Hello everyone, welcome to theCUBE's coverage at Bryant-Talaby here, with Ahana AI. Ahara AI. Ahara AI. Bryant-Talaby here with Ahara AI. We are at the CUBE post-party networking event, special on the ground, extended coverage. Brian, we were at the Futurist, not the Futurist Conference, the Futurist Blockchain, which was the Monaco Crypto Summit over at the promotion. Now we're at the VIP Gala. The Prince is here, a lot of actions happening. You had a chance to look at all the presentations, look at all the heavy hitters here. Kind of a movement going on right now. Absolutely. Well, first of all, I think it's absolutely amazing that Prince Albert II put this all together. He obviously understands the future, understands technology. It's absolutely brilliant. And Julio as well, I mean, is incredible. So I take off my hat to all the people that put this event together. And the speakers were brilliant. I mean, did you see all the speakers, the technologies that they've built, have the potential to radically transform billions of people's lives? It's interesting, you know, I've been covering crypto for a very long time and watching it emerge, and then it started exploding. And there's always been, and I saw this with the web too early on, legit versus not legit. And all early markets have the hype cycles go down and up, and you always kind of have that. But now we're starting to see legitimate tie-in between physical digital assets, where the confidence of the business value, societal value, government value, all across the spectrum. Every vertical, every use case has got a decentralized vibe going on right now because it's a forcing function. And here in Monteville, the price of the team are leaning into it because I think they see the future because they can answer their legacy. Yeah, absolutely. And look, you're absolutely right about this because this downturn that we're facing, especially this new crypto winter, I think is the best thing that could possibly have happened to the crypto space because what it's doing is pushing out the, let's call them the less than honest brokers within the crypto community, the people that were just in it for a buck, the pump and dumpers and so forth. It's really pushing those folks out and the companies that remain are the true technologists that aren't looking at crypto as just a speculative asset, but rather an underlying technology that can transform the way that we engage with the world in a decentralized way. Yeah, Brian, we didn't mention the intro, but you also do investment. I do. I do a lot of things going on. You got a great history, great pedigree of seeing the ways of innovation in the past. That's the investment question. Are you looking for the money or are you looking to make it happen, mission? That becomes kind of like the probing question. Someone comes to the table, hey, I need some cash, would you fund me? What's your exit strategy? I want to make it exit in two years. Okay, you're out. It's almost that easy now, right? To figure out who's in it for the money, who's in it for the mission. Yeah, the mission's successful. You make a lot of money. That's exactly right. Look, one of my mentors once taught me if money like power is only a mass in great amounts if indirectly soft. Because money by itself is not intrinsically a motivator. And so what we do at AB Plus Ventures, my venture capital fund, is we only invest, not only in companies that are impact-driven and have the capacity to impact a billion people, but we invest in founders that are climbing their third or fourth mountain. So these are people who've already made their money. They either had a couple big exits at over $100 million, or they became rock stars, or they became astronauts. They did things where they achieved the highest levels of achievement, and now are building technologies because they believe that they're going to impact the world in a meaningful way. They kind of know what's important, right? They made some money, they've been successful. They have scar tissue and experience to apply, almost say for the legacy of it, but more for value, for everybody. Absolutely. All right, so I got to ask you about your current venture. I know you've got some good action going on, it's growing really good. As they say in golf, it's middle of the fairway, it's growing, it's got momentum. It's a turban market, it probably has some offers on the table. I mean, I could imagine all the AI you've got going on, the blockchain, it's very attractive, it's a hard problem, but it's the first inning, not even. Yeah, we're very early. Look, we've been building our technologies, the deep tech platform we've been building for four and a half years. There's a whole bunch of offers on the table to buy us, but look, the reality is, right now is a fantastic hiring opportunity. There's a lot of amazing talent out there that now wants to come to us, which is great, number one. Number two, if you look back to the 2000.com bubble, what you saw is all of the companies that didn't really solve real problems went away, and it left a more oxygen in the room for the companies that were really solving problems that needed to be solved. And those are now all trillion dollar companies. Brian, you and I both got a little gray hair, so let's talk about that.  People bought pet food online, groceries delivered to their house. To your point, the things actually happened. So the visions and the aspirations were correct. Timing and capital markets, green. Sure. Is there similarities going on in crypto? Is it the crypto winter leading out those pretenders? Is that what you're saying? Well, there's definitely a lot of similarities there, but if you look at the example that you used, right? Pets.com versus Amazon. People are still buying pet food online. I buy all my pet supplies from my two puppies online. However, if you look at the reason that Amazon works, it's because of their supply chain and the innovations that they created on being able to deliver anything to you within a day or two days in an extremely cost effective manner. It wasn't just because they had a website and they did some hand wavy stuff to say, isn't this a good idea? You actually have to have the underlying operational capability and innovation from a technology standpoint to make it happen. And so when we talk about crypto, over the past number of years, and I've been in the crypto space for a long time, as you have, there's been a lot of hand wavy stuff. There's been a lot of people like, wouldn't this be a good idea? But then you have the true operators that are able to find the underlying competitive advantages that actually make it work. And that's what I'm interested in. I'd love to get your thoughts on that. First of all, great point. If you look at, like I was just commenting earlier, I was asking the question, what I think. And I said, well, I do a lot of reporting and analysis on cloud computing. I watch what Amazon Web Services has done from many, many years ago and all the followers now. Scale, data, higher level services are all happening and it's bringing a lot of value. Okay, that's going to come to crypto. And so, okay, the thoughts aren't connected there yet, but we've got this, but one of the things that has proven to be a success criteria, ecosystems, when you have enabling technology like digital bits, for instance, there's kind of a main powering of this ecosystem here. The value that's being created on top of it has to be a step function or multiple of the cost or operational cost to deploy the platform. Okay, so that's kind of in the concept that we're in. You've got to decentralize. What's your thoughts on that? Because now you have a lot of potential ecosystems that could connect together because there's no one centralized ecosystem. But how do you get that? How do you square that circle, so to speak? What's your take on that? How does ecosystems play into DeFi, Decentralization, DApps, blockchain? So what you're really talking about is interoperability. So again, if you use an analogy, if we look back to the late 90s, when Web 1.0 was really flourishing and then in the 2000s where everybody created their own websites, people went to the World Wide Web, but every company had their own website. They had their own social media platform. They had their entire Salesforce platform or what have you. So everyone had their entire separate organization. And so I suspect that the future of crypto is going to be very similar where there's going to be a bunch of different metaverses, a bunch of different ecosystems, but someone's going to come along and I think there's a number of people on the back end that are actually working on this. Some of them are really brilliant that are going to create an interoperable mechanism for people to jump from metaverse to metaverse from chain to chain in a completely easy experience from a user experience standpoint where you don't have to have a PhD in crypto, so to speak, that doesn't exist, but you don't have to have that level of- Well, if you're working on crypto for the past five years, you've got a PhD. Basically.  Well, that's a good point. So I'm looking for that fact to enable it, right? Because TCPIP was an example in the old days, you know, the levels of the stack that never, TCPIP is part of the OSI model. It's just a interconnect. That layer, nothing good. Above it was open. It was just hard and tough, but TCPIP, the rest was all standard. Ethernet, token ring, data layer, and then end cards. That worked. The industry could galvanize around that. I'm waiting for the crypto moment now where what is going to be that? Cloud need is Kubernetes and service connection and whatnot. What, is there anything on the horizon that you see that has that kind of coalescent ecosystem? Let's get, if we all get behind this, we all win rather than chasing crumbs. Sure. The bigger pie, rising tide, all that stuff. Well, so I think there's a really interesting analogy from a couple of hundred years ago on this. So most people don't realize that when the United States first had their railroad system, which was the innovative infrastructure play at the time, each state or each region had their own systems. They had different sized railroads. So what would happen if you were trying to ship a bunch of grain from one part of the country to the other, you would take it by train, you get to a train station, you'd have to take everything off, put it on a different train on a different set of train tracks. You would go a couple of states over, you'd have to do that again, go a couple of states over, you'd have to do that again. Eventually what happened is the federal government came in and said, hey, we need to create a system of policies around one set of rules for all trains and all logistics across the country. And so I do think there's a role for governments to come together, along with the operators and the companies to work collaboratively together to say, hey, what are the regulations? What are the rules of the road? How do we make sure we get all the scam artists out of the system? How do we create a system that actually works for everybody? Now, there's always dangers there, right? You have regulatory capture, sometimes the government oftentimes, they're slow, they don't understand the technology, so they come down with a heavy hand. And so, if it's done properly, and it's not just the United States alone, by the way, it's all the countries in the world now at this point, it's a global effort, exactly. But if we're able to bring together people that are much smarter than me, from the public and private sectors, as well as the nonprofit sectors, together to come up with one set of rules, I think that will enable crypto to massively expand across the entire globe. What are you passionate about right now?  You can do a project with your startup, start a company, AI, it's in the hot area. What's going on? What's your top goal for the year? So, there's two things. Number one, my company, or her AI, is my baby. It's where I spend 70, 80 hours a week. We invent a technology that enables people to learn three to five times faster than traditional education. Because I believe that education is the first step, it's the first variable that impacts all of the sustainable development goals, impacts the world in a very real way. I'm not wearing my pin, I always point to that, yeah. But then the second thing I'm super focused on is existential risk. Look, so I throw a lot of events where I bring together four categories of people, CEOs of impact driven companies, investors, whether they're VCs or billionaires or family offices, global experts and celebrities that want to use their influence for a good in the world. And one of the speakers that I had at one of my events is a guy at Stanford who runs their lab on existential risk. What he told the group and what he told me is according to Stanford and all the researchers, there's a one in six chance that we're all gonna go extinct by 2050. One in six, that's a dice roll. And so to me, the most important thing I can do is bring people together that have capacity, have resources, have capabilities to address these drivers of existential risk because selfishly, I don't want to live in a dystopian hellscape. All right, thanks for coming on. We're going to get back on the dinner. Great to see you. Thank you very much. theCUBE after dark, extended hours. Look at us, we're going the whole day. VIP Gallup, Prince Albert, the team, Digital Bits, theCUBE, all here at the yacht club in Monaco, and John Furrier. Thanks for watching.


