Good morning and welcome to Moments with Melinda. My name is Melinda Moulton and I am your host. Today, I am interviewing Greg Gouma. Hey Greg, thanks for being with me today. Well, it's great pleasure. Thanks for having me. I'm so glad. Today we're gonna talk about your new book, Restless Spirits and Popular Movements. But before then, let me tell our viewers a little bit about you. Greg Gouma is a longtime Vermont journalist starting as a Bennington Banner reporter in 1968. He was the editor of the Vanguard Press from 1978 to 1982 and published a syndicated column in the 1980s and 1990s. From the mid-1990s to 2004, Greg edited Toward Freedom, then a print magazine covering global affairs and organized one of the first independent media conferences held in Burlington in 2000. In 2004, he co-founded Vermont Guardian with Shay Totten. Two years later, he became CEO of Pacifica Radio. He writes about media and society on his blog, Maverick Media. And Greg has just published a new book, Restless Spirits and Popular Movements, A Vermont History, which we will be talking about today. Greg, what a career. What a lifetime of work. It's a long time, more than 50 years in Vermont. But look what you've contributed to our community and to our world. By the way, your new book is beautifully written for anyone out there who is interested in Vermont history. This is the go-to book. The way that you write is fascinating and interesting. All of the chapters are stories within themselves and the way that you weave the words to tell the story is beautiful. I was really enamored and moved by this book. So let's talk a little bit about you. Greg, tell us a little bit about your life growing up. Were you... Well, I, sure. Well, I grew up in New York, in the city. My parents were Italian, second generation Americans. My father was a lawyer, became a judge. My mother was a part of the fashion industry through my grandfather, who was the manufacturer. But I wanted to take a different path. And so after going to Syracuse University in the mid-60s, I moved up to Vermont in 1968. And as you say, one of my first jobs was as a newspaper reporter, which allowed me to really get to know Vermont at the ground level, first at the local level in Bennington and eventually meeting people around the state. And in a way, that's my post-graduate education was being a newspaper reporter and then working for Bennington College and various things in Bennington. And then moved up here to the Champlain Valley about 50 years ago. So you were here during the turbulent 60s, right? Oh, late 60s, I got here in the 80s, yeah. Would you consider yourself part... I would assume you would consider yourself part of the 60s movement. Sure, sure.  I described myself as a hippie. I saw myself as a member of the counterculture, the countercultural wave that arrived in Vermont in the 60s and into the 70s. But the difference, I suppose, between myself and some of the other people was that I often had what you might describe as an establishment job. Newspaper reporter, college administrator, I worked for the government and contracts. And so I was in two worlds a lot of that time, particularly in my younger life, straddling the world of the establishment by day and my own pursuits as a countercultural is a hippie by night. So who in your wife had the greatest influence on you and your work? And my work. Well, you know, writers, of course, I admire a really excellent writing. Gore-Vidal was an influence, Hunter Thompson as a journalist, Tom Wolf. I was a part of the new journalism movement, you might say, and as a historian, Gore-Vidal is a novelist, but he's also a historian and political scientist. And there were others like that. And so they were my models. And then there were also individuals I met as I grew up and who were mentors to me. Dave Dellinger was a mentor to me, one of the Chicago age who lived up here in Vermont, Murray Bookchin, who was an anarchist theoretician, Frank Wilkinson, who was a civil libertarian. These men taught me a lot about life and how to function and to combine my interests with my commitments. So interesting. So let's move into your fabulous new book, Restless Spirits and Popular Movements. It is the detailed and deeply interesting history of Vermont. What inspired you to make this book, to write this book? Well, I started on this book, I think more than 40 years ago, really during the Bicentennial period, 1976 in Vermont, when there was a lot of hoopla about America at that time, very patriotic period. And myself and my friends, I was working, I ran a bookstore at that time in Burlington, The Freight Page. Some people may remember it. I remember it. Yeah, one of the first used bookstores in Burlington, myself and a collective, and we published a magazine out of the bookstore called Public Occurrence. And out of the magazine came a history of Vermont called Vermont's Untold History, a kind of Howard Zinn-like look at Vermont from the standpoint of labor movement and the women's movement. And that really began the process of writing this book. I've been adding to the stories, collecting stories, collecting analysis since that time, really. And about 10 years ago, I started to sort of organize it as one manuscript, almost published it about five or six years ago, and then just decided to wait until I found the right partners and the right time. So it's a long process. But you lived through all of this. A lot of it. No, all of the recent stuff. I mean, a lot of in this book, it was very personal to you. That's true. Although, I mean, I'm hoping that this book is, I could say is my least personal book because I'm trying to write history. And although I do go into the first person about two thirds of the way through, because I think it's important that you can contextualize who's telling you the stories they're telling you. So I felt I needed to introduce myself and my role to some extent. And so, yes, I did interview a lot of these people. I know Howard Dean and Phil Hof was a good friend and Bernie and I have known each other for almost 50 years. And so a lot of the interviews and the episodes that I describe are things that in many cases I observed directly, particularly in Burlington. Well, absolutely. And you can see this throughout your book. I believe that this book should be, that every high school student should have to read your book and I believe that they should bring civics back into the education of our students. And this would be a great civics book for the students. Well, I'll be honest with you, that is what I have in mind. I wrote it, I hope, in a way that can be read by people at the high school level and at the college level. It's academically sound, but it's popularly written and that's my intention is hopefully to make it a kind of an evergreen, at least for the next 10 or 20 years until someone updates it again. So how do we get this into the hands of the students? Because you write in a way that's a very, it's an easy read. It moves from chapter to chapter, almost like short stories. It's beautifully done, Greg. And I think that every high school student should be required to read this book. So how do you make that happen? Well, I think first their parents in a way have to read it. I hope to get it into a lot of bookstores in Vermont, have book reviews and people like yourself. And I think the book industry has changed a lot since I got involved 35 to 40 years ago. And in some ways because of the internet, it's easier to get your book published, but it's in a way harder to get your book distributed in the way that we used to be able to do. So I think it's going to be a process of education, reviews. But I'm hopeful, I mean, I'm going to go around and try to speak in classes if I'm invited. And we'll see, maybe a few years from now, teachers will begin to use it. So all my viewers out there, we're talking to Greg Gouma who's just finished writing the book, Restless Spirits and Popular Movements. And I want you to talk to all of your children's teachers and tell them that your children should be required to read Greg's book. So I want to move on to the Sedition Act because I've been using that word a lot lately. I don't know if you have, but I've been using the word a lot. And I want you to talk a little bit about the Sedition Act. And why is it not being implemented today with all of the sedition that we have seen in the past several years leading up to January 6th? Talk to me about the Sedition Act, explain the story of viewers, what it is. Sure, well, I mean, the answer to the second question of why nothing's being done now is a problem of the breakdown of the political system, a very complicated question. But if you go back, the Sedition Act, as I've described the initiation of it in the late 1800s, the 1890s, 1898 in particular, we had our second president, John Adams and John Adams was embabbled. The country was splitting into factions already, the Jeffersonians and the Adams people, the Federalists and I would call them the Decentralists, which eventually became the Republican and Democratic parties. But at that time, Adams was very concerned about on a practical level, people accusing him of being soft on France, which was making moves in the South in Florida and so forth. And so he and his wife and the approval of a lot of people like Washington had passed by Congress, the Alien and Sedition Act and the Sedition Act made it a crime to say anything negative about the government or about the president in particular. I think Donald Trump probably thinks about this and would like to see that version of the, would have liked to have seen that version of the Sedition Act still in force. And but instead of it being used against foreign enemies or threats, it was used against American citizens, Benjamin Franklin's grandson, and then eventually a very prominent for monitor Matthew Lyon, who I described in the book in the chapter that covers this was put in jail for writing a letter to the editor that criticized President Adams. This is a very dangerous kind of law. These have existed at different times that one could describe it as a law against thought crimes. Although it's not always the charge brought in the case, there's always an undercurrent of an accusation of un-Americanism or threats to America. And it's been mobilized against the variety of groups in red scares at different times after World War I as well. The Sedition Act and also the Espionage Act, these two laws have been used very indiscriminately over time. The ironic part is now that the people who used to be defenders of the constitution are now the Seditionists. It's almost as if history has been flipped on its head now where you have an insurrectionist political party. Indeed, and we'll get into that in a few minutes. Thank you for that. I would love it if you could read from your book. And I chose the section about James Jeffords. And you're gonna start at page 152 and finish up at the bottom of 153 and talk about Jim Jeffords, who was another renegade Republican who left the party and became an independent. And I will never, and I'm sure you were there that day at the Radisson Hotel the day that Jeffords stepped. I mean, that was like a moment in history for me that will live on in my heart forever. So I chose that because I wanted you to read this from your book. Would you be kind enough to do that? I'd be glad to and I'm glad you picked it in a way because people might think because I am perceived as a progressive journalist that I have nothing good to say about Republicans. And so this may correct the record a little bit. Well, you also say good things about George Akin. And I don't know if you ever seen my husband's film about George Akin. I don't know that I have. All right, I will send you his video. Please, please. Beautiful film on George Akin, which is beautiful. I will get that in the mail to you, my friend. All right, so go ahead and start reading. I'm just gonna sit here and listen to you. Okay. James Jeffords was another renegade Republican, an independent thinker in the Akin Gibson mold. His career began conventionally but after a stint as attorney general, his path to the top of state government was blocked by Dean Davis, the National Life Insurance Executive who succeeded Phil Hopp as governor in 1968. Davis preferred Luther Hackett, a fellow insurance man and Jeffords was defeated in the 1972 Republican primary. He regrouped and replaced Richard Mallory in Congress in 1974. From that point on where Jeffords built his congressional career on defying easy classification and frequently bucking his own party's agenda. In the early 1980s, he opposed President Ronald Reagan's tax cuts and in 1993 supported the Clinton healthcare plan. In 1994, despite his defiance of GOP orthodoxy he succeeded mainline Republican, Robert Stafford into the US Senate and continued along a maverick path. One example was his sponsorship of an anti-discrimination bill to prohibit the use of a job application sexual orientation as a basis for hiring, firing, promotion or compensation. Another was the support of the UN, neither pleased many of his Republican colleagues. On October 1997, Jeffords was honored by the UN Association for backing a volunteer system that would give soldiers the right to choose UN peacekeeping. A month later, he received the Freedom of Choice Award from the Vermont chapter of the National Abortion Rights Action Week. Typically, the award went to a grassroots activist. But despite his position, Senator and lifelong Republican, his name sprang to everyone's lips because of work he had done throughout the late term abortion ban debate. Standing up for women's rights to choose was a risky thing to do. And once again, made him unpopular with right-wing groups. But Jeffords was used to being a target from the left and the right. During a debate on FDA modernization, for example, he was accused of reducing the labor wing requirements for irradiated foods by food and water of a Vermont-based environmental group. In offering the legislation charged the group's director, Michael Colby, Jeffords had shown that he was, quote, more concerned with the well-being