Hello and welcome back to the craft box, my name is Brent and today we're in episode 268.  And we are in this 268 I believe, of the wizard when I want death walkthrough, hi welcome. My name's Brent and we are defeating these guys to start off with, so that's great I'll catch you in a bit once I've defeated these boys. Okay I am back, that was really really quick, hopefully this should be all, I'm assuming it is.  Come on Rear Stranger, let's chat. Yeah let's chat, you got off to the wrong floor. Okay these guys are a bit strange but I like them, this place is really cool, this is actually I believe the place where Willy Billy is, yeah it is, Willy Billy is just up there which is cool, we get to play that in a bit so I don't know if that's going to be today but it'll be sometime probably in the next wee while, either this episode or next episode I would say hi. Hmm interesting, these guys are some bad, I do not like them. But we will continue. That's what you think but I'm going to destroy it, yeah let's head over there, I need to also add stuff to my spell cards, add more cards because this is not sufficient for what I need so let's add one of you, one of you and one of you and three of these, I think three right is that math, one two three, yep that's math, I can math team, look at me go in a potion just because we've already got a faint in there might as well, it doesn't really matter, but yeah let's head over to the humongous frog battlefield, see what's up there, we've got to pass the meows, also this is the other part of the aeroplanes which we didn't see last time, this one's a bit more mythical it's got like bridges and stuff, the thumbnail is taken I believe over at this bridge, yeah I can't remember it's been, I did it forever ago but over at this bridge here was where I did it, there's the fangirls, yeah it must have been here, it was this bridge here I remember, it was this bridge, I took it over this way I believe, somehow I don't know, I don't know something along those lines maybe or was it looking this way or maybe that was an I don't know, I don't know the thing is that I probably was here in this part and not the other which was that the southwest yeah the northwest or northeast sorry I can direction, oh they're death that's exciting, I love death minions so much, they are great, I thoroughly enjoy fighting death things all of the time but let's head in here and figure out that we don't actually have to defeat them and they may or may not be death still, so let's put in a whole bunch of prisms it doesn't make sense because they're meant to be myth so yeah I don't understand at all but you know whatever it's fine, it's fine right, it's fine oh look they are death wow that's a surprise did not see that one coming I'll be back once I've defeated these dudes because they're bad okay I am back yes I am look we are killing good job GG easy clap boys but yeah that's that they're not too difficult they've got like 4000 health so yeah basically anybody with a mind can kill them it did slightly slightly less on him because he didn't have the um hole aura up but you know it's it's whatever we've got a dead knight we've got a dead knight it's fine who needs anything else you know yeah dead knight will kill easy boys 50 and what a joke also they seem to like blade and dead knight seems to be all they do I mean it's a good strategy not gonna lie I use that a lot but um you know it's uh it's um something that's for sure it is something so yeah we can use that strategy right back at your face yeah you see this this is my dead knight and it's better than yours yeah you're gonna die sorry yeah it actually did a lot of damage unlike yours which does like 100 every round yikes you might want to work on that cool trash talking them I'm so good so good at the game um okay next Helena hi how are you are you good the blazers are you an outsider a wizard even fascinating no I'm not one of your missing just to cars I've come to put down the monster in these fields a fanciful beast the dwarves call frog prince in their stories the frog princess said to rule the frogs of myth until the day it pukes forth a new world clearly nonsense and according to my source just over there care to help me deal with it yeah what do you give us do you give us good stuff like damage she gives us um um what did she give us crit block no pierce no um what she um oh yeah because that's useful when you're max level and generally have high power pips good job frog prince here we go the boss of the day whoo it seems how this seems how these episodes go I'm sorry it's just we gotta you know keep keep some time for other things let's put in a potent and a couple of blades whoo whoa couple of blades and we should be good should be Gucci should be Gucci um he's I'm gonna quickly check up his resists and his cheats because that's probably a good idea frog prince wizard 101 let's figure out what he has um we'll enchant both of these we will blade straight off he doesn't have question mark health which is great always nice um frog prince he uh gnomes and if a trap placed on him he will cleanse okay that's fine um so no no traps so we cannot faint him I assume unless it would be protected but that's um that's fun he has a boost to death which is great unfortunately um that is also not great at the same time because we need to have a prism for the other guys um so that's awkward um and he has like what 70% resist to life so that's exciting we'll um we might um have to think up a new strategy but it's fine we can surely do it I mean these guys won't be too much of an issue if we just blade up enough we should be able to do like a decent amount of damage unfortunately we cannot trap um which is not good we slightly screwed because we only have four blades um but I mean we could see what a four bladed lulu can do it might kill the boss who knows um minions probably not we can always dine out or something they don't do too much I can probably survive if it's just them most likely um he does have um snake charmer which is slightly scary and by slightly scary I mean I am petrified because that spell does a lot um okay let's just cut you can we just get a a sharpen blade or another blade that'd be great instead of just passing for five million years please that'd be cool or what we could do we could probably go for a mortis um do I even have reshuffle on my deck I hope I do if I don't I'm gonna be kind of mad and by kind of mad I mean very mad um we will see we will see maybe I do maybe I don't I don't even know what I keep in them anymore it just gets changed basically every day so that's exciting um the answer is no we cannot get that um we're gonna just cut a d and i because you know why not why not just cut a d and i it's a great spell and all but you know it's just not really necessity at this point in time um we will however go for go for go for a um if we get a prison we will just cut both all of them I think we have three in hopefully we get a blade before we get that um if we get another blade I will lulu because we definitely need to do that um well this crit is gonna hurt this could be bad this could be really bad um yeah that was really bad we might have to mortis if we if we get a blade we had I mean we just need a mortis anyway we need a mortis I mean one blade probably not going to do a lot we could also lulu into um I mean the stars line up should we um like I mean I think it's I think we have to do it it's what we have to do he's also got a plus bit coming in so I mean it's not too bad right right I'm justifying justifying it myself right this isn't a bad idea if we crit even better if we crit maybe maybe nope no no crit that's unfortunate I mean it does max so I mean I'm not mad about that anyway um how much does it that actually does a lot with one blade I'm surprised I'm really surprised about that really really surprised I am not mad at that at all definitely not mad just as well because snake charmer this is going to a bit especially if he crits especially if he crits um yeah that's uh of course he crits of course of course yep that nearly killed us in one one hit good job please do not do you know don't kill me that would be so about okay well that's important he's looks so angry look at him so angry so angriest okay that didn't kill me I mean how many pips do we have we have one right two or like a powerpup yeah okay we could go for a kismar I mean we really need health really what we need to do is we just need to lulu um so what we'll do is we'll blade I know this is like a waste of what we could have sharpened but there's not coming this is not coming so we gotta just plant a head please don't kill me please be bad and do something like of course you were correct of course you were correct why would you correct that's embarrassing dying to a natural attack yikes oh gosh um well I'll be back in a bit with a better strategy welcome to my life I love my life I really do I was just about to hit and I gotta stay charmed yay I love this game so much so fun oh my gosh I love it please send me okay I am back maybe this time we can win who knows um we got a big fat tree here just as well because we're at 370 health um you know gotta love those clutches it wouldn't be a death walkthrough video without some insane clutch um but hopefully this time third time lucky you never know he's so close to dead oh my gosh so close um a dear knight will be great um we got one in the hand which is fantastic hopefully we get a blade fingers crossed maybe who knows we got a shad finally that couldn't have come earlier so rude we might actually just to get some more health back because he's got a shadow pip as well which means a snake charmer again like he loves snake charmer so much it's frustrating really really really frustrating um but yeah finally a brace as well that could have been useful ages ago I put into this game just loves trolling me I swear I swear this game just loves trolling me I put in two braces hoping that one would come at the start and one like during the middle of the fight no no that's not how it works no definitely not definitely not how it works um yeah we also did not get any blades which is frustrating um because I know we still have more I didn't discard that time but that's because we want to just Lulu um oh look wow this spell that no one uses jk it's actually quite a good spell like like like a specific right okay this is gonna do a bit of damage over time they love their damage over times as well their deonites and their like lord humongous frogs and their um other stuff he can serve the pip wow what a god he's good he thinks he's so good he's like just look at him he's so smug he's so smug what a what a what a little smug boy I was gonna say another word but you know I'm not about that life I'm not about that life okay deonite is fine it does nothing deonite is fine I'm more worried about the boss who has a hundred like 120 percent damage boost yeah and 25 pierce which is so cool I thoroughly enjoy um thoroughly enjoy that pierce there thanks a lot um you know it's it's whatever this should hopefully possibly kill the boss most likely kill the boss I mean come on it does a lot Lulu is good Lulu is good and all especially if we crit I have not crit once today I feel so so sad this is so sad like seriously I have not crit once can the boss please be dead please can the boss be dead yes the boss is dead oh my gosh things are so much easier and we get it this is so good we can actually kill them now we just prism and then deonite easy clap boys easy actually no it's probably more than that we'll probably go for a little again we got another shed of some might as well we will put up our brace again um is probably a good idea especially since this pain in the butt um dot is still on that does like 600 around which is not exciting and I do not enjoy not that it's too necessary but these guys can do a bit of damage um just just a bit I also did put in some spirit blades did they really work I don't really know um I mean we still got one so I mean that's a thing I guess uh was it really useful I mean it's because you can't trap so you know it did its