All right, you guys. So it is Sunday, December the 4th. It's about 8, 10 a.m. in the morning. I'm here at Sacred Garden Yoga. Cindy from Sacred Garden Yoga. She is on my channel a lot. She's a friend of mine. I've known her for a long time now.  Oops, can you guys see that? All the fun toys that she has. She has this really cool, magical stuff here. This is my favorite table. She's got all the pendulums, all the deities here, everything. She's got tarot cards, sage, all sorts of fun stuff, jewelry, all sorts of fun stuff. This is where Stephanie just got her attunement for Reiki level 1 and 2. And yeah, so Cindy volunteered today. My class starts in about 20 minutes. I've got a packed class. My schedule is already packed out. So she volunteered, though, to allow me to film her practicing today for you guys. So you can see her in action. Here's our Pooja table. I actually got this for Cindy in India years ago long before YouTube. So her little Ganesh. All right, there. There's the backyard. Here the train. This house over here, this one, if you guys can see that little red house, maybe it looks better coming from over here. Oh no, there's a fence there. This little red house over here, that's called the Watermelon House. It's an Airbnb house. And actually the woman who owns the watermelon house is a subscriber of Esoteric Atlanta. So if you want to come into Marietta and do a course with Cindy, because Cindy has a ton of courses, I'll put a link to her website again in the description box so you can come and stay in the Watermelon House, which is legitimately right next door. Right next door. So Marietta is in the suburbs of Atlanta. It used to be its own little small town back in the day, but because Atlanta is such a huge city now, Marietta is now kind of a part of it. It's the suburbs. But Marietta has a historic downtown, this building, this little brick and mortar shallow or mystery school, rather that Cindy runs. I believe it used to be a house. It looks like it used to be a house. Yeah, and it's got in a really cool neighborhood. I'll kind of open the door here for you guys to see. See the outside? There's a little coffee shop right over there. Oh, the little prayer crop cloth here. I don't know if you guys can see that. I got that for Cindy and India as well. So yeah, this is the neighborhood you guys can see.  This is the place to be. I only teach on Sundays. I only have the ashtanga class on Sundays, but Cindy has all sorts of teachers here, all sorts of sessions going on. Look, you can even get, I don't know if I showed you guys this, you can even get your little rocks here. And again, more tarot cards, more Oracle cards that Cindy has. So, so yeah, thank you to Cindy for volunteering to practice for you guys. All right, so I'm going to see to keep hands, but if you inhale, arms up, eyes to the thumbs, dwee, exhale, forward fold, three, inhale, head up, chat, body, exhale, jump forward, step back, lower down, punch, inhale, upward facing dog, shots, exhale, downward facing dog, five breaths, two, five, zero, position, soma, ct, eight, eight, come and inhale, chat, y, up your chin, look towards your navel, dwee, exhale, forward fold, chat, exhale, downward facing dog, five breaths, this is your third sun's augmentation. So really spread the fingers out, press it to every, your finger, press it to your heels, even if your heels don't touch the floor, keep pressing down through the heels, tuck your chin in, look towards the navel, pull the belly in, waking up your bandhas. It's the whole point of the beginning part of this practice is waking up the bandhas. That's two, dwee, come and inhale, arms up, eyes to the thumbs, first spinyasa, dwee, exhale, forward fold, step in, spinyasa, tree, inhale, chat, one, exhale, jump forward, step back, forward spinyasa, punch, inhale dog, fifth spinyasa, shots, exhale, downward dog, sixth spinyasa, five breaths, here, one, exhale, hints by your side, soma, ct, heel, last time, eight, come and inhale, arms up, eyes to the thumbs, dwee, exhale, forward fold, tree, inhale, chat, one, exhale, jump forward, step up dog, shots, exhale, down dog, five breaths, hands by your side, soma, ct, heel, spinyasa, v, three times, eight, come and inhale, bend your knees, arms up, eyes to the thumbs, dwee, exhale, straighten your legs and fold, tree, shots, exhale, down dog, substand, inhale, step the right foot forward, back heel, grabs down, arms up, eyes to the thumbs, ash, down exhale, hands to the mat, step back and lower, dwee, inhale, dog, dwee, tryo, the shay, inhale, dog, chat, go, the shay, exhale, down dog, five, one, punching force, shot, the shay, exhale, fold, substand, shaw, bend your knees, arms up, eyes to the thumbs, exhale, hands by your side, soma, ct, knee, number two, eight, come and inhale, arms up, eyes to the thumbs, dwee, exhale, forward fold, tree, inhale, chat, one, exhale, jump forward, step back and lower, shots, exhale, down dog, substand, inhale, right foot forward, back heel, grabs down, arms up, eyes to the thumbs, ash, down exhale, hands to the mat, step back and lower, na, by your heel, dog, shay, trayo, the shay, heel, dog, one, yeah, there we go, now press into your hands, inhale, exhale, one, good, two, three, shot, shay, exhale, fold, substand, shaw, bend your knees, arms up, eyes to the thumbs, exhale, hands by your side, soma, ct, knee, one more time, eight, come and help bend your knees, arms up, eyes to the thumbs, first vinyasa, dwee, exhale, forward fold, second vinyasa, tree, inhale, head up, third vinyasa, chat, twadi, exhale, jump, first step back, lower down, forward vinyasa, punchy, inhale, up dog, fifth vinyasa, shot, exhale, down dog, sixth vinyasa, substand, inhale, right foot forward, arms up, eyes to the thumbs, seventh vinyasa, ash, down, exhale, eighth vinyasa, na, by your heel, up dog, right vinyasa, dog, shay, exhale, down dog, 10 vinyasa, eight, how should I inhale, left foot forward, right foot grabs down, 11 vinyasa, dwee, shay, exhale, next, step back and lower, 12 vinyasa, tree, shay, inhale, up dog, 13 vinyasa, chat, dog, shay, exhale, down dog, 14 vinyasa, five breaths here, so once again, vinyasa means choreographed movement with breath, so on purpose movement with breath, so there are nine vinyasas in Surya Nagashkar A, there are 17 vinyasas in Surya Nagashkar B, always starting at point zero, position this on a CTT, like you are drawing and grasping, you are the architect, creating the shapes, drawing these lines throughout your practice, and once again, this is the last time you will be a downward facing dog for five breaths for the duration of the practice, they're really flooding here, spread the fingers of the heart, press into your heels, so you can lay through your arms but retracting your shoulders, also separating the shoulder blades, warming up the Surya's interior for the jump backs and jump throughs that are to calm, pull the belly in, look towards the navel, that's four, and that's five, pat your shot, inhale from four, get up, 15 vinyasa, show the shot, exhale, fold, 16 vinyasa, sub to the shot, bend your knees, arms up, eyes to the thumb, 17 vinyasa, exhale, hands by your side, Sama CTT, for the middle sequencing, hana kushtasana, ache of the tail, jump or step your feet, hip or the part, catch your big toes, thumb touches the index, finger closing off the mudra, and then dwee, exhale, folding, your drishti is at your nose, once again, the main point of forward folding is not your hamstrings, even though that might be a sensation that you're predominantly feeling, the point of the forward fold is your digestive system, so pull the belly up even more, and as you start to pull down two more from the sun's salutations, as you start to pull the belly in more, can you drop even further into this forward fold? That's three, and five, tree, inhale, head up, hold it here, exhale, pot, satsana, ache, inhale, hands up your feet, pull your toes up towards your shins, and then dwee, exhale, fold, so you've got a cycle of energy happening here through the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, if you are strong enough, if you are at that point in your practice, where you can start to move a little deeper into this, start to bring your body weight forward, as you simultaneously pull your toes up even more, big toe connects to the mudra, arch of the foot connects to udhyana mudra, pull the belly up, one, and the whole point of the sannol sequence again is those bunos. That's two, three, four, and five, tree, inhale, head up, exhale, stand all the way back up, jump your step your feet back together, some of the cdk point zero position, teeth up, triple mouth, satsana, ache, even now, step the right foot out, right foot comes to an angle, about 45 degree angle, and then dwee, exhale, touch your right feet toe, if you cannot touch your toe without bending your knee, you can touch your shin, be more straight, let's hear it, some touches the index finger around that right feet toe, press into your right feet toe, pull against it, cdk can recognize that chain of energy coming up again, five, again, that's the acceleration of hola vanda, pull the belly in, left arm extended up as strong looking towards that left thumb, that's three, four, and five, tree, inhale, standing all the way back up, changing sides, chatwadi, exhale, catch your left toe, once again, if you can catch the toe, thumb touches the index finger, press into your left toe now, big toe, and pull against it, activating the inner thigh, that chain of energy, that pathway of energy into the perineum, belly in, right arm strong, looking towards your right thumb, that's three, and five, punch, inhale, standing up, changing sides, for v, uthita, trikonasana, v, square your hips, and then dwee, exhale, left hand comes to the floor, inside the foot, on the foot, or outside of that right foot, once you're in your, you're secure, you're in your twist, start to pull the right hip back, and then reach your chest away from your leg, deepening the twist, marijasa, the d is coming, one, two, three, and five, tree, inhale, standing up, changing sides, chatwadi, exhale, right hand to the floor, inside the water, outside of that left foot, once again, once you're secure in your twist, pull the left hip back, and then pull the chest away from that leading leg, deepening that twist, we always twist right first, because our ascending colon is on the right side of our body, once again, we don't want to constipate ourselves, that's three, four, and five, punch, inhale, standing up, exhale, step four, to the front of your mat, point zero, position, saw, ctk, uttika part, pronounce that eight, inhale, step the right foot, wider this time, deep lunge, 90 degree, you go into that right knee, and then dway, exhale, bring your right hand to the floor, pinky toe side of the foot, if you can get the palm to the floor, go ahead and do that, and then press away from the floor, as you lay in that left arm up and over the head, so the lower body is, the right side of the body is creating fire, while the left side of the body is opening, and feel the opposing forces of the left pinky toe pressing into the floor, while the left hand stretches away from the body as the ribs start to open, the ribs are supposed to open, many adults, they don't open, they did it at one point when you were a kid, that's three, ending up changing sides, putting your lung into that left leg now, leaning into that fire, and then left hand to the floor, pinky toe side, and you get a full hand to the floor, go ahead and do so, as you're creating that fire on the left side of the body, press it to the right pinky toe, extend the right arm up and over, opening up the ribs on the right side, as that fire is coming out from that left side, that's two, and five, punch and inhale, standing up, changing sides, for b, dway, exhale, so for my students who are taking the full twist, hook your armpit over the knee, bring the hand to the floor, once you've got that set, bring the left hand heel down to the floor, and then bring that arm up and over, I think you can do this, not this side, there you go, because once again, Maria Joseph-MD is coming, one, four, change sides, jack, twi, exhale, take your twist, it's a very complicated twist, because once again, Maria Joseph-MD is coming, right, so