As you might be able to tell by looking up front, this is the talk on how to get started in urban beekeeping. Please welcome Henry Sands. Hi, my name's Henry. I'm an urban beekeeper. Just as a bit of a prerequisite to this talk, this talk will not be on techniques of beekeeping. What this will be is this will be about the practicalities and investment that you need to put forward to be an urban beekeeper. If you want to learn about how to actually keep bees, go to a, there are training sessions everywhere and I will cover that later on in the talk. It's not working now. So me, my name's Henry. I'm an urban beekeeper from London or Essex in the barking areas close enough. I'm a techie by trade, I'm a sys admin. So this is something nice and completely different for me. And previous to keeping bees in London, I used to keep bees in a rural environment on the Isle of Wight where I kept bees for a number of years. I've only been an urban beekeeper for one year. So take everything I say with a huge grain of salt. Why would you want to be a beekeeper? If you're, I imagine most people here are some way tech oriented, whether it's in their jobs or whether it's in their hobbies. Beekeeping is so insanely different to everything else. It's a mixture of completely unique skills, animal husbandry, practical stuff, you're outside. There's no reason to have a phone and it's just a complete getaway from your standard everyday tech life and it's a really, really good disconnect. It's a great conversation piece. You guys are all here listening to me talk so it can't be that bad. You can get honey. It's not guaranteed. It's very much depends on what the bees want to do for you and of course you enjoy suffering. So as we'll see in the next slide. So the three guarantees of the three S's. You'll get sticky. Everything in the beehive is sticky. You'll get sweaty. As you can see I'm in a lovely full bee suit with wellies, gloves and I'll have my hood on. You're out in the blazing sunshine in the middle of the day in 30 degree heat in this and you're going to be in it for like three or four hours at a time depending on how many you have to do. You tip your wellies out at the end of that standard practice. It's not comfortable in the world and you will get stung. If you are squeamish about getting stung by bees, this is not the hobby for you. You don't get stung as much as people would expect. A lot of people say you open hive bees everywhere getting stung. Generally bees only sting you in two occurrences. Either they're a really aggressive hive and there's something wrong with them or you've accidentally squashed a bee. How many people here have stood on a bee in the grass eating the clover and got stung in the foot? A decent number of people. That's the usual way you get stung. You've squashed a bee and it's going to sting you. Generally for bees flying around they have no interest in stinging you whatsoever. There are advantages and disadvantages to urban beekeeping and there are advantages and disadvantages to rural beekeeping. If we go down the urban list, people have gardens and there are lots of gardens and there are lots of plants in urban environments. The biodiversity in an urban environment is much higher than the rural environment. This is a benefit and it's a drawback. The benefit is you get very interesting honey and you get constant different flavours every time you take a honey. Honey doesn't just taste of honey. If you guys want to come to the London Hackspace Village afterwards, I might have some jars where people can taste. It's very cool. So you have people with gardens, you have stuff that you would never see in the countryside. There is also a lot of flowering trees which you don't get a huge amount of in the countryside. So paths, roads, parks, cities love flowering trees because they're pretty. You're less susceptible to drought because people water their gardens. In the countryside, fields get parched. We saw this this year very, very heavily. As soon as you get a drought environment, flowers don't produce nectar anymore. Once they don't produce nectar, there's nothing for the bees to turn into honey so you don't get any honey. In the city where people use hoses and they water their gardens, that's much less of an issue. We saw that very heavily this year. The city beekeepers did very, very well this summer. The rural beekeepers suffered quite greatly. If you get a really long, long, long drought, the bees can die of thirst as well, but that's very rare. Far fewer pesticides in urban environments. Pollutants aren't really a huge issue. It probably does bother the bees but not to the extent that pesticides do. Farmers will spray their fields with just about anything if they thought it would get them more money. The vast majority of them are commercial farmers, they're in it for the money. That's fine, I'm not bashing that but it does mean that your honey can sometimes be laced with it if it was particularly close and sometimes it can damage your hive, it can damage your colony. That goes down to the monocrop as well. This ties in with the top one. In rural environments you have large fields of individual plants like oil seed rate or lavender or heather, which gives you a very single flavoured honey. There are advantages and disadvantages that I'll go through when we go through the rural. The main downside is limited space. In rural environments you can have entire fields go nuts, they get used to cows maybe once a couple of months or you can stick them at the edge of fields, there's spaces in abundance. In urban environments it's much, much, much more difficult. Public nuisance, you have to be quite careful where you put your bees.  If you swell up when you get stung that's not an allergic reaction, that's the standard reaction to a bee sting. That's completely normal. For rural, orchards and fields, bountiful crop, you can get single flavour honey, which you can then market as single flavour honey. I can't remember the exact rules but say you wanted to sell honey as apple blossom honey. In a sample, I can't remember how big the sample has to be but they count the pollinates inside it and there is a percentage that it has to hit for it to be counted as apple blossom honey. I think it might be like 80% or something of the pollen must come from an apple tree. In an orchard that's really, really easy to do. In the city it's almost impossible. Likewise, so, oily grape fields produce a garganturant amount of honey but the honey is very, very plain tasting and it can also crystallise in the comb and be very, very hard to extract. But you get loads of it so some people love it. Monocrop culture ties into the first one. There are advantages and disadvantages. There is more pesticides which is basically a flat disadvantage. If you go and put your beehives down next to your field and the farmer is sowing crops in that field and you go to him, hey Mr Farmer, can you please not put pesticides on your field?  And the last one which is the main bonus which is this huge apple space. Finding space for my apiary in London took me about a year to try and find somewhere which had a decent amount and the proper access and I will go through that in a sec. Prerequisites and practicalities of being a beekeeper. So it is not for everyone. There are things that you need to be able to do to be a beekeeper. There are ways to work around them but generally there is a main thing. Number one is don't be allergic to bees. That is a really bad idea. Even if you carry an epi pen, I have seen it where people have got stung and they have just collapsed straight over into anaphylactic shock. It is very horrible. Don't risk it. If you are so insistent on becoming a beekeeper and you have allergic reactions to bee stings, there are immunotherapy courses that you can go on. It does not work for everyone and it takes a long time. But that might be an option if you are really insistent. But as a general rule, if you are allergic, don't do it. Just buy your honey from someone else. It will be cheaper in the long run, trust me. The requirements are space, time, money, transport and physical strength. I will go through those now. This is the first thing you need to look at. When you want to keep bees, you need to know where you are going to put them. SAS, secure, accessible, safe. Beehive theft is a thing and it is increasingly becoming a thing. When you have invested the amount of time and effort that you have into your bees and you have got a nice big colony, they are producing really well.  It also puts you out about a grand. So a good strong hive in a hive and all of the equipment is worth about a thousand quid. So it is not small business. We have had a big spate of them in Essex where people have driven land drivers and transit vans into the back of people's apirys at the middle of the night. Taiped all the hives upload to them and have been gone in 15 minutes. They have lost 20 hives, so that is 20,000 pounds. It is quite hard to get insurance for beehives. It is quite hard to prove that yours were the beehives that were stolen. Generally, where you have stuff in a rural environment, it won't be an offence area. In the urban environment, it is a bit easier to fence it off. So secure generally have a great fence or be in an area with a great fence like an allotment association generally offenced off. Make sure the gate is locked. Make sure people can't just drive a van up to your apiary site and steal all your bees in once. Also you don't want people to stumble across them. Vandals are a thing. I have had hives knocked over. Other people have had hives knocked over. Board kids will come along and kick hives over. They will pay for it because they get stung to bits, but they will still do it. You still have a hive that is on the floor for the next week because you don't know that it has been kicked over. Accessible is another one. There are two main things here. It has to be comfortable to access with a vehicle because you will need to get a vehicle there, whether that is a vehicle nearby or you have access to transport or you can at least sort something out. The second one is you need to be able to access it 24x7. The day that you have allotted for beekeeping that week, it might be pouring down with rain. You can't inspect a hive when it is pouring down with rain. You might have to do it somewhere else. If you ever need to move a bee hive, you have to do it in the middle of the night.  