Income tax 2021-2022. Interest you paid, part two. Get ready to get refunds to the max. Dive it in to income tax 2021-2022. Most of this information can be found on the Schedule A Tax Year 2021 instructions on the IRS website at irs.gov, irs.gov tax formula, looking at the itemized deductions, keeping them distinct in our mind from the adjustments to income or the above the line deductions, deductions for adjusted gross income or the Schedule 1 deductions, also noting itemized deductions only being taken if they're greater than the standard deduction. Page one of the Form 1040 focused on Line 12A taking either the standard deduction or the itemized deductions. The itemized deductions, if taken, reported on Schedule A, itemized deductions listed out on the left-hand side by major category. The total of them, if greater than the standard deduction, flowing in to 12A line on the first page of the 1040. These are gonna be the different standard deductions that you wanna keep in mind to get an idea as to whether someone will be itemizing or simply taking the standard deduction. So mortgage interest, this is Line 8, we're focused on continuing on with the mortgage interest, remembering that the mortgage interest is one of those big items that could push people over to being able to itemize. So when we're thinking about itemized deductions, one of the big things we ask or want to know about, do you own a home? If so, we're looking for the mortgage interest because there's usually gonna be a loan out on it. And then we're also looking for the property taxes, two big items that could open up the possibility of possibly taking more itemized deductions, those items typically pushing people over the limit. To do so, limit when loans exceed the fair market value of the home, if the total amount of all mortgages is more than the fair market value of the home, you can see publication 936. This is an unusual situation, you wouldn't expect generally for the home value to be above the loan value, but you can imagine situations in the market where funny things can basically happen. So normally, you would think that the home value is gonna be greater than the loan value, and that case, things are usually gonna be fairly straightforward. The reason for that is that of course, the lender doesn't want to take out or lend out money for greater than the home value, which is used as collateral or security in the event that the borrower defaults on the loan. So to do that, they're typically gonna require that 20% down or something like that so that they have that cushion in the event that a market decline happens or something like that. And the lender is now invested because they put the 20% down, so they're more kinda locked into it. And if they were to default, then the bank could foreclose on the home, which if they don't want the home, they want their money, right? So they wanna be able to sell the home for greater than the loan amount. That's the point of having the collateral. But you can imagine weird market conditions and fairly recently in the prior crash or so on the housing problems, we'd have weird incentives in the market which led lenders to make funny loans that are a lot closer to the value of the home and funny thoughts happen as times go good for a long period of time, like housing never goes down and everything goes down at some point. And so funny things happen when that mentality gets into the market and then there's a crash and then you can have funny situations like the loan being higher than the value of the home. So home mortgage interest limit, if your home mortgage interest deduction is limited, see publication 936. So again, it's usually straightforward and you can just basically take the documentation and plug that into the home mortgage interest. And these weird situations where there's a limitation, then the questions, well, how do I calculate how much is going to be deductible? Go to publication 936 to figure the amount of mortgage interest and points reported to you on form 1098 that are deductible. Only enter online 8A, the deductible mortgage interest and points that were reported to you on form 1098, refund of overpaid interest. If your form 1098 shows any refund or overpaid interest, don't reduce your deduction by the refund. Instead, see the instructions for schedule one, form 1040 line 8Z, more than one borrower. So we're not talking about more than one lender here, we're talking about more than one borrower. So if you and at least one other person other than your spouse, if you file a joint return, we're liable for and paid interest on a mortgage that was your home, you can only deduct your share of the interest. So you can imagine kind of funny situations where there's different borrowers and you're trying to say, well, it's my home and I want to be able to deduct the interest, but someone else possibly has an investment in some way in the value of the home. And so they might have a loan that's taken out, say, in their name. So you would think that you would only be able to deduct the interest related to the interest of your home on your form 1040 and on your schedule A. Someone else that basically is saying it's your home, but they have basically a loan that's taken out in their name, then they can't generally deduct it, you would think, because it's not their home. So they can't really deduct it on the schedule A and you can't really deduct it in that case generally because it's not your loan, it's not in your name, it's the other person's loan. So you've got that kind of disconnect and you want to keep in mind if you got kind of a funny financing structure in terms of purchasing the home, the loan deduction or the deduction of the interest can be important. And then the name in terms of who's name the loan is in, who's actually got the loan could be important as to who gets the deduction. And the other requirement to get the deduction is that it's your home if you're trying to deduct it on, say, a schedule A. Shared interest reported on your form 1098. If the shared interest was reported on the form 1098 you received, deduct only your share of the interest online 8A, let each of the other borrowers know what his or her share is. So if it's only one amount that was reported but you got multiple people basically involved in it, then they're saying you should allocate it out. Shared interest reported on someone else's form 1098. If the shared interest was reported on the other person's form 1098, report your share of the interest online 8B as explained in line 8B later. So note if it's on someone else's form 1098 that gets a little confusing because remember that this form is also going to the IRS. So it's more likely the IRS might say, hmm, if you have interest that you're reporting on the schedule A that they didn't get the form 1098 for then that gets a little bit more confusing. You would like to be able to structure this in such a way that the form in general so that everything goes as smooth as possible that the form 1098 that you're being receiving is the amount that you can kind of deduct on the schedule A if that would be the way you would imagine or like it to be. But obviously you can imagine funny situations happening over time with regards to the mortgage and the housing and all that kind of stuff. So form 1098 doesn't show all interest paid. So what if the form 1098 doesn't show all the interest that is on there. If you paid more interest to the recipient then is shown on form 1098, include the larger deductible amount online 8A and