You're looking at Matthew 5, 13 through 16 today, salt and light. So let's begin reading at verse 13. I'll read to verse 16, we'll get into our study. This is what has been referred to as the similitudes, because Jesus is saying that we are similar to certain things. And so in verse 13 he says, you are the salt of the earth, but if the salt loses its flavor, how shall it be seasoned? It is then good for nothing but to be thrown out and trampled underfoot by men. You are the light of the world, the city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden, nor do they light a lamp and put it under a basket, but on a lamp stand and it gives light to all who are in the house. Let your light so shine before men that they may see your good works and glorify your Father in heaven. Let me begin this message with a story that was recounted by a former president, Woodrow Wilson. Wilson was in a barber shop, sitting in a chair when he became aware that a powerful personality had entered the room. What had impressed him was that the man was not loud and he did not demand attention. What made him powerful was the interest he was showing to the man who was serving him. Before Wilson knew it, he had attended an evangelistic service. The powerful man turned out to be D. L. Moody, the most famous evangelist in America. Wilson purposely lingered after Mr. Moody had left. The atmosphere became quiet, people speaking in hushed tones. Interestingly, they did not know the man's name, but they did know something had elevated their thoughts. Concerning that day, Wilson later said, I felt that I left that place as I should have left a place of worship. So the point of the story is very simple. As Christians, our character affects other people, whether consciously or unconsciously, we affect people for better or for worse. And that's what we're going to be looking at here in what are called the similitudes, found in Matthew 5, 13 through 16. These verses are going to give to us insight into who we are in the Lord Jesus Christ. Now as we begin, verses 1 through 12 describe the attributes of the one who follows Christ. Those verses basically reveal what would be called the character, the character of one of the disciples of the Lord Jesus Christ. Now we use the word character for a variety of ways. We speak about somebody being a real character, but the word character is a word that speaks of moral strength. It speaks of integrity, which makes up what is called the essential qualities of a person. So character is moral, it is integrity, it is what makes you what you really are. And that's essentially what Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was saying when he said that he looked forward to the day when all Americans would be judged solely by the content of their character. So character is of supreme importance and Christians are to have a morally developed character. How is this shown? How is this character shown? Well Jesus outlined that for us in the first several verses when he was giving what are called the Beatitudes. He said, he made it clear that believers in Jesus are poor in spirit and the fruit of this is that they're merciful. Believers have mourned over their sin against God, this produces purity of heart. Believers are meek, this leads them to become peacemakers and believers hunger and thirst after righteousness and thus become faithful to the very end. So this kind of person is going to have an impact on the world that they live in. So the result will be that Christians become people of influence.  The kind of character you have is what really elevates your influence or is what causes your influence to actually recede. Now there was a man by the name of Andrew Murray and Andrew Murray lived what would be called an exceptionally holy life. Among those whom he had the greatest influence was his own children. Five of his six sons became ministers of the gospel, four of his daughters became wives of ministers. This in turn influenced his grandchildren because ten grandsons became pastors, thirteen grandchildren became missionaries. The incredible character of this man was a tremendous influence. It was what he was, not what he told them that made the difference in their lives. And that's the strength of your influence.   We know that great numbers of people today live in what would be called an arrested character development. They reject the discipline of the Word of God and thus they become their own moral authority. And Proverbs 30, 11 and 12 seems to speak of them where it says, Some people curse their father, do not thank their mother. They feel pure but they are filthy and unwashed. God when he was speaking to ancient Israel said, My people have committed two sins. They have forsaken me the spring of living water and have dug their own sisters, broken sisters that cannot hold water. He was saying your idolatry Israel, your religious philosophy will never quench your true spiritual thirst. You see the rejecting of God is what we see today. And what that has led to is what would be called an upside down morality. We're seeing it right now, this upside down morality. Isaiah 5.20 said it like this, Woe to those who call evil good and good evil, Who put darkness for light and light for darkness, Who put bitter for sweet and sweet for bitter. And that's what we have today. You see we as believers when we stand up and say, But this is what the Lord says, this is what God's word says. We are called every name that you can imagine. Why? Because we are speaking out against the darkness. And the darkness doesn't always accept it. Christians have a deeper understanding of life because we understand how brief life is. My wife was just telling me yesterday she said how quickly time seems to be passing by. And indeed it does seem to go quickly sometimes. James told us in chapter 4 verse 14 that our life, speaking of our life he says your life is a vapor that appears for a little time and then vanishes away. So as Christians we take God's word seriously. We even build our lives around the words of Jesus. And Jesus said in John 6.27, Do not work for food that spoils but for food that endures to eternal life which the Son of Man will give you. On him God the Father has placed his seal of approval. Don't labor for the food that perishes but rather for the food that endures into eternal life. That's what Jesus taught us. And so as followers of the Lord we're not to be molded by a system that crucified Jesus Christ. Our hearts have to be set on something higher than the passing fads of this world. That's why in 1 John 2 15 through 17 John said do not love the world or the things of the world. If anyone loves a world the love of the Father is not in him. For all that is in the world. The lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, the pride of life is not of the Father but is of the world. And the world is passing away in the lust of it. But he who does the will of God he said abides forever. The church. The church is to influence. The church is to influence the unsaved world to Jesus Christ. And the church will not be effective if we try to convince our unsaved friends that we really are just like them. You're not going to have an effective ministry at all. If you're trying to make your friends think that you're no different than they are. You are different. You are different because of the Lord Jesus Christ. And that's nothing to be ashamed of. That's something to rejoice in. The Bible tells us in Romans 12, 1 and 2, I urge you brothers in view of God's mercy to offer your bodies as living sacrifices, holy and pleasing to God. This is your spiritual act of worship. Do not conform any longer to the pattern of this world but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you'll be able to test and approve what God's will is, his good pleasing and perfect will. Be not conformed but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind. So Jesus is teaching us that people of character will be an influence on this world. Salt is needed where there's corruption. Light is needed where there's darkness. Now when Jesus was surveying the world, he saw it in a state of moral decay and spiritual darkness. You know there is someone who once said every day and in every way things are getting better and better. That was in Jesus who said that. Jesus saw it as a world in moral decay and spiritual darkness. That's what he saw. And what he wants, and this is important, this is part of the application of this verse for us today, what he wants and wanted for his disciples and wants for us now is for us to see what he sees. And very often when you read your Bible you'll see that God will point something out to you so that you might have your attention drawn to it. He wants your attention drawn to it because we have a tendency of being distracted by so many things. So many things around us, technology is given to us a tremendous amount of things to distract us. And there's some good things related to technology of course. But there are other things that I'm amazed by because with technology comes different kinds of frustrations. I mean yesterday I was trying to go online and it was taking too much time. I mean it took four or five seconds and I'm getting like, man what's up? Hurry up, let's go. And I have to be reminded about you know the signal when you're using your phone, it'll go to a satellite, it has to come down and it takes time. But for me it's like three, four or five seconds, I don't have all day, let's get this moving. Microwaving the whole nine yards, I mean there are good things about it and then other things it causes you to be spoiled. And even with our new way of having a phone that we really don't speak on, we just send messages and all because we really don't want to talk to people that long, we just want to get our point across, you know, that kind of thing. You know and you can have your face time and you can be looking at your phone, you know. It's just an interesting thing to me how we have gotten addicted to these things that were supposed to be conveniences and now are almost owning us, you know, they own us in a variety of ways now, in ways that I would have never even thought about. These things are supposed to bring convenience to us but they've depersonalized us. They've depersonalized us.  And I say to her, why don't we spend time with each other? Is that some emergency that you have to respond to right now? Because have you seen how easy it is for us to immediately be distracted?  You know, I use my phone all the time, I'm not knocking it, I'm trying to make a point, but isn't it interesting how we have depersonalized thinking we've become more personal? We've depersonalized thinking we've become more personal when in reality we're not spending time with people at all. What we're doing is just sending them messages from our mind to theirs, not really caring about what their mind has to say to us.  And that's what we've done. Salt has to have influence and God wants us to actually permeate. We'll see that in just a moment. We need to be transformed and not conformed and the world that we see today, we need to be reminded that it's in a state of decay and the Lord Jesus Christ wants to illustrate for us so that we might see these things because he wants us to see what he sees.  