So this is going to be the last lecture from me. So in the last three lectures, I described how the s duality of n equals two supersymmetry. I guess I should wait a bit more.  So, so far I talked about the s duality of n equals two to 40 theories of type SU2 and how they can be understood starting from 60 theory with two comma zero supersymmetry, again of type SU2. All the essential features of the duality, I think, was already in this type SU2 case I talked about for three hours. And in this last lecture, I just want to generalize that to SUn, that gives you a lot of technical complications and, but that's inevitable. So, yeah, somewhat SUn is rather difficult compared to SU2, so please bear with me. So let's remind ourselves what we learned yesterday. So if we start from 60 n equals two comma zero theory of type SU2 and put it on three puncture sphere, each puncture carries one SU2 flavor symmetry. I explain to you how you compute the super conformal index of this system. So let me remind you the definition of the super conformal index. So in this particular case of just having the variable Q, I forgot to mention, but the exponent simplifies, it's just a difference between the scaling dimension and the SU2R charge. And you can insert flavor symmetry element. And I told you how without knowing in the first place what this theory is, you compute this SCI using the fundamental fact of the 60 theory that it becomes 5D super Yang-Mills if you compact the final S1. So the SCI is given by this nice formula, K a, K b, K c divided by K zero, summation over all of the representation, K a lambda, K lambda b, K lambda c divided by K lambda q to the one half. So this is the basically partition function of 2D Yang-Mills on this three puncture sphere, Q D form. And for today's purpose, the only thing you need to know is that this K a has this form, K a joint of A, Q plus OQ squared. And K zero is basically just one plus OQ squared. So not so difficult. So how do we know exactly what 4D theory this three puncture sphere is? In my lectures, I started by telling you what this is, but pretend we don't know that, but we can expand this to some order, right? So what would be the leading contribution? Of course, the leading contribution is one. The next contribution just in fact starts at order Q to one half. So, and for simplicity, let's just consider the expansion until OQ. So you can just forget about K a and K zero, right? So all it has to do is to expand this part. The trivial representation give you this one. Next contribution comes from the doublet representation. So what you have is that, well, I guess I should first explain how it works. So doublet, doublet B, doublet C. And you need to consider this. So this is Q minus one half plus Q one half. But in any case, this is just Q minus one half one times OQ, right? So for our purpose of expanding things up to order Q, this is just becomes Q to the one half, dot, dot, dot. So this factor, Q to one half, is the telltale sign of having a free hyper from the representation theory of N equals to S, supercommon algebra. If you have something like this, the theory is guaranteed to be free hyper. And you see how these free hyper transform under the flavor symmetry. So these are in the so-called tri-fundamental. So thus we see that this is corresponds to a free hypermultiple of this one, Q A, B, C, right? And once you understand that, now we can understand the exteriority of two tri-fundamental coupled together, G, C, D, in the following way. So you can continuously change the shape of the Riemann surface. You'll contactify the six-dimensional theory. So you get dual objects and dual gauge group. Yesterday I also told you how to read off the coupling constant here. So the coupling constant of this guy is basically given by R5 over R6, where R5 is this length and R6 is this radius. So if you want to make this very strongly coupled, you need to make this ratio very small. So you need to crash them together in this direction. And in that limit, you can split them on the vertical side so that you again find the dual weekly coupled gauge group. So that was how we understand the exteriority of N equals two. So SU2 gauge theory coupled to four flavors because this counts as two flavors. So far so good. So all I want to do today is to generalize everything to SU3 and up. So the natural thing to do is to change this to SUM. So I'm sorry for doing that. This is very easy to do on the blackboard, but for those who are taking notes in a traditional note pad, this is very bad. If you are using tablet, then you can just all copy the content and modify. I'm very sorry about that. So I'm going to change everything to N, this. I'm so sorry. The only thing you need to change is the argument here. So as I told you, the argument becomes a certain diagonal matrix of this one, QN minus three, dot two, dot dot dot Q one, two, right? So what is this theory? So from this on I can rewrite everything because things are significantly different. I might reuse this though. So let's just consider the next case N equals three. What would be the expansion of the super conformal index? It starts with one. The next term is in fact, so let me just write down what this object is. So in the denominator, you have chi lambda diagonal, Q plus one, one, Q minus one, right? So clearly there's no fractional power of Q. So the leading contribution is OQ. So let's compute the super conformal index up to OQ squared. Then order Q term comes from two contributions. One contribution from here, from the case actors, and from this term when lambda is a fundamental or the anti-fundamental. So let me just write the contribution from case chi adjoint B plus chi adjoint C. So these are the contributions from the case. And also you have this contribution just as before. Q plus minus one plus one plus Q to the one chi box A, chi box B, chi box C. And similarly, contribution from the anti-fundamentals. I'd like to keep it, so I'm so sorry for going over. So this is it, but as I explained in the case of N being two, this is at this order you can just approximate as Q, right? So this is the matter content. Now, we don't see any factor of Q to the one half. So this theory is no longer a hyper-multiplet. It's something much more complicated. And for those of you who love exceptional groups, this appearance of adjoint, three adjoints and product of fundamentals is a telltale sign that this has E6 symmetry. What is going on is that E6 has SU3A times SU3B times SU3C subgroup. So this is rank six. This is rank six two because SU3 is rank two and there are three copies of it. And E6 is adjoint, it's 78 dimensional, which everyone knows. This is the composition into adjoint of one, adjoint of another, adjoint of the third, and product of three fundamentals and product of three anti-fundamentals. So, and this structure persists to higher order. It's a fun exercise if you know how to use mathematical or other computer algebra system to compute higher orders and check everything works. So when N is three, people have found that this particular three punctured sphere theory is no longer a free hyper-multiplet, but this theory is known as E6 theory of Minahan and Nemesh Chansky. So this theory was introduced in, I don't remember, 2009, sorry, 90, 97. It's completely different. So it's known for quite some time, but it's a non-trivial super-conformal theory. So using that knowledge here, we now know some strangest duality. So I just changed this to SU three. This is Minahan and Nemesh Chansky's E6 theory, and this is also Minahan and Nemesh Chansky's E6 theory. So you start from two strongly coupled SCFTs. You couple them to gauge group SU three, and this SU three gauge group is exactly marginal. So you can choose its tune is coupling constant. You make it very strong, and then you have dual Minahan and Nemesh Chansky's E6 theory here, and dual Minahan and Nemesh Chansky's E6 theory coupled to dual SU three. So this is the natural generalization of SU two, four flavor, a sterility to SU three. This is the most natural one, but from the perspective of an old guy like me, this is not very satisfactory because this is a mysterious theory, another mysterious theory coupled to something which we know this is gauge group, and you make it strong, and it is self-dual in some sense. So it's a new knowledge about strongly coupled N equals the theory in four dimensions, but this is just too mysterious, right?  