Okay. So it really comes to, I mean, YouTube, YouTube, I guess, I guess the real question is what is your ultimate goal with YouTube? Meaning, and the way I look at it, it's really, there's really two types of goals. Goal number one, we're only using it for a platform to host content in which we can share with our members or with the general public. That's kind of a more just general reason to use it. So I can park my content, I can park these videos, and people can access it. Like, that's one type of quote unquote YouTuber.  You're leveraging YouTube to host your content. And that's it. The second type of YouTuber, or person that's going to use YouTube to, you know, to leverage YouTube, is the type of person who's going to use it for the same reasons person number one is using it for. But person number two is also, they have the intention of actually building an income from it, of actually turning this content into future content that we can monetize. So if you don't care about the monetization of it, which I highly encourage you to care about it, because even if it was just a few hundred a month, which I literally with all the content that you have and the way that you can actually structure this YouTube channel, that could be a passive income of several thousand, like I'm already about to know, I do care about it. And my question to you is, does the content have to be in a certain way for it to be uploaded and for us to monetize it? Yeah, for sure. And so that's who I want to speak to is person number two, who actually wants all the reasons that person number one wants, but they also want to monetize it. And so that's what I can show you, because that's who I am. I'm person number two who has all this content. I want to leverage it to host my videos, but I also want to monetize it. So that brings us to all these reasons that I'm going to show you on why it's important, the end screen, the card, the tags, the description, the thumbnail, and uploading consistently. All of that right there wouldn't be necessary for person number one. But because you're person number two, I'm person number two. That's why all that's important. So yeah, she needs to put an end screen. She needs to put the cards, all that stuff I'll show you right now. So here's how here's, here's what you want to do also. And yeah, don't worry about taking notes because I'll just record it for us. Here's, here's number one is the fact that you want to be consistent with this content. And so consistent means you want to be uploading at least and based on all the content that you have, you have a ton and you're going to keep putting out a ton. So with that being said, if it's not too much for your VA, I would have her upload one video per day. Like that's the job I would give her. Your job is to upload one video per day. Bottom line. And, and, and I would go, yeah, I would keep her around because I mean, I would keep her around, I would keep around for the next 12 months to at least do that. If she's doing a great job, which I'm going to show you everything she needs to do, you have her do that for 12 months. And I'm telling you, you would, you'll start seeing an income on the back end and you'll be glad you did. That will offset any expense you're currently putting out for her. So here's what you want to do is, is number one, consistent upload. I'm telling you do it daily, but if you, but if a person didn't do it daily, then the minimum would be two to three videos per week. Okay. So if you were uploading two to three videos per week, and you did that for a 12 month period, you'd be good. You'd be really, really good. Like your subscribers would be in the thousands. Your monthly residual income would be in the thousands. So just that alone, just, just two to three a week, but I'm telling you step it up. If you have a VA to do it one per day and do that, that's what I'm doing. So I'm on a Blitz in 2020 to upload a video every day. And I started that in December. So I started that on December 1st, 2019.  So with that being said, the video goes up and then you always want to make sure you're doing all this from an actual desktop, right? Not from your cell phone.  If she's younger, she's probably used to cell phone. She, that's probably all she knows is her cell phone and apps and trying to do everything on her phone, which is fine. But in this case, you want to do it from a computer. So that video is, is on Dropbox. She's downloading it off the Dropbox onto her computer and then she's coming over here and she's uploading it from here. And so I'm just going to take you to the basics because yeah, this will be a short call, but, but I'll just cover all the basics just so you don't miss anything up here, upload, simple upload. Okay. And then what I would always, what I always do and what I, what I, you know, what she most likely will do as well is when you upload that video, it doesn't have to go live now. So what I do is I upload a video, if I upload a video today, I'll schedule it to go live tomorrow. So I'm always scheduling out my videos. It's not a, you know, upload now and it goes live now. Let's just, let's take our time and let's just upload it and make it go out 20 hours later. So what I do is I'll come in here and I'll select the file and I'll just grab that file from my actual computer. So my downloads, where that file may be, and then I'll upload it. And then in fact, let me see if I have any videos, because I think I, I think I take them right when I do a video, I take it all off, but I'll do this one just for the example. Okay. So we upload this video and then it's going to take us through the actual setup process, which is the end screen, the card, the thumbnail, all that stuff. So there's the title. And if this is a video for members only, then what you would do is you obviously put it unlisted. So down here, you can go more options. And actually, I think the unlisted is on the next screen, which we'll get there. But let me just take you from here, because this is the updated version of YouTube. And this is the version I'd rather show you than the old version, because I always use the old version of YouTube, but this is the new version. And I might as well have you guys get used to this, this part. So if the video is unlisted, the title doesn't matter, because no one's going to see it. But if the video is for the public, you want that title to be as catchy as possible, right? Just a simple catchy title with the most relevant keywords in your industry, which would be what? Real estate investor, women real estate investors, real estate, like try to put that keyword, that pop, make money with real estate. What's that make money make money with real estate? Yes, those catchy keywords are good for your title. And then what you also want to do is write out a simple description. It doesn't have to be a long description, but you want those keywords in the description as well. So I want to write right out at least a paragraph, or at least maybe maybe a few sentences. And I want those keywords to be in those sentences. And that's the description.  What I use for the thumbnail is everyone has their own little program, but a free one that I always use. And that's what I use to create every thumbnail.  I mean, everyone has their own opinion on a thumbnail. The thumbnail is super important. But at the same time, you can get away by doing free ones on Canva. And these are, these are, these are super, you know, you can make it as nice as possible. And this would, this is where you want to get your thumbnail from.  And it'll give you the exact dimensions. So right here, here's a blank screen, click on that. And then now I can upload an image.  And then she can simply, she'll have it, you'll email it to her, she'll download it, she'll have it on her computer. She'll come here, hit uploads, and then she'll upload that file from her computer that you emailed her. She'll grab that image and then she'll just simply click on it and then bring it over here. And then now we can stretch it out to match the exact size of a thumbnail. Okay. And then what you want to do is you want to also put that title or put those keywords in the title of this, of this image. Okay. Now no one's going to see the title, but for SEO purposes and for YouTube algorithm purposes, they do, they know that image, they see the file name and those keywords you want it to be matching with everything else. So I'll name this, you know, make money, make money in real estate. And that's, and then so what I'll do is I'll click and then I'll come over here and I'll just download it and then I'll use that image as the thumbnail. So I'll hit and it's PNG. So it's already suggested by default. I'll just hit download and then that's downloading and then I'll come over here. I'll hit upload thumbnail and then now I'll grab that image. So this is just basic, basic stuff, which she for sure has to already know. But again, I'm recording this for everyone to kind of benefit from it. So I might as well take you from the beginning. And again, there's not much to it. So there's the image for my thumbnail. Again, there goes your description. And then what you want to do is you want to come down here and you want to always add it to a playlist as you know. So playlist is super, super important. And then no, it's not made for kids. And then you don't need to worry about these checks right here. And then this no, it's not made for kids. I thought, I thought the made for kids thing was something like, I mean, I made for kids means actually it's content for kids. Yes, I just doesn't mean it's like, it's it's not got nudity or you know, blah, blah, blah. No, no, like if we were doing a video on on on and we were reviewing toys. Yeah, okay, that's for kids. All right. So no, it's not made for kids. Yeah, not made for kids. So you'll always go with that. It's already by default filled in. So just go with that one. And then the tags, a huge or not a huge but a popular free plugin is what we call it is a plugin by the name of TubeBuddy. TubeBuddy allows you to look at the most popular keywords. So you can just install this it's free. It'll sit up here in the in the toolbar right here TubeBuddy TubeBuddy. And all it does there's there's different features you don't need to pay for the you don't need to do the paid one at this moment. Just the free version is fine is fine, but it just gives you keywords. So for example, if I type in real estate, it'll give me a drop down of the popular ones. And so I want to I want to go with that real estate investing real estate exam prep videos real estate agent.  