Talk of sustainability is everywhere today and along with it a growing awareness of the linear model of our existing economy This linear economic model is captured in the popular description of the economy as a process of take make and dispose We take natural resources from our environment Produce a product and push it out to end users who then dispose of it This used to not be such a problem However, as the economy has grown and reached planetary limits Inputs are appearing more limited and outputs have become increasingly detrimental to ecosystems To give us some appreciation for just how inefficient this overall linear model is The Rocky Mountain Institute estimated in the year 2000 that the flow of natural materials globally is 500 billion tons per year But only 1% is put into durable products and still there six months later The other 99% is waste as Limits are increasingly met the emphasis is now shifting from an economic model that is organized around gross throughput of material and energy in a linear fashion To a new kind of circular economy which shifts the focus to the internal Organization of processes within which resources are used it aims to optimize for the overall service delivered rather than the gross throughput of products The circular economy is all about identifying and closing loops So as to create self-sustaining systems where producers and consumers are closely coupled to enable constant feedback For example food production consumption and disposal might be organized to be part of the same closed cycle To do this industries are studied as industrial ecologies So as to identify where and how resources and energy flow through them Where they are lost and where processes could be interconnected to reduce those losses In a circular system resource input and waste emission and energy leakage are minimized by slowing Closing and narrowing energy and material loops This can be achieved through long-lasting design maintenance repair reuse remanufacturing refurbishing or recycling This is a regenerative approach where things are being constantly repurposed to serve new functions The challenge of achieving a sustainable form of development is shifting the emphasis from discrete one-off products to looking increasingly at how they can evolve through their full-life cycle This is a fundamental switch in paradigm from designing systems that are inherently degenerative to systems that are inherently regenerative over time Developing a truly circular economy requires diversity and the interconnecting of different systems Systems and processes that are all the same consume the same resources and produce the same outputs without the capacity to recycle them It is only by connecting different systems in the right way that we can harness their diversity to create synergies between them The circular economy shifts the locus from things to the synergies between them Our existing linear economy is a product of analytical thinking where we divide everything up and separate everything out So as to focus on specific activities and achieve economies of scale We put housing all in the residential area Factories in the industrial zone food production and farms, etc In contrast the circular economy is about integration so as to enable feedback loops and synergies as Gunter Pauli notes it is about using the resources available in cascading systems The waste of one product becomes the input to create a new cash flow Things in this circular model become multifunctional instead of a building just serving a housing function It becomes also an energy producer and consumer a food producer and consumer It may function as entertainment and recreation This multifunctionality works to not just close loops But also create more resilient systems because they are more self-sufficient and less dependent As the circular economy is not about any individual product or thing It is rather about changing the organization of whole systems. It requires systems thinking As the Ellen MacArthur Foundation notes the circular economy isn't about one manufacturer changing one product It is about all of the interconnected companies that form our infrastructure and economy coming together It's about rethinking the operating system itself


Jason versus granny. We think it's gonna win guys.  We're here with timeless. Look at this guy Okay, so we have found the dark side to Roblox high school man. Look at this Where's this guy?  He's out bloody. Oh no, man. It doesn't look good Hopefully there's nothing too crazy here, but I did hear granny around here And I hear Jason so I don't know what's going on man.  I think that's an invisible teacher or something.  Okay, so it says I don't see anything wrong with the school But I think there are like some killers around that boy need milk. Yeah, man. Okay. Oh man Let's go check it out. I hear granny somewhere around here. So let's see if she's nearby There she is Okay, we're here. I think she's down here Train hard and all the things is one try Look at timeless. Okay. Now we have granny chasing us. That is not good.  Wait, can you play basketball? Let's try to play some basketball with grant. Oh, there is a basketball Okay, oh we can grab it. Let's play basketball with granny. Can I see if you can cross her over? Come over here and whoop granny No, give me the ball man. I'm trying to play some ball with granny. Okay. Let's shoot it. Wait. No, I'm not shooting it The ball doesn't work man. Okay. So we were playing we're about to play some basketball with granny But the server crashed man. Well, like there's timeless Let's go who granny boy I want to go cross over and then we'll check out the rest of the map because I'm pretty sure there's some crazy stuff around here As you can see granny is here with this. I wonder who else is I hear zombies Okay, there's granny. All right, let's let's just dunk on her real quick. Oh Take that granny. Oh my god. Oh miss. No, she smacked me Well, my god, okay. Oh, we scored on granny. Okay, so we'd be granny at basketball. Let's get out of here We'll search the rest of the map to see what else we can find. Right. There's the ration Let's check out if there's anything on other lockers. That's a girl's locker room. We're supposed to be in there man But I mean there's no one in school. All the basketball disappeared. No auditorium No, get away from me old lady. Okay, so let's go back out. Oh my god. That guy scared me Hey, what's up, man? Hey, there you are. I was wondering where he was at. Okay, so let's go Dude, there's a dead body here. Oh, no What happened to you miss skater? Okay, that doesn't look good, man Okay, let's go check out the rest. Maybe we'll find some other interesting stuff around. Oh, Anita joined sup, Anita Here. Oh my god baking hair.  Go find a timeless your savage man. Oh my god. Who is that guy?  Oh My god is chasing us run Dude, I don't think we can outrun this guy. It looks like it's running pretty quick No, there's granny still in the school. Maybe she's taking it to math classes, huh? Okay, so let's get away from this guy. Dude, he doesn't stop chasing us green fire What is always talking about time this head? Oh my god, dude, this guy does not give up Okay, maybe we can find somewhere and lose him. Let's try to lose this guy. It does not give up Okay, you look like we're getting some distance NPC. Hey, what's up, Mr. Noob? Oh my god, this doesn't look too good Looks like he got a soul taken away from slender man But there's a football field to Is there anyone here? Please help me out. I'm being chased by this guy Dude, he's so quick Okay, let's try to take him back to the front of the school so he can go after those people and leave me alone Okay, here's some slashing I don't know if you guys heard that didn't sound too good. Oh my god. There's another dead body there Dude, he's catching up. Okay, he crashed in the wall. Wow That that's how we really lost that guy. He crashed into a one. He can't even run anymore Why guess we got away from him? That's who matters because he was pretty quick. What is that? Oh my god, is that that's a dead guest? Don't you gotta how did he catch up to us? I thought we lost him back there That guy did not give up. Why are you at timeless? I'm scared man. Where you at time?  Oh my god. Is that the bacon hair? Don't chill man. I'm on your side. Oh my god. That guy's a savage Okay, we're timeless Yes Yes, what man? We will missing. Oh Oh, that's timeless. All right, man, be careful with that bacon hair Where's granny you guys hear her laugh? She's over there creepy. Oh my god. That's just there's a dead soldier here So it seems like soldiers were sent to help but it didn't make it so far man. Oh My god What happened to Roblox high school? I remember it being this this dark man Okay, anybody know you know now the houses are missing. There's no houses here Just an open road how you run shift You press shift man. All right, so let's go just follow this road. Hopefully it'll lead us somewhere Okay, we make a left here to your blink around. There you go. It's frisk. Oh god, I hear zombies It doesn't sound good I think the zombies are on this side. Chara? You guys see Chara? Oh my god. There's four zombies here There's more than four zombies. There's like a whole army to zombie invasion. Okay, we don't want to get trapped in here Dude One, two, three, four. I can't count them. They're all stacked. It's about How's they been zombies here? Hey, what's up wilson Come on man Frisk is chara frisk is fall after chara. Hey, all right. You. What's up, man? Okay, it's how the coffee shop down here was cool spirit Let's go check it out anybody here Dude, is that panty wise? I found panty wise. Oh my god. Hey panty wise Why is it just like it? Oh Dude like He launched at us That was so scary. Okay, uh panty wise here Let's tell this guy panty. I put a panty side. I meant to put panty wise not panty side They found like what's panty side Come here, man. Oh, I need a nice costume, man Hi granny. Yeah, no, dude. Oh look. It's that crazy guy. He's sticking to soccer field. That's what you get, man That's what you get for being evil My color is a girl hair My god, like panty wise is here. Anita. I dare you to get near him Go right here. Look No, don't don't do it Why does it keep running into the wall? Oh, let's see if he chases us.  It's just written out. Okay. Well, at least we got that fast guy out of the way I think he was like a major problem Okay, so he's reblocking high school fan club. Man, I'm no fan of reblocked. It's high school Okay, there we go What's up, Wilson? Right guys, so we're gonna go explore This way. I don't know if they can see me because I'm running off Come on guys run run, man You guys have to keep up Because now you're gonna get lost out here and it's pretty big out here, man. It's so dark.  