Welcome. Good morning. I have to be in surgery in a half an hour.  We have actually like I think four refractive surgery lectures, so we've got plenty of time to cover stuff. And I'm definitely interested in trying to actually teach you guys something that's not on all the canned lectures and I think the BCSC book is actually really good. So if you read that, you'll learn a lot and it's really applicable. One nice thing about refractive surgery it's actually very applicable to many of the things you do. Certainly all areas of anterior segment, refraction, contact lens fitting, etc. So it's nice from that standpoint that there's not a lot of esoteric stuff. It's pretty much nuts and bolts. So one thing about sometimes I feel like refractive surgeons are like or maybe corneas specialists are like orthopedic surgeons of ophthalmology. It's like pretty basic. We can count to four. Orthopedic surgeons can only count to three. That's one different, but really the basic things. I mean, it's structural. It's physics. But refractive surgery within that is a little different in that it's super, super precision oriented for one thing. It is kind of like oculoplastics in a way and it's, you know, it's fee-for-service, self-pay. So very high demand for perfection basically. And so if you can really set yourself up for failure, if you're not, if you cannot deliver the good, so to speak. But as I mentioned before, there's a lot of overlap with other things that we do all the time. Cataract surgery has become very, very much thought to be, at least by the the consumer, if you will, to be a form of refractive surgery. And corneal surgery is also very precise and very physics-based. And then, you know, finally, glasses and contact lenses are really important in what we do. And if you understand this stuff, it really helps you understand that as well. So again, we're not going to cover all of the assigned reading. You can kind of go through that. Again, we have about three more lectures after this. So if you have questions, one of the things I'm going to do is have like Q&A in those lectures. And so we'll let's see. So since Eileen's on the service now is what we could do is just email. If you have questions or things that you don't understand, email Eileen and she'll get it to me and we'll talk about it a little bit at the beginning of the next lecture. And I know that there will be things that people don't understand because, you know, there's lots of material. One of the, I think the biggest pitfalls in refractive surgery and also just in ophthalmology in general, and this is particularly pertinent to people who are in training, is you over-trust technology. It's like, you know, we have all these gadgets and machines and but your brain is still way better in terms of, you know, just kind of figuring out what makes sense and what's going to make the patient happy. So I really feel like that's an important point that I want you to take home is that just because an imager or a machine says that this is the shape of the eye or whatever, that is a perception. That's a data point. There's error in any measurement. And so it's really, really important to look at the big picture and the bulk of the evidence. And then one of my favorite expressions in surgery and it applies to, you know, things like hunting or target shooting. But if you're aiming for precision outcome, you're going to miss every single time. But if you're aiming small, then you're going to miss small. And that's a really good, really good concept for eye surgery. It doesn't matter what kind of surgery it is. If it's retina surgery, if it's cataract surgery, if it's refractive surgery, it's particularly important with refractive surgery. And then I think there's another really interesting aspect of refractive surgery in that it, because it is fee for service and it can be very lucrative, it is also has some potential for abuse in terms of maybe doing things that you really shouldn't do or kind of, you know, pushing the edge of the envelope a little bit and saying, I can get away with that and, you know, the patient's going to be gone and I think it'll be fine. But so number two, this applies to refractive surgery, but it also applies to everything you do as a physician. And I can think of, you know, my three reasons why it's not ever a good idea to compromise your patient's best interest. And this could apply to signing up a cataract at the VA or, you know, doing refractive surgery on some VIP or whatever. But number one is that, you know, it's just not the right thing to do.  And as a doctor, you know, you're going to make mistakes, you're going to have bad outcomes, you're going to have a lot of good outcomes as an ophthalmologist. You're going to help a lot of people. But if you kind of do things for the wrong reason, it takes away some of that great satisfaction that we get from the privilege of being a doctor. So just for your own integrity, just, you know, just choose not to do those things.   But really, if you're in practice and you have a reputation, it's really you have to take the long view. And if you do the right things for people, even if sometimes it's telling them no, that is really going to come back to you in, you know, in an exponential fashion as to just being a good provider. And that kind of word of mouth referral system to your practice is amazing. And, you know, it's not hard to stand out. Unfortunately, it's not hard to be someone who's viewed as a person of integrity and, you know, in our modern world. It's unfortunate. But so I think if you do that, and then, you know, the third one is maybe the least important, but just a practical thing is that, you know, everything you do is going to be scrutinized by kind of medical legal things and, you know, regulatory things. And you guys are coming up into a generation of practice where that's just the reality is everything's going to be measured outcomes scrutinized.  And so you want to make yourself basically bulletproof. You want to make yourself, you know, you want you need to be able to continue practicing and do what you do. So another really important concept is to be very systematic about how you do refractive surgery. More so probably than other things because there are really a lot of reps. And that, and it's a little bit like cataract surgery, too, but it's a little bit more predictable and precise. But you really learn from your little tiny mistakes. And if you do things the same way and you're very dogmatic about your system, not dogmatic about how you treat every patient but your system, then you can adjust your system to approach perfection. So I did my residency and fellowship here. That was a long time ago. But in my fellowship, I had mentors, Dr. Olson, who was amazing, smart, probably still the smartest man I know, at least one of them. Dr. Claren Aldridge, some of you might know, is just amazing, amazing cornea specialist and surgeon. I learned so much from him and, you know, both men of super high integrity and just great examples. And then Tom Clinch, who was kind of the junior person, and I learned a lot from our mutual mistakes. And but, you know, he was a great teacher as well, because he was kind of young and learning things and not afraid to try things. And, you know, also a very good provider. But most of all, more than any, I learned from Charles Casper, who was, if you read about him and the history of ophthalmology and refractive surgery, he was a real radial keratotomy pioneer, which we know was kind of a bad surgery turned out to be not such a good thing. And you can read about that in the BCS book. But he was an amazing example to me, just in terms of how one should practice as kind of a leader of a team. And also this systematized approach to vision correction surgery. And he really, he kind of set the tone for that. And there's even a, you know, an ISRS named lecture after him, because he was kind of the person who really made teaching refractive surgery a science. And his whole thing was you got to have a system. And so, one of the most important things about vision correction surgery is you really have to understand if you're going to do something to the eye, what effect is it going to have. So, so you really need to understand the anatomy of physics. And you have to think logically about okay, if I do this, what's going to happen, you know, take into consideration what's going to happen when it heals, things like that. So even though he was kind of a proponent of some kind of crazy things that didn't work out very well, he really, you know, he understood that hey, I got to like really understand what I'm trying to do, and then be very systematic about it. And then preparation, he was actually a military person and a pilot.  So, you know, it's like every flight, you don't skip any steps, right?  And then the other things are, you know, somewhat self-explanatory. If you don't standardize your technique, you're not going to be able to compare, you know, one patient to another outcomes. And if you don't measure your results, you're not going to get that data. And then probably most importantly is, doesn't matter what you do technically, that is, you know, we should all be able to do that. Refractive surgery is not really hard surgery, technically. But just, you know, investing in making a great staff, having people be kind of mission oriented, like, okay, our mission is to serve our patients and make them happy and give them really good vision. It's kind of an obvious thing, but it's really important. And you don't really see it in training as much as you should, because, you know, it's a big institution. And I think that gets watered down a little bit. I kind of call it the lowest common denominator factor of being in an institution, because, you know, you have all of these things that kind of can sometimes keep you from being as excellent as you'd like to be. But, you know, it all starts with the people and case bearer, you know, he really rewarded his staff, he really took interest in them, and he really cared about them. And in turn, you know, that was transmitted to the patients.  But the patients always thought, hey, I'm doing great. This is awesome.  And so it's really important how you present things to patients.  