of big business than with the health and safety of his own constituents. Nevertheless, he remained one of the state's most popular figures, a liberal maverick who called himself a Lincoln Republican. And near the end of his career, frequently reminded his conservative colleagues that he was the radical right of the Vermont congressional delegation. Confounding ideologues at both ends of the political spectrum, he capped his career with defiance of the Bush administration over tax cuts and his subsequent exit from the Republican Party in 2001. Jeffords ended his career as an independent. Wow. Beautiful. I wouldn't call these things a sort of definitive biographies. They're really arduous sketches, anecdotal sketches because there are so many characters I'm trying to bring into the story. So, and that was also based on journalism that I had done over the years, covering the events that you mentioned, for example, his resignation from the party. And so I feel that in this sense, I'm trying to be nonpartisan perhaps and to appreciate the contributions of people across the political and ideological spectrum. You are nonpartisan. Because I believe there are sort of core values in Vermont that overarch all of that. Well, you are nonpartisan. This is not a political book. It's not. Really? Well, you're nonpartisan. I mean, it's restless spirits and popular movements. And there are snapshots. That's right. And you move from one period to the next in the way that you weave it all together. It's beautifully done, Greg. So it's hard to believe in Vermont, that Vermont had a eugenics program, but many of us are coming to terms with this. And you write about this in your book. Can you talk a little bit about that, Greg? Yeah, well, this was in the 20s and it's a double-edged thing. And this was going on around the country. I'm not saying that Vermont was the only place, but it affected Franco-Americans. It affected Native Americans. It was a sterilization program that was initiated on very false assumptions and also as a kind of a hygiene, part of a hygiene movement. It started really in the early 20s, was legislated in the late 20s in Vermont. And quite a few people, hundreds of people, Native Americans and others were sterilized supposedly with consent, but really it was a false consent. They were really not aware of what was being done through it. It was also a part of other movements in Vermont earlier than that. I mentioned it also in the context of the perfectionist movement in the early 19th century that John Humphrey Noyes was involved with the Dionida community. That was sort of a, perhaps you might say, more altruistic version of it, planned births, planned breeding program.  And it's something that Vermont hid for a long time. I think it really was only in the 1980s that we really began hearing it once the law was officially repealed that you began to tell the story. And to some extent, that's what I'm trying to do is unearth some of these stories like the story of the Eugenics movement, the Green Mountain Parkway, the fight against McCarthy by Ralph Flanders, and of course the James Burke's mayoral career in Burlington, which I believe was under reported on at the time and also to some extent repressed by historians subsequent to that. And I think the same could be said for the Eugenics movement until the 1980s. And I think there's a real reckoning right now about the Eugenics movement too. So it's definitely a dark, dark, dark time in our history. Being a railroad aficionado and waiting for Amtrak to return to the back of Union Station this spring after 30 years of looking for rail to return to Burlington. Can you talk a little bit about Central Vermont Railroad? As you write, it is the most significant railroad story. Can you share a little bit with us about that story?  There were obviously a lot of railroad men who ended up being governors of Vermont. And the railroad system in Vermont developed in a rather piecemeal manner. There were a lot of conflicting lines and jurisdictional issues. And so although railroads came to Vermont, it actually produced a kind of an economic depression when the line stopped being built through Central Vermont. And there was a depression in the 1870s as a result of both overexpansion and corruption to some extent too. The railroads were to some extent subject to the early phases of big business corruption, the credit mobiliar scandal across the United States where a lot of congressmen were aligning their pockets. In Vermont, the industry was much more upright but there were a lot of bankruptcies and there were a lot of railroad men who also managed to parlay their position in the railroads into political careers. And so you have, I think, at least three Republican governors who were also the head of different railroads. Later, it became a jurisdictional issue between Burlington and the Central Vermont Railroad in the time of James Burke when the railroad controlled waterfront land in Burlington and Burlington was looking for a place to build a wharf. And at that point, the mayor of Burlington and Percival Clement, who was the head of the Central Vermont Railroad formed an alliance, although they were still arguing about the control of waterfront land, they were also in a political alliance. And so the railroads, I think, along with the marvel industry are probably the two industries, certainly in the 19th century that had the most profound impact on the state's development. And certainly the people who ran those industries also ran the Republican party. And also the boating industry. But let's know too in your history that the city of Burlington under Bernie Sanders, I believe it was maybe Peter Clavel when he was mayor, did beat the railroad to take back the property that is now Waterfront Park. That's true. And that's not a story that I tell in detail in this book. Although I do tell it in detail in my previous book, The People's Republic. And I just wanna make a note of the fact that initially the Sanders administration was going to go the easy route, but it was defeated at the ballot box in a bond vote and had to return to the public trust doctrine, which are describing as the way in which we were able to gain control of some of the waterfront land. But that was a proposal that was brought to it in a way, if not forced on the administration, the administration was persuaded by necessity of pursuing that strategy as a result of actually some democratic activists and lawyers. Howard Dean was involved in that. Rick Sharp was involved in that. John Franco. John Franco, of course. John Franco was a big guy. John Franco was pursued legally. But what I'm saying is that had it not been for the opposition to the original waterfront plan of the Sanders administration, that might never have happened. And so in a way, it's another example of people speaking truths to power, in this case in Burlington in 1983, 1984 and 1985, it was environmental activists, dissident Democrats and naturalists generally who said, yes, you were right, Bernie, the waterfront is not for sale. Well, I was involved in all that because that was the Alden waterfront. Right, so you know- And I remember that so well. And we lost by, we needed 60, 63% or something. And you got about high 50. We got 56%. And Paul Brune was working with us and everything, but then when it all dissolved because we didn't get the bond, the bond vote didn't pass, we didn't get the party, then everything was reconfigured and we went back and became up with something better. Well, became Main Street Landing and we supported the public trust doctrine because that land for us was only under option. And we were really excited about the park, but we redesigned the entire company then to do slow incremental design and development. So- There are at least two examples in Burlington and its recent history where the first plan was rejected and then what followed was an improvement which really reflected a fuller understanding of public sentiments. The marketplace is the other example of that. The original marketplace plan, much more intensive and much more intrusive. And because that was not accepted, we had to sort of rework it and come up with something that really satisfied public needs much more broadly. No doubt about it. It all was so much better to women with a vision. So it, yeah, it all was so much better. So the public trust doctrine. Anyway, that's so interesting. I want you to talk, let's see how much more time we have. We have about, we don't have a whole lot more time. So I'm gonna focus on this, Greg. I'm talking to Greg Gouma who was the author of Russell's Spirits and Popular Movements. It's a Vermont history and I recommend everyone go out and get Greg's book and read it and have your children read it and give it to their teachers and tell them to make their students read it. If you wanna understand Vermont history, Greg did a terrific job. How do you take this history, Greg and you apply it to what's going on today? Because today, I don't know how your mind is feeling about today, but mind every day feels like it's going to explode with the challenges to our constitution.  How do you see the future for our world and for our state in the next five, 10, 15, 20 years? Well, you know, I think Vermont, like a lot of other parts of the country has some choices to make. The American system is over 200 years, almost 250 years old, a very old constitution. The constitution is in need of revision. It's not functioning as it should. And I think Vermont, the role that Vermont has played over the past 15 to 20 years is to some extent, I described it to some friends as the anti-Texas. It's portraying a set of values which in a way are a mirror opposite of what is being put forward by Texas. So I think to some extent we have to continue to present and promote our brand. And our brand includes our vision of what society can be like. And what I'm trying to do in the book is to portray the values that underpin Vermont that have evolved and emerged over the years. And I think the choice from Vermont, to be very frank with you, is a choice between continuing to pursue as Bernie Sanders and Howard and others have this idea of reforming the American system if we can do it, which I'm not positive we can do, or I think that you were going to see a gradual devolution. All empires when America is an empire, ultimately end or devolve over time. And I think to some extent we're either going to come together and find a renewed united purpose around a set of values that we agree upon or we're going to see a sort of for fracturing into more autonomy movements you're going to see. That's why I discuss issues like secession and nullification, which of course I know to liberals right now are really not popular ideas because what's being put forward now is that we have to put our faith in the federal government to somehow make it right. That may occur, but not without major structural change. And I'm not positive that the constitution will permit that. And so Vermont should pursue its own values. It should work for self-sufficiency and then present its vision of a good society as we do through Bernie Sanders and Patrick Leahy and others, but hold open the prospect that we may have to become more independent. And we may also have to, to some extent at some point nullify certain federal laws. If the US bans abortion through the Supreme Court, I know that Vermont is not going to acquiesce. Well, let me mention that to you right now our reproductive liberty amendment. Prop five is moving through our legislature and it's going to come to a public vote. And that's the reproductive liberty amendment, which we are going to put into our constitution to confirm the right to reproductive liberty. A great example. And I think we need to project those values. I wish the media wasn't so oriented toward conflict. There's a kind of a saying, which I'm sure you know if it bleeds, it leads. That's in journalism. If it's violent, if it's conflict. And I saw this even when I was a reporter in the 1960s. If an accident happened at 10 p.m., they rip out the front page and put the accident on the front page, even if we had another story. That was 50 years ago. Things haven't really changed, but Vermont has the possibility of presenting its values to the country through its representation, even through its, look at the Republican governor of this state who has defied Donald Trump and has made Vermont one of the examples of how to handle the pandemic. So I think we are a potential model for the type of values and the type of approach to community building and grassroots democracy that might hold out some hope for the future. But I think we also need to become more self-sufficient. I agree with you. And I think we're doing that in food and in all sorts of areas in Vermont. Energy, we are trying to become more independent. So we have a couple of seconds here. So what's next? What's next on your agenda, Greg? Well, actually I'm working with Nora Jacobson, the filmmaker right now on an adaptation of a novel I wrote about 15 years ago called Spirits of Desire. And it's also a Vermont story about a family of mediums and chitin' in Vermont and all the amazing people who came to visit them in the 1870s. And we hope to turn it into a movie. We'll see. And it's a true story, a true Vermont story. And so I'm working on that. And I'm also hoping to do in what might be the third volume of this so far two volume set that People's Republic and Restless Spirits which would be a more of a memoir and travel writing. Maverick Tales and Travels which would revisit my personal experiences over the years here and elsewhere. Well, you were such a gift. You were a gift to all of us, Greg Gouma. And I wanna thank you so much for being on my show. And again, Greg Gouma, the author of Restless Spirits and Popular Movements of Vermont History. I encourage everyone to go down to your local bookstore and pick up a copy and read it. So Greg, I'm gonna sign off now. I'm gonna ask you to stay on. But thank you to my viewers and I will see you shortly. And thank you for listening and watching my show, Moments with Melinda.


