Yeah, welcome back to Think Tech. I'm Jay Fidel. This is Community Matters, and today we're going to learn about the VEX Robotics Tournament. What happened there in the 2024 VEX Robotics Tournament from VEX Robotics Engineer. In fact, Engineer at SOWEST, HIGP, we're going to learn about those things, and the Sea Grant College at UH Minoa from Adria Fung, who is in fact a robotics engineer. Welcome to the show, Adria. Thanks, Jay. Thanks for having me today. So what does VEX stand for? VEX actually doesn't stand for anything. The VEX Robotics Competition is a competition organized by the Robotics Education and Competition Foundation. So there are organizations that manages and organizes all the teams and all the competitions across the globe, and our position here in Hawaii is really to just help to manage and support the local groundwork and ground efforts supporting the competitions and the teams here. Yeah, you've been doing it for a while, so you've seen the delta factor, the dynamic, and how it's changed. How has the competition changed over the past few years? Oh man, I think when, so I was a student when VEX Robotics kind of just started up. I was at high school participating in the VEX Robotics Competition, and our robots were pretty basic and pretty small. I mean, a lot of us didn't exactly know what we were doing, so we were pretty much learning from each other and all, but I've seen that as the years go on and the kids are getting smarter and smarter and being more knowledgeable of how to integrate robotic systems, mechanisms, computer science, and coding into it. I mean, the robots are getting much more complex. Even at the elementary level, the robots are pretty big for their age. Well, I mean, it's really interesting and it's fun for sure. It's the intersection of science and technology and toys. There, sorry. No, it is pretty much like one. Yeah, the kids enjoy it, so. So, you know, last time I initially saw robotics working at the university and I'd date myself was College of Engineering Holmes Hall, but you're not in Holmes Hall. You're in Southwest and HIGP and Sea Grant. What is, what are those organizations and what's their interest in robotics? Yeah, so I work in an organization called the Hawaii Space Grant Consortium, so we're actually under the HIGP department. Pretty much was started up to help give students in the undergrad levels an opportunity to do a lot of these NASA funded projects. So a lot of the focus for us here is actually on satellite work. We have rocketry going on in some of the community colleges. One of our affiliates, Guam Space Grant is actually doing drone, a drone program out there. So the interest is really in more of the NASA related research and studies here. And so I work in the K-12 area where we're pretty much helping to push the pipeline of students that eventually decide to come into UH or enroll at one of the UH campuses and give them that opportunity to continue their STEM learning at the higher levels. How is it doing? Are you having more kids, less kids, are the kids more Akamai about the technology of robotics or what?  Oh, I definitely think it's happening. I mean, we're trying to promote the fact that we have a lot of high tech careers in Hawaii. So kids don't exactly have to go away to college or go away to the mainland for these types of careers. They can come back and stay home. They can do a lot of the work in satellite, like I said, or rocketry, or even just managing the telescopes or, you know, the local groundwork of how do we integrate technology with agriculture or community problems here. And I think it's really about innovation in Hawaii. So as I see it, and I'm a neophyte about this, I'll always be a neophyte about it. I'll never catch up with what's going on. But there's three things we ought to talk about. One is the design thinking aspect, you know, what problem do you want to solve with the robotics? And the second one is the hardware and the materials science. And I guess I would say the wiring, I know that's very sophisticated. And then of course, then there's the software that lives electronically within that device. So can you talk about those three things? Let's talk about what problems, you know, you want to solve, what functionality you want to achieve in the competition with robotics. Yeah, so in the Beck's robotic competition, the program releases a new game every single year. Towards the end of the school year, after the World Championship ends, they release a brand new game. And that's when students can kind of go on and figure out, okay, what exactly is the game that we have and what is it that we have to solve? Build a robot to play this game for this upcoming school year. So the game is released around early summertime, and the teams either, you know, if they're really those overachieving teams, they can start in the summertime or a lot of the schools wait until they're beginning up the school year to begin. And then really the kids are starting with the engineering design process. It's looking at how do we identify what the game challenge is, what exactly it is that we have to design our robot for, look on the internet, do a lot of research to figure out what exactly is our criteria and our sub-problems. So it's really helping the kid kind of be computational thinkers.  Do we have to do a hanging mechanism at the very end of it to get more point and kind of figure things out in that aspect? So what's the game this year? What was the game this year, the competition? Yeah, so the game this year is actually taking these things called tri-balls. They are a strangely shaped ball. They're kind of like triangular shape, kind of like the shape of my head. And they just roll around really interestingly on the field. So the teams will actually have to figure out how to manipulate these balls, either by grabbing it or intaking it and then scoring it underneath a goal zone. And then there's other obstacles on the field like a PVC pipe that the robots will either traverse over or they have to go underneath this hanging bar in order to get over to their goal side. And a pretty much the objective of the game is to score these balls into the goal zone. And at the very end of the game, there is a hanging end game bonus. Well, that sounds hard because you have to know the physical, the kinetic characteristics of this object, whether it be the funny ball or the rolling pipe or whatever it might be. How do you determine, how do these kids determine the kinetic characteristics, the way the thing moves? I think a lot of it is actually through testing. A lot of the schools have a field in their classrooms or their robotics lab. And pretty much what they're doing is really prototyping different kinds of dry bases, different kinds of mechanisms, and just testing it and collecting data on it and figuring out what is our best prototype or our best mechanism that we can use for the competition. And that's how they pretty much iterate and go through the engineering design process to design their robot. You know, if I was a videographer and PSI am a videographer, I would say, why don't we take this funny looking ball and take some video of it and see the way it moves and measure the moves as they are recorded on the video and put that into metrics. Do you do that? I think the capabilities of the VEX robotic system are still at the basic setting various cool levels. So I don't think we're at that point yet. But if we do have possibly university or professional organization team, oh, I'm for sure they'll take that type of data and be able to manipulate that ball. Okay, so now these kids come in and they're part of the competition. Oh, I wonder is that, you know, in March or April, they have the science fair. They're the same kids who developed these robots and these teams also, you know, demonstrate their work in the science fair. I think some of the students actually do. They actually entered the science and engineering fair. I'm not sure that they use specific this specific kind of robotics for robotics competition, per se, but some kids might use the actual VEX robotics parts or the system behind it, the hardware, the electronics and possibly do