So you're going to know the power word for sure. But the different variations you may not even be thinking of. And so this just allows you to pick even more. And so real estate investing for beginners, real estate investing with no money, real estate investing audiobook, and you can see right here the 109 out of 500. That's all the characters. So you want to try to fill that up as much as possible with all these different tags is what they call is what we call it tags. So go up to 500, max it out. And then you scroll down. And then also give you these other ones. So the free version will give you at least three popular ones. So you can just click on those and add all of those popular ones. And you'll see the check mark if it was added. So now I'm up to 250 to 500. And I just want to keep going and fill it up. And then we'll scroll down English, none. And then recording date, you can always that I mean, that doesn't necessarily matter. You can put you could put today's date so I can go, I can hit the drop down and just go today. And then which is a 15th. And that's the recording date. But that that doesn't really matter. Allow embedding. It's already checked published to subscriptions feed that's already checked. And then the category, this this does matter. Because that allows again, the algorithm to really start showing it to the right people. So in your case with real estate investing, if you had science and technology filled in, obviously, the right the wrong people will be seeing this video. So it which will hurt you. So in this case, with your with your business, I would just go with, I would just go with how to install. That's what I that's what I go with is how to really. Yeah, how I thought maybe education, but no education.  But at the same time, if I was looking to invest in real estate, that's how that's what I'm typing in how to invest in real estate. Okay, I mean, so that right there is a big game changer because as I was learning all learning all this stuff. And this is this is something that I really just kind of stumbled across. It wasn't something that I just kind of learned myself. I actually have a mentor myself and I learned all this stuff from him. So when he told me to do that, that was kind of a game changer for me because that's when I saw my subscribers increase. That's when I started seeing my views increase, simply because I changed the category, because I am teaching how to how to do social marketing, how to run Facebook ads. So that right there was a simple, a simple little tweak that I that I recommend for you as well. So allow all comments for sure. And here's the thing, a lot of people try to try to try to micro manage this part as far as the comments and they're looking out for negative comments and stuff like that.  Like I'll have sometimes that sometimes people come across my video and say, David, you talk too damn much.  Most people would take that offensively. I actually love it because now I'm in a battle with somebody and we're going to keep going back and forth until you give up because I'm not going to give up because I know the algorithm is working in my favor because because I'm replying to my to my comments. And that's what you want to do. You want to you want to reply to your comments good or bad. It doesn't even matter. And I'll tell people, Hey, man, it is what it is. This is what you signed up for. If you don't like it, pick a different channel. You know what I mean? So and I do that. I don't do that a lot because I thank God and shout out to all my YouTube subscribers. Thank God they all have love for me. But every now and then you'll get that one troll that says something stupid, but and most most content creators will take offense to it and be like, Oh, let me delete it.   That income is going to start to increase even more even with all the haters. So I would allow all comments for sure. Show how many viewers like and dislike this video. That that right there is up to you. Again, thank God I have so many people that like that actually because I can see it on the back end, but I don't show that part just because I don't know the like and dislike that kind of, I do take offensively for some weird reason. So I don't show that part, but you could for sure show that part by checking the box and then hit next. And then now we're on the monetization part. So now this right here, and here's the thing, you cannot monetize videos that are under, you cannot maximize the monetization of a video. And what I mean by maximizing it is by adding multiple ads in between. So you cannot maximize it. You cannot do that if the video is under 10 minutes. So if you have a bunch of videos that you wanted to put up, which are two minutes, three minutes, that's fine. Put it up for the general public or if it's for membership only, okay, fine, but those are not videos that we're really going to monetize. We're going to monetize videos that are over 10 minutes. So in this particular case, the video that I just uploaded, it's actually less than 10 minutes. So if I go on and I turn it on, this right here is going to be all shaded out because now Facebook, what you'll always see when the video is over 10 minutes, see it says right here, only videos longer than 10 minutes are eligible for ads running during the video. So that's what I mean by maximizing it is because when you maximize it, you could put as many ads in the middle as you want. If it's a 30-minute video, I'm putting in an ad every five minutes. That's just what I do personally. And so YouTube real monetization are really for those that are doing long form video. So all this stuff really applies to your videos that are over 10 minutes, videos that are not over 10 minutes, then they'll be an ad. Once you do reach the 1000 subscribers and now you're monetized, videos that are below 10 minutes, they'll be an ad that runs before it. So as someone comes to your YouTube channel, they click on that video. It's a nine-minute video and there's an ad that runs before it. But what I'm talking about are the ads that run in between. So when the video is under 10 minutes, you cannot place manually. And that's what you'll do for videos that are over 10 minutes. You'll click on place manually and you can add ads wherever you want. So again, in a 30-minute video, I'm adding it wherever I want. I'm adding at the five-minute mark. I'm adding an ad at the 10-minute mark. And so that's what we can do when you place manually. But in this case, the video is under 10 minutes that I'm showing you the example on. So I can't even place it manually. I can't do any of that. YouTube will just run a commercial before the video and that's pretty much it, which is still fine. I mean, it's still fine. And then I hit next and then add suitability. This right here. So does your videos content, title, description or keywords contain any of the following?  And there should have been another option because in your case, you're not going to really fit any of those. So what you'll do is you'll just actually leave that part blank. You won't even worry about that part. Adult content, don't even worry about that part. All this stuff right here. Adult content, romantic. So, so if it does, then you'll check it. But if it doesn't just keep going, don't even, don't even, don't even bother because I have a question, David. Yes, because when I upload videos, monetization doesn't come up in my YouTube channel. Yes, because you're not over 1000 subscribers yet. Oh, I have to have 1000 subscribers to start monetizing. Yes. And so the way we're going to get there, the way we're going to get there is by now starting to do these things on every video and uploading daily or at least two to three a week. That's how you're going to, you're going to skyrocket. And I'm telling you over the next couple months, you'll be at 1000 in no time if you're doing these per video. And that's why I'm glad you're leveraging it out because for you to do it yourself, it's damn near a full-time job. It's almost my full-time thing. So if none of those apply, which none of them do, none of the above, and then we just go to next. And then so the video elements. So here's the end screen and here is the cards. Do you know what an end screen is? Yeah, that's the screen right at the end. Yeah. Yeah. So the little video, the suggested video that comes up comes up at the end of the video. So that's when you'll just click on this. And I don't know why it won't allow me to do it right now, but and I think I think because the video is so short, that might be a reason. Use cards and end screens to show viewers related videos. I think because the video is so short, it's not allowing me to add an end screen, but I can add a card. These two things you want to do for sure. And it's very simple. All the end screen is, you're going to click on add and it's going to open up a list of all your previous videos. And what you want to do on the end screen is you always want that end screen video to be relevant or on the same topic, which all yours are obviously all real estate investing. So you could just pick the next video. You click add and it'll show you a list of all your previous videos. Just pick the next one or pick one that you think is relevant to what they just watched. So in my case, if I'm doing a video on Facebook ads, on how to run a video ad, and that is the actual video, my end screen would be my other previous video on running a Facebook ad to capture leads. So it's similar. It wouldn't be a Facebook ad or wouldn't be a video that I'm showing you how to run a Facebook video ad. And then my end screen is showing you how to do Google SEO, right, because now it's completely different. So you want that next video to be the same similar topic. And that's what's going to allow the algorithm to work in your favor.  