Yes There's some seats here if people sit standing on the back. There's some space in the first row Okay, well welcome to all of you. This is a very special moment in general for ICTB in particular for myself and for my family and I'm a little bit emotional and very much touched Particular for the presence of so many people that I know that I love that I learned to like and work together that are here and Hopefully some other people also follow him and internet Yes My favorite song when I was a teenager Say I was signing Spanish that todo pasa y todo queda Pero nuestro es pesada Everything passes everything stays, but our thing is to pass. So this is the moment that I'm passing all these 10 years at ICTB and I Would like to just share with you some of my Experiences that what I think we have done all together. I mean all together has been every single person from ICTB And all the scientists and visitors and administrative staff and everything everybody that has been helping me and everybody here To take this job, which is one of the most wonderful Opportunities that anybody can have to lead this expression institution So as you know my last day is on Monday We're living on Tuesday Attish will start as a director and I will ask him to say some words so to Introduce himself to to for those of you who still is still don't know him and But in the meantime, I will take two days of holidays. So this is my real last official day Working so this is my last presentation Here as a director of ICTB So I thought that is a appropriate to give a Report of what we have been doing during this 10 years thing that we have all achieved together and So I will spend some time going through the different things we have done I Get this presentation a slightly different version of this to the steering committee last Friday in Paris because we had a steering committee meeting and in UNESCO and So, but I think it's it's appropriate to to share with all of you what we have been presenting to them So So first of all I always start reminding the mission of ICTP what I see to be is unique and there's two different In the parts of the mission is one is research at the Excellent research in the fundamental science, physics, mathematics and and all subjects related to it and The promotion of science worldwide with the emphasis in developing countries So anything or everything we do has to be judged to how much we have been making progress in these two directions and For the last 10 years that have been having the the owner to lead this institution I can report to some achievements and I will go quickly through this in the four aspects of the administration so Administration research education and now an outreach, which is the way that we have been Working to fulfill the missions of ICTP So let me start quickly with some numbers with administration Some of you don't know the details, but let me see the thing that the first thing I did when I came here Is to start what is a strategic plan? so we had a brainstorm meeting with all the scientists and Colleagues to see what will be the best to do for ICTP since I arrived and We had three the intensive days to discuss about all the different programs and so on and and Then That helped me to create several committees and people work together as very hard for a couple of months Then the report to me with several reports and then after that I took all of the information together I came up with the strategic plan that I presented to the scientific counseling and the steering committee in 2010 and That strategic plan has been the basis of most of the what we have been doing in the past ten years so So that has been that was probably the the first big thing we didn't and that created what we had then progress the direct administration There's something that some of you may not recognize We have the FAPS implemented when a couple of years after I arrived Which is a DSIP system to handle all the finances and so that was a major step that was starting when I just arrived Sigma is a project is a Is a is a is a system that has been developed over the last five to six years mostly George Thompson SNES and has Tanshik and all other people Supporting and this is I find very interesting That the ICTP had to adapt to To the world that is much more computerized So now we have all the applications online that are for all the thousands of people who come and visit and so everything's online We have a page for every person and so on and that has facilitated the work of Making the application procedure and the selection faster It is it's not easy to adapt because it requires some change on the way we work And I has been doing it slowly over the past several years and there's already some achievements in particular can mention I was talking to David George will provide some numbers is that We have of the order of 60,000 as I will say spin-off 60,000 database of 60,000 scientists and some of them have Not a percent of them are you continuous users? So we have all active pages for so many thousands of scientists and and as many applications of the order 100,000 or so and so that is already showing the How is the piece perceived worldwide or how many applications we get from all of our programs? And then we also keep track of all everybody who has been applying to ICTP accept it or not accept it So that's becoming one of the biggest databases in in our fields, which I think is very very very good We also have several Changes in our way of handling things to get closer to UNESCO rules and we have make a lot of progress on that We have now an organic grant for the institution genetic job descriptions for most of the staff and Stabilizing many positions that I will mention later on and the last thing we have working very hard for the last year or so is to have a Very professional way to help procedure to select the next director of ICTP at the Level for going to UNESCO and we are happy to have atish here as the next director So some numbers I will not be able to tell essentially This is the point rinse of people we have had in the Ministry staff and scientific staff over the last ten years 119 and some separations 89 and And then some people change of the contract when you five For that I want I want to Emphasize this number 52 is this 50 plus I mentioned on my previous slide that when we we started here There was a mismatch on the on the staff working at ICTP that many people doing a job Which is a corresponding to the full-time Employee was only being considered as a consultant. So at some point working together with the two unions We came out and UNESCO of course We came out with a way to to create proper positions was called project appointment fixed them and in the years 2012 and 2013 we Managed to stabilize 52 people which is a big achievement at a time and I thank everybody who has been involved into this Okay, so Now putting all together. We have a daughter. We have now a hundred and fifty nine staff members as And it's just so from the previous slide. We hired a hundred and nineteen In the last ten years Some of them left. So I think of the order. I think I'm not mistaking between 65 and 70 percent of the staff working at the CP and the initiative and scientific Have been hired in the past ten years. So essentially we have reshaped the The employees of STP. So it's a new renovated the the people working at STP, you know in this past ten years Probably you don't see here. There are other What is called non-staff contracts and then I'm interested in this small number This is the number that used to be very very big and then we changed it for this 50 before But for scientific we have this or 200 and that includes postdocs students consultants and So on so that that is the flow of scientists We have at ICTP which are not staff members but are a part of our community and the number is quite big So you can see that that that adding up to all the scientific staff then that makes a lot of scientists always present at ICTP And we have an organogram there is Well a structure in some say with a director here is something we start as just two committees one for a management And what's called management committee and the other one is the academic committee? So these are we were very close to those so in the sense that decisions are taken At the way in the way that we consult with the leading administrators on the leading scientists so in the sense that these two committees meet meet regularly and then they provide the advice to the director on what it measures to take and So then there's that the vector at my office, but budget and finances reporting directly to us human resources And then these three divisions which are two scientific which is programs and research and the operations division So essentially the heads of each of them become the members of the committee We all meet and then we are always informed of the main main things So that's that's how we have been working in the past three years And I think that makes the working on ICTP More efficient and more every decision has a lot of discussions okay, and So I mentioned all these people by numbers, but I wanted to show the human aspect also and the human aspect This is the closest that we have of the whole ICTP community. This happened to be the day after we finished the 50th anniversary celebration of ICTP and so We also received a price from the city so we came back after the price and had a special celebration with only ICTP People here who people were working or work or staying here for a while as a students or postdoc So and we managed to have this beautiful photograph Which I counted at the order of 200 people and we haven't had anything like that after that or before So we have the challenge that we want to do it again today And so Roberto here will do some gymnastics somehow at some point later on So we will ask all of you to stand up and then he will will hang something where so that he can take Manage to take all of us in the photograph. So we'll see if it works But I think this is important for me to show that we are here some good moment We are sharing faculty Administrative staff postdoc students all together as a family which I think is important for ICTP That was administration research We have the standard what we always say is that the five sections there were four when we arrived the fifth one This is class created in the past ten years. Well, then we also have the Related sections which are applied physics high-performance computing Now that the new program is physically without frontiers and the science demands dissemination unit They all organize activities conferences schools and so each of these persons Participate in the organization. So there are staff members of PA staff So you guess it's a very good group of people and I was pleased that in the past scientific council meeting But I asked is the only the younger people who are just hired so 11 of them gave the presentation to the scientific Council so that show it was showing a new phase of ICTP, which I was very pleased to see In numbers or you can see 45 Scientists with fixed term or PA party appointments from 18 different countries and Good percentages 30 out of 45. So two-thirds Were hiring their past ten years We are now keeping track of the number of female scientists working with us. We are not totally proud, but at least We are increasing that number. I'm trying to work on that and that this Five members of female were in the people's slide the way or higher in the past ten years So the number of scientists you can see has been evolving as we came So moving from 27 28 all the way to 44 45 so in the sense that that's that's important for the two aspect of STP for this for the Research quality and diversity of research but also for all the programs because we