an engineering project with it. So a lot of the students actually cross over to different kinds of them programs within their school. So they not only do robotics, they might do like you mentioned science engineering fair or even future farmers or the first robotics competition. Sure, it all crosses over trying to make technology work for us. Well, so let's go back to the parts now. Okay, I remember that the parts will come from the mainland from organizations which make parts and you open up a catalog and there's lots and lots and lots of parts in there. And somebody's manufacturing them and the job of the editor, if you will, is to identify the parts that he or she needs in order to achieve the physical robot. Am I right about that? Pretty much all the parts come from the VEX robotics system. So what kind of parts do you buy? I mean, what I'm thinking is that if you're going to compete, you are going to have the best physical device you can have. You want it to be smart, fast, strong, all that. So do those factors enter into the selection of the parts? Pretty much, yeah. I mean, the VEX robotic system is really, it was really designed as a easy entry point for a lot of the schools and organizations to get into robotics. So they try to make the parts as simple and as easy to learn as possible. We're not talking about custom 3D printed parts or laser cut waterjet types of parts. That's for, you know, a different kind of competition, but this is more for that intro level robotic kind of students. So the parts that they would buy would be things like aluminum or steel sea channels or chassis. There's screws, nut bolts that they had to pick up. And then in order to make things move, they have to pick up things like motors, the brain, the controller that interfaces everything all together, possibly sensors, gears, chains, rockets, everything to pretty much make the robot move. So if you break down all of those parts into its own individual components, the kids will learn pretty much the functionality of each part. And then it's really cool to see the students be able to figure out, okay, if we use this part exactly how it was designed to be, and not just using putting a bunch of wheels at the end as counterweight, but actually designing it with, you know, a center of gravity in mind for the robot. I think you'll see that the robot is going to be much more structurally sound when it comes to going into competition. So it's really neat to be able to see the kids kind of design and think in that way to think and design first without just going into the building of it. How much help do they need? How much teaching do they need? How much, you know, counseling and advice and consultation do they need as they go down, you know, the development trail here? And how is all of that different from K to 12? Yeah, so we have a committee called the Hawaii State Bex Planning Committee and it's made up of volunteers. It's also made up of event partners, people who host the tournament, current coaches, retired coaches like myself. And we pretty much help to support the local community by providing things like workshops, grant opportunities, resources even. So we really like to be able to work directly with the coaches and directly with the teams to kind of give them that foundation. I mean, the Vector Robotics competition, a lot of the teams kind of use after school time to figure out their robots and design it. And so we completely understand the teacher's busy schedule. I mean, working with a lot of the elementary and middle school teachers too, they're just, they're play dishes so swamped with all the work that they have to do through the school day that, you know, we really want to be able to at least help give them that support after school so that way the kids are, they feel confident with that kind of knowledge going into competition. They feel much more confident talking with other teams and also the judges too. Well, you know, we talk about confidence by recollection of the science fair, science and engineering fair is the biggest takeaway on that is that kids can get to explain what they've done. And this is a tremendous benefit from the science fair because otherwise they might be shy and they, you know, they wouldn't be able to tell the third person what they've done. Is there a time in the development of the robotics devices where these kids can explain what they've done? Definitely, it's definitely built into the competition. A lot of the teams actually go and do multiple competitions throughout the school year, not just the one, you know, presentation or competition. A lot of them actually do two or three competitions throughout the school year. So it gives the kids the chance to go through the engineering design process multiple times to refine and design their robot. They have to talk it out within their team members to figure out who's doing what. So that's where communication and teamwork comes into play. Plus also they have to do another aspect at the competition, which is the judging and engineering notebook portion. So the kids are documenting in their engineering notebook what they've done, how they design their robot. They turn that into the judges at the beginning of the competition. And then the judges, after reviewing their notebooks, go out and actually go and ask the kids these questions. So you definitely see the kids build their confidence level and their speaking and communication levels throughout the school year. And it's amazing to see what, you know, they come up with at the very end at the state championships. Let's talk about the teams, how big are the teams and where the teams do together?  Yes. So this year we have a little over 250 teams in Hawaii from elementary all the way through high school. The ones that participated in this recent VEX Robotics competition, they were at the middle school, high school level. So we had a total of 28 high school and 16 middle school teams that qualified to the championship. So the teams are made up of roughly, I would say three to four members, three to four students of their team. A lot of them are, you know, have been doing robotics for the last couple of years. We have a lot of brand new teams, brand new freshmen that come in that, you know, have no idea what they're doing. But it's really neat to see that the network that they have within their school first. So for example, we have a few schools that have, say, a freshman only team and then a veteran team. And it's really neat to be able to talk with, say, the freshman team and hear of the impact that the veteran students have towards the freshmen. So being able to give them the kind of knowledge that they need. So that way, when the seniors leave, the freshmen who will now go into their sophomore year can continue this robotics program. And it's also really neat to see the team collaboration throughout the different kinds of schools. So these teams are seeing each of all these other teams almost every other weekend throughout the school year, especially at the high school level. To the point where all of the team members pretty much know all the other team members of a different school on another team. So they're actually collaborating and, you know, like going on various forums, community types of social media, and just collaborating with each other and figuring out what is the best kind of strategy. Teamwork, how do we figure out this if they have, if one team has a specific problem, then they can go to another team and they were having this coding issue. Can you help us out with this? So it's really neat to see, especially during the championships where there's not really a separation of the team. I mean, it is still a competition and it's very competitive. But, you know, we saw one team, a middle school team where they actually yelled out to their opponent on the other side and they said, hey, you have a really cool robot right there. Awesome job. So for a middle schooler to actually say that to their opponent. I mean, those middle schoolers are, they're in a really great foundation right now. Oh yeah, that was really terrific to be involved. So talk about being involved, you know, you mentioned a couple of things. One is coaches and judges, and you mentioned grants.  