All right, so the next talk we've got coming up is by Michael Contario and it's how is the universe like a light bulb? So a big hand, please Good afternoon everyone. You're having a good EMF camp Excellent. So what I'm going to be doing is kind of a bit of a cross between a physics talk and a comedy show So who in here enjoys watching comedy? Hey Excellent. Excellent. Who in here enjoys watching physics talks? Hey Who in here likes neither? Excellent, you're all in the right place This is a bit of an experiment and as such I'm going to say what my aims of the experiments are out at the front Which is a good experimental practice. I did actually want to be doing a double blind experiment To see whether or not this was a good way of transmitting physics So I was going to try and put in a second event which was going to have the exact same title, but be contemporary dance But luckily that turned out to be too much fat, so you're all excused from that But what I'm going to be doing is I am going to be talking through some stuff Basically linking it through the physics. So things like how is the universe like a light bulb? or How is you might you might know this one already? This is an old joke. How is duct tape like the force? And the answer to this joke is it has a light side a dark side and it holds the universe together And another sort of comparison that you might make another famous one is how is a raven like a writing desk and There are a couple of almost canonical answers to this one of them is they're both inky and Another one is Poe wrote on both But because I'm coming at this from a physical perspective I think the answer is both bizarrely are made of exactly the same constituent parts and obey the same physical laws despite being really very obviously different and if you don't think they're obviously different then Yeah, there's no hope. I'm sorry. You're just gonna have to leave it there But there's so many things that are linked by the physics underlying them and I was a bit disappointed a while back I was reading the garden guardian education blog and they had a letter Well an email I assume that had been written in by someone who was choosing her a level subjects and she said I don't want to do physics because I've been doing physics and biology at GCSE and Biology just seems so much more relevant to my everyday life learning about things like stem cells And I think if we've got to the point where the subject of physics Which is literally about how everything in the universe works is not relevant to your everyday life Then we're doing something badly wrong Also, if you're doing if your everyday life requires stem cells When you're doing your GCSEs, then it's possible you might also be doing something wrong So I want you to put this together and kind of bring all of the different things together And also a lot of physics talks. They're all they're all about astrophysics all about particle physics and they're brilliant but there's so much more to physics and I wanted to kind of talk about some of the Almost nitty-gritty that often gets lost. So I hope you'll appreciate all of that So what we're going to start with is how is a roundabout like a space station? One answer that I have heard is a lot of Americans haven't seen either of these and don't honestly believe that they exist But no, it's one of that. Has anyone here driven through Milton Keynes? Yeah Did you enjoy driving through Milton Keynes? No No, I used to go there's a bus between Cambridge and Oxford that I've been on called the x5 and it for some reason It goes through Milton Keynes and all that you get all the way through is getting shoved to one side and shoved back to the other as you come out of the roundabouts and This To understand this you've got to kind of like we're going to use some actual technical physical terms here Because most of the time in real life we talk about how the speed Something is moving at but what we really care a lot of time about is its velocity Which is just a speed plus a direction direction is really important because if say I was wandering out outside And you said which way is it to the toilets and I said, oh, it's okay. They're only 300 meters away and Think of your direction. I am giving you not enough information It's the same a lot of time in physics. We need directions as well. And so technically the definition of acceleration Is a change in velocity so it can be a change in speed or it can be a change in the direction And so in when we're going around the roundabout because we're changing direction We are accelerating and there seems to be this weird link between Acceleration and being thrown about and feeling feeling being pulled somewhere So I'd like to do a bit of an experiment with all of you This is just a thought experiment. So it doesn't require you to move from your chairs And I'd just like you to imagine that after this talk You kind of went out.  You have no idea how you got there. Perhaps you party too hard at the bar tonight And and you are just there stood on the bottom of the lift and you think that's usual That's what normally happens. I'm stood on something. I can feel the ground pushing up against me. This is usual But since you don't know how you got there Something else might be happening. You might be out in deep space Where you're so far away from all the other stars and planets that the force of gravity is Negligible almost zero and all that's happening instead is you would be floating apart from the fact that your rocket ship is Constantly accelerating in one direction. So to you it feels like there's gravity pushing you away from that But then if you're in the lift Something bad happens the lift cable snaps The lift starts falling down and you start falling down at the same rate as a lift You lose contact with the floor and just floating floating there is a lift plummets heading towards What seems inevitable at this point? You're probably hoping very much that you are actually in the rocket ship and in fact all that's happened is a rocket ship has Stopped accelerating leaving you free to float around in zero g and it was this kind of equivalence between acceleration and gravity that caused eyes That caused Albert Einstein to actually come up with his general theory of relativity, which is basically Theory of relativity number two the first one was special because it didn't involve gravity Why that makes something special is an answer that is Lost in the midst of time so so When Einstein did this He realized that actually gravity did more than that. Oops. Sorry. I managed to put my slides on He realized that gravity did more than that because in theory of relativity he linked space and time and in the General for it theory of relativity. He put gravity into the mix and that warped space-time Which is of course a really poor naming system by I'm saying he's literally just taking space and time and Ram them together. I wonder whether or not Einstein was at the time. He was thinking about this getting slightly hangry Because and perhaps he shouldn't eat an a ham bread, which I'm sure is what he would have called a ham sandwich So he's got all that and he's put it all together And oh one thing you might not know The mathematics of relativity gets very complicated and Einstein was the master of the humble brag Because he said no matter what your problems are with mathematics. Do not worry for mine are far greater I'm not I'm not struggling with that low-level mathematics I'm struggling with the really epic mathematics So he did that and he through this he wrote some equations Which were basically the called Einstein's field equations and some of these describe kind of how the universe changed over time and Einstein actually during this was an awful awful scientist Because the results that came out of this Were not what he wanted. They basically said either Well, they basically said all of the matter and energy in the universe will effectively be pulling Back inwards and so the universe will be up be shrinking or if it was already going outwards That would at least be decelerating come back in and Einstein didn't like that So he put in what we put call in physics and a very technical term a fudge factor He had literally no idea what this was. It was just because he wanted the universe to be unchanged and Eternal he had no explanation for that. He later called it his greatest mistake But we'll come back to that later as to why it might not actually have been his greatest mistake But the thing about this is that we've kind of gone a long way from our initial point, which is that Acceleration and gravity are completely linked in a lot of six situations you cannot tell a difference between them and these this picture of space stations is actually One that was kind of drawn for NASA as a suggestion of what future space stations might look like As you can see their long cylinders. They're pointing towards the Sun to all the pickup things solar power But what you can't see because it's still picture is that these would be rotating And so you'd have basically exactly the same situation as a car going around the roundabouts You would feel yourself as you're just going constantly round the roundabout pushed out towards the side And that is what you would feel inside the space station So this theory of gravity doesn't just link roundabouts and space stations But also links them to something that I'll come back to later, which is just the fate of the entire universe So the next one starting again a little close to home. How is a street lamp? The opposite of light from a distant planet Now this is a very specific type of street lamp who here recognizes a street lamp can tell me what element is used in it Sodium yes, this is a sodium street lamp to those of you who are watching earlier cat was talking about Sodium lights being used in film special effects and the reason that they were used is because they put out Technically a few but only what very very close colors of yellow light and the reason they do this is Down to quantum mechanics and I realize I'm pushing it a bit in that I'm only about 15 minutes into this and I've already gone through relativity and quantum mechanics Which is kind of like the big theories of the 20th century But it's not as complicated as sometimes it can be made to sound you can have lots of people talking about Shrodinger's cat and is it half dead or half alive or is it both dead and alive until you look at it? And there's lots of quantum weirdness like that but the thing about quantum physics is We've tested it really rather well and We know that it's weird, but effectively we know how weird it is we can quantify that weirdness and that means we can use it and You can use it for example To tell us what will happen when you press electricity into a sodium light and what we've got there is I've got one equation for us, which is the Shrodinger equation Which is kind of the key equation of quantum mechanics. Don't worry. There aren't many equations here But basically on the right hand side. You've got the energy of a state and on the left hand side the far left bit you've got basically some fundamental constants the mass of whatever it is that you're looking at and a Mathematical operator, which some of you may or may not recognize and that's kind of that's kind of just a quantum mechanical way of looking at something's motion The v-term on the other hand is a little bit more It basically says insert the rest of physics here All of the rest of the physics is basically combined into that one v-term there This is actually a great frustration to some people Because obviously the rest of physics includes gravity and we still haven't worked out really how to properly Get that in there. We can't get relativity and quantum physics to play nicely together But when we're looking at that that's that's everything when we're looking in a solid