get that armpit securely over that knee, and bring that back heel down, good, so much is happening in the hips here, right, one, a twist and a hip over, all at the same time, wow, that's two, that's three, and five, punch, inhale, standing up, exhale, step forward to the front of your mat, sell this DTK.0 position, press your right foot out, put it into your feet, and then dway, exhale, fold, hands to the floor, pressing into those big toes, inhale, head up, lean in your spine, treat, exhale, fold, so think about the back of your head, not the top of your head, the back of your head, bringing the back of your head to that, and pulling your torso through your left, so at least bring your hands to the right here, if you got space here, girl, good, one, you got space too, we should come back even more, yes, two, lots of forward here, that's three, four, and five, touch, what, inhale, head up, hold, here, exhale, punch, inhale, capture, we standing up, exhale, eight, inhale, arms out to the side, treat, exhale, fold, tuck your chin in, work out the help of your hands, back of the head to the mat, and pull your torso through your body, or go on that trajectory, your body might not move right now, but if you start thinking about it right, that's where it starts, it all starts in thoughts, that's one, exhale, eight of the inhale, arms out to the side, find your back, inhale, and the treating, exhale, fold, yes again, there you go, good, one, two, let's finger, inhale, inhale, exhale, tuck your chin in, back of your head to the mat, so once again, that active core, one, we're still in the middle sequence, we haven't even started a primary series yet, this is still in gym terms, this is still your warm-up, that's two, three, exhale, here, punch, inhale, punch, we're standing up, exhale, step forward to the front of your mat, some is easy, all right, hands behind your back, either taking prayer position or catching your elbows, depending on where your mobility is in this here, now moment eight, you can help stuff the right foot back, turn the face the back of your hips, and then do it, exhale, fold chin to the shin, fold, once again, press into your right big toe, drop the chin in, once you get to that place where you cannot fold anymore, shift your body weight forward, we are preparing, this obviously every posture in the yoga sequencing can stand on its own, it has its own independent posture, but the beautiful thing about this series is that every posture builds on the next, this is literally preparing into the next posture, which is the first posture in a primary series, so pull the belly in, that's three, four, now train the inhale, standing up, turn around, face me, from the room, chattois, exhale, fold, press into that left big toe now, once you get to that point where you cannot fold anymore, shift your body weight forward, stimulated and activated, muscles are not being led that you're going to need when you're in the next posture, isn't that cool, how much is preparing you for the next posture, that's three, and five, watch your inhale, standing up, exhale, step forward to the front of your mat, some C.T.E.E. okay, now we're at the first posture of the primary series, inhale, catch your right big toe with your peace fingers, thumb touches the index finger, and then do a exhale, pull, point the toe, pull against it, stimulating the inner thigh, that's one, two, and five, training, inhale, head up, chattois, exhale, leg out to the side, keep pointing that toe, pulling against it, feel the activation in the inner thigh, and then look over your left shoulder, keep your eyes up, the eyes are the tops of the spine, they're the tops of Shoshuna, so keep it up, keep the energy coming up, one, two, three, four, and five, bring that foot back to center, exhale, fold, inhale, head up, hands to waist, point your toe, balance, stand up straight, if you find yourself rocking backwards, that means the core is weak, you want a strong core, this is Navasana right here, there you go, that's three, four, and five, Samasthiti, changing sides, ashtow, inhale, catch your left big toe, point that toe, pull against it, and the Navasana, exhale, fold, chin to the chin, one, two, three, four, and five, dasa, inhale, head up, eka, dasa, exhale, leg out to the side, keep pointing that toe, look over that right shoulder, eyes up, one, two, three, four, and five, eka, dasa, inhale, foot to center, dwarasah, exhale, fold, traorasah, inhale, head up, dwarasah, point the toe, balance, one, two, three, four, and five, Samasthiti, adhavada, padmottanasana, ekam, inhale, catch the right foot into your left hip, now take that arm around, if you can catch your foot, you're free to fold, if you cannot catch your foot, if you're dealing with or contending with an energy, just stay standing, if you're folding, do a exhale, fold, one, two, so this is a counter pose as opposed to the pose you just did, that's three, four, and five, traini, inhale, head up, hold it here, exhale, chest wide, inhale, standing up, punch, exhale, leave your legs, Samasthiti, changing side, left side, shot, inhale, catch your left foot, and then if you're folding, stop, die, exhale, fold, again if you cannot catch your foot, or if you've got some knee issues going on, just stay standing, if you can't catch your foot, typically that means there's not enough movement in the knee, so we want to honor that, that's three, four, and five, ashtab, inhale, head up, hold it here, exhale, na, body, inhale, standing up, dash, exhale, Samasthiti, eight, come and inhale, arms up, eyes to the thumbs, three, exhale, four, fold, traini, hand, head, chat, wide, exhale, jump or step back, lower down, punch, inhale, dog, shat, exhale, down dog, nice, something, how much katastana five breaths, don't recess the front of your neck, zip your legs together, arms up, eyes to the thumbs, one, open the chest, two, challenge the breath, preparing you for back bend, three, four, and five, exhale, fold, ashtow, inhale, head up, na, body, jump back, dash, inhale, up dog, inhale, right before back feel, arms down, arms up, eyes to the thumbs, lunge into that front leg, lean into the fire, one, channeling our jade fonda, feel the burn, two, everyone's a guru, three, four, and five, straight to the front leg, come around, face the back of the room, ashtow, exhale, deep lunge, one, get uncomfortable, you came here on purpose to be uncomfortable, that's your, that's your power, you did this on purpose, that's two, three, and knees to the back, go to the room, one, and five, changing sides, stash, eyes, exhale to the front of the room, there it will be, one, relax the face, no muscles in your face are going to help you, that's two, three, and five, eight, have a shot, inhale, think position, draw the side of the tail, try to run it up, draw the side of the tail, up dog, to draw the side of the tail, down dog, if you want to use blocks, you're going to do it, not just do your best, here we go, bend your knees, sucked in, inhale, jump through, straight legs, sit down, it does nothing up, so flex the feet, internally rotate the legs, get together, zip them up, pull the belly in, pull your chin in, hands by the head, so this is a neutral posture, this is a sub-seat of samasita heat, think about the top of your head, the crown of your head, all the way down to your flex, big toes, a cycle of energy moving through the body, neutralizing everything, quiet, you're about to change directions in a big way in this practice too, there's so much intelligence in this practice, three, four, catch your big toes, thumbs touch the index fingers, and exhale, fold to make sure you're not yanking with your arms to rather folding, again, the purpose of a forward fold is primarily your digestive system, hamstrings might be the thing that you feel the most, the more you pull the stomach in, the deeper you're going to fold, they work together, the body's always working together as a group, that's three, four, and five, inhale, head up, hold in your exhale, now ask down again, either stay where you are, as far as you can go, or catch the sides of your feet, or if you're taking a full mudra, you're catching your left wrist with your right hand, making a fist with the left hand, coming out of balls of feet, once again, we want to be on the upper part of the foot, we only drop our hands to the ground, or Instagram, nothing else, okay, the practice is at the top of the feet, why? Because of reflexology, you have pressure points at the top of your feet that connect to your respiratory system, one, many are able to catch the whole body around the tops of the feet, you can very easily get your hands to the floor, so there's no difference in flexibility between the two points, but we want to keep the point up because of that pressure point, that respiratory pressure point, that's three, four, and five, inhale, head up, hold in here, exhale, if you're using your blocks, grab your blocks, if not, here we go, inhale, cross your legs, and we inhale, lift up, and then draw the shot, exhale, take it back, try to run back, try to go to the shot, inhale, up dog, take the back bend, here's your flush, exhale down, we're facing up, burr, that's an asana, self-cut, inhale, bend your knees, jump through, straight legs, sit down, hands come behind your model, fingers facing towards your model, set your legs together, press into your big toes, inhale, lift up, lift the hips up, pull the belly in, so many people, including myself, try to push the belly out, again, in New Jersey they say that our Texas is it, the higher the hair, the closer to God, I guess some people in Oshawa think the bigger the bone, the closer to God, no, pull the belly in, that's one, this posture looks so easy, but it's so damn hard, two, really protract, open the chest, stretch the throat, three, activate the legs, keep pressing into the big toe, four, exhale, dog, shell across your legs, lift up, and jump back, draw, take the back bend, drop the head down, pull up into your nose, exhale down, we're facing dog, our model, hot with hush, she wants an asana, self-cut, inhale, jump through, we did this standing, we did a standing version of this, now we're doing a standing version of this, take your right foot, bring it into your hip, arch of the foot acts as a bowl for the belly, reach the right arm around, so you can catch the foot if you cannot catch the foot, that's no big deal, just keep your hand over that kidney, all the lines in primary series are over the kidney, left hand comes to the peaky toe side of the foot, and then asha, that's her fold, one, four, and five, now my inhale, head up, hold it here, exhale, we got a flush, put your gg side, dash, inhale, cross your legs, lift up, a dash, exhale, take it back, draw, inhale, up dog, try to woosh, exhale, down dog, gg side, just to woosh, inhale, jump through, now catching the left side into the right hip, so once again, the left and the right side of your body carry two different energies, we got a flush between each side, I wanted to flush the energy, so I'm not pulling karma from one side into the other side, making things a little bit more difficult, punch it asha, exhale, fold, one, two, three, four, and five, sure asha, inhale, head up, exhale, something asha, cross your legs, lift up, asha, asha, exhale, take it back, take the back bend, this is your counter pose, beam should be he exhale, downward facing dog, tear in, we'll get a pot of posthumous, and that's an asap to inhale, jump through, right leg back, left leg extends, and then out, bow, exhale, fold, if you're taking a full posture, you're catching your right wrist with your left hand again, coming over the ball of the foot, where that, those buttons are for your respiratory system, one, what's happening in this posture, some hip, hip stuff's going on, super awkward, that's two, in the second series you do this again, in a posture called front chop, so know what the leg lifted up, that's three, four, and five, now I inhale, head up, fold, inhale, asha, inhale, use the inhale to lift up, cross your legs, a cut asha, exhale, take it back, do a asha, inhale, up dog, try to do a asha, exhale, down dog, just do an asha, inhale, jump through, changing sides, right leg extends back, the left leg comes forward, now if you're taking the full