Good afternoon and we are off to go. Remember, I'm going to be mute most of the time. I will talk about moving to the next question and I will also guide you in terms of the discussions. Most of the things I need you to be able to have those conversations amongst yourselves because you did go through the question paper. And with that being said, let us begin looking at question number one and this is one of those questions where I will edge to have multiple voices not only one person answering the question but as many people because it says in your own words explain the role of research in the field of industrial psychology. So yeah, I expect everyone to be able to give an answer which might not be the same as the next person. So in your own words, how would you describe this? Anyone? I thought it's going to be awkward if you guys don't talk because most of these things or most of these questions you should have gone through them by yourself. Hi, let me give it a try. Yes, you can go. I would say industrial organizational psychology. It mainly focuses on on developing the processes like HR uses it on the processes of how to improve their procedures or processes of firing, training and how they would retain employees. They use it to close the gaps when they do their analysis on on their processes, the the existing processes and they also use it to on their surveys when they want to do the comparison with other organizations and the dynamics of the workplace. They also use it they also use it to to assess the how various departments within their organizations are performing and whether whatever job that they are doing is it giving them satisfaction and how can HR intervene in improving job performance and job satisfaction? Nicely explained, yes. Remember it's also for max. You can keep it to a level of three or four points that you want. You want to also explain the role of research. Don't explain what industrial psychology is, explain the role of research in industrial psychology. So your sentence will need to start the role of research in industrial psychology is two, one, two, three, four, five. Okay, you said it nicely. Anyone who wants to give another perspective in terms of what the role of research is? Research is simply a process of answering questions. In research you collect data or it is a systematic process that involves collecting, analyzing and interpreting information or data and in order to increase our understanding of things that we are interested in or concerned about. If I may stop you right there and go back and say you are giving me a textbook explanation of what the research is. The question was explain the role of research in industrial psychology. That explanation of what research is converted to what will be the main role of research in industrial psychology. I would say maybe the main role is for us to analyze data. What kind of data? Is it to analyze the sales in an FMCG company? You need your explanation in relation to industrial psychology because the question was what is or explain and remember when it says explain it's a vocab that tells me that you need to be able to not only give a definition but also give some explanation and an example of what you are explaining about. Here they want to know what is the role. We know what research is about. Research is about collecting and analyzing data for decision-making. We know that in industrial psychology what will be the role of doing research? Why do we need to do research in industrial psychology? That's what they want you to say. Why do we need to do research in industrial psychology? Okay now I understand. Maybe since we know that it is what it is, in research in industrial, in IOP, it can be used. Supposed you since industrial psychology, organizational psychology, it deals with maybe the employment. You may collect data maybe for a process or for a job that is being advertised to see what kind of a person you need that you need to employ. Then when you have collected that data, everything that's all the qualities, the characteristics that you need for that person, then you can research on the person that you would want to employ. I can also guide you in terms of this question because the question didn't say explain what the research is. If you go to your study guide, I think on page 21, there is research in industrial psychology. If this kind of a question comes up in your exam, when they ask you what explain the role of industrial psychology, use one of those examples. When you explain the role of industrial psychology, why research is needed in industrial psychology? Why would you undertake research in industrial psychology? Use one of those to explain that. Don't put it as a blanket approach in terms of textbook definition because they want to see if you do understand why we do research in industrial psychology. I guess you're all getting an understanding of that. I'm saying sorry, what page? Okay, sorry. I'm looking at, in terms of the number on the, do I have your, let me see. Yeah, I think it's page three on your new study guide. If you use the navigation on the PDF, I think it's page, for me it says page 21. So it's page, number three is a three. Let me go there. Yes, it's three. Thank you. Is it three? Yes, it's three. I speak about the research in industrial psychology. Yes, so but now remember that your paper might not even ask you about the role. You need to also know how to answer the