Welcome to the Endless Knot! What connects witchcraft, dreams, paperclips and trees? The answer is magical, as we'll find out in this year's Halloween video. The word magic had a long way to travel before making it into English. The earliest citations for the word in the Oxford English Dictionary are in the Middle English of Geoffrey Chaucer. The word was borrowed through French and Latin, ultimately from Greek, where it got its adjective form magikos. But the root of this word wasn't originally Greek. The Greek noun magos comes from an old Iranian word magush, probably through Old Persian from Old Median. The Greek noun magos makes it into English too, as the word mage, and in the plural form magi, which is probably mainly known from the three magi visiting the baby Jesus in the Nativity story. Ultimately, the word can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European mag, to be able half-power, the source of a number of other English words, such as the auxiliary verb may, might, both the verb and the noun, and machine, so basically words about ability or power. Now the shift in meaning of this word is the important thing here. The Old Iranian word magush referred to a priest or perhaps originally a priestly caste. This was the original sense in Greek too, referring specifically to the Zoroastrian priests of the Persians, but it gradually came to have the connotation of magician rather than priest, and it's in that sense that we have the English word magic. Well, one religion's holy priest is another religion's dangerous magician, and this distinction was applied within religions too, with for instance early mainstream Christians denouncing the Gnostics as adherents of magic, and later the Protestants referring dismissively to Catholic magic. In fact, the definition of magic is pretty tricky even today, and so I've brought in someone much more knowledgeable about it to help me. Andrew Mark Henry of Religion for Breakfast has thought a lot about this. So Andrew, what's the difference between magic and religion, and where does science fit into it all? Thanks Mark, those are some really tough questions, because as you said, religion and magic are very subjective terms. One person's religion is another person's scary, deviant magic. In fact, for the Romans, the Latin word magia had very pejorative connotations. It was used to describe any ritual that they didn't like, or that they thought was secretive, violent, or subversive. This long history of magic being considered a category of dark and scary rituals has influenced how modern scholars have tried to define magic in relation to religion today. So for example in the 1920s, the Archbishop Alexander Leroy describes magic as the perversion of science as well as of religion, and the archaeologist Alphonse Barb describes magic as a degenerate form of religion. Just like how food slowly rots away, magic is the rotten refuse of pure religion that's been corrupted by human frailty and selfishness. The thing is, these are not academic ways to define magic. It's only been in recent decades that scholars have tried to craft objective definitions of magic with varying degrees of success. So for example the archaeologist Andrew Wilburn has defined magic as mechanistic ritual that draws on religious practice, sometimes exoticized forms of religious practice, to try to serve personal ends, like healing a sickness, exercising a demon, or cursing a rival. As for science, magic is deeply intertwined with the history of science. In fact, I often joke that Isaac Newton is not the first great scientist but the last great magician because he wrote tons and tons of books on the occult, astrology, alchemy, stuff like that. And lots of the famous names from the scientific revolution and the Enlightenment were also super into the occult. And on some level this makes sense, right? If you're making a magic potion that has a lot of elements of scientific experimentation, expert knowledge, trying to gather ingredients together to try to affect nature. So it's here in the 21st century that we have starkly differentiated between science, magic, religion, but for many people in the past these three categories of knowledge were very blurry and overlapped each other. Thanks Andrew, that's helpful. But as you say, I guess there's no definitive way to distinguish between magic and religion and other forms of knowledge, especially in the ancient world. And that brings us back to the Magi. The word magush, or its Greek form magos, referred to a priest of the Zoroastrian religion. To this day, a certain type of Zoroastrian priest is called a mobad, which is a contraction of magupati, meaning something like priestmaster. The details are a little unclear, since most of the evidence we have of them is from the foreign perspective of Greek writers, but it seems the magush casts were priests in an older Iranian polytheistic tradition. But sometime around the 8th century BCE, they adopted the monotheistic Zoroastrian religion. It seems that with the unification of the Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great, the specifically Median magush cast spread more generally throughout Iran. The later 5th century Greek physician and historian Ctesias, referred to Zarathustra, who was the founder of Zoroastrianism, and whose name became Zoroaster in Greek as a magus himself. Whatever the details might be, the magushes came to be associated with Zoroastrianism. It's important to keep in mind that Zoroastrianism wasn't a completely new religion, but a modification of older traditions. Scholars aren't certain when the prophet Zarathustra lived, but it's estimated to be in the 2nd millennium BCE or perhaps a little later around the 7th or 6th century BCE, closer to the time of Cyrus the Great. He was a religious reformer who promoted the idea of one god, Ahura Mazda, and the importance of human free will and personal ethics over ritual and sacrifice. Ahura Mazda's name, by the way, which means literally why spirit or lord, comes ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European roots Ansu, which produced the words Isir and Asgard, the names of the Old Norse gods and their abode respectively, men, to think, and day, to set or put. Over time, the other Old Iranian gods came to be demonized and were referred to as Daivas. Daiva is cognate with Sanskrit Deva, one of the terms for a deity in Hinduism, and goes back to the Proto-Indo-European root Yeu, meaning to shine, but also used to refer to a Skyfather god, Dieu or Dieu-Peter, which spread with the Indo-European languages, becoming Jupiter in Latin, Zeus in Greek, and Tyr or Q in the Germanic Pantheon, now reflected in the word Tuesday. It's also the root behind such words as divine, deity, and Latin deus god, as in deus ex machina, literally god from the machine, referring to an unlikely solution to an unsolvable problem to resolve a plot. And, as we've seen already, machina and English machine come from the same root as magic. The other important concept of Zoroastrianism to keep in mind are the principles of Asha and Gruge, meaning roughly truth and the lie, and the ongoing struggle between these forces, essentially a dualistic battle between good and evil. The word Asha or Arta comes ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root R, to fit together, which also gives us such words as order, harmony, rhyme, and right, as in a religious right. The word Gruge or Gruge comes ultimately from Proto-Indo-European Drogue, meaning to deceive, a concept we'll return to. Fittingly for this time of year, the root also leads to Old Norse Draugr, a kind of undead creature similar to a revenant or zombie, probably via the idea of a phantom. The word also gives us the English word dream, which makes sense if you think of dreams as deceptive. This brings us to the connection between dreams and magic, as one of the roles of the Magus or Magi seems to have been dream interpretation. Another word we have for dreams, at least bad dreams, is nightmare, which also has its origins in Old English. Actually, the compound word nightmare doesn't show up until the late 13th century, but is made up of the Old English words Nicht and Mara. But Old English Mara and the word nightmare itself didn't originally refer to a bad dream. The Old English Mara originally referred to a kind of female incubus who would sit upon people's chests while they slept, producing a feeling of suffocation. And that was the original meaning of the compound nightmare as well. By the 16th century, the word nightmare could also refer to the feeling of suffocation. And it wasn't until as late as the 19th century that nightmare could refer to any bad dream. Now Old English Mara can be traced back to the Proto-Indo European root Mayor, which meant to rub away harm, a sense we can still see in the derivative mortar, as in a mortar and pestle. That root also led to a number of words having to do with death, such as mortal and murder. Interestingly, it's also the source of the first element of morrigan, the Irish goddess associated with both war and fate, specifically with the foretelling of death or victory in battle, who may have been the source of the figure in Arthurian legend Morgan Le Fay, a magical enchantress. Now when we think about dreams and nightmares and supernatural beings who attack you in your sleep, we might also think of the character Freddy Kruger in the 1984 film A Nightmare on Elm Street, who attacks his teenage victims in their dreams. This film, along with the 1978 film Halloween with the newly released 2018 sequel, appropriate for this time of year, featuring Michael Myers, who also targets teenagers, are perhaps two of the best known examples of the genre of slasher films, a subgenre of horror films. Horror films, which drew their inspiration from gothic literature like Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Bram Stoker's Dracula, were kicked off by the early film pioneer Georges Méliès, who used a variety of visual effects techniques such as substitution splices, multiple