Hey guys, welcome back. I'm here today your favorite guest favorite star of the show I think I might be the new favorite star Joel. I've been in a lot more. Let's not joke around We'll see who the stars at the end of the video. Okay, so for today's video We're gonna be doing a who knows me best. Okay, is it my 17 year old sister or is it my boyfriend? I actually think it's gonna. I think you'll win just because he spends every breathing waking living moment next to you I honestly don't know who's gonna win.  There we go So the punishment for this whoever loses has to eat a spoonful of ketchup and we're gonna put it on camera So stay tuned till the end to see who has to eat that spoonful of ketchup. Okay first question What is my worst fear? I've got an idea though. Oh my god. I don't know if this is your worst. I don't know if it's the same as mine We have never talked about this before if anything Joel would know questions like this three two one go What is it? I said open water. I said the dark. Those are really good Those are both what I was thinking in my head plus one more I was thinking like oceans like deep in the oceans I was thinking like being stuck in a dark room and then I was thinking Because you guys both thought of right like I don't I'm not really scared of one thing more than the other Okay, then just give us each a point. Okay, and maybe you guys will end in a tie. You never know Yeah, if you guys end in a tie you both update the ketchup who was my celebrity crush in like my pre-teen Teenager 12 13 14 15 era probably someone that I look like Zac Efron You know exactly from I wish I looked like that Okay, well, I don't know we never used to discuss this. Oh my god. I know I know who it is I don't think either of you know I do know there's two people. I got it written down No, Julia and Juliana, you guys know I know I have it right give me a minute to think Okay, you got five seconds. I don't think you didn't know one of the guys. Well, I know wait There's well wait. Is it for our Disney Channel shows?  I said Joe Jonas.  You asked me Yeah, I mean that's what I said, but he was my celebrity crush. Yeah, but that's what you meant was the hottest no That's what I was younger. So when I was younger. I was obsessed with that guy from Divergent Theo James It was really rad. It was really rad. Yes. I know exactly who that is right second one was Hays Greer. Oh my gosh. That was another like 13 years old. Okay, don't judge Who do you actually think's harder than Nick Jonas or Joe Nick Jonas? Yeah, obviously, but what is Michaela? Wait? I forget what Joe Jones looks like now. No like Nick. Nick is definitely the best by far. Yeah Well, when I was younger, I'd like Joe better. I just remembered liking Joe. Oh, that's anybody says Kevin Come on. Kevin. What about the other brother? There's no love for Kevin He's the one who really got ripped off. He's not even a Jonas brother and he actually it's a good one They even had a whole show and he wasn't even in it. No, he was he was he was just play computer in his room or something anyways What's my favorite food? Oh? My gosh, you eat everything you eat everything you have never once told me I think I can I think I know I'm just gonna guess because I know it's not it But this is just a general guess because it's kind of one of my it's one of my favorite. Okay go Sushi sushi. Um, it's not like my favorite favorite if I can just have the one thing when I'm really hungry It would be like good Italian pizza sushi's definitely up there like it's definitely up there. So no no points Oh, okay, it's hard to really narrow it down to one because it also depends what I feel like but I feel like about to choose one thing I just love pizza. Um, I know where to mention that What are you talking about? What is my favorite candy? Oh? Oh, I know I think that you're gonna guess the most basic ones, but I know that this Michaela hits home with Michaela I know this one Michaela's. It's her favorite. Here you go. Those mushy strawberry suckers I know she likes those I know it's our picture of the strawberries right here Yes, they're so good if you guys have never tasted this candy before mmm. What it is so good Where did I take my first picture with Joel? How am I supposed to know if you get this wrong? How am I supposed our first picture ever? I remember exactly what you actually do. Yes, you're lying No, I remember Joel sham on you if you don't know this if I don't know this How am I supposed to know this? I wasn't even there. I mean, I have one guess, but I know you didn't take a picture there I have no idea. I'm just gonna go with this one. Okay. Three two one. I just said first date. I said your house Okay. Oh This one that's wrong. We did not take a picture on our first date. No, we didn't take a picture on our first date I was gonna say second date. This is the exact moment. No, we didn't yes We did we were sitting at the park bench and those little boys were like laughing at us They were like pointing at us and we were just sitting on the bench for some reason They were just like really little kids and then like I went to go film them And I had snapchat open and then like I put this snapchat selfie on us and then I started taking selfies You need a close picture right now do I prefer hats or dog? Oh my god, this is a no brainer. Oh jeez I don't know. I don't know what's gonna be us. What do you think? Yeah, I said cats. I said cats. Oh, you're both wrong I like them equally Yeah, but if you had to pick one Which one would you sacrifice? You had to if you have to you have to give no choice. No, I like them both equally and in terms of cats and dogs I love them both like cats are so cute dogs are so cute. What's my favorite TV show? Oh Joel you should know this is probably how would I know three two one I said grace I said grace to you're both right Oh, it's my all-time favorite. So I've got three points. You got two. You don't have three. Yeah, she doesn't calculate What's my shoe size three two one seven. Yeah, what is a trend I followed when I was young? Oh my god Oh, but there's so many. I'm gonna write them all mine is zebra print a Katniss Everdeen braid and peace sign Everything she had peace on clothing. She had peace sign jewelry all of that really bad face or really bad child benefit I wrote Katniss air, and you wrote cat Yeah, I miss the cake, but you're both right. So what is a useless talent that I have? Oh, okay I don't know. Okay. I've got mine. I'm excited to see. I said playing piano Okay, I said belching neither piano doesn't come naturally. So it's not a talent burping comes naturally You know, but burping is just like a bodily yeah, like get out of here with that. It's not a skill I don't burp that much even if I tried and her stank a little my hidden talent my gem is definitely be boxing You cannot be boxed. Okay. This is your right now. This is your talent. Let's see. Yeah, I can do that I can do that five six seven Oh Yeah, Mckayla in the house will jolly on the track. My name is Joel.  Okay. I'll let you guess one more Okay redemption that too, but like this one is just like come on. You know this. Oh my god.  She's playing. She won't get it.   Go three two one. I said the grin.  I mean, what is something that will instantly cheer me up when I'm sad ready me?  You have to choose at the end point. Well, even if she's at gunpoint. She's not choosing you Other than that it would be like the food like I'm candy chocolate What is my worst habit? Oh my gosh, you're not gonna say this, but it's this no it really is that wait I'm not done. It's this but you're not gonna say this that hair thing. She does with her hair.  No, she She literally eats cloves of garlic if you got mad and this is so down Burping is a way worse habit than touching your hair is not a habit. Yes, it is because she does it all the time Okay, so I have this weird thing with my hair. Don't show them that when it smells good. I just need to keep smelling. Oh, yeah, you go like this No Kind of But burpings worse than that When I was younger and I'd be doing it in the car my dad would be like you need a stuff you win on that one When did I start shaving my legs? I said great. Hey, I said great. Hey, you're both right All right, you guys so we have to go eat dinner so that wraps up today's video. Oh wait, that doesn't wrap up today's video And I win I'm better between the both of us. Sorry to say it Joel It's not true. Okay. You won by one point one by two. Yeah, but that one doesn't count because I'm still damn right Can I dip it in fries get out of here with your dipping it in fries and I'll have some to you So we're gonna go down and do that but I'm just gonna talk to you guys here So thank you so much for watching. I love you guys. Enjoy the spoon of ketchup next clip All right, Joel, you got a spoonful of ketchup I mean, I'm used to it, you know, can I just put ketchup on my burger? Get out of here. Okay. No Yeah, right. No way Madison Madison Joe you go like this those back and swallow it. It's all you have to chew it. I'll just pretend like it's on my eggs in the morning. Oh God it's grosser than you think. No, I actually like ketchup, but this kind of tastes like like blood metal. Oh my god This is so gross enjoy if this was peanut butter or Nutella. Maybe I should have pretend Yeah, I'm just gonna eat it all up. No. No. Oh my god.


