So, welcome to the 39th lecture of cryogenic engineering under the NPTEL program. So, we have covered several topics till now and just to get a glance of what topics we have covered under cryogenic engineering is introduction of to cryogenic engineering, properties of cryogenic fluids, properties of materials at cryogenic temperature, gas liquefaction and refrigeration systems, then gas separation, cryo pullers, cryogenic insulations and vacuum technology. Going ahead from here, the current topic is focusing on instrumentation in cryogenics. Specific instrumentation related to temperature for example, or pressure and flow rates etcetera we can do lot of instrumentation required in cryogenics. Under this topic we will understand what is there is a special need for cryogenic instrumentation, what is that is more demanded in cryogenic instrumentation and then measurement of thermo physical properties. We will study a few properties and how do we measure these properties at low temperature. Then we can see a few sensors for measuring this thermo physical property as to how this sensors work, what are the sensors and things like that. And we will cover this topic in around 3 lectures. We will just touch upon various properties and the sensors and how do they work etcetera. And finally, we can have different tutorials and assignment as we have been having under different topics till now. So, topic is therefore instrumentation of the in cryogenics. Let us understand the need of cryogenic instrumentation, what is the special need in cryogenic instrumentation as compared to what we do at for example, room temperature. Measurement of thermo physical properties and what are these properties temperature that is what we will cover in this particular lecture. Introduction in the earlier lecture we have seen that the cryogenic vessels are insulated and there are close containers. So, these are cryogenic vessel and you have got some cryogenic in that and you got some insulation or vacuum around it. And in order to monitor particular experiment going on this close container we required to have instrumentation and it is needed to monitor the vacuum in insulation as there is a continuous gas in leak. So, for example, there is a vacuum between this inner vessel and the outer vessel and we need to monitor this vacuum because based on this vacuum or insulation the boil off of this cryogen will be dependent. So, let us say we have got a vacuum over here we need to monitor this vacuum and therefore, the pressure needs to be monitored or there should be some indicator. So, as to know if this vacuum is coming down as the vacuum will start coming down the radiation losses will convection losses will increase in this system and the boil off will be more and more. So, basically we need to have some gauge in order to monitor if I want to do some instrumentation on this experimental cryostat in my laboratory I will have to worry about the vacuum that is produced between the inner and outer vessel here. Also I would like to monitor the liquid level. So, as to avoid any overflow of the cryogen or if I have to monitor that if I got a sample of which I want to measure the temperature or I want to do some experiments to monitor the properties or to understand the properties at low temperature. For example, conductivity of this material etcetera at low temperature this level of the cryogen let us say liquid nitrogen has to be monitored at a particular place. As soon as this level starts going down I will have to add in some liquid nitrogen or a cryogen or I should not add cryogen to a level because of which it will start coming out. So, it is very important that I monitor the liquid level of this cryogen that is put in this particular cryo container and therefore, we will have to have some gauge which will monitor this liquid level alright and also we have to monitor the samples temperature. For example, I got a sample which is kept at this point and I have to measure some property of this sample let us say conductivity or specific at capacity or a or shrinkage for example, whatever at low temperature and therefore, I need to have this sample at different temperatures alright. So, I need to have some sensor which is sitting on this sample so that I will know at what temperature the properties are being measured. So, there are various ways and therefore, there are various properties that could be monitored in a cryogenic experiment, but this is very small experiment that could be done in a laboratory scale wherein I would need to monitor the liquid level. I will need to monitor the temperature of this sample with time and accordingly I would also monitor the pressure or the vacuum that is being generated by a vacuum pump over here. This will ensure that the boil off does not increase, this will ensure that whatever the properties I want to measure they are measured at a particular temperature and also the liquid level gauge will ensure that the pre required amount of liquid that is always getting maintained in this cryostat. So, instrumentation is needed like this for various applications. Some applications may not require for example, vacuum to be maintained, some applications will require some other measurements to be done alright. And therefore, it is very important some application may require to see at what rate the boil off is happening. The mass flow which is leaving at this particular place needs to be monitored. So, there are various things that needs to be monitored and therefore, special instrumentation is required to be done at cryogenic temperatures. So, this justifies the need of instrumentation for a safe cryogenic operation. It is clear that conventional methods like Borden pressure gauge or thermometer cannot be used due to following reasons. So, I cannot have a Borden pressure gauge which is maintained to measure the vacuum over here because I have got a negative pressure here, I have got a vacuum being generated at this point. Also, I cannot use thermometer with mercury at this point here alright. So, I need to worry about some other instrumentation mechanisms, some other sensors which will work at very low temperatures and it will also satisfy other requirements at which are going to be very special at lower and lower temperatures. What are they? These sensors have to work at extremely low temperature alright. For example, I have got a mass flow measurement, the mass flow is going to be measured at low temperature, the boil off is going to be at lower and low temperature. So, these sensors have to stand those low temperatures alright. The liquid level sensor which is going to be kept inside the liquid has to stand that low temperature. It is very important because at low levels, at low temperatures, the material will undergo a lot of changes and therefore, sensors has to be correctly made in order to stand those low temperatures. Also, the sensor has to sustain, it should have the sustainability to thermal and mechanical fatics. So, after sometimes when the cryogen goes off, it will come to low temperature. Again, when you put the cryogen, the temperature will go down and therefore, the sensor has to stand this thermal and mechanical fatigue. As the temperature goes down, it will shrink for example or as the temperature comes to room temperature, it will expand again because of change of temperature. So, this will happen many times and therefore, the sensor has to stand or sustain this thermal and mechanical fatigue. Third important thing, all these calibrations have to be done at low temperature alright. So, whenever I develop a sensor, if I want to measure the sensor temperature, I want to measure the temperature to 1 Kelvin, then I have to have a known 1 Kelvin source. The calibration has to be done with respect to this known standard 1 Kelvin, 1.2 Kelvin, 4.2 Kelvin whatever, these sources have to be standardized. So, calibration at low temperature is not going to be very very easy. So, liquid level sensor, if I use it for water, it will work in a different way. But if it is going to be you know sensing the liquid level at 77 Kelvin or 4.2 Kelvin, then I cannot use the sensor which is being used for water for example, because the sensor at 4.2 Kelvin will undergo completely different transformation. It will be working at low temperatures, the sensor will get shrunk and again it requires to be calibrated at this temperature. So, the sensor which are going to be working at low temperature has to satisfy all these conditions. And therefore, the sensors normally which are working in cryogenic conditions are very very costly. This one has to keep in mind. And therefore, they are not only very very costly, if you want it calibrated for example, if you want to calibrated to a very high accuracy, again you are charged for that thing. So, accuracy requirement at low temperature also is a question mark, because the cost of the sensor will be accordingly decided. So, this requires a very special setup meant for cryogenic condition. So, what are the special requirements for the sensors to be working at low temperature? There are a few special requirements that are to be qualified by the sensors to use them in cryogenic technology. They are remote arrangement. That means, the cryogenic vessels are closed containers. The sensor should be capable of remote operation from outside, because the sensor is going to be kept at low temperature, while the leads will come out, the wires will come out and at room temperature you will have a display unit. So, sensor actually working away from the actual you know measurement place. And therefore, it is kind of remote arrangement and this remote arrangement should take care of all the wiring that should come out from inside to outside. It is a very important requirement vacuum. The sensor should be able to withstand the low pressure prevalent in vacuum. For example, some sensor may have to work with vacuum, especially the pressure measurement sensors alright or some sensors are working at low temperature and they are also working in vacuum. For example, a temperature sensor working in a cryocooler. The cryocooler will have vacuum all around it and the sensor also sees vacuum. And therefore, the sensor leads have to come from vacuum and it have to come outside. So, this also has to be taken care of while working in cryogenic or while working in vacuum atmosphere. It is a very important requirement. You have to have a very special kind of seals, which seals vacuum from the atmosphere. So, you got to have some special seals for this purpose. Cryogen, the sensor should be chemically inert towards the cryogen under use. So, the sensor should not the material in sensor whatever is being used should not react with for example, liquid nitrogen or there are other inert cryogenes basically, but some gas for example, liquid hydrocarbon should not interact with this sensor. Otherwise, you know we will have different chemical reaction and therefore, the characteristic of sensor will completely change. Sometime this sensor have to work in magnetic field and therefore, the property of the sensor should be intact even in the magnetic field atmosphere. You have to see that the magnetic field for example, in MRI it will be there will be lot of magnetic field there is a good magnetic field and the sensor property should not change under the magnetic field. For example, silicon diodes cannot be used therefore, under the environment of magnetic field, but I have to use CERNOX for temperature measurement. Very important deviation when I have to think about when I go for a magnetic field environment. Accuracy of course, is very important. The accuracy of the calibration are very important at such low temperatures and one has to pay for this. The losses, the heat release for example, I square r because there are leads coming from the close containers to outside and therefore, some current will go inside and therefore, some heat will be getting released because of the I square r losses or conduction via leads because one end of the sensor is going to be at room temperature, the other end of the sensor is going to be at low temperature and therefore, some conduction may occur and that also can cause some errors in your measurement. So, the