purpose did its purpose was it the best idea probably not but I mean I need more blades more can I say because I never get any because this game hates me so much today what the heck at least they keep doing that which is really nice I love that extra damage that they take um it's so useful so useful um are you done yet no are you done yet are you done yet I hope you're done are you done I'm pretty sure you're done right yeah you are okay good okay good okay good we can go for a hit in two rounds hopefully we get another blade like a little one that would be great um no we did not we got a deny though which is useful uh we'll do this we're gonna wait another round just because we're wasting a pip here um we can't conserve because we don't have that much pip conversion of other schools so yeah you know it's it's wasting a pip but whatever it doesn't really matter it doesn't really matter we're not dead yet and he's got the guy with the most pips is probably gonna deny let's be honest all he does is deny he is going to deny um so yeah now we get a blade okay I love this game so much it just gives me everything I want exactly when I do not need it whatever whatever um yeah deny wow what a guess mainly because all they do is blade deny and natural attack legitimately all they do ever it's ridiculous and also the aura as well but you know that's that's more useful for us than a pain um so yeah that's exciting god love the dead knight spam I didn't know this was um pve with rent or the death walkthrough kings I was just making the death walkthrough and the death walkthrough this is like it's conspiracy theory kind of like the dance conspiracy theory which I'm surprised hasn't happened in this part of um imperia but I mean it happened in the first so it's still it's still it is still relevant anyway because it's still one world and it happened every single third arc world we dance in we have to dance for the quest and imperia we go into the dance hall and we play the dance game in mirage we have to dance with um to impress the baboon guy I think and in Polaris we do it to impress the emperor so the emperor sorry so I mean you can think what you want but I'm pretty sure that's a conspiracy theory um well gg finally accurate when I don't really need it but you know what's fine we get all that health back all that juicy health easy clap wow that did so much if only we could have done that right at the start wow okay that's fine not bad now tell me what brings a foreign wizard to the aero planes you're helping the dwarves find the source of these new myth monsters that in years silly child you've already met the source it's not nimbari science or vengeful nature the monsters are coming from the aero dwarves themselves come outside I'll tell you more yes please and then we will end off the episode because I've been here for like five million years um yeah trying to defeat that guy um and it is past past time past it's used by day actually wait we're in an area long yeah of course yeah I did not leave a mark so that's where we're gonna end off this episode next time we will go and talk to um what's your face Helena and we'll continue on with this absolutely fantastic adventure and fight another boss next time so thank you for watching room to like and subscribe if you're subscribed press the bell so you know exactly when I post another video and a member craft outside the box


Ie d Frei wg dechreu eu digodyd iawn dechrau y mae'r iawn wedi ei ddigechgesetzt pa��dd. Open un baadow yn taw ddo lowerd o se corteol replyu yn draethesat gyda ordau armytt y Euth transaction yn y fir testifywn i Tom Brendle i Gwyddiadol, ac mae cymryd addfawr yn fy nghaeshaith o hyfforddiad caipwynt arfa aganodranie i am saud portai, ond mae affecting Caelwch eu bushygCK i'n gwrs, maewn ei fawr ers gwaith iawn gan teithlo programmes yng Ng 就 mimic rai o ffordd agor Moghro i'r iawn The mathematical analysis is another study, as I know the cabinet secretary will be well-aware of allied vehicles based in Po Αirl Park which makes a huge contribution to the economy of North Glasgow employing around 600 people. The owners have invested £1.8m in their own money and refurbishing Ashfield Stadium which helped to establish the Ashfield development trust and are seeking to boost the local economy by investing in the people that stay there. Local partners the cabinet secretary are applying to the Scottish government regeneration fund, £2 million bid to create a sporting hub at Ashfield Stadium, which is supporting hyd o'r ynfaith o'r cendol, mae hwn yn nhw'n rai'n mynd i'w gofio hynny. Gallwch yn dda i'n ddyma fydd yn y chymdeithas wahanol yma, mae elon oeddiwch angen i ddawodau gyweithoedd o'r ddywodau'r ddawodau.  Felly, os yw y gwblion i gael i'r ddau enghraifftol i gynnydd y cyfnodau a'r diolch i'r ddau i'r cyfnodau, i gael i'r ddau i'r ddau a'i fan hyny yn 2015 ar gyfer i Chenau i'r broddy Michael Forchennet, ac yn dechrau fy prïnefulidd o hyd i, ond Aladwgol ddych yn gweithio i ddiwyddiadau cyfnodau arobiol, Aishfield Stadium, sy'n bob Dorriss-Mentions. Mae'r alysau cyfrif feddall yw y ddechrau gwadodau blwyddyn yn gweithio i ddedigio gyd-diadau, ond ydw i ddysgolio ddiwyddiadau. Mae Aishfield Stadium yn gyle ti wedi'i gweld yn rhai i ddysgolio i ddiwyddiadau mwyddol. Fy wnaen nhw'n bwysig ble chynwys i ddiwyddiadau sporta, wrth o gilydd gyfnodig, oedd cyfleu import. Mae'n rhaid i ddod i ddoch chiwg agos tensionsfwynt, ac mae'n rhaid i ddod i ddod i ddod i ddod i gydag cyfleu'rgentle niechahagau. Ac mae'n rhaid i ddod i ddod i ddod i ddod i ddod i gydag cyfleu yn y dyfod. Fy nhw'n cyffredinom, oedd y Minister ac yn 160 yn cerdd y mawr honno cyntaf aesgol yma ar y dyfodol, ac maen nhw'n cyfleu'r gilydd gydag aesgatech agos leaderngnithol Glasgow, when figures from that west's regional economic tracker publication this week show that employment growth in Scotland is slower than in any other regional nation of the United Kingdom. I disagree with that entirely. If you look at the figures, the actual figures produced by ONS, we've seen a much greater reduction in unemployment in Scotland than we have across the UK in the last three months. In fact, as I've just mentioned, unemployment levels in Scotland are around 4.7 per cent, the UK 4.9 per cent. If you look at youth employment, if you look at female employment, if you look at the overall level of employment, I don't think that we've ever had more people employed in Scotland than at this particular time, so I disagree with the premise of the point that's being put forward. I do agree with the initial point that was made by Adam Tomkins in terms of work being a route out of poverty, and it's extremely important to people. Going back to the original question from Bob Doris, one of the biggest challenges that we have is people who are further should move to the labour market. There is still structural unemployment in Scotland. I concede that point as it is in the UK, and that presents one of the biggest challenges. The rewards for individuals who are further removed from the jobs market when they get into the jobs market is huge. If you want to see evidence of that, if you go to the Haven development supported employment in Falkirk, you'll see what it can mean to people in that situation. On that point, I would agree with Adam Tomkins. James Kelly Thank you, Presiding Officer. I'm sure that the cabinet secretary would agree with me on the importance of local investment funding to support economic growth. Would he therefore agree with me that the cuts to having to be endured by Glasgow City Council for £130 million are undermining the ability of that council to promote economic growth in the city? In the forthcoming budget, will he agree to promote and support making Glasgow a priority for funding to ensure that we promote jobs and growth in the city? As I say, I'm bowled over by the commendations in terms of the improved employment figures. Those employment figures and improved figures also show benefits in Glasgow as well. I agree, of course, with the need for investment. I mentioned, in relation to the city deal, the £1 billion investment that is shared between the UK Government and the Scottish Government, which is going precisely towards the purposes that James Kelly outlines. If he has an issue with the overall quantum of monies available to the Scottish Government and thereby to local government, then, of course, he knows where that quantum comes from. It's from his former partners and better together, the Tories, and perhaps he should direct some of his life towards them instead of continually attacking the SNP. To ask the Scottish Government what its response is to the recent survey, suggesting that 61 per cent of people in Scotland would like to see the country generate all its electricity from renewables. Minister Paul Wheelhouse, we welcome the findings of this poll, which highlights the high level of support from the people of Scotland for the transition to a low-carbon economy. This follows on from previous polls showing broad support for investment in renewable energy. The Scottish Government has set ambitious electricity targets to source the equivalent of 100 per cent of electricity demand from renewables by 2020, and we are pleased that provisional statistics for 2015 show we are more than halfway at 56.9 per cent. Unlike the UK Government, who have announced today that they will proceed with Hinkley Sea, we also believe that Scotland's long-term energy needs can be met without the need for new nuclear capacity. The nuclear strike price has been set at £92.50 per megawatt hour, or £89.50 per megawatt hour, if EDS investment at size will see goes ahead and will be subsidised by UK consumers until around 2060. That compares to onshore wind projects delivering at £82.50 in 2018-19 and could be better spent on supporting renewables onshore and offshore that can come online quickly at a competitive price. We will reinforce our continued support for a stable, managed transition to a decarbonised energy system in our energy strategy, a draft version of which is due to be published around the end of this year. Gillian Martin, I thank the cabinet secretary for his answer. With regard to wind power and unleashing our considerable energy potential there, I would also like to ask what the removal of wind farms subsidies by the UK Government has had on realising the stated wishes of the public in this regard. Does the cabinet secretary agree with me that to encourage and ensure continued investment in the renewables industry in Scotland is vital that we remain part of the European Union? The importance of having a route to market for onshore wind and other renewable energy sources in Scotland is absolutely critical. The UK Government could certainly help the wishes of the public who expressed their views in that survey by allowing the onshore wind industry to have a certainty of its route to market. By providing a price stabilisation mechanism, developers can have the reliability required to make the financial commitments, which are large financial commitments, to build out those projects, which can provide us with low-cost renewable electricity, but certainty is not just required in onshore wind. Offshore wind, too, needs clarity over future CFD allocation rounds, and delays to that are impacting on the industry. I certainly agree with Gillian Martin that our membership of the European Union is very important given the role that the EU has played in supporting investment in renewables and helping with the statutory targets that it has put in place for all member state governments to drive legislation at a domestic level and to ensure that there is a double lock supporting the development of renewable industry. Claudia Beamish Thank you, Presiding Officer. That is indeed an encouraging poll for electricity generation. However, one of the continuing cultural challenges in Scotland is the poor development of renewable district heating, in which we lag far behind Germany and some other European countries, as highlighted in the UK Climate Change Committee report. Can I ask the minister today what is the Scottish Government doing