They all come back in at night. They come back in, you seal them up, you carry them off at 3am in the morning, plonk them down where you want them to be again, remove the hive and they are good to go, but it does have to be at night. The last one is safe. Safe is the most important one and there are three kind of safes you need. It needs to be safe for you operating and doing stuff with your bees. It needs to be safe for the bees and it needs to be safe for the general public. This is the biggest damling box. You can find sites that are secure. You can find sites that are accessible. Finding sites that are safe is very hard. A bad example of a safe site will be a flat roof that you need to use a ladder to get onto. When you are wearing these bee suits, your peripheral vision is very, very, very poor. It is very easy to just back yourselves off and take a tumble. If you are going to put bees on a flat roof, make sure there is a safety barrier around or if you are going to put them on the roof of a building, make sure that there is a safety barrier or you are suitably far from the edge. Safe for bees is less of a concern because bees will generally look after themselves. Safe for the general public is make sure bees aren't going to be flying into people's windows. Make sure the flight... ..fave has an entrance and from the entrance the bees will fly out of fly out like it's an aeroplane taking off. That's called the flight path. You need to make sure that's clear or that's obstructed in a way where it won't have bees flying straight into people, flying straight into public hallways, flying straight into windows because then you're going to have problems. Good sites, allotments, very good. They're usually quite friendly to have bees on site. I've had a couple of nos from people, but generally they're very good. Communal garden sites as long as they are fenced in and the gate is locked, also good. Rooftops, so business rooftops, businesses in urban environments are really sort of catching on to this at the moment and generally you can get 24-hour access of them. Either you can meet someone there because you don't need to have late night access all that often, but you do need to have it. And that's it. So this is the biggest commitment is your personal time. There are busy periods of beekeeping and there are quiet periods of beekeeping. The spring is the busiest period by far. You need to be inspecting your bees, doing a full colony inspection at least once a week. If you don't, your bees will swarm, which is how beehives multiply. They bring on the new queen and the old queen as well as half of the bees will fly off and go and stick themselves in a tree and then find a new home somewhere. There are two reasons why this is a problem. One, they will find a home anywhere. Peoples, chimneys, going nuts, anywhere that's dark, big and has access, good enough. If we've got time, I'll show you some fantastic bonus content of what it's like to remove beehive from one of those locations. It's your responsibility as the beekeeper to make sure that you husbandry your bees properly. The spring is the most important time for that. Once a week, check for signs of swarming. Summer, you're still busy. You're making sure they've got enough space. You're checking for diseases. You've checked for diseases in the spring, but in the summer it's more prevalent. You're still watching for signs of swarming. That's kind of once a week, but if you skip a week, it's not the end of the world. Autumn is stuff when stuff starts to wind down, so you can do it once a fortnight or around about. You can still do it once a week if you really want to, but there's no huge need. You want to check that they have enough stores and bits and bobs won't go through that later. This is whole days, by the way, or at least half days depending on the amount of hives you have. I have six hives. It takes me one whole day to do all of the bee stuff that I want properly. If you have two hives, it may take you a long morning, and so on and so on. In the winter, you don't need to touch them at all. It's great. You can box them up in October when it starts to get cold. They don't hibernate, per se, but they will stay in their hive for the whole of winter and keep themselves warm and just wait there until the spring arrives. So maybe check them once on a bright sunny day midwinter, just by opening the top and seeing if they're still alive, other than that, just leave them. Then it comes around to the spring again, and you're busy again. Bee keeping is not cheap. It is not a cheap hobby to start. Once you've started, there are also ongoing costs, but it's nowhere like the start-up. When you start, you always want to start with two bee hives. The reason for that is if one bee hive goes wrong, you can merge the two bee hives together to make one big strong hive, or you can take components of the good hive and use it to fix the other hive. Having two hives is really good. If you only have one hive and it goes bad, it's dead. There's nothing you can really do about it, goodbye bees. Two bee hives is the way to go. First-year costs, so you'll need your hive equipment, which I have some here. It's not overly expensive, but it does add up. Bee smoker, smokes bees. The liquid smoke that certain companies sell is not particularly fantastic. The idea of the smoke is it blocks pheromones like attack pheromones, and the bees are all about the smell, and it calms them down heavily. A lot of people have this, oh yeah, but they are upset to the bees. It does, but having upset bees is a lot better than you being stung 10, 20 times when you've accidentally dropped a frame, and they're all angry now. So very important. Where are we? Hive tool, they come in many different types. They're about £12 each. I have two or three of them. These are pretty much the kind of standard thing. This is how you manipulate the hive. If you do a course on beekeeping, you will see probably two or three of these. Find one which you like, find one which works for the way that you want to do beekeeping. There's other tools like bee brushes and gloves. Other equipment, I'm wearing standard neoprene gloves. Bees can sting through them. Bees can sting through this. It just gives you a bit of air gap in space layer. I have really thick and really tough lamb skin gloves. Bees can sting straight through these as well. There's no defence. It's a really, really sharp stinger. Having the better manipulation and mobility on the dexterity of thin gloves is much better than having these thick gloves. There's also other advantages which I will probably explain in the Q&A. It doesn't cover too much. You'll need to buy hive equipment. So there are a couple of... Just to go over hives briefly, there's two main camps of hive. There's your wooden hives and there's your polystyrene hives. As a person thing, I prefer polystyrene hives, but wooden hives are fine too. It's whatever you find. Polystyrene hives come pre-assembled. They have better insulating qualities and they are lighter. Wooden hives look nicer. You can stain them whatever colour you want and they're a bit more traditional. Find out what works for you. There's no right way to do it. You'll need a full hive, so a floor, a brood box of which there are a couple of different types. Queen excluders, the frames to go inside the brood box and then honey supers which is where the bees put the honey. You also need spare equipment because bees will jump out at you and catch you very, very unexpected. It's very useful to have stuff on hand. Overwintered hives. When you get your first hives, I suggest very, very heavily you buy overwintered nukes from a local reputable supplier. There are a couple of companies out there that breed bees. They're great. They catch swans When you get one of these overwintered hives, they do the stuff for you. They will check that they are disease free. They will check that they have a good temperament which is very, very important. They will just generally make sure that it's a strong colony. If you buy an overwintered hive, you know they're a strong colony because they've survived the winter. They will come in what's called nukes or nucleus hives. Those are half-sized hives for small colonies. That gives you two things.  Personal equipment. Bee keeping suit. These range anywhere from 50 to 250 pounds. Don't buy anything that's cheaper than 50 pounds. You can see them on ebay or stuff. They fall to bits and they're horrible and you'll end up hating them and you'll end up eating them. Gloves. I very much suggest a hat because it's outside and it gives a bit of gap.  