A very good evening aspirants, welcome to Hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankarae's Academy for the date 12th of July 2022. And displayed here are the list of articles that we are going to discuss today. Without any delay, let's get into the article discussion. Now let us start our discussion with this text and context article. See this article talks about the dark matter, components of dark matter and the dark matter detector experiment called the Lux Zeppelin or L-Z experiment. In this context let us discuss about the dark matter and the other important points mentioned in this article. But before that the syllabus relevant to the article is highlighted here for your reference, please go through it. Now let us start our discussion. First of all what is a dark matter? See dark matter is the mysterious matter that fills the universe but no one has ever seen it. See this is because dark matter is completely invisible. It emits no light or energy. So it cannot be detected by conventional sensors and detectors. See everything we see the planets, moons, massive galaxies, you and me and these things make up less than 5 percentage of this universe. But the remaining 95 percentage consists of dark matter and dark energy. See out of this 95 percentage 27 percentage is dark matter and 68 percentage is dark energy. See while dark matter attracts and holds the galaxy together, dark energy ripples and causes the expansion of our universe. So the dark matter it is attracting and holding the galaxies, dark energy is rippling and causing the expansion. Now let us see why these are called as dark matter. See these particles are called as dark because they do not emit light and they are called as matter because they possess mass like any other normal matter and they interact through gravity. See as I already said no one has ever seen the dark matter. But why do physicists believe strongly that dark matter exists? Well this is because there is much evidence that supports the existence of dark matter. Now let us see those evidence is one by one. Coming to the first evidence we know that the planets closer to the Sun rotate much faster than the outer planets. When we apply the same logic to the galaxies the parts near the center of the galaxy should rotate faster than the parts away from it. Right? But the measurements have conclusively proved that the outer parts are moving as fast as the inner parts of the galaxies. That is both the outer part and the inner parts are moving at nearly the same speed. The most logical explanation put forth for this observation is that the galaxies have huge amounts of dark matter and this dark matter is providing the additional gravitational pull to ensure that the visible matter throughout the galaxy rotates at the same rate. So this is first evidence. Now coming to the second evidence this is with respect to galaxy cluster. See cluster is nothing but group. See the galaxy clusters are the most massive bound objects in the universe. It comprises of hundreds to thousands of galaxies. Like I said it is a group of galaxies. They have a massive velocity of gases and the scientist opines that the reason for such high velocity is that it is surrounded with dark matter. Now apart from this know that bullet cluster is formed through merging of two galaxy cluster. See galaxy cluster is already a group of hundreds to thousands of galaxies. When two galaxy clusters merge together they form a bullet cluster. Now regarding this the physicist found that the merger of these galaxies could not be explained if we believe that only visible matter is existing in the universe. Therefore there should be something invisible like dark matter which helps in the merger of galaxy clusters. So this is one another evidence which proves the existence of dark matter. Now coming to the next one Einstein said that everything including light is influenced by gravity. Now let us say that light from a distant galaxy is traveling to earth. What will happen here? It will bend and it will create multiple images of the background galaxy. This phenomenon is called as gravitational lensing by astronomers. Here the dark matter in the galaxy cluster acts like a lens. So the light from the faraway galaxy is aided by this lens that is the dark matter before it reaches earth. But if there was no dark matter there would have been no observable gravitational lensing. So this also provides evidence for the presence of dark matter. Now that we have seen evidences that the dark matter exists we'll see what makes up this dark matter. Most dark matter is thought to be non-baryonic. So what is this non-baryonic? First we'll understand what is baryonic and the opposite of it is non-baryonic. See baryonic form of dark matter is composed of baryons. It consists of subatomic particles like protons and neutrons and combinations of these. So what is the opposite of this? Non-baryonic. Non-baryonic matter is any sort of matter that is not composed primarily of baryons. Now we can assume that dark matter is composed of non-baryonic matter. See many believe that the primary candidate for dark matter is a kind of elementary