processes of industrial psychology and so forth. So you need to be able to understand all that if they ask you about the processes as well. So but depending on your exam question, but make sure that you know how to explain certain things with definition and then context then an example of what you mean by that. But don't use a general textbook answer when you're doing explanations. You can use them, but you need to also move to the one that the question that they are asking you as well. Okay, so now let's look at question number two. So it means for question one, your answers might be different because everyone will have the way they will understand what the research is and how they will interpret the role of research in industrial psychology and you can pick one of the examples. You don't have to give 10 examples. You just need to pick one. It's the question is for max one for explaining the role, giving it the context and then giving at least one example to show that you understand that role of research in industrial psychology. That will give you for max for doing that. Question two, you're given the survey of resource material for the module and the questionnaire was circulated where students were asked to indicate their preferences and the results are tabulated below. The question here for three marks, so it means every column will be a mark. Number one says complete the frequency distribution table that will include the frequency given. So they have already given you the frequencies. All they ask you is to expand the table. So probably you will have to redraw this table. Some reasons my plans are not working on this documentation. I just want to see if I can guess since I am unable to write on the document, I'm going to have to re-copy it. So you just need to extend the table and have because the question was, let's go back to the question, calculate the cumulative frequencies, percentage frequencies and cumulative percentages. So it means, yeah, you will have your percentage frequencies and you're going to extend your table as well and have cumulative frequencies and you will have the cumulative percentage. So how do you calculate the percentage frequencies? You take your frequency, you divide by total. I hope everybody has answered the question and it will be easier if we have the answers already. Okay, so it's 25 divided by 150. We're starting with cumulative frequency rate. Okay, we can start with cumulative frequency. I can change the values around. Okay, I got from the top going down from tutorial letter 101, I got 25, I'm not sure if I'm right. Yes. And then tutorial letter 201, I got 55. Okay. For tutorial web book 80, for study guide 115, 115. Oh, 115. Yes. And my initial tools 135. And then the last one, the prescribed book is 115. So this will be 25 plus 80 will give you 55, 55 plus 25 will give you 80, 80 plus 25 will give you 115, 115 plus 20 will give you 135, 115 plus 15 gives you 150. Yes. And the next column, you calculated? The next column, the first one, it's 16.7%. I rounded it off, it was 6.66. Is it the frequency, the percentage frequencies? Yes. The percentage frequencies. Oh, the method is 25 divided by 150 multiplied by 100, right? Yes. Yes. Okay, the next one is 20%. Yes, my lads. So 25 divided by 150 multiplied by 100, what did you get? For the 55, I got 20%. For the first one, I haven't written the first column. As kids, the first one is 16.7%. So you rounded it off? Yes. To one. If we rounded it off, then it will be 17%. Oh, okay. Yeah. And then the next one is 20%. Okay, the following. Did you guys wait? Yes. The next one is the same as the first one is 16 or 17%. Then the following one, 23.3 or 23%. Yes. And then the other one is 13%. And then the last one is 10%. When you combine them together, they give you 100%. So I'm guessing that's right. Yes. Okay. And then the cumulative percentage. Okay. This one is 17% the first one. The second one is 36.7, which is 37%. The next one is 53%. And then 76.7. So that's 77%. 77%. And then 90%. And the last one is 100%. Okay. So based on your information that is given here, you need to make sure that you understand what they're asking you to do. If they're asking you, if they give you a hint here and say leave your answers as two decimals, you need to make sure that you leave your answer as two decimals. If they ask you to leave it as an integer, you must leave it as an integer. If they didn't say it is up to you to either leave it as one decimal, two decimal and integer, but make sure that when you round it off or when you are doing the rounding off, you're rounding off correctly. Okay. Because I didn't read through what they asked you to do here. So if they do give you that to say put it as rounding off to two decimals, make sure that your answer is given in two decimals. So this is three marks. So it means every column, irregardless of whether you got most of it right or wrong, every column weighs one mark. So this will be one, one, one, and you will get your three marks. As long as when you complete this table for cumulative frequency, the total at the end where you get to the last row, it's equivalent to the total or the grand total of the number of records you have. And when you do your percentages, the overall total of your percentage should be 100% and in terms of the cumulative percentages, your last row of your records should also be 100% in corresponds to your total cumulative or your total