So I want to take us back to thinking about the source areas of the migrants As they leave rural areas, what's what's happening to them? Before I really do that I want to motivate a little bit So I think a third of my presentation is gonna be motivation and then I'm gonna talk through a bit of a review of the literature or the what I a bit of a review of the literature let's call it The empirical literature on the linkage between migration and agriculture So at least if nothing else I really want to convince you that we have to take an empirical look at these questions Rather than just a theoretical look because the theoretical look won't tell us exactly. What's what's happening? So just to motivate a bit Volunt and I'm also gonna not talk so much about quote-unquote forced migration Forced migrations, maybe not the greatest term I've been thinking about that for a second piece that I'm writing right now, but I'm not thinking about environmental displacement I'm not talking about conflict displacement I'm talking about people who are making decisions to leave to make their Presumably to make their lives better off Okay, so that said we know that there's there's an empirical regularity and Jacob Showed this this morning. I think That countries with higher GDP have a lower share of labor in agriculture Migrants might go to urban areas They might also go to rural areas and in fact in the micro data from from sub-Saharan Africa We see quite a bit of migration from rural to rural areas So just this this picture some of you have seen those of you who are here for yaku's presentation I've seen this picture before Today, I'm gonna show you another graph where I made up the letters because I was on the plane But that's coming There I go saying something stupid on the camera right away the This is another look at it though So this is looking at just a cross-section anybody can pull this out of the the world Development indicators this took me 10 minutes literally to make and I first saw this graph in graduate school Taylor and Martin had it in the handbook a Similar graph in the handbook of agricultural economics on migration and agriculture in 2001 This is the 2016 data. It has exactly the same pattern as the 2001 data. So it's really it's it's still there Basically is what I'm trying to tell you It's also in the world development report in 2008 similar graph. So you can you can you can go home and make this graph It's really easy To show you a different view. This is what's happening to the rural population share in the 10 largest developing Quote-unquote developing countries. I guess anything down to to middle-income countries So by population so we see that Ethiopia has the highest this is a 20 year look So from 1996 to 2015 In every single country we see the rural or the rural population shared decline over those those 20 years So several countries have gone below Indonesia and China are now below 50% But everybody's seeing a movement into urban area every country is seeing in a movement into urban areas And we also know that fertility rates are actually lower in urban areas So this is kind of should naturally be increasing slightly Okay, so that's to convince you that that rural urban Rural urban migration is a pretty important issue to be thinking about Okay, second issue is that international migration is more complicated from a rural perspective, but One many small countries rely on remittances for a substantial share of GDP To migration is quite not the largest share of GDP for some of these larger economies Bangladesh Pakistan the Philippines Mexico, but it's an important source of labor for those those countries and Actually international migrant the international migrant origin is often from rural areas and and I've just been putting pulling this Whoops, okay, so this is so second slide will be that graph, but the first one here is just remittances as a share of GDP Is is actually 30% in Nepal 30% in Liberia 29% in Tajikistan, so they're quite a lot of small countries. I've actually from this I took a Mix of countries I left out the Pacific Islands because those have extremely high shares of GDP from remittances Even a country like Bangladesh with a country with a population of 160 million has eight almost eight percent of its GDP coming in from remittances So remittances can be a really substantial share of of GDP for some countries I Think I took a mix from different different Continents in this context This is the the point on international migrant migration from rural areas. I've just been pulling these these Statistics together. This is actually hard to find data on What I've got here on the y-axis is the percent of international migrants who came from rural areas and then the share of the population that's rural on the the x-axis and You can see that there'd be like a 45 degree line and most of the countries here in that I've found data for Fall on the the 45 degree line So the the data gent the data here are difficult to find in part because you need a fairly large data source That has migration information in it to be able to come up with a figure like this And then if it's not a census a few of these are censuses But if it's not a census then you need to have accurately defined weights to place on the the figures So to get that right is actually only possible for some countries But what what I know if I've seen some people say I'm gonna assume no international migration from rural areas Absolutely, not true. It turns out that international migration is very often at least Originating from rural areas and so international migration can really have an impact on on agriculture is the point of this this figure Okay, the third thing so okay, so now we know hopefully you're convinced Rural urban migration is happening or rural rural rural rural or migration is also happening But rural urban migration is is happening International migration from rural areas is also happening at at fairly large rates So what I want to ask is really what are those? What is what are the effects of migration or increasing migration on the rural economies that migrants are leaving? Okay, so what I'm going to do is first of all I'm going to step back to an issue that Andrea and Julie were just talking about which is the rural urban what I'm going to call the labor productivity gap and There's a very interesting debate going on in the literature right now that has some important policy relevance So I want to cover that in five minutes or something Which is whether the rural urban labor productivity gap, which is this high rostadaro kind of concept Is that due to migrant selectivity? Meaning is it just Individual characteristics of the migrants themselves that drive that gap or is it restrictions of some sort or migration costs that drive that gap Okay, and if it's the two have very different policy implications if you want to generate higher incomes So I want to kind of talk through that for a few minutes And then I want to talk so we'll do that then when I talk about how migration should effects rural economies thinking primarily about agriculture Briefly probably talk very briefly talk about a conceptual framework and then describe some of the evidence in the literature Related to effects of migration on agricultural production various types of investment and then risk coping which gets into the the more of the Lucas and Stark type of Model and I'll hopefully then not have used up all my time So I have a little bit of time to talk about conclusions related to policy although I'm going to try to sprinkle that in throughout Okay, so let's talk a bit about the non the agricultural non agricultural productivity gaps I'm going to start with the cross-country literature actually Gollum, Lagakos in the law put a paper in in QGE in 2014 which originally was a purely cross-country paper looking at the At the difference in returns to agricultural and non agricultural labor they find a ratio of about three unadjusted on average, so When you move from people who are in urban areas or non agricultural labor make about three times what people in agriculture make Even that number drops to about two once you account for hours worked in and human capital But there's a pretty basically what they're saying is that there's a pretty big gap between Returns to agriculture and returns to non agricultural labor And there's actually some similar papers by Maggie McMillan and Danny Rodricks showing essentially the same thing across a larger set of Activities, so these agriculture is always the least renew Remunerative activity, so why are people staying in agriculture? Well young in the QGE a year before Galen Lagakos in a while who actually added a lot of micro data to their paper to get it published Young Argues that this gap can fully be explained by selectivity, so what what do I mean by that? I mean that he argues that it's just characteristics of the migrants and nothing else a lot of those characteristics are probably unobserved In most data sets he uses DHS data, so you can critique him for the fact that he's predicting consumption Rather than actually using consumption And those predictors probably don't explain much more than 20% of the variation in consumption So there's a very easy critique of the paper and what he's showing but But the argument stands that all of the all of it has to do with this risk-taking that you're not measuring Or that people people are more willing to take risks or people are more adventurous or people are have these unobservable traits, maybe not completely unobservable, but unobservable in very large cross-country data sets Similarly, there's a paper that came out this early this summer by Joan Hicks and Ted Miguel and some co-authors which also argues that selectivity can explain the entire gap And they're using long-term panel data from both Kenya and Indonesia to make that argument And so there they once they put individual fixed effects and and year fixed effects into their model They may be over explaining the data or overfitting the data, which is a potential problem with that that model But they also think that that selectivity may explain the entire gap between Agricultural and non-agricultural labor. Okay, so what is what does that mean for policy? Well, it means that you if you wanted to encourage Well, if you didn't want to encourage migration, you're probably fine But if you want to encourage migration, you need to think about how to encourage the those unobservable traits developing those unobservable traits in people or D-risking the migration for people who would need would need to move Okay, on the other hand There's another this is a structural paper by by grud brian and Melanie Morton Also working paper, although I think it might be a rise