That's basically saying look at the effects of all of the other surrounding atoms the electrons in that the electric fields We put across things Basically and inside a particle inside of an atom in the center It's all of the forces a strong and weak force which are involved inside the nucleus in various cases but mostly it's going to be electric and magnetic fields and That is what's going to change things inside our sodium light Well, there's a funny outcome of this equation, which is basically that we have very few Specific energy levels for things. This is in fact why quantum mechanics gets its name It comes from the word quanta which effectively translates as bit of stuff and So in quantum mechanics, we have only very specific sizes of stuff in this case It's the energy of the electrons inside the sodium light They sit in very specific energy levels and when we jump up when we when we give them some power by basically switching the current on What the electron will jump up to a higher energy level and will then fall back down again some random time later And when it does so it's got to give up that energy somehow and how it does that is by emitting a Particle of light or a photon and it turns out that the color of the light that you see Depends on the energy of this photon and because we've got just one size energy gap We get one specific color of light coming out of our lamp and So so why do we why do we even use this in lamps and the answer is because we're cheap this light this color light is actually picked up really well by our eyes and Because it's doing going this way Basically most of the energy that we put in through these lights are coming out as the light And it means that we can use less energy in order light Our streets at night and we can still see really well But you might wonder what has that got to do with light from distant planets? And it answers the kind of the opposite and we have to we have to take a step back and look at distant stars first So in these distant stars, we've got huge giant balls of plasma and light is being produced in the center of the star And it's kind of making its way out. It's being absorbed. It's being re-emitted loads and loads of times But eventually it's got to come out past the outer bits of the star and there are some Gases there as well and we have exactly the same situation We have gases with specific energy levels, but different energy levels because they're different Chemicals the electrons inside them are bound to the nucleus differently So we get we can see when we look at these distant stars We see a big spectrum of light just as we see from the Sun But there are some gaps Because basically what's happening there is light is coming out of the Sun, but it's trying to get through this gas It's coming out towards imagine you are now representing Earth a Lot of pressure on such as more people, but don't worry And I will be a distant star And now there's gas in front of me and as the light goes into that gas some of it gets absorbed It's a right energy to actually make an electron jump up an energy level. It precisely matches that gap But then when it gets re-emitted it can get Mitted in a completely different direction to what it was coming from originally. It was coming at you But now it might instead be going in that direction It might be going back into the star it might be going somewhere else And so most of the light that was coming at you of that particular color that is being absorbed Will never reach you and so we see these gaps in the spectrum These dark lines where we'd expect normally to see a color But we can go one further than that Because we've been detecting exoplanets recently Have any of you seen the news about all the exoplanets that the Kepler mission have been detecting? Yeah, one of the ways that that's been done is basically just the planets passing in front of The star and blocking out a tiny tiny bit of the light that's coming towards us And we actually have sensors which are fine enough.  So what we're seeing is not just dimming of light Due to the planet physically blocking the light We're also seeing some dimming because of the light going into that planet's atmosphere and then being sent off in a different direction And the frequency and hence color of that light depends on what's inside that planet's atmosphere And so we can tell what's there Okay, I don't think you're excited enough. We can detect Atmospheres and planets in other solar systems by the light that it's blocking from a distant star Forget jet packs. We are living in the future now and We're hoping that we actually be able soon to recognize some of some of the molecules or compounds That we associate with life as well all from just a slight dimming of that light being captured from the light from the star being captured by those molecules and emitted in a completely different direction according to the rules of quantum physics and I think this is a really exciting bit and it's all coming from this key equation of Quantum physics So I think that's pretty awesome, and I'm looking forward to seeing what comes out later So next one. How is the sound of formula one? like light from distant stars And for the sound of formula one, I don't mean the sort of sound which involves lots of rich people sponsoring teams and Money possibly being used in dubious ways What I mean is the sound that you hear while stood next to the track and I want to recreate that sound here So what I'm going to do is I'm going to point sweep across the entire audience And what I'd like you to do is I'd like you to make the sound of a formula one car Going past on a count of three one two three okay, and So what we've got there is the Doppler effect. This is something which I'm sure most of you will recognize and Be able to talk about but I am aware that for some people in here Some people might not have actually got to this point in school and for some people I know GCSE or O level physics was a long long time ago So can I have a volunteer, please? to come on the stage It's okay, you're not going to have to do anything complicated Down there, please come to the stage big round of applause for our volunteer, please Okay, thank you, sir If you could just take one end of this slinky and just take a few steps back. So we've got it vaguely taught So I'm sure most of you aware that sound is vibrations in the air And what I'm going to be doing is I'm going to be using this slinky to represent those You can imagine kind of like each ring of slink the slinky being a Molecule inside the air and when I'm talking and it's coming out the speakers What's happening is we're getting a vibration back and forth and some in some places The slinky is getting tight the slinky wings are getting closer together and in other places They're getting stretched out and that those compressions and stretches are traveling down the slinky They're also getting reflected at the other end there at Sarah, which we know is a function of waves of which sound is one But that's fine if I'm just standing still, but if I start menacingly approaching Sarah All of as I'm pushing this back and forwards You'll notice that the areas of which I'll do that again as I'm getting closer the areas of bits which are Squished together are getting closer to each other and the areas of stretch are also getting closer to each other Whereas if I'm doing that while I'm reversing They're getting further apart Thank you very much a big round of applause for volunteer And so Basically what we've got there is a Doppler effect in action as I was moving closer to the person who was here in the sound The sound waves were getting squashed together or we call the wavelength Which is equivalent to the gap between the squished together regions was getting smaller the Frequency of those getting to our receiver was getting higher and the pitchers sound goes up Which in the case of the sound the formula one is the knee Whereas when they go past we get them spreading the waves spreading out the frequency going down and we get the album again technical terms But what one interesting thing is that you get that weird continuum between them. It doesn't just go knee Alme it goes knee Alme and slides along the way one way I've heard of Explaining this is this only happens because the F1 car Doesn't hit you and this is because when it's coming almost directly towards you It's speed with the we're back to directions being important again All all of its speed is in towards you and so that gives you a higher pitch But as it's getting closer to you Lesson a smaller and smaller component of that speed is actually coming towards you. It's going past things going past You don't change the frequency And so as it's going down there getting close and close to you the amount of which the sound is Doppler shifted Gets smaller and smaller and smaller and then as it's going away from you the opposite happens as it gets further and further away the Doppler effect gets bigger and bigger and bigger and the frequency goes down even more but This means that when you're watching all the kind of like old films and kind of looking at World War two documentaries The scary sound of the bomb falling is not the one that you think it is The scary sound of a bomb falling is not the one that slides It's the one that is just a whistle which sounds exactly the same As you're hearing it because that means it's coming directly towards you and this sort of thing happens happens for a lot of different waves Including light because light is an electromagnetic wave It's got oscillations in the electric field in one direction and in the magnetic field basically at 90 degrees to that direction and It can have the Doppler effect It's not the same way But the reason you don't see it when our projector screen is wobbling back and forth is because light is very very fast Basically what you need to get to an appreciable fraction of it in order to be able to see it So so we don't have anything really here that is going to be going fast enough on this planet to be able to see it But we can look at these distant stars and we can look to see whether the light is Doppler shifted But compared to what? How are we going to tell the difference between light being changing frequency because a star is coming towards us or light that was just that color when the star emitted it anyway and This is where all of the spectra that we were just talking about come in useful Because when we were talking about the sodium lights, it wasn't quite just one yellow line it was a few different types of yellow which were very close together in frequency and so they have very specific gaps between them and So we can look at the light that's come from these distant stars and look for those patterns in the light That has been absorbed by the gases around them and so we can therefore measure Whether or not they're moving towards us or away from us and a guy called Edwin Hubble in 1929 did this and noticed that For basically every star in a galaxy that was not our own The light was being redshifted. It was moving towards a red end of the spectrum Which is the same as going to a lower frequency and so the objects were moving away But more than that he discovered that the further away This galaxy was The faster it seemed to be moving there was a linear dependence Between these two things and we call this Hubble's law. He wasn't actually the first one to notice this Actually, there was a guy called George Lemaire Who actually published results about this two years earlier? But he had something of a disadvantage He was French That wasn't a disadvantage the disadvantage was and he published his paper in an obscure French journal Which meant that suddenly French wasn't really being read as much in scientific journals by that time and So people just didn't read it Whereas Edwin Hubble's paper on it got distributed and