Good afternoon from Berlin. The sun is also shining here very brightly so a lot of solar power powering my laptop right now. That's a good thing. I just very quickly want to introduce myself. I worked with smart grids or in a smart grid project for about five and a half years. I was head of project coordination of a project here in Berlin that set up a smart grid from 2011 on. So very early in this whole smart grid area. After that I quickly co-founded an accelerator for high-tech startups that was very digital centered and for the last three and a half years I worked at a think tank here in Berlin to look at the policy side of what could the energy transition do better or what could policy do better with the energy transition and also smart grids obviously played a big role in that. Now I also have a new job which is also quite exciting. I will from now on try to co-found a new NGO that actually takes this whole think tank business to another level and does more or less a do tank. So some kind of a project developer for regulatory fringe cases. If you like I can talk about in the Q&A a bit more about that but now without further ado I would like to jump right in into my talk about smart grids today. So to get started I want to start with what kind of problem do we actually have.  We now have the corona crisis which will bring emissions down quite a bit but that's not something we want to apply every year to reach our climate goals. Also the IPCC says that we need some kind of unprecedented political effort in order to reach our goals and I just want to have a very quick view on how are we doing so far. There is an initiative called Climate Action Tracker that actually looks at the policies in place around the world that try to reach the the climate goals of the Paris Agreement and as you can see gray or red or yellow is not so good and how are we doing well we are doing not so good when we look at it in total. So we need to speed things up. We need to step up our game concerning the energy transition. Obviously there are different areas where we can actually reduce our emissions but the energy sector is the sector that is probably the easiest where we have the biggest impact in a very short amount of time and that is what counts that we bring down our emissions as soon as possible. We also and that is something that especially here in Germany is discussed a lot maybe not that openly but a lot of people tend to think that there will be some kind of magical technology that will save us all and that we just have to wait for that. In the Greek mythology there was the Deus Ex Machina that came and saved the whole play when everything seemed lost and we get more and more the impression also here in Germany in German politics that people are waiting for this Deus Ex Machina to bring us closer to our climate goals but that's not what we need to do we need to seize every chance that we can get we need to use every options and I am convinced that we already have a lot of concepts and we already have a lot of technology that we need in order to bring this transition forward. One of those I'm convinced are smart grids. So I just want to very quickly introduce yourselves again to the concept of smart grids.  It lost a bit of its charm as a as a buzzword in the last couple of years I think it it was now blockchain that everyone was talking about and not smart grids anymore but especially around the time when we finished the first of our consecutive projects here in Berlin which was around 2014-2015 everyone was talking about smart grids in the energy business. The joint research center of the European Union the JRC doesn't have a database which actually counts and analyzes most of the smart grid projects within Europe. Last time I checked they counted about 950 projects I don't know Yvonne maybe you can tell us a bit more later on if your project also is part of this database. Ours was and I tried to check and I didn't find it anymore so maybe they they kick out old projects I don't quite know but there is quite a lot going on with smart grids in Europe so what is a smart grid actually? When you Google smart grid you will most likely get something like this you can see here. There are houses there are different kinds of production units, wind farms, solar panels and roofs and a lot of times there is some kind of central energy management system in the middle that actually steers everything and controls everything but there is no universal definition of a smart grid and a lot of projects use their own definitions but there is some kind of a common ground I would say and that is if you take a physical energy infrastructure that could be a gas infrastructure that could also be electricity obviously and overlay this infrastructure with a data and information layer that is like the common ground for all smart grid projects. Smart grids can also vary in size obviously they can be as big as Estonia a lot of people would argue that Estonia also already has some kind of nationwide smart grid they can also be as small as a household sometimes you can also find the notion of a microgrid which sounds a bit similar in most cases a microgrid is just different to the account that it can go let's say offline it can disconnect from the public grid and still keep on going so microgrids are very often islands there are boats you could say that every cruise ship is some kind of a microgrid maybe not as intelligent as we will talk about here later but you could argue for that also smart grids can vary in size but they can also vary in the kind of components they use I think most common are things like solar installations wind farms but also electric vehicles heat pumps and storage devices from batteries to other storage devices I will come to that later also another thing is that smart grids are even though we might not realize all the time more or less the foundation of other technologies like demand site management you already mentioned in your introduction that we need to bring production and consumption into balance we can do that with making demand and production more flexible there is also something that uses forecasts and obviously the technological basis for that is some kind of smart grid approach that might all sound a bit a general so I want to give you an idea about a real smart grid the one I worked on for five and a half years which like I said is situated in Berlin on an old energy campus where in the 1920s huge the the municipal gas company actually made gas from coal to fire up the street lights and they stored it in a in a big isometer in a big gas storage which is now a landmark and that is a campus that is nowadays very known for its its innovation potential there's a university on there there are a lot of startups and in the middle of that there is this micro smart grid we put up there you can see now we combined the micro grid and the smart grid that is because we use a lot of technologies that are actually smart grid technologies we are connected to the public grid but we could also go into islanding mode and cut off from the public grid and do our own operations as well so that was how the name came into being and like I said we also used a lot of different elements for the smart grid the the project itself actually consisted of a lot of consecutive joint research project within total about 80 companies universities research institutes that worked on this project and there were it started with one project where some kind of basic infrastructure was being put up a solar mover that moved with the sun a battery storage and an EV charging station but then it grew further and further and with every new research project that was added to the portfolio the micro smart grid grew in the end we had four solar installations on the campus we had six micro wind turbines two of them actually on the landmark gasometer in 18 meters height we had micro CHPs we have a large CHP that is now hooked up to the micro smart grid fuel cells a lot of different things and it developed into some kind of testbed also for other research institutes we had the ability to measure what is happening on a very very fast scale we could measure 44,000 data points a second so we could also do frequency controls it was more a research project than an actual smart grid like we would imagine to roll out all over Europe I also mentioned EVs it was also not only a testbed for different energy technologies but also for shared mobility with this micro smart grid that was the home base let's call it like this for the world's first fully electric car sharing fleet that went into operation which was multi-city so it was the first fully electric and that was the home base there and we could also use those cars to do all kinds of research about vehicle to grid but some vehicles that were actually able to feed back energy into the grid when it was needed so we could add more batteries to our portfolio to steer we did tests with autonomous driving where they three deep printed driverless shuttle that was going around the campus and was bringing people people to the research institutes we had inductive charging infrastructure so all kinds of other research projects actually came in there and added to the value of what we can actually see we also not only did research but we also did some kind of education I already mentioned that we had a university with on the campus so there were a lot of groups with international politicians that came in and wanted to see how do smart grids work and we had a large showroom that was more or less in the middle of this whole thing and with bulletproof windows to the transformer to the switching units to the batteries which was quite complicated to put up because there are a lot of standards in place that you have to meet also I already said we could switch to islanding mode with a chp plant that was actually building up the the the grid frequency and then the solar arrays could actually add up to that the the vision behind that was to show what is technologically possible what is feasible and to duplicate that to make it obviously a bit more easy to implement but to duplicate that into many many districts that actually interconnect in the end that can help each other if there is a shortage of energy in one district it could be leveled out with another micro smart grid and this project here this micro smart grid on the Europe campus to be honest it was and is far from economically viable to build some kind of a joint business case around that but that wasn't necessary because I think a research projects don't have to be economically viable all the time but we later on founded a spin-off that actually took some of the concepts from this micro smart grid and transferred that to the real world so some elements are actually applied in Berlin and around Europe by this company called Inno to Grid right now we also saw and that is now something like a lessons learned that most of the problems we had were not with technology so from a technological point of view pretty much everything we could imagine was possible but to build business cases around that wasn't very hard because it was restricted very toughly by regulation by expensive metering concepts you have to put up to be compliant with regulation but technology was never the problem we so we know we have a product problem we know that we do have technological solutions to that and what was for me very interesting was the three and a half years of policy work I did afterwards because my time at the campus was very hands-on and we were very deep into the technology and into how our control system would work and stuff like that but we didn't actually take a lot of care about how would that be on a macroeconomic scale if we would reply that time and time again I for one thing which I learned was that a smart grid alone with some kind of control unit in the middle is not very realistically because to optimize the state of the smart grid