So what is it like to be a coach? Maybe all the coaches just like you or maybe they come from outside and the judges, are they science and technology people? And finally, if I feel that I want to help this project, can I be a grand tour? Would you look to organizations in the community for money? Yeah, I think it's definitely taken a huge village to pretty much put this program together. It really starts with the teachers at the schools that are willing to be coaches for their students because they see this really neat opportunity for their kids to be engaged in this robotics platform. And then so from the schools and from the students and the coaches, you know, a lot of the schools do have really great support from their administration. For the coaches that want to do more for their community, they can be something they can take on a role called an event partner, meaning that they host one of the tournaments that the teams will come to and, you know, try to get qualification to the championship level. It's really the event partners responsibility to find community members, reach out to volunteers in their community, in their parent organizations from their schools to be able to put a competition together. So you're looking at people not only as judges, so judges are made up of science, engineering people, but also community members, teachers, even folks from the DOE complex offices as well. But we also have other volunteer roles such as refereeing, emceeing, and so those are a lot of them are just made up of community members that this event partner has built together as part of their network. And then it's also part of the coaches or event partners responsibility if they want to find sponsors for their own program. So especially for the high school level, a lot of them do travel outside of Hawaii. Some of them travel to the neighbor islands for competition, but a lot of them do travel to say the world championships or even internationally like to competitions in Japan. So a lot of the coaches really try to put in that kind of work to find sponsors and find grants to be able to support their program. So I mean, we give a lot of, a lot of, you know, Pat on the back to the coaches, I've been a coach myself, so I totally understand. From our point at here at Hawaii Space Grant, we really try to support the education side. So really just the foundation knowledge so that way the coaches can, you know, put on that kind of time or devote their time to, to supporting their programs in other ways. Well, the competition itself takes place at local schools, right? I know this is not outside, this is inside the school, and the school provides a space and, you know, organizational assistance, I expect. Can you, can you talk about how the competition works and how it worked this year? You know, there are various grades, of course, and are they separate competitions? And of course, I want to ask you who won. I need to know who won and why they won. Yeah, sure. So the VEX Robotics competition, there are two levels. So one is called the VEX IQ competition. That's for elementary and middle school level. They use plastic parts to build their robot. The VEX IQ championships will actually be later on overpresenting weekend at Avamokai Middle School. It's open to the public, so families in the community can come and attend. The middle school, high school level is called the VEX Robotics competition, and those are the teams that use the metal part. They have to use screws and nuts in order to, like, secure their robots. The competitions start around the September-October time frame, and in this year ended at late January. And so what we just had was the VEX Robotics regional championships. So this is the culminating event for the middle school, high school level competition, where the teams that qualified from the local qualifying event schools make it to the regional championships. And so at the regional championships, we awarded four slots from the high school and three slots from the middle school to the world championships in Dallas, Texas, which is going to be held in late April. So the teams that won at the high school level were two teams from St. Louis School, the Milani NEXT team, which is a home organization team, and also non-accruly high and intermediate school that are going to the world championships. And then at the middle school level, it was the two Wailua teams from Wailua High Intermediate School, and then we also had Waini Intermediate School. So the teams that won, or won the slots to the world championships, part of it was the performance side. So they were the tournament champions of the entire event. After the teams go through their qualifying matches throughout the day, they actually have to do an alliance selection. So they go through an alliance selection to figure out who they want as their alliance partner, and then they go into pretty much a quarter-finals, semi-finals, and then the final round of competition. So we have the performance aspect of it, and then the excellence award, which is the highest award a team can receive at the VEX Robotics Competition, that celebrates the teams' dedication to their engineering notebook, to the design process, their communication, teamwork skills, and also partially performance side as well. The winners of the excellence award were also awarded a slot to the world championship too. Wow. Yeah. So if you get into the world championship and even win it, possibly, then you get a prize of a million, billion. Do they give you money? What happens to you? I guess somebody flies these kids to Dallas. But after that, are they guaranteed to have a scholarship at some important engineering school or what? What are the benefits? So I think the benefits of going to the VEX Robotics Championships, I mean, I took my teams there for two years, and it's such a huge event. There's over 3,000 teams in this one arena that, you know, you get to see all these teams from all different kinds of countries come to this one place to compete in the same game that you've been playing since the beginning of the school year. So the teams that end up going and end up, you know, winning in their division and all, they get to go into the final rounds in this dome area where it's kind of like a party in a sense. There's confetti, there's like dim lights, strolling lights and all. And so the teams that win it, I don't think get any kind of money, but they do get bragging rights from their school. They might possibly get what I think the teams are really after is a ticket to the next year's world championship. So that way they don't exactly have to go through the same process all over again. But the teams, I mean, go through this engineering design process so much that they're just experts in their robot. So to be able to communicate and network with other teams from other kinds of countries, it's really valuable for the kids. And there are a lot of scholarships too that are open for high school students to apply. And they make friends and the friends a long term, right? Yeah, pretty much. I made friends from Japan, from Korea, Kazakhstan when my team went to the world championship, and we still keep in touch too. So really this network is huge. You know, one thing I've noticed is that when you see a kid really put his heart and soul or her heart and soul into a project, a competition like this, a team like this. It's that temporary. It defines that kid all the way through K to 12 and beyond.  