My god, that's a cool model Come here, dude Look guys, I found him Anita's running away Why are you running, Anita? Just turned around and was like, no, man. I'm out of here Oh my god Look at this guy. He's so slow though Timer's just stops. He's like, okay, man.  No Get away from me, man Come on. Let's take him back to school. You need to take some great classes Jason Okay, don't stop very much in the movies. Oh, it's stopping timeless Dude, what's going on?  Oh Okay, time you just got wrecked by Jason Dude, he was stopping all over here Okay, Anita It's your turn to shine To the outrun him or survive See what Anita does here. She's running in circles Hey, what's that book, man? Uh-oh Looks like that's Anita's problem now No, he's I is your problem Anita. I'm out of here We just left her back there with Jason Boris Oh my god, granny. Oh, let's make them fight. Let's see if they fight man. Jason versus granny Who do you think it's gonna win guys? Jason. Oh look Anita got stopped on Jason versus granny. Come on fight. Why are you fighting? Why are you standing still? Okay, there you go.  Okay, so I wonder what other killers there are. Okay, so we have Pennywise We have zombies. We have that crazy new guy Then we have another a bacon hair feels like a murderer and then we had It's a zombie, right? Yeah, well, that's funny killers.  Okay, we can't go in there the library anything here Oh my god, there's a girl back here. Wait, isn't that sadly girl green gamer Bridget the sensitive here in like Braywin. What's up Bridget? What's up, man? They have to time this Oh, she's just a tall old neighbor. That's a pretty cool outfit Oh my god guys wait, is Jason up here? Oh, he's downstairs, right? No running in the halls boy You see those people down there? I won't be running across every hall touch budding. There's nothing there, man Oh my god, sounds like the zombies made it over here. They sound very close. I think they're outside Zombies are you all here? I think they are down there Oh god, let's go check it out. I want to see if they actually made it across over here Because if they did that would be crazy because we have granny and Jason Where's granny and Jason at? Where did Jason go? Don't tell me he went to the library to read a book.  I guess not Oh, they are right here. I was right. Look at them. How did they manage to get here? They were just crashing into walls earlier We lost them Guys, I'll be chased. I want to take the zombies to the guys. No, come this way zombies No I don't know. I couldn't run anymore. Something happened He said all right, man. Well, that was pretty crazy for this Roblox high school to end up like this man. I don't remember it being this crazy All right guys, let's say bye. No granny. Not you Get away from us We're like granny out man. Come on Put her back in the retirement home You don't be long out here. Oh no, no, she's going after boat, man All right, I don't think they can get us up here Well, it seems like we're safe on this trampoline. That doesn't even work correctly But this is the same point. All right guys say bye.  No, okay. We're safe up here. Thank you guys for watching. Thank you guys for maybe support If you guys enjoyed the video make sure to slap the like button if you need a channel Make sure to subscribe and turn that notification bell on and I will see you guys next time. Bye


We are trying to find out if the sample size is up, we might need to get some indica and put the micromilk in front. But it's a very good mapping technique. Good morning, welcome to our second spot. And I think Dr. Brown has told you a lot, so I don't have to tell you a lot. That makes my life easier. Right here what we have is on display breeding products that are coming from various ecologies of rice. And as we know, rice is grown in a range of ecologies ranging from upland to flood prone and so on. But two of the ecologies, major ecologies where rice's production comes from is irrigated and re-influenced and we have series of products on display suitable for those ecologies. And we employ three strategies to develop new germ plasm. The national breeding which forms the backbone of our breeding program. Then we also use marketed selection and marketed back crossing. We have some products on display for that and then we also use genetically modified approach. Of course we don't have any product on display here because no rice has been released as a GMO product so far. So that is still under R&D. We cannot show you here in the field anything. But if you are interested, you have to visit the lab to see the progress being made in that direction. So then we have two kinds of breeding products here, in-bred rice and also hybrid rice. So on my right if you look at it, the breeding products, the in-bred breeding products. On the extreme right, we are just displaying you some of the tropical japonica germ plasm which was bred starting in 1990s. And we are borrowing traits like, say, strong combs which will hopefully will be tolerant to even moderate rice foods for example, strong combs. And big panicles and other kind of traits, photosynthetic traits that we can bring in from that germ plasm into indicas. So by doing that kind of crosses, we have actually been able to develop a variety which is a first commercial variety released in the Philippines from crosses with tropical japonica and indicas which is N6158. One of the question which is very common from the previous groups also is the production here doesn't look very good. The reason being we were hit with four typhoons in last one month alone. So we are actually very fortunate to see something here in the field. We were really worried we won't see anything here, but we do have some of the lines which have survived that kind of stress. So the production is not up to its maximum for example. So what you see here is N158 is one of the varieties released in the Philippines which is becoming very popular already in the Philippines because of its barter stress tolerance and also good grain quality. It is replacing many of the old varieties in the Philippines already. Although still we have PSBRC82 as a leading variety in the Philippines, but this is, we have reports that is picking up very fast. So we won't be surprised in the next two, three years it might overtake as a number one variety in the Philippines. Then we have also developed some aromatic jam plasm. The original source was basmati and we developed dwarf types and this has been released also as a variety in the Philippines. It doesn't match the quality of basmati, but it still has aroma and it's not to compete with the dwarf basmati that we see from that way. So for example in Delhi because they are directly competing with basmati, but it still has aroma. It might have some potential to be used in crosses and so on and so forth. Then in the irrigated environment we have some of the lines which are doing very well under other range of environments like water stress environments. One of the examples is IR78581 that line, particular line. It is very high yielding under all the stresses that we have seen so far. Water stress, artery wetting drying, drought, less water stress and so on and so forth, even in irrigated environments. So this has a very wide adaptability in terms of production ability. So it's yielding very well under those conditions. So if we move further, then we have another line which is doing very well under direct seeding conditions. For example, because of labour shortage we would be moving on to from transplanted to direct seeding. So we are having some germplasm which is doing extremely well under direct seeding conditions and we expect that we will use this kind of germplasm to make crosses and drop future varieties of rice more adapted to direct seeding. Then for hybrid rice breeding we have several hybrids on display. Those hybrids which are having prefix as mastizo, those are the ones that have been released as commercial hybrids in the Philippines. And those which don't have mastizo as a prefix IR cross number, those are our new products in the pipeline. Those will be shared with breeders and private companies to evaluate those in target countries including Philippines. So that effort is going on. And then next is we have products that the product explained yesterday morning in his lecture whereby he is using VD rice or rice which don't look very well per se. They don't produce anything but they have genes which can be transferred into modern varieties of rice. And one of the examples he showed also was where he has used Orizarufi Pogon wild species to transfer Tunguru resistance into IS-64. He showed one of the slides. And this is that Marathak 9 variety released in the Philippines which is showing Tunguru tolerance and that's being grown at Farmer Street. And then next is AS996. This is also a product of cross between Orizar's Taiwan and Orizarufi Pogon. And this is tolerant to acid sulphate soils. And that's being also showed this was a national variety in Vietnam because of its very short duration. It's also tolerant to BPH also tolerant to acid sulphate soil. So this is a very good example of a product developed from crosses between wild species and cultivated species. Then in the Philippines this particular variety was released by crossing Orizar Longi Staminata with Orizar Sativa. And then we move on to the germplasm which has been bred by Rainford team in Eri. It's a drought tolerant germplasm. And it has been this particular line has been released as a variety in the Philippines this year. This is the first variety released for drought tolerance in the Philippines. And then also a sister line has been also released as a variety in India for drought tolerance as well. So we are making a lot of progress in Rainford environment. It doesn't look very good here because of the Ayurvedic stress I'm talking about we had in the last four weeks. Then we are moving on to an area which is Dr. Arke Singh can explain much better who is in the audience here. He is the breeder for soil tolerance varieties. So he has been able to develop a range of products that have been released as varieties in the Philippines. The latest being for example NSEG RC 182. And then other varieties released from the PBS HEPA, DSPR C88. So this kind of germplasm is also available to be shared for those areas where salt is a major diabetic stress. Then we have some elite breeding lines that are in the pipeline that also shows tolerance to salt, diabetic stress. The next is I said we are using markers to develop a product as well. And there are several examples here where sub one gene has been transferred into mega varieties using marker in the back crossing. For example in the Philippines IR 64 with sub one was released as a variety this year where marketed back crossing was used to upgrade IR 64. And then for India for example SWARNA is a mega variety in eastern India and that was also upgraded with sub one using marketed back crossing. And it has been released as a variety in India as well.