and resubmit That shows in Indonesia migration costs play an unimportant role in explaining the wage gap So they don't selectivity explains about a little more than half and the rest of it has to do with migration Quote-unquote costs and here is this what I mean by costs is Literally costs, but then you know the psychic costs of migrating or thinking about migrating Or it could be transportation. It could be like not knowing about the job And there's a lot of evidence from you know from China the 50% of people know actually Know a family member in the city that they go to before they migrate So we know that there's a lot that there are ways of reducing those costs to improve those those livelihoods so the so what I want to conclude here is that Selectivity probably plays a bigger role than we might have otherwise thought in explaining that to number that double that that non-agriculture being double as as remunerative as as agriculture But there may there's probably a play a role for these migration costs as well And and it probably varies quite a bit from from place to place Okay, so then so we know that that exists and we can think about policies to address that So how does migration potentially affect agriculture or non-farm rural activities? Well, when I'm when a migrant is sent out There's a loss of potential labor to work on your household farm. So I'm I'm a micro thinker I'm always thinking about micro data. So, you know, apologize. That's my bias. I'm gonna lay it out there right away So I'm thinking about, you know a migrant leaving the farm and all of a sudden you've got one less farm worker now in data I've collected in Senegal in the last couple of years That might not be a big deal because the average household size in our experiment was was 16 and a half in that data Which is actually what I presented here three months ago two months ago In this very room If it's if you're talking about China where you've got four laborers in the household at maximum now That's a much bigger change in the potential labor availability to your household So that's gonna be very context-specific very household-specific what what that means The migrant may also send back remittances which can be invested in some way, right? So those you could consume those remittances And then there are a bunch of different types of investment that you could make so I'm gonna take you through a literature on on the investment and furthermore agriculture is agricultural production is really uncertain and One of the you know one of the more and perigal regularities that we've seen is that migration is is a Strategy to deal with that risk. It's essentially a way of it's a method of using informal insurance So you send a migrant away and and you know that the covariance between your income and the migrant income is Gonna be much lower than if they work locally in some in some sort of you know in some self employment or something like that because the the returns to your labor in the rural area are all going to be highly correlated and and related to the to fluctuations in the In the the rural economy That said you know some there are some countries that are so rural that That may not hold. I'm thinking specifically of Mozambique where I've been working for a number of years and One of the things that that actually just a quick anecdote. I was working on a mobile money project with Vodacom in Mozambique and my My survey workers had told me if you want to buy anything in Mozambique you buy it in February Well, why February because the rainy season is about November to March and everybody spends all their money at Christmas And then in February nobody has money and this is true in Maputo. They he said as well And I'm relaying this story to the the head of mobile money for Vodacom as they're they're rolling out in PASA in In Mozambique he says oh, yeah, I see that in the data He's he says well, yeah, I can see you know Nobody's got any cash and in February because nobody's trans making any any Nobody's making any any Transactions in February relative to other months when people have money So you can even see it in you know in these really rural economies it comes through in a lot of different places Okay, so the theory is we need to figure out if there is this lost labor effect This is where you get empirical, right? So if we know that this lost labor effect could be there It could be that people make adjustments to deal with the loss of the labor You can change the composition of the family labor force working in agriculture So you can neglect the kids a bit more for instance is one thing to do And and the people who are left behind can work there you can hire labor we know about problems with You know from theory again and some empirical work of the problems with monitoring agricultural labor Agriculture is spatially dispersed. So it's it's more difficult to monitor laborers. You can make capital Investments or rent capital as well to replace that labor. So it could be you do one of all these things Migration could also lead to investments. It could be productive. It could be on the farm But if if returns on the farm are low, we might not see those those farm investments We might see non-farm investments instead, right? So because the expected returns to those investments are higher. It could also be in durables You just want to you know, if you think about it buying a TV is like if you're in one or a refrigerator in one of these rural areas assuming you have electricity it might be a much more valuable Way to use the remittances for yourself Because you get a stream of consumption essentially from that television or that refrigerator that you wouldn't have gotten otherwise And third you could make longer-term human capital investments and there I'm thinking both of education and young Investments in nutrition of young children. So then third I want to talk a bit about the way that that households deal with risk Although I'm probably going over right now Okay, so Are there is there any evidence of lost labor effects in agriculture in general? This is of course a problem you guys have heard it probably a nauseam over the past couple days about the endogeneity of migration So I'm not going to go too much into that. There's not much convincing evidence in the literature There are a lot of papers in China Outside of China. I've written a paper on Vietnam. I wrote northern Vietnam on the slide. I'm pretty sure it's just Vietnam That shows some suggestive evidence of a shift from labor-intensive to land-intensive crops and Agnes Kassumbing and Scott McNiven found a null result in the Philippines using a small panel The interesting thing about their panel is that it's a 20-year panel rather than I think maybe even be a little longer than that but they were looking at people who had left households that had been studied initially by Either Erie or Ifprey in the 1980s and were tracking households and found really nothing no effects on the agricultural production of Migration in general. I like to go to this this graph I'm gonna spend a little bit of time on this slide because I think I'm gonna take three different data sets from China Try to convince you that you know if there was a lost labor effect We might find it here the first graph is from the China Health and Nutrition Survey where they've asked a Really kind of poorly designed set of questions on agricultural labor, but they've used those same poorly designed questions Over a long period of time. So since actually 1991 And I'm showing you data from 1993 to 2009 The survey's been sporadically Done when they were able to find funding So what what this shows is that if you look at these are averages at the household level So they the households in 1993 reported spending about 2,700 hours a year in total on their farms By 2009 that average was down to 1400 Okay, so it's almost they've almost cut the hours that they report working on their farm in half Some of that might be that you used to go stand in your field and talk to your neighbor because you really had nothing else to do in 1993 but I Since the questions have been asked the same way over a long period of time I don't think that that bias quote-unquote bias is gonna change this whole figure The other thing is to say is that this is a conditional figure So this is conditional on reporting any farm work done. So this the line the orange line there Is the percent of households that say they do any farming at all and that has changed From about 90-ish percent to a little bit under 70 percent over that same period of time And these are I've taken the part of the CH&S is an urban and rural survey. This is just the rural villages I'm down to five minutes. Okay The the same thing that what I want to next stress is that plot level productivity gains So this this is from a regression. I've just I'm just showing you the time dummy from a totally different survey This is a panel where we can't quite link that plots We can link households and this is just looking at the main grain in each village So we dummy that out with a village fixed effect and we see that crop productivity went up by 25 to 30 percent depending upon if you're looking at All counties or poor counties during a time of substantial migration. So we're seeing productivity levels actually go go up quite a bit Okay Thinking about investments investments from product production can occur They're inherently risky So you might want to invest in durables or housing another investment is schooling. That's complicated and of course statistical identification is an issue So thinking about investments in production, there's quite a bit of information of of Evidence that we see long-term migrant networks. This is in the international literature That leads to higher investments in micro enterprises in Mexico That's by Woodruff and Zinno and Dean Yang used exchange rate shocks in the Philippines and finds An impact on self-employment and entry into new types of entrepreneurship in the Philippines That said the The randomized experiment the natural experiment that Gibson Mackenzie and still menus Shows a neg shows negative effects on agriculture and livestock in the short term from emigration to New Zealand from Tonga and last piece of data John Giles and I have a paper that shows positive impacts to productive investments among well relatively well off Households in China, but we're using a village level migration variable and the poor households are the ones that are more likely to migrate So this is likely a general equilibrium effect in which There is more money coming into the village and those richer households are then able to make more productive investments Those aren't necessarily agricultural and but actually they're not in agricultural