Now this end screen video, he's showing me how to run a Facebook lead capture ad. Let me watch that one too. Right. So the end screen, that next video is super, super important. And then the card, same thing. The card is just, you know what the cards are? No. Okay, when you're watching a YouTube video, and in the top right hand corner, there's a little pop up that comes up. That's a card. So with the card, all I got to do is just click on add. And it's going to give me a list of all my previous videos. And I can add any video in that card. So I'll go right here. And that's the so as a person's watching a video, all it is is a little the little thing that comes up in the right hand corner. Let me. So I'll go this one video or playlist. I'll click on that. And then I'll add this video. These are all my previous videos. And then I'll click create card. But again, that video is just like the end screen. So that's the little dot that you see in the right. So as people so and then I can control when that dot comes up. So if I want that dot to come up towards the end, that's when it's going to come up. And that's this right here. That's a card. So now as that video is ending, they have the end screen that comes up. And then at a different time mark within the video, there's a card. So what I know is I'll make both those videos the same. Go ahead. I'm sorry. That's okay. So would the card video be a video, another video that's 10 minutes or longer, or would a card video be like supporting video, like one of our testimonials? It could be anything. It could be anything. It could be anything. It could be anything. But again, every video from this point, now you have so many videos that are probably not over 10 minutes. And that's fine. This is just all for future knowledge. So a card, if we happen to have a video that's relevant to the video that they just watched and it's over 10 minutes, oh for sure put that because we're going to be able to monetize that. So yeah, you'll be able to, you'll know which one's the best. And if you can just start putting up even longer form videos, then that's what this is all about. Monetization is really for longer form video, 10 minutes or longer. Okay, so that's the card. And then so if I put that, it saves automatically. And then what I can do is I can just simply go back. Okay, here we go. Dang, why did it take me all the way back to the beginning? That's why I don't use this new version. I hate this new version. Okay, but we were already at the end. We were already at the end. Let me see if I could just fly back through this. I don't know why it kicked me back. I normally go with upload with classic in the top right. That's how I always do it. But this is the newer version. And you got to kind of get used to this newer version. But it's pretty straightforward. So I'm going to just go, I'll just go next on all of this. And then the monetization. See, so now let's see if, if I think it did still save it. Let me go back. Okay, there it is there. So because I went back, it threw off the processing abandoned file is duplicate. Okay, that's fine. Let's so I can just open it up from here. See if I can just go more. You know what? Let me, this will take five seconds. Let's just, let's just do it. Do it again. Let's just do it again. So we click create. Is that it below there? That's it. But it won't, and once the video is up, they won't let you upload it again because they'll just show duplicate. So that's what that was showing. It was that I already had it up, but for some reason it took me back to the beginning. So they wouldn't let me upload it again until I delete it, unless I delete it. So it's okay. I deleted it. And then now we're back up. And this, this will just I'll fly through this part. So we already got that we already got the first part. We got past monetization. File is duplicate. Yeah, you, you, you, yeah, there's it's still there's another one in there, David, I saw it. Let's refresh below the one that you duplicated scroll down. Look, there's 200 second more below it. Gotcha. Gotcha. I saw that one. Okay, let's open up. Let's open up that one then that one should still be there. Okay, cool. So we got, we got that first one, which this first one should have been deleted. Let's delete this. Okay, so let's open up this one. Okay, cool. Okay, so now we're at the very end. So yeah, so all that stuff stay perfect. Okay, so let's go. So there goes a thumbnail, there goes all of that. We hit next monetization. And then we go add suitability that we got on that one, check the box. And then the next one and the last one is the add card, the end screen, we got that we hit next. And then this is where I go. So I can go public right away, right? I can upload it go public right away. But what I always do is I'll go schedule. And I'll go schedule and then I'll set the date. And what you want to do and what you want to do also is a huge, huge tip is to make it go live. If our strategy is daily, okay, it's daily, but it doesn't even matter, even if our strategy was just to upload two to three a week, you want to make make make sure that it always goes live at the same time. Because as you start to build an audience, you want these, you want your audience to always expect a video at that time. And again, if it's not going to be daily, okay, we'll let your audience know, hey, and maybe put up a banner like your cover photo. If it's not going to be, if it is daily, put up a cover photo and say daily videos dropped every day or daily videos uploaded every day on real estate investing, like that could be your cover photo for your channel. Or if it's not daily, three times a week, videos uploaded every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday at 8am. So then you start to, you start to build an audience of people that know when to expect your stuff. So what I do in my case is again, my whole goal for 2020 is to upload a video every single day. And I, and I uploaded every day at 8am. So same time every day. And that, that's super important. So that's what I would do. So the date is the 15th, I would schedule this for the 16th at 8am. Right. And then, and then go from there. And then also down here before you publish, check the following schedule, and that's it. So again, all that stuff was pretty basic once you really get the hang of it. But the main, main, main, main, main, main, I can't stress this enough, the main, main strategy is to be consistent weekly. That's it. If we're going to upload daily, then make sure it's daily. If we're only going to upload three a week, make sure you do it three a week as if it was your religion. And I'm not saying do this forever. I'm challenging, challenging to do it for the next 12 months. Do it for the next 12 months. And I'm telling you, I need to start getting this done, start this process. And then we need to start getting subscribers, right? Cause I need to get to a thousand, you said. Well, all, all of this right here is going to get you to a thousand fast. Everything I just covered, that's how you get to a thousand. Okay. That's exactly how, that's exactly how I, you know, got to a couple thousand. And here's the thing is that had I known this when I started my channel, I started my channel messing around in 2017 because that's when I started helping real estate agents with social media marketing and Facebook advertising. And all I was doing in 2017, I didn't even look at it for monetization. I had no idea about monetization. And I talk about this in my videos all the time because I truly believe everybody needs to be doing this. If you're putting out content on social media, it needs to be on YouTube because YouTube's the only one that's going to allow us to make money from it. None of these other platforms are doing any of that for me. So when I started in 2017, I was only looking at it as a place to park my content because I was a video person. And for some reason I'd love just getting my message across via video. And I just looked at YouTube as a place to park it. That was it. So in 2017, I was uploading videos every now and then it wasn't consistent at all because I wasn't really caring. In 2018, I went from like 100 subscribers to like maybe 300 subscribers.  I was also staying on topic, which is very, very important. You don't want to talk about a bunch of random stuff. Stay on topic. So now you build an audience of people that are looking for that information and that information only. But in 2018, I'm still staying on topic, but I wasn't really uploading consistently at all because I didn't, I didn't know. I was just putting up videos just for the hell of it. And then it wasn't until, it wasn't until the middle of 2019, when I seeked out a mentor and I'm like, dang, he has 60,000 subscribers. He's making 8,000 a month from his YouTube channel alone. And he's teaching me exactly how he's doing it. So I'm like, dang, that's all I got to do is be consistent. And so it wasn't until it wasn't until the middle to end of 2019, when I started doing all this. So it's not like it's going to take you 12 months. I say 12 months just because you're going to, you're going to put out content regardless. And so if I can just paint a perfect picture, worst case scenario, it takes you 12 months, 12 months is going to fly by anyways. So I didn't start doing this until maybe the last seven months. And so that's when my channel literally, literally went from about 600 subscribers to now where it's at today. And that's when I started seeing income. So in November of 2019, I'm doing a video on this, it's on my channel. In November, I got a check for a couple hundred bucks. And I was fired up. I looked at that, that 200 bucks, like it was 20 grand, because I was like, dang, this is content that I made two years ago. I'm getting paid on these videos now. That's pretty cool. And then in December, the check went up. And then January, the check went up. And then in February, the check went up. And in March, the check went up. And in April, the check has gone up. And I'm like, dang, all because I'm doing these little things, and I'm consistent. That's it.   Or I'm going to hire you to put up a video three times a week, but just make sure you do it. That's what I'm paying you for. And I'm telling you, if you were to just do that from this point on in the next six months, in the next six months, I believe in the next 90 days, you'll hit a thousand subscribers. And again, that's going to allow you to offset what you're even paying her to do it for you. So you're going to win, win no matter what. And again, YouTube, it's not an overnight thing. It is a long-term play. But again, this is content we're putting out anyways. We might as well get some dollars from it. Right. Cool. So that's pretty much that, Deb. Okay. So I'm going to start this process and then come back to you and then we can go forward together. Sounds good, Deb. Message me, email me, call me anytime. Thank you, David. You're so, so welcome. God bless. I appreciate this. Stay safe out there. You too. Much love. Bye-bye.


