, and this will be stimulating GPCRs. If we do this experiment in a DAT knockout mice, we get less release in the first place because we can't fill the vesicles very well. If we blow up this trace, we notice that in the wild type mice, we have a nice brief one second transient measurement for the DAT, but in the knockout mice, the DAT gets released and then hangs around for a long time. Less of it is released, but we get a much prolonged release because we cannot take the dopamine back up into the presynaptic nerve because there's no dopamine transporter to do that. And ultimately in the DAT knockout mice, we get less and less dopamine released, but it doesn't build up in the synaptic cleft. There's not much of it around, and so the baseline stays. So this is an example of the way we can parse out the actions of the transporter of the drug target, in this case amphetamine, using either knockout mice or the drug. Let's talk about routes into the body for all of these drugs. So recreational drugs can be eaten or drank. They can be inhaled, smoked, or injected. And there are various routes depending on the drug. People take morphine and heroin by eating it. Very important use in pain control, especially for terminal patients. And of course morphine can also be smoked or injected. THC can make brownies. People don't usually snort THC, but they certainly do smoke it. And there's very little use for injected drug. If you can get away without an injected drug, you get away without injecting it, of course. Nicotine, well, your average major leach pitcher, choose tobacco, can be inhaled. And there are nicotine inhalers on the market which allow one to inhale nicotine without the tobacco smoke. And whether vaping is inhaling or smoking is a lively question. I would call it inhaling because you're not actually burning anything. Cocaine can be inhaled or smoked or injected. Amphetamines can enter the body in any of a number of ways. And of course speed gets injected. Speed is amphetamine. Ethanol really the only effective way to enter the body is by eating or drinking. Although there are some cases as I'll show you later where it can be injected. And civilizations have gone to great lengths with fermentation to produce drinks that taste good when they deliver ethanol. LSD really the only way that people take it is by eating it. Caffeine, again, caffeinated drinks are a very effective way. People don't inhale or smoke it. Under some circumstances for diagnostic purposes, it can be injected. And ketamine is actually quite membrane permeant. And so one can eat or drink ketamine. There are clinical trials underway with ketamine inhalers. Not for hallucinogenic use, but as an antidepressant. And I'll talk about that in later lectures. People talk about smoking ketamine or putting it in the cartridge of an electronic cigarette. And it can also be injected. And it is very handy to inject ketamine for animal experiments where it is a very useful anesthetic. Let's talk about the concentrations at which drugs act. Most of them act at concentrations of less than 10 micromolar. They are quite potent. And this is one reason they are used commonly. And it's one selective advantage that one doesn't need to eat or chew much of the leaves in order to get the aversive effect. As usual, ethanol is an outlier. And it's possible to calculate that the legal limit of ethanol in the blood, which is one and a quarter percent or one and a half percent is actually on the order of 20 millimolar. So it's enormously less potent than the other drugs. But because it's so soluble and common, it's easy to get a high concentration in the bloodstream. Any questions? Where in the brain are the actions? Well, in general, we talk about the dopamine energy system. We don't we don't actually use Nestler in this course. So let me... Well, you'll see it in a minute, actually. The dopamine system, you remember, I've talked to you about the handlebar moustache. The handlebars are the substantia nigra. The upper lip is the ventral tegmental area. And in this case, we've taken a sagittal section of the human brain right through the upper lip area like this. And so we see the ventral tegmental area, which projects to the nucleus accumbens. So these are the key parts of the dopamine ergic reward or pleasure or well-being system, activating the dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, the upper lip, which then project to the nucleus accumbens. Accumbens means literally lying down, so it looks like a long, narrow nucleus recumbent. So that's the dopamine system. Then there are other aspects of the dopamine system that project widely in the forebrain. And presumably the actions of the ADD drugs are mostly on the forebrain and mostly deal with activating neurons and with helping people to remember.  Whereas I've told you that cocaine actually produces itself hyperactivity. And so the psychiatrists, bless their hearts, simply say that the action of an ADD drug in the brain of an ADD patient is paradoxical. That is, they don't understand why it calms down ADHD patients, but it does. There is the neuroadrenaline system. And actually there are very few cells in the brain that make neuroadrenaline, even in humans. So here's the full reference to Nestler. The region of the brain that makes neuroadrenaline is called the locus ceruleus. Cerulean is blue, like the sky. And so the locus ceruleus in some stains turns blue. It projects to many areas of the brain as does dopamine. So if we talk about system level actions, we could call the dopamine system the pleasure system. And it's activated by several recreational drugs. In fact, by most recreational drugs seem to produce dopamine and give a sense of well-being or pleasure. On the other hand, activating the neuroadrenaline system is more like giving a shot of adrenaline, flight or flight response. So we call it the readiness system. It's activated by nicotine, by cocaine, by amphetamine, and by caffeine. The perception association system is strongly activated by LSD and by ketamine and by THC. We think of these drugs as dissociative or producing mild hallucinations. And so in ways that we don't understand they're acting on the perception associated system. If we have a time, I'll give you a little more detail of that. And finally, then there are drugs that simply decrease neuronal activity. Morphine and heroin do this very well. And this is presumably how they stop pain. THC apparently does this as well because it's coupled to a GI-coupled receptor. Ethanol puts people to sleep. LSD, as I'm going to show you, does this as well. Ketamine does it too. So serotonin activates the serotonin system, which arises in the so-called rathae nuclei. And there are probably more neurons in the rathae nuclei than there are in the noradrenaline system. And they also project to many brain areas. And so this common theme among several recreational drugs is widespread projection, widespread action in the brain. So the overall action of recreational drugs, if we have to point to one of those overall actions, is that morphine and heroin are definitely inhibitory. So are THC and ethanol. The overall action of nicotine is certainly more excitatory of cocaine and amphetamine and of caffeine. And then there are drugs that essentially produce hallucinations or dissociation. So that would be LSD and ketamine with the caveat that in lower doses ketamine is also an antidepressant. So let's do a little bit of a literature search. Let's look at fMRI measurements, sorry, a literature club, a journal club, on a hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A agonist in human brain. So this is the same system, although it comes from mushrooms that LSD might be acting on. And psilocybin gets metabolized to psilocin, which is the active ingredient of psilocybin. It looks a little bit like serotonin. It's got this amine, it's got the 5-hydroxy group, but it's got a modification, a hydroxyl group here. Sorry, the 5, yeah, the amino group. So these are subjective responses from subjects. So my surroundings change, geometric patterns, things look strange, sense of size or space. In other words, how do you quantify or how do you report on taking a trip? These are the ways they report. And the experiment is done with psilocybin itself, an injection, or with a placebo. And naturally the subject doesn't know which he's getting. This experiment was done in an fMRI machine in London, in a scanner. And clearly the psilocybin had effects. The subject was blinded to what he got, the experimenters may or may not have been blinded. So, clearly reported effects. So the surprising, and there are effects, changes in blood flow after psilocybin versus after the placebo. One of the more interesting aspects of this experiment is that actually these effects are all negative. That is, activity was reduced in the brain areas involved. And so if we look carefully at the data, the reduction clearly occurred in the thalamus, in the anterior cingulate, and in the posterior cingulate. In other words, in a number of brain areas, actually the most active regions before psilocybin became least active during the drug. So here is an effect that is opposite to what one would have expected. And so in neuroscience we say, ah, well we must have activated inhibitory systems. So it is suggested then that psilocin, the active metabolite of psilocybin, activates some GABA neurons via 5-HT2A receptors on those GABA-ergic neurons. And decreases overall activity of the more numerous