needs some kind of incentive and this incentive if you want to scale needs to be some kind of price signals that come from from markets that are overhead also I think that the the notion of autonomy of being able to cut off from the grid and do your own thing that might be something that from a technology point of view is very interesting and is fancy to achieve but it is not something that on a macro level should be encouraged because then you have people most of the times in those projects there is more money than vulnerable users around would have and you take money out of the system by optimizing yourself so it's a it's a bit of a yeah a situation that you don't want to scale up and how can smart grids still help us with the energy transition to bring it forward I think they are very important piece of the puzzle when we look at how prices of technology developed then I think there is one thing that a lot of people don't realize if those prices undercut a certain threshold then some kind of universal truth that we thought to be relevant actually shifts I give you one example when solar prices or offshore wind prices continue to fall like they did in the past and we will come to a point where the grid is more expensive to connect them to the grid and has more problems because you don't have problems with exact terms you have huge infrastructure projects that take a lot of time whereas it the the informal times you always said put the wind mills there where you have the most wind nowadays the technology is so far that in when you take the business as a whole other of the macroeconomic factors then in as a system cost it is cheaper to put the wind mills where there's less wind but you have the demand for the wind and you don't need that much infrastructure projects also and smart grids can obviously play a big part in that to bring wind and solar capacity into the field another thing is that with this super cheap sustainable technology our children will be used to that there was a large comprehensive study of the Berkeley labs which looked at success factors for wind farms and for their acceptance within the communities and one factor was participation and one factor was if you grow up with the wind farm in your vicinity you are much more likely to have a positive attitude to what that so that is something I think over the years we will see the effect of that and also smart grids tend to be more participative and can have a positive impact also on the on the acceptance of renewable energy installations I come to my last two slides now besides acceptance there's also a transformative impact of local smart grids because they bring value into the communities if you think about a huge wind farm that is put up in front of your community that you don't participate with then the value added goes somewhere else if your community actually initiates a wind farm like this if you put yourself together with local businesses with industry and initiate a project like this then the value added the money stays within your community and that also I think is can be a huge contributing factor to bring the energy transition as a whole forward when we look at policy now I think that and I found this this little picture that is actually not about energy at all but about organizational structures and if you look at some of those of those little figures I think there are remarkable similarities to what we actually need within policy to get the energy transition going one thing obviously is from hierarchies to networks there is something that the energy transition brings naturally but also from controlling to empowering if I put myself in the shoes of policy makers right now I think it's very hard for them to let go and to let some kind of self-organization within smart grid projects within communal projects within cooperatives happen but it's actually something that is empowering the people to be a part of the energy transition and bring it forward and I think this new kind of mindset is something that plays a crucial role and I hope that is a also a good introduction for Christine who will later on talk about the values that policy actually needs to incorporate into their smart grid efforts and with that thank you very much


Okay, so I did a study of arachnophobic entomologists and again, looking at the diversity of insects, different morphologies, butterflies, yellow jackets, ladybugs, walking sticks, grasshoppers, bedbugs, you would think that an entomologist would just take a spider or take an insect, add two legs to it, come up with a spider and treat it just the same as an insect. But yet, people who work within the insects 40 hours a week still treat spiders differently. So I did a study of arachnophobic entomologists. The article was published in American entomologists and these people had to meet three criteria, consider themselves to be entomologists, work with live insects and have negative feelings towards spiders, either from mild disgust to full-blown arachnophobia. I use the fear of spider's questionnaire, which is a standard psychology questionnaire used to riddle out arachnophobia in people. It consists of 18 statements and this was the score of the statement from 0 to 7, whether you agree or disagree with the statement and to what extent. The score that you receive is the sum of the statements, so 18 times 7 is 126, which is the maximum score and scores above 80 are considered clinical arachnophobia. 41 respondents were qualified for the study and now you can see that most of the people had very low scores, meaning they just had mild disgust, but there were several arachnologists or entomologists who were in the clinical arachnophobia range. And to the one question, spiders is one of my greatest fears, five entomologists scored the highest score and there were scores of five and six as well. Now the things that the entomologists didn't like about spiders is the same thing that the general public doesn't like about spiders, morphologically they have many legs and they're hairy and they're dark. Behaviorally the way they move, they don't expect to show up or they show up unexpectedly, they run fast, they're silent, which actually is the same thing that goes on with lots of insects and yet they divide the insects and spiders in two different groups.  Luckily no one took filthy as a situation where they would consider spiders to be vectors of bacteria. To highlight some of the more amusing respondents, the first entomologist scored 66 on the scale and her older sister used to torment her but when she was a single-digit age child the sister would grab spiders in a tissue and crush them and then chase her sister around the house. She's a collection manager in a museum where she's in charge of insects and the spider collection. So she manages the spider collection. Dead spiders are okay but live spiders are not and she's just walking into the spider collection she gets the heebie-jeebies and just filling out the survey creeped her out. The next entomologist had a score that was clinically arachnophobic range.  The third entomologist has a lower score but he has had arachnophobia his entire life. When he was a 40 year old he drove around with paper towels in the front seat of the car in case the spider showed up on the windshield. The yellow sack spider did show up on the windshield so he reached for his trusty paper towel roll and grabbed the paper towel and the spider disappeared by the time he got his towel ready.  He snorted with full force to dislodge the spider and pulled over without crashing. He then spent an hour looking for the spider in that van and concluded the comments with this was not a good day. So even though entomologists work with spider, work with insects their entire life 40 hours a week for many years they still treat spiders differently and so for these entomologists two more legs make the big difference.


Hi, everyone. Yeah. Thank you for coming. Let's get started. We are right on time. So today, uh, first of myself, uh, my name is in Dean and from Google. I'm the, uh, founder and the maintainer for Kube edge. Today we are talking about the Kube edge.  So this is our agenda. We have about 35 minutes. I will try to finish this in 25 to 30 minutes. Then the rest time I can leave for the questions. So today I'm going to talk about the introduction, the briefly introduction of our project and give the community update, the security update and the performance scalability test. Uh, final, we were talking about a bit, uh, the roadmap and the community building. So edge computing, uh, I will try to get a brief, uh, the intro because everybody are hopefully already expert on this one. So there's a different edge. So we're talking about the near side edge. Basically it's very close to the device or everybody else. Then we have the city edge at the regional edge, then we reach out to our central cloud. So each edge, they have a different usage. I mean, they have a different typical location. So for the near side, we do a lot of AI inference, uh, AR VRs, but in the regional level, we, uh, typical is a CDN AR VR. And also we do the, uh, the, not only the render, uh, the rendering and also the video transcoding. So in the cloud, we assume we have unlimited computing power. So most of the training will build in the cloud and we are using the computing power from the central cloud. However, in Kube edge, we have our edge, uh, seek. So we have the CDN, uh, sub project. They are trying to do the collaborated or federated learning. So that means the training not only exists in the cloud, but also in the edge side, we are, uh, going to have a look. So here is the Kube edge architecture. So you can see, uh, the main part is the cloud part. It's based on the pure, uh, Kubernetes control plane. So you can missed, you can missed deploy cloud node and edge node, edge node. I mean expanded on the bottom. So basically our system supports, you can mix, deploy both cloud node and edge nodes. And we have the special part called, uh, cloud core is, this is our kind of API server over to the older new edge node. In the edge node, we have a counterpart is the edge core. So we are using the WebSocket long connections, or we also, uh, support a quick. So this part, we can have a two V duplex communication between the edge and the cloud. So typically the edge may be deployed, edge node may be deployed behind a firewall. Through these connections, we can cross a firewall like the cloud directly controlled edge node. So you can have a cloud controlled edge. So within the edge, we support CSI, CRI, CRI we can do, uh, uh, and also the CNI, the CRI, we support not only continent D, CRI, all, all kind of, uh, standard, uh, container provision with support. And also we are using this, uh, pop-up model mosquito to connect all the devices. So, uh, I want this one because we already talked about this before.  So a quick update, uh, our journey. So we launched this project in 2018 and we donated it to CNCF and become a sandbox project in 2019 March. And we are gradated to incubation in 2020, uh, 2021, 2020 September. And currently we have a more than, uh, 5,800 stars. We have a more, almost 2,000 folks. And you can see the contribution, contributors are really diversified. We have more than 1,000 contributors, uh, from, uh, 80, more than 80 organizations. So currently we are doing the quarterly release. We support not only x86, but the ARM32, ARM64. And the, uh, the new updates they say, we set up based on, after we into the incubation, we, uh, set up a, we recently created our, uh, TSC, the technical steering committee. And, uh, based on all these six already existed, the new one will be the SIG node. Uh, here the link will show you the proposal or the scope of the SIG. Basically it's very similar to Kubernetes SIG node. It's mainly focused on the, uh, lifecycle management for the edge node, the connections, anything related to the runtime in the node. And also covered, uh, cloud node because we support, uh, mixed deploy of a cloud node and edge node. Here you can see, uh, for last year, this, uh, very diversified the, uh, contributors. 