Medicine is a caring profession. So, you know, just regular, ask just kind of some of the benefits of being a refractive surgeon or incorporating that into your practice is that it is a very functional thing. I mean, I had a patient, and this was actually a clear lens surgery that I did. I saw her yesterday. She was in her 50s, I think, had a little early cataract. And she went from minus 15 plus to 2040 in her worst eye to 2025 uncorrected. And she's 20-20 plus in her other eye, which was, you know, minus 13 or something. And so, you know, I mean, it's just completely life-changing for people when you can do that kind of surgery. And it is very functional for people in our area. You know, so many people struggle with dry eyes and don't tolerate their contacts well, sports, et cetera, et cetera. You can just go on and on. There's a high demand for vision correction surgery. People want it. They like it, you know. They, for a lot of those reasons, it's a very gratifying surgery to perform, just like some of you are starting to perform cataract surgery.  Well, that's how vision correction surgery is, but maybe even better because it's a little bit more precise. Usually, the patients don't have a lot of comorbidities. And so it's really, it's really cool. It's fun surgery. It's high tech. All these good toys to play with. And generally, it's a very upbeat atmosphere. And again, lots of new stuff, things to learn, and it's financially rewarding. I mean, it's a very lucrative surgery to perform. So if you choose to incorporate that into your practice, you don't have to deal with, you know, third-party payers, reimbursement, regulatory stuff. It's fee-for-service. So now we'll kind of delve into some of the, just some of the stuff in the basic science books. And this is, some of this is in the lecture that's already in the system, but I just cut it down because we don't have enough time today to go over all of it. But I really would encourage you to read through that book and look at the, the figures are actually really good in the book. Most of them are good. And there are some really important concepts. And so we'll just cover a few of them. So, so everybody knows that the cornea is the main refractive surface or lens of the eye. And hopefully we all understand how light is bent by the cornea. We're not going to spend a whole lot of time by that. Well, let's start with basic. So we know how the light is bent by the anterior surface of the eye. Does anybody understand or have a question about how light is bent by the posterior surface of the cornea? Remember that the anterior surface is an air cornea, you know, tissue interface. And so the index of refraction is pretty different. But what about the posterior surface of the cornea? If you can explain that, who understands that? Renee, you want to take a stab at it? No penalty for getting it wrong. I mean, these are kind of the important structural things that you just kind of want to understand, because it'll definitely show up on OCAPs and boards, things like this. So if you think about the curvature of the eye, they're both convex lenses, right? The anterior and posterior surface. But the index of refraction, you're going, you know, from cornea, which is a little bit more dense optically to aqueous on the posterior surface. So we can all visualize that the anterior surface converges light, right? You understand that? It smells, law and everything. The posterior surface will diverge light a little bit. So as Renee said, it's a minus lens. And so is that super important in refractive surgery? Surprisingly not at all, because it doesn't really matter for vision correction surgery very much, because you're just treating the whole refractive error. But what about cataract surgery? Why is it important for cataract surgery? Right. I don't know if you guys could all hear that, but so you can tell Julia's, you know, she's in the, you know, the seniors are like doing cataract surgery and choosing lenses and choosing toric lenses. And so it's like all this stuff you have to try to figure out to get a good outcome. I mean, people, that's fee for service. Well, at the VA it's not, but, but you know, in the real world it is. And so you really want to figure it out. So in general, so in it's, I think one of the important things about learning is like, you don't even really have to understand it completely. You can always kind of work backwards. But just know, so the take home points are posterior cornea does that aqueous corneal interface does diverge light. So it gives it, it subtracts a little bit from the corneal power. And so you have people all to say, well, it's 48 minus six in this slide. So it's 42. And that's where you get kind of that average value that's on the caratometer. So that's just kind of adjusted for the posterior cornea. And then the other really important take home message is how is that posterior corneal power usually oriented? Does anybody want to volunteer that one? So it's usually against the rule. So, so if you have so, so again, sometimes working backwards is the best way.  Right. So, so again, take home message, this would show up on OCAPS for sure. You know, I can see this being a question. On average, do you under correct or over correct with a toric lens when the person has with the rule of stigmatism? The answer is, you would under correct because you expect them to have some kind of thinking of it as plus cylinder refraction against the rule more at 180. It's going to counteract some of what you're measuring. And so, even if you don't understand all of it, and you can kind of think about the ray tracing and all that, the take home message is if you kind of get there, then you're like, okay, you're halfway, and then you can work backward. The lens is also important, but not as important. And, you know, again, in refractive surgery, it's kind of nice because we're just really working on the total power of the eye. So it's a little bit easier in a lot of ways than cataract surgery. And it's definitely more precise. An important concept, just, you know, another really important concept in is to understand asphiricity. And it's important for corneal surgery. It's important for refractive surgery. It's important for cataract surgery. So this you can kind of think about too. And I'm not going to really talk about spherical aberration a lot. We don't have time to go through that. But the eye kind of naturally adjusts for spherical aberration. So if the cornea is really flattened out, and again, this is more of a take home message. So this would be like a radial keratotomy. It's actually more like an RKI than a lasik eye. But you could say a myopic lasik eye. The peripheral light is going to be bent a lot. These light rays coming centrally are not going to be bent as much. And you're going to get what's called an oblate cornea. It's flat on top. And so you can have to kind of take that into account in terms of quality vision and contrast. The normal cornea is more prolate. It's actually a little bit parabolic. So it's going to be a little bit steeper in the center than in the periphery. And that's the reason is because the peripheral light will be bent more. And that's what causes spherical aberration. So you can think about evolution. You can think about intelligent design. You can think about whatever you want to think about. But there is a reason that our eye is that way. And most people's eye is prolate. And we want to preserve that prolate. So those are probably two of the most important things that you can understand about. Just the cornea is understanding there's some influence from the posterior surface and then what's prolate and what's oblate. Topography definitely important. Super important. We use it all the time. So it's also really, really important to just understand basics about topography and tomography. Everybody knows placido disc is the reflective image that is used to generate most topographies. There are topographers now that project dots of light. We're not going to go into that. We're going to stick with the basics. But same principle, whether it's dots of light or rings, it's a simple reflection. And then the distance between the rings can be analyzed by the computer. And how many of you, many of you do, but how many of you have ever read a topographic map or have used a topographic map while hiking?  So again, just really, really basic stuff. But you need to understand that for refractive surgery, cataract surgery, cornea stuff. So if the lines are close together, it's really steep there. And it's really as simple as that. It's not that crazy. So the regularity of the pattern, the pattern, topography gives you pattern. And the pattern data is really what you're looking for in topography. It's not as good quantitatively as some of the other measurements. But pattern is everything because you're really trying to find diseases like keratoconus. And this is kind of, we would call it a non-orthogonal or kind of a sagging bowtie picture. The keratometry values are really super normal range, 45, low astigmatism, 1.5. But this person would be somebody that you would say, hmm, I wonder if that's normal or safe enough to do vision correction surgery on. You would need to do more tests to find out. But it would raise some suspicion. So pattern is really, really important for topography. And again, we kind of can spend time on this, but it's better to just read about it. And this could be something we could talk about in one of the follow-ups. But kind of understanding just really briefly the difference between the two common ways of looking at placido topography is the axial or sagittal power and then the tangential power. And one good way to think about it is, you know, if you're looking at the axial power, your reference point is the top of the mountain. So if you're up at snowbird and you're kind of deciding which way to go down, you're kind of looking at, well, that looks pretty steep. I'm not going to go that way or whatever. As opposed to tangential, where you're actually down on that next run saying, okay, this is pretty steep. And so the tangential gives you a little more kind of detail at the site. The axial gives you more of an overview. And if you understand it to that level, that's probably all you need to do. Don't worry about all the diagrams and