explain the difference. If you are filing a paper return, explain the difference by attaching a statement to your paper return and printing, quote, see attachment, end quote to the right line. So notice in that case, that would be again a more unusual situation. You're hoping that the form 1098 will appropriately tell you the amount of the deduction because that's what the IRS has. If it's something different, then you might have to explain it to the IRS or they're likely to basically question you about it. So mortgage interest line 8B, if you paid whole mortgage interest to a recipient who didn't provide you a form 1098, report your deductible mortgage interest online 8B. So you can, it's possible then not, most of the time you're dealing with a financial institution and the mortgage interest would then be reported to you. But if you didn't get the form 1098, then you might have to report it on 8B. That's not the thing that you would like to have happened, however, because again, the IRS is likely to be more suspect or suspicious of interest that you didn't get a 1098 for, which they've received on their end, that would be the way things would be going as smooth as possible. So if it could be set up in that way, that would generally be the preferred thing to do. So your deductible mortgage interest may be less than what you paid if one or more of the limits on the whole mortgage interest applied to you for more information about these limits, see limits on home mortgage interest earlier. Sell or finance mortgage, if you paid home mortgage interest to a person from who you bought the home and that person didn't provide you a form 1098. So this would be a more kind of an alternative purchasing structure that you could set up which means you might not be going, the mortgage might not be going through the same kind of line that you would have it before and under a normal kind of purchasing process, but it might be a way that you could structure the purchase and that might be why you don't get a form 1098 or something like that. Then you would write the person's name, identify number and address on the dotted line next to line 8B. So you're basically saying, this is the person that's gonna be involved and you're telling the IRS that that's where to go to get more information about it. So if the recipient of your home mortgage payments is an individual, the identifying number is his or her social security number. So if you didn't basically go through a financial institution but it's basically an individual that you pay the interest to, then you might not get the form. They might not give you the form 1098 and then you might have to refer to them specifically given the name of them into the IRS, which is of course the number, the SSN social security number. Otherwise it is the employer identification number or the EIN if they're a business. You must also let the recipient know your social security number. Mortgage, home mortgage interest line 8B, interest reported on someone else's form 1098. So now for whatever reason, someone else got the form 1098, but you think you should be able to report it on your schedule A for the mortgage interest. Another kind of unusual situation but you can imagine it coming up. So if you and at least one other person other than your spouse, if filing jointly reliable for and paid interest on the mortgage and the home mortgage interest paid was reported on the other person's form 1098, identify the name and address of the person or persons who received a form 1098 reporting the interest you paid. Again, it would not be ideal to have that kind of situation. You can see why that situation could come up but that's gonna confuse the IRS would be nice if the 1098 was going to you so that the IRS has the same documentation. If you are filing a paper return, identify the person by attaching a statement to your paper return and printing C attached to the right of the line. And one of the reasons the IRS is gonna do this of course is that they don't want the other person also claiming the same interest deduction on their side of things as well. So you didn't want people double dipping to people claiming the mortgage interest for the same loan.


The Incredible Way One Man Saves a Woman from Being Body Shamed The Incredible Way One Man Saves a Woman from Being Body Shamed by Kevin Wells slash November 10, 2020. As a working mother and wife, Savannah Phillips had her share of challenges, but she overcame them to produce a viable career and contribute to her family's well-being. Unfortunately, she also had her own limitations that were all to vivid in her mind, especially as she found herself traveling more and more due to her work. The simple fact was, Savannah was a larger woman. And while in most cases that was not an issue, the condition created particular issues for her when flying. Because of her size, Savannah regularly chose seats without people next to her, but it wasn't always available. Savannah had never been a slim person. Her entire life involved reactions and problems associated with her weight. Social teasing and awkward interactions were a common issue, and Savannah knew it was because of her size. Socially, life in the US had no place for overweight people yet, ironically, plus size was becoming more and more common decade after decade. But that didn't do much good for Savannah. Regardless of her skills and knowledge, she regularly had to fend off the first reaction to her appearance. It was practically expected and automatic, even in her career world. Travel by plane was always Savannah's last choice. She would drive when possible, but it was more than occasionally not practical. And that meant she had to struggle with the typical tight aircraft seat that was never designed for her as a passenger. Where possible, she compensated by finding seats towards the back or flying at times with less passengers, i.e. off hours. The whole point was to avoid confrontation and being packed in next to someone who would react to her size. On one particular flight the worst case scenario happened. Her flight was at full capacity. As Savannah reached the flight gate, the horrible feeling of being cramped was already tingling up her neck. There was not going to be any options for separate seating. Savannah was guaranteed to be sitting next to someone on the flight. She tried to finagle some kind of exception, practically begging the flight attendant at the gate with her eyes. But there wasn't going to be a decent flight this time. And Savannah was already starting to feel some of the other passengers looking at her.  