This is Think Tech Hawaii, Community Matters here. Hey Aloha and welcome to Stand on Energy Man on Think Tech Hawaii where community matters and I'm really really excited for our last show of 2017. 2017 has been a jam packed year, you've heard me mention this a couple times, I have no idea where this year went but it's in our rear view mirror as of this weekend and we're closing out this year with one of the greatest guests I think I could ever expect to have on the show, Mr. Andy Marsh who's the president and CEO of Plug Power and for those who deal with hydrogen they know that Plug Power is definitely a force to be reckoned with in the fuel cell industry and the hydrogen industry and we're really really glad that we could have Mr. Marsh on this morning to discuss the state of the art of hydrogen in the U.S. and around the world so Andy I really really thank you for being on today and I'm looking forward to having a good discussion with you. Well Aloha Stan and happy new year and really looking forward to our discussion today. Great, hey could you start off by telling us the audience a little bit about how you got into doing what you're doing and how you moved into Plug Power and then get us up to date on what Plug Power has been up to. Sure Stan, I've actually been in energy and new technology is my entire career. I started off over 35 years ago with Bell Laboratories and I was working there on powering wireless equipment in the 1980s and broadband equipment in the 90s and after 18 years of the labs I actually started my own company with a few friends which we grew into a hundred million dollar business building power systems for broadband applications in the United States and across the world and the company was sold in 2007 and I was on vacation in the Virgin Islands in 2008 and my phone rang and it was Plug Power and they asked me if I was interested in sitting down and talking to them about the CEO position and after my successful run as CEO at the company I started called Valiar and I've actually been involved and knowledgeable about fuel cells for many years since my father worked for General Electric and worked for fuel cells in the 60s. I understood the possibilities and the challenges in the industry and I was nicely offered the job and I was lucky to be the CEO of Plug Power for almost 10 years now. So when you started at Plug Power, how many employees did they have? Well it's interesting, when I joined Plug we had about one million dollars in product revenue and we actually had about 350 employees and one of the more difficult challenges was that I had to resize the business early to meet the revenue and we became as small as 60 people but today we have over 600 folks and are continuing to grow and many of the people we let go in the early years actually have been back and are significant contributors to the growth of our company today. Well and that's important, that's why I asked the question about number of employees because a lot of times you come into a company and the first thing you got to do is apply some tough leadership love and get the company stable so you can grow it and I knew that was part of what you did at Plug Power to make it what it is today. So how big are you now and give us an idea of the kind of things that you're doing because it's just exciting. I know what you're doing but I think everybody else in the world needs to know what you're doing because it's really cool. Sure so you were talking about the stand making hard decisions and about nine years ago when we looked at the market we were trying to find a sector in which we could see that we could offer customers value and we had some experiments going on putting fuel cells into the forklift trucks. So you know the trucks that we could see that by using fuel cells in forklift trucks we could eliminate a battery changeout process that could take up to 20-25 minutes at many companies these are manufacturing companies for retailers who distribute products. We saw we could improve the performance of a truck where the truck ran 10-12% more productive because of the characteristics of fuel cells. We also have folks eliminate the battery changeout room and folks are pretty excited about eliminating lead acid batteries. We looked at that and we also saw that it was a large market opportunity so there's over 6 million forklift trucks in the world and so you know you started thinking man said hey I can start building a viable business charge a little bit more because there's value being added and drive down the costs of our products. So today we have over 20,000 fuel cells in the field powering forklift trucks at facilities like Amazon and Walmart and BMW. And we also found along the way stand that we just couldn't just provide fuel cells that we also had to build the hydrogen fueling stations. And the company has built over 60 hydrogen fueling systems at distribution centers and manufacturing facilities. We've done well over 10 million hydrogen fueling fuelings and on a daily basis we actually use about 15 tons of hydrogen in our products. We're the largest user of industrial hydrogen for fuel in the world. Yeah I have to admit going on your website it's like you've got the cradle, the grave, in fact we often times give Toyota the credit of wanting to bring the chicken and the egg like they're doing here in Serfco in Hawaii but you brought the chicken, the egg, the chicken feed and everything you got this maintenance package you've got the vehicles themselves or the forklifts themselves and different sizes and to fit the market. But one of the things that I look forward to with your association particularly with Walmart and some of the big box companies I know that run 24-7 that's now starting to build up that infrastructure across the continental US where between you and maybe Tesla one or Tesla trucking you're going to really start that infrastructure across the continental US for hydrogen transportation. Are you seeing that as part of your plan too? You know Stan when we look at what we've done with hydrogen is really just a start and that you know for example as well as with fuel cells and let me take a step back I mean in 2017 we deployed our first fuel cells into delivery vans so we have FedEx trucks which are running on plug power fuel cells today. We have delivery vans in China which are operating on plug power fuel cells today and you mentioned our maintenance package I should mention that for each of the units in the field our units are connected via the internet of things but we actually know in real time the performance of our units and how they're operating for our customers. That being said when we start looking at hydrogen we see a large opportunity not only for hydrogen on the distribution side but hydrogen when it comes to generation so we're in discussions with many of the large industrial gas companies about how plug power can partner with them not only to provide fueling infrastructure but also long term to move into the hydrogen generation business as we represent such a steady consistent load for the large industrial gas companies we're a very attractive partner for the long run. And did I read right on your website that that you can use industrial grade hydrogen in your fuel cells on those forklifts so what's the purity standard that you folks have set that you have to maintain to keep your forklifts running? Well we do you know the fuel cells require 99.9% and there are processes about 65% of the hydrogen we use actually hydrogen that would have just been burned off in the air and that hydrogen comes from often chloralcholide plants where the hydrogen is would just be waste coming out of the process of making plastic and the hydrogen is cleaned up through a purifier and then used in our products. I see okay so you're actually tapping into again a different source of hydrogen that's available where you're at we don't have that luxury here in Hawaii but yeah that's it's actually a very you know when you really think about it's a quite a renewable solution because it allows you know hydrogen that would be wasted and be reused you know in Hawaii obviously you know with all your nice sunshine every day which I wish we were having here in upstate New York that you know certainly solar with electrolysis is I think a long-term solution for hydrogen on the Hawaiian islands. We'd love to have you come out here sometime and give us some good advice on the directions we can take. Are you are you actually in any discussions with the other big box companies like maybe Lowe's and Home Depot and maybe big companies like Safeway or you know nationwide chains Macy's any of those that also fit your model for using your material handling? Sure we we actually have sites with Home Depot and Lowe's today and both of them are really targeted for much broader rollouts than we presently have with them. So we have Home Depot's largest internet site retail site is actually in Troy Ohio and there's about 200 plug power fuel cells providing power to the forklift trucks there as well as the plug power hydrogen station. We have a number of sites with Lowe's also and we'd love to make Safeway a customer. Yeah because they're they're out here too and you know quite remarkably and coincidentally when we started our hydrogen implementation working group out here two years ago right near the top of our list of possible revenue sources was lift trucks and forklifts to move material out here along with fleet vehicles because we thought that the commercial passenger car market was going to take a while to develop so we were looking hard at forklifts and pallet electric pallet jacks and pallet movers here in Hawaii to help us develop our infrastructure and I know you come out here on vacation you think that's a viable model out here in Hawaii because we don't do as much 24-7 as the big Walmart and and Amazon warehouses do where that's where your value proposition really takes off when you're when you're working 24-7 in those forklifts if they're not moving they're not making money you know you think that we can still take advantage of the hydrogen in the material handling world out here in Hawaii and I think then you the answer question I think is yes and I think there's a number of reasons when you think about Hawaii's goal to be renewable by 2045 when you think about using solar electrolysis as a source of hydrogen when you think about coupling not only forklifts but coupling items like delivery vans and even offer on on-road vehicles using hydrogen so that you can spread out the costs of infrastructure across a multitude of devices I think there is a strong value proposition we know in general with fleet vehicles that when one