It's not possible to do that, of course it isn't, but the fact is God wants him to know that he's going to bless them and he's going to have offspring that are numerous like stars and like sand. So he uses the visible in order to communicate to somebody spiritual truth. When my son David was around eight years old or so, right in that age group, he and I went to drop his mama, drop Maria off, my wife, at a woman's retreat and the woman's retreat was up in the mountains and so we dropped Maria off and he and I were walking to the car and as we were walking to the car it was for some reason just David and me as we were walking to the car we stopped for a moment and looked at the sky. It was one of those beautiful California nights where up in the mountains where the stars were just brightly shining, there were just so many, it was just beautiful and I remember speaking to my son and saying to him, David you see those stars and he goes, yes, I said how'd they get there?   It was just a conversation that you have with an eight-year-old, it was one of those moments to teach the child something spiritual. You don't know if they connect or not, but a few years ago my son gave to me as a birthday present a poster that had been framed and it was a little boy in a baseball jacket and it was just his silhouette and you could see his little baseball hat with his father, his father was holding his hand and the father had a baseball jacket and a baseball hat and that's how I used to wear a ball cap and baseball jacket all the time when David was a little boy and it said train up a child in the way he should go and when he is old he will not depart from it and David was telling me I remember that lesson you gave me so long ago when I was a little boy about the creator of this universe and that's how you do it and Jesus would teach us to see by sometimes pointing out. In John chapter 4 verse 35 he said do you not say there are still four months and then comes harvest? Behold I say to you lift up your eyes look at the fields they are already white for harvest so he points you up he points this to you so that we can see and so to be influenced for redemption his disciples need to know what they are and this is of tremendous importance for them to know just who are they and what are they to know who you are allows you to become what you are there was a philosopher his name was Schopenhauer and Schopenhauer was walking in the botanical gardens in Dresden Germany when he was asked who are you he replied if you could tell me who I am I would be greatly indebted to you who am I that was his question who am I you know the sad thing about him is he never discovered who he is he was an atheist he died of heart failure well sitting at home on his couch with his cat Schopenhauer he still studied today in philosophy classes he had a terrible end he died alone he never discovered who he is well the Lord wants us to know who we are and so here in verses 13 and 14 of Matthew 5 he says you are the salt of the earth you are the light of the world so when he says you the word you is in what is called the emphatic he is saying you are the only salt you are the only light the world he is saying will not be saved from corruption the world will not be illuminated in its darkness without you without the church salvation from corruption or darkness will come no other way and through no other source God for some reason has chosen to use us to bring a message to this world he could align the stars if he wanted to in every language known to man with a simple message Jesus saves but he chooses not to do that he chooses to reveal himself through the church and so Jesus is speaking to us concerning this and he gives us a description of what and who we are he says you are the salt of the world now salt during that day was very valuable it was greatly prized the word solarium is a latin word where you get the word salary from your pay it's also where we get the word salt and salt being valuable was actually encapsulated in a saying you are worth your salt so salt was of great value and so he is saying to us, to his followers you have a very important function in this world you have a high value now when you look at salt it has characteristics that makes it a good likeness for the church when you look at salt one it is white so white obviously represents purity so in order to have influence Christians must guard and cultivate their moral purity again your character determines the quality of your influence and the sad fact is impure lives have no influence for good in Ephesians chapter 5 verses 3 and 4 it says there let there be no sexual immorality impurity or greed among you such sins have no place among God's people obscene stories foolish talk and coarse jokes these are not for you instead let there be thankfulness to God I am not to live an impure life and think I am going to have a tremendous impact and some of you have friends as I have had in the past who you might be sharing with and you want to tell them about the Lord and they are busy trying to get you to do something that you used to do before you got saved I had a friend his name was Art Art and I were together and at a party I had just gotten saved and I was there with my friend I was trying to tell him about the Lord and what God had done in my life I hadn't been a Christian more than a week or so I was brand new in my faith in Christ and so I went to hang with some friends and there they were drinking as normal and as we were talking he said do you want a beer and I said no and he says why not he said what can't a Christian drink a beer and while I am a week old what am I a theologian I am not Billy Graham you know what do I know so I say to him I said you know if you want I mean I don't why don't you drink a beer I said I don't want a beer just a glass you don't have to drink the whole court because he knew me I used to start my Friday nights with a quart of beer and a half gallon of wine that is how I started that was the beginning and that started when I was 17 years old I was a confirmed alcoholic when I was 18 I mean I did not drink a beer I drank a six pack and that was my starter that's how it was that's what I did I could drink my father under the table when I was 17 I did one time so I could drink a lot so he knew that he and I partied a lot together and I said no I don't want one why not can't Christians drink I said I guess they could I said I don't I don't want it oh come on David you are talking to me you know just to have a long story he pours me a glass I drink some beer with him and my witness is gone gone the minute I start drinking with him he wanted me to move back into what I was so he could point to me he didn't say this but I knew him I'd known him for many years and he's basically just saying yep haven't changed at all have you listen if you think that you can impact people by being just a little bit better than them or just like them you're wrong you're wrong it doesn't work that way somebody once said one of the most damnable heresies that has ever been foisted upon the thinking of any age is that a man may be pure in public influence if impure in private life what we are determines the character of our influence in the world whether we desire it or not with this in mind the character of the influence to be exerted by those who are in the kingdom is the influence of the character so one he says that we are white representing purity second salt provides flavor it's a substance that permeates Job chapter 6 verse 6 is interesting how it says there can flavorless food be eaten without salt or is there any taste in the white of an egg now let me bring it up and make it more cultural can you eat beans without salt no anybody here ever eat beans without salt they're horrible they're horrible they're horrible you have to put salt right a little garlic some onions little tortillas of meat anyway um no flavorless food needs salt the world is flavorless without us we exert influence Colossians tells us I'm sorry when Job says can flavorless food be eaten without salt he's speaking about the influence we exert influence in religious thought in literature in morals in education we exert influence in philosophy music drama law athletics government the media we exert influence in every element of life that's what you do and you will be surprised at the amount of influence you really have you would be surprised parents sometimes think that you do not have influence you have such incredible influence grandparents think oh I really don't influence us no you have incredible influence as a believer on the job you have such influence you just don't know you don't even know the people who are watching you you don't you're not even aware of it I was sharing with before I was a full-time minister I was working on a job site I loaded and unloaded semis and I had shared with my supervisor about the Lord he had spoken to me and he was open I told him about Jesus how Jesus changes lives and this and that I told him the gospel he was my supervisor gave me opportunity I shared with him about the Lord and he listened he shook his head and kind of like he walks away a few days later I was in the in a truck I was loading some pallets and I picked up one of these boxes I turned around and I was walking towards the pallet to place it on a pallet and there was a box in front of me that I hit and started stumbling over so when I hit it I pulled back the foot and I shoved it across to get it out of my way so I could put the carton I was carrying on this pallet right when I kicked the box out of my way here comes my supervisor and all he sees is me pushing this box and he yells at me and he says I thought Christians weren't supposed to lose their temper ha ha ha I said I didn't lose my temper man then I hit him I just wanted to but you don't even know you do not know when people are noticing you you don't it's the unconscious things that you do it's the things that you're not conscious about that you do just as habit or as a way of life that people are noticing and that's really where your life lines up with your words and that's how you're influencing so salt provides flavor salt provides the spread of corruption it was used as a preservative it affects that which is not yet corrupt it provides a foundation for goodness to be expressed like what it says in Colossians 4-6 let your speech always be with grace seasoned with salt that you may know how you ought to answer each one so salt is a symbol of purity it provides flavor it prevents the spread of corruption verse 13 Jesus said if the salt loses its flavor how can it how can the world be seasoned salt that is contaminated and no longer useful he says it simply walked upon so if you do not exert moral influence you ultimately are disregarded and disrespected Ephesians 4-1 Paul speaking there says as a prisoner for the Lord then I urge you live a life worthy of the calling you have received do not live in such a way that the world disrespects you he says again in verse 14 you are the