You will also need a good pair of wellies. Bees can't sting through wellies. If you're manipulating a beehive, one of the frames and you drop it, it's going to end up on your feet 100 bees who are really angry on your feet. A good pair of wellies is a must even if it's really, really, really hot. This is a very guesstimated figure depending on where you are and depending on what you go for. This can go anywhere south of 1,000 upwards of 2,000 plus. Transport and strength. Bee keeping is physically active. It's physically tiring. If you're moving honey and you're moving bees around, a full super of honey doesn't look that big. It weighs 40 pounds and you're carrying it like this. This is where the choice of space comes in as well because obviously you don't want to carry it quite that far to your car. If you are physically incapable or if you... Hello. If you are physically incapable or you have a bad back, this might not be the hobby for you. If you have a friend even better, moving a full strong colony of bees before winter when it's all full of honey is a two-person job. Don't try and lift it yourself. If you have the hands of bees that you have to outstretch for, you will destroy yourself. Which means you might have to buy a second bee suit. Transport. Car is ideal. I would not do this hobby without a car or a van or at least a very, very, very reliable friend who has a car or a van. Or the only way to get around this really is if you have a very local apiary. I wouldn't have an apiary in your garden because unless you have very, very, very very good friends with your neighbours and they will be there for the remainder of their life and the remainder of your life it's just drama incarnate. Don't take bees on public transport. It's a really bad idea. So you've gone through all the prerequisites. It's great. You think I can do this. I'm strong enough. I'm fit enough. I've got the money. I've got the space. I'm going to invest. I've got a car or I've got a friend with a car. Fantastic. How do you get started? First thing you want to do is get trained. This is very important. Investigate local associations and go on a beginner course. Almost every area in the country has a local beekeeping association. A lot of them are very, very old. They're run by very, very old people and they do things in a very, very old way. You might find that infuriating. Unfortunately, you're going to have to live with it because they're the people that do the training. They're all really lovely people, but it's like we don't accept bank transfers. We only accept checks. Who writes checks nowadays? Do the course. The courses usually start in... The sign-ups are usually in August and they will run through the theoretical stuff over the winter and they will do a couple of practical sessions to give you a bit of experience in the spring. This is the number one thing you should do. Go on the course. Don't try and freehand it yourself. It's super, super, super useful. After you've gone on the course, make sure you still want to do it. Don't feel invested that you've paid 60, 70 quid to go on this course and now you're not quite sure or your circumstances have changed. Once you've got bees, getting rid of them is actually surprisingly hard because a lot of people won't take beehives from other people because they don't know how they've been raised. You can sell them. It's slightly trickier than it sounds. Find an appropriate site is the second one. That might even go above the training, but this last for a while sites tend to fluctuate if you don't take them. Join the British Beekeeping Association. Really, really important. Join the local association if you can. A lot of times that will give you membership to the British Beekeeping Association as well. What that offers you straight off the bat is disease insurance. There are two very horrible diseases that are in this country. There are two very horrible diseases, one of them that isn't in this country, but we need to be very, very vigilant about. The first one is European fowl brood. The second one is American fowl brood. If you have either of those diseases in your hive, you must report it to the national bee... I can't remember what they're called. It's basically a national body that's in charge of beekeeping and they send out bee inspectors.  That's the only thing you can do. Bees, wax, honey, everything inside is the equipment. Just set it on fire. You can't cure EFB or AFB and to lose one hive is much better than to let it spread. So what the BBKA do is they insure hives. It's part of your membership unless you go over a specific number of hives and it gives you money back for any honey or equipment that has been lost. It's very handy. As I said earlier, all the bees are local source. If you're in London, Pains Bee Farm is very good. There are others dotted around the country. See what bees other people have got and read some reviews.  Collecting a swarm is slightly more advanced and you do not start off with a good colony. Last one, you've got a space. You've got your bees in order. Go to your apiary or whatever space you've cut out and make it suitable for your ongoing hobby. So whether that's clearing waste ground, building hive stands, making sure access routes are clear, setting up fences to protect the public, anything like that. And assemble and paint all your equipment. So first spring, you've got your bees, and they've given you a fun call. Great, let's go.  Don't be tempted to look inside them, otherwise you could annoy the bees enough that they'll just abscond and go find somewhere else. Doesn't happen a whole lot, but if you annoy them too much, it does. This is going down the nuke route, by the way. Usually when you get a nucleus of hives, it's all ready to go into a big hive.  So I'm going to have to chew through this really quickly. Inspect weekly, like I said earlier, make sure it's good. Check for swarming behaviour. On the first year, decide what you want to do. So you can build up this hive and then you can split it again and have two hives, but you'll have no honey. Or you can leave it and focus on honey production because you can only have the single hive. It's up to you. The bees may choose for you. You might not get a choice. Inspect weekly, keep an eye out for late swarms, keep an eye on disease. In your beekeeping course, they should do a decent section on spotting disease. Things like Cate Wing, Chalk Brood and European Fowl Brood and a couple of others. First autumn, when you're doing inspections, you now want to be seeing less brood and more honey because they'll start infalling to keep their stores up for the winter. If you need to feed them, feed them and then you must treat them.  If you have a beehive, it has veroamites in. They are a vector for disease and the general health of your hive is determined by the amount of veroamites in. There are loads of different treatments. Pick out one, find one that works for you. Winter, you've done your last inspection. It's getting chilly. Take some bee fondant which is kind of like cake fondant but designed for bees. Stick it on top of the hive, close them up for winter, leave them. Put a mouse guard on the front because mice love to camp inside beehives winter because it's nice and warm. Bees hate mice. They won't sting them, they won't get rid of them, they can't stand the smell. And then leave them be until next summer. The golden advice to take from this is take everything you hear from anyone with a pinch of salt. There are a thousand and one ways to keep bees. There is no correct way but there are incorrect ways. Find a way that is suitable for you and most importantly enjoy yourself. Have fun in what you're doing. It's a really, really, really pleasant hobby if you get into it. You're outside, you're in the sun, it's good.  It's very, very nice. Thank you very much. I'm not going to do your questions here but I'll go through a bit bonus content. I'm not going to do Q&A here if you want to have questions answered because a lot of the answers can take hours and hours and hours. I'm up at the London Hackspace Village. If you want to come up there after this talk, I'll answer any questions that you have and go into as much detail as possible. Right now I'm going to go through a bit of bonus content in the last five minutes of as a beekeeper, as a novice beekeeper, why you should never say yes to removing a beehive colony from someone's house, a photograph adventure into suffering. So my director at my company had a beehive in his house that he told me about. I went to go and take it out. It's under his extension roof which is three metres off the ground so we built a scaffold tower and went through with it. And there's the hive. We had to take off all the tiles. I don't know if you can see it particularly well. It was a big hive, way bigger than we were expecting. This took us 10 hours to remove. So we started chopping away. There's all the bees and they're all in this situation and we're all bending over and trying to stuff them into hives. There's some more. You can see the bee space that the bees take so the bees build their comb apart from each other, the width of two bees back to back. As soon as they start touching they stop building their comb. This is all wild comb. The beehive have been there for about four years and what we do is we'll take it, we'll cut all of the brood out, put it into a frame and so we cut all the bees out and we're like, this isn't enough bees for this amount of wax and comb.  There they are. They're in another part of the hive and bees when they get to this concentration behave like a liquid I literally sat there for about three hours hand scooping them out and tipping them into a hive. So there they are going into their new hive, you tip them in the front and eventually put the queen in there, it smells like home so the bees will come in. On the top of the scaffolding you can see it up there which was a very long horrible day. Fix the roof, I'm quite chuffed with that, that's my first roof fix. We left it like that, put a couple of signs around it saying, warning bees! I left them there for a week, came back, took the hive, sealed up fully, this is how you transport a hive.  And then one week later it goes into my apre with my other bees, so they were saved and they weren't poisoned. Woo! Thank you very much! And that's it. Done, done, done. Like I said, if you want to come up to the London Hackspace Village I will answer any questions you have or if you want to come up to just outside here and catch me before I run up there then that's cool too.