stuff in the book. Not going to get asked that on the test. The other major type of imaging is called tomography, which we would all understand based on, you know, regular imaging in the body, CT. So this is just optical CT in a way. And the images can be captured in, and for historical purposes, you should know about Orbscan. Orbscan is kind of a scanning slit that moves across the eye and computer captures the data. And just it's kind of like a slit lamp beam. And you can just basically tell from that when it's reconstructed 3D shape. But a better form is called Shimeflug, which is a video camera that just spins and takes pictures from all different angles to reconstruct it. And so that's Pentacam and other things, but considered to be more of the gold standard. This would be just probably kind of the really, if you can kind of understand, you can get overwhelmed with maps and presentations of some of this data. But this is called the holiday view on Pentacam. And this again would be something that could show up on OCAPS or a test or something because it's just very standardized. And tomography data will always give you thickness. And so the thickness data is almost always represented in the center with the top being absolute and the bottom being relative. So relative to a reference point, you know, color changes are just used to represent, you know, again, what does that ski slope look like? Where's the steepest or thinnest areas? Where's the snow, the thinnest, if you will. And these two are just like the topography axial or sagittal and tangential curvature. So they just kind of, it's just another way of looking at what you get from your topographer. And then the most important thing, and this is really, really important to understand is the posterior cornea is can be a stumbling block in refractive surgery. And so again, this would be one of the most important take home messages of the whole lecture today is that the posterior cornea can be hiding abnormalities. And they may not show up on screening tests or refraction or anything like that. And so, and because laser vision correction surgery removes tissue from the cornea, you can actually create a huge problem. You can cause care to conus or we call it corneal ectasia. So it's really, really important to understand these maps. So in the few minutes that remain, actually, I'm supposed to be in surgery. But so this will be the last point of this. These are just the tomographic images compared to a reference surface. And almost everybody has a stigmatism. So we talk about best fit surfaces. So you'll see BFS sometimes, which is best fit sphere, but it's almost always compared to the best fit toric elliptical front. So that just means a dome shape that's closest to the amount of the stigmatism that they have. And you're comparing the anterior and posterior surfaces. And these are just values in microns. And so this person has a really symmetric anterior cornea. Almost no, you know, that's just noise. A couple microns. You can't. And the posterior cornea is actually really normal. Now there's little something there. Plus 17 means that that's 17 millimeters higher than the reference shape. But usually when you get out here, it's just noise, you know, there's tear film or something like that. So that's a super normal thing. So we can do more in the next slide. I'll be happy to, you know, take questions. We didn't get to wavefront today. But that's another thing to read about. Make sure you understand aberrometry and wavefront. And if you don't, so topography, tomography, just kind of how the cornea bends light, wavefront, you don't really need to understand all of this stuff. Focus on spherical aberration. That's probably the most important thing to understand because it really applies to cataract surgery as well. We'll go more into that. Yeah. And that's actually, so read about it, see what specific questions you have. But if you read about wavefront scanning and then aberrometry, I think you'll, and then we can like hone it down to what's practical about it. I mean, I think that's one of my goals for this year is to just really figure out what's practical about all this stuff because there's a ton of good practical information. All right guys, thanks a lot.


All right, welcome back. Yes, Christopher, you can please ask a question or share thoughts. Yes, thank you, Pastor. So actually I have two points. The first one is with the difference to point in the nodes with regards to, you know, from the initial 12 that is formed, when some of them are, you know, moved to become a cell of group of life group leaders. Is there an expectation that they need to attend or lead the new group that they are forming? And they should also attend the group that, you know, that initially they started. So there was a point there, you know, that applies to life groups, so it's really for cell groups. We just want to clarification on that.  Sometimes there's this sort of expectation that the cell groups form a much closer relationship with that particular, you know, smaller group. And sometimes what happens is that, you know, that the cell group leader is sort of like a representative of, you know, for that church. And a particular case in point, this is the sort of, you know, someone who specifically mentioned this is that the cell group leader actually was, you know, was, you know, asked by, you know, one of the people in the group, that, you know, the person in the group wanted to actually go and approach the pastor of the church. And the cell group leader, you know, specifically mentioned that they need to come through the cell group, or she should, the cell group leader itself, and go die to the pastor. So I just want to understand, you know, or maybe you can probably comment on that, on that and the earlier point here. Sure. Thank you, Christopher. Both very valid questions and valid points. Now, for the first one, to become a life group leader at APC, this is what we follow. They should have been part of our church for one year at least. Now, when I say part of the church, it's not like they come Sunday and attend and go, right? They should be at least volunteering in any area. They should be part of our weekend schools. And as pastors, we get to see, right, we get to see people in the church, we see their attitudes, we see how they are. And so one of the criteria is they should be part of the church for one year. Another criteria is that they should have attended a life group for at least six months. And why do we do this? Because, see, people are coming probably from different churches, from different cities. They're coming into a bank law. Now, they may have a certain idea about a cell group, right? They may have been cell group leaders for 10 years, right? Or 15 years also, right? And now immediately they want to be a cell group leader in APC. But the reason we give them like six months and tell them to be part of this life group is so that they see how a cell group is, right? Now, they may have been a cell group leader for 10 years, they know everything. That's all right. But APC, we function this way, right? So we encourage firstly, they should have been part of the church for one year, involved in church activities, being part of church activities, probably even volunteering in any area. Secondly, at least six months, they must be a part of a life group.  So they gather, you know, a rough idea as to what it is. And once we feel, you know, what we also do is we tell the life group leader, see, this couple is going to come to your life group. They've been, for example, right, they've been believers for 30 years. Now, they want to start a family life group. But they're new to APC, they've been here for past one year. So we tell the life group leader, right? And this work with them, just involve them, see how they are, right, see if they're asking questions, whether they're interacting, whether they're open to, you know, talking to people, how is their character.  So did they attend the life group, you know, because sometimes, you know, many people, they are so used to leadership that they cannot sit, you know, they have to talk, they have to be like, in this place where I should make some, you know, I should talk, I should be able to make some decisions. So how's their attitude? So Christopher, to answer that question, one year being part of APC, volunteering two, six months being part of a life group, and once the life group leader says, yes, they can start, then we take them through the higher cell group, life group leaders training module, which we have, it's about an hour of training. And then for the first six months, we just work with them. Basically, what I do is I call them, talk to them, ask them, how is the life group, how did it go? What are any new people who came? What are the, how are they discussing questions? So there's this regular, so the life group leader also knows that, hey, you know, there's somebody who's, you know, checking up, and there's somebody who I'm accountable to also, right? So that's it. That's one. The second question was, sorry, can you repeat the second question, Christopher? The second question was really about, you know, the life group or the cell group leader, you know, representing the church or, you know, the pastor, the leadership team.  And that's why I just wanted to get that, you know, yes. Yeah. Thank you, Chris. So one of the things that we teach in life groups is, for example, I have a problem. It's always good that I first go to the life group leader. Right. I can go to the life group leader and share but if I feel that I want somebody who's a little bit mature or more mature or somebody who can really give me some good, you know, direction on what I have to do next. And if I feel that that I want to talk to some, you know, somebody from the pastoral team, there's nothing wrong with that. So what we tell our life group leaders is and our life group members is, if you feel that you want to talk to somebody first go to your life group leader.  