light of the world a city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden nor do they light a lamp that is put under a and put it under a basket but on a lamp stand and it gives light to all who are in the house light is obvious it's revealed by the quality of your life it is seen from great distances where Jesus is speaking here the Sermon on the Mount more than likely is sitting on a sloped area just north of the Sea of Galilee just directly north of him and a little to the west there was a city that was on a hill and if you're there at night and somebody has a lamp that's in the house and the window is open no matter how far away that is you're going to see the light shining so Jesus could use that as an illustration I was reading about just light and darkness and how far can I see a light and in the darkness and one the site said under impossibly ideal conditions meaning that it's clear and completely dark a match can be seen 50 miles away a match in ideal conditions when my father was in the Navy they had times where they had what are called blackouts and he said on the ship they would be on the ship and it was total blackout so everything all the ships would be would be shut down and all the lights were off he said it was eerie how dark it would be out there it's yet if you were 50 miles away we'll say 10 miles away and you had a flashlight and you just started light you could see that light as clear as if it was right next to you so in the darkness light shines most brightly so people without Jesus are living in spiritual darkness they don't have any enlightenment and they have no illumination and that's why Jesus would speak at night as Christians we have the role of manifesting the light of Christ we are designed by God to be spiritual mentors and to bring moral guidance to the entire world we are to walk in His light and the quality of our lives will bring glory to God notice verse 16 let your light so shine before men that they may see your good works we are light and we give light we give the gospel of Jesus to those in darkness and we do so through the pronouncing of the word of God as we communicate it and the living out of the word of God in Titus 3.8 it says this is a faithful saying in these things I want you to affirm constantly that those who have believed in God should be careful to maintain good works these things are good and profitable to man my father and my mom came to faith in Christ and a large portion of why they did very simply put my mom told me we saw you change we saw your life change what you were was changed to what you were becoming and we saw it you know mom and dad if they spend any time with the kids at all they know their habits they know the things that make them what they are they can tell they are changing in them and all they can see that and my mom and my dad saw these incredible changes taking place in me and that was part of what the Lord did to bring them to faith in Christ what I became needed an explanation what I was needed to be explained how did you become what you are and so the changes were communicated through the message of the gospel well I was lost I was sinful you know that but God has changed my life and my mom and my dad saw that because what I am spoke so loudly they really weren't listening to what I was saying and it's still true you are salt you are light let your light so shine before men that they may see your good works and glorify your father who is in heaven a life that is known for holiness and purity for righteousness for love for God and others be open about it and don't be ashamed of the gospel of Jesus Christ testify when given opportunity share your faith with others and live for Christ in these last days which are very dark because if there's ever been a time when man needs the light of the gospel and the salt it's today and God wants to do that work through us there's no reason why he can't and he will there's no reason why he won't if we yield ourselves to him may we yield to him


In this presentation, we're going to enter journal entries related to overhead into our job cost system. The information will be on the left. We're going to enter that into our general journal. We'll then post the journal entries in the general journal to the general ledger. The general ledger then being used to create the trial balance. The trial balance is in order, assets, and then liabilities, equity, income, and then expense accounts were currently in balance to debits minus the credits equal in zero. Nothing currently in net income. What we're going to do now is record items related to the factory overhead. And that's going to be items that anything that is in the factory that we cannot apply to a specific job. So if we think about these types of things, we're saying, well, what can we apply to a job? We know that anyone that works directly on a particular job, we should be able to apply that out direct labor. Any material that is is large that we can apply


CHAPTER XVIII. It is not possible to make a pause in the history of the times with the Black Prince's death. It will be well for us briefly to consider the events which followed it. His death interrupted the reform begun by the Good Parliament by depriving it of his support and preparing the way for his brother's return to power. John of Gaunt interfered in the most unscrupulous manner in the elections for the next Parliament, and so obtained the return of men who reversed the acts of the Good Parliament. William of Wickham was again dismissed from office in the nobles who were once more triumphant. Alice Perres was allowed to return to the Old King who lived at Altam alone and neglected. When he died in 1377, at the age of 65, even Alice Perres deserted him after she had stolen the rings from his fingers. Richard II's accession was welcomed with joy by the Londoners and a magnificent ceremony graced his coronation. As he was only in his eleventh year, a council of twelve was appointed to govern during his minority. Meanwhile, the attack of the nobles upon the church went on, and Wickliffe, in his zealful reform, was working side by side with John of Gaunt. He was beginning to be regarded with suspicion and animosity by the Pope, and in 1377 was summoned to appear before Bishop Courtney of London to answer the charges of heresy made against him. John of Gaunt was present to defend him and spoke such insulting words to Courtney that the Londoners who loved their bishop rushed to his rescue. They showed their hatred of Lancaster by sacking his palace of the Savoy, but they only objected to Wickliffe insofar as he was Lancaster's friend. In his desires for reform they cordially sympathized, and when at the end of the same year he was again summoned to appear before the archbishop at Lambeth, the Londoners broke in and dissolved the sittings of the court. Wickliffe also found a friend in the Princess of Wales, the fair maid of Kent, who wrote to the bishop telling him to desist from the proceedings against him. In the University of Oxford he was allowed to teach and lecture as he liked, and his schemes for church reform were listened to with approval on all sides. From his living of Lutterworth he sent forth itinerant preachers, who went as the disciples of St. Francis had done before to labour among the poor and the neglected. One of his great desires was to reform preaching, and these men were taught to preach the word of God in simplicity and purity, where when and to whom they could. They were called the simple priests, and spoke to the people in simple homely language, writing Wickliffe's doctrines far and wide. For them Wickliffe wrote many small tracts which he published in large numbers and in which he appealed to the people in their own language and from their own point of view. He had set on foot a great spiritual revival, and if he had stopped short in his reforming tendencies and had not gone on to deny the doctrine of transubstantiation, he might have come down to as canonized as St. John to Wickliffe. The founder of a new order of preaching friars. But hopes of reform in the English church were destined to be crushed for a time. Wickliffe published in Oxford twelve theses on the subject of transubstantiation. The chancellor felt himself bound to interfere and forbid heretical teaching in the university. Wickliffe appealed to the king to have the questions settled. At this moment all England was disturbed by the outbreak of the peasant's revolt. We have seen in speaking of the Black Death many of the causes of discontent among the peasantry. The wages of the labourers were fixed by law. Rigorous attempts were made to bind the peasant to the soil and to restore the old conditions of serfdom. But since the days of serfdom there had been a great advance in the intelligence of the peasantry, who eagerly listened to the new views which the wandering preachers sent out by Wickliffe were spreading over the country. It was said that all men were equal and had equal rights. The popular rhyme, when Adam delved and Eve span, where was then the gentleman, ran from mouth to mouth. The iniquity of serfdom was becoming more and more clearly seen, and at the same time its oppressive character was making itself more and more harshly felt. The men who had served with courage and distinction in the French wars could not be expected to submit to their former serfage. A simultaneous rising of the peasantry in different parts of the country shows that the revolt had been long planned and carefully arranged. It was the result, not of any one special act of tyranny, but of a long course of oppression, and above all of the attempt to return to the old system of exacting personal labour as payment for rent instead of a money commutation. The insurgents of Essex under a leader who went by the name of Jack Straw joined with the insurgents of Kent under Watt the Tyler and marched on London striking terror by the way. The young king took refuge in the tower. The insurgents entered London and began their work of destruction. Their rage was especially directed against the lawyers. They destroyed the temple with all its books and records. The foreign merchants in the city were also treated with great cruelty. Then the insurgents swarmed round the tower and demanded that the king should come out and hear their grievances. Richard II was only a boy, but he knew no fear. Accompanied only by one or two attendants, he rode to Mile End and listened to the grievances of the peasantry. He granted all they asked and promised a general pardon to all concerned in the revolt. But whilst this conference was going on, the remainder of the rebels had broken into the tower, seized the archbishop Simon Sudbury and murdered him on Tower Hill. Their fury was directed against him not as an archbishop, but as a chancellor. Through this it was hardly to be hoped that there would be a peaceful end to the revolt. The next day, when quite by chance Richard met Wathetailer and his followers face to face, the peasant leaders spoke so insolently that the Lord Mayor Sir Richard Walworth struck him to the ground with his dagger, and when the insurgents cried, Kill, Kill, they have killed our