Hi everyone Sean with jaspys case breaks comm here doing 2020 panini impeccable football three box case break random team number three Where all card ship pretty simple 32 spots 32 teams everyone gets a team Open up the case send it all to you guys. So here is the customer list from Jarrett Corfosh first caught a spot purchased couple spots eight spots given away in prison Pack 24 suman Kim last spot mojo there and then the rest the spots given away in prism 25 And the teams from the Cardinals down to the Washington football team dice roll to randomize both lists and pair them up Two and a five seven times.  Let's go ahead and sort this by team name Trade window is open smaller so everybody can see all the teams on one There you go. So I said trade window is open. You know, it's funny is Igor I was like I was looking you literally up in the chat. You said hope to get chiefs and Colts Well, can the city chiefs Igor in theapolis Colts Igor There you go Nareks offering up the Vikings. Oh There you go. Yeah, that's funny Ryan has the 49ers up for trade Ray has the Ravens up for trade Hollywood Panthers any good? I mean, I don't know exactly the check list, but There are some good players on there veterans Or past players, I'm not sure I'll give it another minute Ray's asking Ravens for 49ers to Ryan So so far Vikings are up for trade Jonathan's offering the Panthers up for the Bears I don't know if the Bears owner is here David. He was here earlier tonight. I'm not sure if he's still in the chat Suman says he'll keep the Patriots Ryan says he'll do that. So Ryan that's for Ravens for 49ers, correct? Chargers are most expensive in most products from this year because of Herbert. So Ray, is that good confirmed? I just need you guys to confirm Ryan's confirming Ray confirmed And if so, I'm gonna close trade window and I'll do that. Okay, cool. So There was one trade Ray is trading out of the Ravens paste and Ryan is trading out of 49ers cool so Ray Trading into 49ers will T for trade Ryan Trading into the Ravens There you go So trade window closed We got one trade trade mojo for both of them. It's print and rip Yeah, I need these big guys Try to remember if these are all 190s or if it's mostly 130s and then some ticker 190s It's all 190s and I'm gonna have to take a break and go grab Or run out of this office for a second and go grab some So there's our sealed case impeccable 2020 finalists Why now Summon last-bought mojo with the Patriots. You can see trade window the trade mojo there for Raymond and the 49ers and Ryan and the Ravens Let's let's get those for you, Igor. How about this? If I hit you Chiefs and Colts hits I'll just keep whatever the Chargers hits you get so I'm good Igor. That's fair. I'm just joshing. Yeah You can have it all. It's only fair But yes, good luck to you. Which which box is gonna have the metal piece? I Always got three so I'm gonna go bottom box today. Oh It's number one that would have been my second pick see Already lost Yeah, no Igor Igor like actually wanted the Colts and the Chiefs, so I Think he was happy with getting those both randomized to himself You got a redemption on the back. You can tell with the yellowing and because Redemption Andre Johnson 35 out of 50 Houston Texans Igor's this right Gardner Minshew 69 out of 75 Gardner Minshew would appreciate that number Jaguars Igor's this right Alvin Kamara 17 out of 25 Apparently doesn't like wearing contact tracing stuff to help the NFL in their Ability to cut down on spread of COVID this year. That's for Lenny Serino Gamer, I don't know Ross Blacklock four out of 49 rookie Otto for the Houston Texans Igor Suzria Yeah, come on as cool His rookie Otto is so much better though The K literally like combo AK turn in like a star Darius Leonard Honestly, one of the best young linebackers in all football 47 out of 50 two-color patch for the Colts and Igor It's a team. He wanted another good running back 72 out of 75 Dalvin cook Minnesota Vikings dark our Mastien They're gonna arc We're gonna save that silver card or metal piece till the end our redemption Elegance rookie helmet and name plate. I believe name plate is really low numbered so card 123 D e and Denzel mims Denzel mims New York Jets Brian Owens I remember right though. I think name plate was actually one of the lower number ones See it's that trying to trade couldn't trade mojo. Narc. That's what that is Yeah, I was honestly Narc. I was like Justin Jefferson runner-up to rookie of the year I don't know what you mean by NBA City's rookie. Look you're not sure what you're talking about by that at all Another redemption in there Narc now wants a Justin Jefferson Well, so why in the meantime, let's get you a Kirk cousins five out of five Hey, Kirk E.  Check that every check it daily Check it multiple times a day We got a blockchain Clyde Edwards you there rookie patch autos silver Kansas City Chiefs Igor's loose right you bought two last night. Nice. I mean, I could always go check in the back Once I'm done with this. I'm assuming you're talking about for personals, right? Over here on our case break side Michael Gallup 61 out of 75 For the Dallas Cowboys and Igor but same thing applies even there Ronde barber five color patch and auto 15 out of 35 Much better than his brother Tiki Tampa Bay Buccaneers Brett Gibbs Did he win a Super Bowl with the John Gruden? Was he there when they won? I think he was right Jordan Brooks 35 out of 49 for the Seahawks Matthew Bloss Phil Sims 48 out of 49 Impeccable victory 39 To 20 giants over the Broncos in Super Bowl 21 He was on that team, right? Yeah, that's what I thought he was it was him and Lynch, right? Brooks Sapp Lynch. Yeah What a good team And Super Bowl champion key Sean Vaughan four color patch helmet autograph 26 out of 75 Tampa Bay Brett Gibbs The champion Friend that's right. That was to me and rice at the end of his career, right Mojo Simi and rice Ham and Enos Williams so underrated because of their time in Arizona Canvas creations, I think these are really nice Card number three I think these are usually big veteran names too C H RIS Jonathan Arnaldi asking if there was any good players for the Carolina Panthers This is the guy I was talking about Christian McCaffrey Carolina Panthers, I don't know if Cam Newton still has a Panthers cards in this, but I knew this guy When you're asking about good players for the Panthers this guy Yeah, he's really good.  He's saying top three. I'm still saying he's the best best back in the football All the honestly you just do Go to the website do what it says on here.  You don't got to send it in well Gronk had 67 yards on what three catches and Two touchdowns Brady was definitely the MVP But yeah, I mean if not if it wasn't Brady then it would have been what should have been a defensive player Devon White was a freak He is a freak Dwayne Haskins 21 out of 50 Washington jerk Corfage on six catches 67 yards on six catches and two touchdowns Mitchell Trevisky 47 out of 50 You know what Joe's a great guy Mitch biscuits Now has another Eagles quarterback to contend with Bears David Alsop. I Honestly, I'm gonna be honest. I think Derek Henry 60 out of 75. I know this is like a Like a crazy Comparison I think Carson went to the Bears and I get it the Bears have never had a good quarterback play for their franchise in all honesty, I think he could He could have a droop breeze in in New Orleans type of story Derek Henry 60 out of 75 minutes or 2,000 yards Titans Igor Sustrayev Nice patch here three color patch auto two out of ten Christian Kirk Arizona Cardinals Matthew Bloss Jim McMahon is not a all-time quarterback Come on Listen, I love Jim McMahon That guy is like an all-time cool dude But he is no He's no all-time quarterback.  That's for the Cardinals Matthew Bloss 82 out of 99 To color patch auto Denzel mims For the New York Jets Brian Owens.   You can see a little sliver there right where the stitching is Helmet auto 43 out of 75 Jalen Hertz Philadelphia Eagles Igor Sustrayev There you go Igor Congrats, man And our metal piece silver the original TB 12 Terry Bradshaw Super Bowl Silver Super Bowl 13. That actually looks super cool one Troy ounce of fine fine silver Terry Bradshaw and the Pittsburgh Steelers Igor Sustrayev 11 out of 20 one off the Jersey number there. There you go Igor Congrats, man. No randomizers to do nothing else and That'll do it That was 2020 Panini impeccable football three box case break random team number three from jaspyscasefakes.com I'm Sean jaspyscasefakes.com. Thanks for hanging out. See you next time


So, the next couple of weeks you will get exposed to microcontrollers, ok. So, today we will discuss not specifically the experiment you are going to do tomorrow for which you will be given write up a manual etcetera and it is not difficult to just follow it and during the class, but for you to understand overall what these microcontrollers are, what you can do with them, what sort of resources they offer, what it means to program them, how does it play a role in the context of the course that we are doing experimentation and measurement. So, those sort of things we will discuss today, ok. So, I will not say that you have to do click here, click there, click there, click here and then you will be able to perform the experiment tomorrow that is not what I will do. So, we will have more sort of generic discussion with some question and answers for you to get a feel for what these things are and what microcontrollers are. How many of you have heard of this word microcontrollers before? Everybody is heard of it. How many of you know what they are? Raise your hand like full 180 degrees no elbow bend, 4 points low, how many of you have some vague idea, vague idea of what this stuff is, ok, some 20, 30, 40, ok, that is expected. So, we will get started now. So, those of you who attended the last lecture, I think there is going to be a fair big intersection between those who are sitting here today and those who attended the last lecture. What we are doing as part of learning something about experimentation measurement is processing data from sensors, that is what we have been trying to do over the last 3 or 4 weeks, ok. So, what do we mean by processing data from sensors, it can include things like analog to digital conversion, digital to analog conversion sort of processes. Anything other than that that we will learn today, ok and the reason why we should be able to do that etcetera also we will discuss, ok. So, the context of today's discussion is still remains the same which is processing data from installed sensors, we are not yet touching upon other important issues pertaining to experimentation measurement, ok. So, we had a discussion about engines and sensors etcetera present in engines last time, ok. So, just briefly re jogging your memory from last lecture, data from sensors comes in various forms, ok. And you have been exposed to some of those forms, data can be in the form of analog signals or it can be in the form of digital signals. The data that is presented to you may be may vary in continuous time or in discrete time etcetera. So, you need to be familiar with these ideas analog versus digital continuous time versus discrete time etcetera for you to be able to comfortably involve yourself in a measurement exercise. So, that was the purpose of the last couple of labs, ok. So, comfort level with various forms essential. The other thing you need to be able to do from a skill set perspective not so much conceptually is that you need to be able to deal with these these called microcontrollers, ok. And we will see why you need why you need them because they are very useful resources. So, if you know how to deal with them it will be useful for you, ok.  