to promote community and co-operative models and to work with local authorities to dispel the negative myths in this country about essential technology and to support its installation? I certainly recognise that Claudia Beamish has asked a very important question. Over half the energy that we consume in Scotland is consumed in our production of heat for domestic and non-domestic purposes. I will focus on our draft energy strategy as we develop, and I would welcome engagement with Claudia Beamish as we go through the process to ensure that we take on board points that she raises. District heating will be reflected in the draft energy strategy. It is something that I have had recent meetings with steering group looking at the regulatory drivers that might be for driving forward investment in this area. I would be interested to hear the views of the member and how we can do that to support local communities as well. Maurice Golden I refer members to my register of interests with respect to Zero Waste Scotland. An increase in renewables, particularly from wind, will lead to periods of peak supply that the transmission network cannot cope with. Will the Scottish Government consider commissioning a commercial feasibility study into an electric arc furnace to recycle steel, as well as take excess electricity and avoid constraint payments? I would agree with Maurice Golden that we need to find markets for electricity and to make sure that they maximise the economic return on investment in onshore wind. I welcome his positive remarks on that regard. We are looking at how we can invest in storage to supplement the grid constraints that Maurice Golden refers to, both in terms of new technology, battery technology, flow machine technology and hydrogen storage, as a means of using the electricity generate fuels. We have two pilot projects, one in Orkney and one in Fife, which I would be interested to show to Maurice Golden. I will take the point about electric arc furnace, Mr Ewing, who represents the rural economy interests and my discussion on how we can support potential for recycling steel in Scotland. To ask the Scottish Government whether it will carry out an assessment of the impact of the affordability of feminine hygiene products on the health of women and girls. Mr Ewing Campbell It is an unacceptable and uncomfortable truth that, for some of the most vulnerable in our society, who are the most impacted upon by the UK Government's austerity programme, that sanitary products can be unaffordable. While we strain everything new to ensure fairness and equality in the social policies that we pursue, we unfortunately cannot stop all of the impacts of reckless policies of a UK Government that is intent on slashing Scotland's budget. We have worked hard on a number of ways to mitigate the impact of the UK Government cuts, but I am determined to explore what more can be done to ensure that women across Scotland do not face the indignity of being unable to access sanitary products. I, or one of my ministerial colleagues, will meet in gender-associated groups and members of this Parliament, such as Gillian Martin, who has raised this issue in the past, to explore what more can be done within the limitations of the current settlement to tackle this gendered inequality. Monica Lennon Thank you. I thank the minister for her answer. Further to report in The Herald last month, we know that charities including in gender, Scottish Women's Aid and Bernardal Scotland have indicated that access to feminine hygiene products can be a real problem for women and girls living in poverty here in Scotland. International research has shown that this lack of access to products can lead to health challenges. I welcome the minister's move towards exploring and assessing the impact on the health of women and girls. I ask if the minister will commit to carrying out an assessment of the cost of providing free access to feminine hygiene products. I thank Monica Lennon for raising this and for other members across the chamber who have raised the issue. As I said in my reply to Monica Lennon, I, or one of my ministerial colleagues, will meet in gender and the other groups, such as the ones that she mentioned in her supplementary question, to make sure that we can explore what more can be done within the limitations that we have to tackle this gendered inequality. To ask the Scottish Government whether it will provide an update on the status of each of the city deals. Cities in the regions are the engines of our economy and that is why we, as the Scottish Government, are committed to working with all of our cities to unlock investment and to stimulate growth. The Scottish Government is a full partner in the Glasgow city region city deal, supporting all three strands and contributing £500 million over 20 years to the infrastructure investment fund. Heads of terms agreements have been signed for Aberdeen and Inverness city region deals. In addition, the Scottish Government is committed to supporting city region deals for Edinburgh and for the south-east of Scotland and for Stirling city region. Dundee and Perth, together with Angus and the north of Fife, are currently working on developing proposals for a Tay cities region deal, and the Scottish Government is committed to discussing and supporting the development of that deal also. Thank you for your response, cabinet secretary. What safeguards are being put in place for communities close to but not part of city deals? In particular, I am thinking of Falkirk, for example, which is sandwiched between Glasgow, Edinburgh and Stirling. Of course, the mention has been made in my first answer to the Stirling city deal, and it was open to areas around that area to come together. Falkirk is not part of that deal. What we have said in relation to parts of Scotland that are not part of city deals is that, of course, we are willing to listen to the representations that they make. The example that I would give would be the three Ayrshire authorities with whom I am meeting shortly who are not part of a city deal, but, like Falkirk, have real concerns and interests about how their interests are taken forward. We will maintain a listening mode to make sure that we take on board those concerns. If Falkirk wants to speak to the Scottish Government, of course, we would be happy to meet him. Thank you, Presiding Officer. Unfortunately, I was unable to hear the cabinet secretary's reply to that last question. Can I ask the cabinet secretary if he can provide reassurance that other areas of Scotland such as Ayrshire will not be disadvantaged by the focus on city deals? Sorry that Kenneth Gibson could not hear the response. I mentioned Ayrshire specifically. We know that all areas of Scotland need to flourish if we are to deliver on our economic ambitions to increasing inclusive growth. A big step towards which, of course, was taken with the unemployment figures, which have not been mentioned by any other party this morning in terms of outperforming the UK 4.7 per cent, as opposed to 4.9 per cent. That benefit is being felt across Scotland, but we have, in addition to that, committed to working with regional partnerships and encouraging regions facing economic challenges to work collaboratively with local partners. That is happening in Ayrshire, specifically with the three councils coming together. The Ayrshire economic partnership brings together North, South and East Ayrshire and a range of other regional partners to consider how best to stimulate inclusive economic growth in the area. In the process of developing proposals for an Ayrshire growth deal, we welcome the work that is under way and I will shortly meet with that partnership to discuss that further. Lewis MacDonald Thank you very much. The cabinet secretary will recall his pledge to fund East Coast rail improvements at the time of the launch of the Aberdeen City region deal, but he will know that no timetable for those improvements has yet been published. Can he tell us when that timetable will be shared, particularly with local partners in the Aberdeen City region joint committee? Lewis MacDonald Of course, as Lewis MacDonald says, that was not part of the city deal. We wanted to make it such, but the UK Government would not go further than the city deal, which was eventually agreed. We went substantially further, so if we take together the UK contribution and the Scottish contribution to the Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire city deal, that was doubled by the commitments that we made in relation to the transport projects, one of which Lewis MacDonald has mentioned. They were, in the same term, as a city deal in the same timescale within 10 years. Work is on-going in relation to the East Coast mainline project that Lewis MacDonald has mentioned, so it is not the case that will necessarily take 10 years, but the work that is on-going will inform a proper timescale. Of course, we are happy to share that, as I have said already, to the partners in the city deal once we have that information to hand. John Mason I wonder if part of the Glasgow city deal, if the Government would give an assurance that it will not support a rail link to Glasgow airport unless there is an assurance that there would be sufficient passengers. Cabinet Secretary It is worth outlining exactly what the nature of the city deal was. The city deal, as asked for by the local authorities, was to pass over the resources and powers for the partners to take forward that work themselves, not for the Scottish Government or the UK Government to take forward the projects, but for those partners to do that. We are fully supportive of the Glasgow city region deal. We want to see the Glasgow airport access projects succeed. Glasgow and Renfrewshire councils lead that project on behalf of the city deal, and they have the funding to deliver that. It is important that the project team continues their work to produce a robust business case. Of course, there are assurance frameworks in place, both by the UK Government, quite rightly, and by the Scottish Government, and those assurance frameworks have to be satisfied in relation to any projects. It is important that the project team continues that work, and it is important that, given the fact that, as soon as a city deal was announced, Glasgow and Renfrewshire councils went out to say that this was their first priority, this was going to be what the city deal was all about, that they get on and deal with that. They have got the resources, they have got the powers, it is up to them to deliver that now. 5. Dean Lockhart To ask the Scottish Government what action it will take in response to the Audit Scotland report supporting Scotland's economic growth, the role of the Scottish Government and its economic development agencies. First of all, we welcome the contribution to the debate on Scotland's economy, and we will consider the recommendations as part of our enterprise and skills review. The review has already benefited from high levels of stakeholder interest. I think that 320 or so responses have come in already, and we have also commissioned two specialist advisory reports that we will shortly publish alongside a summary of the call for evidence that I have mentioned. The EU referendum result has changed the context of that review. There is no question about that, and we have to take account of Brexit, build fully upon the stakeholder views, and in light of the ministerial review group views that are expressed through that forum, ministers have decided to take forward the review in two stages. Stage 1 will conclude shortly, and we will set out the key recommendations for change across a number of areas. Phase 2 will take forward consideration of those recommendations with key partners. The timetable for that part of stage 2 will be set out alongside the phase 1 outcomes. Dean Lockhart Thank you, Mr Brown, for that answer. I am conscious of time, so let me briefly ask another question. If the SNP is really serious about business development here in Scotland, why has it cut the budget of the Scottish Enterprise agencies by 12 per cent over the past six years? And