glutamatergic neurons. How this leads to taking a trip, we don't know. So legal status of recreational drugs. This changes quickly. There are recreational uses, there are prescription uses, and there are non-prescription or over-the-counter uses. So morphine and heroin for recreational use are illegal. For prescription use, they are very, very useful. The DEA puts them under Schedule 2, meaning purely heavily regulated but available. And then over-the-counter use, actually, there are analogs, which have weaker actions, in cough medicines and in diarrhea medicines. THC for recreational use is legal in Colorado and in Washington. The person needs to be over 21. And it's taxed, brilliant government idea. For prescription use, something like 20 states allow THC, including California, it too is taxed. Nicotine is taxed for recreational use, no sales to minors. Nicotine is used for smoking cessation by prescription or over-the-counter in nicotine gums or lozenges, patches, or an inhaler. Of course, in recreational use, people also vape it with electronic nicotine delivery systems. Cocaine is simply illegal for recreational use. There are limited prescription uses, actually, for ear, nose, and throat surgery. There's no over-the-counter way to get cocaine. Amphetamine and derivatives are illegal for recreational use. For ADD and ADHD, they are scheduled to, you get them with a prescription, also used for narcolepsy. Again, this paradoxical effect that in some people, amphetamines wake people up, in others, it puts them to sleep. Diet pills have weaker amphetamines in them. Ethanol for recreational use is quite common, good source of taxes, not available for minors. In prescription use, in rare cases, for detoxifying a patient who's taken methanol or ethylene glycol. LSD is just plain illegal, no known uses, can't get it over-the-counter. Caffeine is quite legal, it is present in some migraine medications, and it is also present over-the-counter in some anti-histamine, anti-allergy pills. Ketamine is illegal for recreational use. For prescription use, it is schedule three, it is lightly allowed. And the major non-prescription use, if a patient, if a person can get hold of it, is for dissociative effect, although there are clinical trials now underway for ketamine as an antidepressant. As you may know, this is a research interest of my lab, and Alice Sue, who's here as a student, is working on trying to detect ketamine in brains. Some pharmaceutical companies allow off-label use, but they cannot advertise the on-label use of any drug, and physicians can prescribe a drug that is approved for some uses, for other uses, according to traditional standards of care. Okay, that's the story about recreational drugs. I need to go to a nicotine meeting this afternoon. Now, the question arises, what changes occur in the brain during chronic repeated exposure to an addictive drug? Well, I've given you only the first step in that very interesting question, and if you want to go further, you can take by 1.55 next winter. Sharon.


One of the things I didn't realize was so prevalent is hoarding and people accumulating a ton of stuff. Talk to me one about like, why do you think that happens? You know, that's one of our bigger verticals, three to five percent of the population suffer from hoarding and that's a lot of people. So what we've been able to realize is there's a traumatic event that happened in that person's life and this is how it's manifested. Just accumulating it past the point of functionality in their home. And what does that cost for somebody to come and clean up a hoarding situation? How does that work? And what do you do with all this stuff? Each job is so different because some people literally want to sort through each item in their home. Other people are just like, throw it all away, we want to start over. So I would say on average it's between four and eight thousand dollars. How many times do you see where you come in, you guys clean it all up and like that's the trigger for change or do you get called again in three or six months? There's only about a two percent chance you'll stop doing it.


And as we do each Wednesday at forty past the hour folks, let's jump over to our man Teddy Kegstad folks. You can check out Teddy's outstanding Tiger Forex report right under the newsletter tab. You'll see it there. You can subscribe for ninety seven dollars a month folks comes out every Monday updates throughout the week when warranted comes with a 30 day money back guarantee and boy there's so much going on in terms of Forex yields driving the dollar driving commodities and we got some action. Teddy Kegstad. Good morning. Good morning Tommy. Boy amazing the moves we've had since a week ago on Wednesday yields back about four percent man the whole conversation seems like it shifted a bit pretty remarkable.  What do you want to kick things off man quite a week since we talked to you seven days ago. Yeah well we had a nice reaction you know I think pretty much what we talked about last week we prepared ourselves quite well for that. So we wrote that kind of way pretty nice I think going into the end of the week last week. So and I like to speak that's kind of coming out it's starting to get the tone like I've been saying for over a month and a half that the media is getting way too ahead of itself as far as when a rate cut is going to come in. And also if three quarters is all they're going to cut over the course of a year or whatever it is the market's already factored in how much of that you know which we've been talking about for a long time. So this limbo period with rates I think is going to be something we have to live with for a while you know especially over the next couple of months. There's still some numbers you have to watch out when it comes to the FX markets like this week there's nothing for the dollar coming out any more really except for unemployment claims tomorrow which the way interest rates reacted on Friday that was I mean look at how they acted off the Fed and then unemployment's what really set yields off you know because they don't like this with the you know wage growth and job growth and stuff like that. So if unemployment claims come out shorter you know if they start to keep tracking in that direction like it seems like that's going to be that way I'd be careful to watch the interest rates catching a bid you know as far as in pricing going up granted we have the auctions the next couple of days you can expect some kind of goofy volatility especially in the afternoons. So I'd be careful with that you know if I was just on the bond futures and ten-year futures if you're trading those I'd be very cautious the next couple of days you know I'd probably wait it out until after Thursday's number because just you're going to probably get some erroneous spikes if anything off the auction you know I don't think you're going to get a solid trend you know because if anything what's the auction going to do do you think the auction is going to start a trend no it's not going to do that it's going to set the algos on fire it's going to be a matter of how much how much liquidity comes in how much buying really want is interest is they're going to be you know so and I wouldn't want to try and play that game right now I think that you're having you hit a nice low in the dollar a couple days ago you know we had we had downside targets for the euro US dollar and the pound and some other currencies and those hit nice areas just like the dollar index did you know as far as the upside you know so I think that we're coming off a nice correction zone and I think that over the next couple of days into next week you'll probably see dollar under pressure but I wouldn't get overzealous with anything when it comes to as far as how much the dollar is going to move I would just be right now sell rallies in the dollar right now buy buy dips and the other currencies you know I could see you know the euro US dollar and a pound dollar getting a nice little lift the end you know they had a nice outside day yesterday but all that's doing is targeting them back into the center of the range they've been in for the last month so do I see the yen US dollar yen going down yeah on an intraday basis probably into Friday but I would use cautious at caution I don't think you're gonna get a big move nice that was a nice little wrap-up and I was jumping through some of those charts as you were doing it and yeah you know pretty cool to see some of those inflection points and you've had some great calls man as things have played out and I wanted to ask you about kind of one of the points you made in terms of some of those rates of course already into the market we get the 10 year at about 4.1 today we're as low as almost 3.8 last week a little bit of a reverberation and one of the things you had kashkari out here saying today's that we might be in a period of you know higher for longer going forward to some degree and I found myself saying well if we're higher for longer and we're sitting at 4.1 right now where does that 10 end up at some degree do you have any thoughts on that or and it kind of speaks to what you're talking about but I was just wondering how you take something like that how you think about it and then you look you mentioned you know the 10 year the futures etc going out even a little bit longer than maybe a couple days where do you where do you try and think about that one as we go out maybe you know months as we do