Am I right? Is that what happens here? Yeah, pretty much. I mean, we've been tracking a lot of the students since they were doing robotics since fourth grade even. And to see the kinds of careers that some of them are going into, whether it being an avionics engineer at the White Space Flight Lab, or being an engineer at Hawaiian Airlines, managing projects at JPL, the Jet Propulsion Lab in NASA. I mean, it's huge. The impact is huge. And I can definitely testify as I was a student too in robotics that it's had a huge impact on me and it's neat to be able to still keep in contact with people who are in robotics as well. Well, we mentioned, you know, the different elements of how you build a robotics device. And I'll refresh my own thinking about it. You know, one is the design. Two is the hardware. And three is the electronics. And I guess somewhere in there is software. And I remember watching some kids put robotics devices together and they were on computers designing software. And now it's just me now. Just me. I always think that software is what really drives that when you get down to the fine point of a competition and see how the device operates and how it handles, you know, differential conditional circumstances. It's the software that wins the game. Am I right? I think it's both. Definitely a good balance of software. When I was doing my robotics engineering schooling in college, we were taught that robotics is made up of three likes of engineering. So the first like is mechanical engineering. Second like is electrical engineering. And the third like is computer science. So, you know, you cannot just develop software for a robot if you don't exactly have a built robot to begin with. But the software is what makes the robot think or move or do what it's supposed to do. So definitely the three likes come into play all together when it comes to designing designing a robot. So the question is what language are they learning for this is standardized language? Are there libraries of functions they can, you know, take from? And what kind of consultation and poaching do they need? Do they get in terms of developing software? Because some of these kids, you know, they might be good at computer games or social media on their phones, but they have no clue about software. And you have to teach them about software right down to the lines of code. That's a learning curve, if I may. How does that work? I think it really just starts with the foundation elementary levels. At the elementary level, the kids are programming with something that looks like scratch coding. So block based, they're just dragging, dragging, dropping the blocks from the window into their actual code itself. So telling the robot, all right, drive forward, turn left, go forward, turn right kind of thing. So very basic, very basic level of coding at that point. But the kids are starting to understand the algorithm behind it. So from block coding, in the Vectrobotic platform, they're able to either go into Python, which is text based, or even a more, you know, C or C++ as well. So both Python, C and C++ are professional coding languages. And so the kids would, you know, once they start to understand the basics of coding and algorithms and the foundation of computer science, then they can start to build their code and text over time. And there's so many different kinds of resources that they can tap into. I mean, just talking with other students when we go to the competition, a lot of them are showing them different kinds of functions that they've used for their robot, or they can go online and ask a question in the Vectrobotics forum and get an answer that way as well. So there's so many different kinds of resources for kids to tap into and really the coaches are there to just kind of help the kids through the, with the foundation knowledge of computer science first. I like to teach the coaches and also the students about flowcharts of how to start planning your program and all. But really after that, the kids, they're so smart, they're so resourceful too that, you know, they can even go on like social media and ask a question of coding and they might get an answer right then and there. So everything is right at their, right in their fingertips. Yeah, they might get somebody to tell them something that you can't. So, you know, the thing about software is that once you get into say, C++, you know, you have, you know, broken a barrier. Now you understand what it looks like and what it can do and what kind of functions are available to you, the power, if you will, of the language. And so once you've done that, you've entered into a new world of thinking. You know, coding is a new world of thinking and once you break into it, you know, then you can go, what do they say, to the moon. It can do anything once you understand how it works. So I think this is a tremendous benefit for any kid who's involved in this activity, this tournament, this competition. So, Adria, where is it all going? You know, nothing stays the same. Everything changes. We know that's an engineering principle, if you don't mind. And where is it, you've seen it long enough, you've been involved in it up to your eyeballs long enough to know where the whole thing is going. Can you give us a handle on what you expect over the next, say, five years? Yeah, so, I mean, what I like to always educate teachers and coaches and robotics is that robotics is really just the vehicle where we can help, you know, help the kids apply things that they're learning in their classrooms like math, English, social studies, even into robotics. But really, it's having the students learn about the foundations of robotics. So, for example, what is this kind of hardware doing and how is it interfacing with the software, along with sensor integration and all. And it's really getting the kids to understand this kind of pattern of hardware, you know, software electronics integrated into it, where we want to be able to encourage students to be creative, right? So, like, in Hawaii, I think innovation is going to be the next big field where the students have having this kind of knowledge in them helps them to figure out exactly, you know, how they can put this all together to solve a local community problem. And so we know that the problems are always changing, but we still have field that robotics can definitely play a part in such as health care, agriculture, community problems, cleanup, you know, pollution. There's so many different kinds of avenues, but I think what's most important is having the students understand this kind of basic engineering knowledge first, and then being able to apply it in different kinds of scenarios. So, I mean, like you said, like, we don't exactly know what's going to happen in the next five years, but if the kids are equipped with this kind of knowledge and foundation and tools, then they can solve any kind of problem that they're being thrown at them, just like the competition and the game. Isn't that the truth? I'm remembering a demonstration of a robotic boat that a team under Margo, Margo was the, she was the dean of SOS for a while, I don't know if you know her, she's an extraordinary woman and scientist. And she supervised the development of a boat that would move around the harbor here in Hawaii and sense with using a combination of sensors and was all automated. I mean, it's just completely automated. And it would check out what was in the water, whether there was any dangerous material in the water, any kind of, you know, problem that could result in damage to the harbor. And this was from Hawaii, and they wound up selling this boat to various other cities that, you know, needed that kind of functionality in the harbor. So you'll let your mind fly. And I am hoping that part of the dynamic we're talking about is that the games that are being, you know, assigned to these competitions will be broader and wider and deeper and more creative to start with. And I hope that happens. Do you hope that happens? I definitely hope so. I think the competition games are a good start, but it's really neat to be able to see the student combine what they have and at being able to solve a local community problem that really impacts their community in Hawaii. I think that's going to be the biggest, the biggest thing for the kids to take away from this. Well, thank you, Adrian. It's great to talk to you. You're really a great guest on these shows, and I certainly appreciate you participating with me and telling us how all of this works. It makes me want to go back to school again and sign up for the robotic program. Sure. We can have a think-tank Hawaii team participate in our next competition. Yeah, there you go. Adrian, any of the robotics program at UH Manoa. Thank you so much. Thank you. Thank you so much for having me.