particle that has not been discovered yet. See this non-discovered elementary particle is widely known as weakly interacting massive particles. Shortly referred as WIMP. See there is no formal definition of WIMP. As I said earlier it is a new elementary particle which interacts via gravity. But these WIMPs are still non-deducted in various experiments across the world. Since these WIMPs have not been discovered the next element called the axions have drawn worldwide attention. See like WIMP axion is also a hypothetical elementary particle and more details about this particle is yet to be revealed. So in short we know nothing about dark matter and that is exactly why Lux Zeppelin experiment is being conducted by the US Department of Energy. See it is a next generation dark matter experiment. What is the aim of this experiment? The aim of this experiment is to detect the dark matter particles. Know that axillary veto detectors are used in this experiment to reject the unwanted background events and the Lux Zeppelin collaboration consists of about 250 scientists in 35 institutions in the US, UK, Portugal and Korea. We will see more about this experiment in our subsequent discussions and with this we have come to the end of this particular article discussion. With these learned points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. See this news article here it mentions about a comment made by an MP regarding the Aryan Dravidian divide. He has noted that there is no evidence stating that the British created the Aryan Dravidian divide. See this comment was made opposing a statement by Tamil Nadu governor in which he noted that the Aryan Dravidian divide was created by British as a part of their divide and rule policy and this is the essence of the article given here. In this context we are going to understand certain facts about the Aryan Dravidian divide. So what is this Aryan Dravidian divide they are talking about? Before knowing that let us see some facts about Aryans. See Aryans follow the Aryan culture which is also called as the Vedic culture. See Aryan culture began few centuries after the decline of Harappan civilization that is Indus valley civilization. It began in the northwestern part of Indian subcontinent and it gradually spread across the Ganga Yamuna plains. It is said that there were significant differences between this culture that is the Aryan culture and the culture which preceded it. See Aryans they settled on the banks of rivers Indus and Saraswati know that river Saraswati is now non-existent. See Aryans composed many hymns that is poems in the honour of gods and goddesses they worshipped. They were compiled in four Vedas namely the Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, Adarva Veda. This is why this culture is also known as Vedic culture. So these Vedas they were considered as sacred spiritual knowledge and in this culture which is the Aryan culture the society was divided into four Varna's or divisions. We have heard n number of times about these Varna's and they include Brahmanas, Chatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. These so called Varna's earlier denoted the categories of people doing different kinds of functions or works. So going by this the teachers were called as Brahmanas. The ruling class was called as Chatriyas. The farmers, merchants and bankers were called as Vaishyas and finally the artisans, craftsmen, labourers they were called as Shudras. But things changed with the passage of time and this division became hereditary and rigid. See moving from one occupation to another became very difficult. Simultaneously the Brahmanas also occupied a dominant position in the society and even called themselves as being superior to other Varna's. So this is about the Aryas and the Aryan culture. So in the 19th century historians and anthropologists believed that Aryan and Dravidians were two different races and it was said that the terms Aryans and Dravidians signified the ancestry of North and South Indians respectively. But some genetic studies suggest that these are not two different races and because of such reasons now in the current period Aryans and Dravidians are thought of as two linguistic group of people instead of two different races. So with this evidence now it is considered that Aryans spoke the Indo-Aryan language which is the subset of Indo-European language from which the other languages emerged later. The languages that emerged later include Sanskrit, Latin, Greek etc. On the other hand Dravidians are those who spoke the Dravidian languages. Dravidian languages include Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Telugu, Tulu etc. See it is agreed that the Dravidian language appears unrelated to the Indo-European language families and most significantly it is unrelated to the Indo-Aryan language. So it is not confirmed whether there are racial differences or not but linguistic differences definitely there when it comes to Aryans and Dravidians. See the origins of the Dravidian people have been difficult to ascertain by historians. To say that Dravidians are non-braumans and their social life was casteless, gender-sensitized