fold, you're catching your left wrist with your right hand, and you can do this with the left hand, you're always catching the arms inside the posture, pulling that spinal cord over your femur bone, and one, two, shoulder shy, inhale, head up, exhale, suck to the shot, cross your legs, lift up, asha, exhale, take it back, exhale, down dog, John, use your chest and an A, suck, inhale, jump through, this is a quarter primary series mark, so this is a posture of neutrality, quarter primary series, half primary series, three quarter primary series, into the primary series, always into a neutral posture, so this is the quarter primary series, pulling the right foot into the cream, that I need to bring your ankle, see if you can get your spine to pull over to that femur bone, catching the right wrist this time of the left hand, because it's inside the posture, see if you can start to feel that opening happening in the back of the right six bone, so not only are we mutualizing yourself, but you're getting ready to change directions once you get into the practice, things are about to get even more interesting, that's three, so we're resetting the bottom, prepare your body, that's four, and that's five, down, excuse me, now inhale, head up, exhale, dog shot, inhale, cross your legs, lift up, use the inhale, exhale, take it back, inhale, dog, tray to the shot, exhale, down dog, just toy to the shot, inhale, dog through, changing sides, kind of a left leg pulls in, creating a 90 degree fold, and if you're taking the full extent of the fold, you're catching your left wrist with your right hand, pulling that spine over that femur bone, maybe you start to feel that opening happening in the back of the left six bone, if you think about the postures we have as a company starts to understand why, right, we've got the Marie Chiasma's coming very soon, we're preparing that, that's three, and five, show it as I inhale, head up, exhale, stop the shot, cross your legs, lift up, ah, stop the shot, exhale, take it back, hey, why don't you inhale, dog, being shouldn't he exhale, down dog, a giant Shrushasana B, stop that inhale, jump through, so once again, we're going to pull the right leg in to that 90 degree fold, and lift up and sit on the heel, and you sit on the heel as it changes from a 90 degree angle to a 45 degree angle, super awkward, I promise you, I will not hands on adjust you in this posture, get very comfortable with your heel, basically you're kicking yourself in your own ass, here we go, one, two, three, and five, now cross your legs, lift up, it comes shot, exhale, take it back, draw the shiny inhale, up dog, open the chest, draw the shy exhale, down dog, chip toward a shiny inhale, jump through, changing sides, once again, pull that left foot in, lift up, sit on the heel, so you're going from 90 degree angle to a 45 degree angle, and then onto the shy exhale, fold, so so much information is available in this posture, at least for me it is when I do this posture, you're going to feel probably feel pretty big difference between the right leg and the left leg, that's okay, that's normal, just observe it, that's one, I don't know anybody who has the same reaction from both sides of their body, that's two, because they're both different energies, right, that's three, four, and five, show the shy inhale, head up, hold it here, exhale, sub to the jaw, with excitement, inhale lift up, I know you're getting tired, I've got a shot, exhale, take it back, A, go on the knee to the knee, inhale up dog, knee to the knee, exhale, down dog, John, use your chest and a C, one of the advanced postures of the primary series, inhale, jump through, twist in your ankle if you're ready for it, if you've got some knee issues going on, you're going to modify by just doing A again, here we go, exhale fold, you're in the full posture, the heel is pressing into the belly while that toe that's really screaming at you right now is a pressure point for your kidney, it's all about the kidneys and all the minds here, that's one, how cool is that, you're also working on making sure you're putting your leg behind your head of this posture by opening up the knee and the hip, that's two, through the ankle, that's three, four, and five, now I'm going to help that up, exhale, dog, shot, inhale, cross your legs, lift up, take a shot, exhale, take it back, do a shot, inhale, dog, trail, go to the shot, exhale, down dog, just go to the shot, inhale, jump through, changing sides, left leg, twist in your ankle, and you fold, punch it a shot, exhale, well once again the heel is pressing into that navel as the toe presses into the floor, and that's it, the knee starts to open more, that's three, once again this is an advanced posture, so it's supposed to be difficult, even the beginning posture is primary posture, it's supposed to be difficult, there should be some challenge there, that's four, that's five, show a shot, inhale, head up, exhale, self-finish on, cross your legs, lift up, I've got to try to scale, take it back, if you want to beam shouldn't be inhale, up dog, beam shouldn't be exhale, down dog, lie just in that A, self-die, inhale, jump through, extend the left leg, out stand on your right foot, make sure the right foot is not glued to the inner thigh, but out to the side, keep that left leg extended, nice and flex, the internally rotate your right arm, bring it around the shin, reach behind your back, catch your hand, right over those kitties, keep that left leg folded, exhale, fold, shin to the shin, or moving in that trajectory, one, so we have four fold and a hip opener happening, this is basically echobodistra jhasana, one leg behind the head pose, this is what this is, a variation of it, two, all you need to do is to take that shin behind your head, and there you go, you're an echobodistra jhasana, three, four, and five, not one, inhale, head up, exhale, dog, shy, inhale, cross your legs, lift up, if I shot exhale, take it back, dowa, shy, inhale, up, dog, trayo, dowa, shy, inhale, down, dog, to dowa, shy, inhale, jump through, change each side, so I said that's here, and look at echobodistra jhasana, that was the variation of crotch jhasana, second series, one more ech jhasana, A, that next step is echobodistra jhasana, second series, bring that left shin behind the head, so you're seeing how this builds and stages, but on its own it's still, it's a posture on its own as well, and then poncho jhasana, so fold, one, two, and five, show the shy, inhale, head up, exhale, sastra jhasana, cross your legs, lift up, hi, exhale, take it back, e kona, vim, shibiki, inhale, up, dog, vim, shibiki, exhale, down, dog, marijasana, b, sastra, inhale, jump through, so if you're taking the full posture, you're taking the left foot into your right hip, hapa, masana, and if you're modifying it to the issues, then you're bringing the foot up through the right sitspo, standing on that right leg, lifting the right hip up, turn your body, rotating the arm, reaching it behind, again, all the binds in primary series happen around the kidney, and then exhale, fold, chin to the floor, looking forward, so stretching the neck forward between the foot and the knee, that's one, exhale, dasa, inhale, cross your legs, lift up, e kona, shab, exhale, take it back, changing sides, so now the right foot comes into the left hip, hapa, masana, are under the left sitspo, standing on the left leg, lift up the thumb up, and the same thing, so a, marijasana, a and b are four folds, marijasana, c and d are twists, the base of a and c are the same, the base of b and d are also the same, one, four, four and a half, exhale, sub to the shell, cross your legs, lift up, ash, dasa, exhale, take it back, the base should be the inhale up dog, the base should be the exhale, down dog, marijasana, c, sub to inhale, jump through, so we're going to set our base up just like a, so extending the left leg out, standing on the right leg, now instead of taking a four fold, we're going to twist, so if you're new to the practice and you're not ready to bind yet, just work on the twist, if you are binding, bring that arm around that leg, catch hands, flex the left foot, one, keep looking over that left shoulder, so remember the eyes are the tops of the spine, that's two, four and five, good, exhale, release, ash down, inhale, lift up, now to 20, jump back, dasa, ag, exhale, down dog, dasa, now jump through, changing sides, send the right leg out, stand on the left leg, standing, you're internally rotating the arm, if you're taking the bite, you're not binding yet again, the whole point of a twist is the actual twist, many people in ash vanga will dislocate their arms just to catch the bind, no, no, no, take things in stages, good, flex that extended leg, that's your foundation, and look over your right shoulder now, because eyes are the tops of the spine, keeping that energy going in that direction, one, the neck is also part of that spine, part of that twist, that's two, three, four and five, good, exhale, release, cross your legs, inhale, lift up, exhale, take it back, inhale, up dog, dasa, inhale, jump through another advanced posture, again, changing sides, people write laws about this arm, right foot or left foot rather comes into the left hip, just like for each other, if you're under the left or under the right sit stone, lift that right butt cheek up, you're not binding yet, just work on the twist, you can buy this, exhale, yes, there you go, see, easy for you, look at that, what is your mind that tells you you can't do it with your bodies, does it very easily, three, four and five, good, exhale, release, inhale, lift up, exhale, take it back again, listen, once you find the three thousand feet up in special capacity, just find, does it make you a better person, you just find, all right, jump through, straight legs again, there are a lot of flexible assholes now, all right, it's about the work, and Krishna tells our dune in, the Bhagavad Gita, do the work for the sake of the work, not for the group of your neighbor, which is so contrary to what we're learning in the Western world, see, easy for you, that's easy, that's easy for you, good, one, yes, that's it, that's it, good, two, yes, three and five, good, release, cross your legs, inhale, lift up, exhale, take it back, inhale, up dog, exhale, down dog, here we go, the most important posture of the primary series, something, now jump your legs up, eyes to the toes, yes, here we are, do you shake, fantastic, relax your face, again, no bundles are in your face, the muscles in your face will not help you, it will just give you wrinkles, one, and bow tops is very expensive, two, three, four, and five, cross your legs, ass down, inhale, lift up, and then, soft again, now bossa mouth, legs up, eyes to toes, lift the legs here, you are at the top of the mountain right now, you've made it to the top of the mountain, this is where the view is the prettiest, one, lean into that burn, that's two, accept where you are, here you are, look how beautiful this is, three, look what your body can do, look at the heat your body degenerates, that's four, that's five, ass down, inhale, lift up, soft again, now bossa mouth, legs up, eyes to the toes, seriously, my teacher in India says this is the most important posture of primary series, it's not for each other indeed, it's not for each other, see it's this, it's this one, the bossa mouth, the posture of navigation, that's what it means, the posture of navigation, one, you're navigating that energy, you're neutralizing yourself as well as we're in our primary series, that's two, think about that cycle of energy running from the top of your head to the tips of your toes, that's three, can you feel it, your inner thighs are working that low, that's four, cross your legs, ass down, inhale, lift up, soft again, now bossa mouth, legs up, eyes to toes, I told y'all before, I'll tell you again, one point back many decades ago, they used to make people do a handstand out of this, thank god, they took that out, one, maybe if you lived in ashram in India, now you have all day to go to this fine, but not for us, that's two, what's the purpose of that, right, that's three, and five, ass down, inhale, lift up, one more time, soft again, big time, here we go, point your toes as your legs together, everything