Right. Because many a times they want to speak to the senior pastor, they want to speak to the pastoral team. Right. Now if I say no, you have to go through me, it becomes legalistic. So this person will feel, Hey, I have to tell this person about my problem. Right. And we don't want that to happen. Right. So we give them the freedom. We give the life group members the freedom and we also tell the life group leaders that you know, if people don't come to you and share if they want to go to the pastors directly, don't get offended. They don't feel that you're not anointed. That's why they're not coming. It's not about that. Just that, you know, they prefer going to a pastor, a pastor. Right. So it's all right. There's nothing to feel offended. We tell our leaders, right. So it's all right. We never forced them. Right. You have to come through us and only then go to the pastor. No. For example, if there's somebody in the church, you know, a young man, he's part of my life example, right. I'm a youth. I'm a life group leader, youth leader. And this guy comes up to me and says, you know, I'm suicidal. Now I'm still a youth. I'm probably 24, 25 years. I'm going to say, Hey, why you want to think about all this.  I can quote a lot of scriptures and do all that. But I don't know the, you know, the real, the problem is really deep. It's a big problem. But as a life group leader, I might just say, Hey, God is with you.  It's good advice. God is with you. God, you know, read God's word. All those thoughts will go away. But this guy is going through the suicide problems probably from past five years. Right. So what, what it is, I know that this person needs counseling and he needs Christian counseling from a professional. So, sorry. So sometimes what we also do in APC is if people are like this situation comes, we don't want to send them to the pastor. We say, go to the, we connect them to the Christian counseling. We have Christmas counseling. So we connect them there. Right. Because as pastors, there's only so much that we can do. But we know that this person needs ongoing counseling, professional counseling. So there's nothing wrong with that. Right. So, but forcing our church members saying you have to go through me. That's wrong. That's something that we don't advise our church folks to do. Thank you. I just want to confirm on that on that first point. You are the person who has started this new life group as a leader. They will just attend their meeting. They don't need to attend the earlier meeting. Correct. Yeah, they should attend the live group. If they want to start one, they should attend one for at least six months. No, no, I understand that. But I'm saying after the six months is over and they have, you know, they're doing a good job and they don't need to attend the earlier one. They can just start there. They can just do there. Yes, they can just start their own live group. Right. And so once they're ready, we take them to the training and immediately they can start the live group. Right. Thank you. Yes. So Kennedy has a question. Can a cell group leader lead to a church plant? If yes, how and what requirement will you consider? Okay, that's a good question. Now, I know that especially in different churches, we have, you know, cell groups are a way of planting churches also. But we must understand that church plant and cell groups are different. Right. Now, it can be done. But why we don't do that is because we want cell groups to remain as a cell group to minister to the people within the church. So it's not that we want to start new churches. Right. So, so that's something that we don't do at APC. I'm sure there are other churches that, so in APC, what we have normally done when we started our, you know, branches, branch churches, not Southeast West is we usually meet at somebody's house. Now, we'll not call it a life group, but what we used to do is we used to meet probably on a Wednesday or a Thursday in a person's house. And, you know, we would, you know, so for example, there's no church in East of Bangalore. Right. So we would go there. I'm just sharing how we started APC East. So there were a few folks at our main location. We told them, hey, can we go to this part of the city where there's a lot of it and apartment complexes coming out. We need to start a church there. Right. Life groups were still happening everywhere, but we need to start a church there. So there were about five, six of them, a few couples and a few youth from this main church. We, they went to this part of the city that is East and started having press at every weekly press. So they would pray Lord, you know, open doors for us. We want to start a church here, lead us, bring, lead us to the right place, help us to know when to start. That we, maybe we may impact this part of the city. So for about six months, they did that every week. Then after six months, we thought, okay, let's start. We pray fully. Everything is done prayerfully. Right. So we pray fully. We pray. We said, okay, God, let's start. And I'm sure God will lead us. Right. Now the intention of going and starting that, you know, that Bible study and worship and prayer was to start a church. Right. We didn't go there saying we'll start a life group and that life group will become a church. No, the intention itself was to start a church. So eventually 2000, I think it's 2012 September. We started a PC East, which is one of our locations. Right. We were just a handful of people. We were probably 10 people and those 10 were from the main church who are attending here. But over time, families started coming, youth started coming, people started joining. Right. And so that became one of our church locations. And out of that, we started many more life groups. So the reason we don't want this whole thing of life group cell groups becoming a church is then it becomes a competition. Right. Hey, how come he gets to start a church? We don't get to start a church. How come you allowed him?  So we avoid it. Kennedy, I hope that answers your question. Okay. All right. So let's get into our notes. Present the notes. Okay. So the cell group meeting, this is what we follow at APC. Right. And then these are things that you can tweak. You can change it according to your convenience. So we have a time limit set of 90 minutes to maximum of 120 minutes. And then we meet once a week or once in two weeks. So most of our life groups meet once in two weeks. Right. And there are some life groups that meet weekly, but they are hybrid life groups, meaning they meet one week online the next week in person. Right. So it can be flexible as long as everyone in the group has been informed. Right. So let's look at a few general guidelines. Now this is very important. Right. Without guidelines, everything will go haywire. Right. So just a few general guidelines and this is basically a portion of what we teach for life group leaders training module. Right. So general guidelines, all members are encouraged to share and we ask that everyone speak openly and honestly. Right. It's not just another like a church meeting. Right. Where the one person comes in the life group leader, keep sharing and we keep listening. No. All members in the group are encouraged to share. Speak openly. Speak honestly. So for example, you know, we went through those sermon series on faith and science and the mind. All of them are open to start sharing. They may say, Hey, I didn't understand this. And nobody's going to point fingers and laugh and say, How can you not understand? No. Be open. Be honest. Because because it's a small group and it's your place to talk and to open up. Right. Very important. Each person should feel safe about opening up. But please remember it is very important that we stress confidence and confidentiality. Right. This is something that we strive for in PC. Right. Now people will share a lot of things. Right. There are different kinds of people. Right. We must remember there are people who don't like to share too much. They share a little bit. There are people who don't share anything at all. There are some who share everything. They're very fast. They, you know, they, they just open up. They may be just second or third time in a life group, but they just open up. Right. Now it's very important as life group leaders. There is a life group to keep things confidential. So for example, there's, it's a family life group and this wife comes and says, You know what? My husband is, you know, drinking. And it's just an example, right? Husband is drinking. He's a very good husband, but he comes home. He drinks and, you know, it makes us very sad. He sometimes uses abusive language. And I just want you to pray for him that God will change his heart. Now, the last thing we must do is talk about this to other people. This is a serious matter. Right. Because we, we inform our life group members and leaders do not talk about anything confidential. Right. Because the person is confided in the group. Right. So never talk about it outside or when you look at them at church, don't look at them as, Oh, yeah, I know this man's husband, this woman's husband is a drunkard. He drinks. So that's why he's not come to church. It's very easy for us to come up with all kinds of thoughts. Right. We begin to judge people. So we should never do that. Stay confident. Keep it to yourself. Keep it within the group. Right. Where you say, okay, group does the better way to look at this is, okay, sister, don't worry, they're going to pray for you as a group will stand with you. And we believe that by the end of this year, God is going to restore you, restore your family, restore your husband as well. And we, we will keep it. You can also tell the group, let's keep it confidential among ourselves. And we will pray. Yeah. Right. And that's a, that's one thing I'm really happy to say that an APC, we've always all the leaders that we have, all our life group members, we've always, you know, kept that confidential, kept things confidential. So that's good. We will reach out to our family, neighbors and friends with goals of bringing them to Christ again, evangelism. We will keep in mind the interaction in line with what Christ is doing in and refrain from storytelling that is irrelevant to the subjects we are discussing. Now, this is very important. So for example, life group is starting and you finished two songs.  