science is all about not just getting your results But sharing them with the wider scientific community and so poor Lemaire, not only Did it did he not have his paper read it was later translated into English and the translator left out Some of the key bits about this because well, we don't know But possibly because they matched what Edwin Hubble had already published in English And so even then he didn't get the recognition for actually discovering this first But going back to the idea of Hubble's law It does just look like all other galaxies just really hate us and have been trying to get away with us Basically, if you rewind time back, they've been trying to get away from us all the way back until a Point where it looks like they were basically on top of us And this was some of the first evidence for the theory of the big bang The idea that the entire universe basically started in one point and has been expanding from there ever since But There's still another few twists to this tale, which is that one inside this we've looked at the acceleration and we've been measuring it over time and We expected based on Einstein's theory of relativity that the acceleration if they are going out The acceleration must be decreasing because of all the mass and energy pulling everything back inwards But when we look at the measurements, we don't see this We see I'm not entirely up to date with it We see as I believe we're still a small acceleration out the universe is expanding faster than it should and so Einstein's cosmological constant the fudge factor that he put in his equations it turns out We needed that but we needed it a bit bigger than he put it it put it in there and there were lots of Competing theories as to what this actually is and some people say it might be the energy of the vacuum In quantum physics your ground state has some energy and it might be this which is causing space to expand But there's a slight problem with that and that's From particle physics measurements We've got quite a good idea of how big this should be and if we compare that to the size of How big it should be for? Astronomical purposes There's an error of 10 to the power 120 That's a one with 120 zeros after it Which is really? rather embarrassing and we don't know why we still don't know what this is and There are lots of theories going around but And eventually we just don't know this is still an active bit of research And so we've come a long way from the same effect Which gives us a sound of F1 cars going past an ambulance siren is it going past? to What is now one of the biggest? mysteries of the universe Why is it accelerating? And that we still don't know Okay, how are you all how you all doing you all following at the moment? Yeah, yeah, that's good. Um, well, I'd like to say we've gone through some of the biggest bits of science there But now for this next bit. I am actually going to get you all involved Because I have here a set of elastic bands and I'm just going to throw these out vaguely towards you I might need some help going to the back And if you could all just grab one of these pass them on and share them around that would be brilliant yes, you can just pass those all around because What we're moving on to next is how is an elastic band? like a fridge and For this I'm going to be asking all of you to take the elastic bands and make your own observation So those of you who've got them what I'd like you to do is I'd like you to take the elastic band in two hands and hold it up So that it's just touching your face here like some sort of natty moustache And like you very quickly, but with a bit of a gap of time in between them stretch it out really quickly and Then relax it really quickly stretch it out Relax it and just feel what it does. What does it feel like on the top of your lip? Well, when does it get warm? When you it gets warm when you stretch it what about when you let it relax What was that? And when you relax it it gets cold and bizarrely this effect is down to One of the most fundamental rules of the universe and time So who here has heard of entropy before? Yeah, yeah a few people few people Entropy is a quantity we like to define in physics Which is always increasing inside an isolated system and That's a very important bit of the rule entropy always increases inside an isolated system and entropy can be thought of as a measure of disorder but more accurately almost like the number of ways that you can do something so There's kind of a lot of people like lots of people say or Entropy means that things just naturally get messier So for example, I shouldn't need to clean my room. It'll just get messier anyway To which the fundamental floor is your room is not a closed system And so you can't use that excuse for exactly the same reason if you're a creationist you can't say that entropy always increases This proves evolution because evolution obviously things are getting more ordered We've gone from final final audio goop to the fine specimens we see out here today And they say oh well, that's more that kind of happened You've ignored half of the rule. You cannot ignore half of the rule. That would be like me saying The rule is you can drive at 70 miles per hour on a motorway And then proceeding to drive through the center of town at 70 miles per hour It doesn't work And yes, some people still try and use this as a result but going to the elastic bands Basically the reason it heats up is because we need entropy to always be Increasing so the first way that we've got entropy inside elastic band is it's got lots of long fiber chains inside it And these are all wiggling about in space In lots of different directions and when the elastic band is small They're wiggling around an awful lot and basically there's lots and lots of ways that they can wiggle and the elastic band be small Which means that in this state they have high entropy But when you put it taught all of those bands line up nicely And then there are only a few ways you can do that so their physical position has low entropy But there's more than just how the change Chains can wiggle. There's also How they can jiggle because none of these chains are stationary. They're all moving all the time and If things are moving faster They're again, they've got they've got many more ways in which they can achieve this and so Moving faster means that you have a higher entropy So when you stretch your elastic band All the entropy based on how the chains are aligned goes down But it gets warmer all the entropy based on how they're moving goes up and Basically when you're letting go exactly the opposite is happening.  You'll get kind of getting a pull out That could elastic bands can pull things they'd be giving the energy to that And so they've got to lose energy and cool cool down as well And so you've got all of this going on but there's a little bit little bit more There's also just how they're losing heat to the outside world. This is my last equation So which I'm sure you're glad and this is a really simple equation for change in entropy Now on this left hand side we have ds s is entropy and so ds is the change in entropy And on the right side. Oh, I've got extra d on here. That's nonsense that equation That is actually a nonsense equation I do apologize that that d on the bottom has snuck in and shouldn't be there the bottom of that equation should just say t So because dq is the amount of heat flowing into a material That's positive if it's flowing out of material. It's negative and t which should be on its own on the bottom And I'm going to have words with that d later Is the temperature of that and so as you can see he goes in the entropy increases He goes out the entropy decreases But the amount by which it does so is related to the temperature of the body and this basically explains why When you've got a hot thing and a cold thing together the hot thing gets cooler and the cold thing gets hotter because the hotter thing higher temperature there measured of course in Kelvin and The colder thing has a lower temperature. So for the same amount of heat moving there'll be a greater change in entropy For the colder object. So as the heat moves to the cold object overall Entropy will increase. There's a bigger change for the colder object same amount of heat lower temperature So that's great and that explains kind of heat flowing, but a fridge doesn't really do that It'd be kind of a rubbish fridge if it did And in a fridge we've got a cold area inside and he is removed from that and dumped in the hotter area outside So how are we going to getting an increase in entropy and this equation shows that as well because Crucially a fridge again is not an isolated system It's plugged in and so we can get certain so when we're transferring heat We can create some extra heat basically by using some of the electrical energy. We're getting flowing in so the energy that goes leaves from the inside the fridge and The energy that comes out the back of the fridge As heat is not the same amount more energy is coming out So we can put a bigger DQ and we can overcome the higher temperature of the outside and still keep entropy increasing and This in fact all the way around inside the fridge entry is always increasing you've got you start off inside the fridge You've got cold fridge You've got a cooler refrigerant it now in the back heat flows from hot to cold increasing entropy then you let that Then you let that go through a Comfort, excuse me then when you've done that you your heat your Your your your now slightly warmer fluid goes on the back and is compressed is getting compressed into a smaller space Which means there are fewer ways all the particles inside it can be arranged and so that would normally be a lower entropy But to counter that it heats up higher entropy. It's now at the back of the fridge It's now in the little wavy bit of the back, but now because it's got hotter It's hotter than the outside Heat flows from the hot to the cold increase an entropy and finally it's allowed to go through an expansion valve and Spread out it spread out more space more ways of actually being able to have the particles in it arranged and Higher entropy there and it cools down as it does so and so all the way around we've got this fundamental increase in entropy and You know as a physicist that's really really weird Because normally in physics things that go happening in one direction Happen in the other direction all the laws of physics basically apart from this Look the same depending on which way round you look at them in time. This is the only one that seems to have a direction and This has led lots of people to start pondering on whether this it gives you the meaning of time The only problem there is basically what you've got is Physicists talking philosophy, which is never a good plan Although I am willing to do it with a few pints inside me if you see me at the bar later But when we've got one of these weird lacks of symmetry, we should start looking for more because they're interesting places and one other fit place that we get them is in matter and anti matter perhaps because Inside when we have energy in the vacuum. I was talking about earlier Sometimes that can spontaneously cause some matter to be created and for you get a particle an anti particle at the same time Normally these then meet annihilate Done. That's fine. We've not changed anything But we expect that the big bang Equal amounts of this matter and anti matter to have been created But you look around and we're all made up out of matter You can tell because we're not basically exploding when we come into contact with anything else and so Like we've got this weird difference between matter and anti matter and this again is a current research project Partially at CERN where they're just trying to work out where it is that there's a difference between matter and Anti-matter that