So, it is like it is like any other tool. So, for example, if you are a carpenter, ok. What sort of tools you need to be comfortable with in saw what else hammer, chisel that sort of thing, right. Similarly, if you are a experimentalist today you need to be comfortable with microcontrollers. So, it is like a tool that you use to capture data, ok. Nothing more than that. So, for you need to be able if you do not ever see a chisel or a hammer or a saw and somebody just threw it at you you probably do not know what to do with it, ok. Even if you have seen it you probably do not know what to do with it, but more so if you have not seen it. So, we are going to get familiar with things like microcontrollers mainly in the lab, but today we will start discussing it, ok. So, next couple of weeks we will familiarize or give you an opportunity to familiarize yourself with these devices and then 3 or 4 weeks subsequent to that you will be doing measurement of different physical quantities while utilizing all the stuff that you have learnt about data processing and electronics, ok. So, that is what we will end up doing in this course. So, what are microcontrollers? So, a microcontroller is a general purpose brain. So, we will which can be programmed. It is like the definition of a human being also, right, some general purpose brain into which some stuff can be put and the human being will react in some way. This is very similar except that the programmer is not God or nature as you as the case with us the programmer is a human being. So, human beings have constructed these brains and human beings program them other human beings program them, ok. So, a typical microcontroller looks like this, looks like an electronic device, ok. This is a famous microcontroller, it is a peak microcontroller, lot of pins coming out, black stuff and lot of pins coming out, ok. It is an integrated circuit with lot of computational ability or lot of computational opportunity given for people who want to utilize it, ok. So, in terms of how it is going to look, it is going to look something like this, not necessarily the exact replica, you are going to be using something else, not this microcontroller, but it is basically going to look like lot of pins coming out of a black dubba, ok. That is how a microcontroller is going to look like. Let us have a discussion. So, this will this is where I will spend most of my time maybe 10, 15 minutes. What features you think, so first of all it is important to appreciate that a general purpose brain is useful, ok. So, what do we mean by that? Suppose I had to, suppose I had, I was God, ok and I had to design a human being. The sort of, sort of structure of the brain that I need to put together such that the brain will be able to absorb and operate in an environment that you usually see, right. So, that that goes in, that is what goes into the design of a brain, ok. Similarly, so the brain will have certain features, the brain will have capabilities to do certain things and will not have capabilities to do something else. So, let us have a discussion on what sort of features a programmable brain should ideally have, ok. What should it be able to do? So, I am going to ask 4 or 5 of you to blower whatever comes to your mind. So, take some input from the environment, what else? Memory, that is very good. So, one second, so someone said it has to deal with the external environment, someone else has said it has to have memory, what else? After taking the input it should provide the desired output and it should have some speed, ok, as fast as possible.  Analyze the input, yes, it is a fairly straightforward question, it is not difficult. Just say whatever comes to your mind. Should be able to differentiate the inputs. Differentiate what? Whatever inputs are there, it should be able to differentiate. Ok, pink shirt there, you, is it pink or what? It should have a program to follow a particular algorithm if it is given an input. You have thrown some words, have a program to follow a particular algorithm if given an input, what other words will you throw, output, yeah that is a programmable, that is a program part of it, right. I am asking for, just look at your brain, what sort of ability does it have? Someone talked about memory, someone else talked about ability to take some signals and give some signals out. What other ability does it have? Keep track of time, that's very important, do you think your brain keeps track of time? How many of you say your brain keeps track of time? Others don't think it keeps track of time. So, I took this off now and I keep blabbering something here, you will sit here for eternity.  You do keep track of time, but not the sort of time that a clock keeps track of, clock keeps track of, ok. What else is your brain able to do? That's a very good point, brain is able to prioritize, a lot of things that keep coming to you, but you decide what you want to do, your brain decides to accept certain things, reject certain things, ok. So, ability to prioritize, what else? Perform functions on its own, any other basic functionality? Multitasking. Just say whatever you want, I mean it's fine, we are just having a discussion. Multitasking. Multitasking, ok. That's an important point, let's have a discussion on that. What do you mean by multitasking? Someone wants to say something, what do you mean by multitasking? Basically, it's like doing multiple tasks at a single time, but it's not simultaneous, it's slotting the time into slots and. So, you are dividing the time, you are apportioning the time into, you will do this task, then you will do this task, then again you will come back and do this task, again you will come back and do that task, etcetera, right. That's another thing that our brains are able to do, ok. So, suppose I am teaching here, then I get a phone call. Now, my brain recognizes that there is a phone call because my ears tell the brain that there is some sound coming and the brain interprets it as a phone call. So, I can decide to take the phone call, talk to the person, put it back and then come back to you and start lecturing again or I can decide that I won't take the phone call now, ok and continue lecturing. So, the point is that I am able to interrupt my scheme of working, process something and then come back to it, whatever I was doing, ok. That is also a useful feature to have if you want to deal with the real world. So, we are talking about the abilities that you need to deal with the real world. So, if you are a saint going and sitting in Rishikesh somewhere, you don't need all this, you don't need this ability at all, you can just like chill, let the world do whatever it wants to do, right. We are talking about ability to deal with the real world. So, you need memory. So, we list some of them, this is not exhaustive, but we list some of them. All the answers are already out there. One is that you need the ability to compute. If you want a programmable brain, you should be able to, somebody said analyze has something to do with computation, but ability to compute, you should be able to add, subtract, multiply, divide, whatever, ok. You need to be able to execute logic. If I tell you do this, if this happens and not if this happens, you should be able to execute that logic, otherwise dealing with the real world becomes difficult, right. What else? You should, someone already pointed this out, ability to receive and generate signals, ability to keep time, should know knowledge of time, ability to respond to interrupts. If you are not able to respond to interrupts, by interrupts, I mean by interruptions to what you are doing, then you will not be able to multitask. Will you be able to multitask if you are not able to respond to interrupts? You cannot because even if you know seemingly external thing is keeping you from or seemingly external thing is asking you to multitask, you yourself have to know that I am going to apportion this much time for this thing, then I will come back to something else, I am going to apportion that much time to that thing, then I will come back to something else, only then will you be able to multitask, otherwise you will just be executing the same thing, okay. So, these are the abilities that are usually available in microcontrollers, nothing more, okay. So, what you need to be able to do, you are going to be a user of a microcontroller, you are not going to design microcontrollers, you do not need to know the details of the internal circuitry, okay, but you need to know how to utilize them to deal with the real world, okay, that is the context in which we are having a discussion today, okay. So, many of you will, so there are a lot of unknowns that will be thrown at you, because of things to do with the construction of the microcontroller, things to do with abilities being described in a certain way that you need to be comfortable with, need to get used to, but what I am asking of you is the maturity to realize that what you need to be able to do is to utilize a certain subset of the resources provided by a microcontroller to your advantage, okay. So, the last statement I made is a critical statement, most people get overwhelmed by