We're going to discuss about Sunday sermon. Sunday sermon was about purpose, God's purpose for our life. So everyone start talking. Suddenly this one person gets the chance and they may say, I wanted to talk about what God spoke to me last month. In the book of Exodus, Moses went to the burning bush and he got the tank. Now, what is the first thing you must do? First thing as a life group leader is to stop that person at its right right now. Is he talking something good? Yes. Is it biblical? Yes. Can we get blessed? Yes. But is it in line with the topic? No. Right. So you stop it there. Right. It may not. It's not storytelling. It is from the Bible, but it's not in line with the topic. As in all of them are talking about God's purpose for their life. Suddenly somebody is talking about Moses in the burning bush. It doesn't make sense. Right. So make sure that yours is another important thing that a life group leader should do is to stir the conversation in line to facilitate the discussion. Now, remember there will be times you may say, brother, can we go back to the main discussion? This was the topic. Now that person one can get offended and say, I'm never going to come back to this life group. Two, he may say, oh, I apologize. Let's go back and this or three, he may say, get offended, but he continues to come to the life group. Now remember that you and I cannot control other people's emotions. We are doing what is right for the group. Right. So it's all right. As a life group leader or KSL leader, you have to come to a place where you make decisions which is beneficial for the group. And you can always meet with the person later on and say, you know, I know I stopped you at your track. The reason is we were discussing this. So one of the things we tell our life group leaders is even before the life group start, when you start off the life group, a new life group, we go through the guidelines of the life group with everyone so that they're aware. Okay. If I'm getting a chance to ask questions or discuss, I cannot talk about anything else apart from this. So I'm already aware. Right. So that's one thing we always tell our life group leaders. Okay. We will not murmur, gossip, condemn, be judgmental, criticize. No, we'll not do that. Okay. So this is one area that can bring most growth and strength to our group. So we ask each cell member to include the cell members and the ministry of our group in their prayer life. So we keep praying for each other, ministering to each other. And of course, during the life group also you can have extended time prayer, maybe 20 minutes or half an hour. So some of the life groups that meet. I think I mentioned this, they meet, they have prayer walks, prayer drives. They meet additionally online to spend time in prayer. So prayer is really something that can strengthen the life group. And the life group leader must also be, take hold of this. He must understand that, hey, as a life group leader, my prayer life, I must be able to pray for my life group members now and it'll be beneficial for the group itself. Last one, we will always keep the vision of the church for most in mind to be salt and light to the city of Bangalore, voice the nation and the nation. So here's where is another important aspect. So as the question came, can we, can care cells become plant churches? And that's why we don't want to do that, right? So one of the thing is we keep telling our church members, hey, we are doing this because we are fulfilling the vision of the church. The vision is to be salt and light to the city of Bangalore, voice the nation and to the nations. So we keep reiterating that. So nobody in their mind is thinking, oh, I'll start my own church. It could be an APC church itself, but it's not led from God. So we don't want to do anything that way, right? So we keep the vision of the church, hey, whether there are 10 people, 12 people, vision is to be salt and light. Bring flavor, bring light, whether it's darkness, bring fellowship, community within the church. Right? Look at this sample schedule. Now you can change this. Of course, you can do it. However, you'd like 10 minutes arrival, refreshments, then 10 minutes of praise and worship, ice breaker for 10 minutes, five minute vision statement. Look at this. 40 minutes word study with open discussions. This is the key. This is the most important part. And then there's 15 minutes for prayer and ministry. Now this is just a sample schedule, right? Some of them, they arrive, they begin with praise and worship. And after praise and worship, some of them have an ice breaker. Some of them don't have an ice breaker. They just go into the vision and spend more time in the word study and discussions. And then have prayer and ministry. So you can make changes and see what works for you best. Right? So we'll stop here because the upward, inward, outward, forward model is a very powerful model. This is written by Jim Eagley. Written by Jim Eagley is a powerful book. So we'll take it up from next week. I don't want that break. Yes, Mangi has raised his hand.  Thank you, Partha. I just have one or two questions based on the time. Why is there specific time set for the meeting? And does life group leaders have freedom to change that, to make their own time or to change the time they meet and where they meet? Secondly, if the church controls everything that the last group do, is that not legalistic? Because sometimes in a group, you have people struggling with violence. And then that is relevant to that group at that moment. Can they have freedom to discuss about that? So instead of discussing the topic, can they focus on how to deal with violence for three weeks or two weeks and not speak about the topic that the church is talking about? Thank you, Partha. Yes, very valid questions. Thank you, Mangi. Okay, the first question is the life group leader has the freedom to choose whatever timing. So for example, if I have a family group, I know that people are working Monday to Friday. So sometimes people get home by 7 or 8 p.m. And it's very difficult for them to get ready and some of our life groups even, you know, they usually prefer to start 7, 6, 37. So many of our life groups are on weekends. They happen on Saturday and Sunday. Now they have a choice. They can have it since Sunday is a holiday. They can have it at 10 a.m. They can have it at 3 p.m. They can have it at 6 p.m. It doesn't matter. And secondly, in terms of the place, so for example, there's a youth life group. They meet at a certain location in Bangalore. The life group leader has the freedom to also, you know, change the place. They can, for example, they're meeting at a certain place. They can, and the life group leader can say, hey, this week, can we meet at this coffee day, which is at the center of the city? That's all we'll meet there. We'll have coffee. We'll have life group inside coffee days, spend a few moments in God's word, discuss everything, and then we'll return back home. So they have the freedom to do that, right? Just that everyone in the group must be informed, right? So they have the freedom to choose the timing. They have the freedom to choose the place as well. It's just that you can't have it every Sunday in a coffee day. You can if you'd like to, but it gives you more freedom in a close setting, avoids disturbance and sound and all of that. So in fact, APC, we did have a couple of youth life groups that met at coffee days. And so we had this whole, I would say, you know, deal with coffee day where we would come and we would have one coffee and a sandwich for everyone. So coffee day will book the entire place, like 10, 12 chairs. So once we all come, one coffee and a sandwich, and we could sit there for more than two hours or the youth group used to do that. So yes, Mangi, to answer that, they can choose their own time, own place. But the point is it should still be effective. And two, to answer your question regarding whether APC controlling our life group leaders. Now, there are certain guidelines that are very important. Remember that when we do something, there are always reasons and when we do it, we want to see what is the most effective way. Now, the reason we encourage and we want all our church, all our life group members to only do the Sunday sermon is because initially we had life groups and people would, you know, discuss any topic. Somewhere early 2012, 20, yeah, I think it was 29, 2010, around that time. We had a lot of problems because there were people who were coming and, you know, many people are reading up, they're going online, listening to sermons. And what's happening is there were wrong teachings that were happening in the church. So some of them that I can think of was, I think there was one where, you know, this whole thing of David and Jonathan, and there's another one where, you know, about the gifts of the spirit, right? Only some people can flow in it, others cannot flow in it. Right? So we began to realize, hey, like these are good leaders, right? By heart they're very good. But we had to take into consideration all the members who are part of the life groups. Imagine what is going in, right? Some of the life groups may be wonderful, you know, good teaching, right? But some are, you know, it's just a misunderstanding, wrong interpretation of the word. And then we found out that a lot of them were misled, misled in the sense the word was not interpreted the right way. And, you know, these questions started coming to us. And we realized that, hey, especially in terms of God's word, we must be right. We must teach the true right word of God. So that is the reason why we came up with, every Sunday, discuss what is on, you know, the Sunday sermon topic. And that way we also know that everyone in the church are on the same flow. There's no kind of wrong teaching that's happening. It's not that we don't trust our life group leaders, right? We trust them. But with regards to our teaching, we want to ensure that our teaching is right, right? So that's why we've set certain standards that way, right? So there will be times when, you know, so for example, during the Christmas season, right? We always give freedom to our leaders, right? We tell them, you know, you can go for outreaches. You can go to children's homes, destitute homes as a group. You know, some of them go to orphanages. And they do all of that, right? We don't control them. We don't say, don't go. You have to sit. You have to, you know, we let them go. It's just that certain things, it's very important, right? Because that is seed, the seed of God's word. And we want to make sure that the word is right. The teaching is right. Now, what's the point of having fellowship and the community and all of that when the word is not right, meaning we're teaching something wrong? So that's why we focus in this area. We're kind of a little bit strict, right? Because we are speaking into other people's lives. And so we make sure that, you know, what is being taught is if we are aware of it. So, yes, Mikey. All right. Any other questions? Christopher, you have a question? Oh, yes. I just had two questions. So one is to give us a few examples of icebreakers that you would sort of, you know, that you think has worked well. But the second one is actually just to extend Mangi's question a little bit. And I was just thinking about is that if there is a topic which is, you know, something that is, you know, Bible related specifically, but, you know, a topic which is very, very, very much in the, in the, you know, very, very current. And where that topic can be consistent, consistent in a particular meeting, you know, meeting across all the groups.  