Yo, what up? Welcome back to another episode. I just want to take a moment to address the rumors that haven't been swirling around Yes, I have been growing a Mohawk mullet.   Well, boy Do I have the video for you on every film cartridge of Cinestill they write push one two and three stops Like they were personally challenging me to actually push it three stops and guess what that's what I did Cinestill 50d is a daylight balanced motion picture film rated at you guessed it 50 ISO What Cinestill does is they work their magic and they remove a layer from the motion picture film called the rem jet layer So that the film can be developed in standard C41 chemicals the side effects of not having the rem jet layer on the film are as follows psychosis impotence blood shards and death. Oh wait. No, that's if you take bath salts Halation is the side effect that I'm looking for but we'll get into that later pushing a 50 ISO film three stops means we're gonna be shooting it at 400 ISO instead of 50 ISO so that means we're gonna be Underexposing this film by three stops of light to compensate for the underexposure I asked the lab to develop the film longer. This process as a whole generally results in more contrast and more grain It's worth mentioning too that labs generally charge more to push or pull your film And you also have to develop the entire role as pushed or not at all Damn someone took their uh They're cruising too. Holy s***. We weren't even going that fast. It's because we suck bro Anyway, it was time to shoot and I figured we should go big or go home And while most of the time I'm down to go home Caleb and I actually headed out to the desert to shoot some abandoned buildings that surprisingly have not been destroyed with graffiti yet They say load in subdued light I shot with my trusty steed the Canon AE one with the 28 millimeter lens You might have noticed right off the bat that a lot of these shots get very muddy in the shadows pretty quickly This can be easily explained because we're underexposing the film by three stops Which is quite heavy and then trying to lift up whatever information is available on the negative A lot of the shadow detail just never existed color negative film doesn't handle shadow information as well as it does Highlight information. So when it's underexposed the shadows get quite muddy Ultimately pushing your film isn't going to create any additional detail that wasn't already captured on the negative It's only going to brighten the details that were already present Some of these shots really did not turn out at all like this one I was using my Canon AE ones internal light meter And I suppose it's possible that it leans more towards the highlights in most cases having an extra three stops of light Probably would have saved some of that shadow detail too, but hey What the f*** can you do as we cruise from building to building all in various states of decrepitness Similar to me and my friends livers. We noticed that the small population of locals were keeping an eye on us But frankly, we didn't really care. We were just glad that we didn't stumble upon any murder scenes in any of those houses Another thing I definitely noticed with these shots was there were a lot of color shifting I used negative lab pro in lightroom to invert all of my shots and frankly They looked like ass more specifically Michelangelo's ass the turtle not the painter the shots leaned heavily into this like teal turquoise wash And needed heavy color correction to get some semblance of an image that is somewhat white balanced This is probably because pushing film especially color film produces a lot of color shifts So that's something to look out for if you're brave enough to even do this dumb s*** in the first place So there are a couple reasons besides peer pressure that you might want to push your film Maybe you're shooting at a low iso and low light and you just need that extra range or brightness Or maybe you want more contrast on your negatives and are simply too afraid of the contrast slider in lightroom Either way, I'd say that this process is a lot more common for black and white film After a little while we finally arrived at my favorite building a little off the beaten path Inside there were a lot of photo opportunities as it was still relatively untouched and even still had some furniture Unlike some of the other buildings where all we found was a swarm of pissed off hornets Holy s*** And you may be thinking wait, this is sinister Where are the violent over-the-top halations that are a major characteristic of this film while there still are some halations present I think because we are underexposing the film so heavily to begin with it brought a lot of the Highlight information down to the point where that effect didn't really happen So there we were having the time of our lives firing off a bunch of shots that may or may not turn out amazing The world was our oyster We were living in ignorant bliss and in that moment we felt untouchable But that all came crashing down when well, I'll spare you the details But it ended when we had to google search angry carpenter ants biting penis A lot of these shots are noticeably grainy as I mentioned before pushing your film ups the contrast and ups the grain For black and white film, I generally think that that look is pretty cool But for color film, I'm not so sure that that look works as well Additionally, this was shot on 35 millimeter if this was shot on 120 film Not only would it be sexier because bigger format is better But also the grain would obviously be less significant We stopped at one last spot that we had no idea what it was or I guess what it used to be Based on the evidence that was all around us, it seemed like a place that local teenagers would go to make out Listen to dubstep and chug for locos. Also, apparently they come here to worship some sort of ceremonial idol Kids these days Anyway, the light was amazing So we blasted away regardless of the curse that was surely placed on us for trespassing I think the effect of pushing Cine still 50d worked the best around sunset time The light isn't as harsh so the film could render the difference in light a little bit better Later on as we chowed down on some Wendy's Baconators, which uh fun fact was what we were originally going to name Baxter We noticed the perfect light on the Walgreens across the way and just decided to finish up the roll I didn't get any footage of this because the light was fleeting about as much as your interest in this video Would I push Cine still 50d three stops again in the future? Hell no, I think a lot of these shots are actually half decent But they kind of get ruined by the lack of shadow detail if I showed Ansel Adams any of these photos He'd probably smack me upside the head and tell me I f***ed up the exposure settings Hypothetically if someone broke into my apartment and pointed a gun at my head or worse My momia seven and told me to push Cine still 50d three stops again I'd tell him pull the trigger bitch or I could just expose for the shadows That'd probably be better I could really only see someone needing to push this film if the light was getting really dim like maybe it was Blue hour or something This is probably my favorite shot that I took that day The lighting is pretty baller and the composition was not half bad The colors are okay, and at least some shadow detail is present So that's that if you liked the video or maybe even thought it was less s***y than the others Let me know in the comments or if there are any other films. I should try pushing or pulling Please advise, but I'll tell you right now You can stop asking me to push color plus six stops because it's never gonna happen Touch it jason How many greens doesn't shoot so yeah, I hope you enjoyed the episode If you thought this video looked better than the rest of my videos then you're probably right It's probably because I shot the entire video with a few exceptions on the black magic 6k pocket cinema camera Boy, that's a mouthful black magic reached out the channel and asked if we'd be interested in collaborating on something And of course I said hell, yeah, because I'm sure all of you guys are tired of me filming on my phone in potato quality Let's talk a little bit about the pros and cons of the pocket camera Which definitely will not fit into your pocket So as we were shooting Caleb and I handed off the camera to one another and I'd say the whole process was pretty simple We had a t5 ssd drive that black magic kindly lent to us and we recorded most of the footage in 4k pro res 422 the camera also accepts sd cards and c-fast cards one of my favorite parts of the camera is the touch screen You can change all your settings without fumbling around with like dials and buttons and stuff Which was a huge plus for me though admittedly I do wish there were some games we could play on it like frogger But hey, maybe in the next firmware update you can also shoot in 4k 60 frames a second like I did here Or you can switch over to glorious 6k raw resolution My mind was blown that you could shoot 6k raw on a camera this size definitely a major selling point However be warned as far as I know you can't shoot 6k to sd cards And if you shoot black magic raw you're gonna need to download black magic's raw sdk application Before you can move the footage over to any of your editing applications The body is super lightweight and never became a burden to carry But nevertheless it feels sturdy in your hands It was hotter than the core of the sun that day in the desert and the camera never had any overheating issues Which is really impressive the dynamic range was pretty great It's around 13 stops apparently which I think is pretty on par with a lot of other cameras But I'm no expert We used some ef mount cinema lenses that Caleb brought along and the whole process was pretty smooth overall The back touch screen comes in at a massive five inches. Well Massive to some no judgment here Additionally, you can attach a video