investments. What's more more Common to find our potentially safer investments and and those are investments in housing You know silly as a very nice paper showing which is a matched Survey of Nigerian immigrants in the US and their households which shows The development of casas de la mesas or or migrant houses Remittance houses as they're called in Spanish all over Latin America You can find pictures like that one all over the internet if you look for casas de la mesas We find that that's a major source of what that's what Chinese investment Chinese Households are doing if they're not investing in in Consum if they're not eating the remittances There's a nice paper also that I that I found in trying to find more information more papers that that show migrant migration and housing linkages This is a paper in the anthropological literature Which argues that Pakistani migrants in Norway actually invest in in housing to have a little piece of Norway back in Pakistan when they go home And and she's done qualitative interviews to show that Okay, I'm gonna skip Schooling and go straight to risk actually schooling and young child nutrition There's an old idea in the literature that migration is advantageous to rural households because of that covariance of income and There's a nice experiment by Brian Chattery and Mabarek Which shows that which argues essentially that poor potential migrants may not leave due to risk at the destination There were they they don't leave during the hunger season in in In Bangladesh and Northwest Bangladesh they give them money for a bus ticket and Are able to Convince the randomized giving bus bus ticket money and those villages that got bus ticket money are still migrating at higher Seasonally migrating at higher rates than the other ones Now this this relationship can be complicated because we do a lot with policy to try to deal with insurance risk and in particular I Want to talk a little bit about them and a program like the n raga or the mn raga depending upon how what you want to Call it in India, which is essentially a guaranteed work fair program in in India there's a similar one in Ethiopia the PSNP and What what Melanie shows is that? There's quite a bit of seasonal migration actually in India India tends to have seasonal migration rather than then permanent migration And seasonal migration affects the risk sharing that takes place in the community So when there's more migration due to the covariate risks households have less need for actually for actual insurance and Then she finds evidence consistent with this idea so it turns out that when you bring in Mn raga it reduces the amount of migration that is taking place which reduces the amount of Insurance that households have Okay, I'm out of time. So just to summarize We've we're talking a lot in the world about pump policies to hinder migration right now that may also hinder Increases in returns to labor on average because those in returns are just higher outside of agriculture so we should think about how we Design policies to realize migration is happening rather than trying to hinder it other policies that foster rural investment and say housing or productive investments That we'd like to see that move towards non-farm work because of the the returns And then lastly I want to say that policies seemingly unrelated to migration may have important interactions You may not have the same welfare enhancement from a policy like Mn raga if there's a high migration area Other policies that that change expect invariant returns or variants of returns in agriculture may enter also interact with migration like land tenure reform And we should think about as we think about these types You know these types of issues thinking about things like basic income grants. They're very hot in the policy world Or the development world right now But we should also think about how those basic income income grants will affect migration and how those how migration will affect the results of those Those grants. Thank you


Are you ready ready? Let's do it All right first question we have here We're where were you guys going and that's that's in reference to the picture that I put up when I posted So we were going that was New Year's Eve last year. We were going to this year last year Yeah, New Year's Eve last year we were going to one of our favorite restaurants Petit Louis We have our specific table that we always sit at so that is where we were going Question number two What's the first outfit that I imagine Robin in when I think of her? Fong Like you have like great style, but I I Just always love when you have just like something simple on like you have right now like just a pair of jeans and A simple top. I just think you look really really pretty that way And vice versa First thing I think of you.  That's specific. I don't know gray brown Okay, brown Mm-hmm suit Question number three Does Robin prefer me with a beard or without a beard? I wouldn't say you be well scruff. Yes, but not like too much not like a full beard more like sometimes if it gets too long it gets a little like curly and Tickles, so I'd say a good amount of scruff like right now. This is this good good amount of scruff I don't know. This is like four days. I like that. I like scruff. All right Question number four what trends do you love or hate? Why don't you start with that? I'm not a big trend person Yeah, I'd say in general. I don't love Trends because then everyone looks the same or everyone thinks they have to get something because it's cool when it's very cyclical and it comes back every three years or so, so I Mean we're in a pandemic. I don't know that there's like a trend other than the sweatpants on the bottom and Did you call it an outfit mullet outfit mullet? Yeah, is that a real term? I think it's something outfit mullet. Yeah I'm guilty of that not right now though. I do have jeans on. Yes. Anyway, what about you? Sure I don't really like trends as you know I Can't think of anything off the top of my head I mean it feels like it's always like the same stuff like every season if you like read the magazines or whatever they're like Oh, like it's fall now. So We're totally gonna blue green. Oh, yeah for guys. It's like all of like all of it's gonna be the thing this this fall And it never really is So I Don't know. I'm not a trend trend follower.  There's nothing that I'm like Oh, I need to have that the minute it launches for some reason. That's Something that's your that's your thing Ivy Ivy Park blue Ivy blue Ivy. Okay. Is that different than Ivy Park? It is Ivy Park, you're right. I don't Blue Ivy's the daughter Ivy Park. There you go action. All right edit that out What is the best fragrance for a date? I you know what we should do here. We should pick what we'd like. Yes, I'm other. Yeah Black Afghano for you really for on a date for a date. Yeah, like we're going on a date together. Okay, right Yeah, that's like sex appeal and musky and Mm-hmm. What about for like someone watching who's like, you know going on a first date? I don't know that I would choose black. No, I think he said that in the fragrance video that it's something you want You don't want it to be overpowering because if she has a bad reaction to it She's going to have a bad reaction to you know, so right right right, but for you and me It's black afghano. Mm-hmm. Okay. Yes. I You have a couple that I really like when we go out And it depends on the it depends on the time of day that it is like I would say for Like just general any time Doesn't matter. I really like The Frederick Malportrait of a lady That's recent recent Mm-hmm and then for like a more elegant Kind of thing Morse, it's a little more distinct a little more special. That's um The Dior Private collection oud Isfahan Yeah, that's a really good one. I should note that you've bought all of those for me The oud Isfahan I think is like a really good compliment to Black afghano or maybe it's like we would walk into a room and people would be like whoa, that's way too much Anyway, yeah, that I think I got in an uber Like a year ago when the Uber driver was really into the perfume, which was a little Okay, how about moving on now question number six, what is the best restaurant you've ever been to ever? ever Are we we're saying it like together though That's hard I feel like we this sounds pretentious, but when we Go somewhere and we travel we try to go to a really nice restaurant or like a thing that we do is we invest in like We'll go to a Michelin restaurant when we travel. So that started when we went to Florence, right? so It's gotta be one of those I was gonna pick that You know take a pinch uri from Florence. That was like the first one. Yeah, that was just a really cool experience There weren't there weren't many people there, but I don't think they like had many tables, but it just felt like really special And that was like one of the first I Think that was the first Michelin star restaurant that I ever went to so I liked that though. I didn't Brace myself enough for that. So I think I had to like tap out for one or two of the courses kind of happens all the time So I would say that restaurant was it like 1990 bodega something in Barcelona Hmm that we flicks we stumbled upon we went to a museum and then we were walking around and I pulled up four square to find like where can we go and eat and we happened upon this I think it's bodega 1990 something and That was like perfect amounts of tapas and like Small bites and they kept bringing us stuff until we said no more, but the first bite was that Liquid olive. I remember yeah So that that was special because it was really good. We didn't realize where we were And it was just it was like at a weird time, too It was like two o'clock in the afternoon and then didn't we have like a meal that evening probably Was that that day All right Where are we at now? Number seven. Do you get do people do people recognize you on the street? Do you get star spotted me? I'm not a star. No, no, no, I don't I don't really get get it either every once in a while I will and in New York in New York. It happens every now and then yeah, it's sometimes surprising Yeah, every once in a while. I'm just your wife. I don't get recognized. No Question eight. This is a good one. Do you recall periods in your life when your style took a big change in direction? I wouldn't say it was good or bad, but I think when I moved to San Francisco. I was 22 21 22 when I went to Academy of Art for a semester and I definitely I Wouldn't say like fell into the trends out there, but there's definitely a different style in San Francisco than There was in New York, and I definitely I cut my hair. I did like a layer of like blonde on top Darker on the bottom the things