And then, you know, getting the feedback and then the feedback goes back to the, to the church could be, could be an approach that may work because that way, you know, there is, there is consistency, but there is also a certain level of discussion which may not necessarily sort of filter up to, you know, to the church in itself. So just, just a suggestion over there. Yeah. Sure. Sure. Thank you so much, Christopher. Yes. To answer your first question, some of the ice breakers could be a simple quiz, you know, if there are 10 people divided into team A, team B, you can ask maybe 10 questions, a quiz from the Bible. That is one of the ice breakers. Two is doing, maybe we, maybe a small skit, like a dump charades kind of skit, and getting the people to say what they are, you know, what they're enacting. That's another option. Another ice breaker could be just an action song, right? Sing an action song in between. So yeah, you can come up with things like that, right? I'm sure the life group leaders will have many, many ideas, but these are things that I can think of.  So those are some of the options. And yeah, Christopher, to answer your, thank you for sharing your second opinion. That's actually a good one, right? It can be done because it is maybe, you know, so if I got you right, we're trying to say that, you know, some topic that we covered, maybe a year back or so, can we revisit that topic across all life groups and talk about it. So probably two months just talk about that topic. Yes, that can be done because we know that, you know, that that is the material that's being discussed. We never thought, we never, we have never done it. We've never revisited and, you know, I think the reason is because what is done on Sunday, it's more current. So we usually think of discussing that, but this is something that it can be done, right? So yeah, but what I also would like to share to add to Mangi's question was, now there are some life groups, what they do is they meet one week and they talk about the Sunday sermon, they discuss open discussions and questions on the Sunday sermon. Then they meet online, right? And online, they talk about other topics, right? Maybe understanding the prophetic or gifts of the spirit or anything else. They talk about anything else. So there are some groups that do that as well, but then that's not considered as a life group, but they just meet together and, you know, discuss and pray and yes. So there are groups that way. So as far as I know, there are some women groups who, you know, they meet at APC. They meet every week and they discuss other topics. And we don't tell them you cannot discuss any other topic. They're open to discussing whatever they like. So yeah. All right, any other questions? We can close. All right. Great. Let's close in prayer and we'll pick up from this upward, inward model by Jim English. We'll pick it up from next week onwards. So anyone can please close in prayer. Mangi, would you like to close in prayer, please? Yes, first. Go ahead. Thank you, Father. Thank you for this time, Lord. Thank you for your grace. Thank you for your love. And thank you for your Holy Spirit, Father. That's why you've given us this opportunity, Lord, to learn, Father, giving us strength and if you're giving us understanding of such your work, Lord, may go forward. We prefer that you be with us, Lord. Teach us more, Lord, as we fall on what we've learned and as we will forward, Father, we pray that you guide us, Lord, and you also protect us and protect our families too. And you're much in heaven, Lord, we pray. Amen. Amen. Amen. Thank you so much, Mangi. Thank you, everyone, for joining. Have a wonderful week ahead. I'll see you next week. God bless. God bless.


In the Covey 1.9, the Covey Wovey 1.9, we did a show on Zoom and the Zoom interface was terrible. The audio was terrible. So as soon as I did the first taste test on Riverside, it was so easy and we've just rolled from there. I agree. When I first started with Zoom, it was like we couldn't figure it out at all. The editing, the audio, they just wouldn't be synced or sometimes they would be in sync and then instead of giving us an individual audio file for each guest, sometimes they would be merged even though we adjusted the settings. It was kind of a mess. And as a tech guy, I just kind of liked the innovation in the space where in general, things should get cheaper and easier to use.


Perhaps, no industry has endured more ups and downs than mining. From near extinction 16 years ago, through more recent challenges of low global prices, mining is rebounding in British Columbia. It contributes $9.7 billion to our economy, in part because $2 billion was invested in exploration projects in our province over the last five years. More than 46,000 British Columbians and their families rely on mining and the world depends on them for the raw materials needed to make everything from transmission wire to consumer electronics. Even through these uncertain times, we continue to see new mines. Your government established new targets for upgrades and expansions to nine currently operating mines by 2020 and eight new mines under construction or in operation by 2022. Today there are two new mines under construction that will generate 1,000 jobs in rural BC. The work is not done. Your government will continue to support the most innovative, innovative, sustainable and safe mining sector in the world.


Guys, the Titans are on the clock with the current quarterback situation and an aging running back. I think they want to start transitioning this offense before it's too late. Malik Willis has fallen far enough. This has got to be the spot. I'm 100 percent down. No doubt. Malik Willis is drafted here. The pick is in. And with the 86 overall pick in the NFL draft, the Tennessee Titans have selected quarterback out of liberty. Malik Willis! So all in all, Malik Willis might have landed in just like a really good situation for him. Like, you know, he's not going to be expected to start for at least a year, right? At least a year. I definitely think that's the plan to have Willis start it next year, if not by the end of this year. Yeah. And we have seen that be a successful blueprint with Patrick Mahone to the Chiefs, building behind Alex Smith. He was obviously a prospect to have some things to work on.


What's going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overlord here So in this video, we're going to be going over Halloween returns the plot for Halloween returns a Summary of it if you will not the full script because I don't have time for that But I will leave a link in the description to the article that I'm going over that has the full plot breakdown More or less and it actually includes a link to the script if you want to read the script for Halloween returns and find out in Depthly what markets Dunstan and Patrick Melton had in store for us before dimension had lost their rights to the franchise And we ultimately got the 2018 film that we did from David go to green now Halloween returns Opens up on the same night after the events of the 78 film So just moments after Loomis shot Myers off to the upper balcony at the Doyle house It's a sequence that will take place prior to the credits of Halloween ends the opening credits or Halloween returns I should say and this whole opening sequence is from Michael's perspective as he rises from the ground outside of the Doyle's house From those gunshots and then follows a wounded a wounded would have been victim named Karen from the streets and to the home of deputy Gary hunt who Gary hunt I think as a character that still ends up appearing in Halloween 2 Gary's wife Beth ends up opening the door to Karen and lets her in and Michael follows killing Beth in front of her 8-year-old son Noah and infant Liam just before Dr. Paul Rogers and Haddonfield police swarmed a place and apprehended him The story then shifts to 10 years later and after years of court appeals Michael is finally set to receive the death penalty penalty by lethal injection Gary hunt moved his family to Russellville where he has been named the town sheriff Dr. Rogers also a resident of Russellville has been obsessed has been so obsessed with Michael and trying to figure out the Why that it has strained his relationship with his wife Emma and most importantly with his daughter Sophia So Fia just happens to be friends with Noah hunt who witnessed his mother's murder at the young age of eight as I as you all know As I just recited and he begs her to steal her father's key card so they can sneak into the Warren County Correctional Center and Witness Michael's execution at first. She's reluctant to do so but after once again being disappointed by her father She agrees Sophia goes to her father's office to confront him and to sneakily take his key card from his desk While Rogers is distracted by preparations for Michael's execution So feel wanders from his office to a corridor that leads to Michael's cell Michael watches as Sophia approaches, but she's caught by her father before she could reach the cell door Her start-up reaction