actually allows anything to exist at all So we've gone through an awful lot of physics We picked up quantum physics. We picked up general relativity and we've picked up the contact concept of entropy And these are all kind of like always the fundamentals of what we've got to work with And so we're finally ready to go to a grand finale how is the universe like a light bulb and I kind of jumped over a bit earlier Where I was talking about lights coming from stars because I said you get a whole different colors loads of different colors of light and I didn't really explain how that happened how we had the entire spectrum before it was absorbed by the gases surrounding it and so The reason I didn't say that is actually in some ways. It's quite complicated but it wasn't that we look at the light coming out from the stars and we look at the ideas of entropy and likelihood of various things and With the entropy we've said things go to high entropy things go to more disordered whereas more different ways of doing it and With light as you get into the higher energy light the higher frequency UV rays and so on Then there should be more ways for that to be happening caused by the jiggling around of all of the plasma inside the Sun But and so in that case we should expect to see a lot more of it We should expect basically to have the entire planet irradiated by UV rays and none of us existing at all Bizarrely, it's the fact that this doesn't happen that physicists have called the ultraviolet catastrophe Yes, yes physicists again bit poor at naming things often and basically we didn't know why it was that this didn't happen until Max Planck basically Looked at the shape of the emission This is an example of the sort of shape that we get from the the emission spectra of Stars and saying well at the high frequency. Why do we get this tail off and he basically said let's go back to quantum physics It was a back to it basically was a new thing around then he was kind of just making it up And said well, let's assume that there's a probability of getting things which goes down as the energy quanta involved gets bigger and other people said to him Why that? Why would you do that? And he didn't know but it worked and He literally like normally I teach physics sometimes and to my students I'm always very keen that they write out there working in their explanations I wouldn't have accepted it just works normally the only reason we were it was really accepted by then is because it gave us graphs like this. This is some experimental data and Basically the error that the line that's going through all of these points does it so well that The predicted line which is from his theory goes for it so well that we basically can't Distinguished between the two and so this was brilliant and men that we actually were getting somewhere but Still kind of unsatisfactory so It took a little while of quantum physics actually coming in before this was kind of Accepted we talk about all the different energy levels and this kind of basically eventually all worked but this data isn't from a Sun or a star This data is in fact something which is very very similar to that which was developed and discovered by Arno, Penzias and Robert Wilson in 1964 they built basically a radio telescope and Wanted to take lots of measurements with it. They were good physicists They they cooled down the sensors so that things weren't jiggling about in there so much so they'd have less noise inside it But no matter what they did they got some constant noise And they did everything they could think of they they pointed the antenna all in different places. They still got this noise They tried doing it during the day tried doing a night same noise They tried doing it all different times and unlike many experiments They had to clean out what was referred to as Dialectric material which had been left in the hall of that antenna because some pigeons had been roosting inside it and They cleaned that all out and they still got Some noise and they couldn't work out where it was and then this is where we see how the world of real physics Is very different from school because basically what they did is they phoned up their colleagues nearby and said We don't know we've got a signal we need to get rid of it so we can do our experiments do you know what it is and They go in contact with contact with some physicists nearby lab who were very very disappointed in order to get this phone call because their reaction was ah I Think we think we know precisely what this is This is the remains of the Big Bang This is light that has been bouncing around since basically shortly after the Big Bang and As the universe has cooled it's shifted Basically, this is a spectrum for the universe of a few Kelvin a few degrees above absolute zero And that is what this particular one is it's exactly the same shape as you get from Stars and also from things like a filament light bulb But when we were doing this Yes, so this was an amazing result and they won Penzias and Wilson won the Nobel Prize for this Which I think is brilliant not only because it's an amazing discovery But what they won the Nobel Prize for is basically being physicists who did everything right? They try to remove all the sources of error in a measurement. They went through it nice and systematically and then They asked for help and then they finally found something a very which someone else would come up with independently which matched and so I Think this is a wonderful place for us to be at but it's not the whole story because this isn't actually their original results This is some later measurements taken by NASA and in fact if you oh one of those things I there were a couple of ways of thinking about this That basically the shape is the same for black bodies, but the position of the peak changes depending on temperature So one way you can think about this is it's this temperature because universe was originally very very hot and has cooled down since But another way of thinking about it is going back to our formula one cars and our Doppler shifts from different distant stars You can think of this as a light originally basically being having a lot smaller wavelength and gradually being stretched out as Time has gone on and moving towards the left-hand side of the graph And so we're now a point where we've seen the universe You see how it's like a light bulb, but no matter how good of some results are As soon as you start looking deeper You're likely to find something else and this is a W map project This is looking basically at the sky and looking in all distant different directions and these colors are basically Slight differences in the temperature that we get from that nice graph in different, but when we look in different directions Obviously red and yellow is hotter kind of green and blue is colder and these are all on the order of 1000th of a Kelvin 1000th of a degree Temperature difference, which is quite a bit when you're looking at just kind of 2.7 Kelvin to start with and This is where we are now and we're wondering whether or not this is kind of an imprint of fluctuations in the early universe which basically meant that there was actually a way for things to start coalescing rather than being forever a diffuse Equal throughout the entire universe just set of matter for things to start coalescing and forming Stars and galaxies and planets and eventually all of the processes that led to people and the modern world today So I hope you've enjoyed this I hope you feel like we've come a long way and we've started from things that you are used to And I hope you enjoy the rest of emf camp One thing that I need to put up beforehand is all of the wonderful people who made all of the figures and images I used throughout this slide attribution is very important, especially when you see science images on the internet Please make sure they're attributed to who made them But so just two questions to evaluate Do you all think you've learned something? Yes, excellent, and have you enjoyed doing so? Yes, well, thank you very much. I think we can call this experiment an excess success Thank you very much and enjoy the rest of your camp


The narcissist false image the narcissist likes to project a false idealized image of themselves to the world This is designed to hide their insecurities They want to impress people Whether this is through their appearance intelligence or exaggerated accomplishments They want to be admired They want to be respected They want people to see them as someone who is powerful and successful They want people to be envious of them Regardless of everything that may be going wrong in their lives or everything that they don't like They want people to believe that they are superior to everyone around them They want people to believe that they are special But this is actually to compensate for the fact that they feel inferior to everyone around them They feel that they are not worthy of love admiration respect or acceptance Some narcissists create an idealized self-image of the dominant alpha male or alpha female This is something you might see in relationships family dynamic in work or In public positions of society which attract a lot of attention or publicity They like to view themselves as being strong powerful Capable of giving judgments or punishments whenever they choose or desire So they create this false idealized image of Being the dominant alpha male or alpha female But this is actually just to compensate for how weak and insecure they really feel inside They have a false sense of pride They regulate their emotions and boost their self-esteem By treating people as though they are insignificant or worthy of contempt Given them a false sense of confidence and self-respect They gain sadistic pleasure from these offenses And they experience a lack of empathy compassion and consideration Because narcissists want to portray this false idealized image of themselves They are prone to frequent lies and exaggerations About themselves and other people they have the tendency to lift themselves up While putting other people down They want to make themselves feel special and superior to everyone around them By bragging about their accomplishments and taking undeserved credit For some narcissists Their main focus is to make you feel inferior to them Often by use of criticism psychological intimidation and false accusations They have this motive or desire To make you feel inferior to them Because they actually feel inferior to you Because of this they will often distort the facts Make false statements assassinate your character and persuade you to do something by using force or threats They can become very aggressive and deflective If they are confronted on their negative or inappropriate behavior When they are confronted or challenged They will often experience a temper tantrum Or they will deny it and make up excuses Or shift the blame onto someone else They look at their targets as though one is either a winner or a loser On top or at the bottom and they will do whatever it takes to offensively demonstrate That they are superior to you To defend their idealized false image Because of this they will often violate rules laws and social norms And this is something that they actually enjoy It makes them feel as though they are special and superior to everyone around them They will often invade your personal space Cut in line Use your property or possessions without asking And break appointments or promises They enjoy treating people around them As though they are worthless or insignificant Or beneath their consideration They will often engage in shaming or humiliating their target Marking or laughter at their expense Hate speech and internet trolling It defends that idealized false self And reinforces their fantasized ideas and beliefs Of being special or superior to everyone around them They