have now more scientists who can help us in more programs That we couldn't have before In scientific output, do you have a number of publications have been increasing? But also the number of certifications increasing. This is up to 30,000 here and up to 500 per year Here so that shows how active our researchers are There's something that is always good to compare we have been having some meetings with people from different key institutes Compared themselves. So we took that for an representation of IPMU in Japan It was good that we were included So these are one of the few top institutions worldwide and we have a number of citations per paper number of publications and so Very competitive. So we are the same ballpark as the other ones Notice that in somehow we have some this is advantage because these institutions have been created just for one of them two parts of the mission Just excellence. We have the two aspects and then just for the Some of those our scientists coming from developing countries have less visibility and then in that sense But yet we have the same order of magnitude as as as the other institutions which are top in the world so in the sense, we are very proud of the other CTPs productions Okay, so in research, we have new research areas as I mentioned before the biggest one is the quantitative life sciences It was totally new. This was part of my strategic plan and Mattheon Marsili who is here moved from the condensed matter section to be the Key person to create and build up this group and I'm very pleased and then we have now a group of five Very top scientists in this area and that they are opening opening up ICTP to this field which is becoming bigger and bigger because it includes applications of physics mathematics to biological questions But also includes things like a machine learning and artificial intelligence that are becoming more and more important in the Scientific world. So this has been probably the most the biggest step where we have done in Opening a new research areas. It's a huge. This is a new research group You know, there's our four is the fifth research group and I'm very pleased with the hybrids And this they all have been proven to be excellent colleagues and excellent scientists So we're very pleased with that achievement For renewable energies we have the another part of our strategic plan We have in our section of Condensed matter again We created a small group built up after Raul Gebauer with also with Nicola Serendia We have hired more recently and they have been in charge not only in training new students But also have organizing activities on renewable energies that we know is are so important For the world and one particular for developing countries So this is an aspect that ICTP is Playing our role that we were not playing That is strong in the past and I think that's something it leads to some Potential for growth in the future given the importance of the of the subject and they have already organized many activities I have collaborations and postdocs and so so it's a very active and productive group, which I'm very pleased the other aspect that that that we emphasize in our Strategic plan is anything related to computation So we'll compete in the scientific computer competing science in general We have now a group working on high performance computing given service to the community, but also organizing activities and so on Also within our applies Applied physics sector now there's a group working in general things that I will mention and Also as I mentioned before in the group in the QLS group this matching learning artificial intelligence and quantum computing within the Condensed matter group including but it's called theoretical quantum Technologies, so in that sense we have been making progress in this direction in the high performance computing part have a group of people that have been organizing Belonging to different sections from the grass and belongs to the assistant physics and claimant and even to the computer section They have been giving service not only to the community but also participate in the master in high performance computing that we started also with CISA a few years ago and Support the deployment of high performance computing facilities in developing countries, which is also very important Organize the schools and workshops and so on so and they have two scientists who have been supporting them as a Visitors for long term and then helping us to develop the courses and So I'm very proud that one of them was my PhD students So it's been theories of the bad after all And also they have Resources in high performance computer resources. We have created our own Cluster of computers which has been growing over time, but also we have increasing our participation with Chinnaca, which is that the the Italian Institution that gives her service to all the institutions in Italy about computation So we have been increasing substantially our participation in the in the then Computer power for both in-house that we didn't have before and then increasing the one in Chinnaca We you know our groups in particular the climate change group and so they have great need for computer facilities And they have been we have been giving more support on that for the Internet of things both Marco Marco Senaro and Clemento Nini me it have been very much involved and now very recently we got this Selected we have been selected as center of excellence from the international telecommunications union has been a very close collaborator of STP over the years So we were selected as one of the six centers of excellence and the only one in Europe from the for Internet of Things and Also, we have in our center in Rwanda and now they participated in a World Bank of funded Center of excellence in Africa and they want to be also center of excellence in the Internet of Things So that's our presence has been substantially increasing that area Okay, and that was well, let's summarize the progress in research in the different areas we have open new areas in the in the in our our Institute of course we have Continued doing making progress in all the other areas that existed before I'm just emphasizing the one that we created in the last ten years The same thing with education So we continue with the standard programs for education. We have been very successful over the years So I can provide some numbers Here in the postgraduate diploma is probably our Landmark education system that had been very successful for more than 25 years So we have had students from 73 countries in the past ten years and More than 500 students and you can see the distribution of the countries That we have the darker than we have more students students and the lighter and a bit less So we can we cover substantial amount of developing countries And so this this is a very good notice that big countries like Brazil India and China and our use and I just and not represented because we want to emphasize The students from the least developed countries which are the ones who need more support same thing with the the step students the step students people Some people may not know what it is. It's the sandwich PhD program. We have It's one of my favorites program. It has started with the IAEA initiative that was organized by within ICTP, but it was funded by IAEA And the idea is the following is just to bring students who are already registered in their countries for a PhD program We bring them here for a few months per year such that they can experience the the the two worlds haven't done research in their country, but also do it in Institution based in Europe with having more interaction with scientists based in ICTP and so that means that the student doesn't have to leave the country to have the experience to Work abroad that also contributes to the science in the country and also help their own supervisors to keep active so this program I think is very complete and Since I started with IAEA then we provided extra funds from ICTP and then We received funds from OPEC, the OPEC Foundation of International Development So now this program has been increasing Substance in the past five years or so and Nadia Bingeli has been in charge of it and has been working very well You have seen in the past ten years we got 360 students, not that these are PhD students From 48 countries and so we had the launch together with my wife and them. They're doing very well We have a now here a group of more than 20 students and there is very very pleased with it and I'm very happy that we can offer this opportunity to them So those are the problems that have been working already before but we started also new programs And the new programs is also in part of my strategic plan is the PhD program with the ICTP and CISA When we came here we said this course with the scientists and the director of CISA we know that An institution without full-time students at some point tends to not be so active in research because the students are the one that keep the life of the research of the institution and having CISA so close made a lot of sense that we can join together efforts so that we can have students of ICTP, funded by ICTP and Supervised hopefully by those ICTP scientists to be registered in the CISA program for PhD And so essentially how the way it has been working is that 20% of our diploma students Managed to get accepted to CISA so in that sense we combined a diploma program with this program for PhD and the students can stay here So we started in that in 2011 There's also the master in medical physics I have to confess it was not My idea and it was not also coming out. It didn't come out from the This is strategic plan, but it's one of the programs. I'm the most proud of and I'm very thankful Here I can see Luciano Bartocchi who's Symbol for ICTP and former director for one year as in the transition period and One of the key persons for so many years for ICTP and deputy director or so he with a group of of Scientists doing medical physics came to my office and convinced me that this is an important aspect that has been very much neglected Worldwide and there's a lot of demand a lot of need of medical physicists in the special in developing countries It's easy to get the donation for equipment and so what the hospitals didn't have qualified people to handle The the all the treatment and diagnostic and so on and so we started the master and I think it's from for me is one of the success stories in my 10 years from being here And I'm very happy and very pleased and thankful for people who who are Started the channel and Renato Padavani and many people who have been working We work together with the University of Trieste with the IAEA with the hospitals nearby. It's a very very good Complicated system and is working extremely well. So I'm very pleased and thankful for everybody who has been working on this The master in high-performance computing that I mentioned before is again is collaboration with CISA It's extremely competitive. We have few students, but at very very high level and it's Competitive because the students contrary to diplomas to program that all the students come from developing countries here in this master the students compete with Italian and German and by European students that can usually come with a stronger Background so in that sense is very difficult for students from developing countries to succeed and we have been very proud that at least in two years in a row the best student of the That year when they graduated happened to be one of our students So in that sense we think that this this program is working working very well. It's very original again I'm very thankful to everybody who has been developing this and the collaboration with CISA Now is only a couple of months or so ago