unwittingly reveals that she's Rogers daughter to Michael who is also of course still watching at this point Later that night a crowd gathers to watch the execution and the two teenagers sneak into the back of the viewing room Undetected by their fathers Also in attendance is Karen the wounded victim from the opening They watch as Michael is injected and just as he begins to lose consciousness The injections don't take he starts fighting and squirming off the table and takes notice of Sophia Who was also present in the viewing room and suddenly his adrenaline spikes causing him to fight harder Against his restraints and the onlookers become terrified This is intensified intensified as a brewing storm outside knocks out the power and the backup generators struggle to operate Michael ends up breaking free from his restraints kills the medical technicians a few guards and and he kills Karen Just before releasing all the inmates in the facility and intentionally causing a chemical explosion in the boiler room Rogers and Hunt make an attempt to recapture Michael But their efforts are halted by the explosion Then we jump to the next day, which is October 31st now run Halloween The media is reporting that the Halloween killer Michael Myers has been killed in the explosion Which comes as a relief for both Sophia and Noah but not so much for Paul Rogers and Gary Hunt so in The town of Russellville Michael ends up breaking into the town's local Halloween store Silver shamrock novelties obviously a reference to halloween 3 where he takes a new version of the mask and kills proprietor Harry Grimbridge and there's a few nods obviously again to halloween 3 in this in this sequence here Michael takes Gimbridge's business van and begins to stalk and follow Sophia and Noah Who along with their other friends are planning for a party at the old bowels farmhouse? so Meanwhile on the road Rogers and Hunt seek to find Michael while settling their differences Roger feels personally responsible and regret for what happened ten years earlier So much so that it consumed his life nearly costing him his family Hunt still grief-stricken by the loss of his wife on that night blames Rogers After an exchange of perspectives the two come to a mutual understanding as they share a common goal to kill Michael Myers Once and for all they find an abandoned highway patrol cruiser off-road and as they investigate they discovered that there was an inquiry in the Address database Paul Rogers home address to be exact the two desperately raised for Rogers home But they're too late the shape has killed Rogers wife and is in pursuit of Sophia Michael follows the group of teens to the farmhouse and begins to pick them off one by one Rogers and Hunt managed to get to the farmhouse to rescue their children Hunt and Michael get into a fight on the first floor of the house while Rogers goes to the second floor To get Sophia and a wounded Noah due to the fight below a candle is knocked over and the house goes up in flames Despite his best efforts hunt is eventually killed Witnessing the death of his father Noah ends up charging at Michael sending them both through a door and down to the basement Noah suffers a broken leg because of this fall as Michael goes to strike at Noah Sophia arrives and shoots Michael Rogers also shows up distracting Michael giving the two teenagers enough time to escape through the basement window as the Calvary begins to arrive outside Michael wounds Rogers and splits his tongue He then jams a shard of glass in Rogers hand and sends him out in the Michael Myers mask or in the mask That he stole from the shamrock store Believing it to be Michael himself the police open fire Shooting Rogers Sophia notices that this person isn't wearing the coveralls and informs the police that Michael is still in the burning farmhouse When police enter Michael is nowhere to be seen and a message has been written with blood on the wall This town will never be safe again And then outside the wounded but still conscious Rogers reveals to his daughter that he had been wrong Michael didn't just want his family dead. He wants to kill everyone now in The tree line at the edge of the property the final shot We see is Michael disappearing into the darkness now see if you are someone who wants to take the time to read this script You will notice that this is very character-driven Very character-driven very much so has a lot of stalking scenes that are callbacks to that original film Seems like this this script could have given us a lot of opportunities to have some very cool Tracking shots that we know we got in that original movie and if done Well could have ended up being better than the 2018 film that we actually got that's no disrespect to that film because I still like it I still enjoy it But some aspects of Halloween returns Does make me wish that at some point we still get this down the road now There was actually a cool post credit scene in the post credit sequence Rogers is shown in a hospital healing from his wounds He talks to someone whose identity isn't isn't revealed at first Discussing how he at first tried to understand Michael But then tried to kill him the mysterious figure is revealed to be none other than Dr. Sam Loomis himself who then reminds Rogers that he's talking about Myers as if he were a man and that he is simply Impirately evil you guys let me know if you think about this down in the comments section below if you haven't already Of course make sure you subscribe turn on post notification and there is a video in the description I'll have links on my social media accounts. I'm on Facebook Twitter and Instagram You can mess and be there of course Let me know is any movies news or reviews let me cover in the future and with all that in mind guys I will see you in the next video


India has the fourth largest rail network in the world, with over 68,000 route-kilometre which not only move freight and passengers from one end of the country to the other but also churns its economy. There has been a paradigm shift in infrastructure development in the country since 2014 due to the landmark decisions taken by our visionary Prime Minister Shreen Arrendra Modi. In the last eight years, many projects involving large-scale upgradation of railway infrastructure have been initiated by our honorable Prime Minister for the state of Kerala which is known for its beautiful beaches, hillstations, forest and long coastline. Today is a historic day as honorable Prime Minister Shreen Arrendra Modi is dedicating to the nation and laying foundation stone for five important railway projects costing rupees 1,885 crores. The projects being dedicated to the nation are doubling off 27-kilometre Kurupantara Kottayam-Chengavanam section with electrification at a cost of rupees 750 crore. This will be line passes through the Kottayam district of Kerala. In the completion of this section, the entire stretch of 115-kilometre between Ernakulam town to Kayankulam via Kottayam has been doubled which will facilitate introduction of more ME-MU trains and travel time between Mangalore and Tiruvananthapuram will be considerably reduced for mail and express trains. Another project being dedicated to the nation is Kolam-Punalur Railway electrification work for a length of 44-route-kilometre costing rupees 76 crore. This single-line broad-gate section comprises of five block stations and four halt stations. This will provide faster and greener access to this ecotourism route and other tourism destinations of Kolam and Punalur and ultimately reduce the carbon footprint. With the elimination of traction change, there will be considerable saving of journey time and improved operational efficiency. Foundation stone is being laid for redevelopment of three railway stations costing rupees 1059 crores. These stations are Ernakulam Junction, Ernakulam town and Kolam. These stations will have a striking modern look blended with culture and heritage values of Kerala, aesthetically designed interiors with improved ambience, landscaped exterior and airport-like illumination. It will also provide upgraded amenities, hassle-free interplatform transfer, parking facilities and function as multimodal transport hub. Improved rail connectivity will give boost to tourism, agriculture, industrial and service sectors which in turn will generate employment and bring about socio-economic progress in the state of Kerala. These projects are a true hallmark of nature and development coexisting with each other which is truly the core concept of our Prime Minister's Atma Nirbhar Bharat.


Hey, Gauri, an exciting game today. Ended in a draw. Tell us your thoughts. Yeah, it was a pretty bad game by me. I mean, Love played very principled. I thought that he was just simply quite a bit better after I forgot to exchange works on A1. And I mean, I think he just he tried to rush it too much with this rook h4 idea, and it's probably still good, but it's it's not simple. Whereas I thought if he like played B3, he kept Queen h6 ideas. Instead of going work f4, rook h4, I mean, he should probably be winning. But, you know, I managed to escape, so it's obviously a good result. After he went rook h5, what was happening in that position? It's just a draw. I mean, he missed, he missed this long line with, so takes Queen g5, takes everything, Queen g4, King h7, f6, takes rook e3, rook a1, King f2, Queen b2, knight e2, and now I have to move Queen b6. And it's a draw, and he just he overlooked this move. So, so just, yeah, leading to a petition. Yeah. Right. Now, how do you feel about the tournament situation? Dubov still playing, so have you had a look at his game? Yeah, not really. I mean, I was so busy trying not to lose my own game that I didn't look closely at his game. I mean, I saw Maxim Drew, but you know, anything can happen, certainly, but right now I just want to like go to sleep for a few hours. Now, in some ways, having Levon with the black pieces in the last round was probably the worst pairing that you could have hoped for. Yeah, I would have liked a different pairing, but, you know, I've had some luck with certain pairings and pastures in the last round. So it's not a big deal. You just, it is what it is. You have to make do with the situation. Right.  Yeah, maybe. We'll see. All right. Good luck.