Well, so everybody Jason for Jasper's case breaks comm so we are giving away for mosaic Team filler spots away with his 1920 panini mosaic hobby one-pack break number 12 random teams And we are giving away five free spots in this break. So we only sold 25 spots instead of 30 And what we're gonna do first we use a dice roller randomize the 25 customer names We'll give away five spots top five get an extra spot in this break Then again, we'll randomize the 30 names 30 teams do the break See what comes out and then at the end of the break. We'll take the 30 names Randomize them again the top four get a spot in the team random filler So here you go. Here's a dice roller So again, these are the 25 customer names I got in so we're gonna randomize them first We click the same dice roller for both this giveaway and the teams and names It's a two and a five for seven times. So top five get free spots in this break one two three four five six seven All right, so top five after seven times will Niko will will will will so there you go. Niko sneaks in in the top five and gets a free spot So we'll paste you guys in there put a little character sign Boom All right, so let me just copy this and paste this at the end of the break For later to give away those four spots in mosaic. All right, so seven times now in the names and teams for the break one two three four five six Seven that was it originally a seven Will gonna will all right, so seven Seven seven one two three four five six seven Spurs down of the Utah jazz All right, so again. Oh, sorry 14. It's supposed to be the one Stick to what you got guys quick little pack filler. So no trades All right, so stick to what you got guys.   I mean that's I Won't be able to break that pack filler until like nine o'clock tonight So it's gonna be a little bit But yeah, I'll have to go through some orders after I get caught up on my list a little busy But yeah, thank you man But I appreciate you guys so again number 13 is also sold out which also sells out of the team filler It's also on the schedule at some point later tonight, so I appreciate you guys


Welcome to a short learning dialogue on how mediums can be chosen for the content that we want to communicate and for this we have taken examples from our own course. Let us just begin without further ado. The first example we have chosen is of a screen cast or something which is captured through a demonstration on a screen. If you recall the discussion forum example that we had created for all of you to follow it was actually capturing the screen of Swayam and we were giving you examples about how to click, where to click. Now this is not possible by doing a slide. This is not possible by me standing over here and telling you everything. This is also not possible in a podcast but screen cast is the appropriate example because it involves the actions to be shown on screen. Similarly, let us see the next example of a talking head. I am talking here to the camera and I have a plain simple background with no text, no other kind of distractions here. This is simply when I want to communicate something which is emotionally connecting. So if you look at the first video of the course where Professor Sridhar is explaining what is this course all about, what is the learner centric book model and so on and so forth. There is only talking head, very, very mild text appears nearby but mostly it is a talking head video and that is the reason because it is high on emotional connect. Let us see another example. Whenever we have to have multiple point of views coming in, we go for interviews. The reason is if you recall the particular interview section where we had multiple instructors sitting together in a room and discussing about what are MOOCs and how MOOCs have been evolved because there are multiple ways in which it can be interpreted. We did not create a slide set or we did not have a single talking head here. Instead we positioned cameras in the room where everyone was seen talking to each other. They were not talking to camera. However, they were covering all the points that the learners wanted to listen to. So this is an example of how interview can be conducted with multiple camera setups and the next example could be a podcast. You must have heard a podcast where there is no visual but we have tried to incorporate interaction by adding some technology layer to it but audio was only for giving an example about something which does not involve any kind of visuals. The next example is of animation where we had overlay or may be a superimposed layer on the video shot for Dr. Jai Krishnan where he was explaining the timeline of how MOOCs have evolved over years and that is an example of animation. Why was it required? Because it had extreme requirement of visualization. We wanted to say what happened in 2011 and what happened before that, who was the person, what was the course name and all that has to be visualized in a manner and we also wanted the emotional connect where Dr. Jai Krishnan is looking at you and talking to you. Therefore, we use this combination of animation and the human talking head combined. We have PDFs which are uploaded which are just text nothing else. You just have to go through it and read about it and it has its own advantages as we have discussed earlier. All in all, you can see that the examples provided in the course itself are carefully curated by selecting a medium which can help communicate the content that we have decided for that particular learning dialogue. We expect all of you to kind of analyze your own content chunks, maybe what are small chunks that you can plan. But then come up with an idea about which of the medium could be suitable for this. We would probably discuss this in the forthcoming learning experience interaction or the LXI that we talk about and maybe discuss it further more. Till then, thank you very much.


Well friends, I am Dr. Prakash Sarunke from Valchand Institute of Technology, Sulapur Mechanical Engineering Department. Today, let us discuss fuel system in SI engines third session, say from our IC engine series. At the end of this session, students will be able to describe working of simple carburetor and to explain the modifications required in order to satisfy the demands under different operating conditions of IC engine. Let us first try to understand the simple carburetor. A carburetor is a device basically that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engine in the proper ratio required for the combustion process. To understand design of modern carburetor, it is necessary first to know the working of elementary or simple carburetor. An elementary carburetor is one which is designed to provide an air fuel mixture for cruising or normal range at a single constant speed. Figure one shows a simple carburetor. Let us see the figure. Now here in this figure you can see observe here. So this is the air fuel mixture. So that will be taken inside to the cylinder. And this is the throttle valve which controls this particular quantity. Here say this is the shape that is venturi shape. This is the main jet which is supplying the fuel. So this is the orifice and say this fuel is coming from this chamber. So this is known as float chamber. So here there is a float and attached to this float there is a needle valve. This is a needle valve. So this is the opening valve sheet and say this is connected to the fuel supply. Which is I mean coming from the tank. Okay this is the, I mean this is the choke and say this is the air flow, air flow. Now air flow from the atmosphere so that will come inside. Now let us try to understand the working of this particular carburetor. Now as we have seen it consists of a float chamber nozzle, nozzle with metering orifice, venturi and throttle valve. For constant fuel supply level inside the float chamber should be maintained at constant level. So how is that maintained constant? How that level is maintained constant? You have seen the figure? Can you tell? Just think. Now the float and needle valve mechanism so that is present. So that maintains a constant level of fuel in the float chamber. Let us see. Yes again this. So if you see this float which floats say in the cement fuel and a needle valve is attached. So as the level drops so this float and subsequently the needle valve so that will move downwards and it will allow more fuel to enter inside by opening more this particular port. And if the level increases then the float will move upwards and needle valve will close more area and lesser amount of fuel so that will be cement admitted inside. So thus depending upon level say it will control the quantity of fuel coming inside and accordingly a constant level nearly constant level so that will be maintained with this particular mechanism. Now here we have already seen the float chamber is vented to the atmosphere. If we see again so this is the vent say to the atmosphere into the atmosphere. Now as