starts thinking about the cost of electrical infrastructure when one moves past about 30 units fuel cells make a great deal more sense than lithium batteries today and maybe on the second half of the discussion here we can talk about some of the activities that are going on globally okay that would be great in fact that's a good spot for us to take a quick break here and we'll we'll be back in 60 seconds to spend more time with Andy Marsh and talk about plug power and fuel cells across the globe hi guys it's RV Kelly I'm your host of out of the comfort zone where I find cool people with cool solutions to problems that all of us face now the thing is we're really cool and I only invite really cool people but the thing is I think you're kind of cool too so I think you should come and watch that Thursdays at 11 a.m. here on OC 16 television with think tech Hawaii I'm RB Kelly hosted out of the comfort zone and I will see you next Thursday I just walk by and I said what's happening guys hey and welcome back to stand energy man on my lunch hour Stan Oserman here with Andy Marsh the president CEO of plug power for those of you that aren't familiar plug power it's a big big company now in the world it makes probably the most fuel cells especially the smaller scale fuel cells and I say that relative to 150 kilowatt but forklift and truck size fuel cells probably the biggest in the world if not at least the biggest in the US for sure and we're excited to have them on and talking about the future of hydrogen some fuel cells and hydrogen technology across the globe because he's plugged into the newly minted hydrogen council which is an international consortium of investors and manufacturers that have anything to do with hydrogen some of the names in this consortium include shell oil and total oil air lequid air gas plug power proton on site there's Kawasaki Honda Toyota they're all in this group and and they're all taken off and they've decided that it's time to let hydrogen see its day and make it into the sunshine and and get on everybody's on everybody's radar so welcome back Andy and let's let's head down that that road you were in bond for the last cop cop 23 with members of the hydrogen council and all the events going on in bond that week could you give us some insight as to some of the discussions over there you know I think the big event when it comes to hydrogen was that McKinsey the hydrogen council asked McKinsey back in January where the council was formed at Davos to do a study on the industry to understand how it will grow in the coming years and when they looked at the hydrogen industry and the value that fuel cells and hydrogen could provide society so they came to the conclusion that the industry will be a 2.5 trillion dollar industry by 2050 that will be high will have about 250 million people working in this industry 250 million people working in this industry that I'm confusing my numbers here stand there'll be 250 billion but there'll be about 250,000 people working in this industry you know they see that the investment in the industry between now and 2030 of over 250 billion dollars I think what's really interesting is that they see 18% of the energy in the world coming from hydrogen by 2050 and really being significant even by 2030 and hydrogen will be used as an energy source not only in the transportation sector but also in power generation in industrial uses for refining steel so you know it's not just fuel cells and you know the reason these companies and certainly they all are concerned about the environment but they see a huge massive market opportunity because of the advantages hydrogen has versus batteries in many cases so when you think about the transportation sector for example batteries have some unique advantages if you think about lithium batteries oh their efficiency is 80% but they do have one big challenge and that's charging infrastructure and as I mentioned in the first part of our segment that when you think about over 30 vehicles electrical infrastructure starts becoming more complicated and more costly than fuel cells transportation with fuel cells you have the experience of fast fueling that you have with autos today I think most important why it's important both for power generation and transportation the density of hydrogen at pressures is about 10 to 15 times more than batteries but when you think about transportation from cars the drones the lightweight of fuel cells versus batteries there is a real distinctive advantage and that's why McKinsey decided that this segment was going to grow rapidly and I think you're beginning to see the needs of that around the world now there's 3,000 cars on the road in California today by Toyota there's you know the Olympics in 2018 coming up fuel cells will be highlighted both in the 2018 Olympics in Seoul but also in Japan in the 2020 Olympics so there is a real global push for fuel cells that the hydrogen council and members are significantly behind but it's really fundamentally it adds value to consumers and will help make for a greener cleaner world than we have today yeah I got to admit when I was in New York and listening to all the presentations that you and other corporate leaders and that was actually an eye-opener by itself the folks that were at the hydrogen council meeting and pitching to the investors were not vice presidents or you know someone that works in the company these were all the CEOs of some really large companies that that work the hydrogen industry and to hear them talk about not just their products or what they make but the diversity and the common sense approach to how hydrogen will will solve a lot of problems not just the carbon emission problems but can be leveraged into new tech new new energy sources new materials new processes for making you know materials like steel as you mentioned and it's kind of like the Swiss Army knife of energy you can store the energy you can use to cook with it it's available all over unlike lithium which has a fairly limited you know resource on our planet and we it's like we're going right from one fossil fuel with limited resources around the world to you know lithium was is another limited resource that now we're gonna have to look at as a strategic reserve and especially when you try and scale up the transportation sector it can't be the answer to everybody's questions but batteries are always going to be a part of our fuel cell vehicles and your and forklifts and things but it was just refreshing to hear the industry across the board talk about the diversity of the hydrogen economy and the ways that it's going to contribute in the future the stability it'll bring to you're not fighting over oil you don't have to fight over hydrogen everybody's got it it's in their backyard it's in their landfills it's in everything they have around them it was just great to be part of those discussions and listen to folks talk about it I agree Stan and you know and we were talking about fuel cells and the environment but there is a fundamental value of electric vehicles which can either be powered by fuel cells or lithium batteries when you think about the electrification of the world you know it you know electric vehicles whether it's you know 30 years from now electric airplanes or electric cars electric vehicles are fundamentally more reliable more dependable than internal combustion engines it actually opens up whole new markets for people beyond the big auto companies today and I think you know when you think about mega trends that are going on in the world from the creation of mega cities to a sharing economy for automobiles cars will be on the road 18 hours a day be at Hawaii or be in New York City or be at Honolulu or be in New York City when you think about Lyft or Uber providing people services and fuel cells and they're fast fueling and utilizing the assets like we do in forklift trucks really become very very valuable for society in general beyond a clean environment exactly there's there's companies out there now they're looking at merging the Uber and Lyft concept with the fact that you have autonomous vehicles and instead of a car sitting around in your carport or your garage for you know most of its lifetime these vehicles are going to be on the road you know 24 hours a day with no driver inside and you're going to be maximizing the use of those vehicles and you can make an electric vehicle that maintenance goes down make it a hydrogen electric vehicle and your weight goes down so let's wear and tear on the roads and the tires and you just start to see all the benefits of it and I think hydrogen is one of those things where when you open that Christmas present it's going to just start really showing you what you can do when you open that package it's going to say hey we can provide medical oxygen for the hospitals we can provide you know this industry this product and you know the fertilizer industry this product and we can work with these guys and do this cheaper it's it's just going to be a huge gift once people recognize the value of hydrogen you know Stan I agree a hundred percent and boy I wish I was 30 years old instead of 60 years old because I would love to do this another 40 40 years because I really think this is like when I was a kid and working wireless this is going to take over the world one day and it is a really exciting time and when you mentioned about autonomous vehicles fuel cells beat batteries hands down because we can refuel in minutes versus how long does it take to charge a battery you can get more of your asset using a fuel cell then you can never get out of battery not that there isn't a place for batteries but there's a big place in the world for fuel cell vehicles yeah exactly and you know Hawaii was one of the places that pioneered electric vehicles almost 20 years ago in fact the company or the agency I work with started off working with Hyundai and our county transportation sector and the military under DARPA of all things to do electric vehicles and we have had a lot of folks out here working on it and you know when you think about it with that big of a head start we've also found out what some of the limitations are and in our society here we have a lot of structures that are more than 25 or 30 years old and their electric system is not sufficient in like a high-rise apartment building it was built 30 years ago to to provide the power needed for a bunch of electric plug installs unless they upgrade the utility to the building and sometimes that's several hundred thousand dollars for transformers to put in the chargers that you need so we're we're certain that the battery plug-in vehicles are going to play a role in Honolulu