In the calc and the groups, I wouldn't say we've got 104 bills. I'd say, well, we're really shooting that. We've got the web program, and everybody puts more on their platform than they do. What we want to do is take care of this hunting farm where it's really distressed and extrapolates you will do it. The next thing we won't do is get these people can't read and write. We won't educate them. Make taxpayers out of them, instead of tax-eaters. That's education. We've solved that. The next thing's health. Now that's basic. That's what I'm after. I'm free. That's my program. Then the other 100 will be in Statenville. So if you don't get any of those three, now we're going to get them. I went up 500 million on this health. Next thing, I said, don't ever argue with me. I'll go 100 million or billion on health or education. I don't argue about that anymore, and I argue about Lady Bird buying flour. You've got to have flour and coffee in your house.  I'll make that back some tanks, but not on health. That's the go sign I gave them. Now, the sky's the limit to you. They're 104 bells, and they're all yours and mine on the ticket, because that's what we're running on. That's our platform. That's our program. You have it, and you're there every day. You just help us if you can. And when you get past, then 62, when you go out speaking, say, we passed education. We passed abolition. We passed medical care. And you give me those. I'll have a majority two years. OK.


Okay, we're going to try to answer a few viewer questions today. First one is, is there any good way, or is there any good useful way to learn Bash? Is it better to watch videos, reading books about Bash scripting, or is it less reading, more practicing? Are there any free e-book PDF formats? And so let me try to answer that. Really there's no specific way whether reading or watching videos is better. I do both. One thing is, if you're going to read, I personally in the past I've tried buying programming books and then they end up just sitting on the shelf because if I need to do something in programming language I'm more likely to Google it and read it, or YouTube it and watch a video on how to do it. I personally usually do the Google thing first and read because I can skip ahead and skim over the page and look directly at the code where in a video you're kind of like waiting for them to do stuff. Now saying that, I mean I do videos and some people it's better you know to learn by hearing and seeing depending on how comfortable you are with the language already. But the one thing is, if you're going to like Google it or if you have some sort of PDF or e-book that you're reading about, don't copy and paste the code from the examples within the document. Skip it out. The only way you're going to learn is by doing. So when it comes to reading or practicing definitely, I mean both are important, but practice, practice, practice. When you learn something new, do it as much as you can that week that you learn it. And as always I've said this in the past, when it comes to programming it's not memorization of everything. I mean there's going to be some things you do all the time and obviously you're going to learn how to do those. But it's important to keep good notes. Keep notes in a way that you can easily go through them. Probably a little more than 10 years ago, probably about 15 years ago, back when I was in high school, still in my windows days. I did a lot of stuff with visual basic and batch files and I had a little notepad that I wrote stuff in. Nothing was in an actual order but I could flip through it and try to find notes that I had taken on doing certain things. So when you learn something, write it down or save it somewhere on the computer that you can easily search. I personally use Google Docs for this. It's something I find Google Docs useful for as far as keeping regular documents on there. I have no problem using Google Docs even though it's not really open source and you can yell at me for that because I completely agree if you're going to give me a hard time about that. Yeah, you're right, I probably shouldn't be using Google Docs. But it's an easy way for me to put my computer notes and I'll have documents that title, like if I did something in bash, it will say bash-finding-line-number-indocument or something like that. And the thing I like about Google Docs is it's very easy to search through. And the document itself might be just one or two lines of code but I have hundreds of them. If you do do that, the one big thing about using web-based applications like that is don't become dependent on them. And one of the great things about Google is they do offer Google Takeout and that's for pretty much all their services. You can go to Google Takeout and download all your documents. And I do this every couple of months. I go and I download all my documents from my Google Docs account now known as Google Drive. I back them up on my Pogo Plug and every couple of months I back up this new stuff on my Pogo Plug to CDs or DVDs and put them inside my safes. So one, always have multiple backups of everything. And two, if you're going to use a service like Google Docs, don't be dependent on it. At this point, I could take all my documents that I've done over the years and probably put them into my SQL on my own server and then write a simple little web application and search through them because formatting isn't really a big deal because they're not actual real word documents like you would use for work. They're just scripts. I've also been putting some more, my fuller scripts on my paste bin but that's more for sharing with people rather than just quick notes which is what I use Google Docs for. So definitely just practice and keep good notes whether it's on paper, on your local computer, on the server you have somewhere, which is a great way once again because you can access it from anywhere or if you don't have your own server, something like Google Docs. But once again, always keep copies for yourself so if they decide to cancel your account or change their terms and you don't agree with it, you're not locked in. Yes, so let's move up to the next question is how many programming languages do you know and which ones are they? That's a hard question because once you learn programming and you get really good at almost any language, you can look at most other languages and at least understand them even though you may not be able to write in them because they're so similar and it's kind of like my father can't speak Italian but he can understand people when they are speaking Italian fairly well just because he's heard it so much. I may not know, I've never done anything in C-Sharp but I'm sure if I looked at C-Sharp code for the most part I could look through it and figure out what it's doing, you know, majority of the time. But could I sit down and write C-Sharp? No and so as far as what programming languages I know what I'm trying to get to is I've worked with a lot of programming languages but when I say which ones do I know, I mean do I know fluently? Probably very few. I've done stuff in PHP, JavaScript, I've done a little bit in Java, I've done some stuff in C, C++ obviously, Bash. Years ago like I said in my Windows day I used Visual Basic and Batch Scripts but as far as right now that I could sit down and I feel fairly comfortable with, definitely Bash and just because I've been working with it a lot lately both PHP and JavaScript both of which are relatively new to me but I've spent the last six months doing a lot of stuff with them where something, if you asked me a year and a half, two years ago Python would have been on the list and I still probably know Python fairly well but I've used it very little over the last year and a half so I'm probably not as good as it was when I was using it regularly and I think Python is great. As far as local stuff on my machine I mainly use Bash, it's always been that way and then when it comes to web stuff I just really like PHP for server-side stuff even though Python and Bash could be used as server-side scripts. So right now, JavaScript, PHP and Bash are probably the ones I am most comfortable with so I'll say those are the ones I know. And then let's see, someone asks if I will be doing any Java programming tutorials. I mean that's always a possibility, about six months ago I played with Java for about a month. Once again I was trying, it's like I would learn something, the next day I would try to do that from memory and then add something new to it and I understand Java script enough now, or I'm sorry, Java enough now that I could, I can definitely, looking at my notes do it but am I fluent with it, no, I don't think I'd be the best right now where I'm at teaching tutorials on it because I don't understand it well enough to explain it well. If you are looking for Java tutorials, I'm going to say check out New Boston or The New Boston, he does lots of tutorials and a lot, he has I think like 200 tutorials on Java and I went through most of them when I was learning. Main reason I was learning was not so much that I wanted to write stuff in Java but I wanted to be able to understand Java better when I'm looking at Android programs because Android is all Java based and pretty much everything for Android is written in Java and I wanted to just have the knowledge to be able to understand it if I was looking at the code. Now, this isn't a direct question that someone asked but when it comes to picking programming languages, obviously there's some better suited for other things but as far as which programming language is