shown in figure 1 intake air is controlled by the throttle opening. We have seen the throttle valve. The shape of the intake passage is of venturi that we have seen. So velocity of incoming air during suction stroke increases while passing through the venturi and because of which pressure will decrease. So as per the Bourg-Knoll's theorem that we have seen studied already. Now due to low pressure in the venturi fuel from the float chamber which is subjected to the atmosphere pressure will be sucked inside through that discharge jet or metering jet or main jet with the different names. The pressure difference between venturi section and that in the float chamber so that is the normal atmospheric it is called as carburetor depression. It is around 4 to 5 centimeter of Hg below atmospheric Hg means I mean mercury. Now petrol engines are quantity governed. So throttle valve opening will control the quantity of air as well as fuel because that will I mean govern that carburetor depression. So a simple carburetor which is working like this it supports from certain drawbacks. Firstly it provides increasing reach mixture with the speed. This happens due to the fact that increasing speed say that will thereby decreasing density of air. So as the flow of air will be at speed so density will be lesser and say with throttle opening say this will cause higher carburetor depression and higher carburetor depression will suck more fuel inside the carburetor or that device so that will naturally increase the richness. So this is one drawback. Similarly it provides linear mixture at low speeds or part throttle opening part throttle opening. So during the I mean lower in I mean in the beginning say the fuel flow will be lesser because of the lesser amount of carburetor depression. In order to fulfill the demands of an engine for different working conditions say we have to modify the design of the simple carburetor say also we have to remove the drawbacks. So there are the additional systems are like this one is the main metering system then idling system then power enrichment system acceleration pump and choke and choke. So let us study these systems one by one. Firstly main metering system, main metering system is designed to supply a constant air fuel ratio over a wide range of speed and load and it is with a purpose to achieve economy. Now for achieving economy air fuel ratio of 15.6 to 16 so that is required to be maintained at full throttle it is maintained so that it will cover the major I mean increasing range. Now to correct the tendency of supplying richer mixture at high speed some compensating devices are incorporated. So the main types of I mean incorporating in this compensating devices are say like this. So first compensating jet then second immersion tube third back section control and fourth auxiliary valve or port. So these are the commonly used devices. Let us study one by one. So first compensating jet. In this mechanism an additional compensating jet is provided through a compensating well as shown in figure 2. Let us see the figure yes. So this we have seen this is the venturi. So here there are two jets one is the main jet and other is the compensating jet. This compensating jet is coming from the compensating well. Compensating well is attached to the main float chamber through a restricted orifice. Now the mechanism works like this that total both of these I mean jets will together fulfill the requirements of the I mean fuel. Now coming to say this working compensating well gets the fuel supply through a restricted orifice that we have seen. As the air flow increases with the speed the fuel level in the well that I mean compensating well so that will decrease. And since it is getting the supply through restricting so it immediately the fuel will not say flow inside. And because of which the level in the well decreases and that causes reduced reduction in fuel supply in this compensating jet. So thus sum of increasing fuel supply through main jet so that I mean happens because of the I mean increasing air flow that we have seen. And decreasing one through compensating jet so total will remain constant if we see the figure here. So this is the graph so this shows the this is the air speed and this will show us the say I mean fuel flow or air flow ratio. So in case of compensating jet sorry main jet so this is the main jet. So fuel flow will increase and air fuel ratio so that will become richer so air will be lesser and fuel will be more. While in case of compensating jet exactly reverse happens say that air will be increasing and fuel will be decreasing because of this compensating jet. So as a effect net flow of the I mean fuel so that will be maintained constant so air fuel ratio will be maintained nearly constant. Okay so that is the combined effect combined effect. So this is how this I mean compensating jet works so sum of increasing so that will maintain constant air fuel ratio. Now another device say is immersion or air bleeding device. In this method the main metering jet is submerged 25 mm below the petrol level at the bottom of well if we refer this figure 4 then we will understand say this working. So this is the I mean venturi where this main jet is there but the main jet is not at this level but it is say below 25 mm. So this is the main jet level. Now this is again say this jet so it is open to atmospheric pressure atmosphere and there are holes inside say this particular tubing tubing. Now what happens so this is the main jet level. Now in this method what happens so there are holes on the sides of well we have seen through which atmospheric air is drawn inside and the petrol is emulsified. Increasing the linnness of the mixture because air will be mixing additionally. Now initially the petrol levels both in the well and in the float chamber are equal as throttle opens the petrol in well is sucked inside and holes on the sides are progressively uncovered. Now this results in decreasing richness of the mixture due to addition of air which is rushing from this. So main jet then provides the normal flow normal flow so which will help to maintain the some in constant air flow constant air flow as the speed increases. So that way say these two devices we have studied today compensating jet and emulsion to bar air bleeding device. So it will I mean help us to maintain the constant air flow ratio throughout all the speeds all the speeds. The other systems will be discussed in subsequent session. Now references for this are taken all the figures as well as the matter. Say we have taken the reference from the book of IC engines by Mathur Sharma and Mathur and Sharma. I thank to them and so thank you.


Good morning everyone, Basel Chapman here. This is Friday the 15th of July 10 o'clock Tiger Financial News Network Market Update. This time yesterday exactly 12 hours ago, we were pretty much on the downside of a 400 points. Now we're on the upside of a 400 points but look at this. We're just trading in this rectangle formation. We made that H pattern. Remember with the pattern I talked about the dreaded H? I said within two days if we go underneath that left side low of a June, we've got to be careful. You've got two days in which to bounce back. Suddenly we closed above that left side low. Yesterday after a sharp move to 30,143 and here we are a thousand points higher 24 hours later and the S&P same type of thing. The S&P sharp move down yesterday. Big move up today. It's up 55 at 3846 but there are a couple of things I'll talk about in my show coming up. The Tiger Traditions Hour, the nine period exponential moving average and the down the S&P are still pink. Look at the QQQ. The QQQ right now is at 290.65 of 399. This is the only one that had green. The nine period moving average over the 14 period in the daily chart. Yesterday it went pink. Today it's flipped back to green. The day is young but so far this is nice action but actually all we're doing is we're trading in a range. We're in a range between the 270 level in the QQQs and the 290s and we'll see whether we break either side. Looking at the IWM, the IWM is also trading in our range. It is up a dollar at 170.72. Still quite negative in the technicals. Now this is going to be interesting. Look at gold. Gold is down 2 at 17.03. It made the left side right side price time match that we spoke about. I'll talk about that again in my show to the left side low of 2021. I think it was somewhere in July, August and we're right there. Yesterday's low was almost within three points of that low. So you've got the big arch formation. We'll talk about the test of the left side to the right side when I get back and the dollar is pulling back. Just a fraction gets down 43 ticks at 108.23. Made it you. Not so you go high yesterday. That is leg email. Maybe it's a key here. We're watching that. I'll be back in a moment. I'd like to talk about and I will not be here next week on vacation. See you in a few moments.