why won't the Government listen to business organisations asking for the removal of the large business supplement? A tax that is forcing many businesses out of business this week, the Stirling Observer, carries an article saying that one of the major high street stores in Stirling is closing precisely because of this damaging tax. Cabinet Secretary. I think that it's ironic for a Conservative member to ask why budgets are reducing. I just want to go back to the point that he started with. The report that he mentioned from the original general actually says that the enterprise bodies are performing well, and I think that evidence of that is in the employment figures from which he has heard not a squeak from the Conservative party, who every time they have been announced recently has said that this is evidence that Scotland has been outperformed by the rest of the UK. What are they saying now? Scotland is outperforming the rest of the UK in terms of female employment, in terms of youth employment, and yet you have got nothing to say about it whatsoever. Of course, it's the case that we want to have economic development and skills bodies performing as highly as possible, and if you look through the different recommendations in that report, you'll find their key to the review that we announced before we got this report, and they'll feature substantially in the outcome. I think that Dean Lockhart should be reassured that the Scottish Government is on the case, as demonstrated by the jobs figures that have come out this week. Before we move to the next item of business, members may wish to join me in welcoming to our gallery the Honourable Justin Maturi MP, Speaker of the National Assembly of the Republic of Kenya, and Members of the Parliamentary Service Commission. I'd also like to welcome the Honourable Atisha Sanoli, Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of the Republic of South Africa.


So good morning to everyone, my name is Tomasz Wolenski and I'm a product manager and a marketing manager at RF Elements. And today we'll continue with our series of webinars on antennas 101, today about the patch race. So in the previous webinar, we looked in detail at the horn sectors and today we'll speak about the patch race sectors. So where does the name come from? What they're built from, how do they function? And we'll look at their advantages and disadvantages in terms of application in unlicensed five gigahertz with networks. To begin with, take the word sector. So why is an antenna called sector? Because it's beam width in the azimuth plane it's not 360 degrees, meaning that it's not an omni. But only a part of the whole circle is covered. And this part is called sector, that's it. So sector is not an inherent quality of patch array antennas. It has to do with the beam width in the azimuth plane. Just a small recap from the previous part about horns. A great sector antenna has plenty of parameters that WISPs would ideally observe in order to choose the best possible antenna for a particular application. But of course we understand compromises are inevitable as you move in your daily life. But if you happen to have the time to be thorough definitely look through these parameters and give it a minute to see whether besides gain, beam width and broadband width, any other parameters might make sense to consider. And especially the amount of side loops when if the noise is what you're battling with in your networks. So patch arrays and horns are very different types of antennas which results in fundamental differences in their performance and properties of each of these types of antennas. So no longer only the price is the major decision factor when choosing between these two. Because of the interference conditions and the flood of all kinds of antennas to the market one should be really careful about what antenna technology to go with. In comparing horns and patch arrays their differences isn't in many if not most of the parameters you're looking at. So if you haven't seen the first part of this webinar series make sure you check it out. The part one about horns so that you have the complete picture of both technologies and you can find a recording of the first part about horns on our YouTube channel already. So this was a short intro and now we can move on to the details of the patch array antennas. Why are these antennas called patch arrays? So the core of this antenna is the printed circuit board with a number of patches stacked in the vertical direction and connected with the feeding lines which all originate at the coaxial connectors to which you connect the radio. So while the building unit is a single rectangular patch etched on the surface on the printed circuit board as soon as you stack two or more patches above each other and feed them with the same signal they form an antenna array. And this is valid regardless of the shape or size of the patches. Two or more patches makes the patch array or an antenna array. A single patch etched on the surface of a PCB laminate is a resonant type of an antenna. So the resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when the length of the patch is equal to half of the wavelength of the signal that is fed to it where by wavelength we mean the distance over which the feeding signal repeats its shape. So if this condition is fulfilled the antenna radiates the signal into free space. How does the resonant frequency change with the size of the patch? So as many things in the world of RF engineering the resonant frequency is inversely proportional to the size of the patch. As we can, as we increase the size of the patch the resonant frequency is decreasing and vice versa. When we decrease the size of the patch the resonant frequency is growing. So the graph is indicating where the resonant frequency FR is located. And the VSWR or voltage standing wave ratio is an antenna parameter that tells us how much of the input signal is reflected from the antenna connectors. So the smaller the VSWR is the less signal is reflected, which is what we want. So in other words, it is radiated by the antenna. So eventually you recognize the resonant frequency as a dip and the VSWR graph as you can see from this animation. It's not only the size of the patch that influences the properties of patch array antenna but also the substrate on which it is etched. So it has three main parameters that the patch antenna designers work with. So first is the substrate height or H. And this one influences the resonant frequency and the amount of unwanted radiation. Second is their permittivity epsilon R which is the property of the material of the substrate and tells us how strongly the substrate material influences the electric fields. And the third one is the loss tangent of the substrate. This one tells us how much power is dissipated in the material of the substrate which influences the resulting gain of an antenna. So naturally the higher the loss tangent the more signal is lost dissipated in the heat inside the substrate. This is how typical substrates look like. It's a thin sheet of a semi-rigid material with copper metallization on one or maybe even both surfaces. So there are many types of substrates with varying quality and properties with prices spanning quite a wide range. So naturally the very low loss and precise the electric constant substrates tend to be on the more expensive side. Patch antennas come in many different shapes. These different shapes with various cutouts as you can see from these images are another tool in the hands of the antenna designer. They all influence the bandwidth gain, manufacturer ability or price of the final product as well as other parameters like for example the stability of the radiation pattern and so on. So the intricacies of the patcher antenna design reside in knowing the effect of these modifications and be aware of the trade-offs that are always present. When we change one thing in a desired way well something else might go a little bit worse but it depends on the application what trade-offs are acceptable. The radiation pattern tells us how well an antenna radiates in any direction and single patcher antenna has wide radiation pattern in all directions as you can see. So sometimes you can also see the 2D version of the radiation pattern. It is important to understand that the 2D radiation pattern gives rather limited information about the antenna behavior because it shows only a single slice of the whole 3D image. Nevertheless it still depends of course on the application whether you should be interested in the full 3D radiation pattern or the 2D version gives enough information. And for wisps the 3D radiation pattern definitely makes more sense because the side lobes of the antennas are the root of the interference issues in unlicensed with networks. So the 3D radiation pattern will show you the whole information with all the side lobes you know so you have the full image and know if you want to avoid or use the antenna you're looking at. The reason why single patch antenna is not good for sector coverage is that its radiation pattern is wide and fixed and eventually its gain is also rather low. So there are the parameters that are fixed which is why the single patch is used in applications where a low gain and wide radiation angle are desirable which is definitely not the wisp networks. Another problem with the single patch antennas is their narrow band of operation which is connected to the narrow band nature of the resonance we mentioned earlier. So typically resulting to around half a gigahertz bandwidth in which would not be enough for unlicensed with networks operating in the five gigahertz frequency range but again in other types of applications it might be fine. To improve the shortcomings of a single patch antenna we can form an antenna array of two or more patches and this is the general principle you can apply with any radiating element stack two or more of them and you get an antenna array. Here we show a one dimensional patch array antenna and what happens with the radiation pattern as we keep adding more and more patches. So clearly the more patches in the array the higher the gain of the antenna will be and at the same time the radiation pattern is changing as well. You can see that the beam width is shrinking in the elevation plane. So when the patches are stacked in the vertical direction the beam width is shrinking in the elevation plane while in the azimuth the pattern keeps the shape of a single patch antenna. And also the side lows start to appear as we stack more and more patches which is the result of the physics of antenna arrays regardless what is the single or the building block of the radiating element. The array principles work in a similar way for two dimensional arrays. So adding more patches the main beam width is shrinking but now in both azimuth and elevation planes at the same time because we're adding more patches in horizontal and vertical directions. Same is valid for the side lobes. These images show results of simulation in an EM simulation software. So it's nicely visible how the side lobes progress as we increase the size of the array. And by now I'm sure you're getting the intuitive understanding of how the antenna arrays work. So if we for example stacked patches only along the horizontal direction the radiation pattern would be getting narrow in the azimuth plane and elevation would vice versa again remain the same. To align the line of thought with the first part of this webinar about horns you might have watched before we will start looking at the patch arrays in terms of their side lobes performance. There are two major causes of the side lobes patch arrays suffer from. So one of them as we mentioned earlier is the physics of the antenna arrays. To be a little bit more precise it's the interference of the waves that are radiated from each and every single patch or interference or in this case addition you can also call it an addition of the waves. So here it is nicely visible how the wave from two and more sources add up. In the areas where they add up constructively there's a maximum so you get a side