monitor to the camera if five inches is not enough for you Wink in the interest of fairness here are some of the cons we found with the camera Keep in mind with any of this. These are just our opinions. Some of these things may not really matter as much to you First and foremost, let's talk about the battery. The camera takes standard lp e6 batteries Which are common with Canon cameras, but I gotta say they do not last very long at all We weren't constantly rolling the camera and we would even turn off the camera between takes But I'd say each battery only lasted about one and a half hours on average compared to my sony a7 r2's battery Which is smaller in size and lasts twice as long. That's kind of rough We were only supplied one battery in the kit that we received and that definitely would not have been enough Thankfully the homie Caleb swooped in and dunked on everyone with some extra batteries we could use on top of the camera There's no hot shoot slot. So we had to rig up something to hold our microphone while we were shooting I suppose with the screw up there It's a little more flexible for most filmmakers to do whatever they need to do But for very small running gun productions like the crap we do for this channel It would have been nice to have a hot shoot there the camera comes in and a scorching $1995 Or $44,500 pesos and if you're interested in learning more there are some links in the description So in the end that's really all I have to say about the black magic 6k pocket cinema camera other than maybe you guys should consider shortening the name


which influence the selection of various methods and the two major factors which we had talked about how the soil type influences the selection of method and then we looked at how the topography influences the irrigation methods. The other factors which have been included which have impact on the selection of irrigation methods include climate, in the case of climate how does it influence the irrigation method because as we have seen in the previous topics, the climate is the one which influences the evapotranspiration requirements. Now if your climate is such that the evapotranspiration requirement is very high because of the climate, you might not be in a position to choose a method which needs which needs sufficient amount of water or sufficient quantity of water because in the case where your frequency is high, the frequency of irrigation or the number of times the irrigation has to be provided because what you do is that you are replenishing the deficit and the rate at which the deficit is being created is quite high because of this high rate, the frequency at which the moisture has to be supplied will also be high so consequently you might not be in a position to choose a method which cannot be repeated very often so that is how the climate will influence the choice of the method because there are some methods where you have complete control on the application, the number of times the applications can be made whereas there are some methods where the control is not as good as with some other method. So these methods where you have to wait for the next application because of the complications in the layout of the system or the distribution network of the system, those methods might not be in a position to be getting the priority or getting the selection in terms of the climatic conditions. So climate can be at in some situations can be very very influencing factor in the selection. On the other side this is one aspect of the climate where we have said in general that those methods which are dependent on the gravity flow they might not be highly suitable in some situations, we correct generalize but let us see the other extreme. Let me say that if I have very windy conditions the wind velocities are very high in this climate where the wind velocities are very high you might find that the other methods which are suitable which are which are capable of having a very high level of frequency of irrigation. You might not be in a position to for example let me say that this you are using under windy conditions a method which is sprinkler irrigation method. Now if you use sprinkler irrigation method because of the wind effect there will be lot of moisture which will be drifted away from the target of the target level if your fields are somewhere here you might find that because of the wind conditions you might be applying you might want to apply water here in this area over this zone your water might be drifted and it might be getting applied some water might be getting applied here but there can be some portion the water might be getting drifted. There can be losses which are the spray losses which will deal with subsequently they might increase to an extent that this particular method under very high windy conditions might not become the natural choice you might have to look for some other method if the conditions are not suitable for this method because of the windy conditions. So you have to look at the various combinations in terms of the climate what is the what is the overall combination of the various factors which are influencing the climate and thereby in turn influencing the rubber transpiration and whether you can choose that specific method if you choose that method what will be the implied other implied factors which have to which will influence the various aspects of irrigation. Let us go to the other factors in influence selection of the method of irrigation. Water supply in any irrigation some factors related to the water supply which have to be looked into and these factors vary from the when you say water supply the three attributes of water supply which you will have to consider what is the quality of water quantity of water the relation for which that quantity of water is available. Now these three aspects different circumstances they can be very influencing factors in deciding what type of method should be suitable under those set of circumstances. Let us take the example that if your quality of water is not very good you might need a method where you can enhance the moisture level of the soil or you can keep the moisture level of the soil quite high because if you will be using that method which can be applied in small quantities where the water can be even you can afford to supply the water in small quantities then as we have discussed earlier that in those situations where the moisture content is very low the salt accumulation in the soil can be detrimental the ill effects of the salt accumulation of the uhh in the soil can be less detrimental if the moisture content of the soil can be kept at a higher level. So if you have that problem then it will be better to choose that method which can afford to let the moisture content of the soil be at a higher level or in some cases where you can have sufficient quantity of moisture so that the salts which have accumulated in the top layer of the soil can be depleted and they can be pushed into the lower levels. Similarly in the case of quantity of water now there are some methods where you cannot apply the water if the quantity of water is very low because of uhh the fact that the distribution of water over the field will be very poor if you are let us assume that if your quantity of water is small the quantity can be in terms of the total volume or it can be in terms of the rate at which the water is available that is where the duration comes into picture. Now when you look at the quantity you might have to scrub it along with the duration because if the rate at which the water is available is very low but is available for a very longer period you might have the same quantity covered in terms of volume if the rate of water uhh was very high but for a very short duration. So looking at the quantity in terms of volume as well as the duration for which is available your method of uhh your choice of method of irrigation might be constrained if there are some methods where you cannot go below a level in terms of the rate of water available. If the rate of water available is very very small some of the methods might not be suitable for the application of water onto the field. There is uhh this cannot be looked at as a standalone uhh criteria you have to look at the other parameters like what is the slope of the field, what is the soil type so it cannot be when you say quantity and duration you cannot look at these these attributes in isolation you will have to look at the other aspects of uhh the topography of the field, the slope of the field, the type of the soil which is available but the supply, the water supply in terms of quantity, in terms of its quality, in terms of uhh the rate of water availability they will certainly influence the uhh method of irrigation uhh to be selected. Then crop crops will also influence which crops you want to uhh cultivate which are the crops in question so depending on the type of crop which you which you want to irrigate the method of irrigation will be dependent on the type of crop also. For example let us there are the various aspects of uhh the crops how they influence the method the first thing you can uhh think in terms of uhh sensitivity of the crop to foundation of water. There are some crops which are very sensitive if the water stands on the ground for uhh a sufficient period and because the low irrigation available available if the water will be standing you will get the the saturation conditions or conditions which are close to saturation all the air will be displaced and it will be it will be replaced with water. So under those circumstances there are some crops which which get influenced in terms of reduction in the yield. Those crops if you have if you are uhh cultivating those crops then you you cannot choose a method of irrigation which can which can induce the conditions of saturation or which where the water might be standing for some time and reducing the irrigation in the soil. So uhh if you have if you have such crops you will go in for