The biggest event since the Australian Open happening this week in Rotterdam. We have return of some big names coming back from the Australian Open. We did have a few big names that have pulled out though. So let's go to the withdrawal this first. So only one player is pulled out of the tournament. And that's Daniel Medvedev, the defending champion. He pulled out possibly because he's playing in Dubai the week after and he doesn't want to go back to back and travel the world in a day. So understandable that he pulled out of this one. But it's very rare that the defending champion doesn't defend their title, especially at this level. Let's go over see who's at the top of the draw, though, because we still have some massive names playing. All right, looking at the top of the draw, we've got eight seeds in this one. And no one gets to buy in the first round. Yannick Zinner, Australian Open champion, first time back since winning the Australian Open a couple of weeks ago. He takes on Vanna Zanchal in the first round, which is actually the guy he played at the Australian Open. So very interesting to see him get a rematch there. Winner of that will take on either a qualifier or Montfiece in the second round. Then we have Raonich taken on De Jong. Winner of that will take on either Chorich or the number eight seed Bublik in the second round. Then we've got Hercatch, number four seed taken on the Hedgeko. Winner of that will take on either Grigsbor or Moussedi in the second round. Then we've got Fakina taken on Strouff. Winner of that will take on either Russivori or the number seven seed Umbair in the second round. And some of those guys are actually playing this week and playing well this week, players like Hercatch, Umbair, even Fakina. They've all really done well this week in France. So on the indoor hardcords, they're feeling pretty good about themselves. Of course, Zinner coming back for the first time since winning the Australian Open. That'll be fun to watch. Bublik also won a title over the last couple of weeks. I think he might have actually beaten Chorich in the final of one of those titles. So that'd be fun, Mon, as well. But a very interesting draw and so keen to see how Yannick Zinner as a Grand Slam champion goes in his first tournament back. Bottom half of the draw now, we've got Demetrov, the number six seed taken on Senego. Winner of that will take on either Marijan or a qualifier in the second round. Then you've got Jong taken on Shchenko. Winner of that will take on either Sefulan or the number three seed Runa in the second round. Then you've got the number five seed Diminor taken on Kota in the first round. Great first round matchup there. Winner of that will take on either Prismich or a qualifier in the second round. Then we've got a qualifier taken on Ozealia Seem. Winner of that will take on either another qualifier or the number two seed Rubelev in the second round. And again, such big names playing in this tournament. Guys like Runa, Rubelev, Demetrov, Diminor, all just outside the top 10 or some of them inside the top 10. But then some of the Unceder players are crazy, too. Kota, Sefulan. And even Ozealia Seem, if he can get some confidence, can all do damage here. So the bottom half of the draw very, very stacked. And it could be really tough for those high seeds. The guys like Runa and even Rubelev to do well here because there are so many threats in their way. So there it is, the Rotterdam draw for 2024. And it's a very interesting draw. We don't have the big, big names except for Yannick Sinner. We don't have, you know, Elkreds or Djokovic or even Medvedev. But we do have a lot of big names still. You know, Runa's there, Rubelev's there. Of course, Sinner coming back for the first time, even her catch. So they've got a few top 10 guys and a few guys sort of between 10 and 15 in the world as well. Guys like Demetrov, Diminor, who have both been informed this season. Let me know down in the comments below. Who do you think is going to win this one? It's a really interesting event because you think Yannick Sinner will win it because he's the Australian Open Champion. Also, he made the final he lost to Medvedev in that final. So it makes sense to pick him, but maybe a Rubelev, maybe a Demetrov who did really well here a couple of years ago to make the final here. So maybe he could be an outside pick, maybe a her catch who's in form right now as well. But there it is, Rotterdam for 2024, bit of a stacked event.


Hi everyone, I'm Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with the random number block randomizer for that one box break of 2021 definitive baseball that's coming up in the next video in another different video featuring all these teams right here They're the instructions right there. I think everything's numbered So we won't have to run to any non numbered stuff. Remember any redemptions go to zero Even if it's a known one-of-one redemption big thanks to this group for making it happen Thanks to the people who bought their spots straight up Michael and Nancy and Congrats again to the people who won their spots in those blaster box breaks And they're the numbers right there control it randomized names and numbers five and one six times one two three four five and One six the final time five and one six times for the numbers two three four Five and one six in final time two down four All right, Michael with two Nancy with six seven and zero William with five Duncan with nine Eugene with eight Nancy with one Eugene with three and Chris with four So let's sort these numerically Let's also include the teams that are here just as a reminder All right, there you go gang. I'll see you in the next video for the break jaspyscasebreaks.com


Hello everyone, welcome to Options with Doug, streaming live daily on Bookmap Discord and the Bookmap YouTube channel at 1.30pm Eastern Time. Before I get started, I need to go through the Disclosures. General Disclosure. I'll bookmap them in materials, information, and presentations are for educational purposes only and should not be considered specific investment advice nor recommendations. Trading futures, equities, and options involve substantial risk of loss and is not suitable for all investors. Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. Here's my contact information. The best way to get in touch with me is through Discord. My name on Discord is Doug P. Also in Bookmap Discord, there's an Options-Doug Chat channel. That's a great place to post questions, comments, and content related to the topics of my presentation and the topics of the channel which I'll go through in just a moment. And by the way, Bookmap Discord is free and available to everyone. Whether you subscribe to Bookmap or not, there's a lot of great content there. Right, I'm also on X, formerly known as Twitter, and my name there is at Doug Place. The focus of my presentation today and the focus of the Options-Doug Chat channel is options order flow, the impact of options markets on stocks and futures, and the influence of market maker hedging flow on price action. I have a two-step process for trading and the first is planning. I use positional analysis. I look at how traders and market makers are positioned in the options market and how those positions change from day to day to develop a thesis regarding the expected trading range and volatility for the day as well as a directional bias. And the second step in my process is execution. I look at real-time order flow in Bookmap and real-time market maker hedging flow in SpotGamma Hero to confirm my thesis and for setups for entries and exits. And when I talk about setups today, setups can be taken any number of ways. For example, the S&E 500 setups can be taken with ES futures, spy shares, spy options, SPX options, or even ES options. Questions and comments are welcome, and I will be watching both the Options-Doug Chat channel as well as the chat and YouTube for your questions and comments. Please feel free to post, and I'll do my best to answer your questions. And hello, Don. Welcome. Good afternoon to you. Welcome, you're here. Welcome. Glad you're here. Same to you, Gray. Good afternoon. Welcome. Glad you're here. All right, my agenda for today, Wednesday, November 15th. First of all, I want to go over news items, economic data, and events for today and the rest of the week. Then I'll go through my positional analysis. Then I'll review some setups from earlier today. And then I'll take a look at the live market. And when I get to the live market, if anyone has any stocks they want me to take a look at, please let me know, and I'll be glad to do that. All right, let's start with news items. Excuse me. So for today, of course, yesterday's CPI report came out. Three standard deviation move higher in equities and the indices. Huge day. And then today, PPI data and retail sales data came out. For PPI, it was similar to CPI, less than expected, less than previous. And retail sales were slightly greater than expected, which was negative. And but much less than the previous number. So retail sales, a slight decline month over month in retail sales. All right, for the rest of the week, let's see, tomorrow jobless claims. Not really much of a market mover, typically 8.30 a.m. Eastern time. And then the next big event for the week is the November options expiration that's on Friday. And let's take a look how this expiration is stacking up. So what this chart is showing is delta notional. This is market makers delta notional for a variety of expirations. And this is for a combined SAP 500 NASDAQ and Russell 2000. So what this chart is showing is this is the November expiration on Friday. Orange bars are call delta, put bars, put delta. So this is a very call dominated options expiration. And typically in a call dominated expiration, those calls expire. Those calls are stabilizing the market. And there is often a move lower, a little bit of a consolidation after a call dominated options expiration. Just the opposite of a put dominated negative gamma expiration. So very, very call dominated expiration as it is today. We'll take a look at this again tomorrow for a final reading before the expiration on Friday. All right, so that's the news for the week. Now let's take a look at the SAP 500 first. Start with my positional analysis. This is the ES futures and book map. Before I take a closer look at this chart, I want to take a look at a larger time frame. So I'm going to go to the SPX. This is a 30 day one hour chart. And I will take a closer look at price activity for the last three days. So we can see that more clearly. I know all these labels kind of obscure the price for today. I just want to point out, first of all, the key turning points. So this is Monday, October 30th. Let me make sure. And this marked really the low point in a downtrend. Traders were buying on Friday. Traders were buying calls concerned about weekend risk. And there was no significant change over the weekend. And implied volatility collapsed. Those puts lost value. Market makers bought back. Short hedges. And then there was a huge put-vanna rally. Then