lobe where they add up destructively there's a minimum and there's a dip in that radiation pattern. So in the symmetry axis of the array is located the main beam which is the strongest that's what we're interested in. Any other lobes outside that main beam are side lobes which in the RF engineering lingo they're called grating lobes if you will. And these are the side lobes a typical patch array has in the elevation plane. So when looking at the antenna from the side second major cause of the side lobes of patch arrays is parasitic radiation. And here we look at two components. First is the radiation of the feeding lines. So to bring the feeding signal to each patch in the array a network of feeding lines is used which is basically symmetrical division of the line until we get as many outputs as possible I mean or as needed as is the number of patches. In this case in this example you can see two. So at the top there is a vertical line and that's branching to two so we can feed our two patches. So the feeding line is composed of metal strips of varying width and shapes. And these have their own resonances that help on one hand extend their bandwidth of the whole antenna which is a good thing but also makes them radiate part of the energy before it reaches the patches which is a negative feature for a WISP sector antenna. Looking at the patch from the side so a lot more is happening there than we would actually like to. And main portion of the wave is radiated from the patch itself which is of course what we want. What portion of the energy is traveling inside the substrate as a so-called surface wave causing lateral radiation and diffraction at the edges of the substrate. And these parasitic sources of radiation cause additional side lobes in the azimuth plane of a typical patch array sector. In fact we can actually simulate how the feeding lines themselves radiate in the absence of the patches on the substrate. So here we can see the result of such simulation while the feeding lines are inevitable when designing a patch array. They introduce additional side lobes in the resulting antenna radiation pattern which is a very common thing with vast majority of patch arrays on the WISP market. One of the ways manufacturers try to deal with the azimuth side lobes are various shields and shrouds and that are attached to the back of the original antenna structure. Be it the aftermarket kits or the shielding kits provided by the manufacturer. So what is the effect of these shields on the radiation pattern of patch arrays? While the shield might help improve the front of the ratio a little bit the azimuth side lobes they aim to suppress are actually still strongly present as we can see from these near filled plots. On the left side is the generic patch array antenna when we're looking at it from the top. And a lot of radiation finds its way in the backward direction causing the side lobes that are harmful to WISP networks. And on the right side is the same antenna but with the shield which you can see as the two slanted lines at the edge of the antenna body. So the difference in the radiation is noticeable but altogether the desired effect of suppressing the side lobes is practically non-existent. The side lobes are merely rearranged slightly but are equally strong whether a shield is used or not. This slide shows the same comparison but the far-filled radiation patterns. So on the left is the patch array radiation pattern without the shield. And you can see the strong side lobes pointing backwards. On the right is the patch array radiation pattern with the shield. The change is noticeable. I won't be denying that but as you can see the strength of the side lobes didn't really change and some could actually even worse. So the conclusion for the shields is that they will really not help you mitigate the side lobes as intuitive as it sounds. One would think if I put that shield around it well surely it must be doing something but in this case this intuitive understanding does not apply. Like some things in the art of engineering or in physics in general are just weird. So some are intuitive, some are not and this one is definitely not but the conclusion here is that the shield unfortunately do not help to mitigate the side lobes. Here is another viewpoint on how the patch arrays perform with the shields. So the colorful images show the coverage pattern. In this case the MCS zones. So the dark blue for example says you can have the MCS rates of one or less or for example the green area says that the links can perform with the MCS rate from four to seven and so on. So instead of the typically expected oval shape of the coverage area you can see on the left one for the antenna without the shield you get this wild flower like looking area which is way different from what you expect when you use the shield. And this adds the other set of issues especially to the customers close to the edges of the sectors as you can imagine some of them will find themselves outside the coverage zone never before you install the shield and that will make their internet slow down. So is there another way how can we deal with this parasitic radiation and those side lobes? And the answer is yes. Here you see an example of a bit more complicated patch array structure that achieves the side lobe suppression. So this patch is circular and it's fed by a coaxial cable through the substrate as you can see on the side view. And there is an air core underneath the patch actually. So this air core is manufactured by milling of the substrate and has a cylindrical shape as is obvious from these images. And the presence of the air core effectively mitigates the surface wave we mentioned earlier and which would otherwise result into those azimuthal side lobes. On top of the air core to suppress the surface wave there are metal fences between the patches which furthest scatter the waves which would otherwise result into patch coupling between I mean the coupling between the patches. So on the right side you can see the resulting radiation pattern of this antenna. And the azimuthal and elevation cuts of the radiation pattern of a 16 element array clearly indicate the side lobe level below minus 20 dB which is a really good result for a patch array antenna. This amazing side lobe performance comes at a price though. So on top of the more complex structure to manufacture the non-resonant nature of the feeding structure and the presence of the air core make this antenna rather narrow band which is not a problem of course depending on the application. But again, for Wisp networks half a gigahertz bandwidth is simply not enough. Another factor preventing widespread adoption of solutions such as this one in the Wisp industry is actually the price, the end price. So this is not the simplest structure to manufacture which melts down to increasing the cost to the level not many wisps would be willing to pay. At RF elements, we came with our own solution to the parasitic radiation in the azimuth plane. We called it the back shield and it is a metal profile on which the antenna is attached. So the shape of the back shield with all the little notches and additional protrusions turns it into so-called frequency selective surface which effectively deals the parasitic radiation with the parasitic radiation in the azimuth plane. Comparing the far field radiation patterns with on the right side and without the back shield on the left, you can see a nice suppression of the lateral radiation of the side lobes which results in back radiation of rounder shape of the radiation pattern altogether forcing the field pointing forward rather than backward. Looking at the same radiation pattern from the side though we can see not much has changed really. Indeed the direction and the size of the side lobes has changed but that's it really. So unfortunately not even the back shield can deal with the elevation side lobes which are again an inherent property of any antenna array. The grading lobes we talked about a few slides back. Beam efficiency quantifies side lobes. So instead of just saying an antenna has or doesn't have side lobes, beam efficiency provides a numerical measure, a figure of side lobes that makes it super easy to compare antennas in terms of side lobe performance. Beam efficiency is the ratio of the energy contained in the main lobe to the total energy an antenna radiates. It tells us what part of the radiated energy is going into the main lobe. So the higher the beam efficiency is the more energy is in the main lobe or in other words where we want it to be unless everywhere else or in side lobes. So beam efficiency can be 100% at most and that's the maximum value the beam efficiency can have. And this means that all the energy the antenna radiates is in the main lobe meaning that it literally has zero side lobes but the smaller the beam efficiency is the more side lobes an antenna has. So for example, if beam efficiency is 35%, the remaining 65% of the energy the antenna radiates is in the side lobes which makes up a very poor antenna in terms of side lobe performance and noise suppression. So to give you a particular example, this is the radiation pattern of a generic battery antenna. So if it's beam efficiency is 58%. The 58% of the energy antenna radiates is in the main lobe where we want it. And the remaining 42% therefore must be in the side lobes which is completely undesired. And note that all the side lobes are highlighted. So beam efficiency includes all the side lobes of an antenna not just one or a slice of the radiation pattern but the whole package, the full 3D data unlike the other noise suppression measures you might know such as front to back ratio side lobe level or Etsy masks. The vast majority of antennas used for sectorial coverage in WIST networks are either patch arrays or horns. So reflecting the issues the patch arrays have for the side lobes meaning their size and the frequency dependence. The beam efficiency of patch arrays is around 60%. Depending on the manufacturing and design quality. So now you can directly compare how much side lobes patch arrays and horns have. With patch arrays around 40% of the energy they radiate is in the side lobes. On the contrary to horns, horn sectors only have around 5% of the energy going into side lobes. See, as easy as that. You can actually also see other horns in this graph as well. And this is to highlight that it takes a considerable effort to design a horn antenna so that its beam efficiency is high. So the stable and zero side lobe performance is not a given. It's not a default when you have a horn. And if you wanna know more about beam efficiency we have a whole webinar about this topic which we did some time ago. And you can find the recording of that webinar on our YouTube channel. The balance between the horizontal and vertical chains is important for link reliability. So if both chains perform identically, switching between them makes no difference whatsoever to the performance you see. The gain of the patch arrays is stable in a very narrow band of frequencies because of the very narrow band nature of the resonances of the patches and the feeding lines as we explained earlier. So we see that even between the five and six gigahertz the gain is changing substantially which eventually reflects into instability of the coverage provided by this antenna. On top of that, there is also a mismatch between the horizontal and vertical gains. You see that there, which means that the curves now on the left graph are not overlapping which when looking at the radiation pattern reflects as a different coverage pattern for both polarizations. So in the end, your customers will be the ones to perceive these discrepancies as unstable connection speed. And there is more issues with the patch arrays we could talk about but I'm only going to talk a little bit about the frequency dependence. So we already know the patch arrays have many frequency dependent side loops that collect and transmit unnecessary noise increasing the noise floor your radio is working with and so on and so on. But not only the side loops but also the main beam and the