So this is a more conventional gauge theory, and I'd like to understand what is the dual description when the gauge coupling of this theory is made strongly coupled, so that's what I'd like to do. But as you will see, analysis of this system, which has a simpler Lagrangian description is much more complicated than the analysis of this sterility involving two strongly coupled CFDs. So one lesson we will learn today is that Lagrangian theories in 4D are not always easier than non-Lagrangian theories. So as you will see, the analysis here would be very, very complicated. But let me go on, but before getting there, let me just say a few words about exactly what happens when N is not three, but some general N. In the general N case, if you do this computation, it doesn't fit with anything known before 2009. So for general N, this three-function sphere theory has a name TN introduced by Davide Gallotto. I asked Davide what T stands for. He told me it stands for theory. Yeah, but this is the name we use. So in general N, again, you have this sterility relating two TN theories coupled to SUN gauge group. And the dual is again, SUN coupled to two TNs. Very symmetric, very understandable, but you don't know exactly what this TN theory is. Well, since 2009, we have been working on the analysis of these TN theories for quite some time. So we know quite a lot about these theories, but still they are not Lagrangian theories. So we would like to understand what happens if you start from SUN with two N flavors. But again, the analysis would be very, very complicated, much more complicated than this nice case. So Lagrangians are not always good. Right. So to do this, I need to introduce another concept, another technique, which is very often used these days by people who does the analysis of, non-parameter analysis of supersymmetric field theories, which is called partial closure of punctures. So that's a funny name. So for the next 20 minutes, I need to introduce to you this concept. So, and also there's something called complete closure, but the complete closure is a case of partial closure. So I always call them partial closures. So what's going on? So in general, suppose you have a given N equals to SCFT, let's call it curly T with flavor symmetry, GF. What kind of properties do you have? Of course you have current operators for this flavor symmetry, but thanks to the supersymmetry, you can have more operators, you have more operators acting by Susie once, you have Fermion operator, and acting Susie twice, you have in fact scalar operator, labeled by our joint. But because we are using N equals to supersymmetry, in fact you have SU2R index, and two SU2R indices, and this is symmetric. So this is SU2R triplet, GF our joint, scalar. So this is a very general property of SCFT. And in the jargon of class S series, I've been talking about, a puncture on a Riemann surface corresponds to SUN flavor symmetry. So a puncture means flavor symmetry. So, but before getting there, let's give an example. So consider bifundamental hypermultiplet. Bifundamental hyper consists of N squared fields, Q twiddle ai, both ai are one to N. Then there's a flavor symmetry acting on the index a and the index i, as always. So in this case, GF is SUN times SUN. Well, for simplicity, let's just consider UN times UN. Then there should be three scalar operators, right? So they can be written very explicitly, mu plus, mu zero, and mu minus. And if you consider UN acting or a, say, you just perform a contraction.  Finally, I'm getting, obviously. Iabi minus Q twiddle bi, Q twiddle dagger ib, right. So in the N equals one notation. So as you see, this component is a chiral super field. I mean, lowest component of the chiral super field. This is the standard D term of the flavor symmetry. And the third component of SU2R is this anti chiral field. So this is, you get the idea. So in the case of free hypermultiple, which is a special case of SCFT, you can write it down explicitly. But the good thing about this is that the existence of the mu's are guaranteed by just super conformal algebra. So they are guaranteed to exist for any non-Lagrangian theory. So what you do, suppose GF contains some SCVN, you do the following operation. So take mu plus, which is a scalar field, which is a N by N matrix. And you give a wave of the following form. So it's just almost zero everywhere, except in this form. So this is a Jordan normal form. Of a new potent matrix. So in this case, I'm using an example N is six. And as you know, Jordan normal form of a new potent matrix is formed by fundamental Jordan blocks. So in this case, you have three by three Jordan block, two by two Jordan block, and one by one Jordan block. So such a wave is characterized by this decomposition of six into three plus two plus one. You can encode the same information by drawing a young diagram consisting of columns of height three to one. So this is a standard convention.  What will happen in general? So you start it from a SCFDT and you gave this wave mu plus. So you get some different theory. I don't know what to, nobody has decided the notation, precise notation, let's say three plus two plus one. And in the IR limit, you get something, but there are some fields you are guaranteed to get because here we have SCN flavor symmetry, right? And we are breaking that symmetry by giving a wave to some fields. So definitely you should have some number of gold stone molds, right? So from the procedure, you know you need, you definitely get some number of gold stone molds. So you take away that from the IR limit and you define the rest to be the partially closed theory. So this is the definition. And as I will tell you, a complete closure corresponds to giving a biggest wave. So mu plus is given by this biggest Jordan block. So this corresponds to N equals N. So the good thing about complete closure and partial closures is that we can start from this mysterious TN theory and perform this partial closure to get three hypermultipleths. So I'm going to tell you that if you start from TN theory, so they have three punctures and undeformed punctures are called full punctures. So full punctures are punctures before the partial closure. And as I emphasize in there are three SCNs each associated to each puncture. You pick this SCN, one of this, and perform partial closure by this particular young diagram, N minus one, one. This means you have this young diagram and do this operation. So you start from this TN, do this operation and in fact you get exactly this N by N free hypermultipleths. So I'm going to explain to you exactly how this arises. But let's assume what this happens. I mean what this means for estuality assuming this fact. So assuming this fact, we can start from considering this partial free puncture sphere so in my notation today, this star stands for partially closed puncture or using this data. Partial closure is just this giving of a wave and stripping away of all the number goes to almost. So this is, this is N by N cues, right? And you connect this with another free puncture sphere. So this is again N by N cues. This part gives you SUN gauge theory, vector multiple, right? So on this side, you know that you get SUN gauge theory plus NF equals two N matter content because this counts, if you consider A as gauge index, I counts as flavor indices. Therefore this counts as N flavors. This also counts as N flavors. Together you have two N flavors coupled to this SUN gauge field. So this is the kind of system you want to analyze whose strongly coupled limit. And its SDOR is of course, obtained by crashing this together. You split them on the other direction so you get this system, right? So all you have to do is to analyze what this is. And I will analyze this system by considering an intermediate step. We start from this intermediate step. You know what exactly this is because this part is just three punctured sphere theory. So this is TN theory, right? This part is a dual SUN gauge group. And finally this part has two full punctures and a puncture of type star. This is the bifundamental hyper multiple. So this is N flavors of SUN, Q and Q twiddle, right? So this final SDOR form of this SUN plus two N flavors is obtained from this funny system by partially closing this puncture. So we are going to partially close this puncture to this type. This way you can understand what is going on on the SDOR side of the SUN with two N flavors. So that's what I'm going to do. So I still have 30 minutes. So hopefully I can get to the end of the analysis. So this is the rough idea of how you understand the SDOR of SUN with two N flavors. So this will be more complicated than just analyzing the duality of TN couple to TN. Good. So let's perform one example of closure in the simplest case. So let's consider SU2, right? And suppose you have a theory like this and pick a puncture. This has SU2 associated to it. So you have mu plus field. And let's give it a wave, 0 1 0 0. In the case of SU2, there's no other way to do something non-trivial. So how do we analyze this? In this case, we know what this is as a gauge theory. So this can be analyzed using this trick. So you have this puncture connected this way. So let's call this puncture B, puncture A, puncture A and puncture B. And this is a gauge puncture, additional puncture. So this part is just Q, A, I, U, say. It's a tri-fundamental. Let's say SU2A acts on QA, SU2B acts here and gauge acts here. In this case, mu fields can be explicitly written. So mu AB with indexed down is given by QAIU, QBJV, epsilon IJ, epsilon UV. This is a standard result just following the super perform algebra. And because I used two epsilon symbols, A and B are automatically symmetrized. So this is in the adjoint of SU2A, which is as it should be. And