losses because of the conduction across the leads and I square r losses, you have to see that these losses are taken into account while calibration. These errors have to be taken into account basically and the material properties the thermal mechanical property of the sensor must be in the allowable limits, they should not be subjected to extra stresses, they should not be subjected to lot of thermal stress also. And therefore, this property also have to be taken into account when you design a sensor for cryogenic conditions. In fact, the cryogenic sensors therefore, we have to stand against all these odds which are normally not existent in room temperature or otherwise used in normal experiments alright. So, there are various thermo physical properties and these sensors have to stand all those requirement which we just defined. Now, let us see what are the thermo physical properties which are required to be measured. There are various thermo physical properties that are measured or monitored in cryogenics they are temperature, liquid level, pressure, mass flow rate, viscosity and density, electric and thermal conductivity. In addition to that we can have specific capacity and thing like that. Some property like magnetic susceptibility and thing like that, but out of which we are going to study mostly that are used in cryogenics will be temperature, liquid level and pressures. This course would look at these three property measurements and in this particular lecture let us focus on temperature measurement. In this topic only the first three properties are covered which are very very important and normally that will be used mostly in the cryogenic operations. So, let us look at temperature. Various measuring units of temperatures are you know Kelvin, degree centigrade, degree Fahrenheit, Rankine etc. The measurement of temperature is based on 0th law of thermodynamics. It states that when two bodies are in thermal equilibrium they are at the same temperature. That means I need to have some calibrated data in which the sensor to be calibrated will come in contact and then you can say that they are in thermal equilibrium and then we say that they are at the same temperature. So, it is very important that we keep two units in the good thermal equilibrium with each other and see to it that they are in perfect thermal equilibrium and therefore, in this way we can calibrate a sensor at very very low temperature. Temperature is measured to monitor thermal expansion and most importantly price. So, why do we require? Of course, we know we have to know the temperature by itself, but it can also an indirect based on a temperature you can monitor thermal expansion. At the same time we can see what is the pressure rise of a cryogen with a increase in temperature. So, temperature is an indicator of lot of things actually in cryogenics. The calibration of a temperature sensor is done using some fixed point. This is a very important thing as I said. At room temperature above we have got various fixed points, but if you want to do calibration of a sensor at very very low temperature we have to go by some fixed point or conventionally fixed point which are very very known temperatures and this data is very important. We have to have the data regarding this fixed points. What are these fixed points? This fixed point use temperature scales and the international temperature scales is defined up to a triple point of hydrogen. For example, its value is 13.84 Kelvin. So, I know at a particular pressure above hydrogen I will get a triple point when the hydrogen will get solidified and that temperature is 13.84. This is a very defined temperature. I know liquid nitrogen temperature. I know the 0 degree centigrade ice temperature. I know the boiling point of water. They are all fixed points, but in lower temperature range we have got for example, triple point of hydrogen as a fixed point which is universally accepted. So, if I want to do measurement I can take this as a very important point and against this I can calibrate my sensor. Recently various scales are developed to measure much lower temperature. So, if I want to go to one Kelvin, below one Kelvin or below 10 Kelvin there are various fixed points which are again universally accepted. For example, germanium resistance thermometer which normally give calibration from 4.2 Kelvin to 13.84 Kelvin. So, below hydrogen triple point we have got now germanium resistance thermometer that also could be used as a function of resistance versus temperature. So, as soon as the temperature changes the resistance changes and we know the relationship between this temperature and the resistance and therefore, we can calibrate a sensors below 13.84 Kelvin up to 4.2 Kelvin using germanium resistance thermometer. Then below that we have got a helium vapor pressure helium 4 which is a isotope as you remember. So, we can characterize our sensor or calibrate our sensor from boiling point of helium till 1.5 Kelvin which is going to be at lower and lower pressures now below atmospheric pressures. And it was invented in 1958 and this is normally called as T 58 scale or helium 4 scale which is developed in 1958. So, below 4.2 Kelvin up to 1.5 Kelvin I can use helium 4 vapor pressure that means, how the vapor pressure of the helium varies below 4.2 Kelvin. So, there is again a calibration curve with respect to vapor pressure curve versus temperature and that also can be used to calibrate sensors below 4.2 Kelvin. Then we have got a helium 3 which is again isotope of helium gas and we have got a vapor pressure of helium as a scale up to 0.8 Kelvin. So, below 1.5 Kelvin up to 0.8 Kelvin we can use a helium 3 vapor pressure curve to calibrate and this scale is all called as T 62 Kelvin because it was invented in 1962. For the temperatures between 0.006 Kelvin up to 0.8 Kelvin the scale is based on the properties of cerium magnesium nitride the salt. So, you got a various properties of the salt that could be now brought in and the temperatures in this range can be calibrated. And then below that the variation in magnetic susceptibility of this salt are calibrated in terms of temperature. In this temperature what is basically calibrated is magnetic susceptibility of this salt alright. So, these are with different temperature scales that are used to calibrate different temperature sensors. The temperature measurements various sensors that are often used in cryogenics to measure temperature are thermocouples, metallic resistance thermometer, semiconductor resistance thermometer, constant volume gas thermometer, vapor pressure thermometer. Most of this you know thermocouple is mostly used at various application for high temperature as well as for low temperature. At low temperature again you got magnetic thermometer which is what we just talked about. So, mostly thermocouples metallic resistance thermometer and semiconductor resistance thermometer will be used for normal applications in cryogenics alright. So, I am going to focus on these three parts and mostly we will talk about thermocouples in the present lecture alright. So, let us come to thermocouples now. So, how does it work? Consider two conducting wires of different materials for a thermocouple now we have got a material A and material B. So, you can see a wire of material A and wire of material B and you got a joint here let us call left joint and right joint alright. These metal wires are joined together as shown above the left and right joints respectively are Lj and Rj and that means if you connect metal A with metal B wire A and wire B at left joint and you got a other connections we got a two different connections and we got a voltmeter across between A and B now. So, what happens? Consider a situation in which left and right joints are maintained at T 1 and T 2 respectively in such a way that T 1 is not equal to T 2. So, I got a left joint at T 1 for example, and I have right joint I have kept at T 2 for example, such that T 1 is not equal to T 2. If such a thing happens then due to the temperature difference a net voltage or an electromotive force EMF is developed in the loop and this is called as Siebeck effect this most of you know alright. So, because of this dissimilar metals joint together and because of the temperature difference between T 1 and T 2 a voltage gets generated EMF gets generated and this EMF is nothing but function of these two temperature difference T 1 minus T 2 alright. Now, this is called as Siebeck effect it is named after a German physicist Thomas Johnan Siebeck in 1821 which is the old technology actually. The voltage E is in normally in millivolts is directly proportional to the temperature difference. So, it is going to be proportional to T 1 minus T 2 which is denoted by a small t in degree centigrade. Mathematically therefore, we can see that this E or the EMF which is generated is going to be function of this temperature difference. So, actually what you develop therefore, the calibration curve you can have a voltage that is generated in millivolts as a function of this delta T alright or we can also call this as temperature difference as a function of E. I can relate now temperature difference as a function of whatever EMF gets generated because of the temperature difference T 1 minus T 2 alright. Here F and E are some functional correlations I can always develop some curve if I know various T values and corresponding to that T values I know various E values. So, I can find out a relation between T and E. In practice so, what do I do? I want to use this Siebeck effect now to measure temperatures. So, what do I do? I keep a reference point like ambient temperature or ice point is maintained at the left hand. So, I keep T 1 as a very standard value which I know ambient temperature for example, 300 Kelvin or 0 degrees centigrade if I put ice at this point. If I keep T 1 as constant and if I want to measure now T 2 value of a particular you know cryocooler for example, I will dip or I will touch that material for example, I can dip this in liquid nitrogen also which is 77 Kelvin. So, depending on the difference between T 1 and T 2 I will get some EMF generated at this point and this EMF is going to be directly dependent on T 1 minus T 2 and I will have this correlation in my hand which is basically coming out of some calibration technique and therefore, I will be able to relate this EMF generated to T 1 and T 2 of which I know T 1 because T 1 is kept constant and therefore, I can calculate the value of T 2 easily and this is the way a thermocouple works. The temperature at the right end is calculated using functional correlation. These functional correlations are also dependent on wire material, wire dimensions and the reference point. So, depending on what I am using over here, what is the thickness of this wire, what is the length of these wires, material of this wire I will find out the relationship between that. Some approximate values for different types of thermocouples are even below. There are various types of thermocouples depending on the material that are used as different joints. There are T type thermocouple, K type thermocouple, T type thermocouples. So, when I talk about T type thermocouples, they are basically copper and copper nickel alloy that is copper constantan. So, one joint is copper, other material is copper nickel alloy which is constantan. This is normally called as T type. It has got a range of calibration between 3K to 673 Kelvin. So, quite a good range which covers from cryogenic to high temperature range and sensitivity of around 4.6 micro volt per Kelvin at 20 Kelvin alright. This will increase at higher and higher temperature, but at low temperature it still has some sensitivity alright. So, you got a 4.6 micro volt variation per Kelvin at around 20 Kelvin. Then we got a K type thermocouple. It is made up of nickel and chrome which is called as chromel and nickel and aluminum which is alumel alright. So, we got a chromel aluminum or a K type thermocouple. The two materials are chromel and alumel alright. Here the range is again from 3K to very high temperature 1543 Kelvin K type and sensitivity is around similar to what we have for T type 4.1 micro volt per Kelvin change at around 20 Kelvin alright. So, sensitivity