The sooner she got on the plane, got through the flight and off, the sooner she would be on the ground and away from the confinement. She got on the plane, found her seat, and tried to settle in. But the whole time her anxiety was getting the better of her. It wasn't unfounded. The older man who had to get up to let her have the window seat was already showing physical discomfort with her presence. He made a louder than normal sigh at being put out with Savannah sitting in his row. The older man was clearly the type that Savannah hated to be around. These were people who always went a step further with their dislike of plus-size people, making their opinions know as if entitled. While Savannah tried to focus on settling in, she noted the man was working on his phone. He had adjusted the settings to improve the clarity, and the font was increased to large size. The phone was also tilted at an angle, that it would be impossible for Savannah to miss it. She realized, shockingly, he was using the phone this way on purpose. Savannah was already cringing, but what the man didn't know was that his audience was more than just Savannah. Finally Savannah put the man on the spot and asked him what he was doing. The man feigned innocence. He mumbled something about his eyesight, and needing to zoom in to see what he was writing to a friend. She knew immediately the old man was lying, but it didn't matter. He kept tapping away, and the message was visible to Savannah. The words might as well have been a fork in his hand stabbing her arm. She immediately tried to lean away and look out the plain window, but it didn't matter. The old man already achieved what he wanted. The attempts to increase his phone's screen size and tilting of his phone was blatant and obvious now. The message was clear, visible and meant for her as much as for whoever he was typing, and sending it to. The words he typed were, sitting next to a smelly fatty, and the fatty was obviously Savannah. Every nightmare, insult, teasing, and bullying she ever suffered in her younger life came back to Savannah in that moment. The bully was smirking. However, it wasn't going to last long. Suddenly, Savannah heard another voice. The old man was tapped on the shoulder. I need to speak to you now. The old man was startled by the interruption. This was not how he thought his little joke was going to go. The man who tapped the old man on the shoulder, Chase Irwin, made it clear he was not negotiating or asking for a favor. We're switching seats. Now. The old was caught off guard and spinning backwards mentally, he agreed immediately and complied. Chase put himself in the seat next to Savannah and started to speak to her while she was crying from the mental attack she had just suffered. As the plane trip continued, Savannah continued a conversation with Chase. Savannah was so thankful someone stood up for her, and it was obvious Chase was just doing the right thing. In the talk that lasted the flight Savannah learned about Chase's background, his job, and his kids too. By the time they were on the ground again, Savannah felt like she had just experienced a total life turnaround. And she needed to tell folks she knew about it. Unfortunately, Chase was gone after debarking, so all she had was social media. The post that spread like wildfire as soon as Savannah put it up started off simple enough. I am only sharing this story of what happened to me today in hopes that the person who stuck up for me will somehow be recognized. Her story continued. We sat on the runway waiting for the okay to take off for about 10 minutes. I sat there unable to stop silently crying. I was scrunching myself up against the wall as far as I could. The guy next to me takes out his headphones. Someone behind us says, we are switching seats. Now. The guy next to me said, okay, why? And I hear someone say, removing curse words, you are texting about her, and I'm not putting up with that. Savannah's story didn't take long to get virtual legs and run. It was shared and reposted again and again repeatedly.  They also made a point to reinforce Savannah had nothing to be ashamed about. They were also very appreciative of Chase and his actions. The internet is an amazing thing when it crowdsources thousands of brain power points. Chase Irwin was located very quickly as a result. He was found by his occupation, working as a manager at Dirks Bentley's Whiskey Row restaurant, neatly parked in Nashville, Tennessee. Both the restaurant and Chase started realized the power of a viral movement.  When he was interviewed, Chase made it clear getting his name on TV was never the intent of his actions. Instead, something inside him as a person said he needed to act when he saw the words the old man was writing on his phone. Originally, Chase thought he was just going to make a point after the flight was over. However, when he saw the old man was making fun of Savannah, Chase felt he had to act. Her crying put him over the top. Chase was immediately aware of the problem Savannah was dealing with as soon as she arrived at her seat. He practically had a front-row audience spot, watching the behavior of the old man and how it was visibly affecting her. Then he saw the phone texting and the vicious message the man thought he could get away with. As he saw Savannah lean away, Chase knew it was time to do something. The old man's message wasn't just one sentence. He was pouring out the hate as he typed his text in full view of Savannah.  She's overflowing over my armrest. I think I'm going to be sick. Chase could also see Savannah being crushed and starting to tear up. The old man wasn't the only one who was on his phone. Chase was as well, video recording the man and what he had done.  I watched her read his text and is now looking sad. Chase literally documented the decision he had to make in that moment as well. Should I just say something when landing? It didn't take long for him to react. Savannah and Chase never met again, but in her own interview Savannah did make a point that she forgave the hate from the old man on the plane. She also never really tried to maintain any connection with Chase, only knowing him as the man who helped on that plane ride when it seemed like trip from hell. But posting the story she did want everyone to know what he did, and how standing up for others can mean so much. Between them both, their story has added more to why body shaming is so wrong and increased people's awareness as a result.


Surprise, surprise! I bought more books. Did you guys really expect anything different from me? In my defense, these are books that are really stunning that I'm excited to read or are really special so without further ado let's get started. The first one that I have here is a minimalistic edition of The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller. I've actually been meaning to read this book for a very very long time and when I saw this edition I actually really fell in love with it. I really like how like pretty and stunning it is. So I kind of suck at saying like all these different names of the characters in this book but you basically follow Achilles who is the only character that I can't pronounce and Achilles makes a friend and it kind of goes to their life a little bit um and then Achilles then has to get like Troy to like save someone or something and um yeah it's just like really intense really cool and it's like this ancient mythology that people really like so it's definitely something that's on my alley and I just like hope that one day when I'm reading it I can pronounce all the names in it. So the next one that I've got is a hardcore edition of Catwoman Soulstealer by Sarah J. Marce and I am unashamed to say that the only reason I bought this in this stunning hard cover was because it came signed and anything that is signed I pretty much automatically buy and that's what I did with this one. The other ones that had been released you have got One to One by Lee Bardugo and you've also got Batman by Mary Lou and now we have Sarah J. Marce's one. I've only read Batman out of all of those and I wasn't a huge fan of it and I probably will read Catwoman at some point but it's not very high in my TBR and um yeah.  