enjoy invading your personal boundaries It makes them feel powerful and in control Which compensates for their feelings of insecurity Their pathological need to invade your boundaries Can often result in financial abuse domestic abuse and sexual harassment Many narcissists actually take pride in these behaviors As it makes them feel superior and privileged As though they have been given a special right advantage or immunity Narcissists enjoy arousing negative emotions and emotional distress within you It makes them feel powerful to keep you feeling insecure or unsteady They have a habit of invalidating people's thoughts feelings and priorities And feel no remorse for their actions or behaviors They often blame their victims for their own victimization Or claim that they were deserving of cruel or unjust treatment Narcissists are prone to experiencing emotional drama and chaos They can be very unpredictable And you never know what might cause a narcissistic injury Where they react with anger or rage They often become offended or upset At any signs of independence or self-affirmation Where you recognize or suit the existence and value of your individual self They will often become upset if you disagree with their views or opinions Or if you fail to meet their expectations They are very sensitive to criticism But quick to criticize or judge other people Often for things that they cannot see within themselves They have to keep you down beneath them It is essential for them to do this To regulate their emotions and boost their fragile egos and self-esteem It makes them feel more reassured about themselves It removes any doubts or fears that they might be beneath you This is why they created that idealized false image It was designed to protect them from any feelings of insecurity or inferiority For them to sustain this false image They have to tear you down They have to make you feel as though you are less than who you really are For them to prop up the false image The false image was designed to defend them from how they really feel about themselves And how they believe and expect everyone else to feel about them This is why they appear to defend this false image with their lives They have to believe that they are superior to you in some way If you threaten this false belief about them They will often become triggered They will try to trick or steal whatever it is about you That demonstrates value or superiority over them You become a threat to their false self And they have to either ignore, remove or sabotage Whatever it is that it is preventing them from sustaining their false image Thank you for watching I hope this video resonated with you Please like, comment, share and subscribe Click the bell icon to receive notifications for my future videos If you would like to donate My PayPal link is in the video description Coaching and inquiries you can email me at NarxViverCoaching at gmail.com Check out the emerging dice in the NarxViver store Where you can purchase your own NarxViver t-shirt, tank top or mug The link is in the video description Thank you for watching and I'll talk to you soon


I'm Ashley Beaver. I've been a Kaiser Permanente member my whole life. I compete in CrossFit. I thought before I wanted to be in the business world and work at a desk and quickly realized that wasn't my lifestyle. I found that I was competitive in it and decided to compete around the world, which has been really cool. She came to us was having some knee pain. I actually had a longitudinal fracture on the outside of her kneecap. I was so discouraged. How am I going to get through this season?  If we had not diagnosed this injury, there's a good chance that she would have never done CrossFit again. Oh my gosh, the new sports medicine department is awesome. Just being able to visit there and see it, I think it's such a cool place. The role for us is to get the patient back to whatever they were doing before. It's a team approach, so you have your physician referral. They will kind of guide us upon timelines and then my job is to then within those timelines progress towards certain goals, usually starting off with range of motion or movement, then from range of motion to strength, and then strength back to function. Really work around the whole athlete, not just getting an injury better, but we also want to get them back to their sport as best as possible and even beyond, you know, with some preventative strategies as well. He was really great. He would tell me every time I saw him that he'd consulted with other physicians, even the King's doctors, to make sure this was the best choice for me. He returned to CrossFit professionally and she's doing great. The competition I just did in Argentina was the first competition I've done in a whole year. You know, we won the competition. Oh, I mean, I'm just beyond grateful to them and they were the first people I wanted to tell. You already hope that they're going to return and do well, but to go back and CrossFit and to go win the thing, that's an amazing feat. Just keep kind of the work you put into someone and then they can go back to what they want to do and get to where they want to be. It's the most reassuring thing. I've got a lot more to do in the sport. I'm just so grateful that I get to continue doing what I love because they helped me.


I heard your talk on gun control, so I'll ask you a question. Do you have the guts to go down to the people in Texas whose kids were killed, the kids in the high school in Florida, and the ones that are saying, tell them to their faces that there are requests for gun control on certain things and everything else is wrong and that they're leftist?  Of course I would be honored to speak to them and tell them their own. Honored. It would be one of the highlights of my life to talk to these grieving people and tell them that their reactions, though completely understandable, will do nothing to prevent other kids and other parents from the same suffering. It would be my honor to speak to them, Florida and Texas. That is correct. Well, why don't you do that, Dennis?  Because they're not going to come to my talk, okay? Let's live in reality. I hereby announce to everyone listening in Florida and Texas it would be my honor. I would humbly go before grieving parents and tell them that the issue in America is values, not guns. Would you call them lefties? No. I would call the idea. If they asked me, do you think that the concentration on guns rather than evil is a left wing idea? I would say that has been the left's view since Vladimir Lenin. That was conservative Dennis Prager of Prager U, not a real university by the way, confirming what we already knew, that conservatives are incredibly heartless. They are so cruel. He would actually debate the family of a victim from Uvaldi and explain to them why they're wrong.  It's values or lack thereof. It's evil. I mean, this is why I have no respect for conservatives. This is why we don't take you seriously, because you're not living in reality with us. One side wants to have a good faith conversation about policy, whereas you want to talk about abstract things. You want to talk about a lack of God in schools. You want to talk about this intangible, subjective thing like evil.  How do you regulate evil? How do you ban evil? How do you address that with legislation?  You're putting feelings over facts. How do you address that? People like that are not serious actors, but yet this is one of the most influential propagandists in the country. I've seen my normie friends share PragerU videos. This is the person who's educating people, having an influence on people's policy ideals. Isn't that horrifying to everyone? No, it's not the guns. It's evil. Yeah, you're evil, buddy, but unfortunately I'm not able to quantify that. Actually, maybe you can quantify that. If you add up all of the dead children that you think are the result of not guns. It's just, it's, it's frustrating because anytime there is a policy issue, they don't want to talk about policy. So Dennis Prager can talk about his feelings and abstract concepts, but let's talk about some facts. NPR writes, Columbine High School, Virginia Tech, Sandy Hook Elementary, Marjorie Stoneman, Douglas High School, all our names seared into the nation's memory for the terrible violence that took the lives of students there. But the dangers young people face from firearms in America go well beyond school shootings, which account for only a fraction of all gun-related deaths. Whether it's the gun violence they face in their neighborhoods or suicide or accidents at home when guns are left unsecured, the threat to the nation's children and teenagers is not only bad, but worsening. For decades, car crashes were the leading cause of death for Americans ages 1 to 19, but the gap between car crash deaths and firearm deaths began to steadily narrow in recent years. In 2020, gun violence overtook car accidents to become the number one cause of death for U.S. children and adolescents. Researchers at the University of Michigan found that while firearm-related deaths overall increased 13.5 percent between 2019 and 2020 among children and adolescents, they surged a staggering 30 percent. So gun violence is now the leading cause of death among adolescents, surging, statistically increasing every single year, but Dennis Prager just admitted that he would gaslight the parents of gun violence and say, guns didn't kill your child, it was evil. I mean, again, how do you have genuine good faith policy discussions with these people when all they want to do is distract? And we know why he's distracting. We know why he's obfuscating and gaslighting. It's because he cares about the profits of gun manufacturers. Maybe they contribute to Prager U. They certainly buy off politicians, so I'm not sure how much they're putting into propaganda, but it's certainly a lot, I'd imagine. But you know, in the event we do gun regulations, how does that impact the gun industry? Well, it dips into their profits. If you raise the legal age to purchase firearms from 18 to 21, well, that cuts out on how many people can buy guns. That's obviously less money. If you do universal background checks that might weed out some of the bad actors, and then that cuts into their profits, it's all about money. It is quite literally profits over people, which is why I say capitalists are a death cold. Like this man is literally admitting to you that he cares more about profits than people. And he's not saying this explicitly.  Like if I were being overly charitable, I'd say, okay, if you claim that evil people are using guns to kill people, sure, but the problem is that that's such a useless conversation because again, evil is not something that you can legislate away or regulate. But guns, however, you can. So if you genuinely believe it's evil, then make sure that we don't put guns into the hands of evil. But again, this isn't a conversation that he wants to have because he doesn't want to do anything that might hurt the profits of these precious gun manufacturers, which is why he would allow these children to continue to get slaughtered. He'd confront the parents, debate them of uvaldi, and just tell them, no, you're wrong. I mean, this is not necessarily an anomaly, right? I wish I could say that Dennis Prager is a very bizarre conservative and many conservatives aren't like him, but this is pretty representative of most of the conservative conservative population in America. They've all been brainwashed. It's a death cult. We just have to ignore them, defeat them where we can electorally and legislate without them because that's what you get when you try to include, you know, conservatives in these adult conversations.  Because Mike's doing a great job getting to watch his videos before everyone else is tremendous. Many people are saying this. Join today, folks. You won't regret it.