also is not very very small. It is a reasonably good sensitivity. So, we have seen T type and K type thermocouple and then we got a E type also which is also made up it is called as chromel constantan now. So, we got a nickel chromium as one material A let us say and copper nickel which is constantan as a material B basically. So, this is called as E type where we have got a chromel constantan thermocouple. It is again used for a range of 3K to 953 Kelvin and the sensitivity is around 62 micro volt per Kelvin at 20 Kelvin. So, you got a high sensitivity as compared to T and K type over here. So, E type thermocouples are really acceptable. I would just like to show you here a thermocouple which is over here. Can you see this thermocouple? So, this is a joint which you can see at this other end while this is a one joint I can say left joint and the right joint can be I can connect a voltmeter between these two and this voltmeter itself gets joined by you know at a room temperature joint basically. So, you can have a material A as this red one and you got a material B as this yellow wire. One joint will be at ambient temperature and I can have a voltmeter connected right over here and other joint could be the temperature if I want to measure whatever temperature I want to measure this temperature would come over here. So, this is a simple thermocouple that you can see you got a one joint here, you got a other joint here and other joint will have a ambient temperature we can have a voltmeter placed across this two lead wires alright. So, let us go back to. So, we have seen now t type k type and e type thermocouples they got different sensitivity they got a different range of temperatures to be measured. This combination produces the highest c-beck effect as we can see for e type thermocouples. Now, you can see the sensitivity or a c-beck coefficient over here as compared to temperature the adjacent figure shows the variation of c-beck coefficients with temperatures for e k and t type thermocouples. So, you can see a e type thermocouple and you got a c-beck coefficient over here and the c-beck coefficient is basically what is the voltage change that happens per Kelvin change over here. So, you can see e type k type and t type and at any temperature you can see that e type has a very high sensitivity high c-beck coefficients which is a micro volt per Kelvin what is the micro volt changes that happen per Kelvin. So, adjacent figure shows the variation of c-beck coefficient with temperature of e k and t type thermocouples for any given temperature e type thermocouple has more c-beck coefficient than t type thermocouple that is what we see. It is important to note that the sensor should have maximum coefficient for greater accuracy. Therefore, it is very important that this works mostly the e type will be preferred in that case. Hence, e type thermocouples has more accuracy than the t type thermocouple. On the figure it is clear that temperatures below 50 Kelvin. If I come below 50 Kelvin the micro volt per Kelvin is going to be less and less and therefore, normally thermocouples will be used let us say above 50 Kelvin temperatures. Of course, one can come down over here, but the sensitivity will be less and less and therefore, you will have to increase this micro volt you have to amplify the output or the EMF to a greater level in this case. So, here normally we will have thermocouples measurement to be done normally up to 50 Kelvin. It is undesirable to use these sensors in this temperature range. So, below 50 Kelvin I will not normally use thermocouples because the sensitivity will be now questionable and therefore, the accuracy will be questionable. Now, what are the disadvantages with thermocouples? There are some disadvantages. The EMF or the voltage generated is very small typically in the order of milli volts. A series combination of various thermocouple is therefore, used. So, if I want to increase that milli volt to some volt I will have to amplify it and therefore, I will to use series of thermocouples to increase this milli volt to some measurable voltage level. So, one can have some errors in this you need to have some amplifier circuit also. The voltage drop across the length of the lead wires induces substantially there are some errors in measurement as we say because we got a long wire which is coming over here and therefore, there could be some voltage drop across it that also will cause some errors in the thermocouple temperature measurement. The thermal conduction across along the lead wires contribute to the heat in leak also. So, you could have some because at the lower temperature on other side and higher temperature on the other side there will be some temperature conduction thermal conduction that will be happening that also will cause some error of measurement and one has to take this error into account while using thermocouple for temperature measurement. So, after the thermocouple just now we have seen how the thermocouple works and how it is used in cryogenic conditions. We got the next sensor which is resistance temperature detector or normally called as RTD which is most prevalently used to measure temperatures at very very low temperatures that is up to 30 Kelvin temperature. It is very commonly used it overcomes most of the disadvantages that a thermocouple normally will have and therefore, RTDs are very very popular in cryogenic temperature measurements. Resistance of a conductor or a semiconductor changes with the change in temperature. So, basically this is the relationship between the resistance and the temperature which will be known to us. So, the calibration becomes simple resistance temperature detectors also called as RTDs use this property that means the relationship between resistance and the temperature to measure the temperature. So, one should calibrate the change in the resistance that occurs with the lowering of temperature. If this if this standard calibration is known if this relationship is known with us we can formulate also an equation and against the change in resistance we can find out what is the temperature that is correspondingly exist over there. Platinum, copper, lead or indium wires are used in the metallic RTDs. So, the resistances of these particular materials change with temperature and this change of temperature is going to be related to the changes that occur in resistance of these particular materials. Non-metallic RTDs use GAALAS, gallium, aluminum, arsenic, diodes, carbon, glass and ruthenium oxide. So, these are the non-metals that also could be used whose resistances change with lowering of temperature. The resistance change also can get calibrated across with changes that happen with temperature. So, they all they also can be used to work at low temperatures. So, this is how a sensor would look a typical sensor RTD sensor and normally I am talking over here platinum sensor because it is what mostly will be used in cryogenic applications. This costs also little less let us say around 1000 rupees per small sensor which may not be calibrated or which you have to calibrate sometimes and the calibration of this actually is simple. The schematic of a platinum RTD is as shown in this figure. A conducting wire say platinum wire in this case of very long length is wound on a notched mica insulator. So, you can see a mica insulator over here and this mica insulator has got notch made around across which runs this platinum wire. And this platinum wire is now the entire thing is going to be actually covered under this platinum sheet. This assembly is housed inside a closed platinum sheet. So, if I want to measure particular temperature this sensor will be exposed to that temperature. This entire thing is sensor and corresponding to this temperature its resistance will change which will be measured from this leads. Very simple application varies this sensor has to be in thermal contact with whatever temperature you want to measure. For example, liquid nitrogen I can just dip this sensor in liquid nitrogen. Corresponding to this I will get some ohms associated with this temperature. Normally around 21 to 23 ohms is what you will see at liquid nitrogen or 77 to 80 Kelvin temperatures. An ohm meter is used to measure the resistance thereby the corresponding temperature. So, depending on the temperature to which this platinum sees or exposed I will get some ohms across this leads which are kept at room temperature. So, I will have a long leads which may come out and therefore, I will measure the resistances across this platinum wire which sees a particular temperature to be measured. A simple operation. The photograph of an RTD as shown over here and you can see the sheath, the platinum sensor and the long leads. Now, I have shown you a schematic and I will show you the sensor also which we have here with me. So, you can see I have got this sensor and I will just take this sensor out normally you should handle this sensor with care. You can see these two wires or the leads coming out of this and inside this is a platinum wire which runs through the mica sheath and is a platinum sheath also. So, normally what you can see is a some kind of square over here and having two or three leads coming out and these leads then you can connect wires to these leads so that you can have a temperature measurement to be done at room temperature alright. So, you see here platinum wire at the other end you can see the sheath also and the lead coming out of this. So, simple PT100 what you can see a platinum sensor and RTD over here alright. So, let us come back to our slide. So, exactly it looks like what I am showing here in the slide. So, you got leads two leads you got a PT wire which is what you just saw and you got a sheath also which is covering this platinum wire. So, that you know this should not get by accidentally you should not tinker with this PT wire which will change the resistance and accordingly you can have errors in measurement. So, the photograph RTD as shown over here the typical size of a RTD is 3 millimeter into 1.84 into 0.9 0.98. So, you can see that the length wise little longer width and height is just a millimeter actually a very small one. So, what is most important is that this particular sensor should be kept in thermal contact with the temperature you want to maintain. So, you can have a flattened surface so, that you can have a maximum area of contact so, that the two are in good thermal equilibrium which is very important. Fixing with thermocouple for example, or also an RTD to the surface temperature of which you want to measure is very important. They should normally be you know having some kind of a grease alright we call it thermal grease. So, that the resistance is minimized between these two measurement they are in good thermal equilibrium with each other alright. So, these are very important things of actual experimental cryogenic techniques. So, here we have got a curve between the resistance variation with temperature and this resistance measurement is actually RT by Rho that means, the resistance at any temperature T divided by resistance at 0 degree centigrade. So, the choice of the wire material is dependent on the variation of resistance with temperature. The adjacent figure shows the variation of RT by Rho or R0 with the temperature. So, you can see that the temperature variation or non dimensionalized resistance RT by Rho with temperature as you lower the temperature the RT value starts coming down Rho is a constant temperature constant resistance. Here RT and Rho are the resistances at temperature T degrees centigrade and 0 degrees centigrade respectively. So, R0 or Rho is a constant while RT is going to vary if I lower the temperature the resistance RT will start coming down alright and you can see this as good a linear variation up to a particular temperature and this becomes non-linear at temperature let us say below 50 Kelvin. So, having a linear relationship is always better and I can actually a fix y is equal to mx plus c kind of a curve which is a linear variation from let us say 50 Kelvin up to 300 Kelvin that is my cryogenic temperature region. So, it is very good for calibration if I measure the temperature for example, at if I