but it's it's tough to deal with the infrastructure ish challenges with plug-ins as well and so hydrogen will give us some more electric vehicles on the road and give us a little bit more diversity in how we how we power those things how we store the energy and you know stand before we go here the reasons you mentioned for Honolulu where for high rises is exactly the reason China is making such a big push in the fuel cells the fuel cells are part of the Chinese five-year plan you know the high rises in Shanghai much newer can't handle the electrical infrastructure in China expects to have over 50,000 fuel cell vehicles on the road by 2025 and over a million by 2030 around the world people expect to have over 4,000 hydrogen stations which can support like a gas station you know six to seven hundred cars per day so there is a real bright future for fuel cells and also a real bright future for plug power I'm seeing that too so I can't get ahead of the insider trading laws I guess because I wish I could but it's like now I'm old enough and I have the money but I don't have the years in front of me to do a whole lot of stuff that I'd like to do just like you but yeah I'm so happy you could join us today on the show and obviously I'm gonna have to have you come back at least a couple more times to update us on what's going on with hydrogen council and and what's going on with plug power but thanks so much for being with us today I really appreciate it thank you and I appreciate the opportunity to talk to all my friends in Hawaii all right well holy muckahee ki ho as they say in Hawaii happy new year and we look forward to talking to you in 2018 so so thanks so much and okay and that's going to do it for Stan energy man for 2017 and we're going to sign off here and see you next year and really it's going to be an exciting year in 2018 so thanks to Robert and Cindy here in the studio for helping they'll put everything together and thanks again to Andy Marsh for being on our show Allah


The recent agreement between Russian and Chinese counterparts with the Yemeni military has sparked intrigue among western and occupation intelligence agencies, marking a significant development amid escalating tensions in the Red Sea region. While the specifics of the deal remain undisclosed, there are indications that it pertains to the protection of ships from the two nations amidst Yemen's efforts to block essential goods from reaching occupied Palestinian territories via the crucial Red Sea route. Maintaining our commitment to unbiased reporting and geopolitical analysis, we urge our audience to engage with this information by liking and sharing, staying abreast of developments in Palestine, and subscribing to our channel for timely updates. For the open-minded thinker show, the news of this agreement comes as no surprise, given our team's ongoing monitoring of Red Sea developments and the intricate power dynamics at play between east and west. It's evident that western attempts to subdue the Yemeni Salvation Army through airstrikes have faltered, possibly prompting eastern powers led by Russia to retaliate against western support for a European country previously invaded by the former Soviet superpower. This hypothesis gains traction against the backdrop of recent events, including Russia's recovery from a devastating terrorist attack and China's response to heightened western intervention in what it perceives as its domestic affairs in Taiwan. The convergence of these factors suggests a unified eastern strategy, leveraging the Red Sea to counter western influence. The reported acquisition of hypersonic weapons by the Hautis further underscores the eastern powers' readiness to challenge American naval presence in the region. The implications of this alliance extend beyond geopolitical maneuvering, potentially serving as retribution for western policies perceived as hindering the establishment of a Palestinian state. Amid ongoing occupation activities in West Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, there's a palpable sense of urgency to support the Yemeni military in acquiring advanced weaponry, effectively challenging western naval superiority in the Red Sea. In essence, this joint effort signals a strategic shift in the balance of power with eastern powers leveraging the Red Sea as a means to counter western influence and advance their geopolitical objectives, including supporting Palestinian resistance efforts and challenging European colonial activities in the region. The observation that much of the recent news regarding advancements in the Yemeni military is originating from Russian and Chinese news outlets adds weight to our conclusion. For example, the revelation of Yemeni possession of hypersonic missiles was initially reported by a Russian news outlet. According to the report, a military official close to the Yemeni Salvation Army stated, the group's missile forces have successfully tested a missile that is capable of reaching speeds of up to Mach 8 and runs on solid fuel. The report further indicated that the Hultis intend to begin manufacturing it for use during attacks in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, as well as against targets in Israel. This sourcing underscores the significance of the Russian and Chinese perspectives in shaping the narrative surrounding Yemeni military capabilities and intentions. It suggests a deliberate effort by these eastern powers to highlight and possibly amplify Yemeni advancements, particularly those aimed at challenging western interests in the region and supporting causes aligned with their geopolitical objectives. As for the investigation of this crime and the results of the operation, we can now say the following.  They tried to hide and moved towards Ukraine, where, according to preliminary data, a window was prepared for the transition to the state border. While this was Russian President Vladimir Putin's response to the terrorist operation in Moscow, the aftermath of the terrorist operation in Moscow saw the Russian president seizing the opportunity to suggest Ukraine's alleged involvement, as the attackers were reportedly seen fleeing towards the Eastern European country. The resulting anger and public sentiment may push the Russian government towards retaliatory actions, potentially involving the provision of even more sophisticated hardware to the Yemeni military. This move could be aimed at countering western-aligned military formations in the Red Sea. In analyzing this situation, we've also considered the pivotal role played by Iran. The Yemeni army's capabilities are intricately linked to Iran's support, particularly in providing access to drones and ballistic missiles. These weapons have proven effective in disrupting shipping along the Bab Al-Mandeb Strait. Notably, Iran has claimed possession of hypersonic missiles capable of reaching speeds eight times faster than sound. The sheer potency of these missiles renders them nearly impervious to contemporary missile defense systems, including the Iron Dome. Recent events, such as the Yemeni strike on Islat in occupied Palestine, have raised suspicions that hypersonic missiles may be in play. While the Israeli army officially labeled it a ballistic missile attack, many, including the open-minded thinker news team, believe it could be a highly maneuverable hypersonic missile. The failure of the Iron Dome to detect or intercept these missiles has underscored their potency and surprised the occupation army. Residents of Islat have expressed deep concern over the ongoing threat posed by missiles launched by Yemen's Salvation Army. Despite assurances from the Israeli Defense Forces, IDF, regarding their defense systems, recent incidents, including the interception of a suspicious target from the Red Sea, highlight the evolving capabilities of the Yemeni military. Yemen has claimed responsibility for missile and UAV strikes, with the recent cruise missile incident marking a significant escalation. This escalation underscores Yemen's determination to hold the occupation authorities accountable for their actions, particularly in Gaza, where destruction persists amidst global silence and division. The Yemeni military's improved armament signifies a significant shift in the balance of power and demonstrates their resolve to confront aggression in the region. The dynamics of the deal between Yemen and Russia are indeed complex, shaped by each party's strategic interests and challenges in the region. Russia's focus on safeguarding its shadow ships, which transport cheap oil to the international market via the Red Sea, underscores the importance of securing this vital trade route from potential threats, including attacks on Russian-affiliated vessels. Similarly, China's involvement stems from its own commercial interests, particularly following incidents such as the targeting of a Chinese commercial ship by the Yemeni Salvation Army. The alliance or deal with Yemeni authorities serves as a strategic move to ensure the safety of Chinese commercial vessels transiting the Red Sea and Gulf of Arden. This diplomatic approach contrasts with the Western strategy of engaging in direct military confrontation with Yemen, which has only exacerbated tensions and escalated the shipping crisis. Despite extensive bombing campaigns targeting Yemen's critical infrastructure, the desired outcomes have yet to materialize, with the Yemeni Salvation Army retaliating by escalating attacks and disrupting maritime routes, including those in the Indian Ocean. However, challenges persist as evidenced by recent incidents such as the launch of anti-ship ballistic missiles by Iranian-backed Houthi militants, resulting in minor damage to Chinese-owned vessels. Mistaken identity and outdated navigation information have further complicated matters, highlighting the risks associated with military actions in the region. Meanwhile, reports of civilian casualties in US-UK airstrikes underscore the ongoing human cost of military interventions in Yemen. Despite Yemeni claims of civilian casualties, Washington and London have not commented, indicating a potential continuation of their military approach in the foreseeable future. In summary, while diplomatic efforts offer a potential path towards de-escalation and stability in the region, ongoing military actions and geopolitical tensions continue to pose significant challenges to peace and security in Yemen and the surrounding waters. Thank you for joining us today. To further our reach and amplify our message, we encourage you to like, share, and subscribe to our channel. Together, let's raise awareness and strive for peace. Until next time, stay informed and stay engaged. Peace.