so this is written in the way one index is lower, one index is upper, but I'm now using both indexes lower. So to set this VEV, what you need to do is to set mu plus one, one to be one and the rest to be zero. This can be arranged by giving a VEV to AIU in this quite obvious way, delta A1, epsilon IU. So I need to give a VEV to the hypermultiplet. So what this does is that you need to use this funny operation of using epsilon symbol relating two different flavor symmetries. So what happened is that SU2B times SU2G is broken down to diagonal subgroup. Another thing is that, let's analyze what happens if you act to this VEV, this SU2A flavor symmetry. We are breaking the flavor symmetry by giving a VEV, therefore there should be a number of gold stone molds. So what would happen in general? Well, A appears only here. So what happens is that this delta AI, A1, just becomes some general vector, QA. So this is the number of gold stone mold. So what happens is that in this operation, SU2G is broken and Higgs mechanism eats three hypers and there's a number of gold stone mold. Number of gold stone mold, there's one. This original QAAU counts as four hypers. You might say that if you multiply two, two, two, you get eight, but this is a half hypermultiplet, therefore there are only four full hypers. So what happens is that out of four hypers contained in this Q, three gets eaten. One is a number of gold stone mold. So I declare that in the process of partial closure, I just remove them. So you don't get anything left. This means that after the partial closure, where should I write? So this guy just becomes, yeah, I have no place to write. This guy just becomes this. So original puncture B and the gauge puncture G is identified because the flavors image is broken down to the diagonal subgroup. So end result of this operation is that we started from this Riemann surface. I gave this VEV, I just ended up erasing just puncture A. That's why it's called closure of punctures. Puncture is just closed and it disappears. So this is the complete closure. So how do we analyze such a partial closure or complete closure in the non Lagrangian case? Because this analysis was possible due to the fact that we knew exactly what three puncture sphere theories is. But here I'd like to apply this procedure for something we don't know the Lagrangian description. So to see that, we need to analyze that process of SU2 in a slightly different way. So let's write this there again. Look about it for a minute. Well I cannot spend that a minute just thinking, but this is not just SU2A triplet, but it is also SU2R triplet. So this plus sign means that it's the highest weight of SU2R and this VEV clearly means that this is also the highest weight of SU2A. This means that in fact a diagonal subgroup SU2R prime is unbroken. This is similar to the procedure Nathan explained to us yesterday. He gave a VEV to phi which had both scale charge and the ghost number. And after giving a VEV, the new ghost number is the combination of the scale charge and the ghost number in the original theory. Just as in that case, I'm giving this funny VEV which carries both SU2R charge and SU2A charge. So this breaks SU2A completely, but SU2R remains. And the new SU2R charge is a combination of the original SU2R charge and original SU flavor charge. So what does this do super conformal index? So remember in the super conformal index you have this structure K, A, K, A and various other terms. So I'm just concentrating on terms which depend on SU2A. So this A variables are taken from SU2A and remember I just erased that super conformal index has this form Q minus I3. So this Q, Q is basically in some sense SU2R. So at the level of SCI, at the level of SCI because the new SU2R symmetry is a diagonal combination of original SU2R and old SU2A, you need to set Q to be, sorry, A, A inverse to be Q one half, Q minus one half just because of this diagonal identification. So what this does is that K lambda A, sorry, K lambda A and K A should be replaced by K lambda Q one half, K Q one half, so far so good. But this is not the whole story because I declared when I defined the concept of partial closure, we are going to strip all of the contribution from the number goldstone nodes. And you can check that this part K has contributions from number goldstone nodes and you need to remove it. So it's helpful to do at least exactly one example. So for SU2, this K A has this form pi over one. So this is the infinite product form of K and let's set to A to be Q to one half. So what happens is that this becomes one minus QN minus one, one minus QN, one minus QN plus one. And you see, this gives a divergence because N starts from one. So this is a telltale sign of an appearance of number goldstone node and because number goldstone nodes in N equals two theory also comes in a hypermultiple form, in fact these two components, two factors in the infinite product corresponds to number goldstone nodes. So this is the reminder. And if you have taken the nodes, this infinite product is exactly the thing I called K zero. So what happens is that at the level of the, at the level of the super conformal index, let's say you have genus G, N puncture theory, so this is G equals two and N equals two, then let me just explicitly write the contribution for this. So this is K A, K B and the K zero to the power, yeah I don't remember, this is two G plus two minus N. So when N is two, this is four and sum over lambda, chi lambda Q one half to the fourth and chi A lambda, chi B lambda, sorry chi lambda B. So let's say you perform the complete closure of this puncture. So let's close this, close this puncture. Then in that part of the blackboard I said, by closing this puncture, you just lose one puncture. But what this, let's check that at the level of the super conformal index. At this level, what you need to do is to set K to Q one half, replace one factor of K A with K zero. So this cancels against one factor. This cancels against one factor in the denominator. And this is exactly the general form of the Q one mils amplitude for the punk, for the Riemann surface with one less puncture. So this characterizes the procedure. You need to be, so thank you for the question. So this K of A is basically the contribution from operator's muse. This is an adjoint in SUM, right? So what happens is that mu takes values in the adjoint of G, complexified, because this is a complexified mu. We are taking some particular wave. So in order to count the number of goldstone nodes, all you have to do is to act on it with SUM.  So this is a subspace of GC, which is whose Jordan normal form is the one I gave. So just using the SUM representation theory, you can identify what are the number goldstone nodes very directly. Yeah, that's the method. So I'm almost done. So as a generalization, let's consider the type SUM theory. And let's say we have a puncture, then you have SUNA, and accordingly there's this mu plus. If you give the biggest wave, this eliminates this puncture completely. Instead, let's consider the second biggest wave. So this has N minus one, and this is size one. So this is the partial closure by this young diagram N minus one and one. Now the level of the super conformal index, all you have to do is to replace kA, kA by the following. Again, a linear combination of original SU to R and SU, some SU to subgroup of this SUNA remains. And also, there's some U1 symmetry remaining, right? U1 symmetry generated by one, one, one, one minus N still commutes with this wave. Therefore, U1 subgroup of this SUNA remains. So if you use that, so the rule is this and alpha to one minus N. So alpha is in this unbroken U1, which is subgroup of SUNA, and some factor alpha. So this is the replacement you need to do. But for today's purpose, I don't have to write down exactly what this is. This is just OQ, or one plus OQ. So now I can show you that this puncture where one puncture is closed, partially closed to this type, is a free hypermultiple. So SCI can be written in a standard way. So let's say this part has carry label B and label C, then this has label alpha. And from the general formula, we have KB, KC, and this KN minus one alpha divided by K zero, summation of a lambda of chi lambda QN minus one to one, QN minus three, dot, dot, dot, Q one minus one over two. And on the upper side, I have chi lambda B, chi lambda C, and chi lambda that. I don't want to repeat it. This part is exactly this one. Let's expand this up to Q to one half. So I mean, these parts just don't give you anything up to at the order Q to one half. And the reason you have Q to one half from here is as follows, if you take lambda to be a box, right? Then what you have is you have box B, box C, and this funny thing. So what this is? So it's the character of this diagonal matrix as the fundamental representation. So you just sum over them. So the most dangerous part is this, right? So the most dangerous part is this, plus dot, dot, dot, divided by the trace of this, which is Q one minus N plus dot, dot, dot. Then this part, two part cancels giving you Q to one half. And similarly there's a contribution from chi box bar B, chi box bar C, and alpha inverse. So as I told you at the beginning, the fact that you have super conformal index starting with the power Q to one half means that this is a free hyper-multiplet. And you can read off exactly what is the matter content. So this is a fundamental of this SUN, fundamental of the another SUN, and has U one charge one under the baryonic symmetry. This side is anti-fundamental, anti-fundamental, and baryonic charge minus one. This exactly fits the spectrum of Q, AI, and Q twiddle, IA, right?  