and egalitarian without any Varna divide and they are now majorly concentrated in South India. Now with this information let us see how the Aryan Dravidian divide came into existence. See it is because of the three crucial assumptions. The first one is regarding the origins of Aryans. See some historians agree that originally the Aryans seem to have lived somewhere in the steppes stretching from southern Russia to Central Asia. From here a group of them migrated to the Northwest India and came to be called as Indo-Aryans or just Aryans. So due to this they were called as outsiders who came to India. Some even mentioned this as the Aryan or the Indo-Aryan invasion theory. This Indo-Aryan invasion theory was first propounded by Max Muller but other scholars still argue that Aryans were the indigenous people of India and they did not come from the outside. So this is the first assumption based on which the Aryan Dravidian divide came into existence. The second one is regarding the origins of Dravidians. See some argue that Dravidians were present in Indian subcontinent before the Indo-Aryan invasion. So they are the Indus Valley civilization Dravidians and the indigenous inhabitants of Indian lands. But the Indo-Aryan invasion destroyed the Dravidian civilization and the Dravidians were pushed to the southern part of Indian subcontinent. And this is one of the assumptions. Now the third one is the involvement of British in the Aryan Dravidian Tussle. Some suggest that the British attempted to create a distinction between the races. It was done as a way of dividing and controlling the people of India under their divide and rule policy. See to set that British propagated the racist beliefs based on skin colour like they did with the African origin people. Since the people who belonged to the Dravidian category had dark skin, when compared to Aryans, Dravidians were propagated to be inferior to Aryans. And this gave rise to the Dravidian movement in India. So it is believed that the British have created an odd South divide in the country which is the Aryan Dravidian divide. Under this the southern Indians were called as the dark skinned descendants of a destroyed Indus Valley civilization while the North Indians were the lighter skinned descendants of Vedic civilization. Now that's all about this Aryan Dravidian divide. Now with these take away points let us move on to the next article discussion. See this news article here. It mentions that the Godavari delta is affected by flecks. This is because water from two projects on Godavari is being released into the sea. The projects are Polavaram irrigation project and Sir Arthur cotton barrage. So the water from these projects are released into the sea which is causing the flecks. In addition to these facts let us know more about the Godavari river. See the facts related to Godavari river are important for us when it comes to film's examination. See Godavari is one of the major river systems of the Peninsular drainage system. You should know that the Peninsular drainage system is older than the Himalayan one. Actually Godavari is the largest Peninsular river system. So among the rivers in the Peninsular India Godavari is the largest one. It is 1465 kilometer long with the catchment area spreading over 3.13 lakh square kilometer. Now coming to the origin of the river it rises from the slopes of Shahiadri that is Western Ghats. It rises near Trimbakeshwar in the Nasik district of Maharashtra. It flows across the Deccan plateau from the western to the eastern Ghats. And finally it discharges into the Bay of Bengal. So it is one of the east flowing Peninsular rivers. It originates in the western Ghats and it drains into the Bay of Bengal. And like any other eastward rivers it also forms delta at its mouth. That is it forms delta near the place where it enters the Bay of Bengal. See after Rajmundri the river splits into branches forming a large delta. You can see that in this image here. Now coming to the drainage basin Godavari's drainage basin is the largest among the Peninsular rivers. See you should know what is a drainage basin. There's nothing but an area of land where water from precipitation springs ultimately end up in a common body of water. It may be a river, a channel or a common waterway outlet. See drainage basins are sometimes called as watersheds or catchments. So this entire area is called as drainage basin. The water from these area come into a common body of water and it finally drains into ocean. And this area is called as drainage basin or watersheds or catchment area. And know that it is the second largest basin after Ganges basin in the country. When it comes to Peninsular India Godavari drainage basin is the largest one. When the entire country is considered it is the second largest basin after the Ganges basin. See Godavari basin covers parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattis Ghar, Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. According to NCRT, 49% of the river lies in Maharashtra and 20% lies in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattis Ghar. And overall it accounts 9.5% of