We started a new diploma because we started in the section what is the life sciences now? That section is big enough to be able to afford to teach a new diploma So this is any that our first fifth diploma that we are offering now. So it started the recently something that is very important that actually this came out from the from the Strategic plan is that to have special lectures to have the whole community of ICDP joining together at least once a year to bring a top scientists worldwide to tell us about the Big things big discoveries and in different fields so we can be Sharing the knowledge in different areas and so we created this thing with salam lectures done every year the week from salam's birthday and We have had a great set of lectures that I will emphasize more later on and then the the ICDP colloquia again It's a new initiative that we came out. So at least once a month we have a colloquium speaker at the high very high level So for the for numbers in the joint PhD with CISA we have now students from 20 different countries and already have 37 students So the problem for even the PhD We require very few students every year, but now it is getting bigger and bigger and we have been Graduating several very very good students from different countries For the master in high-performance computing again 14 students from 10 different countries For a master in medical physics now we are reaching essentially 100 students from 52 different countries That is a big big big program and we are very thankful again for everybody involved But also the fellowships are provided by the IAA most of them. So and that has been an extra source of funding from IAA to ICDP Overall you can report on the number of students That we have had over the years. So I don't know you can see the numbers here with 2000 2005 and then these were the the the diploma students and then the the Step students, but then we have the new programs the PhD with CISA that The medical physics and so on and then the high-performance computing And so now we can see how the number has been essentially doubling from 80 or so to almost 160 that That we have now So in that sense you can see not only the diversity of the programs But also the number of students is has been increased in substantial and we're very pleased to have that young Community that makes a big presence of and at ICDP's day today As I mentioned the salam distinguished lectures, they have had a very prominent list of speakers from Neymar Kani Hamet and in the 2012 past, present and future of fundamental physics to physics of life and so on by B.B. Alec I'm very pleased to see Don Zagir sitting here in the audience is one of the the distinguished Salam Lecturers and also very pleased that the don't like Trieste so much that he bought an apartment and he spent several months a year with us so as it's a big addition to our scientific community and And then you can see all of Alanguth and Juan Maldacena who is probably the top Theories in high-energy physics worldwide and I always emphasize that he Say that being from Argentina He became a string theorist because of coming to ICTP as a student. So and now it's probably the top person in the world Alanguth you can look at him. He may get an oil price soon. So it's always and so and then for next year we already have booked and we have a And another excellent speaker. So it's a that subject is artificial intelligence and it will be the lecture lecture is that the director of a called Normal Superior in Paris. So I think there will be an excellent Center lectures, it's also again the 29th of January the week of the 29th of January that in that week We have the Salam lectures And the colloquium series has been as it's so every month we have So the one of the highlights to have in 2018 last year keep turn given a colloquium And as you know that he had received the Nobel Prize the year before for the gravitational waves. So This was one of the greatest attendances for the history of our colloquia. It was full the total room was full We also have to have an extra Room room, but given the presence that we I'm experiencing today. It may be this is competitive This is thank you very much for all of you.  I'm very impressed. Thank you very much On this on the On the distinguished Salamlis, I didn't mention the name of the next speakers Mark Mazzard is the director of Eco-normal superior. So he I'm sure you will see I'm trying to I will try to connect myself from Cambridge because I'm sure Lexa would be very nice Okay, that was a education now outreach is the last part. So again, we continued with the standard programs And so we have The landmark of ICDP which is ICDP associates It has been created in Salam created ICDPs in the 1960s We continue with it. We have had in the last 10 years More than 600. Sorry. This is not a student but the visitors from 70 different countries and ICDP Trail Fellows, but we have 64 countries with 744 visitors Trail For those of you who don't know Trail is a special program that I'm also very very pleased that we offer Since ICDP is mostly theoretical institution, we can bring a lot of theoretical physicists But we have this limitation about experimental science. So in trail programs Takes care of that because we have sign agreements with the hundreds of laboratories throughout the whole Italy and We send the the scientists there so This program is very very popular as you can see so many Participants they come for long visits for not nine months or more because they have to be part of a little experiment And we're going to a lab Trill stands for training of researches in Italian laboratories and the distribution of countries is big You can see India has a very dark core here. Actually India Participates in every program we we offer because a big community of scientists and so but it so happened that trail Is that is the problem that Indian scientists use the most use more than associates more than students even when visitors or so So and this always important to remark because all these people we don't see them here Because we just have them to be selected and we send them to the lab But that's so so ICP impact is much bigger than we even can see here and this program as I think it's very good Because it expand our mission to experimental science as you know, we have this office of external activities for many years and In that sense we we help Scientists for activities in developing countries that we support a small amount for different things But that can make a big impact for this activities to be developed like having scientific meetings there For example for the this is lost for two years ago We have more than 50 scientific meetings We have networks of scientists like a network for Africa for for nanoscience or for solar energy or so Affiliated centers some centers in key countries that we support so that they can have PSD programs or so we have one center in Benin that has been producing Mathematicians and so on so in that sense is very good And I will mention later on this for big point which our partner institution Which would not be confused with Affiliated centers So but People who work here at ICP the flow of scientists is mostly due to the fact that we have this 60 or so conferences or schools every year and So we cover all the subjects that we do research, but also we cover many other subjects And you can see the numbers that we have here with so many countries and the visitors The number I always emphasize is that we have visitors from hundred and eighty eight countries So that means essentially every single country in the world has sent in scientists to ICDP Which is a remarkable because you know, it's not any person in the country who has to be Scientists with the doing research and so on We have had since 1970 165,000 visits or more and 40 percent have been since the last 10 years So this flow of scientists have been continuing and now we're keeping track on the number of female visitors It's now it's more than 25 percent. It's not ideal, but it's increasing. So Something that's important to keep track of that And as you can see that the numbers are Even between develop and developing countries the difference of the scientists from developing countries usually stay longer here And we support them the long number of scientists from developed countries Either they are lecturers or they pay their own expenses But that shows how ICDP is this hope to to meet scientists worldwide Then on this we also start the new programs and probably this is the most ambitious program We started in the last 10 years. It is to expand The the concept of ICDP to the we the idea that we that we do worldwide to to expand that to have Regional centers in the key parts of the world So we started the one in San Pablo. It's called ICDP South American Institute of Fundamental Research Has been running for more than eight years already. It's one of the success stories There has been wonderful results already from them the scientists getting prices and some people One of them was involved in the LIGO experiment that discovered gravitational waves Why not just recently this year got this breakthrough price for young scientists that is one of the most prestigious prices in the world and They have now Of the other almost 1000 visitors per year. We know we have Five to seven thousand they're very 20% of visitors. They have we have 60 activities They have 10 to 15 and they're playing a role of ICDP for the region of South America After that several other is conscious approaches. We have Mexico Rwanda and and China Rwanda and China have been just signed the agreement and only a year or so ago with UNESCO They're all they all were approved to be but it's called category two Institute of UNESCO Just for information. We are category one Institute of Science in UNESCO. We're the only one in science these are Where the the whole process to application applied takes a long time and they were approved in since 2015 By by the general conference of UNESCO. They're all cut and they were approved to be category two institutes China and Rwanda signed a year or so ago a little bit more now in Rwanda. We are putting a lot of effort And now have a group with five scientists from five different countries leading this This institution they're our own scientists are very very active going there to teach We have a master program and we hope that this will be a special center for all Africa and it's It's called is is Africa Institute of Fundamental Research and so we are very pleased with that Then in China probably much more ambitious given the conditions We hope to have center Similar to the one in Brazil that the level they have we started already this year. We are very offering Open to application for faculty and so on and we'll start now running activities there. This is a very ambitious Institute and we hope that that will be equally successful at least as successful at the one in Brazil The one in Mexico has organized activities by itself. It's not yet Conceal an ICTP partnered yet because they haven't signed the the final agreement between UNESCO and the government of Mexico but the latest I have heard that the All the discussion among the lawyers have been settled and now they're only needing to have been accepted The texts of the agreement is only translated from English to Spanish and be signed in the next Very near future. So so I think that will play an important role the To my region of the world sensitive to the Central America and in the Caribbean. So it will be offering Programs which are probably more for the least Developed countries Contrary to Brazil, which is more more developed. So in that sense Brazil and China may be in one class and Mexico and Rwanda in the other class given the development of science in the