with that hot fire coming from your body, that's three, remember you came here this morning on purpose, on purpose, you knew this was coming and you said I'm doing this, that's four, that's two, you got this, this is easy for you, this is so easy for you, that's three, your body is made for this, that's four, and that's five, good ass, now that's why you need to jump back, dash, inhale, dog, a, that's the half primary series mark, so we're going to come into the closing, which first we start with our back bending, earn the dhanurasana, soft inhale, jump through straight, legs sit down, so we're going to do five back bends from the floor, and then we're going to use the wall, okay, so since we're doing five, if you want to warm up for the first couple of back bends, that's five, the counter pose for a back bend is a four fold, the counter pose for a forward fold is a back bend, you've done a shift on four folding today, so let's counter put you're also in a very unique position, I'm going to say this again, back bending is stomach opening, you just did nivasana, you had a lot of fire in your stomach, now we're going to open it, that's one of the advantages of doing half primary series, is you get that experience of going from nivasana, we're creating fire in the belly to not opening the belly, and so really experience this today, really think about that as you open the stomach up, so as you're out of the hair, the naba inhale lift up, strong legs, strong core, that's one, three, four, and five, exhale down, here we go, number two, ashtab prepare, naba inhale lift up, one, really press the hips up, that's two, that's three, four, exhale down, you can continue doing warm-ups if you want to, or if you want to switch to full, or if you've got your arms up, get two more blocks, but I need a crane, next leg, I want a super, actually next leg I said a four, I won't even know that, all right try that, okay here we go, number three, ashtab prepare, naba inhale lift up, four, come to this wall, since he's very brave, so we're gonna work a stomach opening, so what tends to happen, my teacher David Greene, the lawyer started going to him, he called the artful dodger, we will artfully dodge the hard work, we don't even know we're doing it, so what does that look like in the back bend, that looks like the limbo again, so we're doing the back bend, it's about pushing the hips forward, lengthening, that's so as, instead of walking the feet forward, walking the feet forward, it's not going to get you anywhere, but maybe we'll make you a superstar at the fried house, okay so inhale, lengthen your, is it a little bit longer, perfect, a little closer, yeah good, lengthen, drop your head back first, it's like a slinky, head goes back first, push your head forward, reach for the wall, once you find your place in the wall, push your chest towards me, open the chest, so at least a little bit of bend in your knees, your butt's in each, or go in the opposite direction, that's the same problem, one, challenge the breath, two, if you're feeling obviated, good, you're doing it right, that's three, so lengthen the arms about reaching the shoulder, as you start to reach back for the wall, once you've got the wall, walk down a little bit until you find that place where you can't go anymore, and then press the chest open, one, press your hips forward, don't move your feet, move your hips, that's three, inhale, lengthen the torso, feel your ribs and your spinal cords start to lengthen as you lift up, drop your head back, calm breathing, push the hips forward, one, you're nice and hot and more, that's two, I have come up, good job, okay sit down, on your mat, take a nice four fold, if you want to grab a block and place it, the balls at your feet, you can, this is our counter pose, the first couple of breaths are probably going to feel real gross, and then the back release is okay, here we go, one, two, four, seven, lift up, let's flush it out, exhale, take it back, inhale, talk, inhale, talk through, stretch legs sit down, lie down on your mat, point your toes, so no resting here, we're just neutralizing the body again before we get to our closing postures, press your hands into the mat, point the toes, zip the legs up, keep your eyes open, and every single muscle in your body is active, again think about the top of your head, all the way down to your pointed toes, that spiral of energy coming down, neutralizing everything before we come into our closing inversions, one, ten breaths, this is literally my favorite part of the whole practice, two, if I could, if I was allowed, I would just do this for an hour, but that's not allowed, that's three, seven, and sorry about that, the volume of the leg is up, so use that energy of the leg, lift up, hands to the lower back, try to make your legs as straight as possible, if you ever need to modify, you can bring the legs up the wall, ten breaths, one, bringing out your back system, two, three, four, seven, nine, and a lot, keep pointing your toes, toenails touch the floor, not the tops of your toes, be it your toenails, zip the legs together, clasp your hands if you can, press your hands into the mat, so as your toes are pointed and are actively going in one direction, your hands are pressing in another direction, creating, again, those opposing forces, one, to the lower back once it starts to open, two, hug your knees, hug your ears, big toes touch, keep pressing your hands into the mat, one, if you can't touch your ears yet, that's okay, Rome wasn't built in a day, either was your body, just keep working with it, that's two, three, seven, eight, erva panmasana, all the way back up to shoulder stand, if you're not ready to take erva panmasana yet, just stay in shoulder stand, if you're ready to take erva panmasana, you're either taking the panmasana position, right foot, the left foot, or a simple cross, like a position, hands come to the knees, creating like a capital C with your body, so erva panmasana, erva is upside down, so upside down panmasana position, one, two, four, eight, 10 dasa na vah, hug the legs in, good, one, your legs pressing into the stomach, lower back opens, two, hips are also being worked here, the hips have been worked the whole practice though, that's three, four, seven, eight, maxi asana vah, lower all the way down, keep those legs crossed, lift the chest up, top of your head to the mat, catch your feet, opening the chest, elbows off the floor, straight arms, good, this is a counter pose, one, so if I were to bring your arms on your legs, like maybe you should have that thickest, two, so that the throat of the chest really could have been, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, utan parasana na vah, keep your torso in your head as is, find your nabasana legs and find your arms, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, okay, your choice, either sit up, take a vinyasa, or if you know how to, chakrasana, so anytime when they're in our back, we're supposed to chakrasana, just flipping backwards into chakrasana na vah, but if you have not been taught that yet, so you're not ready for that transition and that's okay, just sit up, take your regular vinyasa, inhale up dog, exhale down dog, sheer chakrasana, come to your knees, set your arms up, so even your feet never come off the mat, you're going to reiterate this, I don't care if your feet ever come off the mat, it doesn't matter, what we want is your spine to come outside out, so find your tripod, four arms to the mat, make sure they're not spread apart, clasp your hand, place your head into the palms of your hands, tuck your toes under, and lift your feet up, go ahead and lift up into your headstand, not just staying, pressing the body away from you with your four arms, as always, traditionally, we want to hold our final headstand for 15 minutes, we don't have that kind of time in a life class, and to be quite frank with you guys, I don't hold this for 15 minutes because who does have that kind of time? So we're going to hold it for 15 breaths, one, and on your own practice, if you do want to hold it, so it's finding yourself, sometimes we do find ourselves in this, my bones today used to fell right now, so lucky you, that's two, three, calm the breath, that's four, five, seven, eight, 13, 14, 15, or stay up or take half hike, 10 breaths, one, hold the belly in, butt reaches out past the head, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, inhale back up, and then exhale slowly come down with control, keep your head on the mat, this is the one time I kind of laugh about this, we're such masochists in Ashwana, this is the one time, you guys do jobs with this one, you know, all Ashwana people, but right here, this one, this is it, and this is just a recovery, you head down, you head upside down for points of time, so we'll make sure all the fluids, the bodily fluids, go back, then last vinyasa, a kind of shot, exhale, try to round up, duvah the shy inhale up dog, straight over the shy exhale, down dog, closing, ujra sucked in, inhale jump through, straight legs to down, taking your pad, awesome position, for a simple cross leg position, so right foot first in left foot, or left foot on top, or left foot in front of your vinyana, either catching the feet or catching your elbows behind your back, opening up the chest, exhale fold, 10 breaths, this is the mudra of thanksgiving, one, two, three, seven, eight, and ten, you ujra to body, inhale sit up, extend the arms out, spread your fingers out, index finger and thumb together, making that duck bill, not the circle, but the duck bill, pull your chin in, straight arms, deep breathing here, this is the joining of god and man, so deep breathing, calming your nervous system down, loop plodiki, using your hands in between your hip bone and your knee bone, about halfway, down the femur, so you can incorporate that core, inhale, don't come down, look at your nose, here we go, 10 breaths, one, push the floor away, two, three, four, seven, eight, nine, and ten, good sit down, turn around, so once again in traditional yoga, we always flip our resting posture for two reasons, one reason in india, it's disrespectful to show the bottoms of your feet to the table, but the main reason in my opinion is to change the energy of your practice from your practice to now the post practice, so be here for a few minutes and I will be in the front room when you're done. All right you guys, so Cindy was the brave soul who was like, this is a great idea, I'm gonna film myself, so that was Cindy, this is Cindy's joint you guys, she's, you guys know Cindy, she's on the channel all the time, I told you guys we know each other in real life, so this is her joint, I did a little before you got here, actually found the whole place for everybody to see, and so you guys, I'm gonna put all of sacred guards information down in the description box below, so you can go to the website, now some of your classes are still on zoom right, you still have some zoom spots, so there's a camera over in the corner guys, my classes are not on zoom, and I know some of our people who did like a third day challenge really want a good teacher and they don't have anywhere to go, so regardless of where you are in the world, if you look at sacred garden yoga's website and see when the classes are, the only class I think that's not on zoom is my class, correct? I think so, I think it's the only one actually, yeah, so we have probably about, I don't even know how many classes, but there's probably 12 to 15 classes on the schedule that you can choose from in the morning and the evenings and different levels, yeah, you know some are more advanced of course, but then we also have more gentle, some yin-yin type stuff that, next life, next life, next life, that's our next life, exactly, yeah, so the only reason why we don't put my class on zoom guys is because our stanga is really kind of more difficult to teach when a student's not in the room because so many things can't go wrong, but with Cindy's got classes, all the other teachers, that's the cool thing about sacred garden is that it's kind of a hodgepodge of all different types of yoga's, not just one at AYA, another place where I teach is just our stanga, so that's the beautiful thing about Cindy's place here, her school here, her