Hi everybody, Joe Frijatsky's casebreaks.com coming at you with 2020 Panini Prism football first off the line, FOTL, first off the line, one box break number one, with one spot gets you four random teams and it's a wax party break as well. So it's just an eight-spot break, everyone gets four teams. When I do the wax party randomizer, I'm just gonna take the full list of 32 of your of each spot quadrupled up. This is gonna be mathematically, it's gonna be the same odds, so we'll randomize that whole list of 32. Alright, so first off the line obviously some nice exclusives here that you see in the item description. That's usually what we're gonna get out of a box. Maybe this guy, that'd be pretty cool. So let's do it, let's quadruple you up. There's one already, there's two, three, and four. Eight-spot break times four, 32, all 32 teams are in, no combos, and let's roll it, randomize it. Five and a two, lucky seven times. One, two, three, four, five, six, and seventh and final time. After seven, dusty, down to Daniel, didn't capture all the names. Five and a two, seven times, for the teams. One, two, three, four, five, six, and seventh and final time. After seven, we got bangles are on the bottom, we got colts on top, bangles on the bottom. Obviously the 2020 class is pretty strong, so it's not just about the bangles, but here's how the list shakes out. There will be a trade window, so trade at your own risk.  Let's get all this on one screen. Let's alphabetize by team now. And we're going to pause the video when we come back. We're going to have this break. There it is. In all its glory, 2020 prison football first off the line. Thanks. Trade, trade window open. We'll be right back. All right. Welcome back, ladies and gentlemen. A little tiny bit of trade chatter, but in the end, no deals were done here on the 20th, 2022. And remember, for the purposes of the Wax Party promo, I'm going to randomize all 32 names, your quadrupled up names. Mathematically, it's going to be, it's going to be the same. Where did I go? Here it is. Just to remind me, I forgetful sometimes. All right. Once again, there it is. First off the line sticker on the inside of the shrink wrap. Good luck, ladies and gentlemen. It does not say it doesn't say if all cards ship. So all cards will ship. I've made that executive decision. You're welcome. Empty box. Thanks very much, everybody. Good luck. So what are we looking for? First offline exclusive one prism red, blue or green shimmer or blue, red or green autograph number 35 or less. And two shimmer red, green or blue prison number 35. Okay. Got it. At AJ green, silver and to 199 59 out of 199. Kailin Belaj wave. Justin Jefferson rookie card for the Vikings. That's going to go to Dusty. The Belaj goats to Miami. That'll be for Dusty as well. And there's the boss, Ryan Bosworth, 122 to 175 Seattle. That's going to go to Jesse and this Hawks of the sea, the Seahawks. And behind Anthony bar is bend. I've been to new Chi blue shimmer autograph that goes to Canard and the cowboys. I definitely saw a quarterback, right? Quarterback in a throwing motion. Got excited. 22 out of 25. There's your auto. Let's see if we've got some low numbered parallels or something fun like that. There's Julien Okwara 59 out of 125 for Detroit. That's for Dusty. Behind Daven Cook and Jared Goff is 22 out of 50. It is Mark Chamorro. Sensational signatures old school packer going to Michael best one of his last spot mojo teams. This guy and we got Logan Wilson 24 out of 25 blue shimmer rookie for Cincinnati before Daniel and the Bengals. Jerry Judy rookie silver. It's not bad. That'll be for my rivals. The Broncos Daniel with Denver. There's the boss again green scope 28 out of 75 for for Jesse and the Seahawks. It's a cool pattern. Cordoan Haskins RIP. Sad story. We got a Michael Warren the second 186 out of 249 for the fly Eagles fly. It's Canard with the Eagles. It's gonna be weird seeing Russell Wilson in the Broncos uniform. It's gonna be weird not seeing Big Ben in the NFL after since he retired. There's Jim McMahon for the Bears 48 out of 175 for Chicago Dusty with the Bears. Still waiting for a breakout year from this guy. This year might be the year. Brian Edwards and we got Quest Watkins for the Eagles 43 out of 149. Canard with the fly Eagles fly. We got a Deandre Swift rookie card could be pretty good behind Nick Chubb red shimmer Josiah Deguara for the Packers 21 out of 35. Alright, nothing too crazy in here. There's Van Jefferson, Nate Stanley and an expired kid reporter card. Nothing too crazy here. But I appreciate everybody, you know, given this a shot and getting into the action. Now we do have a wax party spot to give away. So let's flip back to the list. Let's gather everybody's names from Dusty down to Dusty all 32 spots are eligible. New dice, new list. And it's just the name on top after 10 times four to six 10 times. Good luck. Good luck. Good luck. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine and 10th and final time after 1031 sad spots. Very close. Not quite though. 31 sad spots one very happy spot and that's going to be Michael best last spot mojo star next to your name 70% of the time 100% of the time. I'm Joe for jazzy's case breaks.com. Congrats to Michael. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye bye.


Before we get into the video, people, I'm giving away 11,500 Apex coins every single month to be in the chance of winning them, make sure you're subbed to this channel, have that bell notification button ticked, drop a like on the video and leave a comment down below. More details are in the video description. What is going on guys, welcome back to the channel and I, Perry, she ate you being here. Today I bring you another Apex Legends video and today guys, I want to talk about dragons, aka flyers. Now, if you've watched the latest Apex Legends Battle Pass trailer, which we saw last night, you may have noticed, if you are eagle eyed like me, something very strange towards the end of the trailer, check it out on screen now. So, okay, did you initially see those? Well, if you did, you might be wondering why on earth are they? Well, I have the answer for you guys. Okay, so these are what many people are calling dragons, but they're actually known or called flyers. And these flyers are actually something Titanfall fans will be very familiar with, as within Titanfall, is where we first saw these flyers. Here is a little more information on them. Flyers are large creatures around the same size as a Titan that possess six limbs. Four of these limbs are wings that allow the creature to fly through the air at great heights and speeds. The creature also possesses large tusks on their head, just below the map. They can be often seen trailing or soaring around creatures known as the Leviathans. Latching unto them, acting as parasites.  Ripping apart advanced IMC aircraft and ripping through armored vehicles. So that's what we know about these flyers. The Leviathan, if you didn't know, are those giant creatures we see in the background of King's Canyon 2, by the way. Them sort of big-looking tree-dog rock things. Those are Leviathans. So the question is, why are these flyers within the trailer? Why within the trailer do they look to be directly impacting the game? What are we missing? Now there have been numerous game modes elite and datamined in the past. Modes which I believe to behold Titans or vehicles and more. These could also be a part of said modes. Or they could be something completely new to come. Now if that was the case and there are more to these flyers than just this trailer, surely dataminers will have found something on them. Well people, they have. Recently added with the latest update we got yesterday, we see in-game renders of these creatures which you can see on the screen now, thanks to Shrugtul whose twitter can be found linked within the video description. So this render is definitely that of an in-game render, meaning at some point I do believe we will see these in-game. And there are more too. This image via ApexLeaksNews whose twitter can also be found linked within the video description shows another image of one of these flyers. We also have in-game coding for these flyers too, new with this latest update, so these have been added into the game files. And I could understand if we were just to see them flying around the skies while playing, but we actually don't see anything on them in-game at the moment, which leads me to believe they haven't been activated to appear yet, which could be a part of an update to come. But it's weird though how they tease these within the trailer, if they don't plan on these just being some sort of non-instructive creature. I mean I'd expect sooner or later we will see them maybe as part of an evolving map, just like what we see with Fortnite, maybe towards the end of season 1 these flyers, and maybe other things will evolve the map we love and change it drastically for season 2. Or they will be a part of a new mode in which we have seen plenty of data mined from solos, duels, 24x24 titans and more people, but at the moment we just ain't sure. One thing I will add though and even though it's concept art, official concept art that is, we see Octane seems to be fighting one of these flyers, seriously interesting, it makes you think of the thought process going into creating artwork such as this. So is there more to these flyers than just roaming the skies? Will they be interactive? Will they not be? I don't know, but if any more information drops guys, I will have you covered right here on my channel, that is for sure. But on that note, we have come to the end of the video, if you guys enjoyed it, leaving a like really does help out. If you are new around here and this is what you want to see more of, be sure to subscribe. If you never want to miss a video, I upload you can turn notifications on by hitting that bell button. But guys, thanks as always for stopping by, hopefully you enjoyed the video and hopefully I will see you on that next one.