information that is provided when you have to deal with a microcontroller, okay. The trick is in actually understanding the overall sense of what a microcontroller is and utilize only those resources that are required and know that if you want to utilize some other resources, you can always do it, you can always learn it, okay. The idea is not to be exhausted, so please keep that in mind, okay. You do not sit with a microcontroller at data sheet and go pages after pages and 1000 pages and say oh I know this microcontroller fully, it is of no value, okay. What is of value is to realize that there are some resources provided, those resources provided are common usually across microcontrollers and the utilization or the usage of the resources also remain the same. The way to utilize the resources largely remain the same. If you have this sort of a background then you will be, you will find it comfortable for you to deal with different microcontrollers even if you have not experienced them yourself, okay. Clear, any questions about this discussion because this is a central discussion. If you have a reasonable appreciation of what we discussed, then there is a lot of detail which we cannot teach. It is something that you need to experience and learn, okay. But at the same time you need to be aware of what detail is important, what detail is not important for the sort of things that you are doing, okay. So we will come to some of these. So I am now what I am going to do is try and get you familiar with some terminology, okay and marry it with what we just discussed. Some terminology which you are going to repeatedly encounter that you need to get familiar with, okay. So I am just going to throw this picture here. So this is a typical set of resources provided by a modern-day microcontroller, okay. There are lots of words thrown there or lots of symbols, etc. We will discuss a few of them. And they are not difficult to understand from a conceptual angle. On the left side you see an oval. That part, so you see something called flash. Can you see that? The red thing on the left, it says flash. So this is that part of the microcontroller. You just think of a microcontroller as having a whole bag of resources. This is that part of the microcontroller which will accept programs, okay. So you can decide what the resources in the microcontroller need to execute or how they have to work with each other and the outside world. And that program or that set of instructions resides in something called flash. I mean why it is called flash, etc., is something else. It has to do with the technology of how that VLSI element is built. But as far as you are concerned, flash is where the program resides, okay. I am just giving you some terminology. You must have also heard of the term RAM, okay. You probably also know the full form. What is the full form? Random access memory. What is the random access memory? Yellow shirt, you tell me. The part of memory which I use to compute any signal it receives. As in the temporary, whatever. First of all, it's memory. So it has to remember. It's not computing anything. Yeah, but it's not the exact memory. It's a temporary memory which it stores and computes. Okay, anybody else willing to take a shot at it? Okay, so this is one kind of memory. It tends to be volatile in the sense that it's used primarily during runtime. When the microcontroller is powered on, you want to store some information, some variables, some values, etc. in some location for immediate retrieval. It's like when you're trying to do something, suppose you have some two, three numbers that you have to add, subtract, etc. In the middle, suppose you have to say take a number, multiply it by five and then plus three, divide it by four, whatever it is. All the intermediate answers you need to keep track of for you to get the final answer. It doesn't matter after you get the final answer what these intermediate numbers were if you're executing the process properly. So some memory elements are provided in a typical microcontroller for you to be able to do this. So I'm not being very precise here, but I'm just trying to explain in layman's language. So that part of the microcontroller which allows you sort of runtime memory is RAM. It does not compute anything. It only stores information which some other part of the microcontroller can retrieve or put into. At the bottom most you see something called a CPU. The CPU usually has two components. One is what is called an ALU, Arithmetic and Logic Unit. That is the one that computes eight plus three. Those sort of circuitry which do computation. All of you are doing a course in basic electrical engineering, right? So did you do any half adder, full adder circuitry and all that? Not yet. Anyway. So the CPU contains information on or sorry not contains information has ability to compute. It also has ability to store information as well as ability to process information. But the main part of it, one of the main parts of it is the ALU. Another main part of it is the timing and control circuitry. That circuitry is the one which orchestrates the functioning of different things. It is like a manager. Suppose I am a manager and I know that there are four or five people. One person can compute very well. One person can do something else very well. So I am the timing and control guy who will say you compute now give me the result. You take this result and you do this thing. Give me the answer or you put it outside into the real world. Take something else from somewhere, give it to me. I am like the manager. I do not really do anything. I just keep telling other people what to do. So that part of it is there in the CPU. Aside from this, there are some words thrown there which you may be familiar with. One word definitely you should be familiar with. What is it? One word right in the middle of everything that you should be familiar with by now. Time or you are familiar with already in the context of this course. You may be familiar with it from before. It starts with A or the ATD. That is analog to digital converter. That is also sitting inside the microcontroller. Modern day microcontrollers have a lot of features already inside them. You just have to utilize them properly. So you do not have analog to digital converter chips separately. All of that has been integrated into that package. What else? Anything else? Other things seem to be some jargon thrown around. Some of it you will get familiar with. So the purpose of this slide is to tell you that you need to get somewhat familiar with these terms and get familiar with the sort of resources. So a typical microcontroller can talk to the external world if programmed correctly can perform analog to digital conversion. After you get a digital number with the representation of the real world signal you can process that digital number in your CPU produce another digital number which can be converted through a D to A. All of that can be done inside the microcontroller. That is all you need to at this time be familiar with. So much about the resources, I am not going to go into each resource and say that you can do this, you can do that, you can do this, you can do that. One of the resources that you will utilize tomorrow is the timer resource. I will have a brief discussion on the timer resource by pointing to a data sheet of a microcontroller because you need to get familiar with reading data sheets also. So we will do that online now. So a little bit about programming these microcontrollers. So remember microcontrollers is a general purpose brain which can be programmed. The typical sort of resources or the abilities that you need also we have discussed need to keep time, need to have memory, need to be able to compute, need to be able to process interrupts etc. So you need to be able to program for you to exploit these resources. That is what you are doing in microcontroller programming. You are asking, you are creating a set of instructions which the resources which exploit the resources provided by a microcontroller. For example, if you can keep time, suppose you are a clock, you keep counting 1, 2, 3, that's all you can do. And I want to program to find out what the time is. I can poll you, I can say what is the time and you will tell me the time. So programming is basically utilization of resources of the microcontroller. Since the microcontroller can do the typical sort of programming operations that you have been exposed to, data operations, conditional, branching, loops etc. That forms part of microcontroller programming for sure. The other thing that you need to get used to, which you probably have not done in a CS101 sort of course, is to deal with resources with IO resources. IO means input output, stands for input output. IO resources which will deal with the real world. That's the only significant addition on top of whatever programming you already are exposed to. So it's not very complicated and we'll look at... So for tomorrow's lab, what you will end up doing are three things. Two things mainly and one extra. You will generate a one millisecond clock utilizing the timer module. So we'll discuss the timer module shortly. Not specifically the microcontroller you will use, but I will tell you what the timer module is, what it can do, what you are supposed to do to generate a one millisecond clock. You will also generate a one second clock. This is a bonus problem. One millisecond clock means something has to go high and low every one millisecond. Then you will have to generate a one second clock. Something has to go low and high every one second. Both seem to be the same thing, but they are not. You will have to get exposed to some minor tweaks. But that's a bonus. One millisecond clock everybody has to do. One second clock is bonus. And you will also make some LEDs blink. You will put signals out such that some LEDs will blink. This is all you will end up doing tomorrow. But in the process, it is an opportunity for you to learn how to use one resource or one or two resources of the microcontroller. The idea is not the resource itself. The idea is for you to be able to look at a data sheet and say that in order for me to use this resource, I need to look at the data sheet in this way. That is what the learning experience is. It's not about making an LED blink. You don't have to be proud about that. But you can be proud about reading a data sheet and figuring out what needs to be done for a given situation. This is what you will do in tomorrow's lab. Now I will get back a little bit to the timer module. I will show you how a data sheet looks like. What you are supposed to do when you look at a data sheet in sort of big picture advice. Any questions so far? Fairly straightforward stuff. One thing is that there is really nothing conceptual you are going to learn. It's a skill. Lots of pieces of information. If you are a good microcontroller programmer, you end up having to learn lots of different pieces of information. But conceptually, you can't say much. You just know it and you are utilizing that information. So I am going to open up a data sheet of a widely used microcontroller but certainly not of the type that you will see tomorrow. The reason why I am using a data sheet of a different microcontroller is for you to realize that there are different families, different manufacturers of microcontrollers. It does not matter as long as you have the general sense for what microcontrollers do, it does not matter much what set or what family you are dealing with. Tomorrow you are going to deal with a ubiquitous microcontroller. Any guesses on what it is? Those who are already familiar with? Yeah, you will see a ubiquitous microcontroller. I will ask you a question. When I come tomorrow to the lab, first thing I will want to find out is do you know what microcontroller you are utilizing? So that's the first question you have to be able to answer. So today, a typical manual looks like this.  