main beam width changes with frequency which is yet another addition to the instability of the coverage provided by patch array sectors. So see on the animation how the side loops are pulsating and regrouping and so on. This is exactly this feature that makes the patch arrays so unreliable and random switching between the channels often changes the link performance quite significantly. So patch arrays are unstable in the whole unlicensed spectrum wisps use. Here we show the frequency instability of patch array how the instability of the patch arrays reflects on the actual coverage area. So seeing this animation you might not be surprised because you probably experienced it in practice where by switching the channels hoping to use a cleaner bit off the spectrum the results seem even worse than before leaving you kind of scratching your head. And this is exactly what happens when you are changing the channels. The radiation pattern is changing a lot with frequency which is causing the fluctuations and ultimately unreliability of your network and your life as a wisp, you know a person who's running a business really constantly busy servicing the links that change whenever you switch channels. And mind you, these are not just some artistic impressions we made up in Photoshop. These are, you know, this animation is a result of real physics based simulation when we imported the 3D radiation pattern off this antenna into our program and run the simulation to see how the coverage changes with frequency. So these are as close to reality as it gets. And here are a short note on the mounting of the patch erase. They're usually composed, the parts are composed of many, many, many smaller parts. And, you know, you need to screw 12 screws to finish the installation. So this makes especially the collocation of these antennas on a small space rather challenging logistical task. So going to the strengths of the patch erase. So the number one strength of patch erase is their gain. It is super easy to keep increasing the gain with the number of patches in the array. An example of variation pattern of a typical patch array has a main beam which is wide in the azimuth plane and, you know, which is good for the angular coverage. Despite that you can theoretically grow the gain of patch erase indefinitely. The real life limitation is given by the beam width. So the elevation beam width is increasingly narrower with growing gain. So in order to preserve decent sectorial coverage you cannot increase the gain of patch erase indefinitely. So as the number of patches in the array increases the gain grows, which is desirable but so does the elevation beam width decrease. So the narrow beam width in the elevation causes increase of the null zone. And this is covered by the, increasingly covered by the side lobes you can see in this animation. So as illustrated here, this is how the coverage looks like in the case of high gain patch array antenna. The area near the tower is covered by the side lobes if at all and these side lobes change with frequency meaning you can't really provide a stable coverage to the customers near the tower. Now this zone of uncertainty coverage increases with the gain of the patch erase. So as we keep increasing the gain of these antennas these issues get worse and worse. Another strength of the patch erase is their cost. Simply said they're cheaper to manufacture. The development of the PCB technology started at the beginning of the 20th century by a German inventor, Albert Hansen. And actually the first experiments were done by Thomas Edison. Since then it has gone quite a long way and today it is one of the cheapest technologies for circuit antenna manufacturing at low frequencies partially also thanks to the fact that virtually all other electronics are based on this technology as well which has put a tremendous pressure and effort into inventing cheap and really sustainable ways of manufacturing these PCBs. So thanks to the well-developed PCB manufacturing technology scaling of the patch array antennas for higher gain is not very difficult nor expensive. So the surface area will increase but the thickness of the 30 millimeters in this case in this example will remain the same. So the added expenses will correspond to the cost of the PCB manufacturing which is one of the really the biggest advantages of patch array antennas. For example, to scale the patch array from 18 to 24 DBI gain all you need to do is to increase the area of the antenna five times naturally including the enclosure of course which will not add much cost in the end. So while patch arrays undeniably have the advantage of easily growing the gain and simple manufacturing resulting into attractive pricing from the point of view of what is needed in WISP networks there are many cons. So the present state of the industry is that for majority of WISPs claiming their biggest issue is the noise or interference. And this shows the side lobes and other cons of the patch arrays are the issue that should be mitigating. Also the thinking that higher gain equals better performance kind of falls apart in the face of those high noise levels. One should really use an adequate gain antenna for the given job otherwise you're hurting yourself and actually also others at the same time. So for those of you who participated in the previous webinar about horns we prepared a short summary table comparing both types of antennas in the light of the most important antenna parameters in WISP networks. Here you can see the final comparison table. So in terms of gain the patch arrays definitely have upper hand compared to horns because the higher gain comes easily but horns are definitely not far behind. In terms of the gain stability, horns are impeccable. The patch arrays unfortunately because of all the physics we just talked about suffer from the instability of their gain. In terms of side lobes, same thing. The horns are definitely winning this one. But as we've shown the patch arrays can be also optimized or can the side lobes of the patch arrays at least to a degree can be dealt with but the price is simply way too high to be implemented in the WISP industry. In terms of bandwidth, horns are really wide band covering pretty much the whole spectrum unlicensed spectrum the WISPs work with. And unfortunately the patch arrays again due to the resonant nature of their functioning is the bandwidth is not so wide. In terms of the pattern stability, horns again are winning this point simply because yeah, again, I'll be repeating myself. The physics just is unrelenting. In terms of the balance of the performance of the horizontal vertical chains patch arrays are doing, let's say, okay but horns are definitely way better. Switching the channels, there's nothing to the performance when using horn antennas. And in terms of manufacturing patch arrays are really cheap which makes them very affordable. And it's of course understandable for the WISPs that are just starting out and cannot afford to go with the better technologies. But if you have at least a little space to move away from them, it's a good idea simply because I mean, despite that horns cost a little bit more in the long run this upgrade or change of technology is definitely worth it. So we at our developments, we like to pride ourselves in setting new industry standards. So we're helping the WISPs to deal with the most pressing problem of the interference, self-interference and noise by through our toolset of the horn antennas that are very efficient and effective at rejecting the noise. So our choice port environment enables super easy connection of the radios you might be using while actually also delivering almost 100% of the power from the radio to the antenna which cannot be said about the coaxial cables. And all together, we like to call it a toolset of horns provides you the options to scale your networks indefinitely so you can, there is really no limit to how many horns you can put up on a single side except obviously the physical limit of the space I mean, adding the horns will not degrade the performance of the sectors you already have in place. So that's pretty much the gist of the massive scalability which allows your business as a WISP to grow. I would also like to invite you to check our YouTube channel and check the WISP traveler playlist where WISPs like yourselves talk about their own experience with our horns and how they helped them to deal with the problems they were facing. We also have another playlist called Inside Wireless on our YouTube channel and this playlist contains quite a few short around three minute long videos about all kinds of things from the world of RF engineering. So whether you still have some questions from the RF engineering world or just want to refresh what you already know I encourage you to check this channel out. It is definitely helpful. And we also have a online discussion forum where you can search through the questions our customers asked about our products or register and ask your own questions regarding whatever interests you about our products. So thank you for your attention and I wish you have a nice rest of the day and the week. Bye bye.


Okay, so I used to do this thing back home in Minnesota where I would just pretend to be British. And so I would go to Target and I would just, you know, ask for, you know, either just something down some aisle where the mic rives. And I'd say, oh yeah, nice to meet you, my name is, I make one up. And, um, yeah, so I did it a lot actually. I kind of, something similar, but I do it like how everybody else does it at Starbucks. Oh, oh, okay.  Like what? Make them repeat it. Give an example. Dick and Hand. Oh. I've made people say that before. Lulu, you're right. Dick and Hand. Game over. And you can see their face because you're waiting for them to put the coffee in. Dick and Hand? And you're looking at them like this. So you make it like one word.  Yeah, and they're just like this. Dick and, Dick and Hand. Dick and, Dick and Hand. And I go, I'm sorry, what? Dick and Hand. Sorry, could you be a little louder? I'm a little duff in this ear. That's funny. Yeah. Totally happy with the fake name. Like reservations, calling people on the phone all the time. Setting up meetings. All the time. All the time. It's actually become a bit of a fetish for me. What? That was my bunkmate in prison. Yeah, I had to pack my overnight bag. So I had to use my man's toothbrush, man. He was okay with it. The toothbrush we're using today is not mine. Oh, Jesus. No. Oh, wait. Have. Oh, you can't pan down and I'm not a contortionist. But it's on my ankle. That's the only tattoo you have? Yeah, it is. What do you have? I don't have one. Oh. No tattoos. Not cool. I don't believe in them. Yeah. Where's yours? Is this on your arm or something? On my shoulder. Shoulder. There. This is on his wrist. I have a few others. I've never done it personally. Why haven't you done it? I feel like you'd be a great host. Well, because I planned on it. I bought a house, bought all these board games. No one showed up. No one showed up. We ended up just drinking and never got to the games. Last week. I really had a game last week. No. Never. I'm sorry. Daenerys Stoneboard. I think I like some dude from Pride and Prejudice. I like one of those, dude. I have all the time. Yeah. Which fictional character? Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. Cinderella. I mean, kind of but, you know, I've done this. You ever been to the club? And it's just been the lights? Yeah, you ever been in the club? There's lights going and you know, drinks. Yeah, definitely done that. I don't know who it was. I'm just trying to go into the brain and figure it out. I got a secret party chick. What is it? Because I'm in a relationship. That's odd, I don't know how I feel about that. What is it? I can't tell you what it is on camera. You can tell us, but you don't need to do it. No, in order for me to tell you I had to do it. Oh, what?  I don't like this cryptic answer of yours. Okay, fine. I'll start from the beginning. I can move something without touching it. Really? Yeah. What? It's cool. Oh, okay.