percentages. Okay. So if you don't know how to complete this table, speak now or forever or your piece. I don't have this question paper. I was using the 2020 October November. I don't know how did I miss that? Now I'm so what is happening? I'm not sure. Oh, yeah, I got them lost. I took the one that they posted for us on Wednesday. Oh, okay. I thought we were using the October November 2020. And then your pen, it's not writing. Oh, yeah. He'll be drawing the table next and right, but it's not writing. You just see the red dots with nothing. Are you guys, you leave me like do all these things without saying it? But you can't leave me to continue writing without you seeing what I'm writing. What's wrong with you guys? I was writing because I'm lost. I don't have the question paper. I was writing, yeah. Thanks, man. Sorry. You guys are too well. I'm so sorry. About how many people are here? Hey, hold on. You can't even say anything.  Because you can't be saying it's been raising your hand, I see there's nothing that's happening. And I wrote on the chat as well. So just mute yourself and talk. Don't wait for me to share. And can you please also make sure that your videos are always off? Okay. Okay, so let's... I won't be able to contribute. Sorry because I made work but I'm listening. Yeah, but make sure that your video is off. Okay, no problem. 10 off your video, yes. Okay, so you guys... Let me see if I can... Because I think there is a permission thing around your document. That is why I cannot. I'm unable to write on it because of the permission. So it doesn't allow me to write on top of it. Just give me a second. Let me see if I can change that. I hope when I do that, it doesn't mess up the paper the way it is. Let's see. Okay, it didn't mess it up. Let me save it. Because I like writing on it so that I can also share back the answers with you on WhatsApp. So let's see. Now I can write on it. I can close there one and keep this one. Okay, so let's start again. Since you guys... You left me like that. So I'm going to start again here and redraw the table again. So you have the values. So you're just going to give me the answers. Since you all have the answers now. So we started with cumulative frequencies. And we said it's 25, 55, 80. Can someone help and call out the numbers? 1, 1, 5. 1, 1, 5. 1, 35. 1, 35. 1, 15. And 1, 15. Then we went on and we did there. Percentage frequencies. And that was? Yes. That is 17%. 20, 17, 23, 13, 13, and 10. And that was 100%. Yes.  And that was? 17, 37, 53. How is it 53? 37 plus 17 should be 50, 54. It's 33.3. Oh, it's because we rounded off that 36.7. And that should be 70. You can do the same thing as you did with the cumulative frequency. You just take 54 at 23. That will give you 77%. Let me see if we did do the same. Yes, we did do the same. It comes up to 77. We do it the wrong way. Yes. And this is 90%. And this is 100. And I've noticed that, yeah, we did it. Sorry. Yeah, we did it actually also wrong because you didn't round it off. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Okay. So that is question number two for three months. Okay. Now we should be able to do everything and we should be on the same path. Now, this question for six months, they are six grams. No, sorry, guys, before we move on. Yeah. No, man, there is something that I always find it difficult to determine around this thing. How do I go about, like, if we're given, like, what is it called, data? So how do I determine the frequency for such data? So for group data, remember, then it means you would have been given, like, numerical information. Yes. And the group or the way you see the study material, that would have been your class intervals. Yes. Yes. So what you do in terms of determining your frequency, you will say how many of the values that were given falls within that group. If it was 10 to 20, how many of the values that you are given falls within 10 and 20. And then you move to the next one. How many falls within that? And so you just make sure that you capture your frequencies relating to the class intervals or the group information. No, let's say, like, let's say, like, it's 10, it's 5 to 20, no? Yeah, on tutorial letter 01. Yes. So what would be my frequency, what would be in that case? That will be your frequency. So let's say for, let me give you an example, a peer example what we're trying to get to. So if I have this data set, which has 1, 2, 4, 8, 11, 13, 15, 20, 31, 33, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. So I have this table, which has my value starts from 0 until 5. Let's say the next one starts from 5 until, because that will be 5, 9, 9, 9, something like that. Remember that when one ends, the other one starts. So from 5 until 10 and 10 until 15, 15 until 20 and so forth and so forth. So now in terms of this information, or maybe let's say 10 until 5, let's change that. Let's change this. Let's change this so that we use up all the bits. So let's say it's from 0 until 10, 10 until 20, 20 until 30, and 30 until 40. So your frequency in terms of this, you're going to say, based on this data set that you were given, remember this is your data. Oh, yes. Based on this data, how many falls within this group falls between 0 and 10? One, two, three, four. Oh, I get it now. How many falls between 10 and 20? That's from 11, yes, 13. Yeah, that's not including 20, because we say it starts from 0 and it's, oh, maybe we can include 