exposures, and time lapse photography to achieve the supernatural events in his horror films, which he also used in his early science fiction films. Méliès, who had also been a stage magician, bringing us back to magic again, also developed the trick film genre, using those same film techniques, what we might call trick photography, to allow a magician in a film to be able to do the seemingly impossible. And so, magic tricks also brings us to the idea of deception that we saw with the roots of the words dream and rouge. The word trick comes into English from old French trick, deceit treachery cheating, and trehir cheat trick deceive, and is thus related to the word treachery. But the origin of the old French words is uncertain. They might come from Latin trecarii to trifle dali play tricks from the plural noun trecai, perplexity's wild tricks, which also gives us the word extricate, literally, to get out of perplexities. Alternatively, it might instead come into French from a Germanic source related to Dutch trick, drawing pole, which also has the sense trick cunning, and is traceable back to the Proto-Indo-European root drag, to draw drag on the ground. There's a related rhyming variant of this root, trog, to draw drag move, which comes into Latin as trahara, to pull draw, which comes into English in a number of different forms, such as traction, tractor, train, attract, contract, and treat. The sense development for treat goes like this. The Latin frequentative form of trahara is traktara, to manage, handle, deal with, discuss, which comes into old French as traitier, to deal with, act towards, set forth, in speech or writing. This comes into middle English with the sense negotiate, bargain, deal with, and we can see this sense in the related word treaty, and from this develop the later senses of to heal, cure, and to entertain with food or drink, and anything that gives pleasure. So if this tricky etymology is correct, Halloween trick or treating doesn't really offer a choice as it's etymologically redundant. Now getting back to magic tricks, which deceive the audience for the purposes of entertainment, the stage magician often achieves this through misdirection and sleight of hand, often using a magic wand to draw the gaze of the viewer. Now of course, beyond the worlds of stage magic and fiction, with Harry Potter's wand or Gandalf's staff, there are ancient traditions of wands used for magical purposes, probably based on the sceptres that were widespread symbols of rulership. For instance, in Homer's Odyssey, the witch Cersei uses a magic rod, called a rabdus in Greek, to transform Odysseus' men into swine. And in the biblical book of Exodus, when Moses and Aaron try to coerce Pharaoh into freeing the Hebrews from slavery in Egypt, the first wonder is Aaron throwing down his rod, which is translated into Greek as rabdus in the Septuagint, and transforming it into a serpent. Another bit of stage magic that also has a real historical foundation is the crystal ball, now the cliche of the amusement park fortune teller. In the 16th century, John D., mathematician, astronomer and occult philosopher, who was an advisor to Queen Elizabeth I, gazed into crystals in an attempt to see visions of angels. This is part of a larger category called scrying, in which the practitioner stares into a reflective, refractive, or luminescent surface, or object, such as water, a mirror, or fire, in order to gain some sort of prophecy or revelation. And in a sense, this is kind of similar and sometimes overlaps with dream interpretation, otherwise known as onyramancy. One famous example of this comes from the biblical book of Genesis, the famous Joseph, who had the coat of many colours. Joseph was given that coat because he was the favourite son of his father Jacob, who was also by the way prone to receiving dream visions, having earlier received the vision of a stairway to heaven. No, not that stairway to heaven, Jacob's ladder. Well, in addition to receiving that technicolor sign of his father's favouritism, Joseph also had two dreams which symbolically showed his brothers bowing down to him. So, his brothers were naturally jealous of him, and sold him into slavery, and convinced their father that he was killed by wild beasts. Through a series of adventures in Egypt, in which Joseph accurately interpreted the prophetic dreams of fellow prisoners, and later interpreting the dream of the Pharaoh predicting seven years of abundance, followed by seven years of famine, thus advising him to store up surplus grain, Joseph was made vizier of Egypt. Now, during that famine, many people came to Egypt to purchase grain, including Joseph's brothers. So, Joseph devised a trick for them, planting a silver cup in the sack of one of his brothers, and then pretending it was stolen. When Joseph's steward found the cup in the possession of the brothers, he said it belonged to his master, and was the cup Joseph used for divination, in other words, scrying. Well, in the end, Joseph was reunited with his brothers and father, but his prophetic dream had come true, his brothers did bow down to him as vizier. And this isn't the only ancient story of a cup being used for scrying. In Persian mythology is the cup of jamsheed, a magical cup that contained the elixir of immortality, and was also used for scrying. Many Persian literary texts describe this cup being used by jamsheed and other mythological kings, including in the Shahnameh, the great national epic of greater Iran, which tells the mythological and historical past of the Persian Empire, including the life of the prophet Zarathustra, which brings us back, once again, to Zoroastrianism and prophecy. The word prophecy comes from Greek pro, before, and fanai, to speak, and a particularly deceptive form that essentially tricks its recipient is the self-fulfilling prophecy. One of the most famous literary examples of this is in Shakespeare's Macbeth, in which Macbeth gets the prophecy from the witches that he will become king, and then goes on to make it happen by killing the king and usurping the throne.  But he is rescued and given to surrogate parents, with the result that when Oedipus grows up and gets the prophecy that he'll kill his father and marry his mother, he leaves his supposed parents to avoid it, and ends up fulfilling both prophecies. Or, if you want a more recent example, to return to Harry Potter again, in reaction to the prophecy that a child born on a certain day will kill him, Voldemort tries to murder the infant Harry, thus making Harry the one who is eventually able to defeat Voldemort. Now, one of the reasons that self-fulfilling prophecies work is that they give the receiver the confidence to make those events happen, as in the case of Macbeth. The word confidence, by the way, comes from the Latin-intensive prefix calm, plus the word fedora, to trust, and lies behind the term confidence-trip, sometimes shortened simply to con, thus bringing us back to the theme of deception, which is well known in the gambling con in which the victim is allowed to win several times to build up his confidence before taking him for all he's worth. A famous historical example of a self-fulfilling prophecy involves Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Empire who I mentioned earlier. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Cyrus's grandfather Astiages had prophetic dreams which were interpreted by the Magi as meaning his grandson would usurp his throne. Fearing this, he ordered his general Harpagus to kill the baby, but he couldn't bring himself to do it, and pass the jaw-bond to a cowherd who also couldn't go through with it and brought the baby up as his own. Years later, when Cyrus had grown up and all of this was revealed, Astiages punished Harpagus by killing his son, but after the Magi backpedaled and said that they had misinterpreted the dream, Cyrus was spared. In revenge, Harpagus encouraged Cyrus to revolt against Astiages and take over, and he did just that. So, I guess the moral of the story is, watch out for those Magi dream interpretations. In returning to the Magi and the word Magus, its first attestation is in the Bihistan inscription by Darius the Great, the fourth king of the Achaemenid Empire, which is a bit of propaganda that tells of how he came to the throne. Basically, when Cyrus died, he was succeeded by his son Cambyses II. According to Herodotus, Cambyses had a dream in which he saw his younger brother Bardia sitting on the royal throne and had him secretly killed. Then, according to Darius, a Magus named Gaumata impersonated the dead Bardia and eventually came to the throne. Darius soon after usurped the throne from the imposter Gaumata. Of course, it's entirely possible that Darius made this up to legitimize his claim to the throne with Gaumata being an imposter, and he further legitimizes his claim by stating in the Bihistan inscription that he became king by grace of Ahura Mazda. Whatever the truth may be, we certainly see several more examples here of our recurring theme of deception, not to mention prophetic dreams. With these sorts of stories circulated by Greek authors, it's not too surprising that the Magi gained the reputation for not only being magicians, but also for being devious and deceptive. Furthermore, unlike Greek priests, the Magi would whisper their prayers and ritual texts in a low voice, and in the unfamiliar Avestan language of the Zoroastrian religious texts, which may have sounded to the Greeks like incantations. Interestingly, the native Greek word for magic, goatea, with goes meaning sorcerer, or literally one who howls out enchantments, comes from the Greek verb goon, to whale, groan, weep, from a Proto-Indo-European root that meant to call or cry. The Greeks had other words for particular types of magic, such as necromanthea, necromancy, or the communication with the dead for prophetic purposes, from necross, dead body, and mantea, divination oracle derived from my nest thigh to be inspired from men to think, one of the Proto-Indo-European