a method where you have the application done in such a manner that the water is not is not possible for the water to stand beyond a certain period which which is not detrimental for the the crop production. Similarly uhh the type of crop how how much they grow in uhh in horizontal direction and in vertical direction in terms of how much is the resistance they provide to the flow of water. Whenever you will have the crop grown into the field you will find that as the crop grows they will be spread off the their stem they will be uhh depends what type of crop it is. If it is uhh the the ford of crop it will be so close drawing that you might find that the resistance to the flow of water will be so much that it might be it might might not be possible for the water to move at a very very fast rate and go to the next subsequent areas in the field. In that situation you might choose a method where you do not have very elongated fields because otherwise you might find that most of the water which has been applied it just keeps on infiltrating onto the upstream ends of the if this is the if this is the field and if you are applying the water in the from upstream end and it is flowing towards the downstream end if there is lot of the density is very high you might find that the unevenness of the distribution of water will be too much. So you cannot choose a method of irrigation which needs very long fields you might have to go in for a method because when you say methods the methods are distinguished on the basis of the shapes of the fields, the sizes of the fields how they are laid all the methods which will be covering this immediately after this you will find that the methods are not the method of application only their differentiation is with respect to the shapes and sizes of the fields also. So this in this particular situation you will find that the crops can influence to an extent the the selection of the method what type of method should be suitable to the specific crops. In another aspect you can you can even consider that the value of the crops can also influence the method to be applied if the crop is value crop in that situation you might find it quite reasonable to invest more money, select the method which is more efficient but it needs more investment so you might be able to justify that investment depending on how much is the return from that crop because if you are using a method which is very sophisticated but the crop value is very low in that situation you might not be able to get the return from the crop which is commensurate with the investment which you have made. So that that aspect will be very important in some cases where your crop value has to be looked into it has to be taken into consideration because why you why you going for artificial irrigation because you want to have a security in terms of the water availability if the nature is not providing water you are trying to replenish the deficit the moisture deficit in the soil whenever it is it is going beyond a certain limit so you are trying to replenish that in artificial manner but the control with which you can have the security of this replenishment it goes very high with high level of investment but the same time you have to look at whether it is justifiable depending on what is the outcome from the total activity and that outcome is only through the final crop production. So if the crop is not very is not very highly you can say in the market you cannot get very high price from the crop it is a very low price crop you can take more risk because even if it fails you are not losing much. So from that angle it has bearing on the method of irrigation which method of irrigation you should use can also be factored by the type of crop you are having in question. Cropping machinery is another factor which with the more mechanization of the cropping activity we are finding that the requirements of these machines which you are using these appliances which you are using for the mechanization of various processes that has to be kept in mind. So sometimes depending on what type of implements you will be using you will have to take that into consideration while deciding on which method of irrigation you should be using. For example if you are using a method suppose you are having a tractor which is which is using an implement which has this much width or for in the end when you are using a combine for harvesting it will have some some width which is covering. So if you are using the sizes of the fields which are not multiples of these widths you might find that it will be either it will be a the operations will be more expensive because in some cases if suppose if you are having this is the size of your field in this case to cover this whole area you will have to go once and then the next time you will be only covering half the area. So it is not a multiple of the width of the implement which is being used. In the bigger itself when you are designing your method you will have to keep this in mind otherwise the operations will be more expensive you will have to put in more labour or more number of hours will have to be spent to cover the same area. So those things are also now becoming important when you are designing the method you are looking at these requirements also you will also look at what will be the where will be the turning strip where the machine will be taking a turn is that area available somewhere or not if it is not available then it has to be provided otherwise you might be in terms of the time taken in terms of the efficiency of the operation it might be creating problems. There are so many other factors which can influence for example the labour availability can also be a factor which can influence the type of method to be used. There are some methods which need less amount of labour there are some methods which need more labour there are some methods which need unskilled labour there are some methods which need skilled labour. So if you if you go in for a method which needs skilled labour and if the skilled labour is not available in the near vicinity of that area then you have problem. You might find that your operations are hampered or you might have to invest more money in terms of getting skilled labour, labour from far of places which might not be available at the appropriate time because in many situations whenever the labour is in demand the cropping seasons are same when the cropping season is prevalent in one area the other area joining area will also have a similar because we are our seasons are the same season where the crops are grown we have the rubbish season we have the curry season. So if the labour requirement is in one area the labour requirement is also in the same time in another area so you would not find that the labour will be possible to be obtained from the other adjoining areas if the labour is not available it is not available. So from those angles is very essential that whenever you design a method you have to look at these requirements you have to look at whether the labour will be available during that time or the kind of labour which you require will it be available or not. If it is not available you might find that ultimately your operations might suffer the timing might have to be changed and changing the timings you have seen that they have their own impacts you might have some permanent irreparable damage done to the crop yield. So if the irrigation is delayed then the yield is going to be affected which you cannot repair by providing more water later on that is not possible. So this becomes a very important requirement to be looked at when you are looking at which method you are going to imply. Then the local customs and preferences of the farmers invariably you will find that you may you may keep on saying that yes this particular crop is very good for the area there will be many other factors which will influence what is being grown in the area. The factors can vary from the individual requirement of the farmer because most of the farmers in India they are marginal farmers, they are farmers with very small land holdings and most of them are doing farming to fulfil their own requirements along with them if there is some surplus production they might select but basic requirement is what is a major factor in most of their cases as the areas are very small the holdings are very small. So in that situation they will try to go in for those crops which they can use themselves and the additional surplus can be sold. These are the customs have developed from those requirements so they do not want to leave the customs, they do not want to listen to the various advices which are given to them. They will take their own time, they might take once the irrigation water has been made available to them they might have to wait for 2-3 years before they get a full confidence that yes whatsoever is being recommended it can fetch them more money, it can be more useful they can they can get a better return only then they might change. So many a times it might be there might be a gap between what is the best and what is being grown in the specific area. Those factors also many a times they are the influencing factors they do not want to change the methods of irrigation because in some cases either it requires more investment because the method of irrigation is such that it needs the grade to be very smooth, the grade to be very good the when we say grade to be very good means that the leveling of the area should be very perfect. So in that situation they they have to invest more they will have to go in for may be land farming which will require some more investment and they do not want to indulge in that. So they will stick to their old methods because they know that though they might be using more water they might be using some water they are not bothered because of various reasons may be because of the fact that the water is available at a hardly any price they do not have to pay anything for that water. So there