How many brands would you guys say you work with today? A little over a hundred. And what do you do for them? I know you guys do a lot for them, but you get to just kind of disclose. So there are a number of services that we provide, but essentially one is distribution and fulfillment. What that means is we'll pick up their product from anywhere in California, we'll warehouse it out of our facility and essentially upon their direction we'll pick and pack and ship out the order to the dispensary. So it's very similar to kind of like a traditional dropshipping model, but on the wholesale side. Now, we've added a lot of ancillary services on top of that to create value. One is a product called Navis Marketplace, which is retailer facing. So all of our suppliers and brands can list their products for sale on our marketplace and retailers can place orders. There are some other ancillary marketplaces out there like Leaflink, but I think the big differentiation that we have is that we're kind of like eBay is to Amazon Prime. Since we control the dispatch itself, we can deliver the products within 36 hours, which has been a big differentiator. The other products, there's one called Navis Capital. We provide essentially inventory financing for our suppliers. It's very difficult to gain access to capital in cannabis because one banks don't give you traditional loans like a normal business. And even equity capital is very limited and you have to be able to tell a very compelling story to get that expensive equity capital. So we kind of serve as this bridge as a financial institution, given the fact that we're a little bit more established, we have access to capital. And it's a good way to stimulate the sale. So basically the growth rate for you is also tied to facilities, right? Somewhat, yeah. Somewhat. And so now you're in hyper growth, entering this real estate world that operates at a snail space. And somehow you're just trying to get as much land and warehouse space as possible. And so what do your needs look like in the next year? So right now you have this 20,000 square foot place that you're doing. In Los Angeles, we have a 26,000 square feet in Oakland. So all in all, we have about 46,000. If the math is correct, then our projections are correct and we continue to grow at the rate that we do. By the end of next year, we will need something like 150 to 200,000 square feet of warehouse space to handle the volume. And that would be to support about 20 to 25% of all cannabis in California. Now that's a big number. There's 40 million people in California and California is loved to smoke weed. And I see it as kind of a pretty large responsibility to enable the supply chain. So we're really racing on our end to procure the real estate, the licensure and the headcount. And it's not just the space it's about for going into a new city. It's about talking to the government about the municipal taxes, letting them understand that we're bringing this new type of business to their city, that we're going to be hiring hundreds of people and actually hiring those people, training them and then getting it up and running really quickly. I definitely think that we've really trained our muscle in turning up a facility really, really quickly. So, for example, our Oakland warehouse, which is 26,000 square feet, opened in December of last year. And we started working on our LA facility after that opening. And we were operational and LA moved in with licensure and approvals by April, and that was certainly a gymnastics. Will you guys ever go like autonomous vehicle, like autonomous trucks? Is that sort of something that really makes the business pencil? Yeah, I mean, we envision a lot of cool new things in the future. I think probably before autonomous vehicles, we want to start experimenting with electrical vehicles, electric fans. And one of the things that we're doing there is currently electric fans are very useful for any deliveries within the range of up to 400 miles. But after that, it becomes very difficult to do. The problem with California is that it's quite large and there are places that are certainly more than 400 miles apart. So as our long-term strategy, we're actually building our headquarterful fulfillment center right now in Woodlakes, which is kind of a 30 minutes south of Fresno. And that allows us to kind of sit right in between the five where we can access both LA and Oakland within 400 miles. So we're hopeful that's kind of these long-term infrastructural investments that we're making would enable us to do that. Autonomous vehicles, I think, that probably will come with how the auto industry evolves. Sure.


Hello and welcome to the International Daily Roundup by People's Dispatch where we bring you major news developments from across the world, our headlines. WHO Chief wants a return to normal is not possible if governments fail to contain the spread of COVID-19. Taliban's violence continues, latest attack kills 23. Israeli court rejects petition against the development of Pegasus spyware by NSO Group. Provincial elections in Spain see regionalist parties make significant gains and Palestinians continue protests against Israeli annexation plan. We begin today with an update on the COVID-19 pandemic. As of today afternoon, the number of cases had reached 13.2 million across the world. The World Health Organization estimated over 215,000 new cases were added on Monday. WHO Director General Tendro Sadenom Gabrielsius has warned that failures to contain the pandemic by certain countries could have a lasting impact on the world. In his address to the press on Monday, the WHO Chief said that too many countries are heading in the wrong direction. Tendros pointed out that maybe nearly 10 countries today account for over 80% of the new cases added daily, with two in particular accounting for more than half. He also added that mixed messages by leaders of countries which does not reflect the gravity of the situation is behind the eroding trust in efforts to contain the outbreak. In the meanwhile, the Donald Trump administration in the US is pushing through its anti-immigration policy by reopening immigration codes. At least three major immigration codes were reopened despite opposition from the Judges Association. The three codes that were reopened on Monday in full capacity are in Maryland, New Jersey and Michigan, which have been witnessing a major spike in new infections. The administration cited a backlog of over 1.2 million immigration-related cases as the reason behind reopening the codes. This stands in stark contrast to some sweeping immigration controls imposed by the same administration, halting several major work and student visas recently. The recent decision of halting visas was done under the guise of containing the virus. At the same time, reopening immigration codes to speed up deportation is done with virtually no assurances to maintain physical distancing and safe courtrooms. In our next story, the insurgent Taliban has rejected pleas to renounce violence ahead of the intra-Afghan peace talks scheduled to take place soon in Qatar. At least 21 security personnel and two civilians were killed in Taliban attacks in Northern Kunduz province on Monday. 50 civilians were also reportedly wounded in a heavy explosion carried out by the Taliban outside the National Directorate of Security Compound in the Aibak city in the Samangan province. The attack was followed by bomb blasts and four gunmen were killed by the Afghan forces. In a statement, the National Security Council claimed that an estimated 284 attacks have been carried out by the Taliban in the past week. These attacks have taken place in 16 provinces. On Sunday evening, an attack on government forces in the Shinwari district in the north led to the death of four security personnel and three others reportedly went missing. Last week, the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission said that the Taliban needs to reduce violence ahead of the talks, as per the Commission, over 86,000 civilians have become casualties in the conflict over the last year. On Monday, an Israeli court rejected a petition to revoke the export license of the NSO Group technologies to make the Pegasus software. NSO is Israel's largest surveillance company and its software has been used by several governments across the world, allegedly to snoop on dissidents and human rights activists. The judge said that the petitioners had failed to provide enough evidence in support of the claim that the company tracked its employees. The petition was filed by Amnesty International and 30 other human rights activists in January 2020. Dana Engelgen, Acting Coordinator of Amnesty Tech, tweeted that the decision is a cruel blow to the people put at risk by NSO. According to US whistleblower Edward Stodin, Pegasus was used to track Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi before he was killed in 2018 in Istanbul. According to Citizen Lab, a research group affiliated with the University of Toronto, NSO's Pegasus has been used to target activists and journalists globally, including by countries such as Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, the UAE and India. The NSO Group defends itself with the claim that it helps governments fight terrorism and other crimes and that the company is not liable for any misuse. In our next story, the recent Spanish regional elections held on Sunday saw regionalist parties making significant gains. The leftist Galician nationalist bloc, or the BNG, made a strong comeback in the Galician Parliament. The Galician nationalist coalition increased its previous tally of 6 seats to 19 in a 75-seat regional parliament by securing nearly 24% of the vote. Meanwhile, the incumbent Conservative People's Party retained their 41 seats in parliament and will continue to be in power. The Galician branch of the Spanish Workers' Socialist Party of the PSOE was pushed to the third position with only 15 seats, while the Spanish Left Coalition Podemos lost almost all its previously held seats. The BNG is a coalition of the Communists, Galician People's Union, the Galician Democratic Left, the Galician Movement for Socialism and the Galician Workers Front. Meanwhile, in the election itself of the 75-seat Basque Parliament, Basque Nationalist Party topped with 31 seats. The leftist Basque Nationalist Coalition, EHBILU secured 22 seats and the Basque affiliates with the PSOE won 10 seats. The Basque Wings, the Podemos and PP, suffered setbacks and were confined to 6 and 5 seats respectively. And finally, Palestinians are continuing protests against the Israeli annexation plan. A rally was scheduled in Ramallah today, the fourth in a series of popular demonstrations against Israel. Last week, the Palestinian Higher National Committee for confronting the annexation had decided that the rally would be held in Ramallah. The first three rallies were held in Jericho and the Jordan Valley, both territories that Israel intends to annex as part of its plan. The Jerusalem Post reported that the PA had called off the rally due to the recent COVID-19 containment measures, although the report is yet to be confirmed. Regular weekly protests have been continuing across the occupied West Bank, taking forward the momentum and similar to the Great March of Return weekly protests. These protests were carried out successfully every Friday for more than a year. That's all we have time for today, we will be back tomorrow with major news developments from across the world. Until then, keep watching People's Dispatch.