correspondent region Another new program I went back to to To what we had in the Strategic plan and so on and I had a vague idea of this and I I was very proud of being a very original I wanted to create something. I was calling it the ICTP ambassadors But this is an example that top-down is not as good as bottom-up so Then Bobby or Bobby and Kate who may be also here. I don't know. It's Katie's around. Okay this year. Yes They have been starting this program. There's one of the success stories of ICTP worldwide And then of course they came out with the name physics with our frontiers that of course Was much better than what I had in mind and the concepts is much better than also had in mind And they have been developing for a while you can see Here this visit is very special because it was two years or less last year was last year or two years ago He's Kate with a and she was and she is one of our former diploma students from Iran And they both went together to Afghanistan to teach young students masters and so on so imagine the The risk that that is involved I didn't see for a week because I will responsibility if something happened to them rely on me Even though they were very much help and from UNESCO local office and This project this pick has become much bigger than we expected So very low funding they can achieve a lot they cover small groups to key countries that have been covering Few countries per year now the least because not 20 or something countries in 22 also for this year and It's the good thing that young people go and talk to young people about physics and then for instance they started with Palestine and That has been a way to identify good Palestinian students on some of the Palestinian students We have selected here for our diploma We're identified in this program by Kate and all others going to to to Palestine So this is I think it's a one of the programs that it's only Going to grow and I'm very pleased to have supported it But I'm very thankful for the people who have developed it because it's a it's an amazing Outreach for STP and it fits perfectly well with our mission to support science in the least developed countries But also we have increased our presence on internet Videos of a very high quality videos and and and of where lecture all the lectures and so on so in that sense That's something that is important for STP's impact in the world because it was very easy to take a Natigal from us One of the stories I like to tell is that Hiroshi Oguri who is one of the top scientists worldwide and he's the director of this center in Japan He tells me that when he's doing exercises at home. He's watching a video from ICTP So this is the best compliment you can get from someone's of a high level and the director of this Institution and so that show that the quality we have is very good and the quality of lectures are also very good Something that our science dissimulation unit started the wrong initiative again. I have Zero credit in the idea because I didn't know what this was When they proposed to me and the idea is to say is to connect ICTP to this wall of what people call makers just inventors And that is becoming bigger and bigger because now people can do at home many things So you don't need to be in the university to create the robots 3d paintings and many things and so They came up with idea to to be organized this what this we started calling a mini maker firm So following the the trademark from start that thing from United States MIT or so and Now we was promoted. We took out the mini that will be maker first So it's because the number of people participating and so on so it started in 2014 with many visitors And then the last couple of years we have had of the others 16,000 visits in one weekend from children from high school and so so this has had a major impact in the local Community in the local region, but not only that Doing this they know how to do it here They are exporting this idea to developing countries and helping developing country scientists organize a similar maker first there And that's a very good way to attract interest to to science and And technology, so I think this is one of the success stories also in the last few years and As you may know Trieste has been designed to be the capital of science for Europe next year so this event is called SF 2020 and All the Trieste institutions have joined efforts to to to make this happening and The opening of this event that is of 2020 will be The maker fair our maker fair now next year will not be here But it will be in Porto Vecchio where they will be the basis of this new center for for for science So in that sense that's the impact we have been showing to the to the local community Which I think is good for STP to play this important role in the local community. So this is a The activities of of of of the SDU group So having maker fairs Also, you have to do something in-house and then this again another Concept that I personally didn't know because I'm a product tool to know about those things that this is science fab labs This fab labs have become a major Points in many places because people we can you have a small fab lab with 3d printers laser gutters And so that people can come and develop their own projects And that's what we installed in the one of our buildings in the Fermi building in the ground floor now We have this nice fab lab and you can see people working until late in the evening just to develop their own Projects is again the service to the local community But at the same time we have developing country scientists to come here and participate and learn the ideas to develop them In their own countries. So I think this is success story in the last year so We have been joining efforts for the local institutions CISA the University of Trieste the observatory so To create what we call the concept is called in situs for lack of a better name But essentially that it's we've created something called the Institute of Geometry and Physics EGAP Institute of Fundamental Fixes of the Universe IFPU and the Institute of Theory of Quantum Theologists TQT The idea is to have a joint activity with all the different institutions and Usually use one of the buildings that belongs to CISA that it was abandoned since CISA move away There's more building above the parking lot of ICTP particular of the former CISA building and then we Reformed it a bit. We have a room for 30 offices or so There's some people can come from the different institutions and spend a day a week or so here having joining programs and activities and so for several weeks and I think it's a good way to increase the collaborations among scientists from all the institutions in particular For instance, you can see this IFPU we have now regularly the scientists from those Trieste observatory that we knew they were there but we didn't interact with them now We know they spend their week here or more or then now For now they are having a program on galaxies and so on that we didn't have before So that's it. That's increasing the scientific presence of ICTP The expanding also the subject that we can work with and then giving more opportunities for developing countries scientists to come And be part of these other fields that usually we don't have the corresponding expertise within ICTP itself Particular that the TQT is important because we are planning we're becoming the at least for the theory part the center the in the whole country on quantum technologies and you know that is a big Project that was one of these flagships project from the European community on the quantum technologies and the idea is that Trieste given the expertise that we have among all the other institutions can become a hub for the theoretical aspects of that So in that sense that we expect to be playing an important role in this big project Then following our own Structure of having schools workshops and and Conferences every year We and the fact that we expanded in different areas we have started several new initiatives kind of regular schools one is which I particularly very Keenon is the biennial african school of fundamental fixes and its applications is every two years in a different country in Africa it's 2012 12 10 12 14 16 18 the bobia charges our Contact point where we do it together with CERN and other institutions. So in that sense ICTP has been Playing an important role in a field that is usually less present in Africa compared to other fields We have which is high-energy physics. So in that sense These schools are very well attended and the very very popular The level is very high, but it covers subjects from the beginning of the universe all the way to applications of high-energy physics to medical physics so in that sense is a It's providing a way to to attract new students to two different areas and we Collaborate with top institutions like a CERN Fermilab and so on. So I think this is very good So we started the group on quantitative life science We partner with a new center in in India ICTS and we have a joint activity a winter school in quantitative systems biology Which I think is again, it's very very successful Mateo Marcelli started and we have been working very well on that and the different subjects are very very exciting one activity I like very much and I think Joanie Mela was involved at the beginning to start that is tops Experimental scientists from key universities mostly in the United States from Georgia Tech from University of Texas in Austin And so they came up with this idea to have this hands-on research in complex system schools So just school for three weeks at a level that You can the experiment as they come with a very simple table top experiments Five or seven of them and then you bring a lot of students to work on different experiments at the end They can produce Publications in the top journals based on this very cheap thing. So I think that's perfect for the mission of STP That's something you don't need to have huge expenses to develop a good experimental career We also have been starting this Trying to promote as much as possible the presence of women in physics and then there is This program this career development for women in science or women in physics. Actually, we are having one of the additions It's every two years In an odd year and this happened is happening right now here at ICDP So I can see some of the phases of participants for this year. This photograph was for 2013 To make sure that ICDP is visible. You can see the STP logo here and the entrance one. So we are there and so I think this is One of the main activities we do to promote women in science And one of the aspects here is to help young Female scientists to develop their career just to overcome some of the challenges they have more than the typical Male science even for many conditions a family etc and that to have to help them to not leave the field which I think that's very good and I there's the Judging by the results of every of the previous schools. I think this is a wonderful initiative and I think Here there are main organizers Shawana Narazima who's a very good friend of ICDP and Elizabeth Simmons that I don't see in the photograph But she's over. She's physically here and they both together have been working together with Erika Coppola who was our Focal point for women in physics and then now these schools are becoming traditional activity of ICDP very successful some of the facts and Past ten years we have had of the total of two thousand visited for by female researchers from more than a hundred and fifty countries More than 51% of them come from developing countries and more than 25% of the total visitors in the last year were female So we are increasing that that's that's good Well, it's it's not ideal So in the sense like we're