start getting some of those cuts because you make the great point men if there's only three cuts and the feds at 5.5 right now and the 10 years at 4.1 there's a lot of that already factored in and so are we going to be around 4% on the 10 yeah do you think about that well how's your brain think about that one oh absolutely absolutely and I think I heard you talking earlier and that does go in line with what I think and remember last week I was also telling you how the short turns are really driving the odd the yields right now and that's kind of where we're at the 30 year obviously holds what rates in the long term and with this where we're at we know that okay even if they were to let's say hike they're not doing more than a quarter point you know and I mean like let's say all of a sudden inflation starts to kick up and then they would be on okay we're gonna do a quarter we're gonna pause and we're gonna probably lean towards cutting again you know so we know that the hawkishness is pretty much off the table but not gone you know but also as far as dovishness how much do you get I mean three quarters of a point over a course of a year remember when they first started raising interest rates I mean they did over a point and a half and how short of a time you know let alone a half a point or a point you know so now you're looking at 12 months for three quarters of a point which the market's already factored in so I think that the short terms like the two the five and the ten are gonna still push that boundary especially the tenure like you said into that area I like that as a target range for sure but once you get to that area I'd be careful because that's when you're gonna see the swing where the the third year is gonna catch up with the short terms and start to push highs and when it starts to get stretchy and starts really spiking the short terms are not gonna spike anymore because they're done and once those start to turn because the short terms obviously drive rates in the short term long term overall you know so that for the trend first shifts with the short terms you know the only time it shifts with the long term first is when you have major monumental events you know like if all of a sudden we go to like the US troops go into war like with Taiwan I would think that the 30 years gonna catch a bid at least in the short run you know it doesn't matter what's going on in the economy you know what I mean so that would be a situation where the third year would override the short runs you know because that's just flight to quality it's just what you do is how things can happen you know but yeah I like what you're saying and I think that that's the tone people really need to keep in perspective is don't expect much out of the interest rate market it's pretty much done I mean we know that as far as rate going up that's all that's over going down there's not much to go you know so now unless we have something where let's say all of a sudden unemployment sky rocks like let's say we go all of a sudden to 6% unemployment and have a huge deflationary environment that somehow just I don't know comes out of nowhere maybe Santa Claus all of a sudden drops off all this stuff at every Walmart or something I don't know I don't know you know I don't know what concern we all know these things come out of nowhere these days for sure right but but let's say that does occur okay then you're looking at that situation where you could see a big easing bit bias but you know I like I said I can't I can't go far into fan I have to go into fantasy land to try and find those you know those opinions and objectives you know so I just don't want to throw those out there I mean anything can happen we know that you know you're more likely gonna have an elbow spike that happens because of an error in technology to get to those levels for a brief time than you are because of a trend I think you know I appreciate the take man it makes a lot of sense it does can you hang with us for the break maybe we'll talk a little bit of crude if we can to finish it up I could do I could do one last segment yes sir okay perfect we'll be right back folks we'll talk a little bit crude we'll finish up with our man Teddy keg stat we'll be right back we got markets in positive territory right near all-time highs stay tuned with us Teddy and I will be right back folks welcome back folks we get the S&Ps up by 18 points trading at 49 92 we almost made it to 5,000 we're back a bit we're talking to our man Teddy keg stat we're talking a little bit of forex and I want to get your take on crude Teddy quite the pullback of course last week to this Monday 71 dollars we have been talking about maybe the high some great action there at our conversation we're back to 73 dollars and change what do you think about that crude market you know we can definitely talk about crude especially the tiger for support readers you know we had that cell signal a couple weeks ago that you know played in to our hand into Friday's low we got the little bomb test of it on Monday we peaked a little bit lower a couple ticks and then reverse and had basically an unchanged day that was a nice little high probable catch Japanese candlestick turning point meaning that probably that swing low is pretty solid for at least a few sessions I would think I would watch out now today is critical if let's say we close where we're at right now that would give us a nice little positive bounce off of Monday's low if we reverse gears tomorrow and sell off in the crude market I would be very cautious that we could probably take out the lows from this week that means that we're gonna probably get bearish and try and get back down towards that probably 70 to 68 area now in the opposite if we hold up today like let's say we settle we're at today and then all of a sudden we catch a rally and settle definitely positive tomorrow well then we're in the heart of the range we've been in for the past couple of months it's gonna be you know a 70 you know $5 treading around there poking around 76 77 back to 75 you know you really have to take out that high from a couple weeks ago at around 79 something is around 79 78 half you know if you do that then I can see it's going up to that 81 to 84 dollar range but the oil market seemed pretty tame I mean geopolitical stuff hasn't seemed to shrink the boat too much it's helping them hold us in a range I just don't see us to have any really big bullish reason to take off right now now especially with yields if yields also keep on retracting if they keep the least side ways to lower then it's gonna be hard for crude to catch a bid too because if the dollars on the pressure and yields are under pressure cost of carry goes down for crude that helps to suppress prices you know and also demand a level changes as well so I think that we're stuck in a wide range trade I be cautious watch those levels we take out the low from Monday look out below and if we get it positive close today and especially tomorrow we could you know push a bit we got a run teddy I


Hello, I'm Miss Pam from the Billie Jean King Main Library and I want to welcome you to chapter chat. And I'm Jeanine from the Mark Twain Library. So this is our monthly conversation highlighting new books from our elementary and middle school collections, airing the second Wednesday of every month, but this month will actually be airing on the 21st, I believe, so Wednesday with the Wednesday after. And we will each talk about four new books that have arrived on our shelves within the last six months. So let's begin and we will start with you Pam. All right. The first book is Kenny and the Book of Beasts by Tony D'Tolizzi. And this is the story of Kenny the rabbit right there, the guy, and Graham the dragon they are best friends. Here George who's a badger who owns the borough bookstore. He gets a request from the king to come work with him on a road project and he invites Kenny and Graham to come along with him for big feast and recognition. So Kenny has worked on his Model T to restore that and so they drive over and fly over to the castle.  One of those is a manticore and this is the manticore here. He accidentally lets him out of the book, but what he doesn't know is that Dante is a good friend of Graham. And so he kind of goes through almost a middle school or kind of thing where he is jealous of their friendship and he makes a deal with it to make things go back the way they think they used to be when they spent all their time together. And so things don't go well as a result of that it but it all it leads to a magical battle full of heroes like unicorns. And it just seems like all the hurt feelings the emotions the actions are the same for humans and animals, and even mythical animals. This is a sequel to Kenny and the dragon where he first met Graham. And it's just a really nice fantasy with magic and good fun characters. Is that a scorpion tail too? It's a spiked tail. And so that's he can just whip that thing around and knock people out. He has very sharp teeth too, but you can't see those, but they're on their way to battle. Pretty cool. Yeah. Kind of reminds me of like Narnia for some reason. I don't know. It could be. It could be. It's he, I think Eldridge Nesbitt is kind of a tribute to E Nesbitt who wrote about a long time ago about beasts, magical beasts. Yeah, because Kenny and the Book of Beasts is a tribute to Sir George and the dragon. Very cool. Very cool. Yeah. All righty. So my first book is called Scritch Scratch that I know by Lindsay Currie. And this book came to our came to our branch in December. And we can find it. Well, for us, we put it in the scary stories section. And I'm sure you can kind of tell the cover does look a bit creepy and very, very mysterious and dark. So this one is also like if it's not in the scary story section, it would be in children's fiction. This book is about Claire. And Claire absolutely hates anything that is paranormal. This might be partly because her father's career is centered around paranormal activity with his published books about ghosts or ghost sightings and encounters. And also, he has a ghost themed bus tour that he tours all he like takes tour groups throughout the city of Chicago.  