So yeah that kind of makes me feel like I should read it. Thank you so much to Tex Publishing for sending me out Some Day by David Leviton. This is the sequel to the book Every Day by Him. I think it's actually recently been a movie or a TV show or something but it definitely had something happen with it and this is the sequel which I'm actually pretty excited to read because I was left with a lot of questions. I wasn't like a huge fan of Every Day so the premises of it is that like there's this thing that just wakes up in a different person's body every single day and they get to just be that person for the day and on this particular day A who is this thing inside of these people went into the body of a girl's boyfriend and he fell in love with her and he basically wanted to be with her so he would like go and find her when he's in different bodies and they have this like relationship happening and the writing was really really good in it but the actual plotline for me was just like shouldn't you be at school? So I don't know if you guys have me on any social media or whatnot but my cat recently had to get one of her front legs amputated and she got us stitches out today but she's just like over here just like being super adorable. This next one was definitely a fangirl moment for me. I actually saw an image of this somewhere on social media and I was like please tell me that is real and then I found out that it was real so of course I ordered one and that is Snow Falling by Jane Gloryana Villanueva which is from Jane the Virgin. I don't know if anyone here is a fan of Jane the Virgin but I absolutely love it and this is the actual story that Jane wrote in the TV show down to like all the different notes and stuff that she has at the beginning of chapters and I'm really excited to read it. There's not many great reviews on it but I'm still gonna be trash for it. Next up is Meet Me at the Intersection. This is an anthology of own voices. It is a Australian novel done by Australian authors and it is super super important. I'm not gonna go into too much detail about this because I will be doing a review video on this one for my next video on this channel so definitely check that out because this is like really really cool and I really hope that we can get more books like Mirage by Samaya Dowd and like I said I bought a lot of pretty books like this is like one of my all-time favorite covers um and colors so I'm really excited plus I've actually read this one and it was really really good but I'll do a wrap-up video soon. So Mirage follows a young girl called Imani and Imani is a dreamer she wants to go on an adventure she wants to do so much with her life but unfortunately that is kind of taken out of her control when these like robots come down and they take her away from her family and her friends in her country and take it to this new place where her life is no longer her own but she is now the body double to this evil cruel princess and whilst Imani is there she has to sometimes play the role of this princess which means she has to get inside of her head and actually be her and in this process she starts to see what the world that she's living in is like and also some people that might be kind of nice to get to know and some that are very very terrifying and I really enjoyed it and I will talk about that more in my wrap-up video. I am an automatic buyer of anything Patrick Ness and so I bought and the ocean was our sky which has some stunning illustrations I definitely recommend picking this up is the retelling of Moby Dick but instead you follow these whales and they had the harpoons on their back and they are hunting humans and it is really really interesting concept and I really hope that the story is going to be just as amazing so it's talking about whales perspective which is super super cool. Okay so this next one is very very very cool and I am so glad that I found this book it's basically like it was written about me and that one is Pages & Co. Tilly and The Book Wanderers. I might be a little biased to say that it might even be like the best book in the entire world but also like how stunning is this book with this dust jacket off? I love it so much so this is a children's book and it's very highly recommended for anyone who actually loves books about books because this is basically set in a bookstore featuring book characters and these really really cute characters as well. So you have a young girl called Tilly and Tilly lives in her grandparents bookstore and it's really really cool like the bookstore has like a cat and things like that like ah it's perfect and um her mother had gone missing soon after she was born and no one knows where she went and her father has believed to be killed or died before he was even on the scene so none of her grandparents really knew her father and neither did Tilly and one day when Tilly is sitting there she finds an old box with her mother's books and when she starts to read these books she starts to see these characters like Alice on Wonderland and Anne of Green Gables and she's wondering is she going crazy until she finds out that she is a book wanderer. A book wanderer is someone who is so involved in the story that they become part of it so these characters start to come out to them and sometimes they can even go into the books themselves. There's like a whole secret organization that's underground to do with book wonder is there are rules to follow certain ways you can book wonder and you have to basically be logged into that system and upon this book wandering adventure Tilly finds out that maybe there is a bit of a mystery behind the disappearance of her mother and whatever happened to her father and so you go into this book and it is so sweet and so bookish and the character has my name and it was amazing and I really really enjoyed that one. These next two are bigger books that I'm also really excited for first up we have Home Time this one is by cannibal white it is an illustration like graphic novel kind of thing and I'm so excited to read it. It's actually pretty big and so much detail and hard work went into this so it's basically following these kids that like fall into like this alternative universe and I think it's really cool. I do recommend if you guys see this book on the shelf pick it up because the illustrations are fantastic and the storyline is super super sweet and cool and it's a very like 80s vibe to it as well which I really really enjoyed. Lastly we have The Electric State this one is by Simon Stalenhag and this one is like an illustration and a story and it is a really really cool concept so it is based in 1997 you follow a young woman and her little robot as they walk through like the American landscape where there's like robots have just been discarded everywhere and um the consumerist society addicted to a virtual reality system has just discarded all their trash and America is basically a shell of what it used to be and you get to go on this adventure with her and her robot as they kind of cross America and I think what's really going to make this story is the illustrations and I'm actually really looking forward to reading it. So there you guys have the books that I've recently got and I am really excited to get around to reading them. I actually wrote quite a few books so I feel like I deserve to get this many maybe. We'll just ignore all the books on my TVR. Thank you guys for watching I'll be back again with another video soon and hopefully you guys are doing really well. Let me know what you guys are reading down below and uh yeah thank you for watching and I'll see you guys again soon bye. I think I actually cried in total about six times during the entire book and it was amazing. One time she punched me in the face it was awesome.