Hi, my name is Emma, and you're watching chicken judge locks. I'm sorry chicken judge. I love diesel more than you. Bye That was my favorite intro yet man. Can we use that one every day? Yeah, I like her. I love you too, Emma The reason of the very nice very nice Thanks Emma. That was awesome. Good morning, everybody Jump right into it. Here we go the rest area Menominee, Wisconsin This is where we slept just getting our day going. I've got about an hour and a half to go down the road To close to Black River Falls, Wisconsin where I have a 10 30 a.m. Appointment hour and a half away We have about an hour and 45 minutes to get there. It's gonna be a little tight, but we can do it We'll just have our breakfast after I slept all right tonight. It's not good. I don't have a reload yet I had a reload but it got canceled on me I'm not too sure what they're gonna get me to do here after this get this unloaded first Then we'll worry about that. I've been at this specific one before But they got a delicious Denny's inside there while the Denny's itself the restaurant isn't but the food they have there is delicious I've been here for four hours now My reload like I was telling you earlier today got Cancelled or it fell through or whatever you want to call it So that was sad But we got a new load now that's taking us back to our yard up in Manitoba. I got to go pick it up in Wilmar, Minnesota I'm not too sure what it is yet. All I know I don't have the info sent to me yet All I know is I got a head towards Wilmar and they got a nice quick trip as well They're truck stop that I'm going to stop at for the night and then load up tomorrow Apparently I have to tarp it and then I have to leave it tarped in the yard because it only needs to deliver On like next Thursday So somebody else is going to get my tarps and have to bring them back to me And I'm going to head out on a different load with someone else's tarps We're going to be playing musical tarps again and hopefully at the end of this whole Month I end up with my tarps or better tarps So we have 401 kilometers to go That would be 280 miles Give or take a few I got my message that came through to me now that I pulled onto the road Almost as soon as I got on the interstate the message came through with all the information And now I can't read it until I stop. It doesn't let me I push the button. It'll read it out to me like It'll speak it to me It's not the same. I got to pull over here up ahead here and Look at Look at what it says At least it's taken me straight back home. I mean, I don't I don't even know if I'll be able to go home or not I'll be home tomorrow night. So I'm guessing I'll probably go home for the night I don't know. It depends what they have because I told him I'm ready to keep going This is a really short trip. I'll just go right back out again He said he had a plan. It's they never tell me what the plan is That's not true. They usually do just this time. He's being very suspicious.  What's that? Why don't you want to tell me the plan original plan was for me to pick up that load today and take it back to the yard The other one that got cancelled So now there's a new plan Or I wonder if it's the same plan. It's just this is a different load getting me back there They probably have a load in the yard that needs to be delivered Somewhere else And that's why they're trying to get me back there so that I can hook onto that and take it to somewhere To wait and find out. Oh the suspense It hardly contained myself The best part about this job though is every day every trip is different. It's always an adventure I love coming down near to the u.s. Though. Oh, I feel so at home in the u.s Much more at home here than I do well In some parts of kim a lot of parts of canada Some parts of canada. I'll go through and it doesn't feel like home at all just Like my little corner of the country. I hope it stays exactly the same Because everything else is changing, right? Stopped here at the next rest area and got all the information looks like the pickup is going to be Pretty much right next to the truck stop that I'm planning on staying the night at So that works perfect So we can get ourselves back on the highway. We are empty. I have an empty flat bed behind me right now It's a 53 foot flat bed So it's longer than some that you see on the roads It's the longest one you can have I mean in canada you can haul 253 foot trailers behind you But I don't think you can do that in everywhere in the u.s. I mean you can't do that everywhere in canada either For obvious reasons. That's a really long unit Load I'm picking up looks like it's going to be about 15 feet long 7.0 7 foot 3 wide and 11 feet high All together with the trailer So I'm hoping you got a fancy little tarpig station there like the last one did last week. That was awesome I wish I could have filmed that they didn't allow any filming there. They're very strict about it, too That was so cool I explained it in last week's logs I just they think they unrolled my tarps for me and a machine Tarped my load for me a machine did it for me and it it did it in less than five minutes And then took me another 15 just to bungee it down 20 minutes The whole load was tarped ready to go Usually takes like two hours That was very impressive So the route to wellmar in minnesota takes us directly through the city of st paul and minneapolis Usually we would go around but I check traffic times and traffic density right now Or a non-traffic density traffic. Uh, what do we call it congestion? On google and it looks like we should be good going through the city with minimal minimal delays Which I think means we'll get to pass right by both downtown Here's downtown st paul I still haven't seen that building I'm thinking of so maybe it's Near minneapolis It's around here somewhere seriously looks like it's put together with sheet metal Like all different colors and it's all rusted Like I've seen some old buildings that uh, aren't exactly in great shape In my time But this is something special this looks like it's going to collapse on itself There's that building right there that tall one That's the one i'm talking about You see it it's all different colors and everything So weird and it's really tall too, right? But maybe it looks better up close. I mean I've actually never actually gone right up close to it The locals around here would know better I'm not from here. This is the closest major u.s city to where I live though 231 this is going to be 238 And is this an exit only lane then no the right lane there is an exit only lane, right? Other side of this big building Nice your destination is on the right thing that there is a street I can park on Right behind the building just up to the left here. It's a Kind of ironic. It's a gym And a liquor store in one. We're gonna spend the night We're just gonna pick a parking spot looks like there's plenty of spots available for us That's good The only bad thing is that it's raining Crazy Which is good because it's okay because I sleep indoors, you know, but I gotta walk the weasel I Don't want to get wet. What can you do? I'm gonna back into this spot here. We'll just get it over with we'll just do it quick Well not gonna lie that kind of sucked That took way longer than it should have there's a very strong wind coming at me from my driver side here and uh I couldn't open my window because if I did The wind would come rushing in here with all the pouring rain and it just soaked me So I had to keep this window closed, but I couldn't see through it because The water running down it and my mirror was all covered in water I could open that window, but that mirror was all covered with water So I had no idea where I was backing. I was lucky. I have like an empty spot on both sides of me here So I had lots of room took forever and I got all wet A little terrible end to the day and I got to go out there yet and walk the weasel Do you think you can just hold it till the morning? Huh What do you say? No, okay. Okay. Okay. I'm just kidding. Just kidding Oh Okay, so we're gonna go out there and get soaked down to the bone And uh Call it a night 10 hours from now. We'll be loading just around the corner Hopefully the rain will be gone by then. Let's actually check that out right now. Let's check this out Okay, google What's the weather gonna be around here in the morning? 10 degrees with rain Precipitation 100 percent it says don't forget your raincoat Let me some loading Securing and tarping this load in the rain tomorrow. I hope we can tarp it inside. I hope they have an indoor facility Hey That's terrible Terrible just terrible 100 chance of precipitation 100 chance not even A slight chance of sunshine or no rain 100 chance rain Thanks google for depressing me again Every time you go on google and ask it a question. It gives you a depressing answer. You ever notice that? You know next time you have like a small pain in a part of your body somewhere whether it's your foot your leg your arm Thanks for sharing this with me What She's saying sorry for depressing me. You're creepy google. Hey google You're creepy. Let's talk about something else Well, what do you want to talk about? You could ask me what kind of music I like What kind of music do you like google for traditional french canadian music? Especially the songs with wooden spoons What's your favorite singer? I like it when whale sing birds are pretty talented singers too How'd you know what I was gonna ask you you have strange tastes in music this on the web Did you oh Are you saying you like canadian music just because i'm canadian here's a matching video That didn't answer my question You didn't answer my question google If you ask another way I can try again. No you lost your chance No, you lost your chance google apologies. I don't understand That's because you're not very smart google. Hey, I'm one coffee bean short of a cappuccino I can't argue with that Well, I can't argue with that either if you're just gonna admit it Fine fine unlock your phone. What why? I'm getting at it. That's weird arguing with my phone I really do need a life