And it's like, Oh, it doesn't exist. You know, I'm all about science and science is fact. But things start to change when she's forced to help her dad on one of his nightly ghost tours. And of course, you know, what's going to happen. She spots an oddly dressed boy on the bus. He looks so pale with dark circles around his eyes, dressed in old fashioned clothes and is drenched from head to toe. On top of that, he, he's on top of that everybody on the tour, obviously does not see him. Only she sees him. He's a little odd everybody just passes by him on the bus and they don't even notice him. And he's a little creepy because he just stares at Claire, and just looks like she just, he's just whispering something under his breath, but he's staring at her just like moving his lips, as if he's trying to communicate or something. Well, he didn't just stay on the bus tour on the bus that night. As she tries to forget about the boy, she realizes that this boy might not be a regular living boy at all. She starts to notice strange things happening around her like scratch scratch sounds, just like the title, coming towards her when she's in her bedroom. There are watery footprints that happen to appear on her bedroom floor, her bedroom doorknob shaking as if someone is unsuccessfully trying to get in and angrily whispered words saying, where are they. Basically screaming whispers are being thrown at all these instances are, she's encountering them everywhere she goes. This side of her finally realizes that the ghostly boy didn't just show himself to Claire on the bus tour but has to has started to haunt her wherever she goes this boy wants or need something and if Claire doesn't find out what it is. Who knows what's going to happen. If you're a fan of mystery ghost stories, I highly recommend this novel. It's really good. I liked it. Yeah. Okay, so I will read that sometime, but yeah, I know. Well, most everybody knows the magic tree house books, but this is the latest one and I wanted to share this one because it's set in California. It's called camp time in California. And this is when Jack and Annie are sent to Yosemite in the year 1903. And they aren't really told much about what they're supposed to do except that they are to save the wilderness. And the only thing that they have when they arrive is our sketchbooks and pencils. So they, when they arrive they see these giant trees and they just start sketching the trees that would turn out to be sequoias and butterflies and squirrels and everything that they see around them and then they meet up with these two men. One is named Teddy and he's kind of a big guy. And then the other one's name is John and he's a tall skinny guy and they're on a camping trip. So they get to know each other. They camp out together and they're very impressed with Jack and Annie's drawings. And after a day or so they go back to the town and they can't figure out why all these people are gathered around the hotel and it seems they're waiting for someone. Well, of course they're waiting for Teddy because Teddy is president Teddy Roosevelt. And John is John Muir who's been trying to talk the president into making all of Yosemite a national park and he thought the best way to do it would be on a camping trip. This is a great adventure for Jack and Annie, even though you might know what happens, it's always worth reading. I always learn something when I read these books. So it's a great, great new adventure. And also just wanted to share this book, which is a kind of a goes along with it called the camping trip that changed America. And you can see President Roosevelt there very excited to be out in the wilderness and on the back there's John Muir and inside there's all sorts of exuberant photos or drawings and just makes it great. You can see how big the trees are. Yeah. So and if you ever get to Yosemite, there is actually a library there, and the librarian used to work for Long Beach. So people up there you can chat with Virginia Sanchez who's always ready to take you on a library adventure. That's so cool. Oh, I have a librarian friend. He loves the wilderness. I think that would be his dream job. Yeah. Cool. That's so cool. Okay, so my my next one. This one is called the retake by Jen Kalanita. This one actually came on our shelves came into came onto our shelves in March. You can find this in the middle school section. Let me look at this. So the reason why it's called the retake is because I can give you a hint that it's kind of like Groundhogs Day. Yeah, so it's interesting. But so, let me go ahead and explain if you had an app on your phone that magically downloaded onto your phone and allowed you to travel back in time, would you use it. Zoe feels the urge to utilize this app. She and her best friend Laura used to do everything together, as if they were joined at the hip. They used to join the same after school clubs, take a bunch of random silly selfies together constantly, throw surprise parties for each other. But during the summer before seventh grade, Zoe started to notice that Laura has been hanging out with they call the drama Queens, the theater group that Laura recently joined. Zoe was has also started noticing that Laura has been texting a lot, texting her less and less throughout the summer. And after tirelessly working on Laura's surprise birthday party at the beach reality started to hit Zoe hard when Laura sent her text canceling on her, only to later see Laura at that same beach with the drama club, or with the theater group.   Yeah, she cannot believe that her best friend of six plus years had canceled on on her for friends that she's only known for a few weeks. She cannot believe how much has changed between the two of them, and all she wants is for things to go back to normal and start seventh grade year right so hopefully the first day of school will be fine. But it's not turns into so much so many problems and everything like that she forgets her bus pass to go to school like in order to get to school and then she gets her phone taken away because she just happened to pull it out hoping to find her school schedule and that was another thing she left her school schedule at home as well. And so she just found trouble no matter what and one of the bad things was like she wore white pants, and everybody that she passed by or walked behind her notice that she had a stain. She was around, but she was working on like a science project and stuff so I was like, oh no. It's so sad it's just the worst and yeah, even like sees Laura at school but it seems like as if like she doesn't exist so it seems like so he doesn't even exist in her life anymore because Laura's with her, her drama friends now. So, you know, things just don't go right at all. So, then it seems like her prayers have been answered when a magical app has mysteriously downloaded onto her phone that allows her travel travel time travel to any given time. This is her chance to make things better right. I don't know. So usually you got to kind of leave things as it is and see what happens. Unfortunately, sometimes second chances, second chances do not go according to plan. Will Zoe be able to bring things back to the way they were, or will this second chance make things worse. You never know. You got to pick it up and read it yourself. And it kind of makes me wonder how many times she try time travels. Yeah, that's a lot. A lot of pretty crazy. Yeah. All right, well this is the mouse watch by JJ Gilbert he's a new author. And this is the story of Bernadette Bernie, right there's Dan Persky. She only wants one thing out of life and that is to be part of the mouse watch, which are just what it sounds like their group of mice who watch over the world and they're actually saving the world more times that anyone will ever know. And the leader of the mouse watch is gadget hack rich. She's just this amazing inventor of all sorts of creations and she kind of puts Q James bonds Q to shame with what she has come up with. She has created pop up motorcycles and parachutes that fit over your shoes. Now Bernie, she's an excellent puzzle solver, but she's fearless. And that's what brings her to gadgets attention and so she is recruited from mouse watch. But she's very upset that her partner for the first time in mouse watch history is a rat. And he's very brilliant, but he's a rat. And it's a rat who killed her brother. She has a hard time working with Jarvis, even though he's a very sweet. He's still a rat. And he realized that there's a bigger enemy, and his name is Dr thorn pop, and he is the survivor of several scientific experiments. But each time he's lost a limb or other body part. He's replaced it with a metal creation. And now he's just this creepy scary guy who wants to seek revenge on all the humans who caused him such pain. And it's up to Jarvis and Bernie, working with mouse watch to save the world once again. And she's a very heroic. She is small but mighty. And the author JJ Gilbert, he was an animator for Disney, you can kind of see, well it is a Disney book, but you can see the Disney type illustrations. This is the first in a series, and I think it would be great animated TV series or one time little movie. They're just wonderful characters. They're, they're, they are fearless. They, there's evil. There's all sorts of adventures.  