So, welcome to CE330, we have been talking about slope instability and I gave you an overview of what is meant by instability of the slopes and how to stabilize the slopes alright as an engineer geotechnical engineer in most of the situations. I gave you several examples of what type of failures or the failure mechanisms are considered when we talk about slope instability alright, there was sliding, there was a block, there was a flow and the creep and then we discussed different situations where instability can be caused to the slope alright just by cutting at the toe or by loading it from the top and I also discussed about how to stabilize the slopes that means unloading of the slope alright and providing the drainage provisions and so on. I also gave you an idea about what are the internal and external forces that cause instability of the slopes. So, we discussed under two heads as internal forces and the external forces, external forces are mostly caused by the external agencies and internal forces are because of the shear stress which is mostly a stabilizing force rather than destabilizing force which is caused by the external agencies and of course the physical, chemical, mineralogical phenomena which go on in the soil mass or the rock mass which are the principle constituents of the slopes. Now having done all this, I wish to now discuss about the stability or instability of the slopes and when we talk about this, we normally consider two types of slopes. So, the first category of the slopes is finite slopes, it is a misnomer that this is of finite dimensions, most of the time people mistake this, they think finite slopes are finite in size and infinite slopes are infinite in size, it is not correct, it has something else to do with which I will be discussing today. The second part of the or the second type of slopes normally we deal with is the finite slopes alright, mostly I am sorry the infinite slopes let me say infinite slopes and the second one is the finite slopes, mostly finite slopes are man made mostly, you take the soil mass compacted, you remember we were talking about compaction process in CE323, the best possible application of that is to create an embankment. So, suppose this is the natural formation and I want to create a facility over here for roadways or railways, it could be a strip also yes, so rather than laying the foundations of the pavement on the ground surface what we do normally is we create a elevation, this is what is known as embankment and this part we have discussed quite in details ok, this could be made for water retention also and on the top of this you will be exposing the railways or highways or roadways and so on. Now, this becomes a very interesting problem, so this is the embankment which has been created by compacting the soil mass in layers, you know we talked about you know what type of compaction may lead to what type of consolidation and what type of drainage conditions when we are talking about the shear strength parameters, so depending upon the foundation material and depending upon the embankment material I might come across a situation where the slow drainage no drainage may occur, consolidation may occur, consolidation may not occur, we have talked about the long-term stability of embankment, short-term stability of embankment and so on. Anyway in context to the finite slopes which will be discussing in the second half of this course or this topic I will be taking it up later on, normally the properties of the material change as a function of depth, so material properties are a function of depth, more compaction more c, more phi, more density, so more c, phi, gamma with more compaction effect more density, these are typically finite slopes, to begin with our discussion on slope stability I will be talking taking up first the infinite slopes, how do you produce them? This could also be man-made, suppose you remember the concept of repose angle, yes we discussed long-long back you are right, so suppose if I take a granular material and if I pour it from the top with a funnel air pluviation is also a technique yes you are right, so air pluviation is also a technique very good, so if I am pouring a granular material from a certain height what happens, the grains fall they form this type of heap where the angle of inclination is going to be angle of repose correct, it cannot be more than this angle because each grain has a tendency to roll down instability, so whenever you pour materials like grains granular materials the ores after mining, so whatever heap is formed this is a classical example of a infinite slope alright, yes this is the angle of repose concept. Now what we assume here is that the material is going to fail parallel to the face of the slope always, so these are the possible slip lines or failure planes, so what is that you are observing here, the failure plane is always parallel to the face of the slope first condition yes always, now if I take an element here suppose this is the mass which has failed and if I magnify this, this is how it looks like, this is the mass which has failed, this is the length of the affected portion and normally we define this as D, the depth of maximum possible depth of the slip surface, yes you are right, so suppose if I draw a tangent here not you will be realizing that this is parallel to this line, so it so happens that if D by L is less than 10% this condition should be satisfied, thickness of the unstable mass D is much less than the height of the slope, the height of the slope could be this much, so thickness of the affected zone is much less than height of the slope and followed by this condition D by L is less than 10%, the next condition is failure plane is always parallel to the slope, natural formations are good example of this type of failure, yes, so if you check on internet you will get several situations where the infinite slopes have failed, the properties of the material along the depth and the state of stress along the depth remains constant, properties and the state of stress as a function of depth do not change, so material properties and stress conditions are not a function of, you may also add here that truly speaking infinite slopes are not a infinite length slope, soil properties remain constant, stress conditions remain constant as a function of depth, if more than one strata is present what is going to happen, if more than one strata is present then everything is going to be again of the uniform characteristics, each plane has to be of uniform characteristics alright, so boundary of each layer is going to be parallel of to the ground, so suppose if I may say that this is the strata number 1, strata number 2 and 3, within the strata the material properties remain same, overall what happens is the slip surface the failure plane is always parallel to the slope surface, yes, so in case of more than one strata with uniform characteristics, each strata is having uniform characteristics and the boundary of each layer is parallel to the ground surface alright, the next characteristic would be let us show the state of stress, so stress between any vertical element of the soil is identical, so suppose if I take an element over here or an element over here or an element over here, this becomes my one element alright, this is another element, this is another element, so stress between any vertical element of soil is identical, what is the significance of this, now suppose if I take it out and zoom it and try to draw the free body diagram, try to draw the free body diagram, yes, you have this surface okay and we have taken a slice we call it as a slice, this is also I, this is also I, draw the free body diagram, so the weight is acting over here, what else is acting over here, pressure from the base perpendicular, let us define this as the base pressure, what else is going to act, uniform resistance from the left hand side and right hand side, because what is this going to be, suppose if I say this is P left, pressure which is acting from the left to right, but we write normally this as pressure coming in the right direction and then PL, both of them are going to be parallel to the planes or the surface, I hope you can realize if AB is parallel to CD, what should be the condition in mechanics you have studied for equilibrium of this type of a situation, PR should be equal to PL and they must be coaxial, yes, so this becomes a typical two dimensional problem or situation, let us not, I mean the problem is not the real sense, problem is a situation, so this is a two dimensional situation, the third dimension is going to be perpendicular to the board, so the third dimension is going to be in this direction, let us say it could be like this, okay, it is better to show it