Right, so I still have five minutes to go to complete the description. So why have I been doing this? This is to understand the duality of Lagrangian gauge theory. But as an intermediate step, let's just consider this duality, so now you know how to read off the matter content. This side is TN theory. This part gives you SUN gauge group. This part I just show you gives you N flavors, right? And this length controls the coupling constant, makes this very strong, goes to the dual frame, you get TN theory, coupled to dual SUN, coupled to NF equals N. Good, we still have nice self-dual behavior of this mixed Lagrangian, Lagrangian, non-Lagrangian QFT, but that's not the final goal. Our final goal was that we want to make this part also this type of puncture, so that this becomes another in quark fields. So to see that, to analyze that, you need to close this too. But the problem is we haven't analyzed this type of fully punctured sphere with two partially closed punctures yet, so we need to know exactly what this is. But the good thing is that we already know this part is a Lagrangian theory. Therefore, we can just do something similar to what I did in the case of SU2 to see exactly what is going on. So let's do that. So this part is QA, I and Q2, AI, and let's say this guy carries A index, and this guy carries I index, right? So we need to give mu plus, again, VEV. Mu plus is QAI, QB, thread line, let's see, say. And we need to give a VEV of this form, ah, which is written here. One way to give this VEV is just to take this itself to be Q twiddle IB, and QAI to be this, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, so this has n minus two columns and this is two, this is two, this is n minus two. So if we do that, mu multiplied in the opposite order, contracting A instead, IJ, sorry, contracting A, so in the opposite order becomes this. So this is a puncture, I mean, VEV of this form, n minus two, one, one. So what happens is that if you partially close this puncture, sorry, partially close this puncture, sorry, I'm completing. This is the A index and I'm giving I index, sorry, I index is SUN gauge. So this means that I index is broken by this VEV. So SUN gauge is broken to the subgroup which commutes with this, which is SU two. So because of this, this SUN is broken to SU two here. And this puncture is no longer full, but this is closed by two that type. And again, you need to carefully count how many multiplets are eaten and how many number goal storm modes needs to be split. But what happens is that only NF equals one of SU two remains. So that's the outcome of this analysis. Sorry for getting over time. But the final answer is that if you start from this SUN with two N flavors, this is dual to, I don't know, some other punctures of this type, couple via SU two gauge theory to one doublet. So this is the dual frame you finally find. This is very complicated. So not all strong coupleness disappear. You still have this funny object remaining, but this is the fact of life. You cannot get any easier. So the final minus two minutes, let's just consider N equals three case. So in this case, this part becomes one, one, one. So what is a puncture closed by this one, one, one? One, one, one corresponds to Jordan block of size one. This means it's just zero. So in this particular case, you are not doing anything. So closure by one, one, one, one, one means you do nothing. So this is T three theory itself, which is a Minahan-Nemechansky's theory of E six. So in that case, SU three with six flavors is dual to Minahan-Nemechansky's E six, couple to SU two gauge theory, couple to one doublet, which is what Argyres and Zeibach found in 2007, which inspired the Davide to come up with the general method to do this analysis. So that was what I wanted to say today. Thank you very much.


Kde Bardi forward for Spakta Mosco and Senegal may be suspended from the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar as a result of violating anti-doping screening protocol while playing for his former Syria R club Kagliari after spending a season with a Syria R team in Kagliari Bardi 27 recently transferred to Spakta Mosco on a free summer transfer. The national anti-doping tribunal has given him a 90-day suspension for breaking the rules of an anti-doping screening after Kagliari's 5-1 loss to Indonesia on April 3, 2022 as Tadio Frioli after the screening was eventually completed. However, no prohibited substances were discovered in Bardi's system because the prohibition only applies to the protocol violation. The prohibition will be in effect until December 5 or roughly two weeks after the 2022 FIFA World Cup begins and up until that point the former Inter Milan Sampdoria Monaco forward will not play in any football competitions. In Forza Appearances for Senegal Bardi, his six goals he played a key role in the Terango Lions victory at the post-pon 2021 Africa Cup of Nations which was held in Cameroon in February 2022.


I think there's a lot of opportunities here at the university. One of the things I love about it is that I can feel the big school aspects and the small school aspects. There's the opportunities to come with a large campus and a lot of resources, but then there's also a way to make it your own and to get connected in a smaller community. So I think that's one of the things Alabama offers that I didn't find anywhere else. And I've talked to a lot of students that are concerned about the volume of students here and if they'll just get lost in that volume, but that's just not the case and there's so many ways to find your niche and plug into that as well as have the resources and the benefits that the university can offer on a larger scale. So I'm involved in the STEM path to the MBA. I think it's smart to have going into any field to have the business knowledge in the background, especially in the medical world. If I want to start my own practice, having a business background is important. So I like to diversify what I'm doing and get to learn more about the business world as I also pursue medicine.


Hi everybody, Joe for JaspysCaseBreaks.com. We did it. We knocked out that 4 box break of 2020 Panini Immaculate Baseball. Random team break number 11. First half of a fresh case. 30 spots. Everyone gets a random team in the MLB. Obviously, everything shifts. Big thanks to the people who bought their spots straight up. Thanks. Congrats again to the winners of spots. Thanks for taking the risk in those fillers. Thanks to the teams for existing. Without you, we cannot do these group breaks. Let's roll it. Let's randomize names and teams. Five and a one. Six times. One, two, three, four, five, and a one. Six and a five. Kevin down to Harry after six. Five and a one. Six times. Four of the teams. One, two, three, four, five, and a one. Six and final time. Rangers down to the Oakland A's. All right, Kevin. You got the Texas Rangers. Sean O with the Reds. Mike with the Angels. Rex with the Pirates. Martin with the Twins. Daniel with the Yankees. Eric with the Cardinals. Steve with the Braves. Kevin with the Spot you won. The Rockies. Sean with the Phillies. Daniel with the Nationals. All with the spots they won. Elliot with the Dimebacks. Kevin with the Rays. Martin with the O's. Kevin with the Astros. Daniel with the Mariners. Sean with the Tigers. Rosario with the White Sox. Sean with the Padres. Martin with the Cubbies. Gary with my Dodgers. Sean with the Giants. Mike with the Royals. Rex with the Marlins. Daniel with the Blue Jays. Tony with the Mets. Ryan with the Brew Crew. Martin with the Indians. Daniel with the Red Sox and Harry with the Oakland A's. Let's sort alphabetically by team. I'm going to flip away from the screen just for a second while we see which half of this case we're about to do. There's 2020 Immaculate Baseball. Fresh Case. Let's pop this open. And there's four boxes on the left side. Four boxes on the right side.  