roots that lies behind the name of Hurra Mazda. And the word pharmacaea, from which we get the word pharmacy, referred to the practice of using drugs, poisons, and medicines. But the word magaea soon became a more general term for magic in Greek. Nevertheless, the Greeks were often also quite skeptical about magic. Herodotus recounts the story of Darius's successor Xerxes, who when sailing his fleet to attack Greece was hindered by a storm, but the magae were able to quell the storm with their sacrifices and incantations, allowing them to proceed. Or, as Herodotus dryly wrote, perhaps it abated of its own accord. And in that self-fulfilling prophecy play Oedipus the King, Sophocles has Oedipus used the word magus as a term of abuse directed at the soothsayer Tiresias, when he gave him a prediction he didn't like. So the word also came to have the sense of a charlatan in Greek. The magae in the biblical nativity narrative probably originally implied the use of magic and astrology, since they predicted and located the Christ child from the stars. But in later Christian traditions, the magae are often rendered as the three kings, or the three wise men, reflecting later Christianity's discomfort with magic, which they held to be the work of the devil. In any case, the Greek words magus and magaea were subsequently borrowed into Latin as magus and magia, initially with the specific reference of Persian practices, as for instance by the Roman orator Cicero, but soon in the more general sense, as for instance by the poet Virgil. Interestingly, Virgil came to have a rather magical reputation himself, a practice arose of using Virgil's writings for a form of Bibliomancy, that is divination using books, called specifically Sortes Virgilianae, or Virgilian lots. Basically the way it works is you take a text and randomly pick a passage from it, by for instance balancing a book on its spine and letting it fall open to a random page. And that passage would give you your prediction or answer to your question. Virgil wasn't the first author to be used this way, the Greek poet Homer is the source for the Sortes Homerachi, with the philosopher Plato reporting a similar form of this being used by his former teacher Socrates, to predict his day of execution, but the practice continued into the Roman era. Later on, Christians would use the Bible for the Sortes Sanctorum, but the Sortes Virgilianae was the most popular technique, with one early example being Hadrian's use of it to judge the Emperor Trajan's attitude toward him, when it correctly predicted that he would be adopted by the Emperor as his heir. The practice continued through the Middle Ages and into the early modern period, and correctly predicted the death of King Charles I, when the Viscount Falkland suggested the King try this as a lighthearted pastime, when they came across a finely printed and bound edition of Virgil. To mitigate the damage, the Viscount tried it himself, hoping to hit upon some irrelevant passage and discredit the King's prediction, only to correctly predict his own death. I guess with divination you should be careful what you ask. The really surprising thing here, though, is that in the Middle Ages, Virgil came to be thought of as a magician himself, and numerous stories and legends that had nothing to do with the poet's own biography, spraying up about Virgil being an astrologer able to predict the future, and a wizard able to perform great feats of magic. Some of the things that sparked this belief were the mystic element in Book 6 of the Aeneid, and the prophetic nature of his fourth eclog, which Christians took as prophesying the coming of Christ. Even his name was seen as being a clue, since the name Virgil is similar to the Latin word virga, wand, and he was said to have a maternal grandfather named Magus. Well, his mother did indeed come from a Roman family with the name Magia, though it's not related to the word Magus. In medieval Wales, this reputation was so strong that the Welsh-ified version of his name became a generic term for a magician, which today is the modern Welsh word for a pharmacist. Now that Latin word sortes, or sores in the singular form, comes from the Proto-Indo-European root ser to line up. In Latin, the word was originally used to refer to little pieces of wood used to draw lots, but later came to refer to what is allotted by fate, and thus fortune, and then to any kind of fortune-telling. From that, it later developed the sense rank, class, or order, and it's that sense that we see in the English word sort. The word sortition refers to the drawing of lots, like a lottery, and the word lottery is related to the word lot, coming from a Germanic root, and thus bringing us back to the theme of gambling, which we last saw in the gambling con. The other way this root makes it into English are the words sorcery and sorcerer, from old French sorcery and sorcery, originally one who predicts or influences fate or fortune, but broadening to mean one who uses magic. The more precise word now for fortune-telling by drawing lots is claromancy, another of those mancy terms like necromancy, bibliomancy, and oniromancy. The first element of claromancy is the Greek claros, lot, allotment, from the Proto-Indo-European root kel to strike or cut, from the idea of that which is cut off. Also from Greek claros is Greek clerikos, Latin clericus, and English cleric, clerk, and clergy. So how do we get to hear from there? Well, from the sense allotment, cleros also came to mean inheritance, which is how it's used in the Greek translation of the biblical book Leviticus in reference to assistance to the temple priests. Therefore shall they have no inheritance among their brethren, the Lord is their inheritance. So the word came to refer to matters having to do with priests, and eventually priest and the priesthood itself. In the Middle Ages, clerks, sometimes now pronounced clerks, were the only well-educated people available, and so in addition to their religious duties also used their skills as accountants, and from that we get the modern sense of clerk, which is brought in further to include clerical bureaucratic duties, and even store clerks. The word cleric was re-borrowed into English to replace clerk, which had thus become ambiguous. But clergy brings us back to the theme of priests, like the original role of those magi, though the clergy probably don't engage in claromancy in spite of the etymology. Probably. So far we've talked about priests and other male magicians, but what about witches? The word witch obviously carries a lot of baggage with it. For one thing it's a gendered word referring specifically to women, and beyond its mean magical sense, witch or old witch can be used as a contemptuous term for a disliked woman, though it should be noted that in more recent times there has been an attempt to reclaim the word witch in a more positive context, as for instance is sometimes done by the Neo-Pagan world of Wicca and in the Harry Potter world. Hermione is indeed the most gifted witch of her generation. Witches in the Middle Ages and early modern periods were suspected of many things, including preventing conception in women and attacking male fertility, sometimes actually stealing men's penises, storing them in large chests or in bird's nests in trees. Historically, many women have been persecuted for the supposed crime of witchcraft, justified in part by the 15th century Christian treatise Malleus Maleficarum, the witch's hammer, and you can tell it specifically women targeted here because of the feminine Latin ending Arum. It's hard to know how many women were persecuted, tortured, and burned during the witch hunts of the 15th to 18th centuries, but some estimates place it at 60,000 to 200,000 to even as high as several million, and it's perhaps little surprise that the word wicked is derived from the same old English root that produced the word witch. I guess you could say that wicked witch is etymologically redundant. Witch comes from the old English word witcha, meaning witch, which has the masculine form wicca, meaning male witch or wizard, from which we get the modern word wicca in reference to Neo-Paganism. It should be pointed out that there is no historical line of connection for this word from old English to the present, with the word having been reintroduced into modern English in the early 20th century. The further etymology of the word witch is very disputed, with many suggestions being made. The brothers Grim, who I suppose would know a thing or two about witch stories, propose that old English witcha and wicca come from the proto-Indo-European root wake to separate or divide, reflecting the practice of claromancy, which according to the Roman ethnographer Cassidus, was part of early Germanic religious practice. But Indo-Europeanist Calvert Watkins propose that it comes from the root wegg, meaning to be strong or lively in the sense of to wake or rouse, reflecting the practice of necromancy, in other words, one who wakes the dead. If true, witch would be cognate with wake, watch, and weight, as well as vegetable, which is probably not the sort of thing you give out to trick-or-treaters dressed up as witches. And though there are numerous other suggested etymologies, I'll give you just one more, that it might be traced back to a homophonous root wake, which in this case means consecrated or holy, and has a number of other derivatives connected to religion and magic. For instance, German Weihnachten, literally Holy Night, used specifically in reference to Christmas. But we better leave Christmas aside because this is Halloween. And Latin Wictima, an English victim, in reference to animals used in religious sacrifices. But most interestingly for our purposes, the words guile and while, both referring to deceit or trickery, which would then be akin to old English Uigla, divination sorcery, but which also bring us back to our ongoing theme of deception. But there are a lot more terms for male magic practitioners. In the Harry Potter world, that would be wizard. But wizard has more of a positive connotation, so for a better parallel to witch, let's turn to the word warlock. Interestingly, the word didn't originally have any connection to magic. In old English, the word warloga meant traitor, liar, oathbreaker, reminding us again of the theme of deception. And by extension, it was sometimes used to refer to the devil. It's only later in the 16th century in Scots that the word came to be used as the male equivalent of a witch. Etymologically, it breaks down into two elements, the second of which is leogun, to lie, which also gives us the word lie. The first element is war, faith, fidelity, agreement, from the proto-Indo-European root wereo, true, trustworthy, which also leads to the Latin word wearitas, sometimes thought of by the Romans as the personification of truth and related to such English words as verify and veracity.  