10 as well, or we can include 10 depending on how the data looks. So it looks okay. It does not include 0, but it includes 10. In this one, it doesn't include 10, but it includes 20. So it will be one, two, three, four. If we include 20, there are four of them. So you just do that. How many are between 20 and 30? So it means from 21, 22, 23. So you go and count one, two. So there are only two. Two, yes. And that's how you do your frequency for group data. No, no, it's crystal clear. Yes, because with the categorical data, you just group the information in terms of this, because we could have used actually a background to get the count. Yes. No, no, it's clear. Thanks. Thanks. No problem. Moving on to question three. The store manager receives the information about the infection rate of COVID in various regions of the store's globally and blah, blah, blah. Explain what the six graphs mean. So we need to explain this six graph. Use the speedness, ketosis of the graphs to provide a meaningful interpretation. See that? Meaningful interpretation, specifically what each graph means in relation to the infection rate of COVID-19. So yes, you are not going to use the textbook explanation is not going to go well because they don't want that. They want interpretation and they want a meaningful interpretation in relation to the infection. In the textbook, they give you a explanation or a definition of what each one of them are in the study guide. But I expect that you also have a prescribed book that has examples on how you interpret this. So you need to make sure that you know how to interpret each one of them using the same explanation or definition that is in the textbook. So now let's go for it. I will start because I want to show you how you're going to interpret each one of them. Number one, we know that it is normal. What the textbook tells us about normal, it means the mean and the mean are equal. Now, in relation to giving a meaningful interpretation in relation to the infection rate of COVID, I need to say the COVID-19 rates for various regions of the stores globally are symmetrically distributed, which means most of the data from the left and the right are equal or they are balanced. Or I could also say which means the mean and the medium of the COVID-19 infection rate of the stores of the various regions of the stores globally are equal. And that is what they want. Don't go and explain what normal is. Don't give an explanation of saying a normal means the data lines between zero and one and this and that. But they don't want that. They want you to interpret the information in relation to the COVID-19 data that they gave you. So I'm going to repeat. The COVID-19 rates for various regions of the stores globally are symmetrically distributed, which means the data on the left and the right are equal. So it means they are balanced or it means the COVID-19 rates mean and the median of the various regions of the COVID-19 rates of the various regions of the stores globally are equal. And that's how you will explain the graph in relation to the COVID-19 infection rate. So now let's try. Let me see if you guys can explain negatively skewed using the same information that you have in your textbooks. So anyone who wants to try? Anyone who wants to try? I struggled with this one. I failed. I could not. Okay. So now I'm going to also I'm not going to explain all of them to you guys. You need to be able to do that on your own because tomorrow it might not be COVID-19 infection rates. They might do another graph and ask you to interpret it. So remember what the definition of negatively skewed is. It means the tail is to the left, to the left. That's what we know about negatively skewed. How do I then incorporate it with the infection rate? Now, when you interpret it, you will say, I'm not going to repeat the whole sentence again, COVID-19 for the various regions globally, that's your job to do. I'm just going to cut it short. The inflation rate or the infection rate of COVID-19 mean is less than, oh, remember also because the definition says when it's negatively skewed, the mean is less than the median. So I can also say the infection rate of COVID-19 mean, the mean is less than the median. Or I could also say in terms of this information given, the infection rate of COVID-19 data is mostly distributed to the left. The majority of the data is to the left of the distribution. And that's the other way of interpreting negatively skewed. By just following the tail, you can also use that, say the majority of the data is distributed to the left, which means the tail is to the left, which means it is negatively skewed. Or you can use it in relation to the mean and the median and say based on the information given, the mean of the COVID-19 rate infection or rate for the various regions is less than the median of the COVID-19 rate, which makes it negatively skewed. In terms of the ketosis, because the ketosis tells you the risk, it gives you the risk or it also gives you the heaviness of the tail. So whether it's up or down or flat and so forth or peaks up. So for liptochetic ketosis, we can interpret it in terms of that by saying, let me recall my thought because it's ketosis here. And remember that with liptochetic, it means the data is normally, it's mostly normally, it's almost normally distributed. But because we're talking about the peak of the data, it can also highlight that there might be some