want to calibrate I can put it liquid nitrogen and I can get its resistance and I can get a resistance at 300 Kelvin. If I get these two value I can just join them by a central line by a line and I can extend this line further up to 50 Kelvin and I can have a equation of calibration curve for a given RTD. This is a very important and therefore, simple calibrations just dip it in liquid nitrogen get the value at 70 70 Kelvin get the value of the resistance at 300 Kelvin have these two points and extend the line further and I can depend on this curve up to 50 Kelvin with a good accuracy of around 1 Kelvin. This is a normal process of calibration of a RTD or a PT 100. If you want to do further if you want to go very very close and we can to want to increase the accuracy then I will have to go for small intermediate points also all right. It is desirable to choose a material whose resistance varies linearly with temperature and that is why PT platinum is preferred because there is a linear variation of resistance with temperature, but you can have otherwise variation, but then I have to worry about all the intermediate point at different temperatures. From the adjacent figure it is clear that the sensor is most prefer up to 30 Kelvin. So, one can go up to 30 Kelvin. In fact, up to 50 Kelvin or 40 Kelvin as I said the curve is linear and you have to have some other values below and up to 30 Kelvin. Below 30 Kelvin I will not use PT 100 unless I have got a fairly good accurate calibration done up to 20 Kelvin ish. So, 30 Kelvin as I said this is that the variation is acceptable. The correlations for the adjacent graph is RT by R0 is equal to 1 plus 80 plus BT square plus CT cube plus into T minus 100. I mean you can have this curve fit up to 30 Kelvin. I would have I have only 1 plus 80 curve up to let us say 50 Kelvin ish because this is a clear linear variation that is happening up to 50, but if I want to have a calibration up to 25 Kelvin or 20 Kelvin or 30 Kelvin I will have to go for a BT square and CT cube and this kind of this is the temperature which I see at a particular temperature. All right. So, I can fix up a curve and this can be fed to the you know whatever software you are using. So, the moment you measure this value of T or resistance I can get the value of temperature done. I can get the value of temperature immediately. The constant A, B, C are found by calibration of RTD at any three standard temperature. So, I can have 100 I can have 300 Kelvin I can have 273 Kelvin it is 0 degree centigrade. I can have 77 Kelvin these are my three points based on which I can get A, B, C, but I need to have one more point below over here which is below you know I should have some source which will definitely give me 20 Kelvin, 25 Kelvin. So, that my curve is fairly accurate this can begin by a cryocooler also. Now, if I want to see the sensitivity of this. So, this is sensitivity curve with temperature. The term sensitivity is defined as the rate of change of electrical resistance with the change in temperature. Mathematically it is expressed as s is equal to dr by dt. So, how my resistance change happens with the change in temperature. So, you can see that resistance change is fairly high up to let us say 50 Kelvin temperature and then it comes down. So, that is why the sensitivity is very high let us say up to 30 Kelvin and below which the sensitivity decreases. The adjacent figure shows the sensitivity platinum resistance thermometer. The advantages of a RTDR this sensor exhibit a very high repeatability and accuracy in their operating range. Few typical values for this sensor are the repeatability is plus minus 10 milli Kelvin in 77 Kelvin to 305 Kelvin which is fairly acceptable in our normal measurements of temperature. Unless if you want to go deep down I mean less than milli Kelvin region then you will have to have a very good calibration done or you will have to go for other sensors like silicon darts etcetera, but then for which you will have to pay a very high amount. The accuracy is plus minus 250 milli Kelvin again in this temperature range which is also acceptable to me. In fact, for me is plus minus 0.2, 0.3 or 0.5 Kelvin is acceptable actually. The effect of magnetic field is very low for the operating temperature above 40 Kelvin. So, this is acceptable even if this sensor was in magnetic field environment there are no not much errors that is going to be the calibration still holds good basically. And therefore, this is a very important thing. However, in cryogenic condition most of the environments are having a magnetic field and therefore, PT100 is well suited above 40 Kelvin it is acceptable in a magnetic field environment. It is important to note that proper care has to be taken while mounting in RTD. I had just told you that RTD mounting is very important and here you can see that I have got a sensor sitting over here and I got leads of this sensor which is running too. And over that I have put some Teflon wire. So, I have to ensure that a Teflon the the PT100 is kept in proper thermal contact over here. Normally this is also not allowed, but I had to see that this holds you know this gets stuck to that place space over here. Otherwise I should not even in fact put pressure on this sensor because putting the pressure on the sensor also can change the sensor characteristics. So, you can just example how the RTD has been put in place over here. The unwanted mechanical and thermal strain cause a change in the electrical resistance. So, this actual example of what we should not do also although we have done over here. So, we should not have you know tight we should not press this sensor against you should not put force on this because of which the calibration can sometimes get changed. These changes induce error in the measurement. So, I should ensure that there is no mechanical strains or thermal strain that is caused on the placement of an RTD over the surface temperature to be measured. The effect of lead wire resistance is very crucial. The very important thing is the lead wires are of very long length and therefore, it will have its own resistance again and therefore, the effect of lead wire resistance is very crucial in the accuracy of a RTD. In order to minimize this error two different wiring arrangements are used. This is very important that if you want to do very accurate measurements I have to worry about the lead resistance because these wire lengths are very high and higher the lengths higher is going to be the resistance of this wire and this resistance will figure in your measurement voltage or resistance across the RTD and therefore, one has to minimize this error and therefore, what we see is very important. So, there are different arrangements and these arrangements therefore, all called one is called as two wire arrangement and other one is called as four wire measurement. Let us see now a two wire measurement the schematic of a two wire measurement is as shown over here. So, this is my P T 100 and this is the lead and this is corresponding resistance of that lead wires. So, the longer the length it will have a longer resistance and the voltage I am going to measure actually is going to be basically because of the resistance change that will occur at low temperature which is what this sensor sees. But in addition to that I will have this resistance R on this side and this resistance R on the other sides also will figure up in this voltage measurement because the lead wires which bring this voltage to room temperature also will have its own resistance and that we also come into this voltage measurement and therefore, this voltage measurement will have error it will not talk about the voltage change that is going to occur at low temperature only. Let the resistance of each of the lead wire be R ohms the ohm meter V across the ends of the lead wire measures the combined resistance of RTD plus leads. So, my voltmeter is going to measure the voltage change that is because of temperature change over here plus the resistance that occurs over here. It is clear that this extra lead wire resistance is the direct error in measurement. So, I will have to worry about this also that can I take this R into account. Hence, the lead wire resistance should be as low as possible. So, if my measurement has to be very accurate I will have to worry about this lead wire resistance also and while calibrating then I will have to take care of I will have to take this into account all right. So, this is going to be a very crucial arrangement if my measurement has to be very very accurate. In such arrangements the wire of short lengths are used to minimize the resistance. So, normally what you do you should have a minimum length fire. So, that the resistance in that case also is going to be minimum, but how to overcome this? I can overcome this by having a schematic of a 4 wire arrangement as shown. So, I can have an 4 wire arrangement instead of a 2 wire arrangement over here. So, as shown over here I got 4 leads now 1, 2, 3 and 4. One is passed passing the current and other one in parallel to this to measure the voltage across the sensor only all right. An external constant current source I typically in milliamps is used to power the RTD. In this case I have got the same source this only sense the current and this only sense the voltage and therefore, this voltage measurement will have some resistance figuring in there. However, in this case I got a different source to send the current in and different measurement to measure the voltage or resistance across the sensor. So, these two arrangements are different this therefore, called as 2 wire in which the source of the current and the voltage measurement or the resistance measurement is done by the same at the same place while in this case there are different things. So, external constant current source typically in milliamps is used to power the RTD the measurement leads are connected in parallel across the RTD. So, here I am measuring the voltage across parallel to this. In this arrangement the current flowing across the measuring leads is negligibly small. When I am doing the voltage measurement here the current flowing through this arrangement is going to be negligibly small because I am doing here voltmeter measurements all right. So, here is going to be different than the 2 wire arrangement that we just showed. The current being negligibly small the voltage drop offered is also very very small. So, i is actually very very close to equal to 0 and therefore, there is no resistance drop or voltage drop across these leads all right. This is completely taken care of while this is this cannot be taken care of over here because I got a current source also in the same circuit. The output of the sensor either a voltage drop or resistance is directly proportional to RTD resistance. So, in this case whatever voltage I see or whatever resistance I see is going to be the resistance across the sensor itself and it has got nothing to do with the resistance across these leads because the current flowing this to these leads is going to be equal to almost equal to 0 is negligible. So, always if I want to do very accurate measurement I will always prefer to have a 4 wire measurement than having a 2 wire measurement all right and this is the way a 2 wire and a 4 wire measurements work. Therefore, the reading of a sensor is insensitive in this case to lead resistance in a 4 wire measurement the reading of the sensor is going to be insensitive now I can use a very long length also basically in this case provided by the long length is attached directly across the sensor and it is then attached to the voltage or a voltmeter or a ohmmeter. So, some of the commonly used metallic RTDs are PT 100 or only platinum 100, PT 1000 also could be used there is a PT 500 also nowadays which are available in the market. What does it mean? PT 100 implies the sensor has 100 ohm resistance at 0 degree centigrade all right. So, that is why the PT 100 name comes. So, PT 1000 will that is that same definition will have 1000 ohm resistance at 0 degree centigrade. So, you can have a more you know sensitivity you can have a good scale in between if I use PT 1000 compared to PT 100, but if they are calibrated it does not make any difference all right. So, the summary of the temperature measurements related to thermocouple and RTDs is in cryogenics there is a need to monitor various properties like pressure, temperature, liquid level etcetera for safe operation. Thermocouple works on sievect effect which is what we saw. The voltage change occur because of the materials A and B and the temperature difference T 1 and T 2 between the two junctions. Different types of thermocouples what we saw are T type which has got a copper and copper nickel alloy as a two metals working between 3 to 6, 7 to 3 Kelvin and we got a key type which is chromal aluminum the copper constantan chromal aluminum nickel chromium nickel aluminum between 3 to 1543 and then we got a E type which is nickel chromium and cupronickel. So, you got a chromal constantan alloys here which is working between 3 to 953 you got a T type K type and E type thermocouples normally being used in cryogenics. Then we got a platinum hundreds or PT hundreds and PT 1000s as RTDs are some of the commonly used RTDs in cryogenics and in order to minimize errors due to lead resistance which is what we just saw 4 wire arrangement is preferred over 2 wire arrangement alright which is what just saw the schematic of a 4 wire arrangement over a 2 wire measurement. Thank you very much.