Yeah, yeah. And she's looked down on because she's so small. Everyone is bigger than she is. Interesting. Yeah. Yeah. That seems like a good one. I might want to put that on my list. Yeah, yeah. There's another one coming, but I don't know when. Very cool, very cool. So this one, this one is called friend me, but you can find this on the middle in the middle school section, this came to us in March. I find it funny because like, I picked two books that have cell phones on their cover. Really into the digital age, I guess you could say. So this book, it's, this one was a really good one. I actually got like, it was like, I was surprising how much of a thriller this actually was. And judging by the cover, you don't really expect that, but especially like, like a middle school girl type drama type of book. So I was like, okay. So this book is about Roshin, and she actually moved to the US from Ireland, because her mother has been contracted to work with the, with MIT, the university to improve her latest smart voice assistant project, which is called Jeeves, kind of like ask Jeeves. And this is similar to Siri if you have an iPhone or Alexa, if you, you know, are part of the Amazon Prime, and you have those devices so it's interesting. Unfortunately though, Roshin's having a very tough time adjusting to middle school life. Of course, middle school is hard. It's hard. It's even harder in America, compared to her home country. Once Roshin started school, she immediately started getting bullied by Zara, who not only bullies her in person but also on social media. So, not just like, you know, upfront bullying, but also cyber bullying. Roshin decides to start using an app called UChat. And it's kind of like, if anything like Facebook Messenger. So if you, if you can also like share photos, you can see posts and everything like that, and you can also start messaging everybody. But when she uses UChat, she meets this girl named Haley online, who supposedly has firsthand experiences of being bullied like Roshin has and then later becomes Roshin's first real friend after moving to this country.  Well, because Haley has experienced the same things that Roshin's been experiencing, they've been sending messages to each other about Zara and how the world would be a better place if she were gone. That's something that you really want to, you know, anybody to read about, but so Haley becomes the person that she's been meeting all along since moving to America. Zara gets into a horrible accident on a class field trip that Roshin actually witnessed. She, Roshin is worried that she will be investigated by the police. Nobody knows did she possibly push Zara, or did Zara really go through it was a really an accident. The police have to find out. And so, because of that Roshin is worried that she will be investigated, who will then search and the police will then search through her messages on social media, revealing that what her and Haley have been saying about Zara. She must find a way to tell Haley in person to delete all the Zara hating messages in their conversations before the police start, you know, tapping into their devices or wanting to investigate them. But Haley cannot be found anywhere. She doesn't reply back to her messages on you chat. Even when Haley is able to go out and travel and like stay and like one of her family friends like cabins in the same town as Haley Haley claims to be. She still cannot be found, even though you know she even talks to she even Haley even describes like oh yes I'm going to the school dance you should come and hang out. On that day she tries to find her everywhere. Yeah, and where could, where could she be. So anyways, so is Haley really who she really says she is. This book is an intense cyber thriller. It's insane. The more I read this book, the more I was hooked. It was really good I even listened to it, and it was pretty cool to listen to because she's Irish. Yeah, so the narrator was talking in an Irish accent and I was like oh that's pretty cool. I didn't expect it to be such an edge of your seat type of story. I literally once it got towards the end I couldn't believe how like how intense it got the twists and turns that the author pulls you through makes you want to keep reading. This book actually reminded me of similar to the Avengers movie Age of Ultron, in a way, hopefully that doesn't give away too much, but the minus the superhero action parts I guess you could say, but it's a really good one I highly suggest reading it. I never would have thought like, and I have to put that on my list just for the ending. I know. Oh my gosh, you should listen to it too. Speaking of devices, this is called unplug. This is the new one by Gordon Corman. And this is the story of 12 year old jet. He is the son of one of the richest men in the world, his dad invented. This is a jet company called Fuego, which is just worldwide he's a billionaire. And because of that jet just feels he can do anything he wants, because he doesn't have to pay any consequences dad will always pay someone off or fix whatever was broken but one day he sent a drone across to spy on a pool party, but the flight path is over San Francisco International Airport. And they send fighter planes to shoot the drone down because it's flying over the airport. And so that's something that jet just can't talk his way out of, and his dad says, that's it. I've reached my limit. He sends him to a wholeness camp, meditation yoga in the middle of Arkansas. And he sends along one of his employees named Matt to kind of keep an eye on jet.  It's a strictly vegetarian diet. And he's used to eating, you know, whatever he wants hamburgers, whatever, and beets and carrots are just not going to cut it. So, excuse me. He goes through the day being angry at everybody and everything until one day. They discover a baby lizard with very sharp teeth, and jet just becomes totally attached to this creature. And he hides him in a shed. And little by little he starts making friends with some of the other kids because they discover the lizard and together they form team lizard. And then there's jet. And there's Grace, who follows the camp rules to the teeth. She will never break a rule. And then there's Terrell, who is allergic to everything. We read, every time Terrell appears, you end up scratching because he's itchy all the time. There's Brooklyn, who mysteriously knows all kinds of things about the camp. So those three, they've been coming for years with their parents. And they, they actually like the camp even Terrell. But jet is still a curious guy, even though he's amazed to have big friends. He still wonders, because there's some strange things going on with the adults at the camp. And also he has been sneaking into town to buy meat for what they call him needles, the lizard, because he is not a vegetarian. So he's got enough money stashed away he buys hamburger meat and other meat for him. And he wonders about this huge mansion and whose owner drives a Ferrari. And he's like, this is nowhere still, who, who would live here. And nobody knows anything about the owner, they just call the owner snapper, they don't even know male or female, they know nothing about this person. But jet, he is curious. And what he finds out is not only almost unbelievable, but very dangerous. And he wonders if his new friends will believe him before it's too late. This is a really wild climax. I just couldn't put it down when we got to jet discovering the true identity of the owner of the mansion. And so these are middle schoolers. It's just, these are maybe the kids you'd want to meet if you ever get to go to camp, but just a really, really wild time and you get a hint about who needles really is by looking at him closely. That is going to say, you might get bigger. He's not your ordinary lizard. And he has very sharp teeth. Yeah. So this is what he could be. Yeah, yes. But you don't really suspect until you get towards the end. He looks so cute on the cover. He does. He does. And they, and they think that he's very cute until. Yeah. This is unplugged. That's so funny. Oh, how cool. Yeah, Gordon Corman. He's a, he does a lot of, a lot of book, good books. And there's always like, are there a creature or robot or something. Like, yeah, focus. But I, I moved this into the middle school section, just because the kids were very, they were more middle school than. Yeah, I think he has like, half and half, like in children. Yeah. And I think middle schoolers would enjoy this more. Cool. Okay, now my last book is the in between. Yeah, it's a very interesting cover. Very mysterious. This is, I'd say also kind of a mystery type. Not paranormal, well, maybe paranormal a little bit, but it's also fantasy, so mystery fantasy mystery. So this is the in between by Rebecca Ansari. And this came to us in March and it is on our middle school shelves. So the book is about Cooper and his sister Jess Cooper's Cooper's world has been turned upside down since his father had left their family three years ago. It's gotten even worse when Cooper discovered that his father had started a whole new family after the divorce, proving that he completely moved from his original family. He's moved on ever since then Cooper's been very distant to everyone his friends his mother and his sister Jess who has type one diabetes. He's even more distant to their new neighbor across the alley. And this is probably her the silhouette and stuff. And who keeps actually she actually keeps staring at him while sitting on the swing in front yard. Yeah, every time, not saying a word. Though very creepy.  