36% are individual contributors. So, uh, it's, we have a consistent code, very active project. So, here is our community. Basically we have a, uh, community governments, uh, follow the CNCF rules. We have the TSC, we set up the TSC. We have a different SIGs and work groups. So, talking about on the different topics and the technical communities, we hire a few ambassadors to help us to do the marketing and evangelist. And we have the user group that's for the industry partners talking about the user cases and, uh, user cases and all the problem they, uh, have when they adopt Kubernetes. So, another good update, an important update is the training. We collaborate with the CNCF foundation because we are a CNCF project and also the Linux foundation training. We are going to start our training sessions. It's about 23, 24 sessions. We will last, uh, two or three months. And here is the link. We are talking about all the proposals, uh, what's each topic. And thank you for CNCF supporting us. We are going to have a formal training. And, uh, for the TSC, we have our charter here. That's new. Uh, the current, uh, current members will, until we are going to have another election on September, October frame in 2024. That's a two years term of TSC numbers. So, the members must come from a different organization. No organization have more than two, uh, TSC members. Now, the important update. So, basically, uh, I'm going to talking about the security update. First is about supply chain security. Supply chain security you can see, uh, especially for the container side. When you develop a new, and when developer, develop a new features until release the software, that's a few stated, a source, build, and packaging. And also, you are in, when you build your product, you pull in a lot of dependencies. You can see there's a lot of a red mark there. This could be potential risk and potential attack. So, we pair with a CNCF, we did our audit in June. So, we are one of the first CNCF project, uh, reach the, uh, level of insurance by, uh, LSA. LSA is the open SSF project. It's major, you build the dependency source, all the dimensions. So, this is a cross industry, cross organization vendor neutral group. So, uh, they do a really good, uh, audit. So, they provide an industry standard, recognize the agree upon level of protection and compliance. We, in the source, build, and common part, we all reach in the level insurance, the L4. The full report, uh, you can, here's the QR code. You can get our full security auditor report. You can see all the dimensions, they measured all the, all the details. And also, uh, there's a one, at that time, it's not available, it's a province. So, we did our improvement follow up the security updates, uh, after the audit. Uh, another one, we do the, we integrate the fuzzling. So, uh, you can see here the news, uh, we are one of the CNCF projects being fuzz continuously by the OSS fuzz. Here is the news.  So, we are continuously tested by the fuzzling test. So, we are the first of the 18, I think currently 18 CNCF project is being fuzz. So, we are one of the first batch. So, another one will be the thread modeling and the protection analysis. So, we did our, based on our audit report, we find out this potential attack will be one, two, three, four, five, that's of different attack. Uh, I don't want to, we don't have time to go and elaborate everything. However, you can still download the uh, the full report and you can download the report on, on the previous page I posted a QR code. Here is our analysis that's posted on the github. Another part will be based on the audit report. So, we have this full report here and we set up our policy and the one-invited management procedure. You can see uh, for the cloud part, we collaborate with our upstream Kubernetes security response team. We listen to the SRC from Kubernetes and for the edge part, we run our uh, security sig maintainers. We listen and watch for the old vulnerability assessment and and all the CVs. When it's coming, we do the validation and assessment. Then we uh, simultaneously do the solution and apply the CVE. Then we uh, we, after the embargo period, we release the recommendation and release the security adversary. So, basically that will split into five parts reporting, conforming, then remediation, then we do the embargo. It's the restricted disclosure, then published disclosure. So, this time we allow our industry partners and user group can take the patch and do the fix. Now, I'm talking about the performance test. So, this topic uh, covered that in the uh, Kupacon Europe. So, basically what we do is basically we test our SLO, service level objective test. So, we test our latency, throughput, scalability, CPU usage, and memory usage. And also for the usage, the scenario of usage of Kube Edge, we especially covered unstable cloud and edge networking part because uh, we are a uh, cloud native edge project. That means the from edge to cloud is different. The connection is different from uh, intro data center. That means it's not stable, it could be disconnected or long delays and also we have a restricted bandwidth. So, before we go in, deep into that, I will briefly cover. So, here is a borrow from Kubernetes community. So, the scalability doesn't only means how many nodes you are going to support, how many pod, there's a few dimensions you need to think about it. The how many secret, the secret number we have, I think currently is 3,000 secret per cluster. That's if we, I mean, even in Google GKE, we may have increased the secret number. We not all vendors support enough number of secret and also how many service do you support back end. The pod and node is only, well, this is the pod per node and also uh, the ingress you support is upon this incoming traffic, it's networking part. So, this, you can see this multiple dimensions that you need to measure for reach the real scalability. You cannot have one.  Here, this is what, how we did our scalability test. So, we have a cluster loader. So, it's generally the load and we have our load balancing to load up. So, here is our data. So, we test our 10,000, sorry, 100,000 of a node and 1 million pods. So, that's, we are trying to, that's our config. Here is our test results. So, here is the data, the visualization. Let me here. It's more readable here. So, you can see the pod startup. So, 50% is about 80, 60, it's 16, it's 1.6 and 99% is less than 5 seconds. So, it's reached our SIO, it's about 5,000 milliseconds, it's a 5, basically 5 seconds. And here is the create to schedule. Because this, our tools doesn't allow, it shows zero. Actually, it has some number because, because it's the, based on the standard, it doesn't support, it's a sub second or a sub millisecond. It cannot display here. It's only displayed at zero, but it's a number there. But 99% will be a one second schedule to run. It's all 1 second, 1,000 millisecond run to watch. It's from 50 percentile is, it's about one second. And 99% is 2.2 seconds. And schedule to watch is a 1.6 second. And 99 percentile is 30 seconds. So, from the test results, we have these conclusions. Kube edge can support 100,000 edge node. And meantime, we deploy a 1 million part on the, on the cluster. So, you can get during the KubeCon Europe, I only talk about the test setup. At that time, we don't have the full report here. Now, we have the full report released. So, you can download our report from here. So, here is a few links. Our website, GitHub page, Slack channel meetings and docs. So, you can either pin us from Slack channel or through our mailing list or from Twitter. So, we have our maintainers on the channels. And also, we have a weekly meetings. We have a two-time setup. One is more US friendly. It's in the US 7 p.m. Pacific time. The other one will be more European friendly. It's a European afternoon time. So, yeah, we have 20 minutes here. So, cool. Yeah. Thank you everyone. Here is the QR code. You can post the question or feedback. And I'm open to any questions. You mean the image hub? The harbor, right? So, you, sorry. That one, we publish in the in the doc link. But feel free to let me know. We publish all the reference in this documented link. Yes. Let me quickly show you. We, and also it's published in our GitHub page. And I didn't talk about it in the Node group. We are going to support a Windows container that's planned for the next year. So, we do have our hardware support list. So, that also posted in our user group. So, our industry partners, they also have their user examples published there. Let me know if you cannot find it. You can pin me in the Slack channel or Twitter. So, I will find it. Thank you.


Wait a minute. Have you heard the strange tales of the Whistler? The Whistler. Nita, what is it? What's wrong with you? I don't know. All of a sudden, I got a terrible feeling, a horrible feeling of, of foreboding. I'm frightened, Tom. Another Sunday night and again CBS presents the Whistler. I, the Whistler, know many things, for I walk by night. I know many strange tales, many secrets hidden in the hearts of men and women who have stepped into the shadows. And so I tell you tonight the unusual story of Malice. Dr. Jacob Benton is the wealthiest citizen in a certain upstate county, as well as its most prominent physician and surgeon. Jacob Benton is a proud individual, proud of the fact that he comes from a long line of highly successful surgeons. And his greatest ambition is that his son Tom will follow in his footsteps and carry on the family tradition. Jacob has also a nephew, Harvey, son of Jacob's scapegoat brother who married a girl from the wrong side of the town and finally disappeared, leaving Jacob to take care of his young son. After finishing high school, Tom and Harvey entered medical school. Harvey followed through and is to graduate next week. But Jacob's son Tom, at the end of his third year, wanted over to the east bottoms at the lower end of town and met a girl, lost interest in medicine, and refused to go back to school. Yes, Father? Come into the library. What do you want? Where have you been? It's two in the morning. Well, I've been to a party. Where? A house party. On the other side of town? Yes, in the east bottoms. You've seen that girl, that Neeta again, haven't you? Yes. What of it? What of it?  I've told you time and again that you don't belong over there. I like Neeta because she's honest and genuine. She's not filled with a lot of silly ideas like Eloise. Eloise is a fine girl. She belongs to an excellent family. Oh, boss, Eloise is a phony. Neeta's a real fellow. If you become serious about this girl, you'll be ostracized. I know. I know all about poor Uncle George. He went over to the east bottoms and met a girl and went to the dogs. But it wasn't the girl. He was no good in the first place.  I resent being told who and when and where. Are you in love with this girl? Yes. I'm terribly disappointed in you, Tom. I'd hoped, I'd prayed that you'd become a surgeon. I don't like medicine. You were wrapped up in your studies until you met this girl. That's what you think. I'm ashamed of you. Your cousin Harvey came from the lower end of town. I made him see the light and then think of it. You about face and walk right into it. You quit school and he graduates next week. All right. His name's Benton, too. Let him carry on. He likes medicine. It bores me. This girl has made a fool of you. Oh, I could kill her. I think I'd better go to bed. Good night.  