better, yes some are more efficient, obviously C is going to be a great programming language as far as power because everything else is written in C so if you can do it in the other languages you can do it in C and you can probably do it more efficiently for what you're doing but it's going to take probably a lot more work than just throwing something together in Python. But my rules when it comes to picking a programming language is just that you keep it open and I'll give you an example. Even though you can use C, some people will use libraries that are proprietary and that limits them. If you use the Windows header file library you can make GUIs for Windows but no other operating system at least not natively where you could use C and something like GTK and then your program will run on Linux, Windows and Mac or you can use Qt that's QT and from my understanding I haven't played with the newest version but I guess the newest version not only runs on Windows, Linux, Mac but also you can compile stuff with it for Android and iPhone. So definitely when you're picking a programming language I wouldn't go with something like Visual Basic. Whether it's good or not for what it's used for you write something in Visual Basic you learn all this time learning Visual Basic and you're limited to just Windows where if you learn Python or Perl or C or C++ these are universal languages. So don't limit yourself with that and there was going to be one other thing I said but I think that's kind of it. You don't want to use even if you're using an open language don't use proprietary stuff within it to limit yourself and then don't use proprietary languages like Visual Basic other than that I've never done anything with Perl but you know if someone was to argue like Perl versus Python I think it's kind of for the most part irrelevant because if you know how to use it and it does what you need to do and it will run on pretty much any system you're good to go even if you know C code might run slightly faster than Python doesn't really matter if you're doing something small now if you're doing large calculations using something like C could speed up you could run something probably in a couple of minutes that might take something like Bash or Python a whole day to run but that's crunching big numbers so basically when it comes to picking a language to learn look at what you're doing I mean even Bash is since it's open source has been ported to Windows either in Sigwin or a standalone you can if you search Bash for Windows you can get yourself a single executable file obviously when we write a lot of Bash stuff for Linux we're going to be using external tools like Wget maybe Nmap grep which aren't built into Bash but those are all cross-platform too so you can get Wget for Windows it's just kind of a pain because Windows isn't supply that stuff for you so even when it comes across cross-operating system compatibility even Bash is fairly compatible it just might take a little more extra work packaging and that's when it comes to to programming you programming something that's that will run on all operating systems is fairly simple it's just packaging it for the different operating systems can be a little bit of a pain if you've never done it before so that's a little bit on programming languages that I know I use and suggestions for you so once again thank you for watching please visit filmsbychris.com that's Chris with a K there should be a link in the description feel free to ask questions and comment below in this video if the video is recent obviously if this video is more than a couple of weeks old I'm probably not going to get the comments from it so check out my newer videos for sure but thank you for watching and I hope that you have a great day


Hello and welcome to the session. Let's work out the following problem. It says show that the lines x minus 5 upon 4 is equal to y minus 7 upon 4 is equal to z plus 3 upon minus 5 and the line x minus 8 upon 7 is equal to y minus 4 upon 1 is equal to z minus 5 upon 3 Intercept each other. So let's now move on to the solution now any point on the line x minus 5 upon 4 is equal to y minus 7 upon 4 is equal to z plus 3 upon minus 5 equal to say k1 so this implies x is equal to 4k1 plus 5 y is equal to 4k1 plus 7 z is equal to 4k1 minus 5k1 minus 3 so any point on the line this is 4k1 plus 5 4k1 plus 7 minus 5k1 minus 3 Now we find any point on the line x minus 8 upon 7 y minus 4 upon 1 is equal to z minus 5 upon 3 Let's put it equal to k2. So from this we have x is equal to 7k2 plus 8 y is equal to k2 plus 4 z is equal to 3k2 plus 5 so any point on the line 2 is 7k2 plus 8 k2 plus 4 3k2 plus 5 now since the two lines intersect therefore the point p is equal to the point q therefore 4k1 plus 5 4 k1 plus 7 minus 5k1 minus 3 is equal to q 7k2 plus 8 k2 plus 4 3k2 plus 5 so this implies 4k1 plus 5 is equal to 7k2 plus 8 or 4k1 minus 7k2 is equal to 5 minus 8 that is 3 and also 4 k1 plus 7 is equal to k2 plus 4 or 4k1 minus k2 is equal to 4 minus 7 that is minus 3 and also minus 5k1 minus 3 is equal to 3k2 plus 5 or we can write it as minus 5k1 minus 3k2 is equal to 5 plus 3 that is 8 let's name this as a this as b and this as c now subtracting equation b from a we have Equation a is 4k1 minus 7k2 is equal to 3 Equation b is 4k1 minus k2 is Equal to minus 3 now since we have to subtract sign will change So plus 4k1 gets cancelled with minus 4k1 minus 7k2 plus k2 is minus 6k2 3 plus 3 is 6 so this implies k2 is equal to minus 1 k2 is minus 1 so now What k2 is equal to minus 1 in any one of the two equations? Let's say in B. So we have 4k1 minus of minus 1 is plus 1 is equal to minus 3 so 4k1 is Equal to minus 3 minus 1 so this implies 4k1 is equal to minus 4 so this implies k1 is equal to minus 1 the value of k1 and k2 is minus 1 so now put k1 is equal to minus 1 and k2 is equal to minus 1 in see question c is minus 5k1 minus 3k2 is equal to 8 So we have minus 5k1 which is minus 1 minus 3 K2 which is minus 1 is equal to 8 So this is 5 plus 3 which is equal to 8 that is 8 is equal to 8 Which is true? Similarly, you can put the values of k1 and k2 in equation a and b and you verify that Ls is will be equal to rhs and that gives us the fact that Any point on the two lines are same that means they intersect each other and that is what we have to prove so this implies the given lines Intersect each other. So this completes the question and the session bye for now. Take care. Have a good day


Life on the Red Horse Ranch Our friends of the Red Horse Ranch have returned home after an exciting week at the Danville rodeo. Alabama's horse, despite Bradford's foul play, won the final horse race of the rodeo. Naturally, the boys can think of little else to talk about. Let's join them. It seems mighty quiet back here at the ranch after being at that rodeo the last few days. Well, that was one of the greatest rides I ever saw in my life. Thanks, Bob. I was talking to Alabama. That was one of the greatest rides you ever made on any horse. Oh, my gosh. I suppose you didn't see me when I straddled that longhorn. I know that he was a wild one, but I says to myself, Arizona, I says, you gotta win for the honor of the Red Horse Ranch. All kids aside, what did Bradford have to say about the race after it was over, Alabama? Well, to tell the truth about it, Cheyenne, I didn't trust myself to talk to Bradford after the way he tried to foul my horse on that back stretch. Rattlesnake won't stop at nothing to get what he wants, will he? Well, here's one thing he didn't get. That prize saddle is hanging right here in the bunkhouse. Thanks to Red. But listen, it was you boys that carried off the honors at that rodeo. Thanks, Alabama. When I seen that steer, I know he was a wild one, but I says to myself, I says, Arizona, you gotta win. The whole outfit went to town at that rodeo, it seemed to me. Yeah, and when we wasn't riding, we were singing for the folks. I mean, really singing. Yeah, but do you know, Alabama, we didn't sing any of them real pretty songs that most folks like so well. I'd like to sing one of them right now. Well, go ahead. Come on, boys. I didn't see you winning any prizes. They didn't have no love-making contest over there. Arizona, haven't you got any more sense? Oh, Tenderfoot, come on back here. Looks like you kind of got under Tenderfoot skin, Arizona. Oh, shucks. What do you have to walk off about that for? I was only kidding. Arizona, I ought to hear you down and stomp on you for that. You know how he's been feeling. I've noticed he hadn't had much to say since you brought him back the other day, Alabama. Yeah. I guess he has been feeling pretty blue. And now, Arizona, you get on out there and apologize to Tenderfoot and hurry up about it. Gosh, sure, I'll apologize to him, but I didn't know I had anything. Arizona ain't got much tack, but he sure is a good sport, ain't he? Yes, you all are, fellas. We just hadn't thought of the way we'd been joking Tenderfoot ever since he's been here. I think it's about time we cut it out, don't you? I reckon you're about right, Alabama. Him trying to go away like he did proves how he's been taking all this to heart, especially about Rose. Yes, and it's the first love affair he ever had. And joking him sure ain't going to help none. Now, what do you say we'll do everything we can to make him feel like he ain't a Tenderfoot no more? Sure, I'll do what I can, Alabama. Ain't no one thinks more of Tenderfoot than I do. Well, what are you supposed to be able to do, Alabama? Well, treat him just like you were the rest of us. Show him that you're glad he's here.  