Hi there, I'm Anthony Chung and I'm the Head of Market Analysis here at Amplify Trading. Every weekday morning I'll deliver a fundamental rundown ahead of the European Open, but if you subscribe to the channel, you'll also get content from the rest of the team. So, let's begin. Okay, very good morning folks, hope you're doing well. It is of course the 1st of December and going to start off with talking about this graphic here, which is the MSCI looking at the World Index and World Equities as far as the month of November is concerned. It was the biggest monthly gain since 1988, so as you can see here, so when we were talking about the rundown yesterday and what potentially could have played out was a degree of profit taking into month-end, that kind of month-end, even more so prevalent in the quarter year end, tends to lead to a degree of activity unrelated in a sense to actual individual news flow, more so to kind of book squaring, portfolio adjustments coming into the end of those aforementioned periods, and really when we look at the markets this morning, we've had a real surge back to the upside following some of the downside that was seen yesterday. The S&P Dow closed down about 0.5% and 1% each respectively, minor outperformance in the Nasdaq, which was up about 1 tenth, but I think as I was kind of saying at the time that any of that downside wasn't really on anything other than I think a little bit of closing out some of those positions, so as such we're right back up there again, but just having a look and kind of recapping November, energy shares in the benchmark gauge gained more than 25% in November, the best months since April, while industrial and financial companies have also risen the most since 2009. On the flip side some of the tech giants, although they've gained, they've only gained around 5.9% in November, comparatively though, if we look at the Russell 2000, that's around a third of the game that's been seen in that more domestic focused index, which was up around 18%. So definitely started to see a little bit of a mild rotation, if you like, into things like value, more cyclical plays as the vaccine news in particular has kind of brought about this idea of the economic recovery taking a foot going forward. Despite the lower closer, as I mentioned in Wall Street, we are quite firmly higher in the equity space and that's been observed through the overnight Asia-Pacific session worth noting that we have had more factory activity data coming out of China overnight, this time on the Cation Manufacturing PMI and in fact it came in at a decade high, in fact. So it came in at 54.9, which is quite a bit above expectations of 53.5. So the selling has been particularly short lived and I think we can just have a look at some of these equity charts here for a moment just to give us a bit of perspective of yesterday's move and where we are at the moment and technically a couple of interesting things going on right now. So this is at the S&P 500 on that familiar chart that we've kept looking at for a period of really the last month and in the overnight session, really powerful. This is kind of the late trade on Wall Street. We actually managed to recover pretty much all of the initial opening losses on Wall Street by the time the closing bell was sounded and then Asia just carried on, carried the baton, further buying in materialized and we've managed to then get above not just this descending trend line from the Pfizer early November pop, but also above the high now that was printed on the 29th, which was the commencement of overnight trade on Sunday night this week. So here then I think you've got quite an interesting platform for price now potentially for further push on up and you've got the weekly opening high support horizontal line with that trend line, quite a nice area there of support on the cap for the overnight price activity has been around that R1, but obviously then if we continue to move up, whether that happens today or not, then the next kind of level would be up here, up that Pfizer spike high, we're seeing at 3668 and then we're right back up there at kind of all time higher territory once again. So definitely shaping up there for potentially some quite interesting moves with I'd say a buyer still to the upside as far as the NASDAQ was concerned, that was the other one I wanted to look at on a daily continuation and putting that here as I said, I think that there's some room for upside here as well because generally it gets a little bit behavioral in the futures now we're only about 70 points off of printing renewed all time highs again, I'll just put my camera back on. So that was back in early September at 12465 and now we're that close generally what I mean by behavioral is you very rarely do you get this close and not at least see a bit more of a closer test up and around those highs. So that in combination I think with the S&P above that trend line and kind of horizontal now what was resistance turn support I think gives a fairly nice platform potentially for equities to just continue to edge a little higher elsewhere, T-notes are very quiet, the dollar which it continues to follow actually the dollar that pattern I've mentioned a few times trend lower, bit of a push short term higher, trend lower, that's exactly what we're getting again this morning after going up and the dollar bouncing a fairly nice move yesterday and that nice move led to a really nice opportunity and I some of the some of the traders got hold of again and just move my camera for a moment. There was a rejection off if I put it on the daily this is looking at that 120 area of which we know has been very important symbolic as far as the ECB are concerned about the strength of the local currency and then the the retest of that yesterday and we came all the way back down to the point of back to that a previous era of resistance of 1924. So quite a nice technical response to those levels and looking on the execution from yesterday and this was what some of the guys were trading which was that 120 area and then running the market back down using then the previous closing price from last week and the reopening of trade which was that nice area here to take some of the position off and then letting it run down to eventually here not sure if anyone actually had the the gumption to hold it all the way down into the into the late US trading hours but certainly managing to get hold of a really decent move of 50 plus there that pre the actual low that we hit which came really at around the time the US were leaving the market and into the early hours of Asia Pacific trade obviously coming in step with that initial high that was seen back at around volatility from the Pfizer breaking news that we saw on the 9th so yeah really nice response there to the technical levels on the higher price point of that symbolically important 120 as we know that the ECB are particularly mindful of from a strength of the single currency for cable it's a little bit more complicated for cable purely because I think that there's a lot of misdirection with things like Brexit there's a lot of political noise going on as well about Tory revolt given the intensity of the economic disruptions to come from the latest more stringent hearing system so all in all I'd say for me cable's not that interesting until we get to the extremity of what is ultimately arranged we've been trading for the last three or four days and so very close to that at the moment so shaping up like we could have a look at 134 and obviously the dollar is weakening this morning it's down about two tenths of 1% is softening up as we go into the European open and and the Dixie's got a little room to run until we get down to the lows that was seen from yesterday so we're trading around 91 70 in a Dixie future the low yesterday was around 91 50 so that could see a retest up around that 134 so really it's the range high and lows that I'm watching because if you actually look at the price pattern although we've had this trend line in place since the kind of mid part of November and that was supporting price and then it's been a good air resistance for price this recent price activity has been awfully choppy and very hard I think to really get a handle on so better to play the overall broader range for that particular currency pair going to talk about oil though and the reason I'm going to talk about oil is because there's been some breaking news you might have seen me updating the Amphi live chat room last night and can't help myself but watch these things during during the overnight hours because OPEC plus have delayed for two days their talk they were supposed to be having they had the OPEC meeting yesterday of course this follows on from the telephone calls they were having on Sunday and this was all supposed to be a prelude then to the overall OPEC OPEC plus ministerial meeting which is supposed to be happening today but they've delayed that by two days so not going to be meeting down till Thursday to give more time apparently according to sources informed at Bloomberg to strike a deal now talks are continuing by the phone so one word of advice is I'd still expect quite a lot of hearsay room and mongering tweet action from various different players so keep an eye on your kind of OPEC watches on that space because there's probably going to be more information that comes out obviously the tail risk because the baseline assumption is still they strike a deal the tail risk is that they don't and any suggestions of that price obviously could come off quite quite rapidly given the incline that oil has seen of late in recent week or two overall though I think the media have made quite a big deal about this they've kind of said about how negative generally it is it's countries like the UAE for example which in history have been a real supporter of Saudi strategy somewhat breaking that relationship now with this latest developments that them some other countries as well that have said to be slightly more disgruntled with having to keep supply low so countries like Iran for example because of the fact that ultimately that impedes their ability to generate money for countries which are heavily geared obviously to income derived from the sale of crude oil so they don't want it to last for longer but the Saudi and Russia relationship to me that became fairly clear yesterday was it looks like they want to get a deal and they want to coordinate with each other in order to achieve that that goal so I actually take a slightly different approach although the media has been quite downbeat about a fractious kind of OPEC plus no one's getting on it's putting into jeopardy a deal I actually think the opposite the fact that that hasn't happened already and the fact that I think that they're continuing to talk and take on further consultations means to me there's a lot of political will at the top at