are many factors which go into the socio-economic factors the factors which are beyond the scope here you might not know what are the rare reasons but there are many different factors which influence the actual prevailing methods what methods are being used how they I mean whether they even if you will tell them that yes these are not the good methods either they do not have the money to invest or they do not want to invest that money because there is there is no benefit direct benefit they feel because if their water is getting wasted they are not paying much for that so it is not it is not a situation where they are losing lot of money directly. So you have to and that is not the scope of this particular subject right now we are only looking at what is scientifically true whether we can implement that or not those are things which are beyond the scope here but in general it has been felt that people are people have started understanding they have seen that in some cases where more water is being applied there are some problems which are popping up the problems of water clogging the problems of salinity and because of that they have started understanding these things because they are interested in in question now. So now let us go to the various methods at this level what are the various methods of irrigation which are let us try to look at the classification of irrigation methods there are many different nomenclatures which have been put forward the various ways people will classify these methods there is no not a unique method or unique way by which you will you can club these methods various methods I am just using one which I feel is quite a reasonable one under the present circumstances with the availability of the methods which we have which we have been which are being practiced we can club them into surface surface or gravity irrigation. So this will include all those methods which use this phenomena of the gravity flow and the water is being applied on the surface of the field. In the second category we can put those methods where we are not applying the water on the surface of the field we are putting the water in such a manner that is coming through the sub surface source so that we can call that group of methods we can term them as sub surface irrigation. In the other category where we are using the water the water which is being supplied to the fields is under pressure we will call them pressurized irrigation and in this situation I will like to differentiate a situation where you might be pumping some water and putting into the canal and that in that case it would not become a pressurized irrigation because ultimately the water is taken to the fields under the flow of gravity. You might be only tapping that water from a lower point and pumping it to take it to the the head end of the canal or may be augmenting the water into the canal by the pumping that in general is known as lift irrigation but that is not a method of irrigation that lifting is only a part of augmenting the water which is which is being made available in the irrigation network. At some point you might put some more water into the canal if the canal water which you are getting from the other sources if it is coming from under diversion from a river or if it is coming from a dam if that is not sufficient we are augmenting that water by putting some water from a lower and lower level into this canal through a lift irrigation or through a through the lifting of that water through the pumping that is that is not that would not be called the pressurized irrigation pressurized irrigation where here we mean those methods where we are using the the pressures the water and the pressure is being made available when it comes to the field level okay. So the the category of methods which we are having under this pressure irrigation is the drip irrigation and the sprinkler irrigation. Under these three broad categories which we have which are just listed we will start with the surface irrigation surface irrigation methods the various methods which are available under surface irrigation methods, now again the list can be very long, there can be some local practices which are being followed because the surface irrigation methods are age old methods but now looking at those methods which have survived the vagaries of time and they have proven to be very useful those methods are border, border irrigation method, basin irrigation method or sometime is there is another class of irrigation it is called corrugation. These three are the major methods but they can be some local methods for example the above methods but we will have a look at them also but the first three are the major the major categories of surface irrigation methods which are most popular all over the world. Now in general when you talk of the methods which are belonging to the surface irrigation or the gravity irrigation methods category there are some common characteristics of these methods which in general this requirement is also not very high low maintenance but the same time the attributes there are some attributes which you must look at before you decide for these methods in general you will find that the requirement of what should be have adequate water you might find that these methods are not suitable so there are the requirements in terms of the quantity of water will be comparatively high smoothness of whenever you want to methods the fields the surface on which you are applying the water should be smooth only then these methods can be used you cannot use these methods on undulating areas unless they are they are leveled they are graded properly and those whether they whether you should use a level area or a graded area will be a function of other parameters of the other characteristics of the area. Let us start looking at these methods one by one then we can discuss their their suitability and we go within the within the surface irrigation methods and we look at these various forms of surface irrigation methods where they are suitable right now we will be only looking at their characteristics and having covered all these methods having got some feel got some idea what these methods are about then we will go to their design that how we can design these methods because each method you will have to consider some you will have to come out with the various parameters of those designs in which parameters are important is a function of which method you are using. So let us first look at border irrigation you are using long strips of long strips of areas which are laid parallel to each other and these long strips are termed as borders they will look something like this this is the field ditch canal which is providing water and let me say that then this is the ridge which is which you can call the cross ridge so each of these strips is called this is a border which is surrounded by the ridges on all the sides of the cross ridge the collection channel this collection channel in some cases it may not be there depending on whether there is any surplus water which is coming into the density area or not and that will be a function of what is the slope of the borders. In addition to such that you are supplying the water from the field edge into the each of these borders either by providing this and letting the water flow into the the border through the the side connection and have some some control structure here. So through this opening the water can move into the through the border over these two methods is always preferable to use the number of pipes because of the fact that in case you are you are using this method you might find that the the waterfront the way the water will move it will have uneven front the water will be moving in the middle of the the border and in the sides the waterfront and the waterfront would not be in a form where in this case you might be able to have a waterfront which is preferable because all these areas as you go along in the in the direction of the field all these area cross they will get the same opportunity time. So this is the arrangement which you have in the case of border irrigation and have some slope situation you might find it necessary to have a collection ditch also which will collect that is a surplus water at case the water might not be sufficient period and that will be decided by what type of soil you have if you have clay soils you might like to give more opportunity time or the water to infiltrate into the soil. By in general if you try to try to look at the various in general you will find that there will be a moving from the upstream end to the downstream end a recession curve water recedes from various locations of the who curves are very important how much is the location of the field how much is the opportunity time this is what is called infiltration decides how much infiltration will take place at a specific location of the field turns from upstream end to downstream end and this is the time a question is that also this is the typical which might change when you go from one soil to another soil so this is I have just given a typical but it will belong to some soil the shape of these two curves the advanced curve and recession curve will change with respect to the other characteristics like what is the slope of the field what is the type of soil which you are and but in general you will find that this is what will be absorbed in the field also the shape and the exact the other many of the properties that will see when that is what is the basic crux of the whole design when you are saying that you want to design the irrigation method under a specific irrigation method what you want to design you want to design the basic aspect that the infiltration opportunity time should be uniform along the length of the field that is the basic crux of the basic requirement of the design if you can keep that infiltration opportunity time as uniform as possible throughout the length of the field then you have achieved the best possible design.