Now this brings us back to the concept of truth, the opposite of lies and deceptions, opposing ideas which you'll remember as the opposing forces in Zoroastrian, Asha, and Gruge. There are a number of words in English that mean truth, including the now somewhat archaic word soothe. The old English form soothe was actually quite common and comes from the proto-Indo-European root s that supplies several of the forms of the irregular verb to be, such as is and am, as well as words such as yes, essence, and sin. Though the word soothe today is somewhat obscure, the compound soothe sire, meaning a fortune teller or prophet, is rather more well known, being used, for instance, to describe Tiresias in the Edipus story along with sire, literally one who sees. The word truth itself has a fascinating etymology. It goes back to the proto-Indo-European root dero to be firm, solid, steadfast, which also has the specialized senses of tree and wood, especially oak, including the word tree itself. It's also the second element in the word ausa true, a term used to refer to a neo-pagan group focused on the Old Norse mythological tradition, which means literally faith or allegiance to the aesir, the pantheon of Norse gods, and we've already seen that first element as the root lying behind the name of the Zoroastrian god Hurra Mazda. The Norse, by the way, also had their own tradition of magic, called Sather, associated with the gods Odin and Freya. The word Sather comes from the proto-Indo-European root sigh, meaning to bind or tie, which also has the derivatives sinew and secular, which originally as Latin cyclum meant age span of time, and came to mean worldly not religious. Other derivatives of deru, solid tree, are dryad, a tree nymph in Greek mythology, and druid, the high-ranking priestly class who also wielded considerable secular power among the Celtic peoples. So the druids are another example of a priestly class, like the magi and the clergy, who are also mistrusted by external cultures. In this case, the Romans during the Roman-Britain period. The second element of the word druid comes from the proto-Indo-European wade to sea, which has such other derivatives as vision, view, and evident, as well as wise, wisdom, and wit. So a druid is someone who is wise about trees, and from the word wise, we also get in the Middle English period, the word wizard, literally a wise man, but it soon gained the more specific sense of a magician. Also from this root, we get the old English term, Whitenayamot, referring to the Council of Advisors to the king in Anglo-Saxon England, who technically were in charge of electing the kings. Though this political body didn't survive past the Norman conquest of England, it seems to have been the inspiration behind J.K. Rowling's wizard gamut, the wizard court of law in the Harry Potter world, obviously also playing off the word wizard. But as we've seen, the word wizard comes from the same root anyway, and in any case, the wizards we know today, such as Albus Dumbledore and Gandalf, are also quite wise, and indeed witty. And all this talk about wizards and magic brings us to our conclusion, tying many of these elements together, specifically to the deck-building game Magic the Gathering, published by the games company Wizards of the Coast, who by the way are also the current publishers of Dungeons and Dragons, after they bought out its original company TSR. In various versions of D&D, different levels of magicians or magic users, as they were called in the game, were known by specific words, many of which we've covered in this video, such as seer, magician, enchanter, warlocker witch, sorcerer, necromancer, and wizard. The game Magic the Gathering, which also has magic users known as mages by the way, was developed by Richard Garfield, who had been a combinatorial mathematics doctoral student at the University of Pennsylvania, and apparently he created it so that he and his friends would have something to do while they waited for everyone to turn up for their D&D games. Garfield has two other claims to fame. His great-great-grandfather was James A. Garfield, a rather minor US president having been assassinated within his first year in office, and his grand-uncle Samuel B. Faye invented the paperclip. Unless you ask the Norwegians, who have their own candidate for this honour, Johann Waller, whose version of the paperclip was adopted as a symbol of resistance against the Nazis, after pins or badges bearing national symbols were banned. As for Magic the Gathering itself, it originally had an aspect of gambling since according to the original rules one was supposed to ante up a card in order to play, which the winner would then be able to claim at the end of the game, and even now the packs come with random assortments of rare cards, which can be quite valuable. So whether it's card tricks or tarot cards, or the three-card Monte-Con or Magic the Gathering, or all the way back to exotic Zoroastrian priests and self-fulfilling prophecies, falsely accused witches and crystal ball-gazing wizards, it seems perhaps that for Magic, luck, deception, and shifting perceptions have always been on the cards. Thanks for watching! My special thanks to my friend and fellow YouTuber Andrew of Religion for Breakfast who suggested this topic and helped me out with the crucial definition of magic. Why not check out his video What is the History of Magic Wands for more on that topic? If you've enjoyed these etymological explorations and cultural connections, please subscribe and click the little bell to be notified of every new episode. And check out our Patreon where you can make a contribution to help me make more videos. I'm at alliterative on Twitter and you can visit our website alliterative.net for more language and connections in our podcast, blog, and more.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards. We're doing a really awesome two box baseball mixer for Connor C. We've got one fanatics authentic 2022 under wraps series two autographed baseball and then we've got a 2022 tops definitive baseball. So good luck here Connor. Let's start with your under wraps and I've not opened this yet so I hope they make it easy for us to figure out who to pull this out or no. Ah, that's a little overkill. That's very overkill. Alright, come on now. Right, not touching the ball again. We've got wow. That's Corey Seeger World Series MVP, NLCS MVP, 20 RBIs, 20 runs, 2020 postseason 328 average eight home runs. Dude just started writing a novel on the baseball. That's nasty. Congrats Connor dude. Look at the inscriptions all over this thing. Wow man. That's nasty. That's so sick. Congrats Connor. That thing is absolutely insane. Dude just said here's my essay. All right. Define definitive, definitive. Oh, was it numbered two of 20? I didn't even notice that. I'm checking it out right now. Maybe. Oh it is. Yeah, that's sick. Two of 20. Wow, good catch on that one Adam.  This thing is so cool. I'm like really jealous of this ball actually. Like I'm not really, I wouldn't call myself a Corey Seeger fan but like that's a sick, sick, sick piece to have right there. All right, we need something crazy now. I think I might see red unless it's pink. I think that's red. Yeah, I believe that is red. I don't want, don't quote me on it. It might not be but I think there's a possibility it could be. We've got protectors of the plate. That is Fernando Tates Jr. 5 out of 10. I'm assuming that's probably a, I don't know what that's from. We got his buddy. That is Manny Machado 6 out of 35. I think the one red is up next so it should be a one on one. But we've got 3 out of 10. That is David Ortiz.  Big poppy. Green. Patch auto dude. This next thing is crazy. We've got one of one. How about your Don Alvarez? That's nasty with the laundry tag. Dude, look at the next one too. That's one of the biggest cards in the set right there. Because you know what that's worth, right? Like seriously, if you have this card, like possess this card, you get a free box of defensive. I'm pretty sure that's what they've been saying. Because we've got, this is the quote on quote fake auto of Austin Meadows and Randy Rosarana. So Connor, I would contact Tops on this one. I think they've put out a statement saying you do get a box of definitive for that. I don't know. Don't quote me on that obviously. That's what I've heard. But there it is. That's actually a huge card right there. Funny enough. We've got up next, Forrest, just in time. That is Jason Veratek. Sick auto there. Send box and wrapper. Yeah, we'll grab the box and wrapper. We're gonna get you the box and wrapper, Connor. One sec, one sec, one sec, box, wrapper. I'll even send this little, this thing. There you go. We've got Josh Lowe for the raise, 42 out of 50. Sick one there. And nice way to end it. We've got that is, wow, purple, four or five, Daryl Strawberry. And I'll rookie the year on the definitive achievements. These are currently 2349. So 232350. That'll do it for your break there. Connor, congrats on the hits. Congrats on everything, man, because like even that, that Rosarana is pretty sick. We'll get it right out to you, buddy.