the power players like Saudi and Russia to just pull the others in line and they will they always do and I don't really think politically it's that unusual to see some of these more lower volume producing nations albeit someone like Iran definitely is kind of right up there to be leveraging their position a little bit to try and secure themselves some degree of a better deal so countries like Iraq for example which has always had issues with compliance maybe they can get some wiggle room you know every buck counts for those guys so I don't think it's that unusual and I think for a certain degree my view is not that unusual because if you actually look at the price of oil it's not really reacted at all to this delay and I think that that's just the general rationale that most people are thinking along the same kind of lines that I am so here we are in oil and we were looking at this range yesterday that range is still in play that being defined by 44.74 and then 45.71 on the high on the daily pivots the upside there just coinciding as well with the R1 around 45.77 so yeah the meeting itself then isn't anticipated to happen now till Thursday however obviously as I said there's going to be more comments probably coming the greater risk to price reaction is still to the downside so even if they do if we get this kind of positivity emerge it looks like Thursday's more formality they're going to roll over by three months upside relief I'd say will be much more tame comparative to downside shock given the lower probability of expectations and market positioning that the market is priced for a deal so lack of one you would see definitely a fairly rapid reversal in price if that was to materialize it it's the way I'd be approaching it all right a few other things overnight we had the RBA interest rate decision not really a great deal of reaction to speak of the Aussie has been climbing up since the overnight session but generally instead with the more positive tone in Asia with that broader recovery I was talking about the case in manufacturing activity in China a decade high and obviously an influential trade partner for Australia despite their ongoing political tensions at the moment as far as the RBA is concerned they keep their cash rate three-year yield target unchanged they said positive vaccine news should support the global recovery a couple of comments I think just to be mindful of that came out of the RBA Governor Philip Lowe he said given the outlook the board is not expecting to increase the cash rate for at least three years so again that really important kind of timeline which is kind of inflicting generally with market expectations about the Fed and particularly now with the confirmation from Biden's nominees that Yellen's going to come in at lower for longer mentality just kind of helps this equity market support be supported Lowe went on to say that the board will keep the size of the bond purchase program under review particularly in light of the evolving outlook for jobs and inflation the board is prepared to do more if necessary so again that kind of cautious little tone on the end going to keep rates low for an extended period ready to do more if necessary but the vaccine is a is a positive for now so that was from overnight as I mentioned then Janet Yellen is set to come back and again I do think that this is another reason why these equity markets like the NASDAQ should see a retest to these highs just because it supports that notion of a more pragmatic kind of approach to policy less definitely combatative than what we saw under the administration more aligned then for a strategic and more harmonious relationship between that of the treasury's objectives of the government and supporting the economy fitting more in-step with Jerome Powell and the rest of the Federal Reserve so former Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen is confirmed as the Treasury Secretary nominee a couple of other names to just make you aware of that I think fit this collection of individuals certainly around a similar kind of viewpoint so Biden said he would nominate Wally Addiemo as Yellen's deputy at the Treasury he had been previously a Deputy National Security Advisor under President Obama and Biden has selected Cecilia Rouse as an economist who is the Dean at Princeton School of Public and International Affairs as the Chair of Council for Economic Advisers she was a member of the Council under Obama through the period of 2009 to 2011 so these people have some experience under a previous Obama-led administration coming in with Yellen definitely these would all be individuals that I would see as being supportive of this continuation if you like of being more aligned with supportive for market confidence born out of being fairly accommodative in nature Jerome Powell is speaking today of course to politicians but that that speech is not due until later on I think it's three o'clock when he actually kicks off his testimony but his text has already come out came out overnight and so Powell is set to caution lawmakers that the U.S. economy remains in damaged and uncertain state despite the progress that has been made with some of the recent vaccine use so this is according to his testimony released ahead of his appearance before the Senate banking committee today Powell reiterated US Central Bank has committed to using full range of tools to help their recovery but decline to point to any specific future action so as I was explaining to some of the guys on our training program at the moment you would kind of think that looking at a weekly calendar that a testimony with the head of the Fed and also the Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin would be an important event it only is really in regard to the recent deterioration in their relationship as we know recent weeks with Mnuchin requesting Powell turn off some of the underutilized kind of liquidity facilities if you like that were put into place during the initial onset of the pandemic so their relationship is is quite interesting the dynamic I think will be quite key to to look at but overall these events tend to be non-market moving now that's not always the case of course but generally more often or not it's just then Powell coming forward in front of then politicians to the different committee sects from the house or the Senate and so on and just explaining the rationale of why he's done what he's done what the situation how he will deal with the future but even with the latter with forward guidance he won't very rarely deviate from the script so it's more of a political kind of showpiece than I'd say one that's a platform for Fed officials to really say anything of magnitude that can move markets just as a reference point for any of those not used to to monitoring those events not going to really talk about too many earnings going forward but I know a couple of the guys are invested in Zoom so I thought only appropriate to give them their their morning kind of breakfast shot of what exactly happened because after market last night Zoom did fall about 8% they managed to claw back some of that and they closed down about 5% in after market trade for Zoom basically their fourth quarter revenue was above expectations I believe that EPS was a solid beat but its gross margins fell and some growth metrics slowed and that was what created the more negative reaction in their share price so I do always find it quite interesting with these type of reactions I don't know who would think that Zoom could continue to kind of add new users and grow at the rapid rate of which it has over the last nine months or so I do think it's somewhat inevitable that the earnings will start to slow from what they had been which is just obviously fantastic so it's almost like the bar set's so high they're almost doomed to fail but context is always key a 5% downward move in their share price is is large but not massive comparative to the performance of the shares obviously over a period of the last year to date I mean if we look at year to date they were trading back down at the beginning of the year at 70 bucks they've come off 5% which is what moving from like 480 to 455 60 and they've gone from 70 bucks they're still up at around 453 at the close yesterday so obviously context is important here quick look at the calendar for today what have we got what's going on actually it is a fairly busy day not so much from the market final manufacturing PMIs and for that reason they are final so the UK Eurozone US numbers will come out throughout the day again I think just be aware that potentially not going to be that market impactful given that fact but you do have the Eurozone HICP flash number coming out at 10am expected at minus 0.3% which would be unchanged in previous so interesting metric of course just given the fact that we are anticipating a further increase to the PEP from the UCB when they meet in just a few weeks time then going into the afternoon we get the ISM manufacturing PMI which would of course be interesting to keep an eye on the employment employment constituent as well as one of the main kind of pieces of the puzzle then for the the payroll national report we'll get on Friday in NFP and then you've got the API all inventories later so the OPEC meeting bumped not on the calendar now but obviously comments still to be on the lookout for then from the speaker perspective power kicks off at 3 but should just be a repeat of what we've already heard from the overnight text you've then got Christine Lagarde speaking again Feds Brainard who is a voter for now and then new incoming voters for 2021 so definitely worth keeping an eye on their latest take is Feds Deilene Evans speak later on this evening London time so yeah that is it for the time being so overall looking at the charts this morning I think a little bit of a mental reset I don't think really a great deal went on yesterday that was really fundamentally a pivot point for kind of market direction I think yesterday was more just a consequence of the calendar now we're back into the first deck it'll be interesting to see how how equities can perform overall if we can break out from here I'd want to be looking out me looking at the Dow here we're already at a fairly significant area of resistance at 29904 you can see the market has rejected that area in the overnight Asia Pacific session and if I was just to draw a horizontal line kind of here just to show you what I'm looking at I'd want to see breaks of these areas it's kind of here so let me just color it just to make it crystal so the Dow has got to get above here and then for a further opening up of a push to the upside the Nasdaq then could have a retest at the all-time high and the S&P's got that that nice floor of support around that trend line and the high that was seen at the reopening of trade on Sunday night so definitely worth keeping an eye on that and then also the dollar which is paired about 50% of the overall gain that was seen yesterday which has helped the recovery in some of those major FX pairs again if we come up to 120 worth watching in the Euro and 134 in cable and then on the lookout for any headlines rumors coming out from the OPEC discussions okay guys have a good day and I'll see you in Amphi live chat room thanks very much


Heading to the grocery store? Are they a service animal? Then yes, not a certified service animal. Leave them at home. Are they still not potty trained? Absolutely not. A friend's birthday party? Did the host say dogs are welcome? Then yes. Is it a birthday party for a dog? Double yes. Is it a human party and they have dogs of their own? Sorry, Fido stays home. Eating at a restaurant? Is it a dog-friendly restaurant with a patio? Then bon appetit, a fancy restaurant? Bring them a doggie bag. Going on vacation? Is it a pet-friendly rental? Pack up their suitcase.  Dog-sitter it is. Off to a friend's house? Did they tell you to bring them? Then yes. Do they have young kids and might chew up their toys? Ask first. Bringing them to work? Do you have a private office and did your boss okay it? Pack up their doggy bed and some treats. Is it an open office where people with allergies can be exposed? Sorry, they're staying home.