consolidation. And then last Friday, this was the Magnificent 7 rally. Traders decided. There was enough of a dip in the Magnificent 7 stocks that they could buy calls, driving price much higher. Those Magnificent 7 stocks have a strong influence on the S&P 500 and NASDAQ. And this is on Tuesday. Huge gap up. Huge day with the better than expected CPI report. And we'll talk more about what is happening today in a few minutes when I get to my thesis. So first of all, let me go over the levels now. The purple lines are showing the lower and upper weekly expected move. That changes once a week. Based on the options market, Note SPX is trading well above the upper weekly expected move. The dash blue lines. And that changes once a week. I update that every weekend. And then the dash blue lines are showing the lower and upper daily expected move. SPX is trading within that range today. All right, so those are the expected moves. Now the red horizontal lines are showing the spot gamma levels. These are proprietary spot gamma levels available to spot gamma subscribers in a variety of platforms. This is thinkorswim. I'm going to point out the key daily levels. First of all, the put wall is at 4,200. That's a strike with a large net negative gamma that can be expected to act as support. Note that level did move up from yesterday, 4,000 yesterday to 4,200 today. And the next level up is the volatility trigger at 4,370. That is spot gamma's proprietary volatility trip level, flip level. Below that level, market makers position on the gamma curve is negative. In a negative gamma environment, market makers have to trade with price to hedge their delta exposure. And that tends to enhance or increase volatility. On the other hand, above that level, like SPX is trading now, market makers position on the gamma curve is positive. In a positive gamma environment, market makers have to trade against price to hedge their delta exposure. And that tends to subdue or decrease volatility. And note, again, SPX trading well above that level in a positive gamma environment. We'll take a closer look at gamma notional in just a couple of minutes. Then the next level up is 4,500. That's the absolute gamma strike. That's a strike with the largest absolute positive and negative gamma. That level also moved up from 4,400 yesterday to 4,500. So that is the level with the highest amount of gamma weighted open interest. And then finally, the call wall up at 4,550. That's a strike with a large net positive gamma that can be expected to act as resistance. And that level also moved higher from 4,450 yesterday to 4,550.  All right, that's kind of the bigger picture view of the levels. Let's take a look now at a shorter time frame. This is SPX. I'm showing about four days worth of data here in a one minute chart. The shaded portion is that Magnificent 7 rally.  And most of the action was in the gap up. This was Tuesday, the CPI report. And then consolidation today. Here is the upper weekly expected move. Here's the 4,500 level. That is the absolute gamma strike. More less acting as support today. All right, those are the levels in play for today. Let's just take a look and see what's above. So up above the upper daily expected move, as well as this combo L5 level that combines SPX and SPI, gamma weighted open interest, into one level in terms of SPX price. All right, let's take a look at book map now. So in book map, I have my own cloud notes. So I can show SPX levels and SPI levels and any other levels I want to show, all in one column here. So this is the 4,500 level. That is the absolute gamma strike. And then just above the SPI 450 absolute gamma strike, also call wall. So price has been trading above the SPI call wall at 450. That level did move higher. Also, that is the absolute gamma strike again. That level, again, moved higher. And then also for SPI, the volatility trigger moved higher. And that's just down below here at 449. So a hat trick for SPI as well. And for SPI, the put wall did move lower. All right, that's the SPX levels in play for today. And around this 451 level acted more or less as resistance. Good entry point for a short that I'll talk about. And then it looks like the SPI 449 level volatility trigger acting as acted as support earlier today. And now we'll see what happens at the 450 level. We'll see if this downtrend line holds. Looks like it may not be holding. All right, so those are the levels in play for today for the S&P 500. Note for SPX, ES, SPX, there is a difference in price. In that level, that difference is somewhere between 15 and 16 today. I'm using 15. It may be just a little bit higher. So ES minus SPX is 15. So the 4,500 SPX level is shown at ES4515. And I do post those index relationships. ES to SPI, NQ to QQQ, ES to SPX, and NQ to NDX. I post those every day in Discord. The level is the index relationships that I'm using. All right, so that's the S&P 500. We'll talk about setups in a few minutes. Let's take a look at NASDAQ. And for NASDAQ, this is the NQ Futures and Bookmap. I'll get back to this chart in just a minute. I want to take a look, first of all, at QQQ. So this is a one-day chart for QQQ. And when we get to NDX, we'll see what was acting as resistance today. So for QQQ, volatility trigger and call wall shifted higher. So now the call wall for QQQ is at 390, moving that potential ceiling higher. So this combo level in play for today, we'll see that in the NDX chart in just a moment. All right, so let's go ahead and take a look at NDX. Another one-day chart. Here's the call wall for NDX, 15,900 acting as resistance today. And then there's that combo level in this chart in terms of NDX price. All right, back to NQ. Again, I have my own cloud notes. There's the upper-dayly expected move for NQ, more or less acted as resistance. This was a little bit too much. This was the initial reaction to the 8.30 AM data. Quick move-up, reversal at 389. And the upper-dayly expected move for NQ. Let me explain these levels a little bit. Again, I have my own cloud notes. So I'm showing NDX levels, just the spot gamma levels for NDX. And I am showing QQQ levels, both the spot gamma levels, showing one of the white labels, and then just the round numbers with yellow. And then these are NQ numbers. Upper-dayly expected move, the big round numbers, there's 16,000. And the upper-weekly expected move, acting as support. All right, so that's NQ, the levels in play for today. And for today, there is a difference between NQ and NDX. Today, I'm using 70 points. And again, I posted that relationship in Discord this morning. All right, let's take a look at Gamma Notional now to see how market makers were positioned on the gamma curve at the beginning of the day. So what I'm going to take a look at is Gamma Notional for SPX, SPY, NDX, QQQ, Russell 2000 RUT, and IWM. And I don't know if I've ever seen this before, but every single number is positive. So for all of these index products, this indicates that on this portion of the gamma curve, traders are short calls, market makers are long calls, and they have to trade against price to hedge their delta exposure. These numbers are quite positive, maybe somewhat at an extreme. Over 1 billion Gamma Notional for SPX, 900 million for SPY. And these numbers, there were some pretty strong shifts yesterday, especially for the IWM, Russell 2000. Yesterday, Gamma Notional for IWM was minus 1.114 billion. And today, it's positive 401 million. So quite a shift in Gamma Notional for IWM. All right, so let's take a look at the Vanna model. Now to see a graphical representation of what that means. Whoops, forgot to bring over that. All right, this is Gamma Notional. We'll start with SPX. I'm sorry, this is the Vanna model. Looking at the Vanna model for SPX, what this chart is showing is market makers delta notional. They're delta exposure on the vertical axis, price for SPX, on the horizontal axis. There are two curves on this chart. The light gray curve shows how market makers delta notional changes with changes in price only. The purple curve adds applied volatility to the equation. That's showing how market makers delta notional changes with changes in price and applied volatility. And the purple curve is what we're going to look at, very typical of a positive Gamma environment, with the skew both to the left and to the right. Right now, SPX is trading at around 4509, somewhere near the bottom of the curve. So right around there. So what this is showing is price increases, continues to increase. Market makers will need to sell futures to hedge their delta exposure. And that is somewhat of a headwind for price. On the other hand, if price starts to move significantly lower, market makers would need to sell futures as well. So in this environment, there's really no boost, like in a negative Gamma environment, when SPX is trading well over here, no boost if price moves higher. So either way, if price makes a significant move, market makers will need to sell futures to hedge their delta exposure. All right, let's take a look at Spy and QQQ. Spy trading just around 450. So right here at the bottom of the curve as well. So if price moves in either direction, market makers will need to sell futures to hedge their delta exposure. QQQ trading right around 386. Again, right on the bottom of the curve. All right, so based on this, and I will mention one other thing that in the Spot Gamma AM Founders Note, Brent has mentioned several times in the last few days potential for a move lower on VIX expiration. That was today. I forgot to mention that in the news. VIX expiration this morning at the cash open. And he showed a chart in the Spot Gamma AM Founders Note indicating that price has moved lower following that VIX expiration. I believe the last six VIX expirations, VIX expires once a month. So I'll leave that to Spot Gamma subscribers to take a look at that chart and get more information. But that was part of my alternate thesis for today. All right, so based on everything that I've mentioned, level shifting higher, that was thesis number one. Bullish the uptrend continues. Thesis number two, alternate thesis, was looking for consolidation based on the VIX expiration and also the upcoming call dominated options expiration on Friday. Looking for some consolidation, not necessarily a big move lower, but after such a big move yesterday and really the last couple of weeks. And then, again, VIX expiration, options expiration, looking for consolidation. That was the alternate thesis. All right, let's take a look at some setups now. First of all, I want to take a look at what options creators are doing, have been doing today. This is the SAP 500 hero signal. And hero is hedging impact real time options. This is available to Spot Gamma subscribers. And let me explain this chart. The white line is showing price for SPX, purple line, again hedging impact real time options. So everything that we've looked at so far, other than book map, has been based on static data, gamma weighted open interest that's updated once a day, sometime during the night. Now we're looking at real time data. This is showing options trades and