not too proud of that because they should it should be this number should be bigger But at least important to keep track and to have the slope in the right direction. So it's increasing recent thing that we started It does the initiative of the other faculty Is that we created now a new small budget to support? Visitors with families for other students or conference visitors So that they come with child children or so that we can have some way to support them Something that we just starting. I think there's a lot of room for for for increasing, but I think it's important to support Families in physics and well the we have a The typical ICDP price in this case in 2013 was given to two female scientists Which were very pleased and I think one of them may be present in the audience Yes And we started also two new prices One is the initiative of a salams family. It's called the spirit of salama work the spirit of salam starting in 2014 the idea that the salam families felt that they have they wanted to to recognize the Work of people who have been dedicating the part of their career just to the mission of supporting scientists from developing countries and In 2014 it was a very emotional moment I mean probably the most emotional moment in that the whole 50th anniversary celebration of ICTP was given this this award and If I'm correct the three awardees are here Dr. Amand Pierre who's Pierre here and and Gatti who is there so that they receive the first Spirit of salama work for their hard work Dedicating their efforts and and the tool to support scientists from developing countries and I find that as a very good Initiative from salam family. So we combine it with activities that we have now We announce the winners every year in salam's birthday. So coinciding with the spirit of salam But then we give their words every year at the day of the graduation ceremony of the students and that graduation ceremony That has the special Flavor because now you can combine the new blood the students and so with people who have been supporting scientists from developing countries So the two things I think together Very much captured the essence of ICTP's mission, which I think is very good And I can see also several awardees here because it's safe Luchano and the library and so Things is very good given to scientists or non-scientists the idea is to give it to side to people who support in scientists from the developing countries and then Walter Cohn who Nobel Prize were a very good friend of ICTP passed away And then the community collected some funds to create an in price after him in the condensed matter and since 2016 We offered that then just to finish we have also have some work in the premises The old CISA building the CISA left so we have access to Almost half of that building with and have renovated that to make it more Appeating to to to have activities there Also the Leonardo building this building itself has been Renovated the lobby the bar discussion some more discussion of space even the guest house even though that there's more More work to be done there. I can see some before and after some of you remember how it used to look before Before and how it looks now. So things are a bit more more modern more more lightly. It's on Also here before and now we can see after Yes for that I have to recognize my wife Lisa who came out with it with this idea because he ICTP Of course, I don't want to show how it looks today because it's not yet But this was a nice one Also here how it looks The renovations for we for For the this broom you can recognize one face here. It's dressed in a different way We created the bar that This is normal with a room that a lot of space for blackboards so you can see I took this photograph at 8 a.m One of these days because any other time is full of people writing a questions So so that's that's good. And then we have actually the The timeline of ICTP that outside our auditorium and you can see it's totally Updated because you can finish at the end with the photograph of fetish So it was just renovated last week. So that's up totally up to date Also, we have a space for children in the two guest houses It's not it's not the best but at least there is some escape room for children to have some playing So there's something being done, but I'm sure there's much more to be there Okay So it's good to talk about all the success and all the things that we have achieved but also there are some things that we have Eliminated and I want to also mention that because I mean One of the things that I can say that is that Our funding has been flat For the last 10 years. So you have to to play a little bit with things so Things that were eliminated STP preprints, maybe people may remember at some point STP had all these preprints some people came and published in some of the ICTP We decided that the times are such that this is not needed worldwide. There are the archives and other things So STP preprints disappear Something that I was very sad to close and it's called something called the basic physics diploma it was an idea that came up that that the At some point some of the students from These developed countries were not qualifying even to our diploma. So we had to create a much basic physics diploma and covering the basic material that every Physicist should know at the level on the underground that was talked in a very high level way and It was a project funded by the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs for five Years when I came he was at the end of that funding period we discussed it with a scientific console People were not very supportive to continue it One of the reasons that is only for 10 students per year and given the need for so many others We were leaving many people aside. It was too expensive to bring them to Italy for that course it was so big elementary so I Took the decision that was not very popular among some of my colleagues to close it The good thing that we can say about this is that we the last year I asked all the lecturers to repeat it again We film it in a very high quality Videos we asked also the lecturers to keep the lecture notes So that material is there for people to have access online at any time But also we are using that material to be the first year of the master course that we offer now in Rwanda So in that sense not I mean this effort has been only moved to another in another Realization, so I think this is not totally lost There was the Sun group that we there was working Subjects which were already covered by the ESP groups are these ESP earth system physics group So we closed that that group There was an activity on soil physics again independent of the ESP group that we close Again, it was a traditional activity for many years and So both times were such that Things were our groups was already addressing this issue. So we didn't we didn't Continue it and the subscription to Elsevier Elsevier it was costing us as Elsevier is one of the main publishing company. So we're paying We're paying 1% of our budget Just to pay for journals for Elsevier so we decided to cancel it and Being in such a small institution as we are we cannot it was not sustainable to continue so paying for that So that's another thing we finish Okay, so marines the strategic plan had Several priorities partner institutes. I already thought the PhD program already talked the new research areas I talked the internet location and mentioned something there were videos web page and so on fundraising I haven't mentioned too much, but I can say a bit more Probably some people may not know that essentially our funds 20% of other year budget all this comes from outside sources that we collect from small amounts for Participations from one conference on another or so for fellow students for students and then they add up and this is a Substantial percentage of our our budget, which is good. We have to be active or every every scientist Remember us that the big has to be active to attract these funds But I think we have to do better and we can do try to do more be more proactive into attracting more funds Also the creation of the spanner institutes is an indirect way of attracting funds Because firstly if I if I go to China and ask them to provide funding to ICDP They would not be very supportive But if we go to China and say well, let's create together a center in China, then they will put funding there So the any activity that we have the same thing with Brazil so the activity they're organizing in Brazil We can see is whatever outcome comes out is Some funding we have helped to to to raise and it's easier to have for Brazil to fund something in Brazil Than to give us the money of us to also in the sense you can add any funding coming out Which is another 20% of the STP at the moment that has been a way to attract funding. So that's it That has been good. We have new private funding. You may so you may remember Simon's one of the richest persons in the world who's having a video also taught mathematician that has this foundation and He liked very much our associate's program. We have now as Simon's associate's the OPEC Foundation for International Development to create a new support for our Step program The KFA the Kuwait Foundation for Advanced Science They have been increasing their funding and then more recently We have also in started collaboration with the private sector for risk assessment in different aspects mostly from the air system physics group and so on We have also been active into trying to to promote ICTP so tried to eventually attract more funds by having our country reports for each country a new logo ICTP statements from famous people like Stephen Hawking and so on. We have a revamped website and so on and we have been Achieving some partial success into funding from different countries Argentina Armenia Pakistan just provided some yearly funds to ICTP and so India supporting the remedy and price and other activities Iran also The other countries like China we cost shares so is the Sun country scientist from China coming we pay local expenses They pay the the the travel and there's also the same things being planned with Algeria now and so Some of the rate IDs had created this Founder association friends of ICTP to be more flexible to eventually attract funds to ICTP We have been working with UNESCO to have a PayPal account to attract more funding But the biggest achievement I think for fundraising is this ERC You may know that ERC the European Research Council that provides that the main source of funding for basic sciences in Europe ICTP was not qualified for those fundings because we were not considered to be of European interest so We managed to convince the people to change the the law so is that starting from next year We would have I'm sorry for 2021 our scientists can all apply for this ERC grants just to give you an idea Each grant is between 1.5 and 2 million or so for five years and having several scientists getting a grant like that It's increases substantially our our budget for research and so on so we have a lot of hopes that this this New access to funding will be a major role in the in the next few years for ICTP Okay, but now also had to say mentions on failures because not everything is success when you do we are 10 years There are many things which are we don't tell them, but That don't work and but there are some things that I can tell that I don't work and I will tell them Okay, so the ones that I cannot tell I won't tell Okay, so So one of them is that at some point We work very hard with all the local institutions to create what is called what was called a trieste energy Institute and it Was a very interesting initiative that they could just for the new of the energies having in the university CDP all working together