So, even though you may be cautious in the lab and you may be adhering to the rules of the lab, sometimes accidents do happen. So, whenever accidents happen in the lab, whenever there's a spill, whenever somebody gets injured, it is very important to notify the instructor. That's the first thing that you do, let the instructor know of any accidents that may occur. If, for example, you are working with a chemical and the chemical gets into your eyes. The first thing you want to do is to get assistance from either your instructor or a neighbor. Get immediately to this eyewash station and you may have to get your neighbor to press the pedal forward so that the water will come out of the eyewash station. And you need to make sure that your eyes, this is very important, that your eyes remain open so that the water that comes out can flush your eyes. And you want to do this for 15 minutes until an emergency personnel arrives.   So when you're in the lab, you need to be aware of your surroundings. You need to pay attention to the exit, you need to pay attention to where the emergency phone is so that you know exactly how to act quickly in the case of an emergency. So if you follow these guidelines and if you follow the rules to apply in case there is an accident, you may not only save yourself but you may save others from extreme harm.


The presidential candidate of the Labour Party, Peter Ubi, has urged Nigerians to reject money-bound politicians in the February 25 election. The former Anambra State Governor also asked Nigerians to show an ethnic and religious sentiment in voting during the forthcoming presidential election. Ubi said he is the most qualified of the 18 candidates, jostling for the top Asurok job and promised to provide jobs for the youth. The aggrieved of us and Niger's endorsement, now Peter Ubi is the one who did this very well. So that's where we start. You are the answer to this. Leave money-bound. The youth, is this, money-bound have played a lot of role, but they brought us to the poverty. So we decide to reject them. I am pleading for Nigerians to reject them, because they can not continue. If they continue, we are going to be impoverished. Look at, you can't drive from Adegis to Akuna because of money-backs. Our children, look at that Akiti, a young state, why do youths are, why do youths aren't employed because of money-backs? Do you want them to continue? No. We don't want money-back. We want to give the youth jobs. We want to give them a future. We want the country to change. The notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Hello, I am Dr. Sitesh Kumar Kashin presenting a topic, a reservoir planning for runoff river type hydro power plants. I work as a professor in civil engineering at Valshan Institute of Technology, Solapur. The learning outcomes, at the end of this session, the students will be able to compare different types of hydroelectric plants, discuss suitability of runoff river type hydroelectric plants, calculate pondage required in the reservoir used for runoff river plant to satisfy inflow and power generation pattern. This is a typical hydro power generation plant. Here there is a reservoir, which is formed by this stamp. This is a control gate. When we open the gate, water enters through the spine stock to this turbine, turbine rotates and after transferring energy to turbine, water further moves to the downstream channel. The rotating turbine has a shaft. The shaft is rotated and then electricity is generated in electric generator and then it is transmitted. Now, let us very briefly discuss different types of hydro power plants. Hydro power plants can be of storage type hydro power plant, runoff river type hydro power plant, pumped storage type hydro power plant and also tidal water hydro power plant. Now, this is a well-known storage type hydro power plant from USA. That is the hydro power plant with Hoover Dam. This is Hoover Dam, a very big storage reservoir formed on the upstream side of the stamp and it is utilizing a very big head available here and this is the hydro power generation station at the foot of the dam. In this season of high flows, the reservoir will be filled in and water will be used over the year for hydro power generation. So, this is a speciality of storage type hydro power plants. Now, this is an example of Chief Joseph Dam from USA. This is runoff river type hydro power plant. Now, the speciality of runoff river hydro power plant is such that major flow is passed through the hydro power plant and excess water which is available is passed over the spillways. So, here you find the water passing through the hydro power generation plant as well as the additional water flowing through the channel. The reservoir which is formed here is comparatively very small as compared to storage type of hydro power plants. This is a power plant which is called as pumped storage power plant. In pumped storage power plant, you will find there are two reservoirs. One is reservoir at higher elevation and another is the reservoir at the lower elevation. When your peak hours of demand are there, water from the upper reservoir is passed through the penstock through the hydro power generation plants and electricity is generated. The electricity generated is fed to the grid and sold at the higher rates as compared to off peak hours. The water which is released from the upper reservoir will be stored in the lower reservoir and will not be allowed to go further in the river. And in off peak hours, the water which was released at the time of generation will be again pumped up and thrown in this upper reservoir. This steam does not have 100% efficiency but the difference is managed by the rates at which power is sold. That's why you will find that pumped storage type hydro power plants are also useful whenever we can manage the demand and supply of electricity in peak and off peak hours. At off peak hours, excess energy available in the grid is taken and it is used to pump the water from the lower reservoir to upper reservoir. This is La Rance tidal type hydro power plant in France. So here we find that here there is history and here there is a power plant. A reservoir is formed on this side. The level difference in between the reservoir and open sea at the time of high tide and low tide is used here for generation of electricity. So this plant side features the tidal range of 8.2 m. This is the highest range in France. The capacity of this power plant that it can generate up to 540 gigawatt hours annually. It consists of 145 m long barrage with 6 fixed wheel gates and 163 m long dike and the basin area which is covered is 22 square km. Power produced through this particular plant is generated by using 24 reversible bulb turbines of capacity 10 MW each. This is the another picture of the same hydro power plant. This is the open sea and this is the stream and the level difference in between the open sea and the reservoir is used here. So here you find this particular reservoir is storing this water. It is at higher level whereas there is low tide in sea and the water is released to generate. Now let us discuss in details about the runoff of your plant. The same example I am giving. So the characteristics of runoff of your plant can be summarized like this. A small damage is usually built to create a head point ensuring enough water entering the penstock pipes. Water led to the turbines which are at low elevation. Projects with pondage as opposed to those without pondage can store water for daily load demands. Many larger runoff of your plant projects are now designed to a scale which have their generation capacity comparable to the traditional hydro dams. Let us compare the source plant and runoff of your plant. These are different in design. The traditional hydro dams store enormous quantities of water in the reservoirs and sometimes it causes flooding. In contrast runoff of your plants do not have the disadvantage associated with big reservoirs. That is why they have less environmental impact. Advantage of runoff of your plants they can create sustainable energy minimizing the impact of surrounding environment and nearby communities. These plants give cleaner power, fewer greenhouse gases less flooding due to big reservoirs. Without a reservoir flooding of upper part of the river does not take place and as a result people remain living or near the river and in existing habitations and these habitations are not flooded. Whereas there are some disadvantages also of this runoff of your plants. The runoff of your plant is considered as a uniform source of power. It has little or no capacity for energy storage and hence cannot effectively coordinate the output of electricity generation to match the consumer demand. It means these are not as flexible as the storage plants because their storage is limited and they largely depend upon the runoff of the river. It thus generates much more power during times when river has high floors but it generates much less power during drier summer months that is the disadvantage. The sites are also not available in great number for this type of plants. Let us take few questions.  Second question. Pondage requirement in hydro power plant includes the need to balance the varying demand to compensate for wastage and spillage to balance short term fluctuations in the flow Let us see the answer. A runoff of your plant for hydro power generation is essentially a low head scheme. Pondage requirement in hydro power plant includes the need to balance the varying demand to compensate for wastage and spillage to balance short term fluctuations in the flow. Let us take one problem. A runoff of your plant is to be constructed across river at a site where net head of 22 m is available on the turbines. The river carries a sustained minimum flow of 26 km as drive other flow.  Assuming the plant efficiency of 58% determine maximum generation capacity of the generators to be installed at powerhouse and the volume of pondage to be provided to supply the daily demand Assuming daily demand pattern consists of average load for 21 hours and peak load for 3 hours. Let us go to the solution. Let P be a power in kW. Let H be the head in m and it has the efficiency. Power P is given by P is equal to 9.81 into efficiency into discharge Q into head H. Here efficiency we are given as 0.58 and Q is 26 km. With the head 22 m one can calculate power P generated in kW that is 9.81 into 0.58 into 26 into 22 that is 3251 kW. However we are given the load factor as 0.75 load factor is average load by peak load. So we equate this average load 3251 and then we find out the peak load. So it gives you peak load as 4645 kW. Now hence assuming there is no reserve capacity we have maximum capacity of generators to be installed as 4645 kW which matches with the peak. So from point H is drawn in order to meet excess demand for 3 hours when we need the excess power. So let us find the difference between the peak demand and average demand. It is 4645 minus 3252 So we need to generate additional 1394 kW of power for 3 hours. So let us find out excess discharge required for developing excess power. So power P is 9.81 into Q into H. Now we want to generate 1394 kW. So additional discharge required is 11.15 kW. So this discharge has to be there for 3 hours. So let us multiply it by the seconds of 3 hours and then we get this as 120400 cubic meters. So in this way we calculate the reserve storage capacity required for a rough plan. So these are the references which are used for drafting this presentation. Thank you.