The People's Democratic Party, PDP, has accused Mohamed Abu-Hari presidency of allowing the alleged mass looting of public funds to corruptly create a war chest for the APC to intimidate Nigerians and muscle the 2023 general elections. The PDP claimed that the all-progressive Congress is diverting public funds meant for developmental purposes and salaries to workers to coffers by orchestrating the protests of its presidential nomination form by all men of persons at the excesses and expense of the people. 100 million Naira to Weihau citizens' fund for the elections. The PDP spokesman, Honourable Debo Oluogba, asserted that the party has information on how public funds have been withdrawn from ministries, agencies, paracetails of government and diverted to people who have no verifiable means of livelihood to purchase nomination and expression of interest form for individuals without electoral value who cannot even win local government elections. The PDP column, the Economic Financial Crimes Commission, EFCC, the Accountant General of the Federation, as well as the Auditor General of the Federation to immediately commence an investigation and monitor the movement of funds in ministries, departments and agencies of government so as to protect the national treasury from the APC as Niger approaches the 2023 general elections.


Good afternoon. The first item of business this afternoon is time for reflection. Our time for reflection leader today is Tim McGuire, a celebrate of the Humane Society of Scotland. Presiding Officer, thank you very much for inviting me to speak today. Members of the Scottish Parliament, I hope that you would agree the aims of politics and philosophy are the same, to increase happiness and wellbeing. Llemiadau sy'n annibololion. Maen nhw ddych chi nesaf y gwirio sicrhau ymateb feddwl yma. O'r UUN wedi bod arleidio y dyfodig o wrthaboriach hefyd a Llemiadau frasig, Scythlau, oherwydd, o'r Unig, i'r ffraith yma i gyrhaeth yw hunain ar y FWI20. Fodd y cwestiynau ymddangbolaeth, fod Scythlau'n yn digon i gwirio'r ll lies. Ond arlo'r unrhyw ymddangbolaeth, yw gallwn ni wedi cyfnod. Mae'r cyd-fodol, ond i'n ddoch i gandd, yn dod o'r fawr yn y cyfnodau hefyd, dwi'n gyfrifio ysgrifennu, ysgrifennu'n ddiddordeb yn Ymddiriedd mewn cyd-fodol. Yn y rhaid i'n gwybod Condynas Trafolaeth, yng Nghymru wedi'i llwyddonio ar gyfer y cyd-fodol. Ydw'n gweithio sydd fydd yn y cerdd. Fy genai ydych yn fyddi'r gwleidio'r rhag oed o'r rhag oed o'r cyd-fodol, ac yn ysgolio'r hyffordd, yn ysgolio, ac yn ysgolio. Y hyffordd yn hyffordd yn y gweithio'r wneud, ond yn fwy oedd yn ysgolio'r linell. That began to change in 1776, when Thomas Jefferson, inspired by the writings of the Enlightenment philosophers, Francis Hutchison and David Hume, enshrined the pursuit of happiness in the American Declaration of Independence. Since then we've come rather to regard happiness as a universal human right. But, and it pains me to say this, we Scots weren't the first to conceive this radical idea, because almost 40 years earlier, halfway across the world, in the tiny Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan, the legal code decreed, if the government cannot create happiness for its people, there is no purpose for the government to exist. Bhutan remains one of the poorest states in the world, but for 40 years now it's inspired governments everywhere to look beyond GDP as a measure of a nation's health. Because Bhutan in 1977, I think, was the first country to measure gross national happiness, and now we're all doing it. Just last week the Office for National Statistics revealed that the happiest place in the UK is for manna, while Londoners remain amongst the most miserable people in the country. But the paradox of happiness is that we only find it when we're searching for something else. And I think the 19th century humanist philosopher Robert Ingersoll put it best, as he said, happiness is the only good, and the way to be happy is to make others so. Members of the Scottish Parliament, may you find happiness by making the people of Scotland happy. Thank you for listening. I'll see you next time.


update. Good morning folks Steve Rhodes coming to you live from the shores of a very pleasant and cool and sunny Delray Beach Florida. This year 11 a.m. update and we've got a sea of green out there all the U.S. indices that we track are trading to the upside does up 49 points S&P nine NASDAQ 135 rustles up 20 that's a little over 1% almost 1% for the semis are up 33 points trend is up 25 golds up $9 with silver being down nine pennies lights recruit is taken hit down $2.21 NASDAQ soft 2 cents the three-year Treasury up one point and two ticks she's pretty out of one 2016 let's figure out what all that means by looking at that nine panel market update chart we begin upper left hand corner ES mini what do we know about it well we don't have any kind of a top in place as we speak what we do have is that very narrow range profile support 4551 resistance 4582 we're trading 4581 50 right now spot ball tickets is trading below its 50 below its 50 day expense moving average but also below yesterday's low we really should be seeing more of a rally inside the S&P or the ES mini out there tells you just how strong those sellers are at the 4582 50 level we take a look at the end queue just got a good old fashion consolidation with inside its profiles 14 599 50 is supported 15 366 75 is resistance we take a look at U.S. dollar index it did close above the top of its daily profile now on my white background charts I've got a different set of profiles I think it's right around 103 90 is a level that price needs to close above in order to suggest to move up to the 105 76 level gold which has a sell the deep point patterns consolidating with inside its profile support of 2023 20 resistance 2080 60 silver has got a sell the deep point prices below the bottom of its daily profile this could be day number two below that profile that suggests there could be a change in trend like we crude is trading below the trend line resistance level set it back towards its swing point out here this is swing point from May 4th the top which is 67 67 60 we've been down to as low as 69 98 if we take a look at natural gas out there again this is something we should just consider coming back to in January it's trading below profile levels it's still it's very unfavorable December is the worst performing month November December just horrible for natural gas doesn't look like this December is going to be any better now 30 year treasury it did hit the one to one A to B equal CD price projection level that does not mean it's time to sell it you wait for a bearish reversal candle you get a bearish reversal candle then you've got a sell the deep point or a currently sell pattern otherwise prices going to go ahead and higher 122 123 level folks they do for the trader's edge open if you have to start your Wednesday please have a wonderful one we look forward to speaking with you again soon take care now


Tlo what's poppin? We are on twitch. We are not we are live my bad. I'm tweaking but you can Tlo we are Tlo what's poppin We are on twitch. We are live by the time you see this we won't be so just leave a like comment subscribe turn on your post Notification bells. Let's continue to go to family from Chicago to the UK and as you can see This is the spider fight playlist. So we doing a music reaction and it's Lucy. Why a And TZ Gwalla It's called RS6 And don't worry about the beginning of this video. I'm probably gonna edit it out I don't even know if you know what I'm talking about because it's edited it out Let's get into it. This was five minutes long. Oh wait, let me say a prayer dear lord Please protect me from what I'm about to hear. I just want to be safe in my own home.   Roll, roll on me little man Come see what I've got in my sheet 3 man, stepless, cut through heath That's me, TZ, Lucy, got a beam Ah, roll with the knife, let's scream Gee, you don't wanna get put on the tee Countless mantra, copy the blueprint But then pricks ain't not allowed to read Back in the day, jumping with V Big back, big back, big back Use that sagging, I'll catch him lacking Come, let's pack him, I'll hurt his knee TZ, we've got their bridgings Hurting for the vermin, that's third degree TZ, I keep the clip on full Don't need to purchase teeth Ah, on the L, on the L with gang It's evil, the thing in my handle Browsing sauce when you hear that bang Like, why do the feds exist? Pricks got bros stuck in the can Like, why do they love to shit?  Is Lucy even in this?   With views in the back, let's cruise on flats Who's that?