He's just like a very angry, angry boy right now. I mean he doesn't really express it like violently, but you can tell he's got a lot of pent up anger. He happens to stumble upon a train crash or he happens to stumble upon an article that his sister Jess was researching about a deadly train crash train crash that happened 100 years ago. And among the many lives that were lost that day a young boy was never identified. No one really claimed who he was and nobody claimed his body. Nobody knew his name. Well to ease Cooper's nerves and distract himself from everything that's been going on. He gladly decides to work with his sister on this unsolved mystery. It's a good distraction for him. What helped authorities possibly identify this mysterious boy was an insignia, although symbol on his school uniform like clothes. Well that that one that no one has ever seen before. Unfortunately, Cooper is extremely intrigued by this unsolved mystery because she and Cooper, Justin Cooper, have seen the symbol before. What happens to be the same emblems the same symbol that the staring creepy girl next door happens to wear on her jacket. As they start to dive further into their investigation about this disaster, they start to find out that a similar disaster may be headed their way. To find out more information though about what might happen they must gather the courage to talk to the mysterious girl next door and find out what she's up to. So, but you know how when they tried to go see the girl across the street and I believe this is the house. There's there she sits on the swing. And then she just stares. And when they find out when they finally gain the courage to go across the street, Cooper decides to enter the house and talk to her. But when he enters the house. Everything is very, very different. So, you'll see this, and he always expects this to be like what is in the outside and the inside. But when he goes inside, it's actually basically an abandoned rubble looks like nobody's nobody's there nobody's living there, it's just debris everywhere. Shards of glass everywhere it's literally like, like a condemned to building practically. And so, but when he comes out of the house walks through the door and exiting the house, then looks at the house and it looks just fine. You can look through the windows and it looks like there was furniture. It looks like it was well kept.  And so that's a little bit of a mystery too. He doesn't understand why, when he sees the outside. Maybe it's just a facade, maybe a spell or something that he only he can see this type of a house, but everybody else except for just can only see it as this everybody else sees it as a, like a condemned building. It's really, really creepy. And it's dangerous to go in there. Well, how is this girl connected to all this can Cooper and just figure out what the next disaster will have, well, will be, and when will happen. Will they be able to gather the courage to stop what is about to happen, or will they have to accept what lies ahead of them. You'll have to read it to find out. I really liked this one. And this and actually, because of the boy going through the divorce, it's, it was very, it's hard. Yeah, yeah. Yeah. Now that we're left with a mystery. Yeah. Well, we've had a, we've had a lot of different types of books this month. So, we hope that people who are watching this will, will pick up one or two or, or all of them. And you can find them on our, in our book catalog on core on our website. You just type in chapter chat. Oh, four to one. And you'll find those books next month will be having will be celebrating Asian American Pacific Islander month. And we'll be talking about some very special authors. I just finished my first book. And I'm not even going to tell you about it. It's going to be a really great month because we'll not only be sharing the books, but we'll be once again telling you a little bit more about the authors. So I hope that you'll join us for that. And yeah, it'll be closing any closing words from you. I believe you practically covered it. So yeah, and then I think I wanted to also add next month, technically they won't be new books that came to the library from the past six months they are probably a little bit more contemporary, maybe within the past five, seven years. So, but yeah, they're still good. There will be lots of other activities so be sure and check on our website because there's lots of things happening next month to celebrate, you'll be making things and eating things and just join the month together. It'll be fun. Yeah. All right. I guess that's all for now so bye for now Janine. Bye Pam. I'll see you next month. I'll see you then.


Hi, it's Bridget with above life channel. You can probably see me in them here. Hey guys. Hi. Nice to see you All right, guess where I'm at Grand Rapids, Minnesota at the birthplace of Judy Garland above life channelers I know you guys love when I talk to old Hollywood types Judy Garland is someone that I've had challenges Contacting and connecting with I actually did a conversation with her that I just it was really confusing to me So since I was out and about and checking out colleges with my daughter way up north in Minnesota I decided this is about five hours from my house. I decided to stop here. So you get to enjoy the video tour Hi, it's Bridget. This is the home the child's at home of Judy Garland. I hope you enjoy the videos I'm gonna do a series of them and here in Grand Rapids, Minnesota And I wanted to share with you Where she grew up Hi, it's Bridget. We are here at Judy Garland's gallery. We are actually in Grand Rapids, Minnesota I wanted to share this with you so you could see This is like a hallway with memorabilia and we go into her home. So we're gonna check this out I can and then I want to enjoy it myself in just a moment with my daughter as well Here's the entrance There's actually some things around me on the back wall. I'm gonna make sure again I'm not actually going to read these myself because I want to make sure that channeling that I do is pure There might be a few that I look at but I'm not going to take in a whole bunch again This is Bridget and above my channel We're at the Birthplace of Judy Garland, which is Grand Rapids, Minnesota This is part one All right, this is the second video. This is Bridget with above my channel. We are at the birthplace of Judy Garland We're in the museum the Judy Garland gallery I want to try to give you as much view as I can here and all of a sudden At the back of this particular entrance area, there's some interesting things that are showing up here My daughter just walked by something and turned on so that was interesting I'll take some photographs as well, my friends so you can see fancy fancy glasses and a makeup case what it looks like Hi, it's Bridget here at the birthplace of Judy Garland the Judy Garland gallery and museum In Grand Rapids, Minnesota walking right into the exhibit. You see this It shares right here That this carriage Drawn by a horse of a different color from the 1939 film was your boss There's so many unique things in here. I think if you're a big fan, you would really enjoy this And then here is one of the dresses right here and something a little bit scary Right here No, ma'am. It was not us Of course here's some more ruby red slippers. Check these out All right, we're ready to go into another I see that Ready to go into another area again. This is Bridget at Above Life Channel And we are heading into another section of the Judy Garland Museum in Grand Rapids, Minnesota Hi, it's Bridget. Now we're entering into another room We're actually gonna head over to the house that is connected to the part of the museum That is the birthplace of Judy Garland. So this is what you could experience if you were here I'm not going to stop and focus on all of these photos. I'm just gonna let you take them in as I'm walking by The small museum in a very small town in Minnesota dedicated to Judy Garland You can hear the documentary of the ruby slippers playing in the background This talks about her public service This is where Michael Shaw Took his shoes and put them on the wall. Here we go Notice all the yellow floors. This is where we're going now, my friends We're heading into the house now The gum house Soon after Judy's parents Purchased the home in 1919 right after World War I At least one of the girls is sitting on the side porch stoop. Are we ready to go in? Here are her parents. It looks like There we go Hi, it's Bridget. Welcome to Above Life channel. I am entering into this Structure, which is actually the birthplace of Judy Garland in Grand Rapids, Minnesota. So come with me This is the first time I've ever been in here And you get to come with me as I feel the energy Of Judy and her family out of respect. I'm not going to do any live channeling in