Studying Dr. Jekyll, Mr. Hyde? Let's look at key quotations to remember for the character of Dr. Jekyll. He's described as a large, well-made, smooth-faced man of 50. These adjectives emphasise his upper-class position as a Victorian gentleman. The word large also contrasts how small Hyde is, tying in to how Hyde is presented as an ape-like. Secondly, when Otterson speaks to him, there came a blackness about his eyes. The word blackness conveys dark imagery, and this links to the theme of duality, the dual nature of man. Otterson is talking about something he wants to keep secret, and hence we can now see his real nature emerge. When Hyde kills Sir Denver's crew, Dr. Jekyll says, I swear to God I will never set eyes on him again. I swear to God is religious language, and this ties into the theme of science and religion. Dr. Jekyll's punishment came as a result of him misusing science to create Hyde, and now he's promising that he will never set eyes on him. Never set eyes as hyperbole, showing his extreme shock at Hyde's actions.


We have a song today for us to practice the verb need. Here it is. Bingo. We will sing this song two times. I need a car to get to school. I need a computer to study English. I need a teacher to help me learn. I need my classmates to talk to. Now we're going to write out the second verse. It's going to be with he. So we know we need an S on the verb. He needs a car to get to school. He needs a computer to study English. He needs a teacher to help him learn. He needs his classmates to talk to. Wow. Now we have two verses. One with I need, one with he needs. So we will sing the whole thing together. I need a car to get to school. I need a computer to study English. I need a teacher to help me learn. I need my classmates to talk to. He. He needs a car to get to school. He needs a computer to study English. He needs a teacher to help him learn. He needs his classmates to talk to. We're going to do this one more time, but we see how we need the S, S, S and S. Every time we use he or she, we need an S on the verb. So let's do it now a little more quickly. I need a car to get to school. I need a computer to study English. I need a teacher to help me learn. I need my classmates to talk to. He needs a car to get to school. He needs a computer to study English. He needs a teacher to help him learn. He needs his classmates to talk to. Excellent job. You have a great day.


And at review con, which is what we're calling a thing where we get together with our hardcore friends and play hardcore games We played a lot of board games. We're trying to review all of them before we forget about them Yes, and one of the games we played was entirely new to me. I'd never seen it before in my life I had never seen it, but I had never played it was appealing. It is just called Luna But apparently has an alternate name the full name is Luna in the domain of the moon princess Which I guess is definitely accurate. It's been published by a bunch of different companies, but it was the man at one point This is not a apparently very successful Game it's never became a big hit. I don't think if you asked most board game people about it only the super nerdiest would know and My shortest possible assessment of it is that I have not encountered a game that is specifically like it It combines That's it's definitely a unique game. It combines not so Amazing and to make it it's like a great game that you want to play a whole bunch, but it's also not a bad game It's not like all this poopy game. It's just like it's not super great Amazo game like say power gritters some Puerto Rico or something. Yep It's a game that I want it's very unique and therefore worth can't worth playing if you're someone who cares about board games Now you that's your TL. Dr. You can stop listening and then now we'll talk about the actual game But I would play it again because I would play it again an interesting thing about it is that Having played it once the interrelations between the purely deterministic actions of the players is More complex than one might expect. Oh, yeah, meaning Playing it again. I may take drastically different actions from the first time I played and Despite that despite that complexity the first time we played it the scores were pretty close and People develop wildly different directional heuristics that seem to converge Yeah, so first of all this game is fascinating and that it is a perfect information game. Yeah, there's no cards in your hand There's no secret. There's no deck of things flipping up. There's no nothing. It's literally just like all right everyone movie dudes Yep, move them around on these islands in a right a So worker placement game in the middle of the map in the middle of the game This is big a hex map thing Which contains the moon princesses castle the moon princess never goes there. Yeah But you can go there to pray to the moon princess And get a lot of victory points apparently and all around the moon princesses castle are these islands You know, it's funny because that middle part reminds me of the castle from Kalis in that it's the most prominent thing on the board and it seemed to be the true end game Once people are reasonably skilled. Yes all around the castle are these islands and each island has a different purpose, right? there's like an observatory and I forget what all the different islands are there's a bunch of them And they all they all do something different physically separate islands with us a token That's actually a separate little cardboard island that are you know look like islands and on each island There is a token that is specific to that island that you can basically spend an action to take and then you'll be able To use that later to do something independently of that There is a moon priestess who moves from island to island in a deterministic fashion Having more dudes on an island when she's there is worth victory points And there's also this jerk who's going around the other direction and you don't want to be on the island when he's there Mm-hmm, and you basically on your turn you allocate what if he's on the island with the moon princess Well, that was an interesting situation that caused everyone to scatter to the winds priestess princess I don't know yeah the theme like that tying the theme to the game is pretty thin Similarly to how the theme of village Seems like it fits the game mechanics, but doesn't really when you dig into it So I basically ignored the thing so the first thing about this game that you'll notice right away As soon as the rules were explained that I didn't even need to play one turn of the game to realize this is that you Get some meeples and moving them as a pain in the ass Yep, you want a huge as soon as they explain the rules I'm like goddamn it's gonna be hard to move these guys around the whole game is gonna be really About moving these guys and getting like them moved to where I need them to be So think of it kind of like when two people are having a fistfight in that if they're high-level martial arts masters The act of moving your body in a way to then punch someone is itself a telegraphing of What direction you're like what kind of thing you're about to do you got to set up moves Well in advance in a public space where everyone can see what you're setting up Yeah, so like you want to you want to move your meeple you can move it barely and it costs like a whole action And it sucks and then everyone sees what you did and goes, huh the guy the guys like spent and the meeple Can't do anything anymore because you moved it right you can move them way better if you get a boat But to get a boat you got to go to the island that has boats on it and take a boat tile And now everyone sees that you took a boat tiles You're basically really when you do that you're just delaying your action to get a better action later Now I did find that a useful heuristic was by having Amy tile in front of you kind of scared other people from committing to actions that tile could fuck up Yes, and that because so posturing became a big part of the game, which is why even though they are So different that I would not compare them otherwise And I don't want anyone to get the wrong impression from this comparison But this game shares that very strongly with Hansa, Toytannica in that the game is you can make Very incremental actions on the board at significant personal costs meaning there's a very limited number of actions you can take Yep, and the mere act of positioning something gives other players a ton of information about what you're trying to do And things that they can do now Yep, but then when someone else put something down it definitely informed So like when I see Scott still got two guys he could put out and I want to get the majority on the priestess But Scott could put the guys there You don't want to make a move if someone else still has the ability to disrupt that move you wait until your move is invincible and Unthreatened and then make it but if everyone waits that then otherwise if you commit your two movements to go See the moon frist is and then someone else commits three and now you you committed your moves and you got nothing for it Yeah, but at the same time you gotta move somewhere like you gotta do stuff You can't not do anything You can't just posture forever which you can pass and take a candle But then what happens is like sure the board can go or if no one else passes It'll come back to you and you can do something you can you don't have to keep passing you can unpass now This is what's crazy this passing mechanic, and I can't stress this enough It is very rare that when someone does something weird with a Generally agreed upon mechanic in games usually that's bad like in ground floor. Yep I kind of like this candle mechanic, but I guarantee if you're not careful you're gonna explain it wrong or do it wrong I was not Properly educated on this rule when we started and I which was your own fault because it was explained like five times But it was it's a it's a non-standard passing mechanic, which is why I serve my eyes didn't pay I got glazed over when it was being explained But basically this four or five candle tiles how many some number one two three four five Okay, I might be the number of players. I don't know But anyway if you four four four four if you pass you take a candle tile and the candle starts to burn out Right, and then you wait if the game gets a back around to you and the candle doesn't burnt out you can Obviously pass again. You could also take an action, but passing again takes another candle So it's not like most games if they have this kind of mechanic Usually usually when you pass you're out out out for the rest of the round or something No, not in this game as well as this candle you can keep going now The other alternative way that goes is people can pass and if they're not permanently out They can unpass and the other way games tend to do this is the round only ends if Everyone passes once in a row. Nope. There just needs to be the candle has to burn out One person could take all the candle pieces and that would burn it out So I pass God takes an action Chris takes an anthon action.   