I was buying. I think it was less about things. I wanted and more Things that were around me and I wanted to fit in So it's all new so I wouldn't say it's like something that stuck with me, but I remember Do you think it was a very different moment? Do you think it was because to like maybe? you know like when you travel or people travel like you kind of like I Don't know or like you're like testing out like something new because like you're not around normal or the people you always see So like maybe you feel like uninhibited in a certain way and like, you know You went from the east coast all the way to the west coast. So I'm this isn't like a therapy session or anything Well, probably yeah It was like trying to like reinvent yourself in some way or like find something different. Yeah I think women also like after a Breakup or like their change is usually cutting their hair off So that's usually the the main thing versus so that's what I'll overall That's what I got to watch out for when you cut your hair. I did that a year ago What about you for me I I don't think it was like a big change in direction, but it was like more of Just arriving at a place where I felt confident in What I was doing and I would say that was maybe like I Lose track of time now, but maybe like like three four or five years ago when I was just kind of like, you know It's weird like It's always like it's weird, you know Like always posting pictures of yourself online and one of the things that I think is unhealthy about it is like You always you're over critiquing. Well, no not that We always sort of like feel the need to like do something different and like like show people something new and do it for the gram Yeah, and and like that's it's bad for a number of reasons, you know, it gets expensive and it's like Why am I doing this, you know, and I just got to this place where it was I got I just felt more comfortable with like doing just doing Like hey, like alright, maybe this is boring and like you're tired of seeing it, but I don't care It's it's how I like to dress it works. I found like this formula that works for me and I'm good with that. So that was like a big like shift just being like comfortable and confident with Just doing my own thing and not worrying about all these are trying to be different or try to you know, there's something Good about just having a thing. I'm always envious of people that are like super like, you know straight ahead on that I think a lot of that the outfits. I didn't like in that video that we did. Mm-hmm were at the end of that cycle Like doing the hat and wearing the like there were a lot of like additional touches, which now I think you don't feel the needs like oh, I need one more thing. Mm-hmm Question number nine. What is the most fun and bizarre? Experience you guys have had together. I think we should segment that off into like fun experience and bizarre experience Or you could take the fun and I could take the bizarre Yeah, I don't think I have a bizarre. I have a bizarre the fun What am I forgetting the fun would be the BMW? Yeah road trip. I agree that was I mean You really like the car I Just slept in the back of it when you and Robert driving the whole time but the experience of just being thrown in the middle of Europe and Being given a car and being able to drive around four or five six days That was meeting all those people using. Yeah, and yeah, it wasn't just like we get to see all these things We had to talk to a lot of people. We had a lot of great experience. Mm-hmm Got to see my man John Paul Hey, he's got a girlfriend now Mazel All right bizarre bizarre So It was when we were in Lake Como For the concorso and that first night there was a dinner For for you, right? But but so you were up up in the hotel in the room and I Was talking with I thought you were like up and like watching TV or whatever So I was like talking with way co Among other people and and I was like, oh, you um my wife, you know loves you And you know she'd love to meet you, you know and and he was like going somewhere So anyway, we like went up to the it just seems now looking back on it now It seems like really strange that this happened and I'm always wondering you brought some To the bedroom So we like went up and like I knocked on the door and it like took a little while for you to Passed out. She was sleeping. Yeah, so So like I come to the door and like you open it up and you're like Probably in a row like hey, this is way and he's like, of course. He's like very polite and everything Remember that I do but it was a different time Yeah, so that that's That's what I came up with as I was thinking about bizarre. Yeah All right moving on now To a question number 10 what is preferred drink from each of you? I feel like it changes. Yeah, same Right now. I always go through like the apparel spritz That's kind of like my drink of choice at home Because it sounds like an alcoholic. I like the the buzz you get from it more than Like drinking a glass of wine or something else. I feel like it's refreshing But you get a like a fun little buzz. Mm-hmm or miss Cal miss Cal miss Cal For me it like changes all the time too right now because maybe because of the season. I'm on like a The grony no, no, I do want to speak about the Negroni though. I'm on sort of a Cognac or Calvados kind of kick Brandy so I've been drinking brandy and making sidecars But it it changes it kind of depends on the season I mean it were I'll be drinking a martini soon because it's gonna be time to watch time to watch the thin man and everything. Yeah Negroni, Negroni. Yeah, I don't know. I love Negroni. I had one last night because he made really nice Italian meal, but I Don't know. I'm kind of like I'm not down on the Negroni But I'm just a little tired of like all the Negroni idolatry. That's happening It's kind of with the spritz too Yeah It's like okay, I get it. I like mezcal Negronis. Those are good. Yeah, a little twist. Yes Question number 11. How do you stay connected to the world slash culture of elegance during COVID-19 lockdowns? I don't think I do. I don't at all. I think in the beginning I Was trying to like get dressed up and Have like a day where I like gowns and yeah, I think I made you dinner and like a black gown with champagne Took your picture But since I I don't I'm trying not to stay connected to the world right now. Honestly and culture It's hard. Yeah, I don't I don't know. I mean scroll through Instagram. That's all but like I Don't know. There's not like a Some people like every Friday. They'll get dressed up or whatever. We haven't really done that but No, I mean we had to take a whole bunch of pictures of stuff for Michael Andrews things. So I don't know. I got dressed up a lot for that Yeah, I don't think we've really been doing a good job at that Question number 12 rules you to follow when coordinating outfits. I mean Wasn't really on purpose. I don't know that we follow rules For me, I always try to dress off of what you will wear. But how would you dress up like I'm wearing a White dress or something. What would you do from that? I would always like you to be sort of like the focus And then I pick something that is complimentary to it That doesn't overshadow it. So it's the cult like pulling the color in somehow. Yeah Question number 13. What are your guilty pleasures? You go first guilty pleasures Cigars, I haven't since when's the last time I smoked a cigar. I would say that's a guilty pleasure Every once in a while I'll feel that but I don't know that it's a guilty pleasure. I think they really are talking about like bad TV or something Well, I'd say shopping for me is a guilty pleasure in the beginning of the pandemic. I bought nothing didn't need anything and then after That went on for a few months. I've bought like I bought something like a pre-order for a black cocktail dress, which It's like something to look forward to one day. I'll need it. It's an investment, but I mean I People are saving money right now. I think that's I would say that's guilty pleasure. It makes me happy. Okay And sitting on the couch like a bum on the weekends once work is done. I turn off the brain. I want to I Enjoy laying on the couch and watching TV for no reason and watching the same thing over and over again You judge me for it, but I like it. She's watching Beverly Hills 90210, right? Yeah, I'm original. Yeah I don't know that I have a guilty pleasure like that Yeah, you work you you work every day all day Yeah, I mean you're what you like to do now is like do the crossword. That's not really that's not a guilty pleasure though Yeah You need one All right. That should be your if your suggestions for guilty pleasures down below in the comments. Yeah All right moving on Question number 14, do you ever have the feeling of being overdressed in your social circle? Well, I don't really have a circle anymore, so no, but I've always I've been getting overdressed since high school like Sophomore junior year. I've always been overdressed or like more put together than your friends I feel like it would it's kind of the same thing. I so I've Consistently felt like that though. I guess as I'm older and you're Not just hanging out with people you went to school with you're hanging out with people that like you're choosing to hang out with more We all kind of do it a little bit more together or it doesn't matter as much. It's not such a like. Oh, where are you going? I It's different for guys. I think I don't feel Overdressed compared to like that people yeah that We are it's like the feeling of Being out of place or something for it, right? I'm diminished when I I don't I don't feel self-conscious about it necessarily But definitely You've also got it like read the room too I mean like if you're just going to some like workplace thing and it's you know that the people you work with don't dress up like that And this is not an occasion to do that.  