good morning all of you please type in your name okay good morning did you finish your assignment that I have sent you in the group did you finish the assignment right discuss that fine so what we do in the last half an hour because I am accessing now this YouTube thing so I cannot go to the WhatsApp group and check the no questions so what we do in the last half an hour you can send me your doubt your question number on the group I will discuss them okay there only fine last class we have discussed hyper conjugation right have you discussed aromaticity you examples of aromatic compounds have we discussed that aromaticity we have discussed or not so we have finished aromaticity and we have we have also discussed you means how many rationality let me know let me know guys quickly so just one example you tell me this one I think we have done this but just to make it sure I'm just giving you one example aromatic or what or even this one these two molecules A and B aromatic behavior you tell me okay yes correct so we have done it already right okay so move will move on okay so last class we have discussed hyper conjugation we have also seen that hyper conjugation is possible okay I'm moving forward now just five minutes quick revision of this and then we'll move on okay hyper conjugation is possible in unsaturated compound like alkene alkyne it is also possible in carbocation these three cases only hyper conjugation possible correct now if we talk about the stability of alkene this we have also discussed right and the condition what hyper conjugation is what we must have sp3 hybridized alpha hydrogen right and the stability of alkene is directly proportional to number of hyper conjugative structure which is also we can say the number of alpha hydrogen which is sp3 hybridized because it's the condition we have okay more number of alpha hydrogen more will be the hyper conjugative structure and more will be the stability right next thing is what the stability of alkene and the stability the stability of alkene in a given molecule there are possibilities that resonance is also possible I effect is also possible and hyper conjugation is also possible in a given compound right if there are different electronic effects possible in the molecule then the stability order will define according to resonance first then hyper conjugation and then I effect means the order we have to follow in this way next thing you have to keep in mind if the number of alpha hydrogen is different in all compounds then stability we can say is directly proportional to the number of alpha hydrogen we are considering only hyper conjugation here if hyper conjugation is only possible into this right but depending on this if I ask you one question here which alkene is most stable here tell me this is a CH2 double which one is most stable in all these change this in ABCD why is it so because you've seen all the molecule here the number of alpha hydrogen will be 12 number of alpha hydrogen is 9 here number of alpha hydrogen is 6 number of alpha hydrogen is 3 and here we have no alpha hydrogen right the more number of alpha hydrogen more will be the hyper conjugative structure and the stability will be more so a is maximum then B then C then D and then E and that is why you must have heard this or you must know this that more substituted alkene is more stable have you heard this the stability of alkene what we say more substituted alkene is more stable yes behind this is what because more substitution more will be the alpha hydrogen right you see this alkene is the most substituted among the all right that's why it is more stable right the reason is hyper conjugation only one more question we'll see tell me the stability of these two these are the questions only we are discussing in the form of concept we are discussing question only this one and which one is more stable a saw this question and discuss me this are there this okay the first one how many alpha hydrogen we have here 2 4 6 8 we have 8 alpha hydrogen and here we have 3 and 1 4 alpha hydrogen so a is more stable than B right number of alpha hydrogen here will be 3 5 and 7 number of alpha here in here is 3 so 7 since this one is more stable number of alpha hydrogen in this how many alpha hydrogen we have here and here tell me first compound how many alpha hydrogen we have 6 sp3 hybridized alpha hydrogen right so it is 6 and here it will be 2 right so this one is more stable in these two which one is more stable fifth one which is more stable question number 5 see in this what happens this compound is aromatic and this compound is anti aromatic and that's why this is more stable if you talk about this 6 1 which is more stable the point I'm trying to make here it is what the given molecule you never know that what all effects are possible you have to know analyze the compounds then like in all these compounds from 1 to 4 you see from 1 to 4 the you know there is hyper conjugation possible there's no resonance but when resonance comes into the picture then that will be the more stabilizing factor right so in the fifth example you see the first compound is aromatic and the second compound is anti aromatic we do not have hyper conjugation here but since the first one is anti in is aromatic it is more stable correct what about the sixth one which one is more stable for a stable why question of the reason tell me what is the reason for that correct correct so here we have resonance right so here we have resonance possible do we have hyper conjugation possible yes we have hyper conjugation also possible here because of alpha hydrogen present right here we have only hyper conjugation possible since resonance is there so this is the more stabilizing factor here first one is more stable than the second one okay just a second I have there in the center of there in the classroom yeah okay guys sorry got urgent ball actually right so here we have a resonance hyper conjugation this one is more stable again you see this pi bond here it is in conjugation right so hence this is more stable than the second one so here also we have resonance possible and hyper conjugation also there right but here we do not have resonance but hyper conjugation is there because of alpha hydrogen the resonance is the more stabilizing factor we have here right so from all these examples what you know what point I'm trying to make is what you have to find out the stability of alkene because once you have because if the question is related with heat of hydrogenation or combustion you have to deal with the stability of alkene that's why I have given you all these examples okay now the next thing we are going to start here is heat of hydrogenation so we'll start here heat of hydrogenation delta at hydrogenation like this now what is heat of hydrogenation it is the amount of heat released it is the amount of heat I'll write down in short you also write down it quickly amount of heat released one mole of alkene one mole of alkene goes under hydrogenation for example you see here to the next page I hope all of you have copied it down okay for example you see if you have this molecule suppose two molecules I'm taking here one is this that is butene and other one is this which is due to in this is supposed molecule A and this is molecule B right and when hydrogenation takes place it forms butane this also under hydrogenation gives butane okay since in both the reaction we are getting butane here so energy of product will be safe right and in these two can you tell me which one is more stable A or B which one is more stable A or B is more stable and why is that so why is that so what is the reason behind that more alpha hydrogen correct so this alkene is more substituted and number of alpha hydrogen here it is six and here the number of alpha hydrogen is two right so this one is more stable right so if I draw the energy profile of this reaction right energy profile so suppose this is the energy axis we have right and if I write down these two molecule A and B if I try to put the energy profile of A and B which one should be A which one should be B this should be A because B is more stable and less energy right it is more stable hence is it has less energy and A is less stable so we'll have more energy right so A will be here B will be here right but the product here we have that is suppose B the energy of that product will be same because in both the reaction we are getting butane only correct now here you see if I draw the energy profile for B it would be like this and for A also it would be like this right now the energy difference here you see it will be for B it will be this distance that is delta H B right and for A you see the energy difference will be this that is delta H A so if I talk about the magnitude of this energy which comes out in both the reaction the magnitude of A will be is more than the magnitude of B right plus I'll write down here delta H A because it is an energy releases in this reaction delta H B so magnitude of delta H A is more than to that of delta H B and which is nothing but this energy nothing but heat of hydrogenation heat of hydrogenation so heat of hydrogenation of B is less which is what which is more stable right this is more stable less energy right so from this example what we can conclude that more stable energy sorry more stable alkene gives sorry more stable alkene gives lesser heat of hydrogenation right so what we can write the the stability of alkene is inversely proportional to the heat of hydrogenation this is the first conclusion we can make here okay did you understand this stability of alkene you write down here stability of alkene one thing here you have to your the constraint we have since you see A and B both molecule has only one pi bond so this relation is only true when the molecule has molecule has equal number of pi bonds okay equal number of it will be true otherwise it is this we cannot say but what happens if the molecule has different number of pi bonds so for that we'll write here for the molecule which has strength number of pi bonds the heat of hydrogenation delta H hydrogenation is directly proportional to the number of pi bonds okay this is a two things you have to keep in mind to compare the heat of hydrogenation okay now one thing you see what happens here why see these these reactions are what these this process is this process is exothermic energy releases right exothermic process why it is exothermic you try to understand what happens in this reaction you see one pi and one sigma bond breaks and we'll get we'll get what two sigma bond because you see when this pi bond it means we have one hydrogen here attached with and one hydrogen here attached the pi bond breaks and we'll get in hydrogen here here also what happens we'll have an hydrogen here and we'll have an hydrogen here this hydrogen is nothing but this hydrogen and this hydrogen so what we can say you