Three main takeaways, the humongous need of new energy coming online in order to feed the tenacity of the industry and the boldness of the administration. So the three pieces together, the local demand, the strong drive and commitment of the administration and the tenacity of the industry and of course the attractiveness of India for the rest of the world, all these together is absolutely promising. We are here to contribute to, with our gas and transportation and storage gas background, we are here to sign a contract with Indian Oil and to support them as a technical advisor to prove the readiness of the pipelines to transport blended hydrogen.


Y L vers cooking in London is continues to be a really, really competitive place. I think there are a number of really key issues around this. One is skills, we have a fantastic skill base in London. The financial services sector is clearly one of those major skill bases and we still employ an enormous number of financials within the financial services sector. its a key part of the UK. Y talent yn gael i gynhyrch, ond yw'r ffordd fforddiau gynhyrch ar gyfer ar gyfer Gwyrddolol funawr. Y rhai alun oedd y Llyfr yn ddiddordebio iawn yn gweithio gael eich awr, yn cael eu ddwylo gyda chi'n sefydliadau graffi. Mae ydych chi'n iawn yn siaradau gael ei ddim yn cael ei ddoch chi'n iawn a chi'n gwneud bod y talen y byddai gyda'i unigio a eich gwyrdd eu parwyr a'i dod i America. Cyfweliadau allan, mae'n cael eu gweithio'r beidio, yw'r gwahanol arall ac mae'n gweithio y gyda'r gweithio yn eithaf, gyda'r rhaid i'i hanes iddyn nhw. Rydym yn gwneudio'i rhaid ei chael gwelediadau, ac mae'n cael ei gweithio'r gweld cymdeithiliadau. Oherwydd sefydlu yma, ac yn y llwyffyr yn gweithio fefnig y Llywodraeth ond mae'r gweithio'n mewn ffaisiwn. o'r taxation, a taxation primarily around personal taxation, personal tax rates, and one needs to really focus on the extent to which they can come down to encourage more people, it's really more people to come here rather than encouraging people to leave. Infrastructure within London is absolutely key. By infrastructure, I'm talking about not only airports and the capacity in airports, which is really important, but also infrastructure within London, roads, the rail networks, undergrounds and so on. The third one is operating costs. What I mean by operating costs in this context is really around regulation. The burden of regulation, it's really important that that's kept to a minimum so that businesses can get on with business. I do think that the Olympics will bring a big benefit to London. I mean if you're a retail company, for instance, I'm sure that because of the inflow of tourists into London, that alone. As indeed we've seen over the last few years with the weakness of sterling, that encourages people to spend and that is a good thing for London. I think it will be good for people to see London. It will put London in a spotlight and not only central London but east London and what's being done out there. I think the third thing is actually for transport in London. I think it will become a focus of getting things done. So roads, the repairs on roads, there's a focus on timing and getting them out of the way.


What's up, everybody? Ricky Caruthier. And today I want to get into the market this week. We're in critical when it comes to the real estate market, especially when it comes to first-time homebuyers. This is the area of first-time homebuyers that I really feel bad for, honestly. Affordability is not really getting much better. And we see some serious price increases in the near future just based on the data that we're looking at with inflation numbers, where we think mortgage rates are going to go, so on and so forth. And to this video, I want to predict to you exactly what month this year that I believe that we're going to go positive year-over-year home prices compared to last year. So we went negative back in February, but I believe we're going to go positive this year pretty soon. And it's just going to go up from there. So I'll show you the chart that I'm looking at and walk you through exactly what I'm thinking here, just so you can have a really good idea. But yeah, if you own property, you're going to be in amazing shape. If you are sitting on the sidelines waiting to buy a house, I don't think it's going to end too well for you. You're sitting around waiting on mortgage rates to come down, which they will. And then you're going to get slammed with home prices and a lot of competition. So let's dive into all that right this second. Before I do, I don't know if you guys realize, I wrote a book back in 2017. It's called List to Last, How to Survive Every Real Estate Market Crash. And I literally went through everything I learned through the 2008 crash, losing everything, coming back and becoming the number one remax agent in the state of Alabama. Comment below right now for a chance to win a signed copy of the book. And I love giving that book away. I love hearing you guys' reviews on the book, so on and so forth. Let's look at the inflation number here. So the headline inflation number came to 4.9 in April. It was 5% last month. And so that was a, let's just say it's coming down, but really slowly. There were some sectors in the inflation numbers that weren't so great. And there were some sectors that were okay. Nothing was really like amazing. We're headed in the right direction, but we're still going to have some rocky reports. We were hoping that this wouldn't be a little better, but it did come in pretty much at expectations. And so, you know, this is going to do, you know, I mean, what it's going to do is, is it's going to, we're going to see around the rates that we see now, I think, for a little while longer, maybe another month or two, something like that. We're going to have to see some better inflation numbers before we start to see mortgage rates come down. Okay. But this was the National Association of Realtors' Instant Reaction. Inflation falls below 5%. Mortgage rates move lower this week. Of course, they're up right now. They're at 6.55, which is up for the day. They've been kind of moving down, but 6.55 last time I looked. But here's how they reacted. While fast-rising rent prices remain the largest contributor to elevated inflation, it appears that the CPI rent growth has peaked and started to cool. So they're saying that rents going up so fast has really, you know, got in there and messed with the numbers a little bit. Simply put, rent prices continue to be higher than a year ago, but are increasing more slowly than they did. So they're starting to slow down with this decelerating rent price trend to persist in upcoming months. Following the trend of asking, rent prices reported by the private sector, inflation will slow down even further, pulling mortgage rates down. This could bring some signs of relief to many buyers. With a 6% mortgage rate, more Americans can afford purchase to purchase medium home priced houses, putting down less than 20%. See, this is the thing. I don't necessarily think that lower rates are going to be great for first time home buyers. Because what it's going to do is it's going to create this rush unlike anything that we've ever seen. That's what I want you to understand. It's going to be great. It's going to be great for homeowners who own properties. If you own a house, it's going to be awesome.  If you're a real estate agent, you're going to see a lot of activity. If you're representing the buyers, it's going to be really tough because you're going to be competing against a lot of offers. But if you're a listing agent, you're going to be in pretty good shape. There's going to be buyers who win some of the bidding wars. So you're going to be in good shape as well. I think if you own real estate, if you're in real estate, you're going to do quite well. If you're a buyer waiting on the sidelines to buy a house and you're waiting for rates to go down, you're going to again get slammed with the situation of higher prices and a lot of competition. Now, it's also lower rates are also in our said that when we get to 6%, that's going to open up the gates to 3 million more buyers who are sitting on the sideline. I think that number is a little low, honestly. Just gut feeling. No data to support that. But as we move forward here and we start to see these lower rates over the next couple of months, and we do open up Pandora's box there, and we see the crack and be released, I don't think first time home buyers are going to be happy that they waited.  The realtor.com here says, good news for home buyers. Mortgage rates are posed to fall. Mortgage rates may be coming down. What they're insinuating is that the feds aren't going to raise rates nor are they going to cut rates in their next meeting, which inflation doesn't directly influence mortgage rates, but they're both mortgage rates and the Fed rate are kind of directly influenced by inflation. So that's what they're trying to combat. So listen, home prices, right? This is what we're talking about here. And I'm going to tell you exactly what month I believe the home prices are going to see that positive year over year number later this year. So keep watching. But home prices are back on the rise as spring market proves more competitive than expected. Home prices in March rose for the third consecutive month on a seasonal adjusted basis. New listings are 30% lower than pre-pandemic. 