captain, Richard rode boldly to the front saying, What need ye, my masters? I am your captain and your king. The peasantry was easily touched, they gathered round Richard kneeling and asking his pardon. The panic caused by the revolt was over, for a week the insurgents had kept the country in terror. Now Richard made a progress through the counties with forty thousand men at his back, and the rebels suffered stern and terrible justice for their revolt. The charters granted to the peasantry in the first moment of terror were revoked, and they seemed to have gained nothing by their rising. But they had shown the landowners their strength, and though no immediate change was made it became more and more clear that the old conditions of serfdom could not be enforced. It is quite certain that Wickliffe had nothing to do with the rising of the peasants. Still at the time it caused him and his teachings to be regarded with terror by the respectable classes of society. The communistic and socialistic views which had been spread among the people had in many cases been preached by men who declared themselves followers of Wickliffe. People were inclined to look upon the revolt as partly the outcome of his teaching, and so were no longer as ready as before to listen to his schemes for reform. Still Wickliffe was not proceeded against with severity. One of his opinions were laid before a council of bishops and doctors of theology held in London and were pronounced erroneous, but Wickliffe himself was left in peace. He stayed within the church, living quietly in his vicarage of Lutterworth and busying himself with his translation of the Bible till he died on the 31st December, 1384. This translation of the Bible was the natural outcome of Wickliffe's teaching. He had always insisted upon the necessity of the word of God being preached to everyone, and had said that the scriptures were the common property of all men. But as long as the Bible existed only in the Latin tongue it was a sealed book to the great majority of men. Wickliffe's earnest belief that all men should know and study it for themselves led him to conceive the idea of translating it. It was a great undertaking for one man to contemplate, and single-handed he could never have accomplished it. He himself began with the New Testament, whilst Nicholas of Hereford took the Old Testament in hand. This man was a doctor of theology and one of the chief leaders of Wickliffe's party in Oxford. He got as far in his translation as the Book of Baruch when he seems to have been suddenly interrupted, probably by proceedings conducted against him on account of his opinions. Wickliffe himself translated the entire New Testament and probably finished the translation of the Old Testament. The next step was to get copies of the translation made that it might be distributed amongst the people. This was done rapidly, and in 1382 copies of the separate books and portions were circulated widely. This English translation was made from the Vulgate, that is, the Latin translation, and not from the original Greek or Hebrew. Nicholas of Hereford stuck very closely to the Latin forms and was almost pedantically literal so that he was hardly successful in making his translation readable. Wickliffe's translation is very different. He wished above all to put into his work the spirit of the English language, to write in such a way that he might strike home to the hearts of readers. Of all his English writings, his translation of the Bible is the most remarkable for the force and beauty of the style. Wickliffe's writings mark an epoch in the development of the English language. Chaucer did much for it, but his poems could not influence the people in the same way that Wickliffe's Bible did. Nothing else could have had the same intimate relation with the spiritual life of the people as the Bible, a new book to most of them. No words could so firmly fix themselves in their memory as those in which their Savior had taught them the meaning and the duties of their life. The first translation of the Bible was soon found to be very faulty. It was revised with great care by Wickliffe himself, and more especially by his friend John Purvis. It was not complete in its new and greatly improved form till after Wickliffe's death. The Lollards, as the followers of Wickliffe were called, formed a strong party, and their fervor did not begin to die out till the end of Henry V's reign, but we cannot doubt that the movement would have had more permanent results had it not been interrupted by the Peasants' Revolt. With the remainder of Richard II's reign we have nothing to do. We have only thought it right to trace briefly the movement amongst the working classes which was the most important consequence of the Black Death. In Wickliffe's teaching and in the Peasants' Revolt we see the two most striking events of this epoch. In a certain way they were the results of the French wars whose course we had been following. These wars produced a general stir and ferment. They gave the people new ideas and new life. The men who had earned such distinction by their brave fighting at Caissie and Poitiers were not content to settle down on their return home to the old state of things. They wanted greater freedom, better wages, and improved manner of living. Their minds were open to receive new teaching. The result was the increasing discontent with their position which led to the Peasants' Revolt and the eagerness with which Wickliffe's teaching was received on all sides. But both Wickliffe's teaching and the views expressed by the leaders of the Peasants' Revolt were premature. They were founded upon principles which could not at that time meet with general acceptance and they were followed by a decided reaction. A period of darkness followed this great burst of intellectual life. In literature there were no worthy successors of Chaucer. The reforming views of Wickliffe were slowly stamped out. The Peasants failed in obtaining those results for which they had struggled. From the time of Chaucer till the days of the Reformation there is no great name in the history of English literature. It was not till then that intellectual life revived in England and England took those great steps in advance which Wickliffe had hoped she might take in his day. But we must not look upon the Reformation as in any way the result of Wickliffe's teaching. By that time his ideas had faded away from men's remembrance and the English Reformation received its impulse from Luther's teaching in Germany. Even in this way the influence of the French Wars was transient. The advantages which Edward III and the Black Prince gained by their victories were lost even in their own lifetime. In the same manner the intellectual movement produced by these wars was stamped out and was followed only by the long anarchy of the Wars of the Roses. End of section 21, Recording by Pamela Nagami in Encino, California, March 2019. End of the Life of Edward the Black Prince by Louise Creighton.


I got a pretty important phone call recently. The president of the United States called me up. I was pretty surprised. He said, we've received news of a grave threat.  Blow up SeaWorld. I think you might have said some other stuff, but honestly, I was already typing. OK, so what is a hash? Everybody knows this, I think. But some language is called a map or a dictionary, but it's basically just a way to associate keys and values. I can say, hey, the key of appetizer has the value of fruit salad. I can ask for appetizer, and it'll give me fruit salad back. So this is our basic goal. We want to make our own class that behaves the same way. Easy peasy, right? We can do this. So here's what I'm thinking. We've got some tuples, little pairs of key and value. And whenever someone asks for a key, they say, I want cat. Then I'll just go rummaging through these tuples until I find the one I want. And I'll say, oh, this is cat. The value is goto. And if someone wants to write, then I'll go rummaging through them until I find the right one, and I'll update the value. If I don't have it, I'll insert a new tuple, and we'll be good. So I know that Ruby supports lovely syntactic sugar, like the bracket bracket and bracket bracket equals method, so that everything looks just like a hash. And I can implement it like this, which I have. And it works very nice.  So I attach that to an email, send it off to the president. I was feeling very fine, and everything was great. Thank you all for attending my talk. OK, OK, actually, I'm kidding. That wasn't it. So I got a call back from the president, and he said, what kind of hash is this? A hash is supposed to have O of 1 lookup time, and this thing has O of n.  I think I have a bad. I'm like, what does that mean? Why does the president know more computer science than I do? So if these words are scary to you and you don't know what they mean, you're in good company. I was in the same boat, too. And I'm going to walk you through what big O notation is about and why it's important to the problem that we have here. So big O notation for beginners, it's basically just a way of talking about how an algorithm grows. It's talking about rates of growth. So as we throw more and more inputs at an algorithm, how does it scale up the amount of work that it has to do in order to solve that problem? And when you look at a graph of this, along the x-axis we have, how much inputs do we have to our algorithm? And on the y-axis we have, how much work does the algorithm have to do? And you can just ask one question if you want to know what big O category something is in. How is it shaped? We don't care about angle, and we don't care about location on the graph. We only care about shape. I'm going to give you some really simple examples to kind of help you understand what I'm talking about. So suppose that I'm running this conference, and I really want everyone to feel welcome at the conference. I could do this in several ways. So my first idea is what I'm going to do is I'm just going to walk around and shake everybody's hand. Hey, how are you doing? Welcome to the conference. Nice to have you here, right? If I do that, then that's going to scale linearly, meaning if there's 10 people, I've got 10 hands to shake. If there's 100 people, I've got 100 hands to shake. So the line is going to look something like this. Well, suppose that I decide, you know, that's really not good enough. I want to be more friendly than that. When I talk to somebody, I want to find out where they live. I want to know what their hobbies are.  