I'm Salvatore Bobonis and today's lecture is International Tax Havens. Some of the most liberal jurisdictions in the world are also some of the most notorious for facilitating the undermining of other countries' democracies, the International Tax Havens. International Tax Havens are mainly Anglo-American jurisdictions with extreme negative freedoms including most prominently extensive privacy protections. Estimates of the amount of money legally held in International Tax Havens run from 10.5 trillion US dollars to more than 30 trillion US dollars. The whole point is that nobody really knows the amount. Tax Havens provide the most dramatic demonstration of how negative freedoms can be used to disproportionately benefit societies richest and most powerful citizens. In Tax Havens, nominee executives and nominee directors serve as a legal face of companies while keeping the actual beneficial owners private. Companies and individuals that want to hide beneficial ownership structures put their wealth into shell companies registered to nominee directors. Beneficial ownership means the person who actually benefits from the proceeds of a company or the person whose money it really is. These beneficial owners are kept secret while nominee directors, that is people who have been legally nominated to be registered as the public face of the company, are actually recorded on the company's documents. Typically, these nominee directors are professional directors. They do nothing in life except maybe live a playboy luxury life in a Tax Haven and put their name on hundreds or even thousands of companies as a legal director. Nominee directors don't actually do any directing of these companies. In fact, they sign agreements saying that they will in all cases act at the direction of the beneficial owners. So the owners call all the shots, the nominee directors are merely the people who legally front for them. They do this in shell companies. Shell companies are companies that simply own other companies, that's all they do. So in a typical arrangement, a company or an individual that wants to hide its ownership of funds would establish a company in a country like the British Virgin Islands. That company in the British Virgin Islands doesn't actually do anything, it simply owns another company back in the original person's home country. So a rich Chinese billionaire would establish a company in the British Virgin Islands that has the sole purpose of owning his company back in China. Legally, his company in China is owned by a British Virgin Islands shell company, but in fact the beneficial owner is that original rich person back in China. Tax Haven jurisdictions provide privacy about these kind of arrangements. Only the company names and legal directors are recorded. No information about the actual operation of these companies and no auditing done by accounting firms. And even to get the names of the legal directors, you need a court order. So Tax Havens insist that they operate within the bounds of international legal norms, but it's very difficult to prosecute illegal activity if you have to know in advance that a company is engaged in illegal business before you can get the name of the director. The secrecy provisions ensure that it's almost impossible, especially when companies might be owned by a chain of 10 or 20 companies, each one owning the other and each one requiring a new court order to divulge that fact. Virtually impossible for courts in legitimate business jurisdictions to penetrate these shells of shell companies. Typically no actual money even flows through Tax Havens. The companies registered there are legal fictions, that is they are merely companies on paper existing in a post office box and in a computer entry. They're not companies that do any actual business whatsoever. International Tax Havens provide a high level of privacy or secrecy to companies that legally register in their jurisdictions and many of the typical countries and jurisdictions that appear in Tax Haven lists are shown in this listing from the Sydney Morning Herald of Tax Havens used by large Australian companies. They include Caribbean jurisdictions like Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Turk and Caicos, British Virgin Islands as well as European jurisdictions like Jersey, Switzerland and Luxembourg. Not listed here is one of the world's largest Tax Havens, Panama. Panama was created as a country by the United States in 1902 for the purpose of cutting the Panama Canal. Panama was separated from Colombia with the support of US military intervention to obtain its independence and ever since 1902, Colombia has operated as a kind of American-sponsored Tax Haven and client state straddling the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. In 2015-2016, there was a massive leak of papers or electronic papers from a Panama company from a Panama company that was a registrar of shell companies. The Panama company Mossack Fonseca had as its business the register of companies on behalf of other people and other companies worldwide. Mossack Fonseca would register companies in the British Virgin Islands or Panama or other jurisdictions on behalf of their clients without having any idea what those companies actually did, and as you can see in this graphic, they've registered hundreds of thousands of companies over the years to support all kinds of activities. Some of the kinds of activities supported by Tax Havens, for example, include tax evasion, corruption and even outright criminal activity. For example, the British Virgin Islands is the fourth largest source of foreign direct investment into China. The British Virgin Islands is a larger investor in China than the United States and the United Kingdom combined. It's unbelievable, except that, of course, the money is not coming from the Virgin Islands, the money is coming from the United States, the United Kingdom, and in many cases from China itself. British Virgin Island companies are owned by all sorts of rich Chinese, including those that are closely connected to the Chinese government itself. Money is often round-tripped through the British Virgin Islands to hide its original beneficial owner, so a rich Chinese person often with political connections will register a company in the British Virgin Islands that will then own his or her assets in China itself. Money being round-tripped that is sent from China out to the BVI and back to China in order to wash it or hide its origins. Of course, the desire of the rich and powerful to have these sort of tools also facilitates activities of actual criminal organizations that would also want to hide the origins of their money. And in fact, a former president of Panama is now, Emmanuel Noriega, is now in a United States prison precisely for participating in illegal drug organizations in an organized way, helping them evade or conduct financial operations through Panama. Key takeaways Tax havens are mainly Anglo-American jurisdictions that provide high levels of financial privacy or secrecy. They are often used to separate the beneficial ownership of a company from its registered legal identity. And finally, round-tripping is commonly used to hide the origins of money that is then reinvested in origin countries. Thank you for listening. You can find out more about me at SalvaturbaBonus.com, where you can also sign up for my monthly newsletter on global affairs.