total geographical area of the country. See due to these features it is also known by the name Dakshin Ganga. See Dakshin in Hindi means South. So it is otherwise called as Sadan Ganga. Now let's move on to see about the tributaries of Godavari. See the important tributaries of the river are Pen Ganga, Indravati, Pranitha, Purna, Varda, Vain Ganga, Manjra. And another important fact to be noted about Godavari is that it is one of the river systems which is affected by heavy flits. And especially the lower reaches of Godavari is subjected to heavy flits like we saw in the news article. Why is this happening? See this is due to the regime of the river. See regime is nothing but the variability of the discharge of water in the river over a year. See Godavari has minimum discharge of water in the month of May and maximum discharge during July-August period. And after the August there is a sharp fall in the water flow. And again in the month of October and November the volume of flow will be higher than that of any of the months from January to May. So overall the mean maximum discharge of Godavari is 3200 Q6 and the minimum flow is only 50 Q6. See two reasons are responsible for this variation in the discharge of water. One of them is that the basin receives high rainfall in less duration causing flits. And the second reason is that it receives its maximum rainfall of about 84 percentage during the Southwest monsoon which sets in the mid June and ends by mid October. So these are the two reasons for the variability in the discharge of water and this variability in the discharge of water is called the regime of river. And now we are in the month of July so the river water discharge is more and it is causing flits. And that's all about this news article. With these points in mind let us move on to the next article discussion. See this news article here it has appeared today because of two reasons. One because yesterday that is 11th of July was observed as World Population Day. And two while observing the World Population Day the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat released the World Population Prospects 2022 report. And in this connection we will discuss important general and India specific points from this UN report. See this report it deals with three main areas. One is about the world population trends from 1950 to 2020 and then it discusses about trends in fertility, mortality and international migration. And thirdly it deals with long range population projections up to 2100. Now let us come to the important observations. Firstly it states that the world's population continues to grow but the pace of growth is slowing down. See the world's population is projected to reach 8 billion or 800 crores on 15th November 2022. Though the pace is slowing down and the global population could reach 10.4 billion or 1040 crores in the year 2100. And the projection is given here in this table. See between the year 2022 and 2050 the expected increase in population is about 50 crores. And out of this more than half of the projected increase will be from the eight countries given here and India is one of them. Now secondly the report observed that the rates of population growth vary significantly across countries and regions. The report finds that 46 least developed countries are among the world's fastest growing countries. Out of these 46 LDCs many are projected to double in population between the year 2022 and 2015. This will put additional pressure on resources and achieving the sustainable development goals. And apart from this the report observed that the levels and patterns of fertility and mortality also vary widely around the world. This you can understand from this image where the variation from 2.3 to 4.6 births per woman is noted. Apart from the observations that we saw so far these are the other salient observations from the report. We'll discuss about them in detail as and when the related articles appear in the newspaper. For the time being you just go through these observations. Now let us come to the India specific observations. See two points are important here. One is India is projected to surpass China as the world's most populous country in the next year which is 2023 and the other is that about 35 lakh Indians go out of India every year due to temporary work in other countries. So in general the report calls for the countries to achieve the sustainable development goal target 10.7 which says that facilitate orderly, safe and responsible migration and mobility of people including through implementation of planned and well managed migration policies. So these are some important points from the world population prospects 2022 report and in this analysis we discussed about the important general and India specific points from this report. Now with these points let us move on to the next article discussion. Look at this news article here. It is about the recent Amarnath cave floods that happened last week in the Jammu and Kashmir. More than 15 people have died due to this extreme event. Now the Secretary of Ministry of Earth Sciences has told that these are flash floods and they did not