Why, it is sure enough. They must have made up already.   Don't forget your instruments. Come on, remember what I said, boys. Tenderfoot must be playing to that moon up there. You fellas come from... Hello, Tenderfoot, you old sourdough youth. Say, Tenderfoot, that fiddle really sounded great. Oh, yes, sir. How are you, Tenderfoot, you old maverick? Oh, hey, let's say, what's the idea? You want me to do something for you? Golly, Tenderfoot, I'm sure glad to see you. Yes, sir, and that music sounded great. Say, how are you, anyway? Oh, wait a minute, wait a minute. What have I done to deserve all this? Let's sing something, boys. Yeah, let's sing. I had a gal and her name was Sue. I had a gal and her name was Sue. Her face was fair and her and she loved me. I loved her and she loved me. Where one of us went, the other would be. Ring-tum badly, eh. She lived up on a mountain high. She lived up by herself. She would cry. Ring-tum badly. She'd be my wife, laskerist. She'd be my wife, then we lived happy. I haven't seen him around here all evening. Oh, Rose had him up the house for supper. She's taken quite a liking to the young fella, I guess. He always taken quite a liking to Rose, too. Yeah. I guess his life has changed a lot after living to those outlaws where that kid come from. Yeah. Do it and be down to the bunkhouse full on him and his dog. Say, who do you suppose that is right in here this time of evening? Well, uh, howdy, partner. Howdy, Alabama. Hello, boys. Well, it's Lim Higgins. How are you, Lim? Come on down over at home. Just on your way home from the rodeo, Lim? Well, that's right, boys. I just dropped by to give you a little news I thought you might like to know. Well, let's hear it, Lim. Well, you boys sure didn't carry off the prizes in the rodeo. Thanks, Lim. I guess you saw me ride that steer. I knowed it was a wild one, but I'll say it to myself. Harold's owner, I says, you gotta win for the honor of the Red Horse Wraith. Yeah, I hear tell that steer stopped on yourself and off left. Well, what was it you was going to tell us, Lim? Well, it was Trigger Dawson's gang that you boys had that gun battle with over at Roaring River, wasn't it? Yeah, we cleaned them out, though. They're all locked up in the county jail. What's left of them? Well, that's what I come to tell you. The news just came to me over in Danville. The two of the boys escaped last night. Sure enough, we'll say that sounds bad. I hope they don't make any trouble. I guess that's nothing for us to worry about, though. Well, maybe it isn't, but maybe it is. Alibam's right. It wouldn't do any harm for the boys on the Red Horse Ranch to be on the lookout.


Hello, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the IAEA's series of talks by prominent speakers. Today is Klaus Regling. Klaus Regling has been involved with the Irish economy professionally for at least 20 years. In 2001, he was the Director General of the European Commission responsible for economic surveillance. And at that time, I seem to recall he gave Ireland some advice that we wasn't entirely well received, but maybe was good advice at the time. And in 2010, he together with Max Watson wrote the first official report on the Irish financial crisis, financial and economic crisis, the Regling Watson report now just over 10 years old. Not long after that, he was became responsible for the European Financial Stability Fund, which was one of the key lenders to Ireland in dealing with the crisis. And since then, he and his institution, the European Stability Magnetism, the successor to the EFSF, has been closely involved with both program and post program surveillance of Ireland, but also of all the other countries involved in the crisis period. The ESM then is Europe's lender to countries in difficulty, but of late, it has been creating new functions, including in economic surveillance, in backstopping some of the banking, banking protections that we have now in Europe as a systemic protections we have, even providing in the future for, for being involved in doing deals between creditors countries and their creditors, between countries in difficulties and their creditors. So quite a range of new functions. And most recently, a role as a potential lender in the pandemic. So where is the ESM after all this change? And what's happening for Europe's future, especially in the financial system, and what's the ESM's role in all of that? I think Mr Regan is going to describe all of that for us now. Thank you very much, Kevin. And good afternoon to everybody. Thanks for inviting me again to the Institute. It's a pleasure to be with you. Of course, it would be even better if I could be in Dublin. I have spoken before at the Institute of International European Affairs seven or eight years ago, and I also talked about the ESM at that time. But as Kevin Cardiff said, many things have happened since. And I'm very happy to talk about that, about the ESM's new and large mandate and what are the implications for financial stability and resilience. And obviously, we will have a question and answer session later on. So I will try to answer all the questions that you may have. So but let me start by looking first a bit back and see how the ESM has evolved over the past decade. I think it's useful to understand where we come from before we discuss where the ESM reform will take us. Prior to setting up the ESM as a permanent institution in 2012, the Euro area countries established the temporary EFSF, as Kevin already mentioned, the European Financial Stability Facility. And that happened in 2010. Then the EFSF provided loans to Ireland, Portugal and Greece. The ESM, the successor institution and permanent institution provided loans to Spain, Cyprus and again to Greece. The total amount is burst by both institutions together to these five countries was 295 billion Euro. A lot of money at the time today we are getting used to even bigger amounts when we look at the money that is mobilized in response to COVID-19. But at the time as a response to the Euro crisis, this was a substantial amount of money. Ireland was actually the first country to benefit from our support in early 2011. We dispersed almost 18 billion Euro to Ireland between 2011 and 2013 as part of a total support package of 67 billion Euro. When the Irish economy came out of the program, it was stronger and more competitive than before. In fact, when I talk about the ESM and our history, all the things we have done, I often refer to Ireland as one of our biggest success stories. The Irish government at the time immediately took full ownership of the necessary measures. And this is one of the reasons why Ireland managed to complete the bailout program so quickly and so successfully. Of course, it doesn't mean that everything went smoothly. There had to be sacrifices. It was painful. Budget cuts and structural reforms are never easy. And nobody likes to have salaries or pensions cut by 20 or 30 percent. However, these harsh measures paid off. Competitiveness was restored and Ireland quickly regained market access after the crisis. Since then, Ireland has made good progress in repaying some of the debt accrued during the bailout, even paying back its IMF loans early. This is another clear sign of how strongly the economy rebounded after the financial crisis. And although the debt to GDP ratio will now again increase due to the extra funding needed to fight the pandemic, we expect debt levels to start decreasing again in the medium term. Indeed, a lot has happened in the last 10 years. Looking back, we can now confidently say that the national and the European responses to the global financial crisis and then the subsequent euro crisis were comprehensive and effective. Let me turn to the situation we are in today. The measures we took 10 years ago are now proving very useful as they provided us with a stronger institutional framework and improved tools to deal with the current crisis. At the same time, it is important to note that we are in a very different context today compared to the previous crisis. This time, we do not need to correct past policy mistakes or macroeconomic imbalances in the euro area. Instead, we are responding to a common external shock for which governments are not responsible. So, unlike past ESM programs, there are no conditionality clauses this time. Conditionality makes sense when policy mistakes and macroeconomic imbalances need to be corrected. That was the case from 2010 to 2018. Conditionality was necessary at the time and it worked. EFSF and ESM loans with conditionality helped five countries to regain market access and to achieve above-average economic performance afterwards. The current situation does not require such a conditional approach. Today, the EU's only condition for the two loan-based safety nets introduced in the pandemic is the ESM's pandemic crisis support and the European Commission's SHURE instrument for workers. The only condition is that countries have to use the funds to address the consequences of the pandemic. More specifically, the ESM loans are earmarked for covering direct or indirect health care costs. The ESM offers all euro area countries a precautionary credit line of up to 2% of their GDP. And this is a significant amount. If all 19 euro area countries were to request it, which I do not expect, the total amount of loans would add up to 240 billion euro. No country has requested this credit line yet, but its mere existence has calmed down markets. And countries can still request our pandemic crisis support until the end of 2022. It is also worth noting that these loans will be financed by issuing social