Hey, this is Brett, and this 2020 Ram 2500 Crew Cab Short Box Bighorn Level 1 Night Edition is stock number 14136Z. I am here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy-duty truck and Ram headquarters. This 2020 Ram 2500 has a 6.7 liter Cummins diesel engine. It's paired up with the 6-speed 68 RFE automatic transmission. This truck has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop for the state of Wisconsin inspection process. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. This truck is 100% ready to go. Really clean all the way around. And that's what I'm going to do in this video is go all the way around. Inside, underneath, start it up and take a look under the hood to give you the most accurate representation that I can of this truck. Bright white clear coat is the color I shoot all my videos in 4K. If you like the video, consider subscribing to the YouTube channel. Click the bell notifications. You'll get updates on the videos I do each and every day as well as having access to one of the largest catalogs of vehicle and heavy-duty truck walk-arounds on YouTube, almost 9,000 videos and counting. This one comes with the 20-inch painted black alloy wheels, part of that night edition. It has Cooper Discover AT3 tires. These are LT28560R20s. And I would say that they have probably 80 to 90% of the tread left on them. You get the Bilstein shocks on here, part of the off-road package. And this one has a very clean frame and underbody. It has always been owned in Tennessee and New York, most of its life. And it is a clean title history and clean car facts. Front fender is in excellent shape. Note you get the blacked-out headlight puzzles, part of that night edition. Factory fog lights, you get the painted front and rear bumpers, part of the night edition as well. And you get that gloss black grille. The hood is in excellent shape. I didn't see any dents or dings on there. And you do get the cab lights up top. Passenger side front fender is in excellent shape. Note the blacked-out Ram Cummins and 2500 logos, also part of that night edition. Passenger side front wheel, no scuffs or scrapes on there. Looks really good. And as you go down this side of this 2020 Ram 2500, you'll notice how clean that body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. I take these HD videos, so if you're far away or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the truck, hear the truck, and have confidence in what you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises. You can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. Now if this video helps you make that buying decision, let your salesmen know that you saw the video, that it was helpful, and that Brett sent you. Back wheel is in excellent shape as well. The back tires have just as much tread as those front tires. I mean, these tires are pretty much like new, very, very good amount of tread left on those tires. Frame and underbody back here looks really good.  Frame and underbody back here looks great. It has all the remaining factory exhaust, so it hasn't been altered in any way. And the lower rockers all look really good. It has some really nice looking, Allegro painted step bars. A passenger side box, no denser dings on there. You get the 4x4 off-road graphics on there. If you didn't like those, you could always take them off. Coming around the back, rear bumper is in great shape. It does have the back of parking sensors, full towing package, which includes a receiver hitch, 4 pin and 7 pin wiring. Tailgate is in excellent shape. No major dents or dings on there. No, you get the blacked out big horn, ram and 4x4 logos. The bed has some little bit of light duty usage. You get 5th wheel and goose neck prep package, side box tie downs. You also have the LED bed lights. And then up here is your 4 pin and 7 pin wiring. You can turn those lights on with the button there. And yeah, not too bad back here. Tailgate shuts nice and solidly. And as you go down the driver's side, just as clean as that passenger's side. No major dents or dings on the box. Paint is in really nice condition on this truck. And for full disclosure, back wheel looks really good. No major scuffs or scrapes on there. And the driver's side cab and doors all look really good. It does have the heated fold up tow mirrors, built in directional signals. They fold up like so and in like that. Take a quick look at the back seats. You get the dark charcoal and black cloth interior latch, child safety system for any child car seats you may have. Fixed glass rear window with the built in rear defrost. Seats are in nice condition. You get a load floor back here. If you've got muddy boots or tools, put them on there. You're not going to get your seats dirty. Just put both sides down and they got a nice flat place to lay.  Storage under there. You also get in-floor storage on each side with removable bins for easy cleaning. You put ice and drinks in here so you have too many coolers wherever you go. Or if you're not in Wisconsin, just extra storage space. You do get side curtain airbags on those front seats right there. And child safety locks on the back doors. Inside and bottoms of the doors all look really good. I'll show you the VIN sticker here. No Canadian trucks here. Which is good for you. And then the tire and loading information sticker right there. Inside the Bighorn Level 1 package does give you the black and dark charcoal cloth bucket seats in the front. No rips, no tears on those seats. Smells very clean inside this truck. I don't think it's been smoked in. And you get a power driver seat with lumbar, factory all-weather floor mats up here. Auto headlamps, power pedals, power windows locks, mirrors, cloth bolster, wood grain trim. And these mirrors do power fold in. I always like showing both sides so that you know that both sides are working properly. Top inside, check out the miles, the radio, and everything that this truck has to offer on the interior. You can see this one has 48,779 miles. You do get a digital speedometer on there. A trip display, you can put mileage up there. I think it's got a compass display as well. Instrument cluster is very nice and clean. Comes with the leather-wrapped heated steering wheel, gear selector, cruise controls on the right, Bluetooth and information center controls on the left. And you do get audio controls on the back of the steering wheel. This one has a push-button four-wheel drive, push-button start. There's your shifter for that six-speed 68 RFE automatic transmission. And you get your A.4 UConnect 4C radio, AMFM and Sirius XM radio capabilities. You get your different apps in here. This one has Android Auto and Apple CarPlay capabilities. So you can project your cell phone to the screen. There's your backup cam. And you can zoom in on that hitch to get hooked up to your boat camper or trailer the first time. Every time. What's nice about the Android Auto and Apple CarPlay is this one doesn't have the factory navigation system, but project your cell phone up there with Waze or Google Maps. And it's like you have an app right in the screen. We actually did a demo on an 8.4 if you want to check out how that works. That's in the upper right hand part of the screen as well. Down here is your tactile, volume tune and climate controls, factory brake controller, factory exhaust brake, tow haul mode, front and rear parking sensors. You can turn those off and on. And you can do get two USBs, two USB-Cs and an Augsjack. Keyless entry with remote start on there. Pass, new side glove boxes and seat are an excellent conditional rips or tears on there. Headliner is in nice shape. I didn't see any rips or tears. Once again, it smells very clean inside this truck. You do get map lights right there. Home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems and an auto dimming mirror. All right. Let's start it up. Take a look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that. There's the outside temp display. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. And hopefully from this HD video, you've been able to verify the quality, condition, options, and cleanliness of this truck all the way around. Under the hood, you get the 6.7 liter Cummins diesel engine and your base very clean runs very smooth. Once again, this truck has been fully safe and inspected by our service shop as a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and it is 100% ready to go. There is the emissions sticker. It's got like new tires on it, really clean all the way around. And I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint. I'd ship this one to New York, Texas, Tennessee, Florida, California, you name it. Whoever's going to get this truck is going to be very happy with the quality and condition. And to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 550 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, Wranglers, halftones, three-quarter-tons, one-tons, you name it. We've got to go to the website right there, summonauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle, all at summonauto.com. If you'd like to check out more HD videos, you can go to youtube.com slash summonauto. Click the bell notifications to get updates on the videos I do each and every day. As well as having access to one of the largest catalogs of vehicle and heavy duty truck walk-rons on YouTube. Like I said, almost 9,000 videos and counting. In fact, any second you see a link to subscribe to my YouTube channel in the upper left. A link to all the Ram 2500 truck videos I've done in the upper right. A link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left. And a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those, check us out. And we're super excited to help you with this Ultra Clean 2020 Ram 2500 Crew Cab Short Box Big Horn Night Edition Level 1 4x4 Off-Road in Bright White Clear Coat. Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on the YouTube channel. I really appreciate it. Thanks again.