over here, this is how the third dimension goes perpendicular to the plane of the black board, green board, now this is what is known as plane strain problem also, we were talking about this situation when we did direct shear test, alright, so this is a plane strain problem, what is the significance of this, what clicks to you, one layer is sliding against the second layer, detached surface or detached block and the parent block and the contact surface remains maintained, fine, so this becomes a simple mechanistic model, if I want to find out the shear strength parameters which test I should be doing, you have to think about it, direct shear box test, yes, so as long as the material is uniform it does not matter, you take the material, soil mass compact it in the direct shear box set up and shear it and get the friction angle and get the cohesion angle for the granular materials, fine, suppose this happens to be the layer 1, layer 2, layer 3 and I want to find out the shear strength parameters along the contacts, interfaces, so the moment interfaces come what we have to do, the moment interfaces come what we have to do, again you shear it along that plane, so I can take a sample of this soil mass from here, if it is a C5 material, cut it from this plane, size it, trim it and place it in the direct shear box test, make sure that this surface is aligned with the three-way surface of the direct shear box, do the direct shear box test and get the parameters, as simple as this, so in today's discussion I will be talking more about how to use these concepts to solve more critical problems, there is one more concept which I would like to introduce over here, when we are talking about this situation is this free body diagram complete, no, why, what is missing from here, so one shear stress has to come, this becomes a normal stress, very good, this is a free surface, no normal stress, no shear stress, what happens on the sides, this side is being resisted passively by the soil mass, so given a chance this is going to be the passive resistance, now passive resistance means the shear stress is going to be acting upwards or downwards, you can find it out, so generically I will show that the shear stress acting like this let us say, what is the conjugate shear stress for this, yes, these two are equilibrated most probably, what about this and this, so you are defining the law of mechanics, this is the state of stress which is acting on the slice and this slice if you remember is nothing but a portion or a slice which we have cut out from the infinite slopes, so this condition is correct, similarly if I define this as ER and this as EL, they are also supposed to be equal, fine, now if this shear stress is 0, the conjugate shear stress is going to be 0, how the equilibrium will be achieved provided this tau also tends to 0 and hence this also tends to be 0, the moment this shear stress tends to 0, what is going to happen, the slip is going to take place, the failure is going to occur, loss of shear strength causes failure of the slopes, I hope this clears all your fundamentals, think about it, okay, yes, so this is a situation where the normal stress is equilibrating with the weight of the block, so if you resolve this what is going to happen, we have W cos I W sin I, if I tends to 0, I hope you can understand or second thing is W itself tends to 0, thin sections, so from this point onwards we have introduced the concept of thin sections, infinitesimally thin sections of the slopes are considered for doing the analysis and all these infinite testimony thin sections create an infinite slope, this was an interesting paradox which we have discussed just now, is this okay, shall we move ahead? So suppose if I compute this W, what will be the value of W, I have to define something, so normally the convention is we take the horizontal distance between the 2 slice vertical surfaces as the lateral distance, alright, this is A and this is D because just now we discussed C D becomes a slip surface, shear stress is 0, so this much of the soil mass is vulnerable to the failure and parallel to the slip surface which is parallel to the slope surface, okay, what will be the value of W, A into D multiplied by unit weight, you can resolve them in components sigma F X equal to 0, sigma F Y equal to 0, fine, what else can be done, what else you have an equation, there is a relationship between T and N also, what is the shear strength of the material, the value of T in the form of shear force is equal to normal stress multiplied by tan of I, yes, this equation is going to be very very useful, now can I derive from these equations N equal to W cos I and T will be equal to W sin I, just try to see how would you get this, fine, so why we are computing N and T because I can compute from N sigma the normal stress, what will be the value of normal stress, this will be equal to W cos I divided by what is the length of the base, if this is A I what is the length of the base, A by cos I and what about the shear stress, shear force is known, so this is W sin I over, is this correct, check it, what is the magnitude of W, A D gamma, alright, so this will be equal to A D into gamma cos square I, A cancels out, what is this gamma D into cos square I and this will be equal to gamma D sin I cos I multiplied by gamma D, is this part okay, so what we are doing is we are assuming here dry sands, simple example, simple cases to deal with first, yes, so now can you apply this equation tau equal to C plus sigma tan phi, shear strength envelope, substitute the values and see what we are going to get, now one question remains, if somebody asks you to draw the force diagram can you do it, true and then you have T component and N component, what is the included angle between W and N, I, you get easily these equations, I have skipped those relationships, sorry those steps, so if you solve this for pure sandy material C tends to 0, so what is T, this is gamma D sin I cos I and this will be equal to gamma into D into cos square I into tan phi, now the way put we put it like this, the shear strength for stability has to be greater than sigma tan phi, the moment shear strength drops below this or tends to 0, what is going to happen, the slips is going to happen fine, so what this indicates is gamma D can be cancelled, so we have sin I cos I equal to cos square I tan phi, now let us use the term factor of safety, we discussed this long long back, what is factor of safety, if factor of safety is equal to 1, this condition is valid, otherwise what is the factor of safety, this will be equal to cos square I tan phi divided by sin I cos I which is equal to tan phi over tan I, very interesting relationship we have derived, what is the philosophy behind this, what do you understand from this relationship, factor of safety depends upon the coefficient or the friction angle, internal friction angle and the inclination of the slope I, so what is the limiting condition of I, I cannot be greater than phi, remember simple block sliding on a surface and you keep on changing the inclination of the surface, what is going to happen, after the critical angle of I what is going to happen to the block rather than sliding it has a tendency to topple, true, so this is the critical value, so factor of safety for a dry slope is the ratio of friction angle and the inclination angle, so what is that you realize here, gamma is not coming in the picture, what is the significance of this, the depth of the critical surface is also not coming in the picture, failure can take place along any plane where the shear strength becomes critical, this is part okay, material properties do not come in the picture, now from this situation, suppose if I create a situation where the entire slope gets submerged or there is a seepage which is induced in the slope, what is going to happen to the factor of safety, the factor of safety is going to drop because this is a limiting value for the sands, correct, C component is not coming here, there is no cohesion here, this is purely frictional material, so for a purely frictional material under dry condition the factor of safety is tan 5 over tan i, now you will realize soon that this function is very very important and critical because when I say factor of safety at most what is going to happen is some multiplier multiplied by or sorry multiplier multiplied by this term is going to emerge, multiplier cannot be more than one, so all sorts of seepage conditions, all sorts of submergence of the slopes will lead to determination of this multiplier and that is what we are going to do subsequently, fine, this also indicates that when full shear resistance is mobilizing and sliding is going to take place, your i value will be equal to friction angle.