Back out the Joseph Seven on the shot clock for Hughes.


Welcome back to the breakfast on plus TV Africa. It's time for us to get to the second part of this conversation And this morning we'll be looking at the APC Congress that happened across 34 state excluding Zamfara and Anambra state now in all of this, you know in the state the reporters that all of these Congresses were meted with parallel. I mean you have the fact that there was no consensus You have each state coming out with you know to chairman and what have you and I mean some quarters You also have reports saying there were violence and all sort of issues in fighting So a lot is actually going on the big question would be ahead of the you know convention up until this moment The APC is not even sure when the convention would happen Well, is that possibility that there will be a convention in December or anytime before December to make sense of all of this We do have I guess in the studio this morning with us Not in the studio. He will be joining us virtually and his name is Mac Adebo. Yeah. Good morning, Mr. Mac Thank you for joining us this morning. Thank you so much. The name is My bad Mac Adebo. Thank you so much for joining me. Thank you. Thank you All right, so let's start off the come the conversation on this particular note Looking at the Congress and all that has happened. What do you make of it? There's so much that has happened in fighting power all Congresses and that's what the report and the news is saying What do you make of all of this? Well, I think the relevance of this discourse It's just to the extent that it affects our democracy as a country So that is why it is relevant as a point of discussion among Nigeria's Otherwise, we just have left it at the level of the Internet party in tricks and You know, I was trading but the The point to make is that It is it is discouraging That a ruling party can be having this kind of issues that they are unable to put your house in order And they are unable to To manage their differences They are unable to manage their crisis and this is the party to which the management of the crisis of Nigeria's and being entrusted And that is why we all Nigeria's must be concerned about the way they are managing the Congresses One of the things I've discovered over the years is that parties in power tend to behave with impunity They really don't care. They wanted power. They got the power. Whatever happens thereafter doesn't really come from much to them. So because we witnessed in the last ABC Congresses quite avoidable But they have started to just watch their desolating in public. You will see, you look at it, foresters in those states where Journalists were banned from even monitoring from observing the Congress So if you have nothing to hide, what would you say the media should not come in? It is a Sign of the kind of off-stage democracy that we are operating in the country No, we shouldn't be talking about these Over two decades after we return to civil rule I believe that we should have perfected the process of our Congresses and conventions as political parties And then as a ruling party, one would have thought that they would need by example and be exemplary in the conduct of their Congresses But we did not see that What has transpired? Of course, the national body has threatened everybody not to go to court, not to sue the party Due to the outcome of the Congresses and those of them But I do believe that some people will still have to acquiesce the courts to seek for justice Look at the violence in the apply bombs, we are the youth Fearing for fearing imposition of a chairman upon the went and going down the Party that doesn't speak well for a ruling party It doesn't speak well at all. I don't speak well for democracy. Those are my concerns And I think and let me believe in this point This is a big party. This is a ruling party and the national and they have so many state structures and local governments They are in charge and they are behaving this way now you begin to wonder what is the essence of I know the registry political parties in the so-called Big political parties cannot conduct their vias with discipline and indecency that democracy requires. So You see that some of these they call them fringe political parties have better internal mechanisms I have better internal democracy mechanism than this political this Behemoths of political parties. They will be called real resources. They have the government at their hands Doesn't make them better political parties Make them a better role for the party and that's what we are witnessing now I want to I'm not a member of the APC, but I think they should lead by example All right, Mr. Debye, I want you to also share your thoughts on it was on the punchest morning saying that I'm also a regular shall I lie may lose out Party back to governors, you know, so I want you to share your views on the interference or seeming interference of You know, what they've called Incubant, you know Powerism that's from the governor's and of course, you know with also some certain ministers in the current administration also Like Mohammed and a river shall have been mentioned The interference of these persons in something that should really just be a very easy process and selecting parties leadership What are your thoughts on that? You see also be the team is that term for building combat and the former governors What are you are sitting? Attempting or interfering in the electoral processes of the Congress. It is anti-democratic And what we have discovered is that sitting governors are the lots of the man in all the police What they do is that they want to take the delegate on the outcome of What's the Congress should be and that is anti-democratic? So now you now see them in a shoe state in quality it with the former and the Congress looking it out Between themselves, you know, only she only general on the on the party members You know, this one will bring this one We don't bring this one And then It doesn't speak well for democracy and I think it is a it is a it is a it is a Our democracy, which you know, I love that. I think that must be that is where we are party supremacy must come in You see all these governor is doing this governor is doing that former governor current governor doing this It shouldn't have a place in the democracy in the internal workings of the political party What you happen is that we must have we must encourage and execute parties supremacist Let the order come from the party headquarters to the state headquarters where the state headquarters carry out the instructions of the party and Organized Congresses I think we should remove the interference of people in Governors from party from from direct party politics Let the government go in there former and present going there as delegates and food and get up Let them don't have any rules to play in who becomes what that is where we are going to have an early We are going to begin to have early congresses, but it's a way by The uh, that's why you are finally you are seeing parallel congresses in some of the states where you have the incumbents Governor is sitting or in taking in taking charge of the congresses. He's not an official of the party He's not uh The shaman of the party in the state is not the secretary He's not a member of the state ascending committee of the party Neither is he is a member of the of the national wing committee of the of the party at the headquarters yet He wants to control everything and all the outcomes of the congresses the former governor believing that look I actually have my structures and my people My must benefit why must I must continue to control the party even though I have no longer in office Now that in the classes are inevitable and when that comes It is the grass that suffers the contention between two elements It is common delegate the common voters the people will go when they have to To food and go that will suffer the problems. So we should not allow that. I think we should remove the hands of uh Governors Governors former governors from the processes of of party politics and congresses Let them just be delegates go and food and also there are not to predetermine What's going to happen at congresses look at what happened legacy for instance In the result of the congress that was not yet uh was already out in the public by by Friday morning By private By Friday from 17 from 48 hours or so before The congresses began Flying up all over the place. It is not healthy for the bookies is that they buy in 30 seconds So we can wrap up it can quickly share with us, you know If this also reduces the hope that you have in the 2023 general elections and the capacity of the current administration and current Ruling political party to carry out free and fair and violence free elections in 2023 Now if they are if they are living this way among themselves How would what would happen when it comes to other political parties the opposition is going to be extremely violent And we should not allow that we should not them calling that one would have thought that I act like I'm saying A ruling party should be by example So what are they what are these contending for what was the issue? Why couldn't they Uh, you know, I've said to all these things before going to the congress and we must do something You know, there's an apatros hanging on the neck of a PC now that they are they're not looking directly at because The outcome of these congresses might just be a novelty at the end of the day if some people now Because you know, you can see within the party some people believe that the that the government H.O.R.B.R.Y. committee is illegal is unpositioned and that could render Including the national convention is could render everything just a novelty And I think if you look in what I'm not a member of the apc, but I'm just concerned for my Uh, I'm concerned for my country I'm concerned for our democracy 2020 is definitely going to be the most sensitive election we have had since 1999 and all has must be on deck That is why In a multi-party democracy, we must never allow a constitutional provision that the registrar's political party So that Nigeria's can have as many choices as they want. They can so for who they want They can organize around A philosophy that they believe in for the want of time Thank you so much for being part of the conversation. Mr. Mike Adebayo. Thank you so much Mr. Mark Adebayo Thank you very much I should get used to me You just came to the family and uh, yes, absolutely You know where you are introducing yourself to one another is to save some time But she did not mention her name. That is another thing. Well, I did but my name is messiaboko Thank you so much for being part of the conversation. Okay. Thank you so much miss. All right, sir Well, that's the much we can take at this point in time Definitely catch up the conversation on all of our social media platforms on facebook And instagram is a plus tv africa and on youtube as well. I am messiaboko


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