We'll select that one over there. One, two, three for the left side. Four, five, six for the right side. And it's two. Left side. So the right side we are going to save, so this is break, what, 11? This is the right side we're going to save for random team 12. All right, so you can kind of see my chicken scratch there. Random team 12, which I'm sure we'll knock out at some point tomorrow. All right. Let's pause the video. When we come back, we're going to see if there's any trades. Then we'll have the break stick around. All right, trade window closed. No deals were done. So the list right here remains the same. Hot off the presses. Thanks everybody for making this happen. Appreciate it. Good luck, box one. All right, we'll use that blank card right there to slow play some of the hits. Good luck, everybody. We're going to lead off with Johnny Cueto, 45 out of 49 for the Giants. That'll be for Sean Ope. It was not me that hit the bell. The 130 toplers wanted to hit it. Next up is a four out of five, Chris Bryan. A bit of the Cubs logo right there. Where does he end up? Last day of the trading deadline. Last minute even could be pretty exciting. Martin with the Cubbies. Four out of five. Because the train was, maybe those toplers were anticipating this. All aboard the Big Hit Express. 27 out of 49, Tress Barrera. Three color patch and on-card autograph heading out to Daniel Katz and the Nats. We're on to Cincinnati. 40 out of 49, Jersey and autograph Aristides Aquino. Nice monochrome, silver ink autograph right on the eye black. I think that looks really sharp. That'll be for Sean O and the red legs. Adbert Alzolay. Another cubby, 59 out of 99. Part of the future of the Cubs. Martin. God randomized the Cubs. And we got a Dylan Cease. Another nice patch. 11 out of 25. From the north side, we're going to the south side. Rosario and the White Sox. All right, first box in the books. Next box. Got some Olympics action in the background. What are we walking here? Women's volleyball? United States? USA. All right, James Paxton. 21 out of 49.  For the Yankees, that's going to go out to Daniel Katz. We got a nice quad relic here. Wow. Nolan Ryan, Randy Johnson, Roger Clemens and Tom Siever. 10 out of 20. That's a, that's a randomizer between the Rangers. Kevin is involved between the Mariners. Daniel Katz is involved. Boston. That will be Daniel Katz and the Metz. Tony. He's got a shot at this too. Good luck. We'll randomize that at the end. There's Tres Brera again. Jersey and autograph 69 and 73. Daniel Katz and the Nats. Oh, okay, Jason. Thanks. Jersey and autograph 36 out of 99. Kyle Lewis. That's for Seattle. That's for Daniel. Rookie, Jersey and Otto. Ooh, this is nice too. One out of five. Dun, dun, dun, dun. Justin Dunn. One out of five for Seattle and Daniel Katz. Nice. And out of fives and under. Get the train whistle. Daniel all aboard. Woo-hoo. Nice patch. Jesus Lizardo. 18 out of 25. Some really nice patches popping out of this immaculate. This goes to Harry and the Oakland A's. All right, we are halfway through this half case break. Got a blockchain car on the bottom. We got a plate right there possibly in an autograph spot. Interesting. The blockchain is Trent Grisham. Trent Grisham. That's got to be Padres. Trent Grisham, right? Yeah, Padres. All right, Jorge Soler, 44 out of 99. KC. Mike Jean with the Royals. Nice laundry tag. Brandon Lau, one out of five. That's another train whistle. This time for Kevin and the Rays. Kevin. All aboard the Big Hit Express. Five out of 49.  That's a cool looking patch there too. That's Michael King. Two innings, no earned runs in his debut. Nice silver ink autograph. Another Yankee. Another Yankee for Daniel. The plate is an auto. Nice gold ink auto. Is that Billy Williams for the Cubs? Yeah.  His gold ink autograph. Old school Billy Williams. Martin and the Chicago Cubs. One of one. Martin. All aboard the Big Hit Express. A lot of train whistles in this break. There's Davie Gruyon, 58 out of 73. Patch an autograph. Phillies. Sean with the Philadelphia Phillies. We've got Sam Hilliard, 44 out of 99. Three colored jersey and auto for the Rocks. Kevin and the Rockies. Last box coming up. This is Random Team 11. Second half of the case is in the store, jaspyscasebreaks.com. A bit of dust there. Fuzz. Kirsch. Clayton Kirschos, 90 out of 99 for my Dodgers. Gary with the Dodgers. He's making his way back from the IL. Left arm, left forearm tightness. It's always kind of scary, but he should be back on track. They're not going to rush him. Bryce Harper, 32 out of 49.  Going to Sean and the Phillies. We've got Brewstar Gratterall. Three colored patch an autograph. 27 out of 51. Rookie patch an autograph. He's currently a Dodger, but this is twins edition. This is for Martin in Minnesota. We've got a prospect autograph. Nice Joe Adele. I think he's been raking in the minors. 56 out of 99. Struggled last year, but raking in like AAA I think. So he should be up before you know it and maybe a regular player sooner rather than later. Mike Krasinski won the Angels. This is one of their, this is like their number one prospect. Won the Angels or got the, won his spot in a filler break. Got randomized the Angels rewarded with the Joe Adele patch auto. Couple more to go. We've got Zach Collins. Another train whistle, triple relic, an autograph. Five out of five. Rosario and the White Sox. Rosario also won this spot. Got randomized the shy socks. Gets a train whistle. All aboard. The big hit express. Woo boo. Gotta save these for the national. And the last one is Trent Grisham. 19 out of 25 for the San Diego Padres. The Friars. Sean O'Leary with the Friars. Thanks everybody for getting in, for making this break happen. I appreciate it. Let's see what's going to happen here. Let's go get some new dice. Let's go to a blank list. We got Texas. We got Seattle. We got Boston and we got the New York Mets Tom Seaver. No other randomizers, right? No, no other ones. Team on top gets it after one and a four, five times. One, two, three, four, and once more, fifth and final time. After five, it's the New York Mets on top. That's Tony Covert. Tony, I didn't call your name out very often this break, or if at all, but get that quad relic. Thanks everybody. I'm Joe for JasperJaspy's casebreaks.com. Thanks for watching. Thanks for breaking with us, and I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye-bye.


Hey everyone, this is Gabrielle with Oxford Undergroup. So today I'm here at Oxford Toyota. I have Chuck here with me I guess now Chuck's gonna go over a couple things. This is the 2019. It's a Toyota Tacoma TRD pro And it's in this beautiful voodoo blue color. Yes So Jack if you just want to tell everybody a little bit about this vehicle, that would be awesome Yeah, so they brought the voodoo blue color back It's been a couple years since we've had this on our vehicles brand new now on the 2019 TRD pro now this comes standard with Toyota Safety Sense P So you get pre-collision pedestrian detection automatic high beams lane departure all that cool stuff You've got a quarter-inch skin plate down here, but these cars are meant for off-roading. You're supposed to take these off-road They're extremely capable very durable. They've got new Fox suspension down here if you can see Red coils down there and then also they build they call this the desert air intake and homage to the Baja races We're the TRD Pro does so well But what this is it's an air intake usually air intakes here in the wheel well But if you're in a dusty deserty, you know sandy and even around here I mean it gets dusty dirty what this does is it's a cleaner air intake for your engine So your filters don't get jammed up and your engine on already one of the most durable reliable, you know vehicles out there This is gonna operate cleaner and hopefully maintain that engine So it's not gonna get as much wear and tear the last lot longer again. This is already a highly reliable truck It's got the best residual value out there, and then this is just another thing and it looks cool, too It looks like you're on a going on a safari But all kinds of great comfort features in here heated leather seats and then you've got crawl control You've got multi-terrain select in here as well Obviously four-wheel drive this thing is just a beast off-road a lot of fun And then also you got this great blacked-out Muffler right here the TRD Pro wheels with the Goodyear Wrangler tires these are Kevlar reinforced so you can take them out there beat them up This thing's meant to get dirty. You're awesome. All right. Thanks so much All right, you guys if you have any questions on this vehicle, please feel free to let us know now The best one or you can reach us on is five zero two two one four seven zero eight five You can also visit our website. It's oxmertswayota.com and I'll have a link to this Vehicle that we just went over in the comments below. So thanks you guys and we'll see y'all soon


Let freedom ring and if America is to be a great nation, this must become true, so let freedom ring. Freedom is not a cry uttered only once. It's an ongoing anthem passed down from generation to generation. Freedom is the bell and we must be its echo. This is why we march. This is why we protest.  We are embodying the echo of freedom, reminding ourselves in every generation to come that we are not alone. This cry for freedom will find resonance on lunch counters and in freedom schools, at our dinner tables and in our living rooms, from our pulpits and in our Golden Globes acceptance speeches. Gil Scott Herron was right. The revolution won't be televised. It will be embodied, enacted, experienced, an echo from the past, heard in the present and felt in the future. Let freedom ring.