see one pi and one sigma bond breaks and we'll get two sigma one pi one sigma we'll get two sigma right so pi bond we know it is a stronger than the sigma bond so on the cost of one pi bond we are getting one sigma bond which is which has lesser energy right the difference in energy of this pi bond and one sigma bond will come out and that's why it is an exothermic process right so if you have more number of pi bonds right more sigma bond will form and more number of pi bonds will convert into sigma bond and that is why more energy releases in that process correct now these two things you have to memorize okay that stability of alkene when we have equal number of pi bonds inversely proportional to heat of hydrogenation when the number of pi bonds are different then heat of hydrogenation will be directly proportional to the number of pi bonds present is it clear can you solve some questions now on this last thing I'll tell you here when I say stability of alkene so to to you know to decide the stability of alkene right we'll use all those factors that we have discussed just now in those examples resonance hyper conjugation and all everything we'll see right okay so you see we'll are going to discuss your questions here you tell me the order of heat of hydrogenation right the question is the order of delta H hydrogenation the first question here is a and b then solve all those questions all the four questions then we'll start discussing it solve this I'll get some water done molecule which has different number of pi bonds right so more number of pi bonds more will be the heat of hydrogenation so order of delta H hydrogenation will be this right these two molecules has equal number of pi bonds number of pi bonds right but this alkene is more stable because of resonance and here we have hyper conjugation right the alkene which is more stable is this and we know the stability is inversely proportional to the heat of hydrogenation hence the order will be this you see that this alkene is stable because of resonance here only we have hyper conjugation so which one is more stable this one and the heat of hydrogenation order will be this now in this molecule you see we have we have different different number of pi bonds right so according to the logic you see the order should be what if it is a and c right we know more number of pi bonds more will be the stability more will be the heat of hydrogenation so order of heat of hydrogenation should be cb and then a but this order is not found to be correct this is not wrong this is actually this is wrong this is actually an exception here why it is an exception you see this compound is benzene which is highly stable because of aromaticity right so one factor is reducing the heat of hydrogenation since it is highly stable right the another factor which is number of pi bonds is increasing the heat of hydrogenation right so both factors are contradictory to each other and we know in chemistry when two factors are opposing each other then the result becomes experimental in that case okay and in this case the result is or the heat of hydrogenation is found to be in this order b has maximum then we have c and then we have a this is the order of heat of hydrogenation for this molecule this particular example you must remember you got it exceptions you must keep in mind okay the next thing here we have to discuss is heat of combustion co c heat of combustion now in this only we'll write down the similar way the heat of combustion is again inversely proportional to the stability of alkene stability of alkene and when I say alkene the stability of alkene for that the deciding factors are what will decide will decide the stability of alkene due to hyper conjugation due to resonance and due to aromaticity any of this factor can be there in the given question okay all these three factors you have to look after okay this is this condition is true when the two molecules has equal number of carbon atom this is true for the molecule has for equal number of carbon atoms number of carbon atoms but if the number of carbon atoms are different for different carbon atoms the heat of hydrogenation sorry heat of combustion h o c is directly proportional to the number of carbon atoms so these are the two factors then you have to keep in mind now in this we have third possibility also and that is if the molecule molecule has double bond different number of carbon atom this is not the special case it comes under this only molecule has double bond but different number of carbon atoms and we also decide the heat of combustion is directly proportional to the number of carbon atoms this factor is again dominating this is a three case possible this case the last one comes under this only but I have given here aromaticity is dominating okay I will discuss this also today see um for any carbocation if you have right then aromaticity always dominates resonance aromaticity always dominates resonance there is one factor which dominates aromaticity also and that is dancing resonance okay otherwise aromaticity is a dominating factor okay so we'll discuss that also first let me finish this thing quickly okay you understood these three points you have to keep in mind for heat of combustion now we'll see some questions on this of heat of combustion of these two molecules first one a b a b a b c b a b c b okay what is the answer guys the first one you see alpha hydrogen number of alpha hydrogen here in the first case will be what sorry number of alpha h is nine number of alpha h here it will be what we have three here and two here right so it will be five so this one is more stable and heat of combustion for this one is more inversely proportional to the stability right these two what is the answer what is the answer you have done for the second one h a is more you see in this this example is important okay and it's a good example also because when you look at this molecule it has more number of alpha hydrogen compared to this one right but the point is this molecule has more number of carbon atoms right since this molecule has more number of carbon atoms hence the heat of combustion of first will be more because it is directly proportional to the number of carbon atoms right so however hyper conjugation is there and more number of hyper conjugative structures are there but since it has more number of carbon atoms more will be the uh what we say uh heat of combustion now in the third one you see a b c d right so it is all the molecules has different number of carbon atoms and we know when the number of carbon atoms increases heat of combustion increases the fourth one you see fourth one all the molecules has equal number of carbon atoms right but this one is least stable least stable why it is least stable because this has maximum angle strain maximum angle strain so least stable so most will be the hyper conjugate sorry heat of combustion order so angle strain is also one of the factor right to to determine the stability one more example you see the fifth one of combustion order a b c d tell me the order what is the answer for this one c b a right more number of carbon atoms what we can say more number of c we have double bond right but the number of carbon atoms is also increased there are different number of carbon atoms the more number of carbon atoms more will be the heat of combustion order will be this let's say it is d c b a decreasing order it's not stability it's heat of combustion okay now this is these are the few examples we have discussed you will get questions like this only especially heat of hydrogenation is important so always consider the factor of stability of alkene we can have hyper conjugation we can have aromaticity right we can have resonance these three factors can stabilize alkene so whenever you have the questions identify the stability order according to these three factors whatever the possible factor we have right aromaticity is most stable than resonance and then hyper conjugation and inverse will be the heat of hydrogenation order right now like i said hyper conjugation is possible in case of alkene carbocation and pre radical right a few examples of carbocation also we see so we have hyper conjugation in carbocation so you see one example i'll write down ch2 ch2 positive charge here and hydrogen will have here right so again we'll draw the hyper conjugative structure of this this will come here ch2 h plus double bond ch2 this is the hyper conjugative structure and similarly we can draw two more hyper conjugative structure here because we have three alpha hydrogen present right number alpha hydrogen is three so we can draw three two more hyper conjugative structure right here also you see the stability of this carbocation right which is which is you know which is affected by i effect also but hyper conjugation also stabilizes carbocation right so what we can say that stability due to hyper conjugation if i write stability due to hyper conjugation is directly proportional to again the number of alpha hydrogen right number of hyper conjugative structure here it is what it is equals to the number of alpha hydrogen which condition should be considered for hoc stability what is hoc hype what is this hoc stability okay heat of combustion for heat of combustion stability or number of carbon atoms okay see heat of combustion is inversely proportional to stability right if you have equal number of carbon atoms right if you have equal number of carbon atoms then we consider hoc is inversely proportional to stability right but if the molecule has different number of carbon atoms suppose in the example third example you have if the molecule has different number of carbon atoms then more number of carbon atoms more will be this more will be the heat of combustion got it if the molecule has different number of carbon atoms then heat of combustion is directly proportional to the number of carbon atoms okay but for equal number of carbon atoms we'll check stability now you see if one example i'll write down here stability right opposite to number of alpha hydrogen because of hyper conjugation you see this example if you have this carbocation h3c will have so here you see since we have sp3 hybridized carbon atom also present alpha carbon atom also present so here we have hyper conjugation possible and plus i effect also possible the same thing we have here also hyper conjugation and plus i hyper conjugation and plus i right so which one is dominating factor here obviously hyper conjugation dominates over i effect but the stability with both the factor you can see that you'll get the same thing right since hyper conjugation we have discussed since the number of alpha hydrogen is nine over here number of alpha hydrogen is six over here number of alpha hydrogen is three over here so order of stability will be this sample you see right what all effect possible again we have plus i hyper conjugation