He's going to finish school if I have to. What's all the racket about down here? Oh, come in, Harvey. I heard voices. Yes, it is Tom. He's been to a party across town. Been out of that cheap girl again, that neater. Are you sure? He admitted it. Says he's in love with her. Tossing his career to the winds over a woman like that. How long has he been seeing her? Several months, I suppose. That's why he wouldn't go back to school. All he sees after is his money. How he ever met up with her, I'll never know. I'm afraid I'm the cause of that, Uncle Jacob. You? What do you mean? When I was home last summer, I went over there one evening. Several evenings, in fact. Tom insisted on going along. I wanted to see some of the kids. I went to school with Nita, and, well, I introduced them. Well, of all things, you were born over there, and if you insisted on going back it was your own business. But Tom is my son. You knew how I felt about it. You had no right to take him over there. I realize that now. Something's got to be done about it, at once. Yes, but what? I'll put an end to it. They'll leave me and find a way, and I'll stop at nothing. For the remainder of the night, Jacob sits in the library studying the problem of what to do about Tom. And upstairs, young Harvey paces to and fro, pondering over the same question. The next morning, Harvey goes to the lower end of town to visit Nita. Hello, Nita. Harvey. Well, I didn't know you were back in town. You didn't? I came home last night. I'm going back in a few days for graduation exercises. Have you missed me, Nita? Why? Well, yes. Why haven't you written me in the last month or so? Well, I've been busy. Been across town lately? Oh, why should I? You know, it's a strange thing about this section called the East Bottoms. It means more than just a place. It's a huge barrier, an insurmountable obstacle. I was born over here, same as you. But I got an idea that I could cross over, and in time I'd be accepted as one of them. But I finally realized that I would never be accepted. I'd only be tolerated. I'd never be able to practice medicine over there. I think that's all imagination. I told you I had definitely decided to come back here and settle down. That's why I asked you to marry me. I'm not satisfied here. Since when? I've never been satisfied here. You belong here, Nita. You'll never be able to cross over. You'd be miserable. I know. Maybe. And Tom would never last over here. He'd wash up just as my father did. What are you talking about? I know what's happened. You're throwing me over for Tom. What? You're after Tom because you think he'll take you out of this, set you up on the other side. Or he won't.  You're not really in love with Tom. I am in love with him, and he loves me. Let me last a month. I'll make it last.  Tom's father thinks you're a good for nothing, and he'll never change. I don't care. I love Tom. And when it came to a showdown, Tom would walk out on me. I'm going to marry him. I've made up my mind. Then there's nothing more I can say. Goodbye, Nita. Goodbye. That evening, Dr. Jacob comes to a decision, and he too crosses town and makes his way to Nita's apartment. Well, what do you want to talk about, Dr. Benton? About my son Tom. I see. How long have you known him? Oh, since last summer. Have you seen him often? Yes. Several times a week for the last two months. You think you're in love with him? I don't think. I know I am. I don't think he's in love with you. He's merely infatuated. You're interested in his position, his money. You can think whatever you like. I'm familiar with your type. My type? What's the matter with me? Are you aware of what you're doing to my son? I've done nothing, nothing at all. You've caused him to drop his career. Tom has a tradition to fulfill. He comes from a fine family, and I won't have him throw it all to the wind because of a silly infatuation. It isn't an infatuation. He must marry someone in his own class. Someone who'll inspire him to carry on his career. I didn't talk him out of his career. He says he doesn't like medicine. A right girl wouldn't allow him to stray. She would encourage him to follow through. The right girl. Family. Tradition. It's all a lot of bosh. Everybody in this town is made up as mine that the East Bottoms mean the difference between somebody and nobody. Well, I haven't. I'm made of the same stuff as you or Tom or anybody else over there.  If it's money you want, I'll give you money to let him alone. I'll give you a lot more than you'll ever get from Tom if you marry him. Money? You'd... You'd pay me to give him up? Yes. Here. He's a check for $5,000. $5,000? Huh. Is that all your son is worth to you? $5,000? If he were my son, and I thought I could buy his future, I'd give every cent I had. What? You mean you want more than that? Dr. Benton, you don't possess enough money to buy me off. I don't want money. What goes on here? Hello, Tom. It came just in time. What are you doing here, Father? What do you suppose? What's he been saying? He just gave me this check for $5,000. For what? To let you alone so you can continue your career. What? He thinks I'm wrecking your life. Cheers. That settles it. We'll get married tonight. You won't get married tonight, but from this state. That's in another state. They don't have the three-day law. Get your things, Nita. If you marry this girl, I'll never give you another cent. I'll get along. Come on, Nita. Tom, I'll stop at nothing to break this up. I promise you will regret this moment so long as you live. Let's go, Nita. So Tom and Nita rush out of the house and drive to the airport just outside of town. The storm has come up. The highway glistens in the beam of the headlines. This rain is certainly like a cloudburst. Maybe we shouldn't fly over tonight, Tom. Why not? I don't like to fly in a storm. How can you tell where to land? Don't worry about that. I'm familiar with the field. Who's on the island at this time of year? Well, not many people. We've had this summer place there as long as I can remember. There's a no fellow and his wife who look after most of the places. He's also a justice to the peace. He can marry us. We'll spend the night at our place and then we'll go someplace else tomorrow. Tom, are you sure you want to go through with this? Certainly. What do you ask? Your father meant what he said. Is it, is it worth it to give up everything? You're worth a dozen family fortune. But, but now that I think about it, it, it, it sort of frightened me. He didn't frighten me. Oh, the way he said it made my children up my spine. Said what? You'll regret this moment so long as you live. Oh, he was just bluffing. But somehow I, I don't think he was. He can cut me off, but we'll get along.  I told you, darling, I don't like medicine and I never will. Why should I do something I dislike just because my father and my great-great-grandfathers liked it? Well, what do you want to do? Oh, I don't know. But I'll find something. Yes? What is it? Anita. What is it? What's wrong with you? Well, I, I don't know. All of a sudden, I've got a terrible feeling. A feeling of, of pity. You'll snap out of it, Anita. This isn't life. I know, but I can't help it. I'm frightened. Of what? I don't know, but I am. Oh, Tom, let's turn back. Let's wait, please. Oh, no, you can't back out now. We're going through with this. But he admitted your father meant what he said. I know he did. Please turn back. I wouldn't turn back for all the money in the world. No, don't worry. I don't need lights to land. He should have come in the boat. No, it's too choppy for a boat. This is the only way in whether like this. Tom, there, I see a light. It just went on. Yeah? Old Jenkins probably heard it. The light is swinging. Yeah, that's it. That's the field. It's a tiny one, but I can make it. There's a light. Yeah. We're all right now. Hang on. I'm going to set her down. Oh, they did, Pa. I don't know yet. Good thing it didn't catch fire. Who are they? No, no. Hold the lantern down here. It's a woman. Don't recognize her. Hey, hey, this is young Tom Benton. Oh, the girl has hurt bad. Look at her legs. They must be broken. Come along. We can get them over to the house. Phone Doc Benton. Dr. Benton's home? This is Jenkins over on the island. Is Dr. Benton there? Oh, is that you, Harvey? Well, you better find Doc and get him over here right away. It's young Tom. He tried to land his plane and hit some trees. I don't think Tom has hurt so bad, but the girl has smashed up something terrible. I don't know who she is. Yeah. Goodbye. The world at Tom hit those trees. I had no trouble seeing the field. The lights weren't on when Tom came in. Didn't even hear his motor until it was too late. He should have phoned me. He was coming. Hey, where's Doc Benton? He was out on the case. He's in his house, so I left a message telling him I was going ahead and to come as quickly as possible. I brought some medical supplies. Here we are. Tom's over there on the couch. They put the girl in the bedroom. She cuts on him. Don't think he has any broken bones. Oh, nasty bump on the head. Maybe a slight incursion. Well, I better have a look at the girl. Looks to me like both her legs are broken. Poor kid. You know who she is? Yes. Yes, I know who she is. Was I right about her legs? Yes. Both brother Bradley smashed up. Where were they going on a night like this? I imagine they came over here to get you to marry them. Marry them? Well, I'll be darned. Wonder why he didn't phoned me first. They were in too much of a hurry, I suppose. Too bad. She's in a very critical condition, extreme shock. Better get some hot water and plenty of blankets. Yeah, right away. Get the house as warm as possible and put more blankets on Tom. I'll be right back. Martha. Yes? How is she? Harvey says she's in bad shape. Gather up all the bed clothes and coat you can. Get to cover them up good. Put on plenty of water to heat. I'll build up the fire. Outside the storm rages on. Harvey sits quietly beside Neeta's bed, staring at her in a daze. Her breathing becomes shallow, irregular. A quarter of an hour passes. Then a plane motor is heard overhead. The ship sets down and Dr. Jacob hurries to the house. Over there, Doc. Tom. Tom. He's been unconscious ever since we brought him in. Then find any fractures. He's got an awful wall upon his head. Yes. I see. No parent concussion. You'd be all right in a short while.  What is it, Laura? I'll get them. You certainly got it hot in here. Yeah. Harvey had us do that because of the girl. She's pretty bad. Girl? Where is the girl? In the bedroom there. Harvey's in there. I'll have a look at her. Harvey. Harvey. Hello, Uncle. What's the matter with you? I just... Are you crying? No, no, I... I'm just... It's a miserable mess. Fine example of a doctor you are. You have to learn to be completely impersonal about these things. Oh, I know. What do you say is wrong with her? Both legs are broken. She suffered from extreme shock. Uh-huh.  I'll attend to the girl. Yes, sir. Harvey gives Tom the adrenaline and proceeds to attend to the cuts and bruises. Then he moves to the fireplace and sits staring into the blaze. The storm rages on. The minutes drag slowly along. 10, 20, 30. Then Dr. Jacobs steps out of the bedroom. Harvey. Yes, sir? Has Tom come out of it yet? Not yet. He shows improvement. He'll be all right in a little while. I see. Jenkins. Yes, Doc? Get us something to make a pallet. We'll carry him down to the plane, take him over to the hospital. Sure, right away. I'll get four poles and some rope. I'll have two made in the jiffy. Never mind two. Just one. The girl is dead. Then on the following day, Tom has fully recovered. Gradually the events of the preceding hours begin to pass before him. The argument, the island, the plane. Neater. Neater screaming and then the crash. And then, neater, neater. Yes, neater. Tom sends for his father. But Jacob is already standing in the shadows of the room. How do you feel, Tom? Neater. Isn't it all right? Oh, now take it easy, Tom. Don't get excited. Where is Neater? Forget about Neater for the moment. You've been pretty badly banged up. A little more and you'd have had a real concussion. What about Neater? If you insisted on flying to the island, why didn't you phone Jenkins to turn on the lights? He heard my motor. You were in a hurry. Besides, I saw the lights. Jenkins said he didn't turn them on at all. Didn't hear you till just before your crash.  