outliers within the data, that's one, because the peak is too high. Or you can also talk about the data collapsing, maybe having fewer or higher or lower or higher values of infection rates. And that will give you a liptochetic. So you can use that as one of the explanations. One, you can talk about maybe the data having most of the outlier data or having outliers, most likely to have the outliers because the data is most likely also symmetric. Or you can talk about the data being most likely being having lower or higher values at the same time because of the peak of the calf. But you need to talk about it in relation to the COVID-19 rate. So somewhere your explanation is to include the COVID-19 infection rate. Okay, that's one. By modal, by modal would mean that because there are two peaks with by modal. Before we continue, I also struggled with this question, but with liptochetic, I had said there is a greater chance of extremely low or high rate of infection. Yes, that's what I just said. Because with anything that deals with ketosis, it talks about the risk, the high risk. So it might be that there are high risk or low risk of infection. Okay. That is why I said everywhere I spoke about values or numbers, replace that with infection rates. So you need to make sure that your explanation includes infection rates in it. Okay. Yes, your explanation is correct. So in terms of the binomial, anyone who wants to take a step to it, remember there are two modes. There are two peaks. So I would explain this in relation to the COVID-19 infection rates. Can I give you a try? I had said the rate of infection is high in some regions and low in other regions. I'm not sure if I was... Yeah, not necessarily. You need to speak to it in relation to why there are two peaks. Why would you say the two peaks? Could we say the rate of infections is high in some regions due to... Maybe people are not observing the proof code. Now you are explaining something that is not... You're giving reasons why we have two-by-moda. Oh, okay. You need to explain the graph as you see it. Oh, okay. Can I come in? Yes, you can. Before I give you an explanation. Yeah, no, I just want to give a try. If I say it's because the COVID-19 infection rates are fluctuating, would I be wrong? They are fluctuating. It might not be wrong, but what does the two modes tell you? Why do we see two modes and not one mode? What does two peaks mean? If there were more than two peaks, it would mean two or more of them have the highest values, isn't it? All of them have the highest value. Now you only have two peaks. So it means the rate of infection in some areas. There were two highest peaks of rate of infection in two... How do we say this? There were two highest rate of infection of COVID-19 for various regions of the dose globally. Something like that would suffice as an explanation for a by-moda because with by-moda, there are two highest peaks. There are two highest modes. Yeah, so you can talk about them in that sense. To say there were two highest peaks in your data. Infection rates. Think of it as explaining in terms of the COVID weights. Remember the weights? There are two highest intervals with the peak. So when the infection rates were higher than the other types, which is the same as how you will explain this. Okay, does it make sense? Are you getting it? We couldn't hear you properly, Lizzy. There were some echoes in the background. I was saying remember when in South Africa, when they do the briefing on the COVID-19, and we say there is a first wave and a second wave, and this is the same thing. So if this was the first wave and the second wave, what does that mean? It means there were two instances where the COVID-19 rates were high in two instances. That is why there are two peaks. Those were the two most high COVID-19 peaks. But also you could also say the same way as you said it in terms of the low and the high, but that would not give you a clear explanation in terms of why there are two peaks, because then this tells me that there are two instances where there were too high risk, and the rest of the times there were low infection rates. So there is too high, and most of the time there were just low infection rates. Okay, thank you. Okay, now I explain the negative queerness. I want you to explain the positive queerness. How would you explain the graph in relation to the COVID-19 infections? Mine is kind of a lazy answer. It is. The infection rate mean is greater than the median. I'm not sure if we should explain what the median is or if this thing is troubling me. Nope, you don't have to. Okay. Okay, so your COVID-19 rates are mean? The mean is higher, it's greater than the median. Yes, you can also say it like that. Remember it's only six marks, so it will be one mark, one mark, one mark, one mark. You don't have to write a paragraph about it. Just give them a short description of what this means in terms of the COVID-19. The other explanation could be in relation to the tape, you could say most of the data is distributed to the right. Yeah. Most of the COVID-19 rates across all the regions of the stores globally, it's to the right, are distributed to the right. You can say it that way. It will also give you one mark. Okay. And the flat one. Plasticetic, what does that mean? I'm going to assume that because on the left side we said there's a possible high risk of infection rate. Well, here because it's flat, maybe