Usually the first set of pieces of information that is provided is what is called a pin description. So we will go to that. So what this pin description tells you, I will show you the figure soon. It will tell you if you are given a microcontroller, so a black box with lots of pins coming out, what each of those pins are, that's all it is telling you. That you need to be familiar with. You don't need to know exactly what pin is doing what, but let me just show you the picture so that you are comfortable with it. So this sort of description is a pin description. Lots of pieces of information.  So your microcontroller is not going to be so involved, so you don't have to worry about it. I will show you the sort of pin description that you will have to deal with. But I want to give you a sense for the pin description that is there in a more useful microcontroller than what you will be dealing with tomorrow. So the first thing, you can note these things down. First thing you will need to be reasonably familiar with is pin description. The second thing you will need to be familiar with is the overall set of resources that are provided. So I will mention those or I will show you the picture that you need to be familiar with. So this sort of a picture.  We have just discussed some of them. On the left top that you see is the amount of program information the microcontroller can carry. What size of program can you put inside the microcontroller is given 128 k, 64 k pertaining to RAM, 128 k to 1 megabytes of flash. This is the size of the program. Then what you see on your right hand side are analog to digital converter information. On your right hand side top. What sort of how many analog to digital channels are available? What is the bit resolution for the channels? Usually frequency of sampling is also given. So this is like a broad big picture description of the sort of resources that are provided. The bottom left, what is that part of it? Any guesses on what the bottom left part is? Based on whatever we have discussed so far. Some address, some data, something else there. ADR, ADDR. We will come to some of these a little later. The second thing you need to be aware of is the sort of resources that are available in the microcontroller. We will look at one such resource, which is called the timer module. Let me just go back here. If you look at the timer module, what its purpose is, it allows you to time your engagement with the outside world. So what sort of things do you want to do? At this time, accept this input. At this time, give out this input. This is all the timer module is doing. Its ability, you can program it to accept some input from the external world at a prescribed time and you can program it to put something out at another prescribed time. Or you can program it to do something at a certain time that you prescribed. So the program will say what needs to be done, whether you accept inputs or you give outputs at what times. That's what the program needs to say. How to say it? We will take a brief look at it. But basically the timer module allows you to do this. So what should the timer module have? What should the timer module internally contain for you to be able to do, accept something at a certain time, give something out at a certain time. It should have a link to the clock for sure. What else should it be able to do? No idea. I mean for how many people is this completely going like crazy? Raise your hands. 10-15 people. So we are discussing one particular resource of a microcontroller called the timer module. We said that a microcontroller needs to be able to keep time and do something with keeping time. The timer module allows you to work with the external world in accepting inputs and giving outputs. So we are discussing if I am the timer module and I can accept inputs at a prescribed time, somebody can tell me you accept input at this time, give this out at this time. What should I be able to do? Suppose I tell you at 6 o'clock run away from this class, what should you be able to do in order to execute my instruction? You should set an alarm on your mobile phone. What should you be able to do? It's not so difficult for you to tell me what you should be able to do. What else? Suppose I don't have to remember it, you keep shouting to me, leave at 6, leave at 6, leave at 6, read the clock. This is a fairly straightforward question. I don't know what the difficulty is. Maybe it's too straightforward to answer. I am asking this question, what should you be able to do if I tell you to execute the instruction that leave from here at 6 o'clock? So the first thing is that you should be able to read the clock. So you should have information about time. Second, you should be able to count.  And the third, you should be able to run away. You should be actually able to put some signal out or accept some signal. So the ability to actually do it. These are the only three things that are required. Fourth, you should be able to compare. If I keep counting that's not enough. I should be able to compare at what time I need to do what also. So the timer module has only these things. It has access to a clock. It has access to a counter which counts. It has access to a comparator which will find out if the counter has reached a certain value. It has access to some IO devices. So in order to utilize a timer module, you will have to say what things you will have to say what the clock speed is going to be. Are you counting every one second or are you counting every one microsecond, etc. You have to say what the clock speed is going to be. You will have to say how many counts do you need to count for that clock speed before something happens. When that time happens what do you need to do? Do you need to accept a signal or do you need to give out a signal? These are the only three major things that you will need to set. So that is what a timer module programming turns out to be. You will need to choose these three numbers. Clear? What is the clock speed or what is the count speed that you are going to deal with? How many counts need to elapse before something happens? What will happen when you reach that count? These three things you need to specify. And programming a timer module is only about learning how to specify these things. Clear? Very simple actually in principle and it just takes some practice for you to get used to it. So let us look at it without worrying too much about the detail that is there in this. So this bus clock is the clock information that is provided to you. There is an accumulator or something which is used for counting. Don't worry about the term accumulator etc right now. And a bunch of IO channels either accept input or give out input. Give an output. That is all a timer module is. So I will just describe to you what you will end up having to do. So because a timer module has to deal with some information which are put on some pins because you have to accept input from the external world and put outputs to an external world you will need to decide whether those pins are going to accept input or give an output. So you will have to say that this pin is going to become an input pin. This pin is going to become an output pin etc. So that choice is available to you. So how do you specify this choice? It is through the setting of some numbers pertaining to some registers.  Register is a set of bits. How many of you don't know what a register is?  