Good morning everybody. I'm here today screen-sharing from the trading academy I'm over here with some traders part of the experience We're having this day together also with bookmap So we'll take advantage to explain a few things This is a trader of a Mentor trader a trader that joined the experience Why we're long this morning? so we had two potential setups today and We started taking the long and we started adding over here into the position. So we're actually having a Long play We're having over here a long play Now the market Has been bouncing within Q has been instead pulling back With yes We're actually on the stock right now We're actually on a few other stocks, but I would say that Tesla is the one to talk about Anybody else is long on this? Okay, so we have three traders over here long on Tesla this morning and Why can you tell me traders even you can participate over here good morning shadow T-Boar? So why are we long? That is a point. Why are we long? I mean, it's very easy if I tell you the reason why we're long It's so we're long because it was part of our plan this morning when we put our plan together and assess what we would do in certain Conditions and then as the market opened we looked at those conditions and then we followed our plan So our long was based upon a five minute under over. Okay, which is very close to the Pre-market low. Okay, so we have over here a setup of bounce play. I'm gonna to reduce translate what What John is saying because he's using like terminology that is part of the Room so many of you won't know what is another over and that's fine But over here essentially what John is saying is that we're long for a bounce play I'm gonna put this over here, and we're gonna update this chart Essentially now is a stress-free trade We don't need to trade every single day, but when we have opportunities we need to take them so This is Tesla anybody else in Tesla in the room or You too, please pick up So looking at the book map. We're also looking over here at few other stocks nerve ACI you this morning and KLR But I was stick with Tesla. So I Collect over here an example Okay, this is what happened this morning if you look at the dip so we'll point out So here I can do like this, okay, I will point out this zone so we have a major support, right? Marcus Tibor, I know that James Vic Mick Nico, I know that you always look at Tesla. So I'm also referring to you traders We had the major level this morning to 49 and you know, it's very easy to show things without Showing the the pre-market plan. I'm gonna share the pre-market plan one second. So over here we Had this plan and this I posted on the on socials and I just want to point out a few things Always make two plans so one of the things that I'm telling these days to traders over here is That we need a plan a in a plan B plan a Is only the one that will be in the direction of the main trend So why 250? Because it's a key level We have the whole round our number and then from there if I see liquidity we want to take along The plan B Was instead our reversal. So counter-trend trade pop into the high liquidity area 250 250 or 252 for a short Also, we have traded at both calls 250 So essentially these are weekly. Okay, we're not looking today for any swing opportunities We're looking for an interday trade What else to say over here when you trade look for those high liquidity areas what are essentially level of supply and demand or Resist support supply resistance demand is support now when you say support the resistance You technically talk about key levels From where the price bounced and it's just like a more like he level when you talk about supply and Demand you talk about the volume the liquidity that you had over there So what is the point over here? The point is that whenever you find a Level of resistance that is breached like now and we're dipping into it and pushing Now today we have the potential of this going to 60 It's not being pretentious is looking at the main target that I have on my chart Okay So let's go back over here to our setup So also is important to look at with an hourly chart The main level of liquidity is gonna be this to 58 and 50 that Bus over here was calling. I just like to round things at whole rondo number. That's the reason why I said to 60 But the point is actual resistance Would be that 258 and 30 to 58 and 50? Okay So that is the main point Let's see if here. We have any questions Thank You T bor some good explanation Morning Alex Okay. All right, so now let's analyze over here the price section and I'm gonna stay with with book map So first thing Dip over here in the support 249 dummy level that we are watching Was it 250 so It broke over here the low of that 250 it dipped Into this 249 it broke back up again, but then this retest Is the most important thing in this 250 level because that retest Gives you that I would say certainty of a good dip and this 250 is exactly this dip over here This dip is perfect Beautiful dip over here. This happened after the first five minutes. So we have essentially want We have a dip over here a push and the next bar dips and push And dips and push and dip and push and then it pops and fails and pops and fails and pop and fails Those three pop and fills of price of the price section. That's pulled back. So different type of analyzing over here itself What we like is that we find over here We don't know if there are all goes or big hands like manipulating the price But essentially this is a big major manipulation We will need over here Really to zoom in but essentially every single time we dipped It bounced it bounced and it bounced and that they broke this level Trap over here a little more traders and then pushed it upside. So you can write over here a few things text So we're gonna make over here. This is a bear trap. We're the bear trap exactly here Okay, so the break of support Coming over here All the way down below 254 dipping 253 push and we can take a nice long here at this level we add our Bull flag, which is this area that you see over here in the chart and We are looking at this in the room I'm gonna share what we said at exactly over here 10 0 9 On this bar over here this bar starts sent in At 10 0 9 Tesla long I said the numbers Alerted over here. I said the risk. We said the risk and then we push So not about being right. It's just about treating the strategy. I could have alerted Matt could have alerted a Bus could have alerted John could have alerted everybody when he knows the setup So it's about really just following Simple strategy That it works in this case. We have a strong volume on that break So we're gonna put this over here We have a strong volume of here coming in and now even on book map. You can see this very strong volume of here And then you have the break of this major level, which is this over here See a major level break It pushes and dips and until we're gonna have this It's gonna be perfect for us Dips, right Dips over here holding pushing holding pushing when I see this Now I think John was wise How much did you sell over here Jay? I was just a little not much. It wasn't even maybe five percent. We're at the j-lines and So I just feel a little bit off a tiny amount Because straighter we'll ask over here. You'll probably risk in this level, right? I was okay So you add over here 250 and let's say 40s entry Risking the 258 and 50s so risking like 1.70 1.80. Okay taking a very small size out But then over here taking a big risk overall ratio Because if you have 250 and 40 to 1530 I mean the first accident you had a 255 and 50 At this cost this calls you can traders call this in two ways. This patience or discipline is the same exact thing And that's what I like about today and John being over here really a ton of discipline over here, right? Because over here I've seen traders that they take the same setup, but they're getting out getting out getting out getting out basically We have no reason to get out until a major level of liquidity And that liquidity area that we had this morning was in this key area So good. We kind of trimmed over here, but very good 255 and 50 You saw a little bit more because we had this breakdown and then you re added over here, right? So this is a good point Let's uh, can you send me also chart when you can without all the Uh Thank you. Any question traders on this? Okay Next level as we said 258 and 30, but we will be looking for that two 260 over here And look book. I'm still strong right here when I say book my strong means the volume is still strong. Okay volume is so strong What an amazing trade John I will be looking over here to take a more partial into 258 because we have that previous eye Yeah Yeah, this is a nice resistance I will stay even now even 20 30 cents before that push that previous eye Otherwise, you will see, you know, all traders already placed there. Okay. So now we can look at this a little bit better Beautiful trade Beautiful trade So we have here the 258 It's yeah, it's getting there, but time to take off a little bit. I did. Okay. Yeah, I did So what would you be in your half size? Now, yeah, you want definitely to look for Holding half or a little bit less than half. We need to bring the 258 and get to this to 60 Let's see how they're going to break this level Yeah So here we have so the risk 248 and 50 at 250 and 40 So we have a five percent Cell Over here. We have I think was a 30 percent day the point 25 25 percent cell Over here That was 25 25 cell Then re-adding 15% and now here we're having 258 25% off So not a bad over here trade not a bad trade at all Yes, and cues are strong. Let's see also in queue This is right in my mind on 258 41. Yeah, let's work guys We get into that 260 there The area that I would really love to get is this 262 So I will bring Now my level So there's 262 Previous size. Okay. It's 262 263 here Let's see how it reacts over here, right? You can put a 30 minutes chart So we have high And high over here And we have the level here So in queue so strong We have to look at the targets on in queue This