30% lower. Nearly half of the homes in the market are selling within two weeks. Okay? Half the houses on the market are selling within two weeks. Now, here is Redfin and here's prices. Now, look at this. Okay? Pay close attention to this. You've got 2020 at the bottom. You've got 2022 here. Okay? This is medium sales prices of homes. Here's 2022, the Red. So 2022 comes here. It does this normal thing that it does every year, kind of dips down. And then we have that spike, the same spike that we saw every year. And then it peaked out around June. Okay? And that's when mortgage rates started to really affect the market. And we see the number, we'll see prices start to come down quite a bit and basically end up the year pretty close to even. Then we start out the year pretty close to even. We finally dip negative year over year right here about February. And but look here. Look at from when we hit bottom how far we are up from the bottom. Look at that. Here's where we started. Okay? A little under 350 and now we're at 370 medium home prices. This is national numbers. You should all look in your local market to see real numbers. But what I believe is going to happen here is that this, this line continues here. It's not, I don't see it dipping with the fact that mortgage rates are going to start having some downward pressure and there's no inventory. I don't see prices going down. If nothing else, they stay the same. Maybe they go, maybe they go up between here and here. But all they have to do is come right here and cross this red line. That's all they have to do is come right here and cross this red line and then we're positive year over year. Well, I think that's going to happen somewhere in this range right here as it, as 2023 hits this brick wall right here. You see, this is a brick wall right here. And as, as we go through and just pound right through that brick wall, that's going to be about July. So I think we're going to see positive year over year home prices in the US in July, if not sooner. Okay. If we don't see a spike, if we don't see a spike in prices. So that's what I'm looking at. I mean, the numbers are right here. And that's very interesting to think about how we may go positive year over year through all this, through all this. And you know, there's so many YouTubers out there that aren't even talking about this. They're not even talking about prices are up so much from the bottom, which was February, just about every market were up. All they talk about is negative year over year numbers and how bad things are. And I agree. For first time home buyers, it doesn't look very good. If you don't own a home and you're not gaining the equity that's, that's happening in the market right now, that's not a good thing. You're waiting on the sidelines for better interest rates. I don't think that's the best play. I'm going to tell you what I'm doing. I'm going to tell you what I'm doing to take advantage of this in just a second. And I think you should be doing the same thing. But here we are. And Redfin came out. Housing market update. It's hot and it's cold. Limited listings leaked a few but fast home sales. What they're saying is, is that interest rates and, you know, people hanging on to their houses, builders being down is messing with inventory. And because inventory is down, there's fewer sales, but the houses that do sell sell very fast. Half the sales right now are selling within two weeks. There's a smaller pool of buyers because of interest rates. A lot of buyers are on the sidelines, but the, the fewer pool of buyers are incredibly serious about buying, right? They're buying quick and there's still multiple offers happening out there. So the perfect storm, right? I've went through this with you on a, on an earlier video. I'll touch on it here. 98% of millennials, according to Zonda, want to be home owners, okay? The average age of a first-time home buyer is 33 to 36. 33 in 2021, 36 last year, right? Back in 1990, we see right here a massive, massive spike in births that continues for 16 years. We have more 33-year-olds right now than we've ever seen in our entire existence. 27% of sales last month were first-time home buyers. That number is going to increase as mortgage rates decline and look at where we are inventory-wise. The blue line is 2021, okay? 2021, the year of the boom, 6 million transactions, everything going for more than 100,000 over asking price. We are lower right now than we were in 2021 inventory-wise. And look how far we are from 2020, but, but we're lower and you see what we're fixing to do. We're fixing to intersect 2022 right here at where we are just a few weeks away from intersecting 2022 and being at basically an all-time low, an all-time low when it comes to inventory. Think about that for a second. And of course, this is already happening. Here's a real estate agent in Atlanta listed two homes. He showed them 88 times and got 12 offers. He didn't even have his sign in the ground. Okay? He didn't even have his sign in the ground. It's just, it's just crazy, right? Comment below if you're getting multiple offers in your market. And this is appreciation from 1942 till the present year. And you can see the green indicates positive years and the red indicates the negative years. You can see we had a five double-digit run-up in the 40s. People thought it was going to crash. It didn't. It kept going up. We had basically six great years of appreciation in the mid-70s that led to the high inflation and everything else. People thought it was going to crash. It didn't. It kept going up quite a bit. It kept going up. And in the early 2000s, we had the run-up that led to the 2008 disaster and the subprime mortgage meltdown. That was when things went down for the first, for the only time in the last, you know, 100 years. And here in the past, this last run-up has been just a two-year double-digit run-up. And of course, we had a positive year last year. We're going to have a positive year this year. And so what should you be doing right now to take advantage of this? What should you be doing right now? You should be doing the same thing I'm doing. I'm buying every house I find. I've got four, really three. I closed on one yesterday. I've got, I just bought one yesterday. I've got three more pending right now to buy as rental properties. Single-family homes. Two are new construction homes by D.R. Horton. They're on the lake and a fairly nice subdivision. Really good location. Got those for in the low 300s. And then I bought two other ones that were built around 2000s, smaller, older homes in the 250s range. So I got one for 234 and the other for 265. So listen, anything around 300 in my area that I know very well that already own 30 different doors in. I'm already managing properties. I'm buying every house I can find that, that I feel like is, because in five years from now, even if rent increase is just 3% a year, which is very conservative, I can only imagine what the returns on today's home prices are in even just five years at 3% increase of rents per year. It's going to be insane. The returns are going to be amazing. I'm also still looking at multifamily all over the country. So as you guys know, I'm still on my mission here to buy and hold real estate and also to buy 100 million in 2023. You can deal me here at Ricky Caruth on Instagram. If you have any multifamily deals or if you want to invest with me on multifamily deals, but that market, the multifamily market is, man, it's a completely different animal. Residential, great. We have a really good handle of what's going on in the residential market. Commercial, not so much. There's a lot of loans out there that are coming to come and mature, you know, the next, this year, next year, even the year after. That's going to be interesting to see how those deals play out. Now, I don't think it's going to crash and burn like a lot of people think because rents are incredibly high, but we are seeing some really, really massive deals happening on the commercial side, on the multifamily side, and I think we're going to continue to see some deals on the multifamily side. So we've made a couple offers, but we haven't actually purchased a big multifamily yet. We looked at one that was 30 units today we like that we're going to write an LOI on and just see if we can get that. We are writing offers. We are underwriting deals, you know, and we're just kind of being patient with it because we know that deals are going to start happening and we're going to be right there to catch them when they do start dropping. So you need to be buying real estate and you need to tell your clients, hey, listen, you want to go buy single family? You want to buy residential? Now is the time to go do so because when this thing flips and mortgage rates start to ease down, it doesn't take a rocket science to see what's going to happen when there's more pent up demand that we've ever seen in history and the lowest amount of inventory that we've ever seen in history. So with that, I hope you guys enjoyed this video. Let me know if you have any questions at all in the comments and I'll see you on the next video.