plus i hyper conjugation plus i hyper conjugation sorry we have plus i hyper conjugation but which one is dominating in all these hyper conjugation is dominating and with hyper conjugation or plus i whatever you consider the stability will be maximum for this and then this because this molecule has seven alpha hydrogen this molecule has three alpha hydrogen and this molecule has one alpha hydrogen right but we compare the stability here for these two molecule which one is more stable we have ch2 plus ch plus ch3 which one is more stable just a second just a second we have ch2 and then ch2 plus this one comparison i'll give you tell me the answer third one which one is more stable fourth one b is more stable than a what about the third one third one you tell me a is more stable than b why a is more stable because this is resonance right and here we have hyper conjugation right so resonance is more stable fourth one you see we have alpha hydrogen two here here also we have alpha hydrogen two so we have equal hyper conjugative structure but at the same time here we have more plus i effect fourth one we have more plus i effect because we have profile group here here with high group and that is why the second one is more stable so all these things are relative you see if you see the hyper conjugative structure will have equal hyper conjugative structure but i effect is a is a you know deciding factor here because we have more plus i here lesser plus i here so overall the stability of this carbocation will be more got it similarly you see the same thing we have for free radical also but the only difference is in this carbocation we have complete transfer of electron but in case of free radical we'll have homolysis right one electron will go on to the one atom right so that's the thing so i'm not going to discuss that free radical part again right it's the same thing exactly same thing we have for free radical right now hyper conjugation like resonance and i effect also hyper conjugation also there are two of two types of hyper conjugation there are two types one is plus h and other one is minus h plus h are what these are electron releasing effect electron releasing group like we have plus i and plus r similarly minus h are electron withdrawing group which one the second one wait wait i'll see in the second one yeah this is the stability order right this is the stability order the heat of combustion will be diverse of this okay so plus h minus h we have discussed already so we are not going to discuss this again right but only thing minus h is possible in case of c cl3 okay that you must remember cf3 cbr3 and ci3 minus h is not possible in this three case okay ccl3 and then ch and you also know since we have discussed that because of electron releasing group erg or though our para position becomes what electron rich the ortho and para position becomes electron deficient the position is unaffected and this is true in case of what in case of resonance also right and the hyper conjugation plus h effect of cf3 is more than cd3 then cd3 this also i have discussed already so i'm not going to discuss okay now application of this you see we are going to discuss now next slide all right you see application of application of electronic effects right in this section what we are going to discuss we are going to discuss that stability with all electronic effects with respect to the all electronic effects okay so first of all you see if you're talking about carbocation this part is important because you're when you get the question you have to apply all electronic effects possible see the stability of carbocation affects by these factors actually maximum is this is the order i'm giving you okay in this order only will define the stability of carbocation the first and the and the most dominating factor we have here is dancing resonance i will discuss this first you write down dancing resonance and the second factor we have when this positive charge or carbocation is a part of aromaticity third factor we have plus m effect fourth we have plus h fifth we have plus i sixth we have hybridization hybridization seventh we have minus i minus h minus m and the last factor is anti-aromaticity meaning of this order is what the meaning of this order you see till from dancing resonance to this six the first six things are these are stabilizing factor this will stabilize the carbocation these are destabilizing factor destabilizing factor meaning of this is what suppose in the given molecules suppose core molecules are given right and in that four molecule we in one molecule we have aromaticity possible in other one plus m then plus h and plus i so the molecule which shows aromaticity is most stable then we'll have plus m then plus h and then plus this is the meaning of this understood we'll discuss few questions into this but first of all since we haven't discussed this dancing resonance we'll discuss that first see this dancing resonance is a special case you have to actually memorize this only one case it is there in case of or what we say this is a special case case where where sigma electrons taking part part in resonance sigma electrons are taking part in resonance remember one thing in resonance only pi and lone pairs are involved pi electrons and lone pairs are involved right but in this case sigma electrons are involved for example you see if you have this carbocation we have ch2 positive charge and we have a cyclopropyl group present if i draw the resonating structure for this one that will be this or this we have positive charge here positive charge here right now in this what happens this sigma electron any one of these two sigma electrons comes over here right and form this molecule if this comes over here we'll get this molecule correct why it happens because the cyclic cyclopropyl ring that you have it has very high angular strength angular strength and that is why this kind of resonating structure forms here okay so this is a special dancing resonance is actually a special case of cyclopropyl ring okay whenever we have cyclopropyl ring right so for example you see you must have seen this question the stability order of this molecule this is given in opitandon also they haven't given the reason here but the question they have mentioned the order of carbocation they have mentioned here you must have seen this cyclopropyl tricyclopropyl in benzene so here in this case what will be the order of stability which one is most stable which one is most stable no vaginal weights not the third one why i'll tell you when you have three cyclopropyl group then this kind of instruction you can draw even more here understood this sigma electrons also takes part into resonance this also and this also so here you can draw more resonating structures more similar resonating structure you can draw right and that is why the stability for this will be more than this and then this the thing is whatever you can do with one single ring right that you can do with the other ring also if it is present to the carbon got it so similar kind of resonating structure if suppose you replace this hydrogen atom with another cyclopropyl group here then another more structure you can draw correct hence this one is most stable than this and then this now the point is this order i have given you now suppose if i ask you that this is one molecule and along with this three i have given you one other carbocation like this and i ask you what is the stability order of a since in these three molecule involves dancing resonance right and we know dancing resonance is preferred over aromaticity right that is why this is the order of you know carbocation this is most stable than this and then this and then last year is it understood similarly if you have aromaticity and plus m then aromatic carbocation is more stable right plus m plus h plus m is more stable like this you have to compare so for that you should know what is the condition of plus m we have which all groups shows plus m effect where plus h is possible where plus i is possible you understood this on the basis of this so now the question that we are going to discuss now there we have application of all these factors which you know affects the stability of carbocation correct so now we are going to discuss the question here here we have discussed okay so first question i'm giving you tell me the stability of this carbocation we have c h 2 plus and here it is c n o c h 3 n r 2 c l and here we have c h 2 tell me these two first the first one is b c d a c b d a okay tell me one thing here first of all see these type of questions first of all you should know what is the electronic effects we have here because you see this part this part is common in all the compounds right the difference in stability will have because of the group attached here and the nature of these groups okay so first of all you tell me cyanide c n what effects it shows what effect it shows minus m correct so here we have so first of all you identify what effects are there minus m here can i write it is plus m n r 2 what about n r 2 plus m right what about chlorine only minus i however the chlorine has low unfair on it but it shows only minus i effective now minus m and minus i are destabilizing factor because both are electron withdrawing group right so the positive star density will increase and hence it is electron destabilizing sorry it is destabilizing factor plus m are electron releasing it is destabilizing factor so obviously b or c is more stable than a and d correct yes yes yes right personally minus i is dominating for halogen correct so b and c are more stable than d and sorry a and d a and d if you compare minus m dominates over minus i and this has this will decrease stability so obviously a will be a will be the least stable and then we'll have d correct now depending on the nature of n r 2 and o c s 3 which one has more plus m effect the stability we can decide then n r 2 has more plus m effect so stability stability will be b in the second and then c will be the most stable you understood this got it correct now similarly here you see c s 3 shows plus i n o 2 minus m c s 3 plus i right so plus i is what plus i is carbocation destabilizing factor right carbocation destabilizing factor and minus m is destabilizing factor right minus m is destabilizing factor and along with plus i here we can also have plus h possible hyper conjugation right alpha carbon sp3 hybridized right and which one is dominating here we know hyper conjugation dominates plus i so here if they ask you what is the dominating effect answer will be hyper conjugation right minus m so this b will be the least stable right plus i then c and the first will have a because of hyper conjugation yes i have given the order also for this and r 2 this this is see whenever you have two similar electronic effects okay plus m minus m whatever it is then you should know that