So I guess when we went we went to one restaurant during the pandemic when it was 25% Capacity and we went to Petit Louis again and we did it for our anniversary and They're mostly people sitting outside and we got our table and there was maybe one or two other tables in that side of the restaurant And I definitely was self-conscious wearing a vintage Like cocktail dress would have all these feathers and everything all over some of them are still in the car So that I'd say I felt a little Overdone, but we it was like the one time we went out and Ten months now It's fine Question number 15 would love to hear your thoughts on athleisure replacing traditional style this one's To you mostly because I think previously you mentioned something about athleisure Yeah, it wasn't really into it Well, I think athleisure is I've hated that term I think and there's different ways you can look at it I still don't wear leggings out in public other than when I walk the dog or yoga pants, whatever but Since the end of the summer now that it's fall and it's getting colder. I'm definitely More into it like I've kind of again. We're in a pandemic You know if I don't have client meetings I'm definitely wearing sweatpants and more casual and but I think the twist now is I like to get like sets if I'm going to get Like the Adidas Ivy Park collection I got the top and the bottom when I tried to get it in January I only got the jacket and I don't want to keep it. I want to like this set so I feel like if it's More put together or just not like you're not wearing like dirty sweatpants out. It's fine I don't know if that's athleisure now. I think it's like again It's dependent on the time and place like, you know, I like the lululemon stuff that I have I wouldn't wear it to work or I'll wear it out to like run errands or whatever, but that's kind of the The extent of it but to the question of like athleisure replacing traditional style I mean, I don't that's not I hope not. Yeah. Yeah. All right. Where are we? What is Robin's favorite outfit of yours? Feel like I answered this I think it's probably your wedding tux Not because it was the wedding. It was just it was very you I mean you have a ton of me to measure stuff now, but it fit you perfectly The the way you were at the wedding versus how you were when you were in London and you had the scruff and everything with it It's it's classic. It's Elegant and you look really good in it. Thanks Number 17. What is my favorite outfit of Robbins? Oh all of them I Mean you you looked gorgeous on Our wedding day, but you that's not addressed that you well the one this the second one that you wore My favorite outfit of yours. I mean I could say like this one I know what it is what genes and a belt and that short sleeve blue cashmere Yeah, it's yeah, I put on your like classic.  I have 20 business plans I want to do and I've like started that each of them and I Just I can't do it And just the integrity so kind of similar but like if you tell someone else you're going to do something Minus the minus cleaning the house You you follow through like if you tell us if Rob says can you do something like you're going to do it? It's not like you just ignore it or it falls through that's Tegrity is very important. Thanks, and the world needs more of it For you, I would say It's the amount that you care for Care for and the concern you have for other people, especially An empathy you show for people and though your willingness to want to help them Especially people that don't have As great a situation you want to always improve people's lives I'm doing better picking and choosing who gets that you know people who will appreciate it. Okay Question number 19. What are Robin's thoughts about you collecting expensive watches?  It's the How quickly you'll go into investing it It's not like it's like one every now and then now it's like it's settled down But in the beginning you went from you had no watches to one and then you want another one another one Like that piece was hard for me, too. It's a sickness Yeah, like I I have a shopping problem, but it that the The amount that each piece was I'm all for investing but the amount you're investing into the amount each one was was a little Like I just couldn't I understood the action but from an expense perspective. It was shocking silly to me shocking. Yeah You didn't always tell me how much things cost. I didn't know. Okay And I didn't research because I didn't want to know All right, this was also before we got married and things like merged So All right question number 20 my girlfriend My girlfriend will admit that I'm the more stylish one. Where can she find some style inspiration for herself? Depends on her style. Yeah, I Think Instagram That it's probably going to evolve over time But right now that's where I typically get my inspiration used to be Pinterest and it would be like saving things there Reading certain magazines, but like street style used to be where I got inspiration But now it's kind of turned into following certain people on Instagram Who are your favorite people? It depends like I look our friend on I think she has classic style on her 9-5 chic she has had the same style I wouldn't not the same things but it's you can go back into her archive and it it looks like it would still Work now Taylor to Massey Hill a little funkier.  It's not totally the same crystal Bic. I love. It's very editorial She does more of like shoots and not necessarily like she's walking around New York in these gowns, but I love the The time and energy she puts into that I feel like it depends once you it's like you have to find someone and then you kind of find people that they follow and that they Appreciate and you just kind of expand All the people you mentioned I'll have like a very sort of classic and more timeless Style to them. What about Jamie back? Like her hers is more of like I'm inspired by her photography There's a girl that I started following recently. I think it's signed Blake in Chicago her styles I'll really find I found her through crystal Bic Yeah, I follow too many people now, I don't I don't think it's one person specifically it just like everyone connected I feel like I could make a comment and put some Instagram Okay, do that. Yeah well if we There are a lot of questions that came in and if we actually didn't get to your question this time It it's either because we answered it in a previous video, which you can watch It's right over there. We're gonna be doing more of these in the future So there are definitely some questions that weren't answered in that first one that we will get to in the next one


What's going on everybody welcome back to some breaking news and Daniel Medvedev has been forced out of the Monte Carlo open after testing positive For COVID-19 so the number two seed. He's at a Monte Carlo without playing a match. Let's go to the statement So here's the statement by Medvedev via the ATP He says it's a big disappointment not to play in Monte Carlo My focus is now on recovery and I look forward to getting back out on tour as soon and as safely as possible So according to the ATP he's been moved into isolation as well and being monitored by the ATP doctors And hopefully he hasn't gone in contact with many plays. He did actually train with Rafa Nadal So we've got to keep an eye on Rafa as well because we know how quickly this virus can spread But the world number two he is out of the Monte Carlo open did make the semi-finals here two years ago So he's gonna lose half those points that he made back in 2019 But of course we wish him a safe recovery and hopefully we can see him next week or the week after next week He has to defend points in Barcelona where he made the final two years ago So hopefully he gets a speedy recovery and he can get back on court as soon as possible So Medvedev the world number two he's out of the Monte Carlo Masters due to COVID


So we have seen how electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed circular orbits. Each orbit has a fixed energy level and these are called, these are also called electron orbits. Now in this video, we will look at how are electrons distributed in these orbits or shells? Are there specific rules that electrons follow when they are getting distributed across the shells? That is what we will explore in this video. So to begin with let's say we have we have a sodium atom, let's say we have a sodium atom and there are there are total 11 electrons that a sodium atom has. And if our task is to distribute these 11 electrons in these orbits, maybe maybe we can we can have let's say we have four electrons over here and then let's say the remaining are seven and let's say we take or we have seven electrons in the next shell. This will be this will be the L shell right? K, L, M. That's how the shells go. But turns out this is not how electrons are distributed in a sodium atom. In fact the first shell it has two electrons then the next shell has eight, eight electrons and the outermost shell has one electron. The electrons are distributed in this manner in the shells for a sodium atom, not like how we did in the beginning. Why does the first shell has only two electrons? Why not more than that? Is there is there a limit to the number of electrons that a shell can have? And turns out there is the first rule is that the maximum number of electrons, the maximum number of electrons in any shell, maximum number of electrons in any shell is given by the relation of two n square. This is two n square where n is the orbit. So for the first shell that is K shell when n is one, the maximum number of electrons would be two into one square which is two for the next shell that is L. This is n equals to two. This is a second shell for this one. And the maximum number of electrons that this shell can have is eight. For the next one that is m, the maximum number that it can have is three square is nine, eight to two, that is eighty. So on and so forth. So now when we have a look at this setup, this makes sense right? Because the first shell can have maximum two electrons, so there are two electrons. The second shell can have a maximum of eight and we have eight electrons in L shell. And the last one only has one because there is only one electron remaining. But now let's take a different example. Let's take an example of calcium. So calcium atom has 20 protons and 20 electrons. Every atom is neutral right? So 20 protons, 20 electrons. And now if we distribute the electrons in the orbits, we can say that there will be two electrons. I'm showing electrons by crosses now. Two electrons in the first shell, it can have two and eight in the next shell that is L. So this is four, five, six, seven, eight. Now the number of electrons that remain are 10 and the third shell, m shell, n equals to three, it can have a maximum of 18, maximum of 18 electrons. So the number of electrons that remain are 10. Now let's say we have 10, 10 electrons in this one. So three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10. This is how the electrons are distributed in the shells. This is K, L, M. But turns out this is not how the electrons are distributed in the calcium atom. In fact you have one more shell. You have one more, one more shell. And then you have eight electrons in the third shell that is M. So again you have eight electrons here. You have eight electrons here. That's three, four, five, six, seven, eight. And then remaining, remaining you have two electrons. Two electrons come in the outermost shell. This is how the electrons are distributed for a calcium atom. But the third