Hey guys, welcome back to my channel. It's Drew here from Lone Fox and I'm with a super special sister James. Hey kitty girls. This is James. You all know James, but he just moved into a brand new house Which if you guys have not seen he has a whole house tour on his channel. It's so good. It's so fresh. It's beefy It's really nice of us. It's nice and good. I'm trying to convince Drew to move in but he won't So yeah, everybody comment down below and tell Drew that he needs to move into it with me Hello. Everyone comment down below and tell Drew that he needs to move in with me right now I'm here basically every single day. So I essentially already live here kitty girl But James had a couple of DIY projects that he wanted me to do for his bedroom because he showed me this photo And he's like, how do I get this quilt like how do I get this house like let's just make it love a DIY project Honestly, it's kind of fun. So James is actually working on a very special project this week And I'm just at his house while he's not even here and I'm DIYing things for his room I think you guys are gonna really like them We're doing DIY some stuff for James's bedroom and I think we should just get started. Yeah, probably should probably should So the reference for that James supplied me with is this one from Pinterest. It looks like this I'll put it on the screen for you guys so you get a better view of what it actually looks like But he actually has the same exact by the frame we ordered it from The same photo like we were able to find it online through a couple of links But he also really wants this quilt on the bed that has different like a monochromatic patterns on top of it So that is what I'm going to attempt to DIY today have all the supplies over there They were actually pretty affordable It was like $40 for all the fabric and then I'm using an IKEA comforter So honestly not too bad for like a handmade quilt I don't think it's gonna be too hard But I've also never quilted before so we'll see exactly how this goes But I do know that he wants it to be pretty similar to this photo with the first section at the bottom section Actually being like a lighter color on the left side and a darker color on the right side So I'm gonna start up with those two sections and then work my way up So I'm just creating some blocks of patterns using the fabrics that I got Sewing them all together and then I'm going to in the end sew it to the actual Comforter itself, and if you guys are curious, this is the gruzz Ballad whatever that is so I am placing one of my fabrics in the bottom left hand corner I'm starting off with this light polka dot pattern And I knew I wanted this to be in the bottom left corner based on that reference photo I showed at the beginning and all I'm doing is doing a tiny little slit where I want it to end and of course Just ripping the fabric all you have to do to cut a fabric like this a simple cotton like quilting fabric is do a tiny Little cut at the start of the fabric and you could rip it and it will rip in a perfect line Which is so nice because we actually don't have to do any straight cutting or anything And I'm doing the same thing with this black fabric as well Just creating the second panel that's going to be attached at the bottom And then next you're going to want to pin the pattern sides together So make sure the pattern sides are facing each other and then you're going to use just a couple of sewing pins Just to pin them and I highly do suggest using pins when quilting because it's just going to hold everything together and make your life So much easier and then I ran a simple straight stitch across the entire length of that fabric Just to conjoin both those two fabric panels at the bottom together And that is simply going to create your first paneled section at the bottom of this quilt And since we're using such large chunks this quilt goes pretty easy So next what i'm doing is taking a couple other fabrics cutting them to size just by simply creating a little cut to initially start And then ripping the rest of the fabric There really is no rhyme or reason to the placement of your fabrics either you can really put them wherever you want But just because I thought it was more placing to the eye I tried to make sure that wherever there was a light fabric I encompassed it or put around it a dark fabric just so you can really see the edges as you can see here Those edges are very prominent the lights and the darks really make that a prominent feature So what i'm now doing is just pinning this nice white fabric to the middle section Which is a little bit of a darker one and then i'm going to go ahead and run the sewing machine And now we're going to have two large strips, which we're going to sew into one big chunk So i'm going down the entire length of the quilt and pinning it Make sure like so much easier I swear and then sewing down the entire length which is going to create our first large chunk Section of the quilt which is going to take about half of the quilt And then I kind of just repeated it for the top section I just cut squares and pieced them together into sort of like a patchwork shape and sewed them all together There really are no measurements I can give you because it was so random how I did it Which I think made it so much easier as opposed to measuring James is looking so fresh now Look so old Yeah, and this one's going to go on the edge here to give a little long piece Me too love anything long honestly. Yes Checking in with a little vlog update. Um, it's about two hours Maybe two and a half hours after I started and I finished the entire patch working of this quilt here And it's completely done all I have to do now is actually sew it to the comfort I showed you guys at the beginning all I did was make sure that the actual like sewn fabric portion was larger than this That way when I sew it on here, I can just cut off the excess of course So that's all I did. There's some random little overhanging edges But now all I need to do is sew it to the comforter and that is the completed quilt All that I did to actually sew the large quilted panel that we created to the comforter was fold the excess from the Quilted panel underneath and then I pinned it to the comforter So that way the excess fabric is kind of sandwiched in between the top panel Which is going to be showing the pretty side and then the comforter So the excess fabrics on the inside of here So I'm folding it under and then pinning it directly to the edge And I made sure to use about 200 pins around the whole quilt just to get that edge really really nice and secure That way when I go and sew it, I can sew right along the edge as close as I can get it And it's going to fasten that panel to the actual comforter But it's also going to look really nice and clean and yeah, that basically finishes the quilt I knew I also wanted to create a really fun graphic pillow So I used a white pillow some yarn needles a pen and ruler and I started off by just removing the pillow from the pillowcase And then I went into just using my pen and ruler to do some dot placements This is just going to help me when I'm actually sewing the pillow So how I did mine was made all the stitches that are on the front side that you actually visibly see They're three inches long and in between is a one and a half inch gap In both directions. So from the left and the right and the top and the bottom There's a one and a half inch gap and I just mapped that out across the entire pillow And then what I did was just used a little bit of the yarn and put it through this wide hole needle And just sewed it so using those reference points you sew up through the back I tied a little knot just so that that fat or that yarn would not slip through the hole And then I sewed it down through the next hole and that is going to create that three inch stitch on the front That's going to act sort of as the first line in our line work embroidery pillow And this pillow went so quick to make I probably made it in 15 minutes But I do think it's really graphic and kind of statement at the same time which I really love So you're just going to go in and out of the pillow and just stitch across the entire thing As you can see here, it's pretty easy and the stitches are super wide So it's nothing very complicated at all and you can mix up the colors if you wanted to You can totally experiment and do whatever you would like or even change up the pattern Maybe do some plus signs or put some lines in the opposite direction Whatever you want to do once you are completely finished All you're going to do is tie off the yarn on the opposite side and then restuff your pillow And you have your brand new completed decorative throw pillow that is graphic and stunning Going back to the inspiration photo that I first showed you guys I think I'm also going to create one of these hanging plants for his room because I think it would look really great just hanging from the actual beam here So the supplies I used to create that were both an Ikea hanging plant and an Ikea basket And then some black string and scissors So what I first started off by doing was cutting eight One-yard lengths of string So I cut eight three-foot pieces of the black string And then once you have all of those completely cut You're going to tie a knot at the bottom and then piece them out into two strands section So you're going to kind of have a plus sign on the top of your little thing here And then I've done this tutorial multiple times before so honestly if you guys You've probably seen this a couple times on my channel But I just wanted to put it in here because it did fit with the theme And what I'm just going to do is just create some knots About two inches down from our initial knot on all four strands there And then you're going to split the strands in half after the knot And you're going to do the same thing So you're going to create knots with the pieces from the left side and the right side It's kind of hard to talk about like I really don't know how to make it anymore Simple than what I'm talking about But you're just going to take one strand from the right knot One strand from the left knot and then create a new knot with them And then slip your basket in there And that's how you create it hang it up and you are good to go Look how good and fresh this quilt is James how do you like your quilt? I know a good kitty quilt for you Made it handmade DIY You guys and the edge turned out so good Look how good this looks I love how my best friend is the most talented It literally looks like we bought it It really does I love how he does He loves everything I really do My hair literally matches this entire bedding So guys that was everything in this little DIY video I know that the second two projects weren't as involved as the first one But I really was just going to actually do the first one in this video And only do the quilt But then I decided just to add the extra two Just because I was going to create them anyway So I figured I might as well film them and add them in So I hope you did enjoy the three projects that I created in this video And if you did definitely give this video a thumbs up And make sure to check out James's channel He already has his house tour already up But he hasn't done the finished house tour So you're gonna be seeing all of this in the finished one Whenever that goes up I'm not sure when If you'd like to see any more videos with sister James here on the channel Let me know in the comment section below And don't forget to follow on Instagram at lonefoxhome And I will catch you guys all in the next one Have an amazing day Bye guys