And that's great. It's going to make people feel good, but it's going to take longer. So the slope is going to look like this, right? I've got more work to do per person. Okay, imagine another scenario. Suppose that I shake hands at the normal rate, but because I'm kind of nervous before I do that, I kind of have to get backstage and go, okay, I can shake hands. I can talk to people, it's going to be okay. All right, here we go. And I go out and start shaking hands. That graph would look something like this. So the slope is the same, but there's a bit of delay. For two people, I've already done one unit of work. Now these differences matter in absolute terms. They all affect how much time it's going to take me to complete shaking everyone's hand. But in big O terms, these are irrelevant. All of these things are O of N. They're linear. And the reason for that is if you think about it, no matter which one of those strategies I choose, one more person equals one more handshake. That's what causes the line to be straight and have that same slope. So if there's 10 people and I get one more person, I've got one additional handshake. If we have 100 people and I get one more person, one more handshake. It works the same way no matter how many people are already at the conference. Now in contrast, suppose that I say, I don't just want to greet people. I want everyone to know everybody else. So instead of shaking hands, I'm going to do introductions. I'm going to walk in around and I'm going to say, Carla, this is Robert. Robert, this is Carla. OK, Carla, this is Joe. Joe, this is Carla. I'm going to do this with everyone. Everyone's going to get to meet. Well, that's lovely, but that's O of N squared. Because if you think about it, if there's 10 people, I have somewhere in the neighborhood of 100 introductions to make. And if there's 100 people, I have somewhere in the neighborhood of 10,000 introductions to make. And this line doesn't go straight. It curves up because the further along we are, the harder this gets. So when we have 10 people and another person shows up, I've got 10 people to introduce them to. When we have 100 people and somebody shows up, I've got 100 people to introduce them to. So this is O of N squared. OK, one more scenario. Suppose that I say, a conference this size, I don't have time for this. What I'm going to do instead is I'm just going to go up on stage and say, hey, everybody, how are you doing? Welcome to the conference. This would be O of 1. This is constant time. It doesn't matter how many of you there are. And this is kind of nice. You notice N is the number of inputs we have, in this case, the number of people. In O of 1, N does not appear. Totally irrelevant. If there's 10 of you, hi, glad to have you here. I'm done. If there's a million of you, hi, might need a better microphone system, but I'm done. And also, if I take longer and give a longer introduction, that doesn't matter either. It's still constant time. This is the holy grail of scalability. If you can get an algorithm that performs like this, it's beautiful because you can throw as many inputs as you want at it, and you'll never get to a point where you are having trouble executing anymore. Now, at some level, orders of growth, scalability is about feasibility. Because if it takes a certain amount of work, it can get to a point where you can't actually execute and finish solving the problem anymore. So these are different orders of growth that we've talked about. There are many others. One of them, there's a famous problem in computer science that's called the traveling salesman problem. Traveling salesman problem is basically this. Suppose I want to start out at my home city, and I want to visit some number of other cities and visit each one once and come home. And I want to take the best path I possibly can. I don't want to go flying halfway across the country every time. I want to hop little paths from city to city. Well, how do we calculate the best path to do that? If we use the brute force method, what we would do is we would say, I'm going to calculate every possible path through all of these cities, and then I'm going to sort them, and then I'll take the best one. Well, doing it that way is O of n factorial, meaning if there's three cities, it's going to take me three times two times one steps. If there's four cities, four times three times two times one steps, et cetera. So that grows really fast, and it's kind of hard to wrap your mind around how fast that grows. I'm going to put somebody on the spot. So you there. If I'm able to do this for five cities in about a tenth of a second, how long do you think 22 cities would take? 22 cities. Five cities is a tenth of a second. 22 cities, how long do you think? Just whatever. An hour, okay. This is really, yeah, I would have guessed. Who knows what I would have guessed, right? This is hard to guess. It would take 35 billion years. It is crazy, okay? And this shows you that you need to know if you're in this category, right? Because you might work for a travel search site and somebody says, let's offer this trip planning feature. Yeah, that sounds great. We can offer that for four cities. We can offer that for five cities, but we can't offer it for 10 cities because they will have taken their trip and come home and will still be thinking about it. And if we try to offer it for 22 cities, our server farm will melt and civilization will collapse and the sun will burn out and we still won't know what the best route is. So this is not a solvable problem in practical terms. Yeah, sure, it can be done, but we don't have time.  So what's our problem with this hash?  Well, the problem is, the bigger that haystack gets, the longer it takes me to find the needle, right? If you've got a hash with a million items in it and you wanna look something up, it's gonna take me a while. Now, if I'm reading, on average, I'm gonna have to walk through about half of those before I find the one I want, but to make that distinction between I have to go halfway through or I have to go all the way through, kind of irrelevant because that's slow. That's, oh, it's this and not this. We don't care about that. That's not a big O concern. It's linear. The more there are, the longer it takes. So we don't want this. This isn't how hashes really work and this isn't how our hash should work. And by the way, I've built this class and I've done some measurement on it and our analysis of what's going on as we walk through these keys is borne out by this chart. So just to kinda help you understand, on the left side, I've got a hash with 150 keys in it. On the right side, I've got one with about 14 and a half thousand keys and all I'm doing is doing some writes, measuring how long that took, doing some reads, measuring how long that took, et cetera. You can see the reads take less time because on average we walk halfway through. That's the yellow line. Then on the right, I'm always inserting so I'm always going to the end. But basically, it grows linearly just as we suspected. So how can we do this in a different way? What can we use that's O of one? Well, something that we know that's O of one is a ray lookup by index. So if I'm gonna look up the 328th item in an array versus the fifth item, it takes the same amount of time to do that. Why does that work? Well, because of RAM. So RAM has this wonderful property that's unlike a spinning disk. If you're working with a spinning disk and you're trying to get some data, you're reading from this spot and you want data from a different spot, if it's close by, you can get to it quickly. But if it's on the other side of the platter, you have to spin it around and move the read head and it's gonna take a while. But RAM is random access memory. I can get any random value from anywhere in RAM just as fast as any other random value. And Ruby can figure out where it needs to look because if it knows that I'm looking for index five, well, it knows that the array starts here in RAM and it knows that every slot takes up the width of one pointer in memory and it knows how many slots down I'm going so it goes, you're going right here. This address in RAM is what you want. Ask for it from the computer and gets it back. So we need to make a new plan. We need to implement our hash as a real hash using a hash table, the data structure. And this is basically how it's gonna work. We're gonna have two parts. We're gonna have a digest function. Now these are sometimes called hash functions but I find that gets a little confusing. You got a hash function inside of a hash data structure making a hash table and it's kind of a little confusing. So Ruby actually does the nice thing of calling these digest to clarify just to kind of keep them separate. And a digest is a one-way function. You put something in, you can transform it to another value reliably. It always works the same way for the same input but you can't go backwards. You can't take the output and get back to the input. So it's a one-way function and that's a great name because just like digestion, digestion is one way. You can't take poop and turn it into pizza, right? You're done. At least not the same pizza. So we have a key of appetizer. We want a function that can give us a number because we need a number to be able to do a ray lookup by index and that's the other piece of our puzzle. We need a sparse array. So if I see that the key of appetizer needs to go in slot two, well obviously slot zero and one need to exist in order for me to be able to put something in slot two. So I'm gonna get the value of two for that key and then I'm gonna look into my sparse array directly and say this goes in slot two. So we're gonna implement it like this.  Thank you very much for listening to my presentation. No, no, no, I'm sorry, I'm still messing with you. There are problems with this approach. There's a problem with collisions, first off. So we can't guarantee that when we hash a particular key that we're gonna come up with a unique value. In fact, we probably won't. We'll have some collisions. So we've stored a value of fruit salad for appetizer and along comes someone and tries to store a value for mammal. Oh no, that goes in slot two. What do we do? Well, the solution to this problem is to go back to our old solution of a tuple map. In that slot, when we get to slot two, we'll say, well, we got several things here, rummage around through them, find the one we want. Obviously, if there's too many things in this location, in this bucket, we're going to be right back where we started, but put that problem aside, we'll come back to it. The second problem that we have is waste. So I said, if we have a sparse array, we wanna put something in slot two. We need slot zero and one to exist, but we don't have anything to put there. Those are just nils. That's wasteful, right? We're just wasting memory with all these nils. What's the solution to that problem? Yet, over it. Basically, we can do some things about it, but the hashes are a trade-off. This is the key thing to see. What we're doing when we build a hash is we're trading memory for speed. We're saying, I'm willing to waste some of this memory and have all these blank spaces lying around just so that I have the guarantee that slot two is there for me and I can get there quickly. Trading memory for speed. So is there a grand solution? Is there some way that we can minimize these issues? Minimize collisions because the more collisions we have, the more things we have in a bucket, the slower we're gonna be, but we also wanna minimize the amount of memory that we waste because who likes wasting memory, right? Well, here's our solution. We're gonna grow as needed. We're gonna start out with a few buckets and we'll start out with a few blanks in memory and we'll