which one dominates on other that you should know this comparison you should know i have given this order also and r 2 shows more plus m understood see whenever you have alpha sp3 hybridized alpha carbon present at ortho and para position will have hyper conjugation possible right so there will be the dominating factor is hyper conjugation now example you see tell me the stability order a b c d tell me the order guys done what is the answer t is maximum then c then a and then d question we have done it's it's simple only you see here what electronic effects we have here resonance what we have here again resonance this one is aromatic this one is also aromatic right which one dominates aromaticity dominates resonance right so obviously these two are more stable than these two right second thing here we can have more resonating structure because you have two phenyl group right so obviously this b is more stable than a because of more r s here third will be what both are aromatic compounds but here we'll have large conjugation more number of r s possible here more r s here right hence we'll have a b c and d will be the most stable this one you see one more example and then c then what is the answer both of you are getting exactly reverse why are you making these mistakes i don't know okay one thing you tell me first of all how to proceed this what effect we have here in a what effect possible a b c okay here what effect possible in a you tell me resonance correct hyper conjugation possible here because the carbon atom is sp2 hybridized no hyper conjugation here we have resonance again the both will have resonance if we compare the stability of this positive chart since we have large conjugation here obviously a is more stable than b because in a we have more conjugation correct resonance resonance is done here we have hyper conjugation possible right plus h sp3 hybridized alpha carbon atom hyper conjugation possible and we know hyper conjugation resonance dominates hyper conjugative structure order will be a b is it clear first of all you see what effects are possible and then you decide which effects effects dominates according to that you decide next question or next topic we'll discuss see we have discussed for carbocation similarly carbon and stability of carbon ion also follows this order the first one is aromaticity if the negative charge is a part of aromaticity second one is minus m resonance fourth one is minus h fifth one is minus i and then six one is hybridization these are stabilizing factor one two six these stabilizing factors are this we have plus i plus h right all these will stabilize because these are what electron withdrawing okay negative charge electron withdrawing will minimize the charge over there just one or two example we'll discuss here ch2 negative anode stability order first one and one more we'll discuss this stability order you see i will discuss this here we have minus m anode two minus m here also we have minus m so with minus m we cannot decide right because minus m is only associated with pi bonds it has nothing to do with the distance from this carbonyl but along with minus m it can also show what minus i effect here also it can also show minus i effect right so minus m is same at both ortho and para position but if you have minus i present here right in this case it is more effective here right because this closer to this carbon and a carbon ion right and that is why the stability of second one is more you see the dominating effect is minus m only okay you understand this dominating effect is minus m only but if you consider minus m you cannot decide the uh you know stability of carbon because both group shows minus m same group we have right and minus m is independent of distance it has only associated with the conjugation of pi electrons right that is same for ortho and para position so addition to addition to addition to this what we can think of we can think of i effect but ortho position we have minus i and para also we have minus i but since ortho is closer then minus i dominates over there and that will stabilize the carbonyl mode got it understood this one and discussing only some miscellaneous examples okay um you know good examples where you can make some mistake where there are possibility of you know doing some mistakes general thing if you understand the concept and various effects okay you can do general questions easily but these kind of questions you may make some mistake into the exam okay so this question you have understood question number one tell me second one and second one you see this is also very good example here see because of this group present methyl group present here we have steric repulsion here and here also we have a steric repulsion to minimize this steric repulsion what happens NO2 changes its plane right so one this group will go out into the plane and this one will come probably out of the plane like this okay dark this is a wedge line it's dash time this will change its plane and because of this change in plane minus m is not possible minus m effect is not possible here right so and here minus m effect is possible so this will stabilize mode order will be this if ortho positions are occupied then steric repulsion will come into got it okay some acidic order we'll discuss tell me the acidic order of this compound COOH here we have CT3, COOH, COOH, CH3, COOH, CH3, COOH, CH3 these three questions yeah I'll give you the break wait okay these three questions you do then we'll take a break okay I'll discuss this wait see first of all acidity little bit of idea you have right the acidic strength just give me 10 minutes we'll give you the break acidic strength but please concentrate acidic strength is directly proportional to the stability of of its conjugate base which is nothing but an anion right so acidic strength in other way you can say it is directly proportional to the stability of anion so that we have already discussed in case of carbon ion but here we don't have carbon ion here but anion will have right so if you form the conjugate base of this will get negative charge on this oxygen here and here now this stability will increase if you have electron with drawing group present correct electron with drawing group present so what we can say acidic strength is directly proportional to EWG inversely proportional to ERG is it clear till here yes or no guys so you see now again the same thing CT3 source this effect it shows plus H yes or no it shows plus I also but plus S is dominating CD3 also source plus H effect and CS3 also source plus H plus H effect are electron releasing effect right electron releasing effect because of electron releasing nature the acidic strength will decrease correct which one has maximum plus H effect which one shows maximum plus H effect tell me CT3, CD3 or CH3 maximum plus H tell me order I have given you already order of plus H effect of CT3, CD3 and CH3 which one shows maximum plus H effect CH3 methyl group it has maximum plus H nature means maximum electron releasing tendency hence the stability or sorry the acidity of this one will be least order will be is it clear guys tell me quickly we'll finish these two and then you can take a break now similarly here here we have plus H effect at CS3 what effect will have here at this position yes here we have only plus I because this is the meta position and we know and we know hyper conjugation and resonance does not affect meta position so we'll have only plus I present here both electron releasing nature plus H dominates over plus I right so order of stability will be this sorry acidity will be this right similarly CH3 here we have plus H NO2 minus M and here we'll have plus M OH right minus M increases the stability you see here directly proportional to EWG so it is EWG so this one is the most acidic first one plus M plus H electron releasing this will release more electron than this this acidity will be third and this will be second is it clear so what you have to do first of all you have to assign the effects electronic effects plus H plus M minus M or whatever it is right and then you have to see which one is electron releasing which one is electron with drawing according to that you can decide okay so I won't take much time here you we can take a break here have your lunch we'll start at 115 correct guys you there can we start now hello guys are you there hello can we start okay so you see we have discussed about this derivative of benzoic acid correct and if you see all the examples here we haven't taken ortho substituted benzoic acid right so now you'll see what happens if you have ortho substituted benzoic acid we have okay so there's a effect we call it as ortho effect you write down ortho effect what is ortho effect you see if you have we have C double bond O O minus and we have CH3 present here this is both groups are bulky here so what happens because of the steric hindrance present here this CO2 changes its plane and the structure will be like this the CS3 present as it is the CO2 molecule changes its plane and one of this atom is coming towards the observer O minus and other atom oxygen atom is going away from the observer like this okay because of this change in plane the CO2 minus or I'll write down like this CO2 minus ion is not in resonance with the ring within this molecule you see within this CO2 itself there is resonance possible right so it is not involved in resonance but CO2 minus can show resonance within itself and this is and forms I'll write down in forms equal RS equal RS because this is in resonance so we have equal RS present here now because of this equal RS the benzoate ion benzoate ion is more stable is more stable and hence acidic since this ion is more stable hence the whole molecule is more acidic so what we can say ortho substituted benzoic acid ortho substituted benzoic acid is more acidic more acidic than meta substituted this is ortho effect right since you see that resonance is hindered over here because CO2 minus ion changes its plane so we also call it as hysteric inhibition inhibition of resonance which is nothing but SIR so SIR effect or ortho effect are the same thing hysteric inhibition of resonance or ortho effect are the same thing right so this you must remember because of ortho effect the ortho benzoic acid ortho benzoic acid means ortho substituted is more acidic than para or meta benzoic acid got it ever you see ortho substituted benzoic acid it should be more acidic understood no it won't depend on the substituent whenever you have ortho substituted it is more acidic simple thing because COOH group is itself a large group here that won't depend on the substituent am i audible now am i audible okay you can hear me but you cannot see the screen right it's blank i don't some okay there are some you know some network issues though okay i'll send you the link again okay we'll send you the link again wait