market maker hedging activity for a combined signal of SPX by XSP and ES futures. All into one combined signal. So if you trade any form of the SAP 500, this is typically the signal that you want to take a look at. And note it is trending lower for today. Notional value minus 2.69 billion negative. I'm assuming on this chart, talking about a couple of setups. So really the primary setup here was looking for that alternate thesis. There was a long this morning. It took a little while for that to get going. It looks like Hero was still trending down when price moved up. But really the prime signal here was this reversal lower, right around spy 451 as Hero started to make lower highs. Note a couple of flow alerts here. And these are often very good mean reversion signals. Let's just see what traders were doing. I've separated outputs and calls. Calls shown by the orange line, put shown by the blue line. So right around 1050, traders start buying puts. That's shown by the falling blue line. And then they start selling calls. Both lines moving in the same direction. That's a very strong directional signal, helping to set up that short. All right, let's go take a look at book map. Go back to the S&P 500, ES Futures. All right, so initially I thought maybe this 450 level absolute gamma strike call wall would act as resistance. And it was a little bit too early. There were some, the volume dots, showing some aggressive sellers coming in at that level. But again, just a little bit too early. And best to wait till the options traders started taking negative delta positions right around 1050, 11, 11 AM, right around here. And ES makes a lower high right at spy 451. Price moves lower down to 449. All right, it looks like they're trying to take it back up to 451 now. So let's take a look, closer look at this. So note, first of all, we'll take a look at CVD. Really, this is the dark blue-pink magenta line. Starts to move lower. And again, the volume dots are showing market buy minus sell. Green dots indicate more buyers than sellers. Magenta dots, more sellers than buyers. So more aggressive sellers here at the 451 level. And price moves lower. Notice price starts moving lower. Cell stop orders, shown by the following yellow line, help to fuel the move lower. So we know that around 1050, 11 AM, traders started buying puts, selling calls. So the orange line, blue line, we're moving in the same direction. And then price makes a lower high right at 451 as traders start taking negative delta positions and aggressive sellers start to come in, moving price lower. All right, so that's the short set up in the SB 500. And now traders are trying to take price back up. Let's just go back and take a look at hero. So there's a very strong correlation between options trades, market maker hedging activity, and price action today. Let's take a look at one other thing. Take a look at next ex-breed. These are options that it expired today. So it looks like longer-term traders and expressions longer term than today are a little bit more bearish than short-term traders, which really are only making up a small portion of the notional value. That's 45 billion versus minus 2.21 billion for all trades, all expirations. All right, so that's the SB 500 today. Again, it looks like now trying to make a reversal higher. This is totally to be expected in a positive gam environment. Let's go back to book map. Two-way trade, mean reverting price action. All right, let's take a look at NASDAQ now. So NASDAQ, pretty similar chart, except to me, this order flow looks much more bearish. All lines in the sub-chart trending lower, all are negative. That's icebergs, light blue line, stops, shown with the yellow line. So those are cell stops and also CVD, with a dark blue line shifting to magenta when it becomes negative. All right, let's check NASDAQ. So really the short was looking at this 15,900 level. The call wall, that's the NDX call wall, knowing where that level is. There were three tests of that level. It held its resistance every time. So you could have taken any number, any one of those levels, the last one at 11 AM, that typical time when options traders take their foot off the gas and price started to move lower, made a lower high, and then continued down. Let's go take a look at HERO. And that 15,900 level is what I was looking for. This is a combined signal for the NDX QQQ divergent setup. HERO makes a high right around 10.30, starts moving lower. And then price reverses lower right around 10.50, 11 AM, follows about 15, 20 minutes later. All right, Neo CTO ask these call walls, put walls, for how long are they valid for a day? So they change every day. So that's why I talk about why I look at the changes and the key daily levels every day to develop a thesis. So this indicates how market makers are positioning themselves in the options market, whether they have expectations for higher prices or lower prices. So they can change every day. In a market that's moving around a lot, they will change frequently. So I talked about all the shifts higher in the levels today, very bullish looking at that on the surface. So that was the basis of primary thesis. All right, let's take a look at one other signal. So again, that's a combined signal for NDX QQQ. We can also take a look at this Magnificent 7. This is a new indicator from Spot Gamma. Very, very good signal for movement in the SOB 500, as well as NASDAQ. So this is a combined signal for the stocks known as the Magnificent 7, Apple, Amazon, Google, Meta, Microsoft, Nvidia, Tesla. Let's take a look at Magnificent 7. I lost my pen tool. And the signal for the Magnificent 7 hero signal turns over right around 10.50.11 AM and probably starts to move lower. All right, I'm looking at questions. Steven, I don't understand your question. What does even mean? Like, how do we use it? I talked about the call walls and put walls every day. During my webinar, a call wall is expected to act as resistance. And put wall expected to act as support. If the call walls move higher from day to day, that's a bullish signal. Put walls moving lower from day to day, that is a bearish signal. All right, so let's go back. Let's take a quick look at NASDAQ again. So Steven Stez is something you have to actively track to have an idea. Yeah, you're welcome. Yeah, so I have a handwritten trading journal. And every morning, as part of my preparation, I have a little maybe kind of a handwritten spreadsheet where I track the volatility trigger, put wall, call wall, absolute gamma strike, gamma notional, and support and resistance levels noted in the SpotGammaM Founders Note. I note those every day for SPX, SPI, NDX, QQQ, RUT, and IWM. So in the morning, when I'm doing my preparation and I write down all that information, it takes maybe five minutes. And then I just flip back to the previous page of my journal and compare the number today with the number from yesterday, circle it in blue if it increased, and circle it in red if it decreased. So I can just tell, just by a quick glance, whether that number increased or decreased. So that's how I track it. You can also go to the SpotGamma Equity Hub and take a look at the 10-day history. All right, so there's NASDAQ. Also, maybe trying to make a move higher, but to me, the order flow for NASDAQ, not looking so bullish, looking more bearish. All right, let's take a look at some stocks now. First, I want to take a look at AMD. And the thing to note here is for AMD, let's take a look at Hero for AMD. And the thing to note here is the call wall at 120. That is also the key gamma strike that was acting as resistance yesterday and today. So multiple chances for an entry short at the call wall. Yesterday afternoon, also this morning, right at the open, that level acted as resistance. Let's just zoom in here. That level price opened around that level, moved sharply lower, then came up retested the call wall, and then is moving lower as traders are taking negative delta positions. Let's just see what they're doing today. So they are selling calls and buying puts in AMD. So Neo says, the only thing you don't change every day is the upper and lower weekly expected move. That's correct. Everything else may change, and I track those changes. All right, let me check for questions in YouTube. So Truman asked, do they change from market close to open? Yes, so traders are during the day positioning themselves. But the information that's available is only available once a day that comes from the options clearing corporation, OCC, once daily, sometime overnight. Spot Gamma grabs that data and then calculates the new levels. And those are available to subscribers in the morning. So when I wake up and start my preparation in the morning, those levels have been updated by Spot Gamma. All right, so again, of course, they are changing. During the day, traders are positioning themselves with new data, new information. And but that won't be available until tomorrow. So that's what makes this hero signal so valuable, is showing what traders are doing today. All right, Stevens, just stick with it. This will start to make sense, I hope. All right, so that's AMD, multiple short setups, opportunities at the 120 call wall level. Go back to book map, 120 call wall, short right at the open, then right around 11 AM when everything started to reverse lower. All right, the next, Nvidia, very weak day in Nvidia today. Let's take a look at hero, O2, Nvidia. Note that 500 is the call wall, the key Gamma strike. Up above, zoom in on this chart, see what traders are doing. So in Nvidia, they are buying puts and selling calls. Showing by the falling blue line, falling orange line, very strong correlation between options trades, market maker hedging activity, and price action. In Nvidia, Truman says, he remembers how Brent said they update around 1 AM. Yeah, that's, you know, sometime overnight. So that data is available in the morning for your morning preparation. All right, bearish day here in Nvidia. Let's go take a look at book map again. Notice the multiple entry points at VWAP. That's shown by this light blue line. Oops, wrong tool. VWAP, light blue line, sharp drop lower, move back. Price really can't stay above VWAP and moves lower. All right, Tesla, strong move higher at the open for Tesla. Note all the green volume dots, up until about 130. A lot of aggressive buyers. Note the shift to magenta volume dots, right around 130. Let's take a look at hero and see what options traders are doing. Let's go to Tesla. 