it means it's the small possibility or the possibility is smaller of the infection rates. I don't know. We have a different explanation. There's nobody who wants to try plasticetic. Okay, so in terms of the COVID-19 rates, because it has many high COVID-19 rates and low, and it can also mean they are low COVID-19 rates as well. Possibly there are less risks because also the calf is flat. So your COVID-19 rates might be most likely around the same, I could say, around the same center or the same mean because they are almost similar. They, I'm not sure if you get me. So in terms of the COVID-19 rates, yeah, there are low risks in terms of that. So how would you put it in an explanation? Can I give it a try? Yes, you can. If I say the infection rate is now manageable or under control, like it's not, I don't know how to put it, but like it's now manageable and the risk is no longer that high because now the infection, the virus is under control or it's manageable. That's one way as well. You can also put it that way. Remember, as long as you can speak to the risk level of the information given in terms of that graph, so there is no risk and you can talk about what does flood mean in terms of infection rate. It means they're almost similar pattern. They're like almost constant. So there is no, no store that reports more than the other ones. So the pattern is almost similar. So the risk is almost, yeah. Can I be saying your hand has always been up or is it for now? Oh no, I think I have to switch it off. Is it off now? Okay. Thank you. Okay, so I guess for question three, you have an idea of how to interpret most of these graphs. So don't give, when you do your interpretation, don't give the textbook explanation. Use the textbook explanation to guide in terms of how would you describe the, or how would you explain the graphs, the data that we see in front of you. Okay, so that is six marks. Now let's move on to question four. So question four is measures of relationships. So given the information, I'm going, I'm not going to concentrate more on what is given in the statement. You have read the statement. The relationship between job satisfaction and job performance was zero comma four three, which means your coefficient of correlation is zero comma four three, which is 43%. The mean of job satisfaction, which is your x, which is your predictor variable that we're going to use to predict the outcome. It's 3.1 and the mean of our y, which is our independent, which is our, sorry, which is our dependent, which is our outcome variable, which is the job performance, it's 5.3. X is your independent, which is your predictor variable. Y is your dependent, which is your outcome variable. Okay, so we have the mean of both. The slope, which tells you one additional unit increase or decrease, and this slope is zero comma two nine, which is positive. So it means one additional increase in job satisfaction will lead to an additional increase in job performance. That is the slope.  Okay, with that being said, what is the difference between correlation and regression? Yeah, you can give your textbook explanation because they're not saying in your own ways or anything like that. You can even go and read what correlation and regression mean and give that statement as your answer. But remember, it is only two marks. So you will get one mark for stating what correlation is and one mark for stating the difference, probably the difference between correlation and regression, which is just giving an explanation of what correlation is that's different to what your regression is. One mark, one mark. Anyone? What is correlation and what is regression? Okay, ma'am, please. Me on correlation, I said it's a measure of the strength of the linear association between two variables. And then on regression, I said it's a way of saying the relationship between two or more variables, of analyzing a relationship between two or more variables. Okay, might be, yes, the others. It can be also the difference between two. One talks about the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables, where one talks about what type of a relationship the two variables as. But in terms of regression, you must think about the influence because regression is about predicting something, predicting an outcome. How X influence the other. So what is the difference between the two? There is a thin line between the two. No, I'm confused. Why are you confused? Is it the way we have to check if the correlation is on the negative or on the positive? But that is the strength and direction. That is what the relationship is about. Yes. And then, so you know what the relationship is about, but what does the regression mean? Because I'm getting confused with this sort of saying analyzing the relationship. Why? Both of them, they analyze the relationship. So but what is the, what makes them both different from one another? I guess I'm stuck now. In correlation is, okay, is, what is it? Correlation is defined as the relationship between two variables, while regression is how those variables affect each other. Yes. I think that's the difference is, yes. It's why and how they affect each other. Yes. Yes. Because we want to know what is the difference between the two. One is a measure that tells you what direction and strength of that relationship looks like, whereas one tells you how each one affects the other. Why X, how does X influence Y? Or