What have you got, Neater? Neater is at the undertaker's. She... She's dead. Oh, Lord. Was she... Did it happen in the crash? No. She died about half an hour after I got there. Were you on the island? Yes. Jenkins found you and called the house. I was out on a case and got to the island too late to save her. What was the cause? Her legs were broken. She died from extreme shock. Was there nothing you could do? Nothing. Did you try? I resent that inference. You should know better than that. I'd rather have had anybody in the world there than you. Do you know what you're talking about? Yes, I do. You hated her. You didn't give her half a chance.  What did you give her? I gave her adrenaline. It was probably water. I've heard enough out of you. When you come to your senses, I'll consider talking to you. Good day.  He reviews the whole situation with Jenkins. Each incident from the time he first heard the plane motor to the moment they took him to the hospital. Tom returns to town, arranges for an autopsy, and is now talking to the autopsy surgeon. Well, Dr. Groberg, how about it? What's your report? Well, both legs were fractured, but there was no compound fracture. There were several minor lacerations about the body and the head contusion. Nothing there that would have caused death? No, no, nothing. What else did you find? Any evidence of poison? No, none. She was suffering from shock? Naturally, but not extreme shock. Then she didn't die from shock. Death from shock would have been prevented by the adrenaline administered. Then you found adrenaline present? Yes. That is what I can't understand. What do you mean? One of the most difficult things to diagnose is the difference between extreme shock and internal hemorrhage. There was internal hemorrhage? Certainly, and this one was one of the easiest to diagnose I've ever seen. As you well know, adrenaline in internal hemorrhage is absolutely contraindicated. In other words, you think our death was caused by the administration of adrenaline? I do, definitely. But those things happen sometimes regardless of how hard we try. Yes. Well, thanks, Doctor. I'll see you later. Hello, Father.  Yes. Yes, I have. I'd like to have a little talk with you. Very well. What about? I've been doing a little investigating. Investigating? What are you talking about? I'm talking about Neeta. Are you going to start on that again? I am, and I'm going to follow it. I don't want to have anything more to do with it. But I do.  How would you like to have the grand old name of Benton, the untarnished reputation of your long line of surgeons blasted to a thousand pieces? What are you talking about? How would you like to have it known that you, the eminent Doctor Benton, the trusted, the revered Doctor Jacob Benton that deliberately and with malice of forethought caused the death of a girl? How would you like that? You're insane, positively mad. Oh, no, I'm not. I've gone back over the whole thing. I know you hated Neeta. You said I'd regret the day so long as I lived. You threatened to do something, and you did. That's your first opportunity. You are crazy. You did everything to separate us. You tried to buy her off. When that didn't work, you killed her. Get out of here, leave this house.  I know what I'm talking about. I had an autopsy performed. You what? An autopsy. Go on. She didn't die of shock. But then? She died of a very obvious internal hemorrhage, aggravated by adrenaline, which is contraindicated.  You couldn't have made that mistake in a thousand years. But I was positively a bit of shock. You knew what it was.  I could have made that one wrong diagnosis. It happens once in a thousand times. Oh, no, I saw the body. I could tell. With as little medical experience as I've had. Tom, you mustn't say anything further about this. Why not? It would ruin my reputation. Oh, now you're worried about your reputation. What's that compared to the girl I love? Tom, listen to me please. Good night. Wait a minute, wait, Tom. Well, what do you want, Harvey? I heard you, I heard every word. So what? I can't let it go on like this. I can't let you do this to your father. What's it to you? You keep out of it. No, Tom, now listen. You're wrong. I know what I'm talking about. Nita was murdered and I can prove it. Your father had nothing to do with it. Harvey, that's enough. Leave us alone. I can't stand by quietly and see this happen to you. I won't. Leave this room, Harvey. Don't say another word. Wait a minute. What are you trying to say, Harvey? I did it. Your father's trying to cover up for me. What do you mean? He wants to save my future reputation. If he got out, it would be a blot against me. What would be? When Jenkins called, your father was out. He told me what had happened. I left a note for your father, took an emergency bag, and flew to the island in hopes I could do something. Go on. I thought Nita was suffering from shock. I was terribly upset because... because I was in love with her. So I gave her adrenaline. I wasn't experienced enough to recognize symptoms of hemorrhage. Is that the truth? Yes. Now that he's told it, there's nothing I can do. I knew in an instant it was hemorrhage. When I saw the adrenaline vial, I knew what a terrible mistake he'd made. He was emotionally upset over the girl, and I wanted to give him a chance. It was done. I tried my best to pull it through, but it was too late. What? I'm sorry, Tom. Terribly sorry. Harvey guiltily leaves the library and goes up the stairs to his room. Tom stands staring at Jacob, then drops into a chair and begins to sob softly. A few minutes pass, then... a shot! Tom and his father leap to their feet, rush up the stairs and into Harvey's room. Harvey is sprawled dead over the desk, a gun in his hand, and on the desk a note addressed to Tom. Read it, Tom. Dear Tom, I can't stand it any longer. It's been driving me crazy from the moment I did it. Neat as face is before me every second of the day and night. I was in love with her, but when she ran away with you, I lost my reason. I imagine she'd be better off dead. I was filled with hatred. I knew she was suffering from hemorrhage, but I gave her the adrenaline in a bit of revenge. Now it's driving me mad. Forgive me, Harvey. Well, that's the end. Another case of jealousy. Another example of the futility of allowing oneself to become a victim of the green-eyed monster jealousy. CBS has presented The Whistler. Original music for this production was composed and conducted by Wilbur Hatch. The Whistler is written and directed by J. Donald Wilson and originates from Columbia Square in Hollywood. Next Sunday, 9.15. I, The Whistler, will return to tell you another unusual tale. Good night. This is the Columbia Broadcasting System.


In this video, we provide the solution to question number 14 for practice exam 1 from math 1050. We're given the function f of x equals x cubed, and we're asked to set up and simplify the difference quotient. All right, setting up is a pretty big deal, so let's start with that. So what is f of x plus h minus f of x all over h, all right? Well f of x plus h means that in the formula of f, everywhere you see an x, you replace it with an x plus h uniformly. So that for us, x plus h would mean x plus h cubed. And then we subtract from that f of x. f of x, the formula was given to us, it's just x cubed, in which case we get this right there, and then this will sit above an h. This is how we set it up. That's important. We get a lot of points just from setting this thing up correctly. We'll have to simplify, and I'll do that in just a second. I want to make a very common, point out a very common mistake here. It's very commonly mistaken that f of x plus h equals f of x plus h. And if you're listening to the audio here, it makes sense why that might be a mistake here. It sounds the same thing when you say it, but it's the order of operations that matter. The plus h is inside the function, it's not outside the function. So in fact, that's not the case. f of x plus h doesn't mean you take the function f of x and add h to it. Now if this were true, if f of x plus h was what it meant to have an x plus h right here, notice your difference quotient would always do the following. f of x plus h minus f of x over h. Well, if you could then replace this f of x plus h with this expression right here, the f of x plus h, right? Then notice that irrelevant to the formula of f of x, the f of x is canceled. So you end up with h over h, and then the h is canceled, you end up with a 1. And so if you get a difference quotient and it simplifies to a 1, I'm going to give you a 99% chance that it is wrong, and then you probably made this mistake. You don't want to make this mistake because this mistake forfeits nearly all of the points on this problem. So be cautious of that. f of x plus h means you put x plus h inside of the function formula instead of the x that was already there. Now when we look at x plus h cubed, we have to multiply that out. If you know the binomial theorem, that speeds things up a lot, but we will go without that knowledge here. We're going to be going as if this is x plus h times x plus h times x plus h. So as we foil this thing out, what is x plus h squared? You'll get an x times an x, which is an x squared. You'll get an x times an h, you'll get another h times x, so you get 2xh, like so, and then you'll get an h times h, which is h squared. Like so, there's still an x plus h right here, because we haven't done the second one yet. Let me squeeze in my negative x squared and negative x cubed, excuse me, all over h. Our goal is to grid the h at the bottom, but we have to expand the numerator before we can do that. So the next thing to do is to multiply out the x squared plus 2x plus h squared with the x plus h, like so. And so we just do this step by step, right? We get x squared times the x times the h. This is going to give us x squared times x is x cubed. x squared times h is going to be x squared h. The next goal is then to distribute the 2xh on the two of these pieces, for which we take 2xh times x. We're going to end up with a 2x squared h. You'll notice that these are actually like terms, we'll combine them in a second. 2xh times h is going to be a 2xh squared. Now the last one to do is distribute the h squared onto both of these terms. So next we're going to get h squared times x, which gives us an xh squared. You'll notice that these are also like terms, which we'll combine in just a moment. And then lastly, you get h squared times h, which is an h cubed, like so. And then don't forget the other things that were along for the journey. We have a negative x cubed over h, like so. So inside the parentheses, there are some terms that are alike. Let's add them together. We ended up with an x cubed. We have a 3x squared h. We have a 3xh squared. And then there's an h cubed, like so. This is exactly what the binomial theorem would have produced for us a lot faster. But if we don't know the binomial theorem, not a big deal. We're able to do it just by usual foil. And so now notice what happens here is that in the numerator, we have an x squared. We have a minus x squared. Those are going to get each other, so they cancel out like so. Then, now that we've reduced the numerator, we have this 3x squared h plus 3xh squared plus h cubed all over h. I'm going to bring this down a little bit. Notice everything in the numerator is divisible by h. We have an h here, we have an h here, we have an h here. We can factor out that h.  This all sits above an h. And it's this factor of h in the numerator that cancels with the factor of h in the denominator. So they cancel out. We could not have canceled out the h any earlier than that. And so the simplified version of the difference quotient is 3x squared plus 3xh plus h squared. This one was definitely on the harder side of how simplifying a difference quotient can go.