here and not do that I don't have permission to do that. I'm just going to show you and show what you want and give us. We're walking through here It's kind of almost like this is the kitchen area again There's all sorts of signage that you can read on your own And you're here I'm going to keep that as nice and slowly Looks like this is the front porch area This is a nice song It's a parlor I feel it's fancy. Well, this is the dining area. The parlor is the front of the house It feels fancy to me I don't feel a really warm and fuzzy energy. I don't feel happy, mess. I just feel cold Maybe it's because it's air-conditioned, but it feels cold in here. Like I don't feel a woman fuzzy happy It's be happy I don't feel at all in here There's lots of windows and it feels like a big house. It doesn't feel inspired. Let's take a look at this I definitely can feel energy here I'm feeling like I'm pulling in here I'm not sure what this is Oh, this was their bedroom Bedroom to the only room in the house with its original 1892 bath Laugh and plaster walls Lathe and plaster walls. This is original The two older girls the sister is Mary Jane age 10 and Virginia age 8 shared the small bedroom This is the first bedroom Let's go to the next one I feel a lot of energy having us right here in this area after walking up the stairs The youngest child Francis or baby gum Later known to millions as the America's Treasured Judy Garland shared this bedroom with her parents Alright so she was the baby I literally feel it's just a stomach Like a lot of pressure on my stomach and my solar plexus between my heart chakra and my stomach I feel energy here It doesn't feel bad necessarily or anything like that I don't feel like this place has spirit or anything like that I feel just not It feels unaccomplished It feels not complete I'm not sure if Judy actually wanted to be a star Or if that was something she was molded into Kind of feels like she may have been molded into Not that she didn't like it Not that she didn't have talent Not that that wasn't something she ended up wanting eventually for herself But I don't think she was born with that Necessarily intent Full on Like I don't know how to I'm not saying she doesn't have star palm I feel like there's a conflict between what her heart wants What her heart desires Who she is and how talented she is That makes sense Alright, let's head back downstairs Here's some interesting information You may want to look in About all the girls in their family Performing Being part of show biz Grand Rapids That's where we are here We're actually in the front room of the parlor of the home Energy isn't bad here I wouldn't say it's bad or intense or anything It feels It's beautiful with the light coming in It feels not Not Disturbing or anything like that Not Stuck or trapped or anything like that I do feel like she perhaps Found her joy In Expressing And playing She said play acting, playing But again I think there was some kind of conflict In the heart and the solar plexus And I can't tell exactly if I don't want to say acting wasn't her passion Or her purpose, but it feels like it was It wasn't an easy Thing Not easy, gosh I can't even It's the relationship with her and her mother That's really tough for me to kind of navigate And that's challenging for me before When I have tried to channel her Is that's a difficult energy vibration And so I can't tell what part of her Passion and her experience Was pure and divinely Dividely guided Or directed and chosen by her Or what part of her path was really shaped Because of her mother and her family And their wishes It's really hard to tell I guess it's hard to know I'd have to chat with her About that specifically We're here in the dining area This is one of the quotes that she gave About this home and her place here Isn't it nice to know that she had A sweetness of her childhood Let me start this point Again I have mixed Conflicted feelings Energies about Her career Her life As an actress, as a singer I have really mixed Vibrations from her And I hope to explore That further in the future with you Here at Above Life channel Again we're entering the kitchen area Off to the kitchen Off from the kitchen There's this additional one Not quite sure what this is used for Let's see if it shares It does not It almost feels like a study It could be a guest room Or even a bedroom But it feels like a study I feel like there's a mask and an energy Here, a man energy So it feels like time It's quite nicely done Everything is very nice Again this is for dinner This is the last video And then we leave and follow The yellow flooring Back out to the rest of The breaks of it


t, and he gravely permitted them to clamber and tumble over him. At first, amid the applause of the gods, he betrayed a trifle of his own self-consciousness and awkwardness. This passed away as the puppy's antics and mauling continued, and he lay with half-shut, patient eyes, drowsing in the sun. End of chapter, end of book. Thank you for listening.


Welcome to NTIA Nightly. I am Genelle Norvell. This edition stops stories. Saint Lucia participates in the First Ever Virtual World Health Assembly. Businesses permitted to commence full operations as the government embarks on a phase reopening and the Ministry of Health and Wellness urges the business community to adhere to stipulated protocols. Saint Lucia's Health Delegation participates in the First Ever Virtual World Health Assembly held this week. More in this report from Flamel Neptune. Health officials were granted the opportunity to participate in the 73rd World Health Assembly and commit to the fight against COVID-19. Minister for Health and Wellness, Senator the Honourable Mary Isaac says she is elated that the virtual session allowed for the involvement of the health team and also the contribution towards the health agenda. This year to see that other members of staff at the Ministry of Health have been given this opportunity to experience what it is like at the World Health Assembly makes it very very exciting for me. I can sit here with my staff and we are having discussions as you know the sessions go on as they call the different presenters. You know for me that is such a big learning exercise and a learning process but it makes me feel very excited to be part of it all. Senator the Honourable Mary Isaac says the virtual session definitely afforded them the platform to report on their progress in the fight against COVID-19 and also to acquire knowledge on ways to respond to the pandemic. We are learning a lot about what other member states did to handle the whole COVID situation as well as what they intend to do. So we ourselves can look at best practices that they are speaking of and see how we can put it vis-à-vis what we are doing in St. Lucia, what we have done, what we did and what we are going to continue to do in St. Lucia. Medical Officer of Health, Dr. Glensford Joseph says he's extremely delighted to play a significant part in this process. Having the World Health Assembly virtually this year gives us an opportunity to join with the Minister of Health, the Chief Medical Officer to be part of such an important forum where they are discussing several issues that are so critical to the world. From this World Health Assembly, we will be living with great ideas that we can take back to our place of work in our daily activities that we can implement to make this world a better place. The 73rd World Health Assembly is attended by delegations from all WHO member states and is convened virtually from May 18th to the 19th. Reporting from the Communications Unit of the Ministry of Health and Wellness, I am Phenoneptun. In keeping with statutory instruments No. 74 of 2020, emergency powers, disasters, COVID-19 curfew No. 7 order, the Ministry of Commerce, International Trade, Investment, Enterprise Development and Consumer Affairs advises that businesses are hereby permitted to recommend full operations in their normal location and within the normal business hours as of May 18, 2020. The Ministry informs, however, that a curfew is imposed from May 18, 2020 to May 31, 2020 from 9pm to 5am and only an essential service can operate during the curfew with the expressed permission of the Director of the National Emergency Management Organization, NEMO. All educational institutions shall remain closed and social events, including the cinema and mass crowd events, are prohibited. During this advanced phase of reopening the economy, business owners and operators are not required to seek prior approval to recommend business activity. Notwithstanding this, all businesses must adhere to the physical distancing and other COVID-related protocols that have been issued by the Ministry of Health. Kindly visit the Governmental St. Lucia website at www.govt.lc or the Ministry of Commerce's website at www.commerce.gov.lc for additional information. The Ministry of Commerce encourages all business owners and the general public to adhere to the stipulated protocols. For more information on this matter, please contact the Commerce and Industry Unit within the Ministry of Commerce at telephone number 468-4214 or 468-4238. The Ministry of Health and Wellness on Monday, May 18, 2020 received results for 41 samples and they were all negative. These samples are due to increased community testing and this brings the total number of tests conducted to date to 827. Chief Medical Officer in the Ministry of Health and Wellness, Dr. Sharon Belmar George indicated that