mystery school, her shala, is that you're going to find everything here and so from our friends over there all over Europe, Australia, you guys, I've heard you say I can't find a teacher, I can't find a teacher, well Cindy is an incredible teacher and her classes are on zoom as well as some of the other teachers here at sacred garden, just make sure when you look on the schedule, we're on the east coast, exactly, so if you see a class for like four o'clock in the afternoon, that's our time, so choreograph that with your own time and stuff like that, also I had a request, I talked to Cindy about it, about me offering private lessons again, so on zoom I'll put all that information, if you need me on zoom that's going to be a different price, but if you want it, if you're in the area and you want a private lesson with me, either here in Marietta or in Atlanta, contact me it's 200 an hour and contact me and I can meet you here in Marietta or in Atlanta and we'll talk with Cindy, we'll work it all out, so that's going to be offered again soon, do you do your private lessons? I do private lessons too, so yeah, but she's a great teacher, so is she, so check it out you guys and even if even if you're not really interested in yoga, this is a literal school so it's not just yoga that's offered, you do, Stephanie just got rapy attuned, there's all sorts of different stuff you can do with Cindy on zoom, some are on zoom, some are off the zoom, so just check it out, I showed them the watermelon house next door if they want to get airbnb to stay, your bed's a little iffy but hey, it's okay I slept with some interesting guns in India, my first trip to India there was bed bugs and there was nothing we could do about it, so it's all part of it, it's all part of the initiative's path right, so make sure you check it out guys, I'm so grateful that Cindy was willing to practice this morning yeah, so I was telling her you got like a genuine, you didn't get an instagram worthy ashtanga you got like a like a genuine practice there, so yeah, you've got a beautiful practice but that's the thing, I mean I've said that before my first trip to yoga or yoga, my first trip to India that taught me something, I was like oh when I saw the famous teachers and I was like that's why you don't put back bendy videos up on youtube, I see, I see you, so we all have places we struggle, that's the human body, that's the beautiful thing about the body and as I've said on my, my, I think, I think you probably agree pretty yoga is boring, yeah pretty boring, you can see that anyway right, yeah, as a jerk to Suley does it better, so ugly yoga is what's fascinating, but Cindy's got a very powerful practice, so, so all right thank you so much Cindy, thank you guys for watching, check Cindy out, she'll be on the channel soon, so check her out guys, bye


I'm Mark Blomquist, I'll be the moderator for the remainder of the session today. Our next presentation is management of urea and urea sources for sugar beet. Dr. Dan Kaiser, University of Minnesota, St. Paul. All right, I wanna start by thanking the research crews at the Sutherman Beach Sugar and also at the Northwest Research and Outreach Center, which helped with the study and also the R&E board, which for starting to provide funding for which is year one of this particular project where we're looking at managing urea, looking at the fall spring applications and looking at comparisons of urea sources. And the reasoning behind this is we're in the process in Minnesota right now of updating our, the nitrogen best management practices across the state. And one of the practices that we've had traditionally in the western part of the state has been acceptable, has been fall application of urea. So we know from research on corn that that's getting tougher to recommend. This funding though is to look at sugar beet to see if some of the same things that we're seeing in terms of reduced yield we're seeing in that crop. So it can make some distinctions moving forward since the BMPs at this point in time don't really make a distinction between the two crops when it comes to nitrogen management itself. So urea, what makes it more challenging is a few factors. First, it's a neutral molecule. So that means it's water soluble. The molecule can leach and also can incorporate itself without conversion to nitrate. It isn't like some of the other sources that we're really waiting for them to get to nitrate before they're effectively they're mobile. And this actually has some issues too in terms of runoff losses too, which we can see some issues with that. It does nitrify quicker and it's subject to volatility and the volatility issue doesn't stop with cold soil temperatures. And that's one of the things that I see a fair amount of the time we get questions from growers is when we start looking at nitrification, we do know that that slows down once we hit about 50 degrees soil temperature. But urea, since it's the hydrolysis process is affected by an enzyme, that process can happen even if the soils are cold. And just an example of that, this is kind of a good study to show us some of this. And this is looking at urea nitrogen loss as ammonium or volatility of that product when applied to frozen ground. This is actually I think barley where they were looking at winter applications of 90 pounds, which you look at the black dots, those are the application timings where they applied 90 pounds either around the first of December, looking at about the middle of February or just about the middle of April. And what these lines represent are ammonium flux. So this essentially is looking at nitrogen loss with or without urea, either with or without the MBPT or a product like agritain, which is a urease inhibitor. So looking at it in terms of application timing, looking at just what I did is I summarized the total loss. And that's kind of where that arrow represents is the total loss for each application timings. Looking at over the three timings, the total loss of roughly 30% of the nitrogen in the urea as ammonium even when the soils are frozen. And this is something that another other studies have shown too is we can delay the hydrolysis, but you can't necessarily stop it. So that's one of the things to think with fall application of urea that we focus many times on the nitrification or the nitrification in the nitrate loss, but it may not necessarily be the biggest factor affecting the urea loss itself. And that's really what we're trying to look at here. So this trial, again, we started this would have been the fall of 2020 with the first fall applications, two locations, one in the northern region at Crookston and then one in the southern growing region at Hector. The trial one, there's actually two trials in each location. The first trial is a fairly simple fall spring urea study. So non-treated urea, looking at six to eight nitrates depending on the location, late fall applications are around November 1st. So we're kind of targeting a point at which we'd hit or soils should stabilize at 50 degrees at the locations, which would be what we'd recommend for an anhydrous or an application of ammonium form to limit the conversion of nitrate. And then spring within one week of planning now the fall applications were generally disked in. So they were really worked in lightly. So we're looking at kind of simulating what you'd probably see with like a vertical till operation something we're not looking at an aggressive tillage which can present some risks in terms of shallow incorporation for volatility but I'm not gonna get into that today but there is some risks with that. Then trial two is a fall spring study how we're looking at nine fertilizer sources and in non-fertilized control applied at 45 pounds. And the reason we use 45 pounds is we wanted a rate of fertilizer that could we could see an increase in yield but yet it wasn't at a point where we're at our maximum response. So we're really trying to look at sorting out between these products and we need to be looking at a suboptimal rate and I picked 45 pounds just because it's divisible by three which you'll see why that's important in the moment. And everything was replicated four times. So the sources we were using the source study 100% urea was kind of our general comparison. Then we had some splits with ESN where we had 33, 66 and 100% ESN in combination splits. So again, that's why we use the 45 pounds because it's easy to divide that by three. Then the other products we were looking at is an anvil at 1.5 quarts per ton which anvil is a urease inhibitor. Agritane, we're using a low rate. The actually the rate we applied I couldn't get the 0.45 to mix properly so we're close to about one quart per ton which is about half the rate that's labeled for that product. And the reason I use a low rate essentially is because of super u. Super u is a combination of DCD and MBPT and the rate in super u is a lower rate. It's closer to that essentially equivalent to that 0.45 quarts per ton. So essentially what I'm trying to do with the agritane rate is trying to separate out if we see a response to super u, what is it? Is it agritane or is it the DCD? And then instinct next-gen 24 ounces per acre. One thing about instinct that makes it different is that it is a labeled pesticide. There is a supplemental label for root crops though. So beets are included with that. So that's one of the things we had to kind of make sure and it's a little bit different because that's labeled or it's applied based on a rate per acre which is a little bit difficult because essentially you're getting a lower rate per ton as you increase your rate per acre. So it kind of is particularly with lower rates of nitrogen becomes a challenge to mix the product because it gets a little soupy when you're trying to mix it together. And the last one is ammonium sulfate. I wanted an ammonium source which should have a lower volatility potential than urea itself. So I'm gonna talk about three things. I'm gonna show the emergence data. This is one of the questions we had last year with some of the nitrogen data since we're focusing on a spring urea trial is looking at what was the impact of emergence. So if you look at this study the maroon lines, the points of the fall application, the gold points are the spring application. And I converted these to sugar beet emergence as percent of total instead of plants per 100 foot of rogicev comparison between the two locations because you look at the spring applications are roughly consistent, about 200 pounds of nitrogen we're looking at roughly a 20 to 30% reduction in emergence. And last year, the data I showed it showed really no impact on yield. And that's kind of the same thing we saw this year essentially a fairly significant decrease in emergence but essentially that had no impact on yield. The fall applications, you look at relatively no effect on the emergence of the plant of the sugar beets themselves. So in effect, looking at the fall applications being relatively safer when it comes to emergence as a total for beet production. So the source trials are a little bit different what I do here, I'm just gonna mainly talk focus on those bullet points on the right. What I did here is I have kind of in darker blue those are kind of the treatments that sorted out near the top the red ones are sorted out near the bottom. If you look at the two locations, the site at Crookston essentially the fertilizer application tended to reduce the emergence now. The Crookston site, this is just for spring application we had an application issue with the fall treatments we lost those. So with the source data, the Crookston data I'm averaged just for the spring treatments the Hector data is for the both the fall and spring treatments because that application was as planned and that site actually seeing essentially some increase but there really no consistency other than instinct which tended to sort itself out near the bottom with the overall emergence numbers. Yield wise at the two locations we had a lower average yield at Crookston averaging closer to 18 tons for the root yield looking at the data. I mean, if there was a response it was somewhere near about 120 pounds and this on the bottom is looking at applied end plus our four-foot soil nitrate end and then