the letter and so At the end it didn't materialize after a couple of years of people working so for different reasons didn't work We were having in our lease of partner institutes that we had for there was a fifth You look at the photos of our fifties anniversary They were the fifth five directors of enters and it's so happened that Turkey there was a center in Turkey that already started and so on safe range of number of them is here had a lot to develop it, but unfortunately They were not Influential enough within their own government to apply to UNESCO of category two and so we couldn't then continue the partnership They made revives in the future, but at the moment didn't work We at some point went into a world degrees We wanted to be an institution that award PhDs or masters by ourselves without referring to all institutions. He was totally rejected We had this idea with the university's trieste is to have a masters Internet of Things and It hasn't happened, but it may happen So I hope now with this new revival of activities Internet of Things that we can reconsider that and the gender issues We would have loved to have more Partly in attracting more female members of our faculty It's something that it needs a lot of lot to be done and Then okay with that I finish so I would like just to acknowledge Many people first of all is our ICTP colleagues and initiative staff Every single person who works at ICTP is anything that we achieve we achieve together Sometimes it's unfair of the who gets the more disability or not usually the director usually Gets visibility for the success and sometimes for the faders, but some people are responsible for the success Don't get a sweet. So I very thankful for the whole community ICTP and initiatives of at every single level from maintenance to guards to people in the Difference office of the secretaries who Care very much about ICTP and they have been working and helping our mission It's very important. So I'm very thankful to all of you to all of you for helping here Helping me helping ICTP and I'm sure that the spirit of ICTP will continue and you will continue great doing great job Also the scientific community You know, it's it's very good to have top-level activities But for that we rely on top-level speakers and so on and we need the support of the whole community and then That that it's many people come just because they are very Supportive of the mission of ICTP the whole tree as the system the old institutions nearby We may manage to have a group working together to make each of us stronger by working together Our scientific council has always been there to support and to try to guide us into the different decisions So we have a group of more than 15 top scientists who have been always Helping us at the highest possible level and then guiding us to taking the right decisions The steering committee I wrote it here in alphabetical order IAEA, Italy and UNESCO you may know that Italy gives most of our support is 87% of our budget come from Italy We are very thankful for the generosity IAEA has been since the beginning of ICTP give us another 10% and UNESCO give us Administration so all together is a very complicated system But that still has been working together to to to help us with our developments and So I would like to thank ICTP for all these opportunities extraordinary years, and I always say just To make my life more meaningful in the last 10 years. I thank all of you for that. Thank you very much Okay, so thank you very much really presented. So this is a transition moment. So let me explain what is going to happen I'm here as until the Monday next week But I will take holidays to tomorrow and Monday. So I'm living we're living on Tuesday with the Lisa Attic just starts as the Director for on Tuesday, and then the next two days. I think Sandra will be the officer in charge So before we finished here, we want to think will happen I will ask Attic to say a few words because some most of you will know not already at issue But I I think will be good to Attic to introduce yourself and so and then at the end before when Attic finishes we want to take this group Group photo. So please stay in your place and at some point we try to organize it after that. We all got together To the cafeteria and we can celebrate because this will be a place to be all happy and celebrate So let's welcome Attic who is will be the next director Okay, so it's really great to see The hall is full to celebrate the achievements and the accomplishments of the last ten years during Fernanda's tenure here thanks to His leadership and also the work of all of you and many colleagues who have worked tirelessly to make it happen so I can say that I have inherited the Institute in a basically very sound condition and I wish Fernando and Eliza both All the best in your next step. Thank you very much. I see tip you will miss you if you Miss Sunny Trieste, you're always welcome to visit us here any time even after Brexit So looking ahead, I will just say a few words. It's it's really a great honor and a great responsibility to lead a world-class center like ICTP and This very ICTP has a very unique global mission I've said this a few times that of international cooperation through excellence in science and I have seen its impact in the developing world all over the world In particularly in my own country So it's something that is really close to my heart and I think the experience of the last 50 years shows that the original vision of ICTP has been overwhelmingly vindicated and Now is the time to think for the future So there is the saying by Confucius that study the past if you wish to define the future so I sort of found this very marvelous book which is a 30th anniversary of ICTP and I just wanted to learn What was how how did Salam think about the role of ICTP and how it relates to the world? And it's I have to say it was quite it was quite insightful. It has essays from various people People from various scientists the chairman of our council at the time people from UNESCO and from IAA and I have to say it was quite it's quite insightful and many of the observations are refreshingly contemporary But of course many things have changed the world has changed Science has changed So I think we need to Rethink all these priorities again. How do we want to focus ICTP? What role it should it should play in the changing world and how you want to go about it? and this will be my first six months that will be the my exercise that I would like to engage with the all the staff here and the scientific community the scientists here to really sharply define in in which direction we would like to go from now on and I hope I mean it's it's ICTP is really a great institution but I I think we should have the ambition to aspire To reach for even greater heights and I hope we will succeed with support of all of you. Thank you Thank you very much Attish is so So now is the difficult moment. So you have to you can see Roberto will be some gymnastics somehow So it looks apparently the best thing to do is to each of you off each of us stand up and Then they can capture the fit of photograph from there


Barber is more like a motorcycle track, but Indica has been racing for a long time. That's why I made my debut last year, finished 10s. A very, very fast track for Indica. A lot of grip, definitely one of the most physical one of the season, but enough talking and let's go for a lap. We've made quite a tricky bit exit here, especially on full power in the race. And we're going to that turn to super long corner to the turn five. It's like a long way. There's a few options you can run here. A little wider side and a tricky break here. Well, okay, survived it, but it's very, very blind and then we go on to the back straight. That on one corner, that part is flat, but now on four corners. I end up at 12th very super high speed. By the car gets super light on angle, long braking for 10-16 here. Stay one on the right, the last corner. Don't miss the apex, just do it. Back to turn one, blind and turn two. Try to carry some good speed in and go on for the early, but I'm just saying it's a super long corner. Very hard to get right, especially when it's fast on the left. On to the middle part. That's the other option, just go a little bit wider, open the exit. Turn two, not go too wide, very, very hard. The car just goes down here and then on the exit, yep. Do that for the air bin, that was a little bit late. Hardest part of this little track, touch and then brake again to go down that section. Early on follow, that's gonna be a long straight line where it's flat out again, blind apex to go into 12th, 13th. That's how it gets to the right, letting the car balance, it's really too long today, you keep completely the inside of the head. I'll try to open it and then on to the last corner, on the car, and on to the start and then start again.


Welcome to Quantum Field Theory 6 – Interacting Fields. In this video, we bring together all our results so far to arrive at a quantum field theory in which the electron and photon quantum fields interact. This will allow us to describe the radiation and absorption of photons by atoms as well as other processes, such as a photon scattering from an electron. First, let's review our theory so far, starting with the photon field, which was the focus of video 3 of this series. We show that in quantum field theory, the classical electromagnetic field, described by vector potential A, becomes an operator, A hat.  E k is a unit vector in the direction of photon propagation. E k 1 and E k 2 are two polarization directions, orthogonal to each other, and to E k. Spatial dependence is through factors E to the plus or minus i k dot x. This varies periodically along the E k direction, where the spatial period lambda is the wavelength of the radiation mode. The frequency omega k equals the magnitude of the k vector.  The field operator A hat contains creation and destruction operators for all possible photons. For compactness going forward, we will absorb the time factors into the creation and destruction operators. In video three, we develop this expression for the Hamiltonian of the radiation field. Here A hat k alpha plus times A hat k alpha minus is the number operator that extracts the number of photons in the k alpha radiation mode. In video two, we discussed how the one half term, summed over an infinite number of modes, gives an infinite so-called zero point energy. We will ignore this infinite constant as unobservable, a process we might call energy renormalization. The expectation value of the radiation Hamiltonian is then the sum over all modes of the mode frequency times the number of mode photons. Recall that we use natural units in which the speed of light C and Planck's constant over 2 pi, h bar, both equal one. So a photon energy, h bar omega, becomes simply omega. In video four, we develop the non-relativistic quantum field theory of the electron field and a hydrogen atom. The electron field becomes an operator, psi hat minus, equal to the sum over all electron modes of B hat k minus times e to the minus i omega k t times psi k of x. For the conjugate form, psi hat plus, we replace B hat k minus by B hat k plus and conjugate the other two factors. We will also absorb these time factors into the B hat operators. The psi k function gives the spatial dependence of the electron wave function for the k-th stationary state of the atom. These are the SPD and so on hydrogen orbitals. These are described in some detail in video six of the quantum mechanics series. The hydrogen atom Hamiltonian is 1 over 2 Me, p squared plus u of x, where Me is the electron mass, p is the momentum operator, and u is the potential energy due to the proton-electron electrostatic