grow as we need to. What does it mean to grow as needed? You could define this in a lot of different ways. I'm using a really simple definition. I'm just gonna say if there's 10 keys in a bucket, too many. We're gonna grow. What does it mean to grow? Well, the basic idea is that we wanna get more buckets and we wanna spread things out. It doesn't help to have a bunch more buckets if everything is still piled up the way it used to be. So we wanna have some way of spreading them out so that when we're done, most buckets don't have much in them. So one key thing to see is that every key is going to need to have, it's a new bucket calculated for it. We've gotta go back through all of our keys when we do this and figure out where they go now. So here's our basic strategy for our hash. We're gonna start out with x number of buckets, whatever. We're gonna compute a raw digest value for whatever key we've got. I'm gonna come back to how we do that and then we're going to say what bucket number does it go in? We're gonna go take that number, modulate the number of buckets and that's the bucket it goes in. I think everyone knows what modulo means but I just wanna make sure we're all on the same page. It's basically just divide and take the remainder. So any number modulo three is gonna come out with one of three values. So we can have a guarantee that we're always gonna know which bucket it goes in. Now, when we grow, we're gonna be growing from some number of buckets to some other number of buckets and like I said, the whole point is for us to be able to spread things out. Imagine if we grew from size three to size six. A lot of things that divide evenly by three also divide evenly by six. So we would end up with a lot of things in the same buckets. That wouldn't be so great but you can see if we grow from three to seven, most things mod three versus mod seven are different values. So that would be a good way to grow. Well, how can we generalize that? How can we know if I'm at a particular size, what size should I move to? Well, I'm not gonna go into all the gory details but a basic strategy that works well is double the number of buckets then go to the next prime number. Using prime numbers means that we rarely end up with things that divide the same way and we generally spread things out differently. So if you're at size 199, we'll go to size 401, from 401 we'll go to 809, et cetera. All right, I just glossed over this before. Where do we get a raw digest value? Somebody's giving us a key. We wanna come up with a number that we can then modulo and so forth. Well, this is kind of hard. I spent some time thinking about this and my first thought was, well, I can take a string key and I can turn that to Unicode code points and those are numbers and then, well, that's what I'll use. That'll be the number I'll do modulo, the number of buckets, et cetera. But we don't just have to support string keys and Ruby, anything can be a key. A string can be a key, an array can be a key, some hat object can be a key, so I can't just depend on it being a string. Well, what else do we have? Everything's an object in Ruby, right? And everything has an object ID and that is a number. Well, what if we use that? Not gonna work. Because every object that's different, like these two strings, A and A, those are different objects and they have different object IDs, but we don't wanna care about that with hash. We don't wanna have to hang on to the same string to be able to use it to get the value out that we set. We wanna be able to use a string that looks like the one we set it with and that should be good enough. We want same value keys, quote unquote, to be interchangeable. But that's a really fuzzy concept. I mean, suppose you use a hat object as a key. How do I know if this hat is equal to that hat? What do I use? Size, color? I don't know. How would I know if they're equal? It's a subjective sort of idea. Ruby's solution to this is to ask the object. The object is responsible for telling you what its raw digest value is and that's with the dot hash method. Every object in Ruby has this method and it's always going to give you a number and the contract that it has to uphold is that if two objects are dot EQL question mark, if they're equal in that sense, then they must provide the same hash value. If you wanna use custom objects like your own hat class as keys, that's fine. You can say hats are equal if they're the same size as long as two hats of the same size produce the same dot hash value. So to review, here's what we've got so far. We're going to, for any key someone gives us, we're going to turn that into a number using the dot hash method. Now we've got a number, we can do modulo the number of buckets we have. We know what bucket to put it in. As the buckets fill up, we're going to say it's time to grow. We'll grow in order to spread things out. Spreading things out helps us stay fast so we don't have to go rummaging through too many things in a given bucket. But it also means we're using more memory. So that's our trade off. Well, we've done all of this work in the hopes that we get O of one performance and for a hash that means, I don't care how much stuff is in that hash, I want to be able to look something up in the same amount of time as I could when there was only 10 things in it. So, if we've done this right, I should be able to show you a graph that shows you a flat line for reads and writes. As the hash gets larger and larger, stays flat. Did we do it? Are you guys ready to see the graph? Can you please give me a hand for the graph? Woo! Yeah! Whoa! Okay, okay, okay, we're okay, we're okay. So let's just take it one thing at a time. First thing I want you to notice, see those nice flat lines. So you can see way over on the left side, as I'm doing reads with my very small hash with only 100,000 items, it takes a certain amount of time and way over here when I've got 9.7 million items, it's about the same. So that's perfect, right? That's really nice. The yellow line looks beautiful. The green line is our right and pretty much looks nice, right? We've got way over on the left side, taking a certain amount of time, taking about the same amount of time way over here on the right side and we've got a lot of keys in it. So that's pretty good. We just have some kind of spiky issues there in the middle. So what's that about? Well, those spikes happen when we redistribute. When we go back through and figure out which buckets do our keys go in now, we've had to grow and we've had to go back through every key and figure out where it goes. Okay, well, how are we doing, though? Is this, how does it stack up to the native Ruby hash? Does the Ruby hash have this problem? Well, in fact, yes, it does. As the Ruby hash grows, it has these spikes. There are times when it has to redistribute its keys into its new buckets. Now you can see the Ruby hash is about two-tenths of a second up there at five-ish million keys, so it's a pretty fast thing and I'm wondering how do we stack up to that?  Oh, yikes. Okay, so don't use my hash in production. This is pretty bad, but have we failed? Is this a sign of our hash being incorrect? Well, notice this, that both of these have linearly-increasing spikes. The slope on the Ruby hash is much lower, but they both are basically doing the same thing and we don't care about slope in big O terms, right? So they both have linearly-increasing spikes because whenever you have to reorganize and redistribute, you have to walk back through every single key. That's just the way it works. Okay, so did we get O of 1 performance or not? Well, let's think through this. When I read a key, I'm always gonna know right which bucket to go to and that bucket is never gonna have more than 10 items in it because I'm gonna resize if it does. So I know I won't have to do more than 10 steps at that point. So we can call that part the reads O of 1 and writes are the same way. As long as I don't happen to be the unlucky right that causes a redistribution, I'm gonna be able to go right to the place I want and update it and that'll be great. So what about those writes, those redistribution points? Well, the growth has to take in steps because we have to walk through every single key and figure out where it goes, but as that process gets slower, it also gets less frequent. Remember, we double the number of buckets and go to the next prime. So what's actually happening if you imagine that graph, the mountains get higher and higher and higher, but they also get further and further apart. So imagine you take each mountain and squish it down into its valley. If you do that, you find that you get a flat field. So another way of thinking of this is to say that every right incurs a certain amount of debt. When you do a right, you know sometime in the future you're gonna have to redistribute everything. Maybe not yet, but eventually. So every right incurs a certain amount of debt and some unlucky right pays them off. When we do this, we're doing what they call amortized analysis. We're saying spread out over the life of this thing, what happens? And each one has the same penalty. It's O of one, it stays the same across the board. So we succeeded. Woo, this calls for celebratory clip art. I was feeling pretty good about this. I attached it to an email. I sent it off to the president and I kicked back to relax and think over some other lovely ideas such as could we make this faster? Well, we could implement it in C, that's what Ruby does. We could maybe redigest concurrently using some kind of fancy algorithm or something. We could trade off more memory at a time, but why bother, right? The Ruby native hash is great. This is really a learning exercise. More interestingly, what can we learn from this process? Well, one thing we learn is that hashes are amazing. Hashes are an O of one multi-tool. You can use it in all kinds of situations. They just, you can keep using them and they're gonna scale beautifully. Another thing is that we have other things that work like hashes, distributed hash tables like the Reoc database and anything based on DynamoDB, Cassandra. Those have the same trade-offs. Essentially what they're doing is they're using a digest to figure out where to put your key in some structure of servers of the database. So think about what happens when you run out of space and you have to grow. Do you wanna grow by one server and spend all that penalty of rehashing every key or do you wanna double the number of servers? It makes more sense to double. This has a lot of implications for other things you might do. Well, I was mulling over all of these things and stroking my beard and smoking my bubble pipe. When I got another phone call, the president called me back. He said, dude, where's your hash? I said, what are you talking about? I sent you that email three hours ago. He said, I never got an email from you. I went and looked in my email and it was sitting in my outbox. I said, I'm sorry, Mr. President. I'll send it right away. And he said, it's too late. Alien terrorists blew up SeaWorld. Blue up SeaWorld. Blue up SeaWorld. It was all a dream. Thank you very much for listening to me talk.