You know what a bit is. A collection of bits forms a register. Some information is contained in a register. The reason why we are talking about collections of bits is because of the nature of how information is stored inside a microcontroller. So you can have a 8-bit microcontroller you can have a 16-bit microcontroller usually that refers to the register sizes. So what it turns out to be, suppose you have to set a certain register to a certain value and if you set that register to that value internally the hardware circuitry is just going to execute such that one pin is going to be an input pin the other pin is going to be an output pin. So programming a microcontroller or timer module of a microcontroller boils down to setting registers to suitable values. I will tell you what sort of registers you are going to deal with. So for example you will see a section called register description in every module that you go into. So today we are discussing the timer module right now but if you go to the ATD module again you will see a set of registers that you will need to understand. The overall picture should be clear to you. I need to be able to count I need to be able to look at some clock and some scaled version of the clock and I need to be able to either take information or put out information that's all the timer module is doing. Okay? So the main counter register in this case is actually a 16 bit register it is called this T C and T H can you see that T C and T H and T C and T L So T C and T stands for timer counter H stands for the high high bits L stands for the low bit. So if you have a 16 bit register you can count 65536 numbers if you have a single bit register how many numbers can you count 0 and 1 if you have 2 bit register you can count 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 4 numbers you can count Okay? So similarly if you have 16 bits you can count 65536 numbers 65536 in decimal Okay? So many numbers you can count So what you will be able to do right? If your count is 1 1s every second it will take 65536 seconds for that counter to go from 0 0 0 all zeros to 1 1 1 1 1 all ones Okay? It's going to take that long for it to count all the way through and see is much smaller than that obviously it is going to take far lesser time for you to reach all the 1 1 1 1 1s Okay? So the timer counter just has information it just keeps counting Okay? Every time it has to increment it will increment but what time it has to increment is decided by a scaled version of the clock Okay? So you will need to know how much to scale the clock by because only that gives you the unit of time this is only going to count every unit of time it increments by 1 So the timer counter is a very important register the T I O S you will see a similar register tomorrow Okay? I am going to leave it to you to find out what what the T I O S register is there are 2 registers required for scaling of the clock Okay? So So I will just describe few registers that you will have to use tomorrow the first register you will have to use is to decide whether a pin is you going to be used for taking input or giving an output Okay? The T I O S register the name may be slightly different depending on the microcontroller you are utilizing for you it will be the same tomorrow the T I O S register allows you to choose that Okay? So that is an important register for you to for you to know about your important register of course is the timer counter that I have already described So that is the T C and T What else do you need to specify? Counter is done What pin is done? One is scaling that is left What else do you need to be able to do? What to do when? When the timer counter reaches a particular value you will have to do something Okay? Is that clear? So what that value is how do you specify that value? So that is done through a bunch of registers that are provided 8 registers that are provided input capture, output compare registers T C X H and T C X L Okay? X stands for 0 to 7 There are 8 of these provided Okay? These registers contain information about what number that it will keep comparing itself to the timer counter When the timer counter reaches a certain number something will happen Okay? So that information is also programmed by you So T I O S, T C and T T C X Forget H and L for now You are going to deal only with 8 bit These 3 are important registers for you to deal with tomorrow Okay? Or equivalent of them What else? Only one thing that is left Scaling Scaling of the bus clock Okay? So the bus clock is made available You cannot go faster than that That is the unit of time cannot be faster than the bus clock It will have to be something that is a scaled version You can scale it down So I will leave it to you how to scale it down because you will have to use that for the 1 second 1 second problem Okay? Your bus clock will be running in megahertz So I am just pointing out the issue Bus clock will be running in megahertz Your timer counter will be 8 bit or 16 bit Let us say it is 8 bit Then you are in more trouble So If you have only 256 numbers and you are running in megahertz You will overcome those numbers or you will go from 0 to 1111 very quickly Okay? So you will need to keep track of how many of these overflows have happened You understand? It goes from 0000 to 1111 and again it comes back to 0000 It keeps counting that way Okay? So if you have to count large amounts of time with very small clock periods then you will have to keep track of overflows That is what the challenge is for the 1 second part of it Okay? If you have to keep track only of small small amounts of time that you will do through just looking at the TCNT and before it gets from 0000 etc to 1111 at some point you will just say if it reaches this value do this thing Okay? So tomorrow you will specify or you will make a choice for what the numbers need to be assigned to each of these registers Okay? That involves only looking at the data sheet and writing the numbers down TIOS equal to some 8 bit value just put the bits information 01111 01 etc If it is this then I have chosen this to be an input that to be an output this to be an input etc primer counter of course you do not have to do anything about it you have to read it The TC registers are the compare registers So if you set let us say you have an 8 bit timer counter So let us do that exercise So this guy is going from 0000 all the way to 1111 Okay? Then again comes back to 0000 and 1111 it keeps doing that just counting If your TC0 is said to be 0010 I am just giving some random example What happens is that when the timer counter reaches this value 00101010 Something will happen What will happen is decided by you whether you will accept an input or give an output That is where the TIOS part of it comes in Is that clear? Any questions about this? This should not be too difficult straight forward thing So you are going to count 1 millisecond So what you have to do program is very simple If you are in state 0 you have to toggle it to state 1 If you are in state 1 you have to toggle to state 0 Okay? So if you are putting an output of 0 equivalent of that is 0 volt will come out in your oscilloscope Then you will have to output a 5 volt at the time that is reached Then if you are at state 1 again you go back to state 0 at the time half millisecond is reached Very simple program that is what you have to construct So what you will end up doing is you will say TIOS is equal to some 8 bit number So I am just going to call it something like this This will imply that some pins are for input some pins are for output TC0 One of the things that are used for comparisons may be something like this Okay?  This program is make such statements That is all you are doing I will now tell you how a typical program looks like What these statements are going to be is something for you to figure out tomorrow by looking at the datasheet So what you are going to be provided with is a cross compiler interface not the same interface that you are seeing here So you are going to be provided with a special program called a compiler You know what a compiler is How many of you know what a compiler is What is it supposed to do Accept your instructions and generate stuff that is closer to what the machine will understand Okay? So it is a special program which translates what you write into closer to what the machine will understand Okay? So an interface will be provided something like this will be provided to you On the right hand side you see a typical microphone This program does nothing It just keeps running What you will have to do is get into this let's say this loop and make statements like TIOS equal to 0XFF Something like that You have to make these series of statements Okay? How does this thing know that TIOS corresponds to that register That information is also contained usually in a .h file Okay? In this case internally information is provided as to what this symbol TC0 stands for The compiler does not If you do not tell the compiler a priori that TC0 that symbol right there corresponds to setting that hardware register Then it will not know that you are actually talking about that register Okay? So that information is usually contained in a .h file which needs to be included Okay? And you will be given a template program Something that compiles so that you don't start fiddling around with something that does not compile You have to make statements TC0 is equal to so much TIOS is equal to so much TIE is the enable register is equal to so much etc That's what you will end up doing Okay? What you will have to produce is signals of this form Very simple On your oscilloscope You have to demonstrate this on your oscilloscope The other thing you will be doing So you will be writing numbers to some input output ports through which you will make some LEDs blink Okay? What sort of numbers to write What ports to write to Again the procedure remains the same Go to the datasheet Look for the resource which corresponds to the port that you want to utilize Ask yourself the question What do I need to know What do I need to be able to do Where to program me What do I need to be able to do To make some numbers go out somewhere The answer to the question will tell you What registers you need to set overall Then go to the module registers Understand the registers Utilize Or set those values of registers in the program This is the procedure for all of microcontroller programming Okay? So I just wanted to give you a brief sense for this Programming does not You cannot sit back and you know read a book and learn programming It does not work like that Only way to learn programming is actually program So this sort of an interaction is to tell you What is it that overall you are doing Okay? The details of that you will obviously get familiar with in your class So this time you will just get exposed to microcontrollers Next time you will write something little more sophisticated Next time you will also be dealing with real data You remember the RC filtering sort of experiment Next time you will try to do filtering But with programming You will take data Do an ATD Then get it into microcontroller Do some filtering there Get it out of a D2A So you will end up doing this whole thing Any broad questions If there are no broad questions How many of you have no clue What has been discussed so far You are still raising your hand Okay, good Who else Okay, so what I will do Is that your RAs and TAs will help in putting together the the manual as well as the sheet that you need to read up before the or when you come for the experiment I will also put resources pertaining to the microcontroller that you will be using on a consistent basis Okay, what you will be Your data sheet, what you need to be looking at Which registers are important I can give you those sort of pointers After that it is up to you For you to take forward and move on Okay, alright