interaction. The stationary states satisfy h hat psi k equals ek psi k, where ek is the stationary state energy, h bar omega k, which reduces to just omega k in our natural units. The operators B hat k plus and minus create and destroy, respectively, an electron in the mode k. For a wave function psi of x, the expectation value of the Hamiltonian is the integral over all space of psi conjugate times the Hamiltonian applied to psi. Substituting the psi hat minus and plus operators for psi and psi conjugate, respectively, we obtain the quantum field form of the atomic Hamiltonian. This can be rewritten as the sum over m, sum over n of the integral over all space of psi m conjugate times en times psi n times B hat m plus times B hat n minus. The wave functions of the stationary atomic states are orthonormal. So this integral is 0 if m and n differ, and is em if m equals n. Therefore, the atomic Hamiltonian reduces to the sum over m of em times B hat m plus times B hat m minus. This product of creation and destruction operators is the electron number operator, and the expectation value of H hat a is the sum over all atomic modes of the mode energy times the number of mode electrons. For a single hydrogen atom, one mode will have a single electron while all the other modes will have zero. Now we come to the new material, the interaction Hamiltonian for the atomic and radiation fields. In video five, we saw that in classical mechanics, if a particle with charge q has momentum p, then replacing p with p minus q times a in the particle Hamiltonian will give the Hamiltonian for the particle in the presence of an electromagnetic field a. In the quantum case, we make the same replacement, but using the corresponding operators. In our case, the particle is an electron with mass m e and charge minus e.  We expanded this expression in video five. The result is the original hydrogen Hamiltonian plus two terms. Plugging these terms into the expectation formula gives us the quantum field interaction Hamiltonian. This expression is complicated, so let's work with one term at a time. We denote the part of the interaction Hamiltonian corresponding to the first term by H hat i prime, and the part corresponding to the second term by H hat i double prime. A hat x is the x component of the A hat operator. It's obtained by simply replacing the unit vector e k alpha with its projection along the x axis e k alpha dot e x, and likewise for a hat y and a hat c. It's convenient to break these into two parts, one with the destruction operators and the other with the creation operators. Since photons are destroyed when absorbed and created when emitted, these parts of the A hat operators correspond to absorption and emission processes. The momentum operators p hat x, p hat y, and p hat z are minus i times the derivative with respect to the corresponding x, y, or z coordinate. Let's first calculate H hat i prime with only the A hat x, p hat x term, and only the absorption term for A hat x. We obtain the expression shown here. This has the form sum over all electron states m, sum over all electron states n, sum over all photon states k alpha of a coefficient max prime times the product of the creation operator for electron state m, the destruction operator for electron state n, and the destruction operator for photon state k alpha. Much of the physics is buried in the rather intimidating expression for the coefficient. This is where the specific electron orbitals and photon propagation vector and polarization effects come into play. If we repeat this process for the y and z operator components and combine the results, we obtain H hat i a prime, the absorption part of the H hat i prime operator. Here the coefficient ma prime is the sum of the max prime, may prime, and maz prime coefficients. The same steps but using the emission part of a hat produces H hat i e prime, the emission part of the H hat i prime operator. Instead of photon destruction operators, this contains photon creation operators. The coefficient me prime is also the sum of x, y, and z components. These are the same as for the absorption case with e to the minus ik dot x in place of e to the ik dot x. The complete H hat i prime operator is the sum of the emission and absorption parts. This contains groups of operators that create a photon, destroy an electron, and create an electron.  These are precisely the operations that in video four we claimed the interaction Hamiltonian must contain in order to account for photon absorption and emission processes. H hat i prime contains operators that can create or destroy any photon state and destroy and create any electron states. But this does not mean that all such quantum jumps are possible. The coefficients mb prime and ma prime determine the probabilities for these processes. If a coefficient is zero, then the process is impossible. The time dependent factors that we absorbed into the creation and destruction operators also play a role. In video four we saw that perturbation theory predicts a process will be significant only if the product of these time factors is constant through time. For emission this requires omega m plus omega k equals omega n which tells us that the energy of the created electron and photon must equal the energy of the destroyed electron. For absorption omega m equals omega n plus omega k. The energy of the created electron must equal the energy of the destroyed electron and photon. These requirements are simply statements of the conservation of energy. Let's now consider the a squared term of the interaction Hamiltonian. This is a constant times the sum of a hat x squared plus a hat y squared plus a hat z squared. Putting this term into our expectation expression produces h hat i double prime. A hat x squared is the product of a hat x with itself. This will have two summations over photon states. We use k alpha for the first summation and l beta for the second. Expanding the product of the corresponding photon creation and destruction factors will produce four types of terms. One will be a product of destruction operators. These will destroy two photons. One in state k alpha and the other in state l beta. Another product creates two photons. One in the k alpha state and the other in the l beta state. A third product destroys one photon in the k alpha state and simultaneously creates another in the l beta state. And the fourth product creates a photon in the k alpha state while destroying one in the l beta state. The third and fourth products are just different bookkeeping versions of the same process. When combined with electron destruction and creation operators, these describe two photon processes. These tend to be much weaker than one photon processes. The details require calculation of the process coefficients, which we do not do now. One situation where two photon processes can be important are when one photon transitions are not possible. Here are Feynman diagrams of these two photon processes. In a simultaneous photon destruction and creation process, a photon and electron interact. A quantum jump occurs in which they are both destroyed. Simultaneously, a photon and electron are created. For two photon absorption, an electron and two photons interact. They are all destroyed and an electron is created. For two photon emission, an electron is destroyed and an electron and two photons are created. One subtle aspect of two photon processes is that for given initial and final electron state energies, conservation of energy constrains only the difference or sum of the two photon energies. So there is typically a continuous range of possible photon states that can take part in the transition. And all those possibilities need to be taken into account when analyzing a two photon transition between given electron states.


Welcome to Access to Trader, the number one community for those who are committed to taking control of their trading in order to achieve success, profitability, and longevity. Thank you for joining us. Here's Dan Shapiro to help you find your edge, master your process, and own your future. Hey guys, good evening everybody. Welcome to another edition of TheAxisTrader.com. We get up to show hope everybody is doing well. Hope everybody had a great trading week. We'll talk about the overall actions, overall ramifications, all that good stuff that comes with, you know, comes with technical analysis. And I think a lot of people that weren't on board with technical analysis via, if you're only experienced with trading is through social media. Some people say, well, technical analysis, it's BS and all that stuff. Well, I guess, you know, I guess it was just, you know, it was just inevitable in just a coincidence that stocks prices started imploding and we lost a 50-day moving average. So, but again, that's just another time, another place for discussion. If you are brand new to the channel here, guys, welcome aboard. You know, like, share, subscribe to it, right? We'll try to give you 15 minutes each evening of unbiased technical analysis based on the market that we have and not the market that we want. So let's talk about the overall view. If you've been watching this broadcast just for the last month, right, you kind of know what happened. It was so innocent and you could quickly see how the market just turns on a dime. We've been hugging this massive, massive trend line about the 20-day moving average since January the 11th when the Q's reclaimed the 50-day moving average. And we had a 40% rally in the market and slowly but surely things started happening. We lost the 20-day moving average and we started building below the 20-day moving average. And again, if you are brand new to trading or brand new to the channel, the whole premise of the PS60 theory is stocks trade from supply to supply. But when they start breaking down, they start trading from demand into demand. So when we started building below the 20-day moving average, that was my first video that I put out and say, Hey guys, I'm not saying to be cautious, I'm not saying to be worried, but be a little cautious, right? Usually when we start building below supply, you're probably going to get to the next demand zone. And they said, look, I don't want to put the cart in front of the horse, but this is a real possibility. And the majority of people turn around and go, it's not a big deal, buy the dip, bro, buy the dip. Okay, cool. So we lost the 20-day moving average and for the next three, four days we went sideways. And ultimately we started getting hit into the 50-day moving average. And then all of a sudden going from be a little bit cautious, now, hey, the 50-day moving average is real. And if it gets violated, again, look it back at December 2022, it could be a problem. Just buy the dip, bro, cool. So here we are, right? Here we are four days later, five days later, we are building below the 50-day moving average. And unless you haven't been trading for the last four or five days, you know exactly what's been happening, okay? Stocks have been slowly liquidating, okay? And that's what it is. You've seen some incredible moves to the downside. We talked about a handful of names, the index prices, the ETF pivots.  You know, that's 76.50, you could see what happened. Roblox, we talked about on Wednesday nights video, right, below the earnings low. Look what happened.  DoCN, we talked about the earnings low. This one happened. Snapchat, we talked about the earnings low. It took six days, but finally got a dollar in change out of this thing. So the market is slowly but surely performing technical damage below the 50-day moving average. The only way you can get bullish, right? You can get absolutely bullish is if the market starts climbing, gets exhausted, starts climbing back and reclaims the 50, and right now the 50-day moving average is somewhere around 370 on the queue. So you could tell we're 12 points away from the 50-day moving average. Now keep this in mind. This is where I always reiterate this point. 