250 is the call wall key gimmastrike up above. Both price and hero make a higher low, just around 10 AM just before 10 AM. Note the very timely flow alert, right there at the bottom. Traders start taking positive delta positions and price moves higher. Take the foot off the gas at the typical time, around 11 AM, and price starts to move lower. Very typical pattern, bullish morning. Anywhere between 11 and 12 or so, traders take the foot off the gas, and price moves lower and consolidated. All right, Stephen says he's trying to master training with book map, thinking adding complexity might complicate his journey. I would, hard to advise, Stephen, I use both options. There are a variety of sources for just basic education. You might take a look at Tasty Live. Look at their website for just basic options and information. Just be aware that they are totally focused on premium selling. They're focused on selling options. And also, Spot Gamma has great resources on their website as well, basic options information, and also a lot of information about the things that I talk about. Go to the free resources on the Spot Gamma website. That should help as well. So what I've done is I've combined what I know about book map, what I know about options, and Spot Gamma to develop a way of trading based on options. I think that options trades, market maker hedging activity, or a key driver or price, and the equity index futures as well as many stocks. So that's why I focus on options. All right, does anyone have any stocks they want me to take a look at? Otherwise, we'll circle back to the S&P 500. Let's go back to take a look at book map. So it looks like price is chopping around the SPI 450 level. Note the point of control is shown. That may be difficult to see. That's this purple line here, point of control, VPOC, right around 450 now. You can see this is the session volume profile. And this is for the entire session. The began yesterday afternoon, 6 PM. And that is the most of the volume concentrated right around that 450 level. That's pretty typical in a positive gamma environment closed to expiration. That will price will pin around a kind of the key gamma level. Let's take a look at NASDAQ. So so far for NASDAQ, price is making lower highs. Actually made an equal high here. All right, Shane wants to look at AAL. I don't have that in book map. We'll take a look in hero. Not a lot of options volume today. Notional value, only 3.52 million. Price trading right around the 1250 call wall. Ceef Shaw wants to see Bitcoin. Sorry, I don't look at cryptocurrency at all. I don't think there's, you know, there are crypto related stocks here in hero. I don't have them in book map. I don't look at them. Bitcoin itself, there's no, as far as I know, there's no options market that is driving price. All right, let's go back to book map. Take a look at hero, the SB500. Looks like they may be trying to move price higher. Let's take a look at spy. So for spy, the hero signal continues to trend lower. NASDAQ, for NASDAQ, the hero signal is pretty flat since about 130 or so. And to me, this water flow for NASDAQ still looks, looks bearish. Overall, again, iceberg stop, CVD, all negative and still trending lower for the day. All right, let me mention some resources since there have been some questions about learning. First of all, let's go to spot gamma. This is available, this portion, this dashboard is available to spot gamma subscribers. The same information is available on the spotgamma.com website. Just looks a little bit different. This, so this information is available to subscribers as well as non-subscribers. It's free for everyone. Also in book map, let's go to education. You can go to the learning center and there's a lot of great information here for getting started with book map. Then also all the live streams that book map offers. So there's a live stream every day at 10 a.m. Bruce is on Monday, Tuesday and Friday. Jay Trader on Wednesday. Stock Trader, Scott on Thursday. He's a futures trader. Then Tom B. Futures Trader comes on before me and then I'm on and then Algo Boys after me. Algo Boys only on Discord, not on YouTube. All right, so great resources from book map as well as spot gamma.  I want to thank everyone for watching. Thank you for your questions and comments. Have a great evening and I will see you tomorrow. Thanks again, bye.


Hi, I'm Jack Owen. You know, when folks my age were growing up, we didn't have a whole lot of trouble getting around the neighborhood. You could pretty much walk anywhere you wanted to go. Or if you wanted to go more than a block or two, you could always ride your bike or jump on a streetcar or hop a bus. Being able to get around was something we took for granted. I suspect most of us didn't really miss the old neighborhood after we left. Didn't much think about it at all. In fact, until our own kids started growing up, and they couldn't get around alone. Things sure have changed. It seems like walking isn't even a real option anymore. That is, not if the reason you're doing it is to get some place. There aren't many streetcars around now, and riding transit can be a real mixed blessing. If you're a senior without a driver's license, or a kid, or a mom, well, you're pretty much stuck most of the time. Unfortunately, the car is usually the only way to go. Except, of course, when it stops. And it stops a lot. In spite of all the effort we make to improve the situation, like new freeways and one-way streets and plenty of parking, we don't seem to reduce the traffic jams very much. In fact, traffic in our newer suburbs often seems worse than in our older central cities. We moved all the way out here to get away from this traffic, and we're still in it. I stopped working downtown because I hated the rush hour so much. Much worse out here than it was in the city. It's very frustrating. Living out here seems like I'm always in my car. There's just no other way to get around. It's obvious to me as I look at urban America, we look at the phenomenon of growth in suburbia and how we have not been able to link transportation in an integrated fashion to have proper land use and the movement of people to work, to recreate. And I really think we've missed a mark in many of our urban cities. I mean, when you contrast suburbian areas with an area like this downtown pedestrian mall, all one has to do is to observe that people are interacting as opposed to what we see in suburban America. We see the fast-moving automobiles, impersonal, very little opportunity for human interactions. The irony is communities that work the way they're supposed to exist all over the United States. We just haven't been paying attention. These traditional neighborhoods were generally built between the mid-1800s and World War II and connected to the rest of the city by public transportation. Although primarily residential, they often included commercial, even industrial districts. Over the years, these neighborhoods have retained their property values. Their designs, if anything, have grown more satisfying with age. Take this traditional neighborhood, for example. Its streets are laid out in a simple interconnected pattern so that every home is within an easy walk of a bus stop. Compare that to a recently built suburb with its cul-de-sacs and curvilinear streets. This pattern makes it hard for people to walk to bus stops or for buses to reach people's homes. There is another benefit of the interconnected street grid in older communities. It breaks the neighborhood into blocks and provides a variety of routes between them. This configuration disperses automobile traffic over many streets, enabling drivers to bypass congestion on any one. But in the new suburban neighborhoods, many local streets typically empty into a few collector streets and then to even fewer large arterial streets. This funneling of traffic onto a small number of large streets forces all our eggs into one basket and overfills the basket. This is one cause of the traffic congestion that seems to spring up overnight in the suburbs. Traditional neighborhood streets invite you to enjoy them on foot. Notice the trees and sidewalk, how they define a comfortable human-scale outdoor room. Compare that to a typical suburban street that informs you with subtle and not-so-subtle cues to get back in your car where you belong. Older streets are intentionally narrow with small radius corners and a buffer of on-street parking. Warning drivers to take it easy and signalling pedestrians, this is your turf as much as theirs. Current suburban codes often mandate streets that are over-designed. That is, residential streets wide enough for the biggest fire engines of moving vans to negotiate at speed. And with extremely wide radius corners, streets that seem to encourage drivers to go faster than the posted speed limit. When it comes to commercial areas, the contrast is even more pronounced. Major streets in older communities usually have one or at most two lanes of traffic in each direction. Since there are lots of them in the neighborhood, they don't have to be too wide. They are lined with parking spaces and fronted by commercial and residential buildings close to the street. They are used safely by cars, buses, cyclists, pedestrians. Compare that to typical modern suburban arterials. They are designed for one purpose and one purpose only, to move lots and lots of traffic. Because they are wide, they are expensive to build. Because they are expensive, there are fewer of them. Because there are few, they are often jammed to capacity. Suburban arterials are rarely pleasant places to walk or cycle or take the bus. Not only are they uncomfortable for waiting passengers who often feel dangerously exposed, they are intimidating to cross. Another important difference between older communities and newer suburbs is zoning. Older neighborhoods are zoned to permit different land uses to occur in close proximity. Homes are near stores and offices and schools. It's easy to walk and must use a car. The drive is short. But in suburbia, we have rigorously segregated everything. Houses with houses. Stores with stores. Offices with offices. In most residential neighborhoods, the only place you can walk to is another house or another garage. It's revealing that the placement of suburban garages makes them the single most prominent architectural feature in the typical streetscape. Everything else it would seem is subordinate. Here's where the car lives, it proclaims. Oh, and the driver lives in the house out back. Homes in traditional neighborhoods also have garages, but you would never know it going down the street. They are carefully hidden out of sight in keeping with the car's lesser significance to the life of the community. To find a solution to traffic congestion we must understand the defining role of transportation technology, not just cars, in the evolution of our towns and cities. Up until the turn of the century, American towns and cities grew outward from a central commons or civic center. Communities were organized in easy-to-remember grid patterns that offered a variety of direct routes between different locations. Since the only means of transportation was by foot, horseback, or horse-drawn carriage, the living space was compact. To keep distances as short as possible, homes, stores, and businesses were built close together. When the electric streetcar appeared in the 1890s, it brought with it a new approach to urban design. Towns now grew in corridors along the linear right-of-way, although residential space was still organized in relatively small neighborhoods, giving residents easy walking access to the tracks. Stores and businesses clustered along the length of these corridors, so people were able to take