shell can have a maximum of 18 electrons, right? Why does it have eight? This brings us to the second rule. The second rule is outermost orbit. Outermost orbit can have a maximum of eight electrons. And this rule is also, it also has a name. It's really, it's called an octet rule. There are some exceptions to this rule. For example, all the transition metals like zinc, copper, they don't really follow this rule. For them the third shell can have a maximum of 18 electrons and they do have 18 electrons in the third shell. So the first rule is more of a general rule. The second rule is the third shell. So the first rule is more of a general rule. The second rule is kind of specific to some elements, not all the elements. There are exceptions like transition metals. But still for most of them, the outermost orbit can have a maximum of eight electrons. And for our relevance at this point, we will be following the octet rule. That is the outermost orbit should have a maximum of eight electrons. So following this rule, the calcium atom should look like this. This is how the electrons are distributed. K, L, M and N. The outermost orbit should have a maximum of eight, not more than that. And therefore they remain into electrons. They occupy the shell next to it. That is the N shell. There is one more question here. Why do we need to fill two electrons in the first shell? Why can't we just have one electron? Why can't we just have one electron? So let's say we only have one electron here and in the next one it can have a maximum eight. So let's say we have only seven in the second one. Let me write that. Let's say we have one in the first, seven in the second. The total is right now eight. The remaining electrons are twelve. Let's say we keep the electrons in the third shell to be as eight. So one comma seven comma eight. And the remaining electrons are now four. So let's say we have four electrons. We have four electrons in the outermost shell. Why can't the configuration look like this? Why can't the configuration look like this? This really brings us to the last rule. The last rule which says, the last rule says, electrons are filled in a stepwise manner. Or let's say electrons are not accommodated in a shell. Unless the inner shells are completely filled. Or we can say that electrons do not take up a new orbit unless the orbits before them are completely filled. So we cannot have a configuration like this. The first shell should be completely filled. That is two electrons. The second shell should be completely filled. That is eight electrons. And the third shell should also be filled. But we need to also keep in mind the octet rule. That is, if we have ten electrons in the third orbit, that will be the last orbit. But the outermost orbit or the last orbit can have a maximum of eight. So the remaining two, they occupy the shell next to it. Let's have a look at some more examples now. Let's say we take three more atoms. Carbon. Carbon has six electrons. Then let's say we take any atom. Let's say we have aluminium. Aluminium has 13 electrons. And the last one, let's say we have argon, which is an inert gas and it has 18 electrons. Now I'm going to fill for the first one carbon. So we have six electrons. The first shell, the first shell can have a maximum of two. The remaining of four. And the shell next to it can have four electrons. So if we draw it, here is a nucleus. This is the first orbit. And this is the second orbit. The first orbit has a maximum of two. So you have two electrons here. The orbit next to it has four. So you have four electrons like this. This is for carbon. Why don't you pause the video and try for these two cases. Aluminium and argon. This one has 13 electrons. How should the electrons be distributed? And this one has 18 electrons. How should the electrons be distributed for this one? Pause the video and give this one a try. All right. So aluminium has 13 electrons. The first shell can have a maximum of two. The second shell can have a maximum of eight electrons. The remaining electrons are three. Two plus eight ten. Total is 13. 13 minus 10 would be three. And three, they occupy the last orbit. So in this one, if this is a nucleus, you have the first shell. You have the second shell. And you have the third shell. The first shell, it has two electrons. The shell next to it, N equals to two or L. It has eight, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. And the last shell has three. One, two, three. All right. For argon, there are total 18 electrons. So the first shell can have a maximum of two. The second shell can have a maximum of eight. The remaining are eight more electrons. And so third shell also has a maximum of eight electrons. And for this one, if you have the nucleus over here, this is the first shell, this is the second shell, and this is the third shell. So the first one has two. The shell next to it has eight. This is seven, eight. And the last shell also has eight.


That's a start. There are too many of them and the heat. Huh, it's making me feel faint. Let's find this presidium and quick Hello and welcome back to the craft box. My name is Brent and today. We're an episode 254 of the wizard 101 death walkthrough as you see I just defeated a whole bunch of these guys off-camera and We need to head to the presidium if you haven't checked out last episode You probably won't know what's going on. So go do that. We made our way down here and to And yeah, you stand still there give me one good reason why I shouldn't pet you into the lava ice dwarf This token vouches for these strangers, but only so far the presidiums in closed session. We're in a state of emergency Wait, you must admit us the fate of both our people's depends on it If I don't deliver my message Athena or itself could be destroyed very well ice dwarf Go in if you will talk to Gordon, but know this if this is some kind of track Your ice dwarf will pay dearly for it Okay Let's hit on and Lots of sidequests around here. So basically Last time that we were in outer ethanol and today we're in the inside of it Kind of sorting out tensions is basically what we're doing.   This is a trick magic and ice dwarves. Can I be trusted gods? Silences lies killing me will not lower the lava lake or dispel the elementals But if my life is the price of peace, I will pay it bravely spoken You're a bold one young dwarf bold indeed. What do you propose? My people are working to clear that lava tube right now, but the ice elementals make it tough for him Can you turn the steam vents back on if only we could lad the weight of the steam plants blocked by the lava There's no way to get to it and turn the steam back on We'll want to solve that problem then what can we do not much? I fear we've got our best workers trying to divert the flows go and meet Hamish on the east platform See if you can help him Okay, well, let's head over to Hamish So yeah, basically Yeah, we kind of cool intentions. No pun intended Um Yeah, we yeah, so this is basically what imperious come to this is the second-last area or second-last new area of The world we nearly there actually surprisingly nearly there. Whoa Um Probably what like three more episodes. I think from memory. So who are you then? You're here to help great We've got systems we can funnel the lava into to lower the level, but we can't get to them the lava spawning or everywhere There's just too many if you can distract them. My man can open the locks. What say you? I'm low key. Just hoping that they're not the same people But they seem to be not the same people. Okay, well, that's good. I don't think they are at least no They're not okay. So I'm not too angry, but I'll be back once I've defeated five of these guys Okay, I am back just finishing off defeating them now They're not too difficult They've got a bit of health though. They do have a bit of health, but we finished. So that is always good Oh, let's head back to Hamish Don't turn turn turn turn turn turn. Where is he? He's down here got to remember where he is. Oh, he's here. Hi. Hello You did it. Yep sure did we've got the lava flowing into the systems But we've a problem the overflow pipe from the first to the second melted The systems overflowing we could assemble a new pipe from the control room But there's a pillar of flame blocking the bridge. Maybe your magic can do something wizard magic Can't be trusted still you clobbered those elementals with it. I'll take any help I can get go get the pipe belt Okay, well, let's do this. This is where we get the second cool badge Of Imperial first was the dance one of this one in the scene as you approach You sense the lingering presence of shadow magic some kind of shadow spell is making the fires burn bright As if the fire senses your presence the spell shifts and the flames part You're not sure why but now you can pass Jeepers that was amazing. I knew you could do it Yep, sure thing. You know what I'm really hyped for when they introduce fishing. There's gonna be some decent lava fishing down here That's for sure Let's head on in so this is basically another puzzle and if I go really quiet during the puzzle I'm sorry It's just because I'm focusing those must be the controls to assemble the overflow pipe. You'll want to get it fixed up quicker Okay, so there is a puzzle here and if I go quiet, I'm sorry Where are we trying to go? Geez, okay, we can't go there. We need to go Oh This one nope That one boom We want to go like that then we want to go like Nope oh Rip, okay. Well, that's unfortunate I'm gonna have to defeat these. Well, I've messed it up. I'm sad. I want the badge, but I'll be back in a sec Okay, I just did it. I did it. So I do have the badge now, which is good You did it good job there wizard. Let's get out of here. Oh That's really cool. So if you don't if you do it again, you can actually skip it. So I did it that time Yeah, okay, I just needed to focus a bit more I was slightly confused to start with So if you don't do it the first time try it again because you can do that and you don't have to fight That's a sneaky wee Sneak for you There's not too difficult. It's kind of like shock a lock except it starts already So you'd be careful of that one. Well, let's head back to Hamish So we got pipe perfect. I think it was which is quite cool quite a cool badge You did it good job wizard, but we're not out of trouble just yet We've got the lava flowing into the second system now, but it's still going to overflow It's internal fill valve is still closed We can't he open the valve from out here There's a wheel that can do it on the inside, but there's the problem all that lava churned up There's bound to be elementals in there my crew can he handle them, but I'll wager you can Oh, the heat will be too much for me wizard You'll have to do this on your own you'd better move fast if that system overflows. We'll lose them all Okay, oh, it's head over to the sister in and Fix that so yeah, I'm kind of happy that we um managed to do that It's not too difficult I just needed to focus a bit more. I Was not focusing I am bad, but I focus that time.  