So, I'm Alex van der Sonde and I want to talk about the big UX problems. And I think UX is, it's important to talk about UX because UX is as important as scalability. There's no point in having a blockchain that can handle a billion transactions if your apps can't reach half a billion users, right? So that's why it's so important to pay attention to that.  I founded startups, failed at most of them, and we learn a lot of metrics that we keep our eyes on when we are in the startup world. Things like the K-Factor, Virality, SEO, and we don't talk about those here because it seems that we sort of work in a different level, right? Those rules don't apply to us. But that's not true, right? We are in the same game and we need to pay attention to things like this. This is the equation that I used to spend my days looking at. It's basically, it's also called the K-Factor and it's a virality measure. Basically, what you're doing is every time your user is exposed to your app in any way, there's a chance that they might actually pay attention. If they do, there's a chance that they might want to sign up. There's a chance that they might complete the sign up process, that they might download the app, and after a bunch of steps, they might share some content to, let's say, 10 or 30 friends. Here's the basic thing. Multiply all those factors. If it's above one, then your app is going to go to exponential growth. If it's slightly below one, then your app is dying, and paying attention to that is the life or death of your app, because for every user, you're losing more users, and it means that you need to put more money to attract more users, and that doesn't work. How does it work for Ethereum apps? For any Ethereum app, it looks terrible. It looks something like this, where you go, oh, a CryptoKitty, that's interesting, and then the user has to go into a whole rabbit hole, where they need to read a quick Wikipedia for Ethereum, and at some point, they are taking a selfie with their passport so they can get a Coinbase account so that they can get validated in three months. That's crazy.  It's not like 0.9, which is bad, it's zero. We've had more ICOs last year than we have more daily active users anywhere, and that's sort of the point. The point is that if you want to pay, the point is if you want to reach something else than like us, the tech enthusiasts, those who go to tech conferences, we need to reach normal people. I'm not getting the thing here, but it's going there, right? And what do normal people want? Normal people, they don't like average users, the medical average users, they don't care about Ether, they don't care about your token, your ICO, your Kiosk, they just want a username, they just want to use an email, if they're going to buy something, why can't they use a credit card? They don't understand why they can't use a credit card. And here's another thing. Your users sort of expect to be able to use multiple devices with the same account. And that's something he takes for granted, and it's super hard for us to do. How do we solve that problem? First attempt we tried is every time you download a new app, you create a new account, you write down a new seed phrase, you have to move Ether to it, and if you want to use the same account, let's say, and then you install it in your iPad, and then you have to do the same process and pay to make the transaction so you can use both your iPad on your, it's crazy. And then we move to a even worse solution, which is let's type your private key everywhere. Oh, it's here. And I mean, there are bad solutions. There are solutions that are so bad that they create a scam industry so big that Elon Musk goes on Twitter and complains about it. And I'm very happy that we are sort of getting out of this phase where we ask people to type their private key or the seed phrase in order to log into the app. But we are going into, I'm seeing like a few other startups are trying to solve the problem with a wonderful interface, with a username, an email, you go to the server, it's super slick, it's beautiful, and I bet there are a few people like in this room that are working on that solution right now. And if you are, please stop because if you succeed, here's the thing, if you succeed doing that, we all fail. Because I'm not building, we are not talking about decentralization for you to build the next Facebook Connect. Because that's what I'm describing is just Facebook Connect for Ethereum, where you keep all the private data with them. And like, we cannot accept that. Like, we don't want that to be the future. And I think we can do better. And how I think we can do better is this thing I'm calling universal against. It's not a single service, it's not a single website, it's an architecture that I hope a lot of, that any app can introduce. And here how it looks, this is all like live code running, I'm just recording it just because it's easier. But the idea is that it's just like a website where you click and you type your name. That's all you need to do. And I even like show you multiple user names that you can pick, sort of like you can pick multiple emails. And when you do, you're logged in. And here's a nice thing. When you're logged in, I'm giving you stuff. I create some tokens, I'm giving you tokens. The idea being it's gamification, another word we don't use a lot. The idea being that every time you do something, a few actions will cost tokens, other actions will get you tokens. So you're incentivizing the user to do the right things.  And here's the app. The app, you can see the token is called click. And I'm just, it's just a single, there's a header and there's a single button. And that button is tied to a smart contract. When you click that button, it costs you one token, exactly one token, forget gas freeze and et cetera. It just costs you one token. And when you click it, you can see that your name is down there on a list of people who press the button. The app does nothing. You just click it and it says you click the button. But the interesting thing is that you just interacted with a smart contract the first time on a normal browser without having to download anything to sign up anything.  Okay. But it sounds weird, Alex. There's no password. There's no nothing. How do I even like sign up with an iPhone, let's say? Here's how you do it. You just type your name. What's your, like you say, look, I'm Bob. And the nice thing is that once I can detect that you are Bob, I can see, look, Bob already exists. So instead of creating a new username, I'm going to connect you with Bob. And when you click connect to you with Bob, I will receive a push notification on my browser and I'm going to click there and say, yeah, that's me. That the person that was trying to connect on an iPhone, on this IP, on that time, that's me. You can accept it. What happens is that both your devices will be synchronized. And you'll be able to see soon that on the top there, there's like your, oh, yeah. And you just get more tokens because you added a new device. And you can see it's the same address, the same icon, because from the point of view of the app, you are using the same material account. And whatever you do in one side, it will reflect to the other, right? So if I click on the phone, it will click on the desktop. If I click on the desktop, it clicks on the phone. And here's another thing. The phone itself is not a master key. I'm not doing this thing where you do something on the desktop and then you have to approve in your master phone device. No, every device you add, every new app you add, can be an approval or a signer for the other apps. Which is already great because you can have multiple devices, multiple apps, everyone using the same username. But what if I lose all my devices? Well, if you lose all your devices, we can do something extra where I can create a new code for you. I'm not just going to go very quickly. The idea is just you click and generate some codes on the browser. I'm not actually backing up the keys. I'm just generating new codes on the browser, which you'll be able to use. That's the code. You can print it and then maybe cut them out. Keep them one year safe, one in your mom's house, the other if you're a lawyer. I don't know, maybe laminate them if you want. But the idea being, if you lose all your devices, you can still have access to it via the recovery code, which is sort of very easy. And how do you sort of, same, when you click the backup code, we have this three-step security thing where every time you do something you like, you get more tokens. And bling, you just got your latest thing checked out so you're super safe. How do you do the recovery then? Just same thing. Let's say you lost all your tokens. Go on the website, type I am Bob. And instead of clicking Connect, notice that there is a Recover button. On the Recover button, you just type one of those codes. And I'm actually typing it instead of just copy-pasting it to show you it's not