the streetcar to shop or go to work. In these older streetcar suburbs, many people still use transit today because it's so convenient. I normally like to take the rapid because it's convenient and it's affordable. I take it to the Browns and Indians games. I live right over there, and I love being close to the rapid. I don't worry about getting to work or to the store or even to the airport. It allows me to prepare for work before I get there in the morning and I don't have to worry about traffic or finding a parking space. Many towns and neighborhoods were built on the linear streetcar model during the early 20th century, but with the rise of automobile use and the push to provide affordable housing for returning veterans after World War II, few thrived in their original form. The great post-war building boom was predicated on the freedom of automobile travel and an unprecedented peacetime commitment to build supportive infrastructure. Flushed with victory, Americans set out to invent a new urban design that took full advantage of automobile inspired opportunities. Segregated zoning was rigorously implemented assigning residential, commercial and industrial developments to widely separated enclaves. The grid was abandoned in favor of free-form, unconnected curvilinear streets which at their best followed the prevailing landscape, but which nonetheless produced convoluted, confusing routes of travel and a veritable riot of cul-de-sacs. Because land was so cheap and proximity such a low priority, suburban development projects gobbled up the countryside in prodigious bites. The end result was disconnected living spaces, human habitats that discouraged human community. So, where do we go from here? How do we undo what we've done over the past 40 years of automobile-dominated design? Well, there are three distinct approaches. The first involves the design of new construction. Over the next 20 years, the population of this country will increase by 50 million people. A lot of this growth will take place in new developments that are on the edge of the city. So these areas need to be designed in ways that avoid our current problems. Sometimes in order to move forward, you have to take a step backwards, and that view is shared by many urban designers today. They're part of a movement called Neotraditional Planning or Transit-Oriented Design that wants to replace urban sprawl with a new generation of traditional American towns. This approach combines the community life of pedestrian center design and the transit orientation of the streetcar neighborhood with a recognition of the important role that cars will continue to play in our lives. There are hundreds of developments proposed around the country that have been inspired by this approach, and several are under construction right now. The first Neotraditional Development opened to buyers and the project credited with starting the movement is the Gulf Coast community of Seaside, Florida. Seaside looks like a brand new turn of the century small town. It contains private homes, condominiums, commercial space with offices, stores and shops, a civic center, all within a maximum 10-minute walk of each other. Streets in Seaside invite use by pedestrians and bike riders, paved in uneven bricks which creates a racket inside fast-moving cars, and just wide enough for two cars to pass, the streets themselves slow down drivers. Seaside streets are straight and laid out in a modified grid pattern, so it's easy to find your way around, and they always end at a unique monument or other civic structure reinforcing your sense of place and direction. A transitorial development called Laguna West is currently under construction 12 miles south of Sacramento, California. The ambitious project is slated for completion near the turn of the century. When built, Laguna West will include more than 3,000 homes, condos and apartment buildings grouped in five neighborhoods. Opposites and stores and a daycare center will cluster around the Laguna West Civic Center, putting residents daily necessities within easy walking distance. But the single greatest convenience for Laguna West residents will be the Central Transit Hub by clustering so many services within a few steps of the bus depot and maybe eventually light rail transit and putting it within a short distance of your front door. Fewer people will need to use their cars for trips outside the development. A second approach to making the environment less auto dependent is the careful redevelopment of existing urban areas. We're very proud of our bus and light rail system here in Portland and we try to take every opportunity to encourage its use by residents and workers in new developments. Like many older cities, Portland has pockets of deteriorating urban landscape right for redevelopment. By actively supporting the design and construction of pedestrian and transit-oriented communities, we in government can help to reclaim our cities for the people who live in them. Portland's success in achieving its vision didn't just happen. It was the result of a conscious and often frustrating effort to match its transportation policies with its goals for development. For example, a highway at the edge of downtown was dismantled and plans for a major new freeway were abandoned. Some of the money reserved for that freeway was used to build this, Portland's first light rail transit line. This line not only supported the development of Center City, but it served as a magnet for public and private investment elsewhere as well. In the Lloyd Center area, for example, some $700 million in redevelopment has taken place, including the construction of a convention center and new office buildings, as well as the expansion of an old shopping center. But there have been equally important, though less dramatic, results in the suburbs. Portland instituted land use and zoning regulations around many of its light rail stations. They encouraged the redevelopment of these areas for higher density housing, office and shopping facilities. In this way, development has occurred which is more efficient in its use of land. Perhaps most importantly, an urban form has been created that makes it easy for people to use public transportation. We've gotten rid of one of our cars. We save on car insurance. In fact, each month we save about half of our mortgage. My family saved the need for a second car plus I get to read the newspaper on the way downtown. It's a lot less stressful and a lot cheaper and just more relaxing to get to and from work. A less ambitious but equally effective infill redevelopment project was built on this 12-acre San Diego site. This neighborhood in San Diego's Hillcrest area had been in decline for 20 years. A new San Diego master plan identified it for redevelopment and a pocket neighborhood was born. Everything in Uptown District is geared to the casual stroller. The neighborhood offers residents and visitors a remarkable array of shops and services all clustered with an easy walking distance of each other. Bus service is conveniently located on adjacent streets. I love shopping here. It's safer. It's more relaxed. It's great living here. The other day I counted 25 restaurants that are just within a 5-minute walking distance of where I live right over there. Bus is really easy to use. It's only a short walk to the bus stop and I never give it a second thought. The final opportunity to tame traffic is to make existing suburbs less auto-dependent. This generally means trying to retrofit these communities with good facilities for walking. The companies I work with have developed some of the most successful auto-dependent suburbs in Southern California. So I've been skeptical about the feasibility, even the need to change something that seemed to satisfy so many people. But I have to drive the freeways too. I've seen the multiplier effect these new suburbs have on traffic congestion. Most suburban developments give residents little choice about transportation. They either drive their cars or they stay home. But I wondered if we could do something to fix that. If we could go back into existing suburbs and create opportunities for people to walk and to take public transportation. Well the good news is I think we can and we've already started. The greatest barrier to effective transit service in most suburbs is the lack of pedestrian connections. There are some modest yet effective approaches to improving pedestrian linkages. For example, bus service already reaches parts of many suburban neighborhoods. Yet it can still remain tantalizingly out of reach for those living on cul-de-sacs. The solution? To build direct routes, stairways and footpaths connecting cul-de-sacs and loop streets to the nearest bus stops. Another technique is to open up connections between different land uses such as between residential and retail developments. By making realistic usable routes available for foot and some bicycle traffic, some of the suburbs' short hop transportation load can be shifted from cars to buses. And of course, feet. Another modification to existing suburban traffic patterns, one that can significantly increase bus use by suburbanites to prevent bus stops at the area's most popular destinations. Malls and shopping centers with sheltered, safe, convenient transit stations are magnets for suburban bus use. Likewise, office complexes can be unified by the addition of a transit center. This kind of facility invites suburbanites to leave their cars at home and stay off the freeways. So, there are three ways we can change the way communities travel within them. We can build new towns from the ground up which are designed to foster walking and the use of public transportation. We can redevelop older areas in transit-friendly ways. Or we can make modest improvements to the standard automobile-oriented suburb and activity center. Making all this happen isn't as easy as it might sound. But it can be done. People assume that to decrease traffic congestion we must increase the use of public transit. Well, that much is true. But they also assume that to increase the use of transit we have only to improve service. That part is false. No matter how wonderful we make bus or rail service, people who can't get to it won't use it. And we make it very difficult to get to. We can change this only by stepping forward during a project's approval process and making it happen. In spite of all this, most new development today continues to proceed in the old way. Acre upon acre of land is still being designed with only automobile access in mind. Even though we know this approach leads to problems. Respective regulations are one reason. They tend to favor the status quo. But inertia is another culprit. It's just easier to keep doing things the way we're used to. Change will require many voices at many levels. Elected officials and planning commissioners, developers and public works directors, even enlightened home buyers. The design of the neighborhood we live in is a choice that greatly affects our lives and those of our children. Now that's a choice that's up to you. Isn't it time you got on board?