the bottom right shows you what those totals were. We're looking at anywhere close to the four-foot level around 40 pounds at both locations. Hector was closer to around 130 and if our Southern site last year we were closer to about 200 with about 40 ton maximum average. So we saw a lower response this last year than we did in 2020. What that means, I don't know. I mean, looking at this would be more consistent with what I've expected just based on the recommendation being closer to that 130 range for that applied end plus total end. So the source trail, you know you've got to kind of take this with a grain of salt right now. This is kind of one of the things that we're looking at moving forward and doing additional years of this just to try to look at averaging this across sites because overall looking at kind of what tended to be near the top in this you look at what was near the bottom was Urea versus the control Super U and then looking at our 66% ESN what was near the top essentially was the majority of the treatments that had a higher rate of either a Urease inhibitor or 33% ESN. So let's do the same next year, I don't know. Again, that's why we need additional data but this is one of the things that I really want to look at here is we're looking at what's the best option here is it a Urease inhibitor or is it a nitrification inhibitor because we've solely tested for fall application mostly nitrification inhibitors and looking at the loss potential it starts to make me wonder again with some of the shallower incorporation if we're missing something if you're looking at that Urease inhibitor it may be more important which at least for the Hector site looks like it potentially could be since Anvol was kind of up near the top along with that 33% ESN and that 33% ESN is normally what I would kind of suggest for a split if anybody's going to use it last year I mean, I really expected that 100% to be closer to the control just because we didn't have water for that product that product needs temperature and it needs moisture in the soil to release the nitrogen with it so higher percent of ESN just wasn't going to be the thing that was going to work last year across most locations particularly with the dry conditions if you're really wet it may be a benefit but these dry conditions it really won't sort out near the top so for extractable sucrose what I'm summarizing here is pounds for ton if you look at the pounds break it followed pretty closely to the yield response it maximized at Hector it's slightly less about 30 to 40 pounds less than that but what I want to really look at here is just the pounds per ton here just look at the differences in the two sites and at Hector really looking at a high yield situation but looking at where we really couldn't push any more than about 12.5% for the extractable sucrose at that particular site with the lower yields Crookson was quite a bit higher higher than the 15% range in there but in both cases seeing that generally they decreased with increasing rate of N if you look at the Hector site I mean looking at Crookson and Hector both of them roughly the highest levels were at the lower rates there wasn't a whole lot of difference at Hector up to about that 121.30 range so we're looking at essentially seeing max yield and max there it went down a little bit but not as much even though that the overall trend was for decreasing protein and then decreasing extractable sucrose and looking at the fall versus spring the extractable sucrose was 3% higher for the fall application and this was pretty consistent at both locations so we did see some difference there but there was no interaction so the treatments themselves their responses didn't differ based on whether you're fall versus spring it just was slightly higher on average for all nitrogen rates with the fall application then for the source trial I mean we saw the same thing although it was actually a little bit different because we saw the recoverable sucrose per acre was roughly 3% greater with the spring application this was mainly due to some differences we saw in tonnage it wasn't really picked up within the yield data but if you factored in both the extractable sucrose as percentage with the tonnage then it came out that it was slightly higher for the spring application for that 45 pound rate and again that's just one rate over that entire thing that we're looking at time of application Hector really not a lot of difference if you look at a recoverable sucrose no N in Urea had generally a greater recoverable sucrose so when we applied it generally went down with the majority of the products but again, kind of messy data but something that we're looking at really over time is gonna be something that hopefully will shake out so really looking at wrapping up we are looking at petio nitrate concentrations I showed some of this data last year when it compiled some of it about 850 ppm was a cutoff above that we generally saw no increase in tonnage below that point we're anywhere from about 40 to 100% in terms of tonnage so if you're looking at a critical level right now that's kind of the cutoff value but again, we'll be evaluating that with newer data fall and spring they're equally as effective although 2021 was a dry year and we'll kind of see what happens I'm hoping we get a wet year in one of these years just to kind of look at a comparison because that's kind of where things really tended to fall apart with the fall application and hopefully then I'll help us to kind of sort out between some of the sources and rate response will continue to compile data of rates kind of where we're at 130 at the one site was kind of where we're at Crookston there was just no response with the lower yield potential and again, the source data the jury's out on that right now so hopefully, you know, as you know a few years so they continue to get funded we'll have some additional data on that moving forward so again, with that I wanna thank you for your time today and then the R&E board for sponsoring this trial Thank you, Dr. Kaiser our next presentation titled Strip, Tail and Cover Crops Before Planting Sugar Beets Jody DeYoung Hughes will be the presenter from the University of Minnesota Okay, so what we did, this took a little bit longer than we thought because we picked out three locations we had them in Southern Mim and we had Brian Ryberg and Noah Holgren and Wain Formal and so what we looked at is what we did with the corn the year before did it affect the beets the next year? So we stripped till before beets we put down cover crops in the corn some of them came in early like we planted them when they were about corn was maybe before around in there and then late so could we plant them well, we had to plant them by drone because I couldn't get the hagi that really wanted Okay, so we looked at that and 2019 couldn't do it, it was so wet and I couldn't use a plane that would have been great for cover crops, right? A wet fall, but I couldn't use a plane because the way that our strips were lined up the plane would have put cover crops across everything and I needed to control that had no cover crops in it and then so then we finally got in in 2020 for the corn and we interceded and we use crimson clover and annual rye and I'll go through this part a little quick because it has been reported on all the cover crops came up and that was awesome and then at Ryberg's farm since it's really hard to get a strip tiller to put a chisel plower disc back into his field after he's already built up a soil structure so instead he looked at broadcasting the cover crops versus using a drill for early season cover crops and then we got a Rantizo John I will not put up the economics to this because $150 an hour and they can't and they can't do very many acres and they had to go over the acre two to three times depending on our rate right now is not feasible for farmers to do but we got down almost 60 pounds of cereal rye and then the cover crops did survive from the late season from the early season cover crops they seemed to pitter out but the late season did come back up in the spring but it was really blotchy we also got down all of our treatments in that year which was great one of them did take a little bit longer you can see that we had snow but you remember we had that early snow and then it was really fantastic out again so we were able to get them all in and then this spring we went out and took stand counts and basically no difference in any of the stand counts there was differences between each field what their stands were but not within I was concerned because I like when people first start strip till that they do a secondary pass in the spring that they kind of just fluff up that soil and really make sure that berm is a really good spot for a very small sugar beet seed to be planted into it but time just goes by so quick you can't always get that done so I was a little concerned that we were gonna have issues with these plots because they didn't do a secondary pass I did notice when we were planting that at a couple of the places we did hairpin a lot of corn residue in where the beets were growing and this year got dry really quick and I was really worried about that residue in there because it would have made it much drier because bulk density is different between soil and residue so what we found here in the stand counts is that we didn't have any differences here oops, my last one, oh, I'm sorry, that was residue counts there are differences in residue counts what we found is that if you did tillage there that you were down around, well, 39% residue which isn't too bad but we'd like to see a little bit more and then if you did strip till you were more around 60 to 70 now the reason why do I get this one here because Wayne was able to do a little secondary pass and it did much more tillage but he had all that residue there over the winter time to protect the soil so it went down to 50% which is still a really great number and then when we looked at stand counts there was no difference again you can see the averages with strip till we looked at, I didn't keep the strip till early cover crops one of the reasons why is none of the cover crops really they didn't come back in the spring so I knew they weren't gonna affect anything and two, it was 102 degrees that day and I'm sorry, I'm a wuss and there was only so many stand counts I was gonna take out there so we, I know, it's sad when you get older, you'll understand so with this we see that they're all basically very, very similar across that now, why do we do stats? I know most of you guys are pretty good about this but the reason why we do stats is because of field variability all these plots were field length and they were fairly flat fields with maybe a little hill in the middle, not much but the variability out there is going to be huge so when you look at your combine and you see your yield maps out there you and you did everything the same to that field, right? You did the same hybrid, same fertilizer, same everything and you still get a map that looks like this, right? That your yields are up and down and up and down and that's the natural variability of the field what statistics does, and this is a simplified definition is that it takes out the background variability and helps you look at more just what that treatment was was it tillage, was it the fertilizer, was it, you know, the herbicide out there and takes out that background information that's why stats are important and so when they talk about that you can have big variability out there it's the field that's doing it and so we wanna kind of get that out of there and figure out what really helped out there. So we went hand harvested 10 foot a row six times per treatment, the three treatments and the three reps at each field and we came up with 54 samples per field and when you saw Aaron's talk he showed you the big black bags that were carried around and everything and we had a crew for one of the fields which was awesome and what we found out is that the sugar beet tons per acre did not vary so if you look across there and you see the little whiskers if they're within that area they're these are all the same these are all the same and these are all the same. Now across fields one, two and three