I've noticed you've started to walk differently. You have. Let me just show you this. Look at this, Phil. It's like a meaningful stride. You've completely changed. This is from Parliament yesterday. That is the stride of a man who rides a mean motorcycle. I think I put it down to the Triumph Bonneville. Are you actually specifically aiming for a different look? No, not consciously. I hadn't picked it up until you pointed it out to me. Fantastic. Phil, thank you very much for joining us. I've never tripped up. I've never stopped up.


Listen, I know how busy you all are trying to wrap up the business that comes in, but I thought it was very important to get together so you could hear firsthand so to speak what happened and how things unfolded nicely. Notice that in the media there seems to be some differences in regard to how they saw things there. In the beginning, we were making extraordinary progress there. We moved toward agreement on it dramatically. We reduced numbers of both intermediate range and strategic forces. And then, despite our previous agreements on nuclear testing and things of that kind, the general secretary decided to hold progress in every other area hostage to his demand that we abandon the development for SDI and relegate research just to the laboratory. Among other things, they backtracked on INF. They had offered an agreement that would have had 0-0 in Europe on the intermediate range weapons. So the discussions were very extensive, and they lasted nearly 10 hours instead of the six hours that had been scheduled. And it was a deadlock because the general secretary was still insisting that we remove for a 10-year period our right to develop and test and deploy strategic defensive systems. And to try and break this deadlock, we put on the table a comprehensive and, I believe, historic offer to the general secretary, offering them a 10-year delay in deployment, along with a 10-year program to complete elimination from the face of the earth of all nuclear ballistic missiles and explosive devices of any kind, including bombs and everything else. And they rejected all on the issue of SDI. And it just became a non-negotiable demand for them. I had already told them that our proposal included making SDI once developed available to them so that with the world's free of nuclear weapons, we could still be protected against the idea of anyone cheating or the idea of someone coming along. Now that we all know how to make them in greater years and starting to build them, and I reminded them after World War I, the elimination of poison gas, but fortunately, we all kept our gas masks and sure enough, some of the people who come along, including them, now that are ready to use this. But we thought that SDI was an insurance policy that they would keep the commitments that they seemingly were willing to make with us. So we came down to the final battle on this one point, and there came a moment when George and I stood up and the meeting was over. We refused to go with what they seemed to want. But regardless, I think there's much to be encouraged about now. We looked back at some of the things that before they came to that deadline, they had seemingly agreed on. And I'm encouraged that we have now advanced into areas that have never before been put on the table. And I think that we shouldn't consider this as the end of the book, but we'll keep on reading here and just see where we go with. Let me ask George to expand on the events of the weekend there. Thank you, Mr. President. Thank you. I thought she was going to sit down. Let me see if you let me in the last 24 hours. I know that past the House, there are a few things there that caused some concern. But I was way to the Senate, I want to hear from you. I don't know. I even called you once. I was calling you during the Olympics. And you were right there. You've been with me since the beginning. I don't know why I had to come here and go over the top with some of the not this guy, this Marvellous man and William French Smith, been so helpful. But I have a quick story for you. I'll say it since it will be recorded for five years. I'm just going to say it a little bit. So let me have it on the floor. Pete Domenici and I are working on the Budget Act business with him. We have a vote on that. Pete says that we're ever going to do the waiver of the Budget Act. This is a legitimate place to do it because by not doing something and allowing 1,800,000 people across the borders in legally, that's going to cost us hell of a chunk down the line, more than what we have come to agree to. And you were so kind. I will proceed with you, William R. Gray, and I will support and defend the Constitution in the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Senate, that I take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion. And that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the law on which I'm about to enter. So help me God. So help me God. The Edmund Elizabeth, ladies and gentlemen, said that human knowledge, especially technical knowledge, has expanded more in the past 50 years than in the previous 5,000. Well, indeed, it was little more than a century ago that an inventor came here to the White House to show President Russell B. Hayes a device called the Telephone. That's an amazing invention, President Hayes remarked. But who would ever want to use one? I told him at the time I thought he might use it. And in this era of telecommunications and space travel and medical breakthroughs and the microchip, it's essential for a president and his administration to receive sound counsel on the scientific aspects of national policy. In 1976, the Office of Science and Technology Policy was established to provide this conference. And it's with great pleasure that we've gathered today declaring in Dr. William John Gray as the Office's fourth director. Bill will inherit an office that has played a central role in this administration from the beginning, especially in the matter of the first importance to our nation and to the world, the strategic defense initiative you may have heard of. That word in the middle of defense is the significant one, because it would attack missiles, not people.  As I said earlier this week, America and the West need SDI for long-run insurance. Bill is uniquely set suited to continue the work of the Office of Science and Technology on SDI and the many other matters with which it is concerned. I could list his credentials from Project Officer at Kirtland Air Force Base at the Deputy Directorship of NASA, but the list is too long. I could describe his personal qualities, determination, an extraordinarily fine mind, the enterprise he showed in helping to found a successful high-tech company. But again, time would prevent me from gaining focus. So let me say simply this. Bill has made it his life's work to keep our country strong, free, and the technological leader of the world. And let me simply ask Bill welcome aboard. Ladies and gentlemen, it was a privilege to serve you, sir, as the Chairman of your General Advisory Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament. When I did that during your first term, it was also an honor to serve you as the Deputy Administrator of NASA. But it's a great privilege and honor, indeed, to serve you as your science advisor and as the Director of your Office of Science and Technology Policy. In fact, as a teenager, I used to take apart radios, take the pieces, and turn them into transmitters. And I found that I could eventually talk all around the world. I couldn't always understand what people were saying on the other side of the world, but at least I could talk to them. And that was something I felt very good about. There was a challenge to that, in fact, that I think represents the challenge that the US people, citizens feel in the high-tech areas today, something that we have in our bones and is natural for us, and something that we'll certainly continue to pursue and to, in fact, increase as time goes on. Through the strength of your leadership, you have certainly blazed new trails for this country in the high-tech areas. The space station, which will be America's first permanent address on orbit, and the aerospace plane that you've started, which will someday get us to the other side of the earth in less than an hour, and basic research, which you've been so strong in supporting all through your term, which, in fact, once again, took the majority of the Nobel Prizes to US researchers just this year, and, in fact, some of them today. And finally, in national security, where your initiative in guiding us into a world where shields and not swords dominate our protection and our future is a vision that many of us in the science and technologies find a shining role that we're going to pursue for a long time to come, that's great bigger. You're an inspiration to our young people, and you have certainly challenged us all. I look forward to working as a part of your team during the rest of this administration to lay the foundations for the decades to come. True pleasure, Mr. President. Thank you very much. That would be humbling when you said that because I couldn't take the part of Torrey Wangen. I'm glad you got it. Thank you. Thank you.