I might not get another action now Crap the candle has burnt this much We didn't learn that so much later in the game But knowing now what I know you keep saying we it was just you you really I understood that better the next time I play this game There's gonna be a lot of rounds or I'm just like candle. That's fine Alright go especially because if you take candle early it just it sort of puts a timer on everyone else Yeah, it makes them take an action for me to respond to instead of me taking the first action to put myself at disadvantage So there's this work replacement game which has a part of the reason why we're not getting into the specific mechanics of all these I forget them. I played the game once and it was a while ago. They're kind of immaterial to the review and There's a lot of them and they don't make sense unless we literally teach you the whole game Yeah, but basically each island has a tile the tiles can do things But you have to sort of move a guy to a place get a tile then use the tile It's very slow and you're telegraphing everything that you can or might do the main thing is the middle of the board of the hexes are I would so we say the main thing but really it's more like the end game sort of it's the goal But really the goal is victory you get these treasures by claiming them And then you put them into the middle and they're worth points And you can also bump people out of the middle that are adjacent to you by attacking that is not what the fiction is I don't care what the fiction is. Yeah, the mechanic of this is pretty unique You can also lock your guys in and prevent them from being bumped So you've got a yeah, but that's one of those tile actions. Yep so basically you've got this hex area and There is a limited number of the treasure type things where the numbers just count up There's higher and higher numbers and all deterministic and you can only but you can spend actions To claim one and spend actions to put them into the castle If someone puts a hired numbered one next to one of yours with a lower number your guy gets fucked basically Yep, he's kicked out and he goes to a special place where he can't even do normal movement He has to use one of those boats to get out. Yeah You have to use a crappy move you have to get an extra action and like use a bunch of resources to rescue That guy now because he's stuck on the dock of the castle. It's real bad Yeah, if it happens to you. Yep, but you can only take numbers so high There was a notable turn where I saw rim was in a vulnerable position And I basically was just like waiting and hoping rim would do this and then I went yeah, I did it Alright, so remember the provost in K-list that would sort of move along to sort of set boundaries for what you can do Yep, so there is there's a mechanic like the provost and then every turn this thing Moves further down this track Activating more of the treasures. Yes unlocking higher numbers of treasure I'm bringing you closer to the end game the earlier you move in you can get points for moving in But now you've got guys that are vulnerable that could be kicked out for the end of the game I'm moving in late. It's hard One of the worker things you can do is get a tile that will let you skip one level ahead of that provost yep, and All that combined makes a pretty complex mechanic that you could build an entire game around Mm-hmm, and yet this is the sub game of getting victory points within the game of doing stuff with these islands so Pretty much if I hadn't read these rules and played this game This game reeks of a game that would fail in the way that ground floor failed in that it has Multiple mechanics that are like known mechanics But are crooked in a way that is not commonly known Meaning they're easy to mess up coupled with having multiple significantly complex mechanics in the same game that are not Obviously indirectly interrelated and yet they work pretty well together. Yeah, it's it's weird There's a lot of games like this out there I remember playing a lot of them back in like the RIT days We're like these really sort of semi unique euros that have things and mechanics that are like really different from every other Kind of game like village is actually a recent example of a game that felt that way Yeah, village with the people dying and going in the there's no other game that does that right And that sort of makes me personally want to play them But it doesn't make me want to like it makes me want to play them a few times Right and then sort of like that novelty is that is the thing the game has going for it Because really the game to play is mostly kind of frustrating with all these limited actions But it's not like a super fun time, but like to call Mexico Java have that same thing What was the joke I always said the way they figure out how many actions you get in those games is to keep reducing the number by one Until a fist fight breaks out in the play testers right and then add one and leave it there But yeah, it's like it's not a super fun to play and the theme isn't that exciting Even though Moon Priest is pretty cool, right? But but it was intellectually stimulating and difficult and I enjoyed my experience such that I want to play it again I want to play it a few times, but I wouldn't want to buy it or play it a whole bunch or make it my favorite game or give it It's not like a great game that deserves awards or anything like that You know, it's just like it's totally unique weird still good thing that someone who was way into board games Should definitely check out for a you know different experience, but you know, obviously doesn't have the mass You know, I don't want to say it doesn't deserve mass market You know, I guess sales, but it doesn't have mass market sales So it has what it deserves, but it feels very I felt good about the decisions. I was making decisions I made mattered a lot most of the time. You don't get a lot of them. That's why yep But the one thing it lacks is that because it's got some fairly complex mechanics all sort of interoperating it doesn't have the sort of I don't know simplistic elegance of Hansa toy tonica, which has a very similar Reactive and posturing component So I want to play this two or three more times And it's possible that I would enjoy it beyond that But I'm not sure because I don't know if the game will lock into either a degenerate strategy among significant analysis or a Sort of very steady state like there is only one clear way to win and everyone's just racing to do it so we'll see But I liked it and I haven't played a game like it and I think you should at least if you see it at a con you should definitely take it out of the library and play it But I would not buy it site unseen. No, I definitely it's one of those games You see it in a convention library Like what the hell is that and if you ever say that about a game play it at least one time Yeah, that mermaid game in the packs library. I don't know what the hell that is, but I really want to play it one time But I guess this game it actually might have gotten called I don't know this game has a lot of meat to it more meat than you might expect and Despite having the trappings of the kinds of things that make me very wary of a game. It actually Executed on those things. Also, it's a perfect information game. So don't neglect that fact There's not a lot of perfect information games out there and the one if you want a game that has no randomness No secrets no bluffing and really you know a lot more like chess only obviously more Euro style This is one to look at because there aren't many in that category the perfect information games that have These kinds of mechanics tend to devolve very rapidly into this is the only clear path to usually they're abstract like oh She yeah, but this one. I'm really curious if after two or three more plays There is a very clear sequence to victory probably. Yeah, I don't know Other games that I have played that I would have made the same sort of question about Definitely devolve very rapidly this one at the end of our first play. I didn't have a path yet And that is notable to me because usually I find that path and I don't ever want to play the game again I actually do want to play this game again And you know us on Geek Nights wanting to play a game again is one of the highest pieces of phrase We can ever give to a game. It's like play once play more than once play forever. Those are the three levels you got This has been Geek Nights with rim and Scott special thanks to DJ pretzel for the opening music cat Lee for web design and brand okay for the logos be sure to visit our website at front row crew comm for show notes discussion news and More remember Geek Nights is not one but four different shows sci-tech Mondays gaming Tuesdays anime comic Wednesdays and indiscriminate Thursdays Geek Nights is distributed under a creative comments attribution 3.0 license Geek Nights is recorded live with no studio and no audience But unlike those other late shows it's actually recorded at night