Let us look at the effect of gusts on the VN diagram. What is meant by a gust? A gust is a vertical draft of air and it depends whether they are vertically upwards or vertically downwards. And because they are acting either vertically up or down when they add to the free stream velocity of the aircraft, they give an effective angle of attack and thus impose an additional vertical load on the aircraft. So, you can see that if there is an aircraft flying at a velocity V and a vertical gust of U acts on it, then effectively it will create a small increase in the angle of attack delta alpha. And because of that the relative wind direction is changed by delta alpha. So, there will be additional load factor delta nz which will be a function of the speed, density, gust velocity. So, the gust velocity U in the previous slide is replaced by Vg in this particular slide. So, if the aircraft was in level flight, the load factor was 1. So, this delta nz will act as above the 1 and hence the graph for the load factor due to vertical gust will always start from 0, 1 because it would correspond to level flight at vertical load factor equal to 1. Now, certain values of gust velocities have to be considered based on the historical information available with the airworthiness agencies and these values depend upon the altitude at which you are flying. For example, if we look at the FAR 23 standard for gust velocities, we see that for altitude up to around 20,000 feet, the value of gust velocity acting on the design diving speed is expected to be 25 feet per second, but above 20,000 feet at higher altitudes the weather disturbances are less. So, the gust velocity to be considered is linearly reduced and at the height of 50,000 feet or above, it is assumed that there will be no gust velocities acting at all, there will be no gust present. But when you are flying the aircraft at the cruising speed, we see you are expected to encounter a larger value of gust velocity, the double of the previous values where it was 25 earlier at up to 27 feet, it is supposed to be 50 feet per second and again there is a linear reduction to 25 feet per second, 25 feet per second when you reach a height of 50,000 feet. Now, in this particular discussion, we are assuming that the gust velocity is sharp, that means the gust velocity suddenly reaches the value of 25 feet per second from 0, but that is not true. Actually, the gusts are actually going to increase very slowly. So, to take care of that, the airworthiness regulations normally describe or prescribe a distribution that has to be considered for the gusts. So, for example, there is a formula for a cosine distribution. So, for velocities, cruise velocity between 0 to 20000 feet, this particular formula is to be used to look at the variation of the gust speed. So, there is something called as a gust elevation factor. The gust elevation factor k takes care of the fact that the gusts are usually not sharp and they will be increasing slowly from 0 value to the value. So, the factor k is multiplied by the gust velocity to achieve the effective sharp gust velocity and there is a separate formula for subsonic flight and a different formula for supersonic flight. So, let us see what happens to the VN diagram. This is the restriction with the gust loading. Notice that they are starting from the 0.1, 0 because the aircraft is supposed to be in level flight and in level flight at various velocities, due to gust additional load factors are created. We also remember that at speeds beyond Vc, the numerical value of the gust velocity is lower. So, therefore, you can see that the load factors introduced also are lower. So, basically what it means is that if the aircraft is in level flight at any point along this line at various speeds in level flight, then the lines indicate what kind of additional load factor will be created. It can be observed that the highest value of the delta nz happens at Vc and there is a symmetricity here. The same kind of velocity is expected to be acting also in a vertical downward gust. So, at design diving speed, the numerical value of the gust velocity is lower and hence the lines are inside the lines because of the gust due to the gust acting at the cruise speed. So, this is the limit gust line. Now, what you do is this is the limit maneuver envelope which was obtained earlier by specifying the limits on the upper and the lower maximum values, the design diving speed, this is the upper and the lower value, this is the cut provided as I mentioned. And this corresponds to the Cl max both positive and negative. So, what you are getting here is basically the limit envelope in which the aircraft can be maneuver. On this particular graph, we have to superimpose the loading that can be created because of the additional load factor due to the gusts. So, when you superimpose, we notice that there are certain areas which are beyond the limit maneuver envelope. So, in other words, now this area anyway, you cannot fly because this area falls below the stall. So, if you now look at the combined envelope, it will actually be something like this. It will follow the outer contour of the VN diagram and you will get the limit combined envelope. Thanks for your attention.


Hello friends. So in this session, we are going to discuss the values of different trigonometric ratio for some specific angles So we are going to start with angle equal to zero degree That means in this case if you see the angle which angle I'm talking about. I'm talking about BAC So angle BAC here is 52.88 degrees. So at different different values of Angle, what are the values of trigonometric ratios? We are interested in interesting We are interested to know now the thing is we are not going to discuss all Angles we are going to discuss only some specific angles because There will be infinitely many possibilities of angles and for that there will be six ratios for all angles will have So for any given angle will have six ratios possible But we are going to restrict only to only those specific angles for example some standard values like 0 degree Then 45 degrees 30 degrees 60 degrees and 90 degrees So in this session, we are going to start with the angle 0 and 90 and let us let us see What are the values of different T ratios when angle alpha is 0 or theta is 0? So now what I'm going to do is I'm going to move this point B Towards the x-axis and try to make the angle 0. So as you can see I'm moving this Point B towards the x-axis the perpendicular length is Getting shortened and shortened while the base B is increasing and eventually as B coin sides with point C The length of the base is now equal to the radius So if you can see base has become equal to the length of the radius the perpendicular has just vanished That means there is no perpendicular any further or the length of perpendicular is 0 So you can see P upon H here is 0 right? Similarly B upon H base is 1 radius H is 1 so hence it is 0 so cos of 0 is 1 sign of 0 is 0 Tan of 0 is 0 because again perpendicular length is 0 Co-secant is in undefined actually so undefined means why because the perpendicular length is 0 and Secant is secant 0 is 1 because both H and B are 1 and caught again is undefined though It has been shown as infinity over here now if you see As now I will move this point B back towards y-axis now alpha value or theta value in this case is changing and Now the base is getting reduced and the perpendicular is constantly getting increased and now as I merge this point B on the y-axis now if you see P is now equal to H which is equal to 1 right H is equal to 1 and P has now become Same as hypotenuse so there is no triangle any further but the length P the the perpendicular length P is 1 and Hypotenuse is 1 anyways, which was our defined lengths of the two triangles and now the base has disappeared It is 0 right and accordingly if you see sin theta is P upon H which has become 1 now So 90 sin 90 is 1 Cos 90 is 0 and 90 is again very huge number Because you're dividing your B is 0 so you're dividing a number by 0 Which is almost infinity, but we say it is not defined because it's dividing by 0 is not defined Co-secant is 1 upon sin so you can get you can see 1 here Secant is again H by B or hypotenuse by base so base adjacent is 0 here So B value is 0. So hence again it is undefined it is showing some very big number over here And cot theta is B by P again 0 why because B is 0 and P is 1 right so hence we saw that sine of 90 so you can see sine of 90 is 1 and Sine of 0 is 0 while cos of 90 is 0 cos of 0 is 1 so you have to basically remember all these values if you know sine and cos you can find out all other values Because we know how to convert all the t ratios in terms of the other ratios We have seen this in the previous such sessions now. We'll take up the same thing for different angles some other standard angles like 30 degrees 45 degrees and 60 degrees