85% of 2022 was sell biased, right? The other 15% were dead cat bounce. Really days that the sellers has got tired for that specific day and the stocks that got murdered went up a dollar, went up a dollar in change, and then two days later they turned around and started taking out the lows. That's exactly what happened with a lot of names today. You know, stocks got killed this week. This scoreboard is really not going to paint the picture. If you look at the indexes, all three benchmarks were down 2% plus, but the most important part is how they were getting liquidated. It's all at one point. Once you hit Thursday going into Wednesday going into Thursday going into today, they were just throwing stocks out at any prices. And when you look at names, the biggest names that make up the mega cap world, right? Look at Tesla, right? Look at Tesla. Tesla lost the 50-day moving average. Guys, remember that video I made? Guys, if Tesla takes out the 50-day moving average, it's going to have a problem. So the next day, obviously, went up three points.   Yada, yada, yada. Here we are, right? Tesla broke down below 270, you know, stock went to 212 today. Okay, that's the power of the 50-day moving average. What you could see here, even when it was below the 50-day moving average and that trend was lower, you had spikes, right? You had random spikes. Random spikes ultimately to go down. Random spikes ultimately to go down. And today it wasn't even a spike, but at least it went off its lows. Same thing with names, you know, like Amazon. Amazon had actually great numbers. You guys remember, had great numbers, and look what the stock did. Again, so they're selling off not only stocks that missed their numbers. They're selling off stocks that hit their numbers. Look at Google, for example, right? Look at Google. Google looked like it was holding up, holding up, holding up, and today it got hit. And the only reason it got saved was this linear regression line. So you're seeing a lot of names. And the most untouchable one, NVIDIA, who still has earnings going to next week finally lost its 50-day moving average. We had a nice little pivot on NVIDIA today. Stock, to its credit, definitely rallied way off its lows. And now the catalyst, its earnings, I believe it's next week or the week after. I have to check the calendar. But that's kind of where we are right now. So if you watch this broadcast and turn around and said, right, you're having a different view of the market today than somebody that said, oh, wait a minute, maybe it does make a little bit of sense. Above the 50-day moving average is bullish. Below the 50-day moving average is bearish, right? And kind of here we are. And again, remember, the market is not going to go down every single day. It's impossible. The worst bear markets, again, we're not calling this a bear mark. I'm just using it as an example. But the worst bear markets in the world, whether it was 2022, 2007, 2008, right? After 9-11, it still gave really aggressive moves to the upside. It really did. And those days, like I said in a Wednesday's video, you have two choices. You could either play the dead cat balances, but that's what they are. They're dead cat balances. Their stocks, they usually would go up $2, $3, $4, $5 on a bullish sentiment. Now they're going up $0.50 a dollar, which is like pulling teeth. And every single down tick of the future hits the stock down $1. It's not the easiest game to play. Or if you're a trend trader, and I believe I try to instill that psychology for everybody in the webinar, beat the trend. Don't go against the trend. Be the trend. Or you could leave those days alone, see what you could get, maybe get some rejections, maybe get a little bit of bounces, whatever the case may be, and wait for the trend to resume in that direction. Here's kind of where we start the week, right? Whether you appreciated kind of the amount of respect the 50-day moving average held had before it broke, or now you're just kind of in Nolmian's land, you can still make positive decisions, make positive choices to kind of protect yourself going into Monday. What's done is done. What's done is done. The NASDAQ, the Qs have literally gone from 374 to 354 in six days, right? Somebody's going to turn around and say, well, the market is oversold in. Guys, we are up 34% for the year still. How could the market be oversold? Just think about that for a second. Take a step back and turn around and say, the market's up 34%. How can we be oversold? Doesn't make any sense. Okay, is it possible we get a one or two-day debt cat rally next week? Yeah, it looks like that way, right? It looks like that way. I wouldn't be surprised Monday or Tuesday we get a rally back into the five-day moving average, but that's where the five-day moving average. This is where you want to sell stocks. This is where you want to establish a short position in the five-day. As we all know, when the five-day moving average is good on the upside, right, it keeps on holding and bouncing, keeps on holding and bouncing. Well, look at the downside. Look at this orange line, right? Look at this orange line. Look what happens when it hits the orange line, right? Orange line sell, orange line sell, orange line sell, orange line sell. You get the point here, right? Orange line sell, orange line sell. So what we want to see next week, and again, it might take a day or two, we want to see the market rally back into the five-day, and if it gets rejected off the five-day, that's where you want to establish a position for the next leg down. Because again, until we start breaking the cycle of lower highs and lower lows, and that's exactly what we're doing, we're going to continue to build below the 50-day moving average. And it's very, very important to understand that. If you're holding a book, if you're holding investments, again, you don't need to be a helpless lamb, you know, deer in headlights. Short some ETFs against your book, short some Qs, short some spies. Do something proactive that if this sell-off, right, if this sell-off is going to prolong a week, two weeks, two, three months, who knows? We don't know. We can't see the future, right? At least your book is protected. Your money is safe, not sitting there and bleeding every single day and hoping the God of the market eventually stops going down. Eventually it will. You know, history has proven that. But it really does show you the importance of technical analysis. I've been beating down the throats of anybody who would listen to the importance of technical analysis, and now you have two people kind of going into Monday. And they were prepared for the 50-day breakdown when we short the market or the people who sat there and go, buy the dip, bro, buy the dip. And here we are. So going into Monday, look, I think we could have one or two days of two things happening. I think we're going to enter a stalemate come Monday or Tuesday, which basically means I think there's a shot the market attempts to rally in the next day or so. Again, the overall trend is still down. And I'm obviously going to be looking for names. I'll give you guys some names that I'm watching this week. But I think there could be a stalemate. Some stocks could be up. Some stocks could be down. But ultimately what I'd like to see happen this week is for us to rally into the five-day moving average, get rejected, establish a short position there. And if we start rolling over, again, the trend will continue. So we talked about a whole bunch of names this week, key levels, Apple, Roblox, Snap, DoCN, Potato, Potato, Tomato, Tomato, whatever it is, we covered a lot of ground. I'm going to give you guys some names that I'm watching for this week. Again, do they have to confirm? They don't have to confirm. Nothing has to happen. But I say in every single video, right, isn't it most important just to be prepared? And that's exactly what we want to do. We want to be prepared. So let me give you guys some names. Again, they don't necessarily have to confirm for a Monday session. But let's talk about some names, right? Look at Disney's chart. It might be a little bit later in the week. Maybe it will. Maybe it won't. But look how many times Disney has held the bottom channel here. Guys, take a look at this thing. Look how many times it's held the bottom channel here. Eventually, the next time through this bottom channel, Disney could start a two-three-day decline if it gets below. Again, it's still a little bit of ways. But I'm watching Disney this week. If it starts getting below this channel here, this thing can snap here. Look at a name like FTNT, right? And I know I'm starting to give you guys some earnings low swings that we've been doing. That's one of my favorite setups. I've been doing them for years. Again, this week, with this week, we had Roblox. Snap actually started last Friday. I finally closed it out today. DOCN, I started on Wednesday. These are all earnings low. So basically, a stock blows up in earnings, goes sideways. Once it starts losing its earnings lows, it starts going a two-three-four-day decline. So let me give you guys a couple of names that I am watching for this week. Look at FTNT, right? It got blown up on earnings. It went up a little bit. Now it's slowly coming down. I'm watching the earnings lows on FTNT. If this thing starts losing the earnings lows, this thing could start a two-three-four-day decline, definitely watching that. Donut, Krispy Kreme donut. Again, same thing here. Again, it probably doesn't confirm in the next couple of days. But guys, set an alert. That's the whole point. Keep setting alerts for things just because they don't confirm on a specific day. It doesn't mean they won't in the future. I'm watching Krispy Kreme donuts as well for a potential earnings low push as well. A stock like IPG, everybody see the theme? Earnings lows. IPG looks good as well. There's actually one name. A couple of names actually look good. Let me give you guys one name to the upside in case we rally. Look at HR Block. Like an HR Block. HR Block has actually good earnings. It's just consolidating and flagging higher. Keep an eye on this thing of earnings. If it starts taking out its earnings highs, what's the opposite of earnings lows? Maybe this thing goes on a couple of day run. But it's going to be very, very tough guys and stay long anything. Because again, no matter how strong the stock is, if 10,000 stocks are taking out lows, eventually the buyers are going to get frustrated. They're going to get jammed up and eventually they will leave and bids will leave with them. All you guys who are in the webinar, guys, again, congratulations. Great, great work this week. Great, great work this week. I know a lot of you guys took advantage of the last couple of days to taking advantage of the price that we provided to hang out in the webinar. You kind of already see after a couple of days the power of the pivot.  So I look forward to working you guys as well. But make sure this weekend, guys, take a deep breath, relax. Do something nice for yourself. Summer is in its last inning. We have about seven, eight months of nasty weather ahead of us. So we have about three, four solid weeks of good weather. Be a better friend to yourself. Do something nice.  Make sure you smile every day. Make sure you do something that's going to uplift another human being, whether it's a smile, a nice gesture, or doing something selfless. But it doesn't cost you anything perhaps somebody to make you feel good. Guys, have a great night. God bless. Have a stay weekend. And God's help. I'll see you on Monday. Take care.