In this unit, we talked about the solid solution of garnet. So a solid solution is a kind of mineral that can have a range of compositions within certain set boundaries. So the, for example, the proportion of silicon to oxygen always remains the same, but then we can have varying amounts of things like magnesium and calcium and iron, making up the chemical composition of the particular garnet that we're looking at. Most of the garnets that you see before you hear are from the pyrope almondene family of garnets, which are magnesium and iron-rich garnets. And these will grow in many different kinds of metamorphic rocks, with more iron-rich garnets growing in more sedimentary, metacetimentary rocks and more magnesium-rich garnets growing in more metavolcanic rocks or metabasaltic rocks, like this particular one from War Mountain, where you can see the nice red pyrope-rich garnet here. Many of the physical properties of garnet then relate back to this variation in the chemical composition of the specific solid solution of each individual garnet. So the hardness can vary from about six and a half to seven. The density of the garnet will vary depending on the mass of the different elements that make it up. The color can vary by quite a bit. And again, these are all from the same family of garnets that give us reddish, brownish, blackish garnets. But in other compositional categories of garnets, we can get green, grossular garnets. We can have pink, spesartine-rich garnets. We can have orange or purple or black. Really, any range of colors and various physical properties are possible. And it all comes back to the different chemical elements that come together within that set structure of garnet in order to create each individual garnet mineral we see. In art, although we do have other colors of garnets being used, what is particularly prized and what shows up in classical and medieval literature about garnets tends to really focus on the sort of blood-red qualities of the garnet. And again, something like this looks black to the camera, but when cut into very thin segments, you get a sort of translucent reddish stone. And in order to take advantage of this translucent, artists beginning with ancient Greece and well into the early Middle Ages and later Middle Ages would place this stone against a reflective background. So for example, thin segments of garnet would be placed against a patterned gold background. And we're talking about something that would be maybe sort of 0.3 millimeters thick. And so you can very clearly see through a garnet like that, it's sort of glass-like and transparent at that thickness. And then you can see patterned gold kind of reflecting through. In the ancient world, they tended not to use thin segments, but rather carve more sort of rounded shapes, work them into rounded shapes with the garnets or actually make small sculptures. But again, it tended to be paired with gold in order to use that reflection, that reflectiveness to advantage. And we're going to be exploring the different ways in which garnet would be used as a luxury material in the ancient and medieval world.


Various health organizations offer clashing mammogram recommendations that range from annual mammograms starting at age 40 to eliminating routine mammograms altogether. It's hard to know who to trust, given all the various conflicts of interest, but a good place to start is the USPSTF, the US Preventive Services Task Force, whose 2009 recommendations ignited a firestorm of controversy by recommending pushing back routine mammograms from age 40 to 50 and doing them every other year instead of annually. This evoked a swift and decidedly passionate condemnation from members of the public, the media, and medicine. Most people have never even heard of the USPSTF, but it's considered the leading independent panel of non-governmental experts when it comes to prevention. Consider the gold standard for preventive care, as they have a reputation of sticking more with the science, for example, recommending against teaching women to do breast self-exams. Why? Because it doesn't appear to work. It was put to the test, hundreds of thousands of women randomized to do self-exams or not, and no benefit. In fact, only harms, doubling the number of women who had to get biopsies taken, but not actually shown to decrease the risk of getting breast cancer or dying from breast cancer, it didn't catch tumors in earlier stages. Now to be clear, they didn't come out against breast self-examination, but against teaching women how to do them. Reminding them to do them only appears to cause harm with no benefit. If you do discover an abnormality, then definitely tell your doctor. But telling women to get into the practice of looking seems to do more harm than good. But most doctors continue to teach women to perform self-exams. But wait, it's not been shown to help, and in fact it has been shown to harm. So why do doctors keep doing it? Because that's just what we've been telling women forever. So there's this medical inertia that may trump women's health, even without a multi-billion dollar industry pushing for the practice to continue, and without big business tipping the scales. Now consider mammograms. Billions of dollars of revenue every year from sticking with the status quo. Maybe the $7.8 billion spent annually on mammograms might be better spent on something else. Of course one person's cost is another person's income. These billions of extra dollars from the status quo may best explain the organized resistance to the USPSTF panel conclusions. For example, breast radiologists denounced the panel, implying that the panel members were guilty of a callous disregard for the life and well-being of women. All while the American Callative Radiology is receiving millions of dollars of donations from mammogram machine manufacturers. Yeah, but in the case of self-exams, it was put to the test, and the science was clear. It's a no-brainer that harms outweigh the benefits when apparently there are no benefits. And the same appears to be the case with starting mammograms at age 40. It was put to the test to specifically address the population-wide efficacy of mammography screening starting at age 40, and it started out looking like it might help, but ultimately failed, to show any benefit in terms of lowering one's risk of dying from breast cancer. Instead, they just found harms, so-called overdiagnosis, while the chemo-radiation is surged from the detections of what looked like cancer, but may have never caused any problems had they never been picked up. So it may have just resulted in like unnecessary mastectomies. Yet when the USPSCF tried to explain that again in their 2016 recommendations, the firestorm was reignited with full-page ads taken out in major papers asking, which of our mother's wives, daughters, and sisters would be OK to lose? But that misrepresents the science, disrespecting women rather than saving their lives. It's time to douse the flames, clear the smoke, so we can clearly see what the evidence shows. Evidence shm-evidence said Congress, who snuck in some language to interpret any reference to current USPSCF breast cancer screening recommendation to mean those issued before 2009. In other words, it's 2002 recommendations that recommended annual mammograms starting at age 40. Essentially, Congress is requiring health insurers to ignore modern scientific assessments and instead use a 15-year-old guidance. Although many women's health advocates applauded the Congressional mandate, it could be viewed as undermining women's rights to make informed decisions based on the best scientific evidence. The same thing happened 20 years ago, when a National Cancer Institute consensus panel arrived at the same conclusion. But the Senate voted unanimously to ignore them. The number one killer of women is heart disease. Why not focus our billions on more effective interventions? Since healthcare dollars are limited, maybe we could be doing more for women's health. But hey, it could have been worse. The original bill would have denied funding for any future USPSCF mammography recommendations, period. And some members of Congress even proposed to alter the task force composition to include stakeholders from the mammogram machine manufacturers so they can play a more direct role in influencing policy.