So, we ended up using a little bit of trigonometry to set up the grid in the last video. What we're going to do in this video is learn a multiplication table for a 10 by 10 grid. And the reason that I'm doing this video is because someone posted a comment requesting this video to be made. They actually wanted it to be a 12 by 12, but I think 10 by 10 is, well, it's the one that I work with. It's the one that I get everyone to learn. The rest of it sort of flows, 11 by 11, 12 by 12 grid, sort of flows after this, right? And it becomes quite easy to calculate to figure out what it is once you know your 10 by 10 grid, 10 by 10 multiplication grid. And this is, you know, I can't emphasize this enough. I never thought about making this video until the request was put in on all the places I believe it was the video, the ASMR video where I was showing you my grandmother's back camera board, right? But it is something that I ask all my students to know. And most of the time I assume they know this multiplication table. When I'm working with a student or a group of students, if I find out that they don't, you know, they're struggling with the multiplication table, what I end up doing is stopping everything like I put on the full brakes. And we go back and I make sure they know the multiplication table, okay? And the way you're going to learn this is, we're going to go through it right now, but keep this in mind, what you're going to do, what I'm going to ask you to do, what you need to do to learn this table is once we finish generating it, you're basically going to copy it down, right? Then what you're going to do is you're going to take that copy that you have and you're going to try to generate it, you know, by memory or by understanding, really, because multiplication is just an expansion of addition, right? If you wanted to add 15 twos together, you could either go two, two, two, two, plus two, plus two, plus two, plus two, plus two, plus two, plus two. You could write it out 15 times or we come up with a short-hand, you know, a simpler way to do it. We would go two times 15, right? So multiplication is a way for us to do mathematics more easily, right? It's sort of something, a process that came up, right? That we need it because we're doing higher level mathematics. We're getting into more complicated stuff, right? 100 times 100 means 100 plus 100 100 times, right?   That's the reason why you really need to know multiplication because it makes calculations easier, right? Now, keeping that in mind, this is the way you're going to quotation marks memorize this table or understand this table, learn this table. After we're done doing it, you're gonna take the copy that you have and you're gonna generate it, right? By memory or by generating it by thinking about what they are, right? And you're gonna have this one, the original copy as a reference. The next time you're gonna generate it, you're gonna turn this original copy over and try to generate it by memory or generate it, period, right? Wherever you get stuck, you have a problem, right? You don't know what it is, you can't calculate it. What you're gonna do is you're gonna flip the original over and find out what it is, right? The third time you're gonna do it, you're gonna put the original away on one side.  Without looking at the original, right? It doesn't make a difference how long it takes you. I'm not at the speed here, right? You have to know how to do it. If you can do it, if it takes you a long time to do it, it doesn't make a difference. All that means is it's in your brain and it's new to you, right? You're gonna use this a lot. It's gonna be everywhere, everywhere that you do mathematics. So I'm not worried about you getting enough practice to do multiplication. It's an understanding of you, sort of a you understanding how to generate it and what it means, okay? So to do the 10 by 10 multiplication table, what we need is a numbers here, right? What we're gonna do is go one to 10 down this way and one to 10 this way, okay? And what we're gonna do is we're gonna put those things on there with posted notes, okay? That way we have our grid set up with the proper axes, right? So what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna do these and should we do it in black or blue? Black or blue? Got two different color pens here. Let's do the axes in blue. So I need one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, all the way to 10, twice, all right? What I'm gonna do is I'm gonna lay these down here. Here comes out one enough, one, sure. We're gonna put on our glasses, does he see? I need to put all my glasses when we close up. See, that's not bad. One, two, three, we're gonna go all the way through. So we're gonna go three, right? And then we're gonna split these guys up right now. So we have our, I guess that's the y-axis, down to 10, right, the vertical. Now we need to go across. Again, we need one to 10. Let's see that, right? Yes, you do. Grab the black pen and we're gonna fill this in, all right? And the way this works is all we do is we match columns with rows and figure out what they are. Now, again, I mentioned this. Multiplication is an extension of addition. I will talk about how that's related to this when we're generating it, right? The one thing you have to really appreciate is that there's a total symmetry in the multiplication table, right? And the symmetry goes diagonally. So everything here, if you go on a diagonal line, oops, 45 degree diagonal line, right? Everything on this side repeats over here. So what we're gonna do is, should we do the top or the bottom? Let's do, I usually do this side first. So let's do this side, okay? So what we're gonna do is we're gonna go do this and then do this up to where it's the same number multiplied by itself. So we're gonna go one times one, two times two, three times three, four times four. So we're doing a perfect squares right away. So we're gonna create the diagonal going across first. Okay. And this is again, this is something that the perfect squares that you should know inside out, right? Super, super important, super powerful. You're not using it a lot, right? So what we ask ourselves is what's one times one? That's obvious, that's one. One times one is one. Now we could go one times all these numbers and just this column is gonna be, all these guys just transpose over, right? Because one times anything is itself, right? Where that thing was. But we're gonna do the diagonal first. Two times two, and that's the way you read this, right? You go, okay, what do I wanna multiply two by, right? I wanna multiply two by, I can multiply by one, two. I can multiply by anything this way, right? So we read the numbers this way, we multiply them this way. Conversely, we could read the numbers this way and multiply them by this way. Because multiplication is, what's that thing called? There's a word for it where it doesn't make a difference which order you do it in. If you go two times three, it's the same thing as three times two, right? I should have looked this up, I forget what the term is for it, right? So what we're gonna do is do the diagonal first. Two times two, it means two plus two, right? Two times two is four.  Again, multiplication is an extension of addition, right? So what that really is, is three plus three plus three. It's easier to go three times three, right? Three times three is nine. Four times four is 16. Five times five is 25. Six times six is 36. Seven times seven, 49, 49. If you have a hard time doing these multiplications, remembering these multiplications, remember, we put out two videos using hand tricks to learn your multiplication table. One of them was for the nines, how you multiply the nines, which is really easy. And another one was a hand trick where you can multiply six, seven, eight, nine, 10 with six, seven, eight, nine, 10, right? So when you get up into the higher numbers, if you have a hard time remembering this stuff, there is a video out there that I put out, you know, two videos showing you the trick for just using your hands to learn this multiplication table, right? Eight times eight, right? You connect those guys up, 64, right? Nine times nine is 81. 10 times 10 is 100. So we've got 81, 100. Now, the way it works is this side, this line here, oops, how do we do this? This line here mirrors this, is the mirror line. So everything here would flip over this way, right? So what we're gonna do is we're gonna generate the bottom part first. One times anything is whatever the number is, right? So one times two is two. One times three is three. One times four is four. So all we're gonna do is just copy these numbers down here and that's what we're gonna do. Seven, that's easy enough. Sheets on this one, let's grab a new stack. We could go one times two is two, right? But I don't wanna go on that side yet. I wanna generate these guys first, okay? So what we're gonna do, we're gonna go three times two. Three times two is the same thing as three plus three, So if we're going down this column, if we're going this way, all we're doing is we're adding three every time. So three times two is gonna be six. Three times three is nine, which basically means three plus three plus three, right? This is basically an arithmetic sequence, right? We haven't talked about this stuff. It's basically an arithmetic sequence, right? The next one would be 12. The next one would be 15. The next one would be 18, right? You're adding three every time on the rows. On the columns, you're adding whatever that guy is. Four plus two is six. The next one is gonna be eight, right? Well, four times two is eight is the same thing as two times four. If we're multiplying, we're gonna go four. We're going this way. You're adding four every time. Eight, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, keep on going, right? If you don't wanna learn it initially as a multiplication, learn it initially as an addition, right? If you're going down a column, you're adding whatever the top of the column tells you to add. If you're going across a column, across a row, you're adding every jump is adding whatever this number is. The trick is to learn this whole thing and know how to, instead of starting from here to figure out what, what are these numbers? Six, where is this? Six, what do we have? One, two, three, four, five, six. Six times seven is, you don't wanna go six times one is six and then add another six, 12, 18. You don't wanna do that. You wanna go directly from six times seven, right? You wanna know exactly what that is without having to do every step, right? That means you've learned your multiplication table. To generate it, use the addition if you want, if it helps you out, but slowly learn how to jump around this table everywhere, right? So what we're gonna do is, we're gonna continue with our rows here without crossing this over, okay? Four times two is eight. Four times three is 12. Four times three means add four together three times, four plus four is eight, plus four is 12. Four times four, 16. Adding four fours together, you get 16. Let's go to the fifth column, or the number five column. Let's put the posted notes here. Five times one was five. Five times two is 10. Five times three is 15. Five times four is 20. Oops, 20, do this, kill this. If I was doing this with the chalk, like the language of mathematics, I would have to go over the way I'm doing it here. With posts, I know it's easy, I just remove, replace, right? So this is 15, this is 20. Five times five is 25, right? Six, six times two is 12. Put the posted notes up, it'll stick these up. Six times two is 12, six times three is 18. Six times four is 24. Six times five is 30, right? And then six times six is 36, right? Let's do the whole thing. Let's do, let's do seven. Seven times one, seven. Seven times two, 14. Seven times three, 21. Seven times four is at seven to 21, you get 28, right? Seven times five at seven to 28, you get 35. Seven times six is 42. Seven times seven is 49. Seven, seven's added together, gives you 49, right? Let's do the eight column, or eight row. Eight times two, 16. Eight times three, 24. Eight times four, 32. Eight times five is 40. Eight times six is 48, you just add eight more to 40, right? Eight times seven is 56, you add eight to 48, right? These ones are usually the ones that people have the hardest time with, okay? Let's do the nine column, or nine row, right? And for the nine rows, remember we had, we learned that hand trick, right?  