is in queue 30 minutes So next target we being that we broke now in queue The main level of an in queue that I'm watching There is a server here definitely So in queue can run till this point This is the target Beautiful big Big daily breakout On in queue So let's look over here Okay, we have 259 we're gonna get this 260 and ideally we're gonna look for 262 Yeah, let's say with that call you're going right through a t60 like butter Let's say at least until we make our lows in our highs that could be too soon And let's look over here at tesla What a trade man. That was the call First curl off the top tesla over here This morning This was the setup we did Dipping to 54 on the over calls to 50 we broke the supply of 252 Think is going straight now to 260 50 percent Beautiful we're going straight over here to 60 Yeah, definitely nice move a nice really move on tesla killer today Can you tell me that's eight Any question traders Let's see if you have any questions you too So on the final pieces you're always the up to the five-minute nine. Yeah, I'm gonna stay with that So 260 a little bit of pullback That's normal But we need to buy on a major pullback So wait for sell it now and then wait for a pullback or just hold now I would hold Okay, I would hold if you got out at these tutors the rest I will hold I'll be just thinking if I sold all of it. So it's 1500 and I bought two 265s I'd be 500 So I'd have a thousand locked in and then bring you on 500 is good But I would buy if we have a pullback Okay Not right now, but but selling the strength or selling the strength of selling now and then wait to buy On the next pullback by the risk to zeros. Yeah, what do you think's reasonable for this is wednesday 262 we can have it for friday For friday if we continue with this, it's a big daily break out because I'd like to hold it for two days for For free, you know, I look look over here We are this 260 262 we have the 265 I like the trendline break over here that we have on hourly chart This is nice curl We can possibly curl and get this 265s over here these days or 268 For me, this is a big bull. I mean in the next week, we can get to it again So if I get one more push, I'll sell it all and then I get a dip off by the 265s and just holding the risk to zero I would stay with Maybe Any questions fitters So we're still managing with here the position and talking about the position that we have on On tesla from this morning So this is the target that ideally we're watching 262 and 264 262 263 this area here. Why because a previous main liquidity area And then we have another one over here. This is around 266 to 67 So let's see how it reacts over here book map if you can break this eye Still strong Now it's first making over here all the way high this point So look at this area making a little bit high So when I see a resistance, I see a lower high I'm really careful In five minutes. We're still like making our lows NQ new highs in the meantime and you see that Once we saw that major liquidity is pulling back Now by rules, we should get to the 258 or even 257. So these two areas over here Where we can start looking for again another push Pullback for me over here will be Definitely the 258. So this will pull back to the 258 So this level I'm going to pull back possible here So we're going to have this pullback like this. I'm looking for this The stack over here first resistance, which is normal to 60 137,000 there a little bit more 259 50 Not yet at 259, but over here we'll see new Volume formation of liquidity. So supply coming in 258 look John And now we have the 258 So can I buy now the 258 traders over here? Not really because technically I'm looking for A major pullback to add to this for example 90 million the five minutes hard or this level over here of 257 And now I know a lot of traders will try to short up here because we see that resistance But it's not a a good short area We still have now the support 258 previous resistance. We are in a bullish trend today Uh, nice run line break and this is bullish. So just look over here for a long Any questions? So here what I'm watching is Level of support here In uptrend so we are a bullish move No reason to short now folding longs TP 262 263 and medium term 260 267 268 Still like the 260 buddy. We have the rejection to 60. We toss it to 60 We're still uptrend So this could be a bull flag and push until I don't have a confirmation That we're reversing the trend We need to hold long We had a lower high. So that's the reason why I called to 58 Uh, but if we break to 58 we can get to 57 and we'll see from there. Are you in alex in a position? I'm still holding on alex with But okay, my wife is still long So you see alex here writing but my wife is saying over here because our name is alex andra And that's 258. So now what I'm looking is The resistance Now supporter here break down to 58 So we'll probably see the price back over here 257. Uh, so thieber is asking what about Uh PB, uh, what do you mean buddy a pullback? Okay, so trader is is asking what about a pullback? Uh, what do you mean? You have to take a shore from there or whatever Let's look now for the 257. That's my level where I can look for a possible dip long So move right here from the 250s up to the 260 recycling Uh, this is the trader from uh from john. I think he made a very good job of here In queue also small pullback. So if you look traders today in queue and tesla simply the same And there we go pullback So now we'll see how this level reacts So we're focusing traders right now all this morning on tesla, but at the same time for who just joined Um, youtube we were on other stocks. We are in queue as well. The plan was also there Uh, we're trying to look at the stock. They're giving more possibility of making money Or I would say of volatility and liquidity tesla, of course today is going to be that So let's look at the major levels of pullback. We have several dips over here Uh of bookmark 258 and 257 256 and 50 256 Is bouncing perfectly over here from this 257 also heat map in jail as well So we're looking over here for a possible add long Again, yes again. So we are adding over here to the position right now at 257 and 40s, so we're adding uh Small long and remember that we are in from the 250s And our trailing for everything will be a fail of the 256 and 50s 256 So trailing in the minor 256 256 and 50s Want to see this 257 holding the support So to add more We need this and this is a small add We can see how this breakout and curl This is our trailing over here This area support And if this goes doesn't go it's still going to be a big win. So We're looking only for, you know, free money right now. So now we're testing that trend line 257 50 we need to see a little bit of volume right now. Okay, because we don't not we are not having those big buyers right now You can see even below the volume is weak right now, right? We don't have still those buyers We're getting back to 58 So we're bouncing from the level over here See that This bar Now we need to hold above the 257 and we need to close above the 258 because you can see that that's a previous resistance So it can even happen with here that we get to this resistance And we stuff in this unwinds, right? Because this is a previous resistance So what we're looking is for simply this So let's look for that continuation of the move until the market doesn't show that we're Rejecting reversing we're going to stay long Okay, so clear process and NQ is doing the same thing. So there's no point over here of getting short Unless of course your scalp it into a heat map into high liquidity So if you go back and Check just my Drawings what I said is we have to look for this breakout and then a pullback. That's your pullback Now we're going to miss straight over here the our trailing 257 So we raise over here our trailing things things don't go good. We have 257 Are we going to stay with 256 and 70 256 and 78 you added Yeah, good. He said he said very good So John added perfectly in the dip Now traders if you're not part of the room don't trade following alerts because not like that you're going to make money and learn anything But right now as we said we are Jake can you send another screenshot? So we started here. We added over here We're adding over here and we're taking profits. Okay But again, if you're not part of the room in another strategy, you cannot trade with us Join the room and you will learn We had 63 trading days only four red days on tesla. It's about learning the process And now it's only about seeing if the order of flow over here confirms us trade our trades. Okay And for now you see weakness you can see it's not holding over here the 258 I don't like this. It's not holding it But we're using this risk over here. So this is our risk Right here. We're going to build out I think this is your best trade of the week Best trade of my life Okay The point is traders are really having the patience over here And uh, nq just made a lower high lower low So if we look at nq Made a high low lower high lower low. So it's going to go back over here to the 15 140 This morning the setup a plus setup Came from It's longer here Beautiful bull flag and push So this is the add over here. So let's try to make a little bit of clear clarity So we're gonna Try to do over here this way So we have Long precise Then we have Exit 25 percent And another exit 25 percent Add 15 percent right Exit 25 percent Exit 25 percent add how much I'd say probably only 10 percent 10 percent Okay Okay And over here very important is to put the risk Here with the risk Think it's a good place. So this is we're gonna call it bounce play Okay, so we're out entirely over here. Yeah We're all out And here's dipping so we'll see that All right here, so I think we got a good day going over tesla the place Great work by the traders over here in the academy You can reach out to jtor.co if you want to work with us Again, have a good week Solid place today. Good market. Thank you for following and Respect risk management. See you next week. Thank you very much