despite low transmission of COVID-19, the public must remain alert and continue adhering to all stipulated protocols. Although we have maintained a low transmission level of COVID-19 in country, we remind the public that we are still at risk and must maintain and remain vigilant as the threat remains. As we continue with the phase three opening, we must ensure that all protocols are adhered to. The Ministry of Commerce has advised that businesses are permitted to recommend full operations from Monday, May 18, 2020. Although approval for opening is not required at this time, business places are required to review their relevant protocols to ensure they comply with physical distancing, infection prevention and control, occupational health and safety measures. The protocols documents can be accessed via the websites www.covid19response.lc or govt.lc and the Facebook pages of the Ministry of Health and Wellness and the Bureau of Health Educator. We encourage the population to continue adopting the recommended infection prevention and control measures and physical distancing measures when going out into the public. We would like to see these measures also adopted at the community level as well. Chief Medical Officer in the Ministry of Health and Wellness, Dr. Sharon Belmar George. And as the Governmental St. Lucia continues efforts toward a measured phase reopening of the country, the Ministry of Health and Wellness on Saturday presented the stipulated protocols for the business community drafted for each sector. We hear more from Anisia Antoine. The Chief Environmental Health Officer at the Ministry of Health and Wellness, Parker Raghunanan, reviewed the COVID-19 protocols with regards to the phased reopening of the country, including health services, medical shops, food and beverage services, farmers and fishing, their judiciary and beauty and wellness services. All businesses are required to submit a COVID-19 response plan regarding the new measures to be implemented to maintain social distancing and regular housekeeping practices. All workers shall be provided and be expected to wear face masks while at work. Officers within the workplace shall maintain a six-feet physical distance between each other. There shall be no overcrowding within the working space and minimum of 30 square foot per individual. Employees who are receiving cash shall be provided with alcohol-based sanitizer to maintain hand hygiene. In-person meetings, whether non-company parties or in-house, should be limited and done virtually where possible. Raghunanan elaborated on the necessary guidelines for the reopening of salons and shops. All work area surfaces shall be cleaned and disinfected. Pedicure bowls, remove all parts that can be removed. Clean all removed parts with soap and water. Rinse in clean water and then immerse into properly diluted disinfectant for full recommended contact time. Treatment rooms, clean and disinfect all surfaces such as chairs, tables, electrical appliances and liners. Administrative controls.  The Chief Environmental Health Officer urged the public and the business community to adhere to the stipulated protocols to ensure the health and safety of all St. Lucian's. From the Government Information Service, I am Anisia Antoine reporting. The Caribbean Public Health Agency CAFA and the Caribbean Community Implementation Agency for Crime and Security, CARICUM, MPACS, both members of the CARICUM Security Cluster as part of the Coordinated Regional Response to COVID-19 recently delivered a virtual training session for frontline security officers on measures to protect themselves in the line of duty. The training was designed for frontline security officers who continue to go above and beyond to protect the health and safety of citizens and visitors while ensuring their own security and to provide confidence across systems as some member states move into the recovery phase from COVID-19. The main objective of the live training, which was held on Thursday, May 7, 2020, was to equip national security officers in CARICUM member states on the use of personal protective equipment, PPE. The training hosted in collaboration with the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative Connect Program reached more than 500 frontline workers from various security divisions, police, prisons, customs, immigration and military from 17 territories across the Caribbean, namely St. Lucia, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Turks and Caicos Islands. The course continues to be available to all national security professionals on the CBS ICONNEC platform. And this is NTN Nightly up next, Primers Hutchinson with the NTN Nouvelle, Aguiol. COVID-19 is a new pandemic disease as declared by the World Health Organization. It is transmitted directly by respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes or indirectly through rubbing the face with contaminated hands. There is still no specific treatment or vaccine against COVID-19 and as such, the farming community should adhere to some special recommendations. Stock up on essentials such as animal feed, fertilizers, pesticides enough to last for about 30 days. Stock up on fuel well and oils for farm equipment. Ensure that tools and vehicles are serviced to prevent breakdowns and to ensure that farming and food production remain steady. And protect yourself and your workers by ensuring you take all necessary precautions to remain healthy. More than ever before, your important role as gatekeepers of St. Lucia's nutritional health and food security should be taken seriously. When you exercise these precautions, you not only safeguard your health but also continue to allow St. Lucia's access to freshly grown fruits, vegetables and other local crops. Remember it is our responsibility to ensure our nation eats fresh St. Lucia's best. Welcome back. We join Primus Hutchinson for the NTIA Nouvelle Accueil. This is where you can find and replace and you have established the farmers, Bodla and Jeremy, by the construction of the facility that has been built here. For the new vision, this is where you can find and replace these first phases to achieve the new developments that have been placed here. You can spend the money on the next few weeks to deliver the first phase to the construction site. This was the 13th time. This facility was created with the help of Niyon Satab, who provided all the vision of the riverbeds and also those who came to Bodla's Chimera. This is where Peterson Francis built the facility. This is where you can do everything you can to build the riverbeds. This is how the facility was built. This is where you can follow the mission to modernize and build the riverbeds. Francis said that the new vision of Bodla's riverbeds was built in the way that it was built here. Francis said that it was not proper for the Niyon to follow the right path to build the riverbeds. Francis said that the new vision of the riverbeds was built in the way that it was built here. This is where you can do everything to build the riverbeds. This is where you can take the advice of the public and not buy a piece of the new vision to bring it to the riverbeds. Here, Francis said that the riverbeds were built in order to build a riverbed to be properly served. This is where you can built the riverbeds for the riverbeds. Francis said that the new plan of the riverbeds was to build the new vision to build the riverbeds We have a consultation with the residents of Jabbatis to continue a lot of work in the first phase of the construction of a boutique cafe and a place to drink and drink. Police Mayor Jean-Pierre Dimache, the security who addressed the crime situation that took place in West Denri last week. Chief Police Milton Desi, the one who discussed his N.T.N., explained that the police had already left the U.T.D.O. in the first phase of the construction of a boutique cafe and a place to drink and drink. Chief Police Desi also discussed Dimache to address the crime situation in Denri that caused him death. Desi declared that he had placed the SSU officer in the village of Denri to encourage this situation. The SSU officer had already placed the SSU officer in the village of Denri to encourage this situation. He had placed the SSU officer in the village of Denri to encourage this situation. But Chief Police Desi also said that the SSU officer had already placed the SSU officer in the village of Denri that caused him death. The SSU officer had already placed the SSU officer in the village of Denri that caused him death. The SSU officer had already placed the SSU officer in the village of Denri that caused him death. The SSU officer had already placed the SSU officer in the village of Denri that caused him death. The SSU officer had already placed the SSU officer in the village of Denri that caused him death. The SSU officer had already placed the SSU officer in the village of Denri that caused him death. The SSU officer had already placed the SSU officer in the village of Denri that caused him death. The SSU officer had already placed the SSU officer in the village of Denri that caused him death. The SSU officer had already placed the SSU officer in the village of Denri that caused him death. $1.00 per litre, $7.00 per gallon. $2.00 per litre, $1.00 per gallon, $3.10 per gallon. $27.00 per litre, $2.00 per gallon. $29.00 per litre, $4.00 per gallon. $48.00 per litre, $3.00 per gallon. $8.00 per litre, $4.00 per gallon. $8.00 per litre, $4.00 per gallon. Thank you for watching.