happen due to a cloud burst. Rather the reason given is global warming which leads to sudden cloud formation causing flash floods. It is also noted that such events cannot be predicted in advance with the current available technology and science and this is the essence of the article given here. In this context we are going to learn more about flash floods so that it will be useful for you for prelims as well as mains. Now what are these flash floods? Simply it is the short and sudden local flood with great volume which is caused by heavy or excessive rainfall. Crucial factor here is that it is caused in a very short period of time particularly flooding that begins within 6 hours or often within 3 hours of heavy rainfall is called as flash flood. See extremely heavy rainfall from thunderstorms is the main cause and apart from this flash flooding is caused by slow moving thunderstorms thunderstorms repeatedly moving over the same area or the heavy rains from hurricanes, tropical storms or cyclones and the cloud burst. Here remember it could happen due to other causes also like dam breaks or heavy breaks, mud slides or debris flow etc. So far we have seen the definition of the flash floods and the causes that leads to flash floods. Now coming to the consequences of it see the severity and incidence of flash flood depends on certain crucial factors. These factors determine just how quickly the flash flooding may occur and also it influences where it may occur. See intensity of rainfall and its duration are the main factors. Other factors include the location and distribution of rainfall, the land use and the topography, vegetation types and vegetation growth or density, soil type, soil water content etc. So these are the factors that decide the severity of flash floods. See here a factor remember is that it is common in hilly and sloping lands where heavy rainfall and thunderstorms occur frequently. But the urban areas also are prone to flash flooding. See this is because the impervious surfaces in the urban areas do not allow the water to infiltrate into the ground. And because of this factor the water runs off to low spots or low level areas very quickly and this causes flash floods in urban areas. See the impact and damages of the flash flood is more devastating than any other normal floods. This is because it can come with no warning at all and it can occur so quickly that people are caught without precautions. And also flash floods combine the destructive power of a normal flood with incredible speed. So it can easily trap and kill the travelling people or people who are at their homes or businesses. See it is so strong that it can roll the boulders, it can tear out trees, it can destroy buildings and bridges also. It just sweeps away everything in its path. So that's all for the consequences of flash floods. And with this we have come to the end of this article discussion. With these points in mind now let us quickly recap all the articles that we discussed today. In the first article discussion we saw about dark matter. It is a mysterious matter that fills the universe but no one has ever seen it. It is completely invisible and it makes up to 95% of the universe and it consists of dark matter and dark energy. The dark matter attracts and holds the galaxies together but the dark energy it ripples and causes the expansion of universe. They are called as dark because they do not emit light and they are called as matter because they possess mass like any other matter and they interact through gravity. And after that we saw some of the evidences that support the existence of dark matter. One is the movement of the outer and inner part of galaxies in the uniform speed. See logically speaking the parts near the center should rotate faster than the parts away from the galaxy. So from this we can conclude that dark matter is providing the additional gravitational pull to ensure the visible matter throughout the galaxy rotates at the same rate. The second evidence is with respect to galaxy clusters. It is about the massive velocity of gases and about the merger of galaxy clusters. See the merger of the galaxies is possible because of the dark matter. And finally one more evidence for the existence of dark matter is the gravitational lensing. When light from distant galaxy travels to earth it bends and creates multiple images of the background galaxy.  