So for nine, we got nine times two is 18. Nine times three is 27. Nine times four is 36. Nine times five, right? You hold out five, you got 45, right? 45. Nine times six, you add nine to this, right? So 54. Nine times seven is 63. Nine times eight is 72. Nine times nine is 81. The 10 is easy. You just add zeros to the end of those numbers. Desi system is amazing. I think it's called the desi system anyway, with multiples of 10. I actually found out today, the house that we're in right now is from 1915, right? So it's a really old house, solid house, but squeaky, okay? So 10, multiply all those numbers by 10. It's just a zero added at the end of each one of those numbers, right? 10 times 20, 10 times two is 20. 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90. That's the bottom half of the multiplication table, right? All that happens now, if you want to generate the other half, is you can just flip this to the other side. If you can visualize it anyway, because for multiplication, there's a word for it that it doesn't make a difference if you go one number times another number or this number times that number. The answer is the same, right? Two times three is six. Three times two is six. It's the same number, right? Five times four is 20. Four times five is 20. Doesn't make a difference. So that's what happens. That's why this thing mirrors this, right? So if we had five times four, five times four is 20. Well, four times five is also 20, right? Four times five is also 20. Let's see what else we got. Let's go eight times two. Eight times two is 16, right? Well, two times eight is 16. Two times eight is 16. Nine times three is 27. Well, three times nine is 27. Three times nine is 27. Let's go for a number here. I don't know. Let's go eight times five is 40. Well, five times eight is 40. That's one random way you can generate a jump, right? The other way is you can just go across. Let's do the number third, the third row. Let's say you want to generate the third row. You can do the jumps if you want. You can do multiplication if you want, if you've memorized it, if you've learned it. Or you can go across on the rows and just add three to the number before it, right? Three plus three is six, plus three is nine, plus three is 12. And 12 also appears here as well, right? 12 plus three is 15. Where's 15 appear? 15's right there. So what you end up having is the three row is going to be the same as the three column, which is super neat, right? If you go across the three row, what's the number here after 15? Three times six is 18, right? Three times six is 18. What's the next number here? The next number here is 21. What's the next number? 24. What's the next number? 27, and the next number is three. Cemetery again, right? The rows are the same as the columns. If you go down, the numbers repeat, right? Again, it's a mirror. Let's go down, I don't know. Let's do the six, okay? So let's lay it out, put our sticky mark, stickies here, and paper here, so we can write it all out. So what do we got? This is six, and this is six, right? So all I gotta do is copy these guys down. This is 42. This guy's 48. This guy's 54. This guy's 60. Should we do the rest? If you're practicing this, you should try to see if you can generate this. The number eight column only has two missing gaps, so I'll say three missing gaps, I guess, but so let's fill this one up. What do we got? We want the eighth column, so we can just go down to the eighth row. Well, one times eight is eight. That was easy. After 24, between 24 and 40, between 24 and 40 is 32. That's what goes up here, 32. Between 48 and 64, between 48 and 64 is 56. 56. So seven times eight is 56. That's the same thing as eight times seven is 56. The one row is easiest. Whatever that was there, just plop style, right? Two, three, four, seven, eight, nine, 10. The 10th column is easy. They're just going up by 10. So 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90. Easy. Let's do the ninth column. Why not? It's got how many holes? One, two, three, four, five holes. We can fill this one up easy. The ninth column is the same thing as the ninth row, right? Nine times two is 18. That's the same thing as two times nine, 18. What else we got? After 27, we got 36 and then 45, right? 36, 45. We have 54 and we got 63 and 72, right? So 63 and 72, right? Seven times nine is 63. Eight times nine is 72, right? You should be able to jump on all the numbers anywhere on this table. Let's fill in these four. What do we got? We have, this is the sixth column and we want after 18, 24, 30, right? Six times four is 24. Four times six is 24, 30. Six times five, five times six is equal to 30. All we got left is two links here. I'll do those ones, right? What is that? That's the seventh column. Let's go down the seventh row. We got seven, then we need 14. It's between seven and 21, right? Seven, 21, that's gotta be 14. After 21, we have two blanks, right? The seventh column, the seventh row. 21, 28, 35, 28, 30. That's four, two. Two times two, two times one is two. Two times two is four. You just add two every time, right? Four, six, eight, 10, 12. Which also happens to be what the columns are, right? I think we have it all. Looks like it. Super important for you to know your multiplication table. It's your ABCs of mathematics, right? What mathematics is pretty powerful compared to natural languages. So there's a few more alphabets, letters, rudimentary stuff that you need to learn, such as moving around an equal sign, how to multiply and divide and subtract, how to deal with fractions, right? Exponents of radicals. But this is step number one to learn your multiplication table. I hope this helped, okay? If you wanna know how we set up this grid, we used a little trigonometry that was a previous video. In the next video, what we're gonna do is we're gonna take down all these numbers and I'm gonna show you a little 10 by 10 math puzzle game that a student showed me a few years ago, a long time ago, and I like that it was fun to do, fun to play. We just wanted to meditate and chill, okay? That's it for now. I'll see you guys in the next video.


Clouds will not form unless the air becomes super saturated, meaning that its relative humidity is slightly greater than 100%, or put it another way, its super saturation is greater than 0%. Let's look at the three ways that super saturation can be achieved. Radiative cooling, mixing, and adiabatic ascent. We can use the water phase diagram of water vapor on the y-axis versus temperature on the x-axis to examine these processes. Super saturation means that the environment moves from the all vapor part of the phase diagram into the all liquid part by crossing the equilibrium line, which is given by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. I will mention only the essentials for each process, what changes and what stays the same. For radiative cooling, the water vapor pressure stays the same, but the temperature drops. And because the saturation vapor pressure depends only on temperature, the saturation vapor pressure also drops. The saturation vapor pressure decreases until it gets equal to and then a little less than the vapor pressure, and then the super saturation goes above zero. The next process is mixing. Mixing clouds usually form when unsaturated warm moist air from a source is mixed into the unsaturated colder dryer environmental air. As the warm moist air mixes with the colder dryer air, the temperature and vapor pressure of the moist air parcel becomes the average of the temperature and vapor pressure of the moist warm air parcel multiplied by the number of moles, and the temperature and vapor pressure of the cold dry environmental air multiplied by the number of moles. All this divided by the total number of moles. As the air parcel mixes with more environmental air, the parcel's temperature and vapor pressure move along the mixing line between the two initial air parcel states. If this line crosses the equilibrium line and goes into the liquid part of the phase diagram, super saturation becomes greater than zero in the cloud forms. If the air parcel continues to entrain the dry air, it continues along the mixing line and it may eventually cross the equilibrium line back into the vapor region and the cloud will evaporate. Contrails are one example of a mixing cloud. The contrail length tells you something about what the temperature and environmental pressure of the environmental air must be. The third process is adiabatic ascent. As the air parcel ascends, his pressure and temperature drop. Because the water vapor mixing ratio is constant until a cloud forms, the drop in the pressure means a drop in the water vapor pressure. At the same time, the drop in the temperature means a drop in the saturation vapor pressure, which depends only on temperature. So vapor pressure and saturation vapor pressure are both dropping. However, in adiabatic ascent, the saturation vapor pressure drops faster than the vapor pressure and eventually they become equal and then saturation becomes greater than zero in the cloud forms.