bonds for the first time. This is part of our efforts to make Europe greener and more digital. The ESM's pandemic support credit line is part of a larger package of 540 billion euro agreed last April to support workers, businesses and member states. Why the ESM supports countries, the European Investment Bank supports companies and the European Commission supports workers with its SHURE program. In addition, there's the extraordinary 750 billion next generation EU recovery fund, which aims to boost investment and reforms in all EU countries to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on economic growth and of course, there is the European Central Bank's monetary policy program that continues to stabilize markets. Taken together, these measures will not only help each and every EU country to fight the pandemic, they will also protect the single market and the cohesion of the euro area. This degree of EU solidarity is unprecedented and once again shows that Europe is committed to remaining united. But although we have taken extensive measures to fight the current pandemic, there's more work to be done. We should continue to deepen our economic and monetary union. Why we took important steps in the past, in the past decade, with the creation of the ESM and also the beginning of banking union, we should now complete this process to make economic and monetary union more resilient and less vulnerable. And this brings me first to the ESM reform, which will enlarge the mandate of the institution I manage. This reform is one important step towards deepening our monetary union and making it more resilient to shocks. But before we take a closer look at the changes, the reform entails, I would like to point out that Pascal Donoho, your finance minister, who became president of the Eurogroup in July last year, was instrumental in reaching a final agreement on this reform. He is also the chairperson of the ESM Board of Governors, which is our top policy-making body. So he and I work together very closely. The reform was agreed upon by all 19 Euro area finance ministers and endorsed by the European heads of state and government. And it will only enter into force after ratification by all national parliaments, a process which will be completed in the course of this year. While the ESM reform aims to further deepen the economic and monetary union and brings us closer to completing banking union, some of the proposed measures will also be useful in mitigating the economic and financial fallout from the coronavirus pandemic. Let me take a closer look at what the ESM reform aims to achieve. First, the ESM will put in place an additional instrument to support bank resolutions, introducing a common backstop to the Single Resolution Fund. The Single Resolution Fund is the EU body that takes care of the resolution of failing banks. If this fund does not have enough money to resolve a bank, the ESM can in the future lend that money. All the money the ESM lends to the Single Resolution Fund as a backstop will be repaid with contributions from the banking sector within three to five years. In other words, governments will not have to bail out large banks at the expense of taxpayers, as we saw in the past. The contributions to the Single Resolution Fund and the ESM backstop will come from the banking sector itself. When the backstop will take effect in 2022, it will not just be another key element of the banking union, but it will also contribute to the robustness and resilience of economic and monetary union as a whole. Although banks are generally in a better position today than during the euro crisis, some banks might face problems in the future. The banking sector's profitability was already subdued prior to the pandemic, and we can expect further pressure on banks' profitability as impairments will increase as a consequence of the economic fallout from the pandemic. Many banks across Europe will likely face challenges as we transition out of the pandemic. Nevertheless, a strong and well-financed resolution mechanism will reduce the risk of disorderly bank resolutions, which will in turn reassure and stabilize markets. The second part of the ESM reform strengthens the preventive and precautionary features of the ESM toolkit. The coronavirus pandemic shows that an external shock can come out of the blue anytime, so it is important to enable institutions to put appropriate financial facilities in place quickly. As we can see in the current crisis, precautionary credit lines like our pandemic crisis support can reassure markets, but they were not drawn. Sometimes it's enough to know that you have an insurance, even if you don't intend to use it. Once the reform has been implemented, it will be easier for countries to access the ESM's precautionary credit lines without extensive negotiations about policy conditionality when certain requirements are met. The third part of the reform foresees that the ESM will strengthen its cooperation with the European Commission, as the ESM will have an enhanced role in designing, negotiating and monitoring future stability support programs. You may remember that previous support programs, including the Irish one, were managed by the so-called Troika, consisting of the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Going forward, the Troika will no longer play that role. Instead, programs will be managed jointly by the European Commission and the ESM. This change in governance for future programs will enable a more coherent, streamlined and rapid crisis response. The European Commission and the ESM will collaborate in accordance with our respective roles and mandates. The European Commission is in charge of policy coordination according to the EU Treaty and will guarantee that EU provisions are always respected. At the same time, the ESM will ensure that public resources are well spent and that a borrowing country is able to repay. To sum up, the ESM reform will introduce a backstop to the Single Resolution Fund. It will strengthen our toolkit and it will give the ESM a larger mandate in designing and monitoring support programs for countries. All this will strengthen our ability to prevent and resolve crisis and the reform should also help to make the euro area as a whole more stable and resilient to future shocks. This brings me to the broader topic of deepening economic and monetary integration. While we have made considerable progress on strengthening economic and monetary union over the past 10 years, we are still missing a few important elements. The introduction of the backstop brings us closer to the completion of Banking Union. However, we are still missing a common deposit guarantee scheme. This would be a valuable tool to ensure the stability of the banking system and would be a step towards completing Banking Union. In addition, a better integration of capital markets through the creation of a capital markets union is necessary to facilitate cross-border investment, increase risk sharing and open up new ways of financing for companies. This in turn would improve the allocation of capital in the euro area and make the euro more attractive to international investors. Another element which is needed to strengthen economic and monetary union would be a fiscal capacity for macroeconomic stabilization in the euro area. This would allow for more fiscal risk sharing between countries. The new resilience and recovery facility which will be financed by bonds issued by the European Commission is such a tool and hence it will result in additional fiscal risk sharing. However, it is not a permanent facility and it is geared towards structural reforms in the wake of the pandemic. I believe a permanent facility for euro area countries only in the form of a revolving fund instead of a budget would be useful. It would give countries more fiscal space in a downturn than is currently the case. Finally, the need for more euro denominated safe assets is increasingly recognized. The bonds issued by the European Commission to support the economic recovery after the pandemic will significantly increase the volume of safe European bonds. If these bonds are added to the bonds issued by the ESM and the bonds issued by the European Investment Bank plus bonds issued by highly rated euro area governments, this total pool of European safe assets will roughly correspond to about 40% of the GDP of the euro area. While this is a large increase compared to the past, it is still only half the comparable ratio for US dollar safe assets. In other words, the total volume of euro denominated safe assets remains comparatively low despite the recent increase. To conclude, let me reiterate that we have come a long way since the financial crisis. Macroeconomic imbalances have been corrected and countries in need of financial support such as Ireland have not only regained market access, but also had a very positive economic performance until the pandemic hit. Going forward, we have a clear agenda for really completing the economic and monetary union. We need the full banking union, we need progress towards capital markets union, we need a fiscal capacity for macroeconomic stabilization and we need more European safe assets. Some of these items are quite controversial among our member states, but the agenda is clear, it will take a while to get there because it is so controversial. But these measures would not only make the euro area more resilient to future shocks, they would also strengthen the international role of the euro. With that, I finish my introduction and I am delighted to hear your views and to answer your questions.