I think it's called stardust where it just stays there forever. It's a bit ridiculous Let's hit on the end and this is a boss battle I'm pretty sure and we will not be skipping this one because I think that's the first one in the last one of today Yes, it is Is it just solo because that could be kind of spicy Um, let's put in a couple more of these and we will do this turner ner ner ner ner ner Please go Here we go Yep, it's just him nice because he's not a cheating one. So we will definitely use kismar It got a decent amount of health 16,000 so that's something to just be a bit careful about But we should be fine You shouldn't do too much. I mean this might do a bit. We'll see how much does this do Okay, that's manageable. We can handle that Basically as soon as we blade and get a shad we're basically sweet Well, we've already got the shed that's always good to do Yeah, we'll just blade up a bit and then hit with kismar because kismar does mass Because it's okay. Yep, and then we will go And if we don't kill we'll go for a day or night or something It depends how many shirts we get probably a day or night Which we can now do because we can enchant it. Yay We'll probably use this blade here Then the TC blade see what else we get Hopefully we get some sharpens and some other blades that'd be nice. Oh This is a minus accuracy. That's that's great. They love this spell Since Polaris, they just love that spell Love giving me minus accuracy. I mean it makes sense, but still They just love it a bit too much. I think Okay, we will do this blade If we don't get anything next I will probably discard the Want it because we can't really use that at the moment because we've got a faint on Yeah, we didn't get anything I Mean I'm kind of keen just to hit but I know it won't do much So we could just play this a bit safer and play smart Play smart. Okay Well, we've got two sheds now, so that's always nice If we don't get anything next time, I'll just cut the other one too Okay, some good, that's cute. That's cute That's a bit cute. Hello nom. Okay Yep, just as well. It doesn't do that much damage in Crocodotopia. Otherwise, we would have been dead Okay, can we get like a potent even that would be nice because Yep Okay, we can blade which is good still need a potent. Hopefully Hopefully we can find a potent and then I'll just hit because 70 and 80 is a lot Which is a big number. Yes big big number Good job. Um Okay, chill. We know you have shadow magic. You think you're cool, but you're not Sorry and Potent. Yay. Look at that. Our prayers have been answered Then we'll just go for a hit next will go for Kizma and full up with probably Lulu if it doesn't kill Pull that pip conversion. Nice Can serve that boy Nope didn't transform it though Just slightly unfortunate, but Kizma. Hello.  I think Don't think he'll be around for much longer. That's for sure and club bloom Yep, goodbye, that's a mess. Okay. I was not expecting it to do that much Jays Okay, we get a lot of pictures here like good ones you turn the wheel and the fill valve Opens the lava cistern won't overflow now That's good. Let's go talk to Hamish Hamish should really leave a mark by him, but I'm lazy So, yeah, I'm lazy So let's not do that Just a bit too lazy. I really wish they did something more with mana. Honestly Because it kind of just sits there doing nothing I think I talked about this a couple of episodes ago, but it's it's true It just sits there doing absolutely nothing for the majority of the game like it's only ever a worry and Wizard city and Crocodotopia maybe but other than that it's just Never an issue anymore Because you just get endless amounts of it for the spells that you actually use I wish there was a way That you could use more of it. The lava is finally going down. Yay There's a lot of repairs left to do But I think we can manage now that the lava is going down the weight of the steam plant should be open Go and tell the presidium what you've done here They'll give the order to turn the steam on if that's what we decide to do. I'll come with you I'll hand it to you. I never thought magic was worth the lump of coal. You've proved me wrong. I think yeah Okay, let's go talk to Ronald flame temper and And wrap up this episode. I believe I think we're wrapping up here. I'm pretty sure we are at least I'll quickly check after this, but I'm pretty sure we've got a decently timed episode Is it done? Yes The lava is under control.  It'll speed their efforts. Yes, of course order the steam The ice dwarves they attacked us We went to help them clear the lava tube and the ice dwarves took all me trips prisoner. What? This is outrageous Hostages is it? We'll take a hostage of our own take this ice-dwarf prisoner wait I'm sure this is just a misunderstanding here wizard.  They must free our troops immediately Okay, I'll be back in a sec Okay, so we are gonna end off this episode here slightly shorter than the other ones But I mean it's kind of good because the other ones have been extremely long So thank you for watching until ever like and subscribe and if you're very subscribed press the with little bell So you know exactly when I post another video and member craft outside the box


What problem South Korean students face while learning English? Koreans take education very, very seriously, yet there are many problems for learners in South Korea. Society deems those who are not good at studying as lazy and good for nothing, therefore most students study to death. Literally, they go to school extremely early, finish around noon, and then stay at a cram school until late at night. They repeat the same routine over and over again every single day. They even have to study during vacation. This results in students that do not study because they are motivated or because they want to, but simply because they are forced to and if they do not, they can't enter the college they want or land the job they've always dreamed of. 1. Irregular Schedule Studying until 2 or 3 a.m. has become a cultural thing that shows that the students focus on doing well, regardless of their physical or mental health, with their parents taking them to hagwons or private English academies until ridiculously late, just so that their children have access to good rank in society. Recently I was watching some videos in which some Englishmen tried to answer the English part of the Korean SATs. In this video they showed the difficulty of the questions, which were hard even for those whose native language is English. It is shocking that they study so much from an early age, so that they can pass those difficult tests, yet they do not seem to know how to speak the language, or even understand it when it's spoken to them. Maybe they get hindered by the fact that they do not pronounce things correctly straight away, and simply learn how to read and write because it's the only two things they need to do for those exams, where they feel uncomfortable or shy speaking a language that's not their own, and they try to avoid mistakes. 2. Testing System English teachers likewise focus on the skills needed to answer the exam questions, placing excessive emphasis on reading and grammar. Pupils have scarcely any conversation sessions. The English they learn is textbook English bearing a little relation to the English spoken by native speakers. It is disheartening to see that Koreans only study English, so that they can get into a good college and land a good job, since society views English as an extremely important language to learn, yet it is also said that they do not see the beauty of the language. Day by day trying to reach this goal, and then just leaving it be as soon as they make it. 3. Language Structure Not only this but Korean is completely different from English. The syntactic structure or word order is difficult to comprehend, making it hard for Koreans to adapt to it. Instead of subject verb object like in English, their native language's basic pattern is subject object verb. The transition from one language to another requires a lot of effort. No wonder they have problems while learning. They reverse phrases that reverse the usual word order, because they approach the second language with their first. Korean learners are not the only ones that have difficulties learning English, due to the culture difference the environment that surrounds them, students of other nationalities also face the same issues. Do you want to teach English in South Korea? Take a TEFL course to get more career opportunities. It takes a lot of effort to be proficient in the second language, especially when that language is so different from yours. Many may become disheartened and disappointed when they do not reach their language learning goals, resulting in loss of interest and resignation. Click on any of the videos here on the left for more interesting teaching tips for getting certified to teach English abroad and online.


So continuing ahead we have we have now support for working lists and I will go back here and the child program is as you know a tracker program. When we are working with a tracker program we always have these three standard working lists at the top for active enrollments, completed enrollments and cancelled enrollments which has been inherited from the old tracker capture. Now that we have the opportunity of making our own working lists so this will be replaced when you make your own working lists. If I make one now listing children born this month for example and maybe adding the gender column and making sure that we are ordering based on last name. I can save this view and with the name and as you see this view will take the place of the three standard lists. So once you start using the working lists they will take the place of these three standard lists and if you need any of them as well you would have to add them in addition. In this list there's a preset configuration of the order of the columns and also of the filters that has been stored. These lists can be shared as you would be expecting from the way this works for a single event program. You could share this with another program and allow the users to see this list automatically without having to add it themselves. So this is useful when working with the use case where you know of a good working list that could be shared with everyone. The lists can of course be deleted again and if I do that we are back at the three standard working lists here in the tracker program.