Everybody forced here. I'm ripping a box of 2021 top scrum Platinum anniversary baseball hobby for Joe P Joe P's birthday. Happy birthday Joe. Hello, Joe. Let's see a superfactor or something for you, man. Thank you again and good luck Mom big card We only have 40 likes to watch that come on guys, so if I win them over here Let's go We got a blue mini diamond reggie jackson to start us off the 199 Go Joe 187 190 out on the reggie Everybody make sure you like the stream Sean just said only 40 likes with 200 watching Come on Rookie refractor sam huff takes a second to tap it Come on appreciate it y'all All right, we got a full big hit aqua wave ramon larriano Yes, there'll be a there'll be an autograph in this box. This is a hobby box furry So there will be an auto in this one. Is there a ricky refractor alec bone? Nice bone there I don't even know kendall I don't know Stocked up bought I guess There's a refractor auto it marifield the new blue j Fractor auto is out of 199. There's our auto Website said 10 left. Well, if you order those 10, I'm sure kins will get to get them done for you tomorrow Got a shondue little refractor. Where's that glove? He's wearing. It's kind of cool. It's a tie-dye glove I'm live for eight hours and 20 minutes There's a whit marifield green and yellow to 99 46 of 99 refractor justin morneau legend justin morneau Ex-fractor josh hater. He was on the move at the deadline Padre's closer Mom's super fractor Say refractor montee harrison rookie. It's another refractor zack cranky A popkin boy Really? Yeah, I did not know that Apparently very local And base pack on the back. Happy birthday, joe. Thank you again, man. Happy birthday, joe. We'll get those cards out to you shortly


You can even close it. Behind the scenes of amusement insiders. These cameras are so... Alright, Craig. We've been waiting for how long for Frontier Canada to open? Four days? Four days? We've partially been open for four days. We've been waiting all summer. We're all winter. Well, that's a different story then. We're riding Yukon too much. We're confused. Yeah. What do you think so far? Speak for yourself. We've personally been open for four days. We can have only waited four days for this path to open. For those of you that think that I bully him, he really bullies me. Okay, so what do you think from what you're seeing so far? It's just beautiful. It interacts with the park everywhere and everyone's just looking at it from every single angle. Yeah, we just got a ton of off-ride shots of Yukon Stryker. We got Slow Mo, we got off-ride, we got vertical loop shots that we weren't able to get before. We got everything. I don't think there's a single shot we didn't get. It's kind of like a behind-the-scenes tour except you're allowed to walk here. Right? Like this pathway right here, go over there. Why don't we give them a peek over the fence? They moved a construction trailer here now. Frontier Canada Part 2 coming soon. Too city near you. That is a new construction trailer though. So as you guys know Frontier Canada is obviously a multi-year expansion. So that's a new construction trailer. That's not one that was over there. I don't think. No, because that one was a tiny one. That's a long one. So it looks like they have either a splash or a six fish. Do that again. You got more airtime then we're getting on Behemoth this season. But um it's really nice up until you get here. So this is definitely an eyesore section. And this is why I have Timber Wolf on our radar, right? I don't think Timber Wolf is going to be here much longer. I really don't. It's uh Frontier Canada goes from like a really stunning area to um, you're going to get interrupted. It's not that pretty over here. Right? Let's walk over here more. You're making me very nervous when you're holding that camera. Why? Because I have like two fingers. Here Craig, he came to take you out. When you walk by this path you're literally walking directly next to the ride. It's as close as you can get before it has to be locked out. Yeah, I mean like... Three meters away maximum. Literally. I'm not even at the edge of the fence yet. Don't answer Craig. An arm for perspective. I think we just got photobomb. An arm for perspective. That's the word. It's like right there. And then that support beam right there that you can walk on here is really cool. Yeah. So do you think like full honesty, do you think Frontier Canada's complete? No. It feels like it's missing a lot. Like full honesty. I'm really impressed. I'm not hating on it whatsoever. I actually think this is above expectations for Cedar Fair. Um but it's definitely missing a lot. It's very empty. This here should be all shrubbery because it doesn't look like finished with just little chips. The shrubbery it's going to grow in. I mean the shrubs are dead. So they planted a lot of trees all on here. So that'll look nice once they grow in. Yeah, it's missing a lot. Like here. It's this side. They can do so much with this Whitewater Canyon side. All of that. Even just something more than a rickety old fence and dead trees. When they say Frontier Canada's like a multi-year expansion it's definitely this side and I'll show you why. Anyone remember this from last year? It's electrical and plumbing for a future building and they might have installed that early. Craig goes like admiring it still. So Craig, we have like three hours to ride Yukon. How many rides do you think we're going to get on it? We've only done one. I know. You have the ground back. But we're really ahead. We've been here four times so we have 60 something rides. That's ahead. Yeah, you're at 64. Yeah, something like that. I'm one behind them now. Your home is right next to you. I already used that joke on you. No. You can't recycle. No. Was that a pun? A very bad one. We're going to go get our rides on Yukon. We had a lot of fun and we're not right now. We just did a lot of work. We're going to get our rides on Yukon. How many do you honestly think we're going to get? Yeah, I'm going to say six. We'll end up with seven overall, I think. All right. We'll see you guys soon. We'll give you an update. We should hit 70 rides today before leaving. That's a pretty big milestone. Alrighty. It looks like it's just me then. So we just hit 70 rides on Yukon Striker. Well, I did. He hit 70 rides on Yukon Striker. I'm one behind, but there's weekdays. Do you want me to get ahead of you? On the weekdays? Well, you're at school. I'm going to do it. I'm going to come and ride it like 20 times. Then you're going to win. Yeah. I'll get to a thousand like a whole month before you. I know. Maybe I'll do it now. Just because of you saying that. Okay, so he hit 70 rides. I'm at 69. We're being interrupted by it. I know. They need to fill that with sand like Yukon. I think you should take it down. The park's been open for what? Like four or five days. We're already at 70 rides. That's pretty impressive. I'm going to finish this a lot quicker than I was even anticipating. And I'm anticipating. He's so mean to me. Comment down below. Comment down below if you think I'm being bullied because I think I'm being bullied. Brandon forced me on Drop Tower help. I'm kidding. I'm kidding. Disclaimer, Craig has signed up for this. Craig knows. So we're going to Marine Land in like two weeks and Craig is riding a... We're about to be interrupted by one of the worst rides in the park. We're all going to Dragon Park. So are you ready for that, Drop Tower? Or whatever they call it, Skyscraver? No. You're leaving. I'm going to a media event. We're going to film some behind the scenes stuff at a media event here at Wonderland today for a special cause. I'll link that down in a separate video. So I'm super excited about that. Hopefully that'll be up on the channel sometime soon. Craig, are you going to have fun at work while I'm coming to Wonderland? You're going home. I'm going to a media event. Spear me. He's jealous. He's really upset. I tried to get the day off. They didn't give it to me. It's not fair. What if they're watching this and they just heard you complain? What if your manager is like an avid viewer of this channel? Alright, the call is sick today. No, it didn't. They're going to get me fired on this. But next week we're next week we're Ripley's Aquarium. So Ripley's Aquarium invited us we're going to go do some really cool behind the scenes stuff at Ripley's Aquarium next week and that's super exciting. That's a Giga. Is it though? Is it really? It's a Hyper Giga. Excuse me. It's garbage. I think that's it for today. Today's been a very easy day. Yukon's got a full line. The park isn't too too busy. I think everyone's just at Yukon. Everyone's at Yukon. It's pretty much it. We only got like seven rides or six rides on Yukon. I know, but five days 70 rides were good. So now we have to ride the vine unfortunately. We have to do another ride challenge on Yukon to make up for not hitting 10 rides every day we're here. So that we're going to have to do this week. So that's pushed back to the front of the line. Can we really go 20 rides on that thing again? So we're going to do 20 plus rides on Yukon Striker one day. Losers has to wear lipstick. Comment down below if losers can wear lipstick. I'm starting to think that you just want a haircut and to put lipstick on because your punishment ideas are like Would it not be funny to watch Brendan walk around the park and write red lipstick though? That's if he wins. I could picture the comments now. Please be on my side. It'd be funnier to watch him in lipstick. But hot sauce. Hot sauce is going to be the challenge. This one's going to be this punishment. Basically we're going to get chicken figures and fries.  I'm at a disadvantage though. I find everything too spicy. I'm Italian. I find Caesar salad too spicy. That's it for today. We're going to go off to a media event film. Krega's going to go to work. But after pay respects. Is there anything else you want to say? You're at 70 rides. You're 30 away from 100. He rides away from being 110th of the way there. That's pretty good. 4 or 5 days of operations. Krega. You want to go ride what ride? The wonderful Wizard of Oz. Copyright music. We're off to see what ride.  What ride did you just ask to go on? We're going to go on Drop Tower. You're pointing right at my chest. No I'm not. I think everyone just threw up a little bit in their mouth there. I would too honestly. Are you guys ready? Krega's like... Help me! I used it to check out land clearing. I'm converting him to an enthusiast.