there were differences but that makes sense these guys were by granite falls went through up and Danvers so very different soil conditions and things like that but within just the tonnage really no difference percent sugar per acre again no difference there was differences across fields but not in the field again so if you're looking at the green that's striped till I can't get my little maps, there we go and this was like Brian had the one that was a little different this was his broadcast cover crop one and then the purple is putting in cover crops late into the corn had no effect on yielding beets the next year and then again if you look at disc rip versus strip till and strip till that had late again covers a year before no difference between them and I was like I said I was worried because there was a lot of hairpinning but those beats really did outgrow it so you can see in this field here you can see the old residue and very splotchy ride that's kind of what we got on this one and then extractable sugar again no difference only between fields and so the summary is that we looked at all the things that you can do for beats and what we found out is tons per acre percent sugar percent extractable sugar extractable sugar per ton per acre sugar per acre and purity were all the same just the fields were separate and I still am of the mindset that if you're used to tillage that that little secondary pass in the spring might make you feel a little bit better but definitely get out from behind the planter and see what's going on out there we did that quite a few times and I wanna thank the guys that were my cooperating farmers and David Metler and the board thank you very much and Carson, he helped bring us in a strip tiller or yeah he got a strip tiller in one location and he also got us the inner cedar for cover crops Anna Cates to help me with the statistics and Dorian that was out there hand harvesting with me and the reason why I'm not putting in for another grant this year is because hand harvesting's a bear no, if I do I learned a lot the biggest thing is to find a field that will go to a piler that has the electronic tickets then I'm on board and then I had a lot of people help from Soil and Water they helped out too so in case you're interested about compaction there is a compaction conference coming up that's virtual in a couple of weeks and we have people from Sweden and the US and Canada speaking on this but any questions about the thing basically we found that strip till and disc gripping did the same thing and if you look at if you have the same yields and sugar then you look at the cost of doing that tillage and if you're doing two passes one with a disc gripper and then a field cultivator in the spring that's two passes versus strip till that is one if you do a freshening pass you can go about 10 miles an hour so that would cost you less on that one too Our next speaker this afternoon presentation is titled CRISPR based next generation diagnostic method development to evaluate beat necrotic yellow vein virus causing rhizomaniac and sugar beet Dr. Vanitha Ramachandran from the USDA ARS her name is Faragul Thank you Mark good afternoon again I'm Vanitha Ramachandran and she's going to be quite honest the USDA ARS located at Faragul and today I'll be discussing about a technology that's a CRISPR based detection method that we developed at the USDA for detecting beat necrotic yellow vein virus which is the causative of rhizomaniac so since the discovery of CRISPR cast system it's been widely used for gene editing for trait development in France however scientists have kind of treated the technology depending on the presence of many different CRISPR and cast versions it has been treated to be utilized for detecting viruses and we have used that technology to develop one for detecting beat necrotic yellow vein and I would like to thank the research and development board for funding this project so today my talk covers two topics number one is the rhizomaniac survey that we have done for the year 2021 and the second part of my talk would be about the technology that we developed for detecting BNYV so if you look at the diseases and sugary productivity across the United States there are several different diseases that affect the productivity of the sugary and among those I do care about rhizomaniac and the disease causes a crazy root with the many different phenotypes and drastically affect the productivity of the sugary and across the nation there are many different states that produce the sugary and among those the cumulatively the Minnesota and North Dakota are the major producers of sugary so this slide shows an overview of rhizomaniac so on the right side it shows the aerial view of the rhizomaniac if the field has the rhizomaniac you can see the yellow stripes and the second one so here you could see the ground view the yellow necrotic symptomatic plants and here shows an individual plant with the blinker type of phenotype and here is the typical rhizomaniac hereditary disease if the disease exists in sugary and the disease is primarily caused by big necrotic yellow vein virus which is composed of four to five different components of RNA it's an RNA virus so if we look at the disease management genetic resistance is the mainly it is the only cost effective control measures that we use and it's I don't need to emphasize this for this audience it started with RZ1 and then RZ2 and then now we have an inchargrist RZ1 or RZ2 genotype so that could in fact manage the disease and there is no any registered chemical treatments that are available up in the market to be used for this disease and yet another forcing threat is the appearance of resistance breaking strains of the virus so that's why because of the genetic resistance based management the diagnosis of the virus plays an important role both field soil evaluation and also plant evaluations for variety selection rhizomania based on the history it's being called as a sleeping gen I think like it is true because this year 2021 we do got this this is just representative of many different peaks that we caught from different parts of the field stations across Minnesota and the North Dakota and we do see we saw this is a healthy sugar beet versus the hairy root typical rhizomania phenotypic sugar beet and here is another kind of horse hairy root type phenotypic sugar beet that we encountered in the field so the first part is about sugar beet survey so we got just the beet by itself and also the soil corresponding to the beet locations and five or six different cooperatives American crystal sugar mint that foremost cooperatives southern Minnesota beet sugar cooperatives and struck with sugar and amalgamated sugar company from Idaho and we got both like I said beet sample by itself and also the corresponding soil samples and we do have a pipeline to detect both the soil samples and the beet samples and for the beet samples we scraped the roots carefully around the the symptomatic root area and then we do an Eliza I say and whatever if you see yellow that means BNYVV positive if you see a no color that means it's negative for BNYVV and for the soil samples we get the soil and then we do a soil dating essay and then check the root and goes through the Eliza process so in the vitality lab we have two meticulous technical people's Erics, Santiago Rivera he's an USDA employee and I do have Hunter Bach from MBSU student they both are very meticulous in conducting this essay for the field survey just I'll quickly go through this so this is these are the beet samples that we got from in that station near the peak filing station Minnesota so we got about seven beet samples and each one is individually essayed by Eliza to take a look at the BNYVV as a measure of horizemia here and this yellow line is the threshold so anything above is considered positive anything below is considered negative and we do have a positive internal control that's this one to make sure that the essay is done and it works and among these seven tested two of them kind of looks like rhizomania positive based on the Eliza data but we did not get soil for this station and the next one is for American crystal sugar it's a weak land of Dakota and we got about 10 beet samples and we saw typical rhizomania try to phenotype on these beet samples however our Eliza data turns out to be negative for all the 10 tested beet samples and we do got we do get soil samples and the soil samples were tested using three different sugar beet phenotypes susceptible RZ1 and RZ1 and 2 together and that is indicated the three different colors here none of them were above the threshold so they all remind negative for B and YBD however with another station the Sabin Minnesota for the American crystal sugars we got about 20, 21 samples, beet samples and the two different soil samples the beet samples some of them turned out to be positive for rhizomania B and YBD but the soil sample most likely remind negative except the susceptible one so in this case there is a discrepancy between the beet sample versus the soil sample so there could be many different reasons why it's giving a different data we are currently repeating the assay to make sure that we are getting the same results and this is for SMBSC so we surveyed three different locations and this is for Melbourne 24 Minnesota and we got 14 sample, beet samples and some of them were positive others were negative however the soil sample remind negative for B and YBD and this is for Melbourne 11 because just two beet samples they both turned out to be negative for rhizomania and the soil sample also remind negative which is a very check correlation here that we found and this is for Woods 20 again SMBSC and some beet turned out to be positive others were negative but the soil sample remind negative like I said there is a discrepancy here so we are repeating the assay and to see that whether we get the same data so the next topic is about the CRISPRasea that we developed before detecting B and YBD so why we are interested in CRISPRasea and why we developed I just go through in my next few slides so as a virologist we are looking for an assay which can be specific and highly sensitive and isothermal and rapid fast effective with so many different factors so currently we use ELISA which is a protein based assay and the specificity it has its one limitation on in terms of specificity and we could do QPCR it's quantitative real-time PCR which is expensive and it's not isothermal on the other hand the CRISPRasea technology is sensitive and specific like QPCR and it can be portable so eventually the technology can be developed into a kind of like strict based assay which is totally which will be totally field deployable so that's advantage of using this technology and why we are interested in developing the technology this slide shows an overview of the details of the technology so basically BNYBB is an RNA genome so first we turn that into an isothermal DNA part and then you add the CRISPR, the CAS all the reagents necessary for the CRISPR based detection and put all the reagents together then everything is together a biochemical reaction takes place and that emits a signal which is read by a plate reader so like I said the justification for why we are developing this technology wouldn't be much better than other existing technologies so if you look at the existing ELISA basal technology which is used for BNYBB so let's say we have a white BNYB which is blue in color and then we have a resistant breaking variant of the BNYB so the resistant breaking region is just depicted here as a red spot so in this case for the ELISA both RNA cortical will be coated or when it forms a virus cortical it is just coated by the same protein, corp protein so when ELISA is done the ELISA technology cannot differentiate the white red virus versus the resistant breaking virus so that's the limitation existed but in the case of CRISPR based technology the guide RNA which is here so if it's a white type one can design a guide RNA just to target the white type if it's a resistant breaking strain with the known sequence variant then one can design a guide RNA which is indicated in the red here and then that will just detect the resistant breaking strain so that's the