Hello beautiful souls welcome back to Art of Awakening my name is Ona and today I'm gonna share some of the spiritual meanings of dandelion it's one of my favorite little flowers and that's it's gonna include a spiritual meaning that was just kind of given to me the other day that I think is really gonna shed a lot of light for some of us on the ascension process whether it's your own individual one or the collective ascension that we're all in right now and before we start I want to just invite all of you to join me on Patreon I have a friend of Patreon set up and this is just where it's just a little bit of monthly support it can help this channel to grow and well we'll be doing fun things I do a weekly reading for the butterfly level and for the wolf pack level we get together once a week and do some pretty cool stuff so hope to see you there so dandelion is one of these plants that people either love or they hate and you know we all know the just the perennial battle with dandelions that that people have when they really want a pure you know green grassy lawn but dandelion actually has a lot of beautiful characteristics and first of all as one of my viewers pointed out a while ago it's one of the first flowers to come out in the spring and it comes out in abundance so it's a really really important first food source for the bees after a long winter when they really need to come out and and receive nourishment from the flowers so you know that's just a beautiful aspect of it but one thing about the plant is that it's it's really adaptable and it's really really tenacious so it's got this really deep deep deep taproot that just burrows down into the earth and it's really got a lot of survivor kind of feeling to it this plant it's a it's one of the plants that will go in where the soil has been disturbed and is able to just start to recolonize an area and and so it's got this kind of initiating sort of you know let's let's take the land back sort of feel to it and if you ever have a kind of looked at dandelions and if it's in an area where it's not mown it sends up this big long stalk right now we haven't mowed our grass yet this year so we're getting getting the longer stalks but if it's a lawn that's been mowed or is mowed a lot then it tends to stay really short so it's really sort of adaptable to circumstances and kind of able to survive regardless of what's thrown at it so really really nice totem for or herb to work with for like the root chakra I feel but it's also got this real solar plexus kind of feel to it very very strong plant a lot of life force energy and in the spring it will shoot up these flowers that are just very very solar right looks like a little sun and so it's got this real kind of if you think of the solar plexus chakra and that kind of energy to it the name dandelion is French for lion's tooth let me pick a leaf here for you so the leaf of the dandelion reminded somebody of a lion's tooth those jagged edges and so you've got that whole lion kind of energy around it too right the courage and you know just the the knowing of self right very kind of almost regal even though the dandelion is kind of considered a lowly herb right so there's a certain humility that it brings with us that kind of counteracts that that whole lion ego thing right dandelion can kind of laugh of it at itself so I kind of think of this as this beautiful you know beautiful herb for finding oneself right and it's it's supposed to be very good for the liver dandelion is a diuretic so it's a clearing and cleansing kind of herb as well and the whole plant is edible you know root leaf stem flower you name it so dandelion's been working with me lately and it kind of is showing up a lot when I when I kind of tune in and a little while ago I sort of had this vision and I'm going to show you the drawing the artwork that came out of it so we have this beautiful kind of ethereal almost it really reminds me of a galactic kind of kind of being here and with the dandelion and so as I worked with this image and felt into it I was given this message and this is how dandelion actually embodies this idea of when it first comes up it's this bright sunny and very kind of assertive flower right and it's it's really just kind of claiming its base and then it has to close up and this flower actually actually closes up and it sort of retreats and then it comes back again with the you know the the dandelion blow that we know right the the seeds with the silky you know the silky threads on them that you can blow and the seeds go all over the place and so what it was really shown was that this is a metaphor for ascension and and this is a process that I think I've been going through in the ascension process that maybe not everybody does but I think it's a pattern that's common and that I am kind of being given that we may see this pattern in the greater collective as we work through this this global planetary ascension and that is I know you know if you've been in this awakening you know process you start out with like just kind of coming to light right you start seeing angels and you start seeing synchronicities and you you know you have visions and whatever you know whatever it is you start awakening to spirit right and in that process it's sort of like the dandelion shooting up and blooming right it's a blooming open of your spiritual self and in that process you come to know yourself right the little bit more of the truth of yourself that's that solar plexus it's a it's a it's a kind of a dynamic process right most people as they start to awaken they're like you know eating up information they need to know you know what does this mean what does that mean it's very very dynamic sometimes you overcome things right you learn to have boundaries and to stick up for your rights and and sometimes when you get through an experience like that it feels like you're like oh I've kind of made it right I am you know I've reached this point of I know who I am and it's time to really step forward and you know be who I'm meant to be in the world and to live my purpose and all this stuff and I know for me it's like I reached that point and I was all full of this kind of almost hubris right and then I found for the next like two or three years it was like it was it was almost it was like a struggle it was like what's going on here I thought I kind of went through this this trial period and here you know it was a beautiful time too a lot of beautiful things happening but it's like wow I'm you know I'm still got struggles that I'm working with and it from me it ended up being a very physical like like auto almost autoimmune kind of thing happening it's like wait a sec I thought I kind of went through my deal and here it is and I'm dealing with all this stuff and what happened eventually was that I had to really retreat and go within and then there's another thing about dandelion that I didn't mention earlier and that it's got this kind of milky sap to it and that to me is like this like mother's milk right it's it it talks about this nourishing quality of the mother and remember dandelion's got this beautiful connection and very very deep very strong connection with Mother Earth and it's almost like you know the sap goes from the tip of the roots all the way up to the flower it's like pulling it's almost like it's got this direct line to this mother nourishment right it's the plant itself doesn't so much embody the mother but it's got this direct connection to her okay and and so when I came to this point where I just finally needed to just go to stillness and go within and just really close in on myself and what happened was I really connected with that mother energy and then I was able to kind of come back up and it it kind of feels like it maybe I'm premature and saying this but it really feels like I'm feeling a lot more ready now to just really live my purpose and what I'm ready to do and and this is kind of the message that I got was that dandelion shows us that sometimes it's like when we reach that point sometimes to get to the next stage to where you're fruitful because remember those little seeds that's the fruit of the dandelion right this it's almost like seeds of wisdom being able to be you know sent out because the dandelion flowers and then it has to go in before it can actually share you know it's it's seeds of wisdom and the reason I'm sharing this is that if you have been in this you know awakening ascension cycle for a long time and it feels like there's so much struggle why is this so hard you know it feels like I've I've done you know I've done the work and why you know why aren't I seeing all the abundance why am I still still good with my health why why this why that you know maybe this isn't the pattern for you but this is a pattern that I've noticed and it may be just that maybe just time to go within for a while and unplug and really just feel into the stillness and find that nurturing energy there and then the other thing is that I'm sort of getting the feeling that this may actually happen in the collective as well and it's mirrored in the hero's journey which is kind of this mythological sequence that happens where the hero goes out and has to fulfill a task rates and they fulfill the task but then they still have that journey home and in the journey home near the end of it there's going to be another big kind of showdown right and that going home is sort of like that that going within a little bit and that's what prepares you for this final kind of having to overcome the resistance and what I'm feeling in the collective is that we may see a pattern like this where it feels like like it felt like at the end you know towards the end of 2019 beginning of 2020 it kind of felt like while we're having this big awakening and things are happening and people are waking up and you know humanity is starting to remember who we are and it felt so victorious right and then this whole 2020 hit is like and it feels like we may be going into a period of trial right and and typically what this is is that the the resistance within us it comes forward because it's being challenged and when the resistance comes forward at this time it really gives it all it's got because it's sort of God it's back to the wall right and that's why things are so hard because you've proven yourself as like a warrior right and now they're like oh my god I'm facing a warrior and I gotta put up all the resistance I can and try to get that warrior to go back down the thing is that the more you try to fight and fight and fight the more you try to fight and fight and fight the more you're kind of still because this is all based on fear and if it feels like it's being fought against it just puts up more and more barriers right or it fights harder and harder and so if you're trying to fight fighting energy with fighting energy it's just going to clash and it's going to be struggle so think in terms of a martial artist who's able to just kind of relax and come to stillness remember that the really great martial artists they know how to relax and they know how to step away and allow their opponent to expend all this energy and tire themselves out right and so that's kind of what this is it's it's coming back stepping away coming back into oneself and realizing that that apparent opponent is is just it's fighting against nothing and you can step away from it all we really can't step away from it all and I think you know some of this can be bypassed you know whether it's I don't know that we can be fully bypassed I think this coming within is a really important stage but if you can use that coming within and and maybe do it a little sooner because like if you got strong warrior energy you're going to kind of fight and fight and fight you're gonna wear yourself out right that's what I did I wore my body down but I think if we if you can be aware of this pattern and come to stillness sooner and really really connect with that mother that nurturing energy within yourself and start asking yourself questions like what do I really want and feel into where the resistance is within yourself and then you can talk to yourself and say hey you know that's not true I do deserve this I do you know I am strong I know who I am and you know I I just can create the life that I want intentionally without fighting and I don't need to fight to do it you know there's a time for fighting there definitely is and there may they remain a common time where all of us are asked to you know kind of stand up and and fight but I think more often than not it's just the quiet acceptance of self and the quiet claiming of your true identity that says a lot more and it's a lot actually stronger than then going out with guns blazing all right so thank you so much for joining me I'm gonna actually put this painting up on my website and if it's calling to you and I'm not doing a print of it but there may be one person that it's meant for so if that's you then I'm going to put that link below and also if you're interested in more dandelion I'll leave the link to a dandelion meditation that that I did for a light and world network a while back earlier this spring and this one actually calls on the galactics and and that's the last message I want to leave to you this idea of the seeds going out from the dandelion and part of this is there's so much angelic support there's so much galactic support right now and but we do need to kind of call out for it and so especially if you are at this point where you have kind of been through this entire cycle and have gotten to that point of almost like kind of maturity there's there's so much there's so much you know so much work to do in terms of really opening up and you know extending our hearts and our awareness to our galactic brothers and sisters and even if you don't believe in them you don't have to believe in aliens or anything it's just the concept of you know the the spiritual support that's out there that even if you reach out to them and don't believe in them that's alright because you're activating something you're activating something that affects the field affects everyone on the earth right the self-love that you do any gratitude any reaching out for the angels that really does make a difference so have a lovely lovely day and I'll catch you again soon