Hi guys, this is Rich from RichTVLive and I'm reading this article from Seeking Alpha and I find it very interesting and I wanted to get into it It says weekly cannabis report pot prices will start falling in Canada so they are predicting that the prices of Cannabis will start falling in Canada, which is a good thing because right now I don't see how these LPs can compete with the private sector. It's something I've been talking about for a long time Let's get into it. The cannabis sector drifted lower last week with major ETFs down one to two percent Canopy and acreage completed their transaction including the payout of US 30 million in cash to acreage shareholders Which means that deal is gonna happen people Nationwide sales jumped in Canada in April, which is positive But question remains on whether prices will start falling as supply surges This is a supply and demand issue The reality is as more and more companies keep getting license and keep coming on board There's going to be more competition, which is gonna force the prices down so people can compete and that'll be good for customers This is the weekly cannabis report on Seeking Alpha So the trading summary cannabis stocks declined slightly last week the horizons marijuana life sciences index ETF HMLSF in America HMMJ in Canada declined 1.7% and the ETF MG alternative harvest ETF Otherwise known as MJ is a symbol lost 0.9% just under 1% Meanwhile, the horizons US marijuana index ETF declined 1.3% after suffering heavy losses since its launch in April Canadian large cap Canopy CGC was flat after completing its transaction to acquire acreage ACRGF in America upon the US legalization so the deal will only be complete once US legalizes and Considering they're completing this deal. They must know that US legalization is happening. Otherwise Why would they be paying a 300 million dollars to shareholders? Aurora ACB gained 7% as it signed a definitive agreement to acquire hempco HMPPF in America HEMP in Canada till Ray TL our Y gave back some of its 29% gains in the prior week We discussed aphria APHA last week and why we think its valuation is attractive I also believe that aphria has huge upside from here Canadian mid cap hexo HEXO declined 6% after the research analyst at Oppenheimer downgraded the stock Organogram OGI and cantrust CTST both declined slightly without news and I like them both Today organogram did climb in America even though we're in a Canadian holiday today We saw a lot of American cannabis stocks do relatively well today Canadian small cap Vivo and VVCIF Has finally done a dead cap bounce after just going down what it seems like forever Bounce back 20% after losing 19% in the prior week MediFarm, MEDIF and labs in Canada rose 7% after securing 9,000 kgs of cannabis for white label production I do own shares in labs and I love them several small cap stocks jump double digits including Alifia ALEAF MD, IVITF and Zenibus one of my favorites ZBISF which also jumped today 13% and Oxley finally Oxley coming back from the dead CBWTF we are starting to see some of these stocks that have been getting crushed Finally come back. So you can see here a list of stocks. You can see they're one week one month three month and 2019 numbers Village Farms is up the most 239% followed by MediFarm at 198% and Balans GrowWorks at 175% the stocks down the most so far in 2019 are Zenibus still down 69% Invictus MD still down 42% and Tilray still down 34% Now if we scroll down US large caps US MSOs were mixed last week Cura leaf CURLF dropped 6% as it acquired two more dispensaries in Arizona love Cura leaf That is just a buying opportunity Cresco Labs CRLBF dropped 8% after a 22% rebound in the prior week Medman MMNFF continued its recent momentum and rose another 10% coming back from the dead Which we said it would acreage drop 14% after the X dividend date passed for its shareholders to receive $2.63 per share in cash from Canopy which is a 300 million dollar deal in cash and a bunch of stock Charlotte's web WBHF was flat after the big jump last week They were green today in America US small cap in international Liberty Health LHS IF rose 10% likely on the back of the recent opening of its 16th location in Florida Cushco KSHB rose 15% after announcing a new distribution center in Michigan I love Cushco at these look these prices green growth GGBXF dropped 5% despite announcing an expanded deal to sell its CBD products at a hundred and sixty one ANF stores now if we take a look at some of the biggest movers in 2019 Even though they've been getting crushed recently BAM is still up a hundred and forty three percent in 2019 IIPR up an incredible 172% and priced at a hundred twenty three dollars just insane growth for IIPR and What else here we've got planet 13 is up 74% in 2019 Industry news Canopy growth announced that they have received an outdoor growing license and completed the initial planting at a hundred and sixty acres site Canopy growth acquired key leaf a Canadian extraction focused company with a footprint in Canada and the US Aurora cannabis signed a definitive agreement for its previously announced acquisition of hemp go acreage and canopies successfully implemented their announced transaction and acreage shareholders received two dollars sixty three cents per share in cash Supreme cannabis SPRWF launched a new UK based subsidiary the focus on European CBD and wellness opportunities Love supreme cannabis cure leaf acquired its seventh and eighth stores in Arizona for 25.5 million love cure leaf harvest health HRV SF shareholders approved its announced acquisition of Verano, which is being delayed due to regulatory review love harvest health They put out news saying that they are going to generate around nine hundred million in sales in 2020 Which is just mind-boggling it would pretty much put them in number one in the world Keep your eye on harvest health till rate completed in import of its cannabis oral products into the UK Market using products manufactured in Canada many farms secured another 9,000 kgs of dried cannabis which will further expand its white label production capabilities Green Growth Brands expanded its partnership with A&F to a hundred and sixty one stores from the initial trial in ten locations Cushco plans to open up a new distribution center in Michigan to support its growing customer base in Illinois and Michigan Maine's governor Janet Mills signed a bill that will legalize the recreational cannabis market Which is estimated to be 100 million by 2020 now looking ahead Statistics of Canada announced April cannabis sales data and it showed notable growth from prior months as the supply Situation improves across the country and more retail stores are opened We think the Canadian legal market will continue to see growth However, despite the growth in overall sales We think the risk of falling prices will become more apparent as supplies continue to come online as we discussed before Canada's demand for recreational cannabis is likely around six hundred thousand kgs per year While the top 20 licensed producers are on track to produce over 2.5 million kgs per year Something's got to give folks Canadian cannabis legal retail sales. You can see in October 2018 was 41.5 in November 18 was 53.7 in December was 57.3 in January was 54.9 in February was 51.7 in March was 60.5 and in April was 74.7 million We think the Canadian market will face a wave of Canadian Cannabis over supply which will force the price to drop similar to what happened in several US states Like Colorado that legalized recreational cannabis for example government data showed that recreational cannabis prices have dropped significantly across Colorado Oregon and Washington after their legalization you can see here the drop in prices. I mean that's significant For investors the key would be to focus on owning diversified producers that will be able to benefit from higher-margin product forms such as vape pens Edibles and beverages. Let's really focus on that people LPs that lack the processing capabilities will face falling prices for their dried cannabis production before Commodization further pressures their margin Successful enterprises will navigate through the changing landscape by moving into more profitable segments of the market while leaving Unsophisticated growers behind we will continue to monitor Realized prices reported by LPs and identify when pricing deflation begins We think large caps with established extraction capabilities will be able to capture more of the high-margin product segments Let's keep our eyes on the prize you can see here some of the related stocks and This is the news from the cannabis sector, so we've had three months in a row of Losses in the cannabis sector. This is a very cyclical industry. We've seen this sector go up and down We've seen it go typically down for three months and then up for three months We had three good months January for every March now. We've had three bad months April May, June is This resurrection year. Are we gonna see three months now of gains in July August September? I believe we will stay tuned This is your boy rich from rich to be live if you're not winning you're most likely not watching We bring the winners we bring in the news and we bring it to you first This is from seeking alpha great article breaking down. What is going on in the sector? Thank you very much for watching hit that like button go to www.richdvlive.com to get all the updated news Everything you need to know about the cannabis sector 24 hours a day seven days a week You're able to look into stocks do your due diligence do your research get everything you need to know About the entire sector at www.richdvlive.com. Thank you for watching. We'll talk to you soon