something as complex that you need to actually have a QR code or a digital file. It's something that you can actually write. You might be able to remember it because it sounds like a Star Wars planet. But it's not memorable, but it's writable. You can write that down in a piece of paper somewhere. And when you do, you're logged in. Notice something that I was able to log in in multiple devices. I have a paper wallet. I have shown you a bunch of stuff. Here are the things I did not show you. No mention of Ether, no hack strings, no passwords, no QR codes, incremental security. It means that the first time the user logs into the app, he can immediately start playing with it. Only after some time some value has passed, I tell them, you should probably download a smartphone. Maybe after a few months, or maybe after they have a lot of value, maybe you encourage them to print and download the codes. And the user just deployed a modifactor self-sovereign smart contract with no identity. And they didn't even notice. The thing is, we are tricking users into using modisig. Modisig is a complicated, complex thing that only advanced developers do. And instead, I'm tricking them into using it without realizing. So what's the magic we are doing? The first thing is that every app has its own private key. Generate the private key, as we already do with apps. The difference here is that don't try to back it up. Don't try to take it out of the device. Don't keep any money or anything on that private key. Instead, use that private key to write, to sign a message telling a smart contract to do something. We call those messages meta transactions. We probably saw this word, you probably seen like this meta cartel thing going around. That's it. It's about a meta transaction is a sign message telling a smart contract to do something. And how do you do something if you don't have ether on that device? You have a relayer. Who's the relayer? Anyone with ether, an internet connection, can be a relayer. You can set a relayer for your app. You can create a decentralized relayer network on Whisper. The idea is that the relayer, someone who takes that message, pays the gas cost to publish it to the blockchain, and then the contract does something. But wait, why would someone pay that? Because the smart contract, because it's smart, can pay back the relayer. It can pay back even depending on how much ether, how much gas they spent. So what you're basically saying, signing messages, saying, look, I'm willing to pay, let's say, one die or three status tokens for someone to deploy that message for someone. And now anyone in the relayer network can look at that and say, hey, I think I can probably deploy that for less than that. So I'm taking that. I'm getting that money. If you need extra recovery keys, make an extra backup for it. Don't do a backup of that. Just do an extra one. The advantage being, because it's a smart contract, you can add conditions. Let's say you can only do a recovery key after the contract has been inactive. Or maybe you need to have five trusted friends who will be able to do a recovery. You can be creative on whatever you want to do because it's a smart contract that's doing the recovery. It's not about just recovering a single key. And we have something very cool also. They're called counterfactual contracts. I hate the name, but basically it's a deterministic contract address, which is the idea that you already have the contract address before you deploy it. That means that you can already send funds to it. You can send tokens or ether to the contract address before you deploy it. It means that you can pretend for your users that his account is live until they pay it, and then you deploy the contract. And because it works on multiple chains, you can deploy it on a test net or on a side chain and only move it to the main chain after the user has passed some sort of tree showed. I'm still looking for a better name for that. So another cool thing, authorization terms per key. Not every key is the same. Not every key is as safe as the other. Browser keys are not as safe as other keys. So one of the things you can do is that some keys can add transactions. Other keys cannot add transactions, things like that. It's better for users. It's better for apps, because every time you install a new app, you have more security, and you have cross compatible user names. Users don't need ether, and that means you can have more open business models. For instance, you can have a subscription model where the user just goes in and you pay his transaction for free. And then you just ask, you have a credit card system where you just charge them five months per day. So we have less than five minutes. So yeah, we had a very quick thing here, but I think we are going to, OK, can you do it in two minutes? OK, just two minutes. Wanted to show you how simple the API we build is. So to start using universal logins, all you need to do is to create SDK. SDK has just two parameters, the address of Relayer and the address of the Web Free Note. Then it just one command to create an identity. You just specify the name of the identity, ENS name of the identity, and you have a private key and identity address as a return. And bam, you can send your transaction, which looks pretty much the same as any Tune transaction with this extra gas token parameter. So we can say, pay in something else then. Either Anna, I think we're running out of time. Thank you very much. OK, now here's the thing. I don't want here for us to build the best on-boarding experience on the Web. I think we can use the Ethereum technology to build the best on-boarding experience anywhere because there's no passwords and you are in control of your own identity. You are in control of your own funds, which is something we don't find in Facebook. As a final thing, I would like to thank the Keating Community Fund on fPrize. They have a generous grant that has made this work possible. And of course, the Tune Foundation has been supporting all the crazy stuff I do. Thank you. Thank you, Anna.


Feed and Forage Biosciences Program. Poor quality feed and fluctuating feed supplies with seasonal feed shortages are the major constraints to increase in livestock productivity in many developing countries. Recognising the potential benefits that improve feed resources can bring to increase in livestock productivity, the ILRI Strategy identified feed resources as one of the thematic priority areas for ILRI research. Selection and improvement of feeds and forages can be enhanced by use of genomic tools. This program focuses on the conservation and use of forage diversity and aims to apply genetics and genomic tools to feed and forage improvement to increase feed supply for smallholder farmers. Success will be seen in better adapted disease tolerant improved feed and forage lines that are available to smallholder farmers to increase livestock productivity. While the strength of the program is currently the diverse forage collection that forms the basis for forage selection and improvement, many of the resources are used to support the gene bank service function to supply germplasm to forage research and development programs. Several of the most important forage species in the collection have already been phenotype for production and nutritional value traits, providing the opportunity to have quick wins by applying cutting edge genomics to forage improvement. The program has few staff. Although this constrains our activities, it does mean that nearly all our research is done in collaboration with other projects and programs inside ILRI. There are many opportunities for collaboration with other ILRI programs, many of which are already ongoing. These opportunities centre around two areas. Building a dynamic program around feed and forage biosciences and the delivery and impact of improved feeds in mixed crop livestock smallholder systems. Collaborations include with animal biosciences for material storage and data management, use of genetics, DNA technologies and genomic methods for trait identification and feed improvement. With Becca on the project looking at Bracaria and reintroducing new lines back into smallholder systems and use of their genotyping platform. With ASSP lives and Africa rising on targeting and selecting forages for production systems. With livelihoods, gender and impact on the impact assessment of the forage gene bank and seed unit. With livestock systems and environment on the use of forages for NRM and climate smart agriculture. Looking to the future, Chris Jones will join as program leader in late July and although not able to join virtually this week because of other commitments, he shared his ideas with us on the future direction of this program. His vision for the development of the program focuses on five areas. Understanding target traits needed by smallholders in livestock systems, taking into account plant, animal and environmental perspectives. Developing appropriate solutions for these smallholders and systems by using traditional knowledge coupled with new technologies to improve feeds. Valuing use of forage germplasm which is key to any improvement program but requires continuous investment. Developing improved phenotyping capabilities to capture genetic potential at both the whole plant and the molecular level. And leverage in the global size community we need to communicate and collaborate. This is what this IPM is all about. Thank you.


Time Geography, Time Geography or Time Space Geography is an evolving transdisciplinary perspective on spatial and temporal processes and events such as social interaction, ecological interaction, social and environmental change, and biographies of individuals. Time Geography is not a subject area per Southeast but rather an integrative ontological framework and visual language in which space and time are basic dimensions of analysis of dynamic processes. Time Geography was originally developed by human geographers, but today it is applied in multiple fields related to transportation, regional planning, geography, anthropology, time use research, ecology, environmental science, and public health. According to Swedish geographer Bo Lentrop, it is a basic approach and every researcher can connect it to theoretical considerations in her or his own way.