So, I'm going to talk about ISIS and Jihad, but before I do it, I want to just share with you how I came to Islam because it's intertwined and why I had to interest in matters of war. So, when I was a student, at that was, we had this assignment where we were assigned to summarize the biographies of all the eminent scientists and philosophers in the message of the day, so quite a task. Those are the libraries that were in the book. And then came across this message and really grabbed my attention. It basically said that the majority of these materialists and scientists and philosophers in Western civilization were believers in the transcendental, which is an academic mutual term for God, that the world was a created universe. So, that was a shorter statement that the majority of bearded white studies are respected minds, and it wasn't so that they would believe in their God that their life's worth were inspired by their desire to build a created universe. So, like when Isaac did talk about the origin of the ocean, you can understand the point at which Allah created, God created the universe. When, you know, Rene Descartes was studying the Cartesian coordinates, you can understand the geometric relationship of the created universe. So, it really opened up a new horizon for me. So, from that point, I launched on a personal quest of people to find out what this is all about, because nobody had told me such, nobody had made that connection in the past. So, I went through my many years at the Naval Academy, I read, I researched, I talked to people, and this is the best I can to get my answers and questions that I had. And it's still during I walked away with a certain standard of criteria, whether it was social, philosophical, or spiritual, or scientific, on what type of religion that I would adopt. For example, the scientific standard. I felt that, since we're talking about the created universe, that revelation must necessarily be ahead of all scientific discoveries, that in no circumstance should science debunk revelation. Right? So, I found that standard quite challenging from most of the world's religions, except Islam. Islam answered those questions and they were just all sorts of scientific proofs in Islam that we're still trying to discover and come to a better understanding. Let's give you one quick example. I was a navigator in the 80s, and it's still a mystery of how certain bodies of water dealt with chemical, facility, content, temperature, gradient, the pressure. For example, the way that the Mediterranean flows into the Atlantic, there's a pressure gradient difference, causing weather disturbances, etc. The Quran talks about that. From an illiterate prophet, 1600 years ago, who'd never seen the ocean. Right? So, there are hundreds of these total types of scientific proofs, and again, understanding whether it's social or in bed bystanders, therefore, I became a Muslim. Now, I started, because I was a military naval officer, or a fire brigade officer, I was very interested in what Islam had to say about the conduct of war. Because war, we were taught, it happens. If combat is not conducted with the highest of moral standards, you will literally lose your humanity of power. Because the most brutal act that human beings can engage in, if you don't live and conduct war by certain moral codes, you will literally become an atom. So, you know, PTSD, all of these are sentences of our soldiers expressing extreme threats and distress in combat. Anyway, there's lines of both ways about this. You can look it up yourself. But that's why it's so important. What does Islam say about war? Well, it turns out that Islam says quite a bit about it. And what I discovered is that they had a very refined and high standard regarding the reasons for war and conduct during war. In the Quran, it says that permission to fight is given to those against whom war is made, because they have been robbed. Those who have been driven out from their homes unjustly, only because they said our Lord is God. In another verse, it says, And if God did not repulse some men by means of others, there will surely have been pulled out, temples, churches, et cetera, and mosques. So those two things are clear, unequivocal, saying that fighting is sanctioned for self-defense. And secondly, for the freedom of worship. Notice it doesn't say it's just mosques. It's a synagogue and churches. So all religions were obligated to protect. So the freedom of religion managed for self-defense. The motivation to fight is sanctioned. So there's a lot more to be said about it. So when I started thinking in deeper, the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, had quite a bit to say about war as well. I'm sure it's just one thing. It is what we call the rules of engagement. The manner in which you engage the enemy, again that moral code, right? Because there has been certain rules and regulations on how you conduct yourself in the battlefield. Even the instructions he engaged in his role during war. Taking one step back, by the way, you might ask yourself, Well, you know about the Prophet of God, why is he concerned about war and combat? Well, we believe that the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, is a final messenger.  So he exemplified those traits and left us plenty of examples of how to conduct yourself in all those aspects of the Prophet's existence. So in matters of combat, these are the instructions he gave me. She said, Number one, do not harm women, children, elderly, or the sick. Do not commit treachery and never relate with this figure.  Do not harm any livestock, except for food. In combat, avoid striking the face for God to create all of us in the image of battle.   Do not destroy the villages and towns. Do not destroy the cultivated fields and gardens. So that you can't starve people out there anymore. Do not wish for an encounter with the enemy, pray to God to guide them to security, but when you are forced to encounter them, exercise patience. No one may punish with fire except the creator. So in this, our love is a massive traffic camera for people in Nepal, all of those will be forbidden. And finally, accustom yourself to do good, and do not do wrong even if they commit wrong. So, you know, taking in totality, there are no other rules of engagement that I've come across during my time as a nail officer that were higher standards than those. None. The Nuremberg trial of Geneva Conventions, post-World War II, a lesson to learn, all was embodied today of what we in the U.S. military utilized for what we believe is the highest level of engagement. So those 10 things I didn't rattle down to you is the highest level of engagement I came across. Okay, so let me just now talk about jihad. So the term jihad in Nuremberg does not in and of itself have anything to do with what we all think it is. Jihad comes in the root word juhad, which means to make an effort. So consequently, the highest form of jihad is to struggle with your own self, with your own ego. That's the highest form of jihad. The lesser form of jihad is the military component. And by the way, jihad is not, when they say holy war, that doesn't ring true. That's because we see nothing holy in war. There's nothing holy about it. It's the means of last resort, if you will. So again, just to give you a couple of examples on the greater versus lesser jihad, the problem is that the best jihadist is being true to a tyrannical leader. And in another instance, he said, perform jihad by serving your parents. And there's on and on, all again, about being the best you can. That's the higher form of jihad. That's the form of the military. So ISIS, we believe through their vigilances, is what happens, ISIS, by the way, there wasn't ISIS prior to the Iraq war. We all hope you all know that. We created a power backing by beating Iraq in the lead and that power backing is filled by this vigilante group called ISIS. So if you look at it, let's say Russia came and invaded our country and left. So who filled the power back? If they destroyed our police apparatus and security and government system, the Mississippi militia, right? They were the ones with the weapons and organized that cause. And somebody in some other part of the world would call them cases. So it's a geopolitical phenomenon, the rising crisis. They are not sanctioned at all by the barter of the security. The easiest way to look at it is, ISIS is what the KKK is in Christianity. Or maybe what fascism is in Christianity, right? I mean, I read my cop and in the books, a lot of Christian, you know, thinking and theology, obviously, why he's doing what he's doing, right? So it's similarly, ISIS is an extreme operation of our religion and now we're down for it. That's it. No, I'm done.