And after these evidences we saw about the characteristics of dark matter. It is made up of non-baryonic materials. See baryonic materials consist of subatomic particles like protons and neutrons. So from this we can say that non-baryonic matter is not composed of baryons. The primary candidate for dark matter is kind of elementary particle that has not been discovered. It is widely known as weakly interacting mass particles. WIMPS. It interacts via gravity. And we also saw about another element axion which is also a hypothetical elementary particle. And we ended that discussion by seeing Luke's Zeppelin experiment by the US department of energy. It is used to deduct the dark matter particles and collaboration consist of 250 scientists from US, UK, Portugal and Korea. And after this we saw about the Aryan Dravidian divide. We saw about the Aryan culture which is also called as Vedic culture. It began after the decline of Harappan civilization. It began in the northwestern part of India and gradually spread across Ganga-Yamuna plains. Aryan settled on the banks of rivers Indus and Saraswati. They composed hymns in the honor of gods and goddesses. They compiled it in four Vedas namely Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, Atharva Veda. Since they are called as Vedic culture. The Aryan society was divided into four Varanas, Brahmanas, Chatriyas, Vaishyas, Sudras. The teachers were called as Brahmanas. Ruling class called as Chatriyas. Farmers, merchants and bankers were called as Vaishyas. Artisans, craftsmen, labourers were called as Shudras. And after that we saw Aryan and Dravidian were not two different races. They were two linguistic group of people. Aryan spoke Indo-Aryan language which is the subset of Indo-European language from which Sanskrit, Latin and Greek were emerged. Dravidian spoke Dravidian languages which include Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Telugu and after this we saw three assumptions which paved way for the Aryan-Dravidian divide. The first one is regarding the origins of Aryans who lived in steppes stretching from southern Russia to Central Asia. They migrated to Northwest India and invaded the people living in India. This theory is called as Indo-Aryan invasion theory propounded by Max Muller. So from this it is concluded that Aryans were people who came outside of India. The second evidence is regarding the origins of Dravidians who were present in Indian subcontinent before the Indo-Aryan invasion. So they were the Indus Valley civilization Dravidians, indigenous inhabitants of Indian lands. And the third evidence is based on the involvement of British in the Aryan-Dravidian divide. It is believed that British attempted to create a distinction between the races under the divide and rule policy. So according to this, Dravidian category had dark skin compared to Aryans so that they were propagated as inferior to Aryans. And this created North-South divide in the country. Southern Indians were called as dark skin descendants of a destroyed Indus Valley civilization and North Indians were the lighter skin descendants of Vedic civilization. And with these information about the Aryan-Dravidian divide we are going to see about some facts regarding Godavari river. See it is the largest peninsular river system older than the Himalayan ones. We saw the origin, it rises from the slopes of Shakyadris, that is the western guards near the Trimba Keswar in the Nasik district of Maharashtra. It flows from the west to east and disdages into Bay of Bengal. It forms deltas at its mouth after Rajamundri. And we saw about the drainage basin. Its drainage basin is the largest among the peninsular rivers and second largest after Ganges. It covers parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It is also known as Dakshin Ganga meaning Southern Ganga. And we saw important tributaries which includes Pen Ganga, Indravati, Pranitha, Purna, Varda, Vain Ganga, Manshra. And finally we ended this discussion by seeing the flets occurring in the Godavari river system. We saw that it is due to the regime of the river. Regime is nothing but the variability of discharge of water. So this variation in the discharge of water is happening due to two reasons. One is the basin receives a high rainfall in less duration and the second one is it receives maximum rainfall during the Southwest monsoon during the months of June to October. And with this information we moved on to see the World Population Prospects Report 2022 by the United Nations. This report deals with three areas. One is about the world population trend from 1950 to 2050 and the trends in fertility, mortality and international migration and it deals with long range population projections up to the year 2100. We saw important observations under this report. The world's population continues to grow but the pace has slowed down. In the year of 2100 the global population could reach 10.4 billion or 1040 crores. And after that we saw about the rates of population growth. The report finds that 46 least developed countries or among the world's fast growing countries and in these least developed countries many are projected to double in population between 2022 to 2050. And we saw the fertility mortality patterns which were varying widely around the world. And finally we ended our discussion by seeing some of the India specific observations which includes India is projected to surpass China as the world's most populous country in the year 2023 and 35 lakhs Indians go out of India every year due to temporary work. And with those points we moved on to see about the flash floods. See it is short, sudden, local flood with great volume caused by heavier excessive rainfall. It is caused in short period of time. And we also saw the causes of the flash floods which includes extreme rainfall from slow moving thunderstorms. Thunderstorms repeatedly moving over the same area. Heavy