Warnory, thank you for all you do. So we're all laden over the adopt decision and abortion being turned back to the states, and no funded constitutional right to abortion. But just as toxic to the culture was the overflown decision that claimed marriage could be between someone other than one man and one woman, what are our chances of getting that one overturned? I'm sorry, what are you saying? What are our chances of getting that one overturned? Overflown. Clarence Thomas hinted that that might be up next or at least court might decision. I think we have a better chance on the Supreme Court right now like we had with the dots case and we saw Roe versus Wade get overturned. I think we have a better chance there with the balance on the Supreme Court. There are more things right now than we do in Congress. Now we know that the Bible tells us that marriage is a covenant between man and woman. That's what marriage is. Do I see anything happening legislatively in Congress anytime soon on that issue? No. You just watched Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene admit that they have a better chance with the current makeup of the Supreme Court of gay marriage being overturned. Now this is not necessarily something that I think most Republicans want her to admit because they've been trying to hide the ball when it comes to the issue of marriage equality. For example, Ron Johnson cited the unlikelihood that the Supreme Court is going to overturn Obergefell V. Hodges as his justification to not support the Senate's marriage equality codification bill. On top of that, you have other Republicans claiming that it's definitely not going to happen and that they're not coming for marriage equality. But that's a lie and we all know it's a lie and Marjorie Taylor Greene here is kind of giving up the game and saying, yeah, actually, I think that there is a reason to kind of be optimistic if you're a bigot that this Supreme Court is going to go after marriage equality and she's correct about that. It's absurd to think that they won't considering that in the dobs decision Clarence Thomas literally name dropped Obergefell V. Hodges the decision that legalized marriage equality in this country saying we should revisit that now that the makeup has changed. Now, whether or not they actually would overturn it, I think that it is likely not necessarily a foregone conclusion, but it's something that a lot of evangelicals want. And since evangelicals want it and since this is a very loyal voting demographic for the Republican Party, they by extension should want it as well. Now, if you'll notice Marjorie Taylor Greene, she wasn't as firebrand in her answer there. She did say, yeah, you know, God says or the Bible says that marriage is a covenant between man and woman, but she didn't go on one of her long rants as she usually does. Why is that? Because I think that she knows that this is a losing issue for Republicans. So on one hand, you want Republicans to let their freak flag fly in a way, come out against popular things before an election because marriage equality now sits at 71% nationally. And that includes 55% of Republicans who say they support same sex marriage. So strategically, you want her to continue to talk when it comes to this issue. But morally, this is still bad when you're thinking outside of the, you know, the election season, because this shifts the Overton window. We want these bigots to feel as if it is socially unacceptable for them to talk about their bigotry. But the fact that they are openly talking about their desire to see marriage equality be overturned says that we've got a long way to go in terms of, you know, support for LGBTQ issues, even if 71% support for this issue is a lot. Like we need to get that to as close as possible to 100%. Even though 100% is impossible, as close as we can be to 100%, is what we as a society should be fighting for. Now, I've just got a remark at the guy who even asked this question to her in the first place, by the way, this was not a fundraising event. Mind your own business.   I don't know. There are people with lifestyles in this country whom I disagree with lifestyles that I don't understand. But if they are not bothering me, then who cares? Mind your own business. This is one thing that bigots need to learn. Mind your own business. If it doesn't affect you, then move on with your life. Same thing with Marjorie Taylor Greene. She doesn't necessarily seem as loud when it comes to the issue of marriage equality, but on the trans issue, she is as loud as she can possibly be in her venom and vitriol towards trans people. She targets them regularly and attacks them. And I've just got to say move on. Like, you don't want to be trans? Great. Move on. It doesn't affect you. Now, Marjorie Taylor Greene in a different video, she got very, very explicit in her bigotry and this time racist bigotry in espousing the great replacement conspiracy theory. Take a look.  And coming from all over the world, they're also replacing your culture. And that's not great for America. She is saying the quiet part loud over and over and over again. And Marjorie Taylor Greene for the Republican Party, she's this double-edged sword because on one hand, she absolutely is able to rile up the GOP's bigoted base, but on another hand, she's so extremist. She's such a loud, far-right individual with a lot of attention that this turns off a lot of independence. People who are right-leaning, but they get turned off by this type of extremist racist rhetoric. Now, this replacement theory, this is something that's existed for quite some time. It becomes a problem when it gets popularized and mainstreamed by figures like Tucker Carlson, who has mentioned it hundreds of times on his program and politicians like Marjorie Taylor Greene. Because just deciding the theory in and of itself that is dangerous because we don't want this theory that is false to get popularized, but when powerful people adopt this theory, it gets dark for society. As the Southern Poverty Law Center explains, the great replacement can also be seen as a variation or elaboration on false narratives of white extinction that have circulated since the 19th century in Europe and in white majority countries subject to European colonization and settlement. In 1892, British Australian author Charles Pearson warned that one day soon white people would wake up to find ourselves elbowed and hustled and perhaps even thrust aside by peoples whom we looked down upon. His book National Life and Character launched a genre that included even more apocalyptic visions of white extinction from American authors including the racist and anti-Semitic New York lawyer Madison Grant, Grant's own scientific racist 1916 book, The Passing of the Great Race, warned of the decline and extinction of America's Nordic racial stock. Scientific racism is the discredited pseudo-scientific belief that scientific evidence exists to support racism and racially buy state policy. Grant did not write from the fringes. His book influenced the widespread adoption of eugenic policies, restrictions on non-white immigration, and anti-miscegenation laws in the US in the interwar period. Grant's book had an influence far beyond North America in devising their own racist political order Germany's Nazi regime and Hitler himself drew on narratives of white extinction and on American policies influenced by Grant and like-minded authors. So there are historical examples that tell us what happens when society adopts this white extinction slash great replacement conspiracy theory. When powerful people adopt this narrative it leads to policies of racial antagonism, exclusion, segregation, and genocide. But yet we have individuals like Marjorie Taylor Greene proudly saying it and using the word replacement specifically multiple times to rile up the GOP's base. So individuals like her, they are deeply, deeply troubling. As much as she, I think, negatively affects the Republican Party and their image with independence, she's still a net negative for society because of all of the ways that she is corrupting the masses. And it's not just her, Fox News is also an issue, but she's using her platform as a politician, her influence as a policy maker to get people to think that they're actually being replaced. And the fear of being replaced going extinct leads to people to take up violence against minority communities. So Marjorie Taylor Greene time and again is telling us who she is and who the Republican Party is, they are enthusiastic about her, they like her. So we should believe them when they tell you who they are.  She believes in the great replacement theory. So if the GOP's base continues to elect people like this then believe that this isn't just some coincidence, this isn't the product of voters just being uninformed. Time and again, she has told us who she is and if they continue to vote for her after this, it's not just because they're uninformed, it's because they agree with her. They're racist too. And as a society we have to figure out ways that we can deep program large portions of the population, the GOP's base from this racism and this bigotry.