advantage that we that is coming with the CRISPR based technology and why we are interested in developing this technology so to begin with we just started developing a white type detection technology based on CRISPR so we got the soil and we did the soil bathing essay and the soil was, the bathing essay was verified for the presence of BNYVV by ELISA and then we did the isothermal amplification which is a prerequisite for CRISPR and we could see a very nice isothermal amplification of the BNYVV and this was for the sequence confirmed to make sure that it is really representing the BNYVV so the next step is the CRISPR technology so all that you wanted to look at is the orange one is the infected sample resummonia containing sample versus the blue one is the healthy sample so 10 nanogram of total RNA is more than enough to dramatically differentiate the healthy versus the infected sample and then we just diluted 10 folds across the board and then it shows that 0.1 nanogram is the technology is sensitive up to 0.1 nanogram and with that I would like to thank Dr. Melvin Bolton the research leader of our unit for his continuous support and providing appropriate resources and the sugar beet virology team Eric and Hunter they are very meticulous in conducting the experiments and the lab members of the Bolton lab Dr. John Weiland has been very helpful in terms of teaching me the resummonia and field visit and everything and I would like to thank our industry collaborators and funding support from USDA and for this particular product I again thank the sugar beet research and education board for funding and the beet sugar development foundation with that I thank and like to thank questions. Thank you Dr. Ramchandran our next presentation is understanding and managing plant pathogens causing post-harvest loss in sugar beet in North Dakota and Minnesota Dr. Shim Kondo the USDA ARS here in Fargo. Thank you Mark. I am one of the newest additions in our research unit of sugar beet and potato research here in Fargo, North Dakota. In my position I have been little over three months. Today I'm going to briefly talk about my research program including ongoing research and the research plan for the near future. So I'm about post-harvest pathology and storage disease in a sugar beet. The first objective of my ongoing research is to understand the incidence and severity of post-harvest pathogen in storage piles. I am planning to collect the samples hopefully covering from all factory districts in the Red River Valley. The second objective of my research is to estimate the impact of these post-harvest pathogen on storage properties of sugar beet including respiration rate, sucrose loss and invert sugar concentration. Here in this slide I would like to share my thoughts about storage disease in sugar beet piles as you see here in this cartoon. These are the complex microbial communities including inoculum of root pathogen. They are present in the rhizosphere as well as in roots. Pre-harvest populations of these microbial communities in the sugar beet production field can carry over in storage piles with the roots and the dirt that's on the roots during harvesting. As you see here this is the huge storage pile and these roots in storage piles are still alive and they continue to do respiration and respiration increase the temperature inside the pile. That increasing temperature can result excessive microbial growth. These microbial growth can cause severe rotting causing big post-harvest losses. Also undead or injured sites in the roots can provide plant pathogen to direct access to internal root tissues which would also increase the incidence of storage disease. I have started collecting samples from the storage piles from the region. Here I am showing these sugar beet roots infested with these different microbial infestation. We collected sugar beet samples from three different locations, top, middle, and bottom locations of these piles and at the time of sampling these roots were stored about one and a half months and we already started to see these microbial growth. We also followed up our sampling a week later and we also collected the samples in the same way that we collected for the first time. This time we also see those microbial growth. In addition to that this time we saw a few sprouting as well. As you see here these are the sprouting from the roots and it would be very interesting to explore these research as well. Is there any direct connection between sprouting and the storage loss in the pile? I am planning to collect samples through this winter and spring hopefully from a different sugar district. I'm also interested to develop the research project to study a soil and root microbiome using the metagenomics approach. These studies will give some insight about the microbial population in our roots and the soil under pH based condition. Most common pathogens from these studies will be characterized and hopefully we will generate some resources that we can explore more to develop the diagnostic tools to detect these post-arrest pathogens early on. I am also interested in exploring the studies related to the genetics of plank pathogen interaction using the RNase CK approach and these studies will give us some idea about the candidate genes which are active during compatible and incompatible waste pathogen interactions. I am also planning to do some research to explore the mitigation studies for these storage disease by evaluating the host resistance and some other substances including fungicide. With that I would like to appreciate the support and encouragement from our stakeholders and the industry partners. This is my contact information. Please give me a call or send me an email. I'm happy to chat with you as I told you before. I'm still new here. I'm still learning about the sugar beet and I'm very happy to chat with you, interact with you. Thank you so much. Thank you Dr. Kandel. Our final presentation today titled Progress Towards an Improved Disease Forecasting Model for Circassia Relief Spot by Dr. Nathan Wyatt, USDA ARS here in Florida. Well, hi everybody. My name is Nate Wyatt and I'm the new research plant pathologist at the USDA ARS here. I got started about mid-August and so today I want to give you a brief update on what my research program will focus on as well as give you some preliminary data onto some of the corollary weather data we have that we're going to use to inform the disease forecasting model going forward. So a general project overview for my lab. Some of the things we intend to work on first and foremost is tracking sarcosis, a particular adaptation to CR plus sugar varieties over the course of the next few years. We have isolates collected and sequenced from 2020. 2021 is on its way and we will continue collections in 2022 and these will be put into a genome-wide association study in order to find genomic loci in the pathogen that are contributing to the adaptation to this new selection pressure we're putting on it. Along those same lines we'll be doing work with fungicides and GOAS as well. We've been doing a little bit of work looking at fungicide cross resistance with the DMI's right now. We intend to do some sarcosis of particular epigenetics in order to look at epigenetic responses to fungicide treatments as well. And we also intend to utilize all the isolates we collect in order to do some genome-wide association mapping for TIN resistance, DMI resistance and as many fungicides as we can get reliable phenotyping for. Furthermore, we're going to utilize a global and a temporal population that Gary Secor has. Gary has this large global collection of sarcosper isolates that we're going to sequence and that's going to allow us to get a really good idea of the diversity and the genetic potential of this pathogen across the globe. And then he also has another fantastic population that's set of isolates collected each year starting in 1998. And with a population like that we'll be able to track the genetic responses of the pathogen to different management practices over the course of time. So I know you've all seen the map of TIN resistance waxing and waning as its usage comes and goes. And we'll be able to track trends like that across the pathogen populations and figure out how that's being facilitated. And then we're going to use as much of that information as well as a lot of the weather data we have to inform our disease forecasting model and adjust that model. Right now our forecasting model is really based off of daily infection values which are largely based off of temperature and relative humidity over a set amount of time. And we really need to incorporate more information in that model in order to be more specific about when we apply our fungicides or when risk really is being assessed. So a general timeline of CLS, the disease cycle over the course of the year. So we have planting and I put March-April on here but I've been informed that's probably a little later than that. We know that by in 2021 as of June 17th we had detected latent cirrhosporobeticula infection in asymptomatic sugar beet leaves. We know that roughly June-July we get first spots observed and daily infection values start to spike where we know that we're at risk for CLS. And then fungicide control really begins there with multiple cycles of seabeticula going through its sporulation life cycle during that time as well. And that leads all the way up to harvest. But we don't have a ton of information in this early section about the early pathogen biology. And this is a region where Gary Secor and Viviana have been able to uncover a couple aspects of the pathogen's biology that I think are important to account for moving forward. So just as a refresher for Viv's presentation earlier she was able to identify this crucial essentially leaf wetness period of four hours. And then Gary also this year had spore traps out in three different locations in Oxbow, Perlian, and Rendell. And he was monitoring weather data as well as trapping spores. A key finding of this research was that they were able to find QOI resistant fungicide or QOI resistant isolates as early as May 3rd. And he was generous enough to hand me off the weather data so that I could do some correlations with what specific weather data would be most conducive for that four hour leaf wetness period. And so I took the leaf wetness data just grafted over time. And I have on there when spores were initially detected and when latent infection was detected. And you can see on here you can see this cursor at all. There's a few spikes in here where leaf wetness really takes off. Now knowing that leaf wetness sensors are finicky and this is a difficult phenotype and difficult data to really rely on. I took all of the leaf wetness data that you see throughout this chart and then I used that. Thank you all for staying to the end. We'd like to also indicate to you those of us who are here we had about 150 of our colleagues online and number of our colleagues from Shakopee, Margaret and her group Jamie and his group from New Zealand. They are Tuesday morning I think four or five o'clock. Still good to have you here with us Jamie. We have some of our colleagues from Sydney, Bar Stephen and company. A lot of the seed company reps over in Europe. Jamie and Sam in Switzerland. Good evening. It's pretty late over there. And Annie Lisbeth thank you for staying all the way through. So all our colleagues over in Europe, Anja and your colleagues over in Serbia. I hope you had a good program you asked for this last year and we have managed with the help of Scott and others. Mark, Tom and others to kind of get this done. I would like to again thank the irony board and the growers for your commitment to taking money from your pocket putting it into a check off and seeing the rewards of it. Agriculture research does be off. The return on investment is very, very high. Somebody said over 40%. You don't get it from the bank these days. Thank you Mr. Shigeki and Sumitomo for providing lunch. Thanks to all my colleagues from the co-op. Todd, Mike Metzger, Mark Dumpis and others. With that here I would like to say thank you. Stick around if you want further discussions and we still have some at least some soda at the back. Have a good evening. Thank you all for coming.