rains from hurricanes, tropical storms, cyclones cloudburst. And we also saw that it can be caused by dam breaks, levee breaks, mudslides and debris flow. And we saw the factors which are responsible for the severity and incidence of flash floods which includes intensity and duration of rainfall, location and distribution of rainfall land use and topography, vegetation types, vegetation growth and density, soil type, soil water content. We also saw that flash floods are common in hilly and sloping areas. It occurs in urban areas due to the impervious surfaces in the urban areas. And we ended that discussion by seeing the impact of flash floods which is more devastating than any other flood. It combines the destructive power of a flood with incredible speed. It kills people. It rolls boulders, tear out trees, destroy buildings and bridges. So it causes damage to the infrastructure. Now with all these learned points, let us move on to the next part of the discussion that is the practice prelims question discussion. Today we have four prelims questions. I will solve three of them and one of them is a quiz question for you. Let us take this first question. Consider following statements. Statement one, Aryan invasion theory was first propounded by Max Müller. See this statement is correct. This we saw in the discussion itself. It was the German linguist Max Müller who in the 19th century proposed that 3,000, 4,000 years ago an Indo-European tribe that is the Aryans invaded the Indian subcontinent and pushed the indigenous Dravidians to the south. So statement one is correct. Statement two, Jyothirav Pule opposed the view which suggested Aryans invaded the Indian subcontinent. See this statement is incorrect because Jyothirav Pule suggested that Aryans invaded the Indian subcontinent directly. See Jyothirav Pule set out to attack the Brahminas claim that they were superior to others since they were Aryans. Pule argued that the Aryans were foreigners who came outside the subcontinent and defeated the true children of the country those who had lived here before the coming of the Aryans. As the Aryans established their dominance they began looking at the defeated population as inferior, low caste people. According to Pule the upper caste had no right to their land and power. In reality the land belonged to the indigenous people the so called lower castes. Pule climbed that before Aryan rule there existed a golden age when the warriors and the peasants tilled the land and ruled. So from this we can say that statement two is incorrect. What has the question asked? The question has asked to find the incorrect statements. So here the correct answer is option B, two and Lee. Now moving on to the second question with reference to river Godavari statement. It's origin and maximum catchment area both lies in Maharashtra. This statement is correct. It originates near Trimbakeshwar in the Nasik district of Maharashtra and also the maximum catchment is in that state only. About 49% of the river lies in Maharashtra. Now the second statement it's tributaries Indravati and Pranitha receive more rainfall that causes floods in the basin. See this statement is also correct. Central part of the basin receives less rainfall. But Indravati and Pranitha and Sabari receive more rainfall that causes floods in the basin. Most of the years the basin receives high rainfall in less duration which causes floods. Now coming to the third statement. It's basin is bounded by western guards in the west and eastern guards in the east. See this statement is also correct. Godavari basin is bounded by hills on all sides. The western guards form a continuous watershed on the west. On the north the basin is bounded by these Atmala Hills, Ajanta Range and the Mahadeyo Hills. The basin is bounded on the east by eastern guards and the Bay of Bengal. On the south it is bounded by Balagat and Mahadeyo ranges stretching forth from the eastern flank of western guards and the Anantgiri and other ranges of the hills. So all three statements are correct here. So the correct option here is option C all the above. Now coming to the third question. Which of the following reports are released by UN department of social and economic affairs? Option A world economic situations and prospects report. Option B world population prospects report. Option C both A and B. Option D neither A nor B. See the correct option here is option C both A and B is because the UN department of social and economic affairs releases both the economic situations and prospects report and population prospects report. Now coming to the final question. See this is a quiz question for you. Read the question carefully, try to attempt it and post your answer in the comment section. I have given a main question for your practice. So interested aspirants write it and post it in the comment section. If you have any queries related to the articles that we discussed today, post that also in the comment section. And with this we have come to the end. If you find the video useful, like, share and comment and do subscribe to Shankaraay's Academy's YouTube channel for further updates. Thank you.