It's okay. Thank you. How did you get in the middle of here? Tell them what you want to tell them, dog. Great. I wanted you to see something. Hold your hand. You called me.  Do you remember that? Yes. And I just want you to know that that's me. I married him. So I have been waiting for six years. I have seen you in places, but I've never been able to tell you that this person is me. She lost her voice each time. Yes. Mr. President, this is Mary Rainey and Chuck Rainey. Chuck is our chief cabinet official in Pinellas County. I think you're right. Thank you. This is Carl Cutler, the president of our junior college. There is a Republican president in college. That's good. Well, no family with you? No. Not at all. Do it all. Great lesson. Well, thank you. Well, I'm going to miss all of you and me. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Good. Thank you. Hello, Mr. President. How are you? Boy, that was a great speech last night. Thanks for everything. Thank you. Thanks very much. Yes, sir. Thank you. Nice to see you. Nice to see you, sir. It's a pleasure to be here today. Sir. Yes. Well, pleased to have you here. And this is my wife, Kitty. Yes, hello there. Hello, Mr. President. Nice to see you. And this is our daughter, Whitney. Hello. And this is Will, our son. Will, hello there. Well, now I think you should kind of get in the middle here. Okay. All right, sir. You should. Like this. Okay. Will, you want to get over by President Reagan? You want to get over here? I think you should. Kind of in the front. Thank you. President Reagan, we just want to tell you, we're from Mount Vernon, Texas. And we want to tell you how much we appreciate the vision you've had and the stands you've taken. Well, thank you very much. And you haven't even retreated when others have been against you. And I'm a state district court judge and have been for 12 years. And I see that you've made a difference in this country. Thank you. Thank you very much. We appreciate your stand for the family, Mr. President. Well. And Judge Sam Hall, since his regards to you. Oh, my goodness. Yes. Yes. Thank you, Mr. President. You gave me a pair of Texas cufflinks when he left here. And my father is 84 years old. And a big fan of yours. Still active and everything. And I wish he could be here to meet you. Good luck, sir. Thank you. You saved the best of lives. Good luck. Thank you very much. You're all right. You're all right. You're all right. You're all right. You're all right. You're all right. You're all right. You're all right. And my son, David, Mr. President. Hello there. Nice to see you. How do we get a... I think we have to have a family picture of you. Mr. President, we didn't get this picture. Oh, it is. Hey, look out the camera. Sorry. Now, I think you should be in the middle. Okay. I won't squeeze too hard. Maybe if they didn't know it. Your son's flanked this, maybe one. Okay. Sure. Good. All right. That's fine. Thank you. This is my operation. Good. I'm glad you're right here. This is from there, and I'm up to there. And it took two and a half hours to do that. Goodness. Better staying on pretty well. I noticed it was getting a little loose a few minutes ago. Yeah, I had to pin it down again. It started coming and done. Good. Thank you so much. Appreciate it. Thank you very much. Thank you. Mr. President, Ruben Gums is the executive director. Yes, much better. Victor, I'm a key as the president. Mr. President, it's a great honor to meet you. Thank you. I'm Gilbert Robinson, who's the director and former chairman. We want to thank you so much, you and Nancy, for being honorary national chairpersons for eight years of national vibing. And I have a citation here, which I would very much like to leave with you. Oh, thank you very much. I'm very honored to be here at this. So Nancy and I very much support your cause. Your service. Thank you very much. Very helpful. Thank you. We also have a replica of your mother's Bible, especially bound for you. Thank you very much. We had a luncheon at the Plaza in New York in November, kicking off by the week, honoring you and these. Well, this is a replica of the Bible that I used for my swear event.  But you know the rest of the verse there. That's about here from heaven and see it healed. Would you do it very effectively? That Marine band played old Lang John. Nancy couldn't be there. She was supposed to be there, but she's been under the weather quite a bit. She really would have cut it up. Well, listen, I'm so grateful for all of you. And I guess it was the first one in this office who said it was based on you. Thank you, Mr. President. Thank you, Mr. President. Now, goodbye. God bless you.