how does X affect Y? That's why I said there is a thin line because both of them, they talk about the relationship, whereas one tells you the direction, one direct, it gives you the direction and the strength of that relationship, whereas one just gives you whether the X value or your independent variable, how does it affect your dependent variable? Or how does it relate to the independent variable? So you can either use weights like affect or how does it relate to the other variable? Or you can also use weights like it predicts. One is used to predict what the outcome would be of the other variable. Because they are just asking you there to tell them whether you know the difference between the two. We know both of them gives you the relationship, but do you actually know what kind of a relationship do each of them produces? One produces a measure that tells you the direction and the strength and one tells you whether one affects how one affects the other or how one relates to the other. That's what correlation and regression mean. So find the one that you are able to settle with and use in your explanation of what the difference between the two is. Okay, number 4.3, interpret the correlation coefficient. What does this relationship between job satisfaction and job performance of 0.43 mean interpret that? It's a medium. What do you call it? A medium? Is it medium? Not medium. Moderate. Moderate. So you need to be using two things. Direction. Strength. Interpret correlation of coefficient of 43%. It's positive, moderate, positive. Is it moderate? Is it weak? Yes. Moderate? No, it's moderate. It's moderate. Moderate's positive. Positive. What relationship? Yes. And that's how you interpret. So you will say, you're not going to say just it is moderate positive relationship, it's for two marks, given effort. The relationship between job satisfaction and job performance of 0.43, it is a moderate positive relationship. And that's it. Just like that. So then you can get your two marks. One will be for the strength and the other one will be for the positive. But depending on how cool your lecturers are, even if you write it like this, they can just give you two marks. I don't know how they are worth the marks. Okay, 4.3. What can you deduce about the nature of this relationship between the job satisfaction and job performance? Now, don't tell me it is moderate positive relationship. What can you deduce from this? Think about it. It's a positive and it's moderate. What does it mean in terms of job satisfaction and job performance? That's what they want. It means that the better the job satisfaction, the better the performance score. Thank you very much. That's what you can say. Anyone who wants to try another way, I'm not using beta, you can say. I said the more satisfied people are at work, the higher the performance level. Thank you. You can also say it like that. It will still mean the same thing because as long as it's a positive, it shows an increase and an increase, you can even say the higher the job satisfaction, the higher the job performance. You can say the more people are satisfied, the more the job performance will be on the rise. Things like that. As long as you can show that you understand what does it mean to be a moderate positive relationship or when you have a 0.43%, you will get your one mark. Remember, your answer cannot be the same as the next one, so make sure that you know how to interpret these things in your own ways as well. Okay, so 4.4. Oh, let me write here. High job satisfaction job. Oh, you can say it the same way as you all have been saying it. It means one and the same thing. Or the increase in job satisfaction will lead to an increase in job. You can also use the words like increase. The increase in job satisfaction will lead to an increase in job performance. You can say better job satisfaction will lead to a better. You can use those weights as long as it shows that there is a positive relationship between the two. It's just one mark as well. Okay. 4.4. Calculate the percentage of the common variance. Remember your common variance is your R-squat. And your relationship, this is your R, so which makes your R-squat is just 0,43-squat. And do the calculations. 0.18. Now, you need to show the calculation as well because I think you will get a mark for showing calculation and getting the answer. But you also will get a mark for showing the diagram. Do you still remember how to draw the diagram for showing the common variance? So you have your job satisfaction and so you're going to write your job satisfaction and job performance. And there is in the between, this is where your 0,18 will be. You can write it that way. And 0,18, you can write it as 0,18 or you can write it as a percentage depending on how you want to represent it. You can leave it as a decimal or you can multiply the decimal by 100 and write it as, or you can say it is 18%. It's up to you how you represent it, but that will give you two marks for doing that. Okay. Okay. So that will be 4.4. Let's go to 4.5. Now with 4.5 it says, you wish to predict the employee's job performance score. Now we need to determine what the new value of the, or the outcome, which is the job performance is. 4.5 says, which of the two variable is the predictor variable? You have two variables, job satisfaction and job performance. Which one is the predictor variable? I think it's the job satisfaction, which is the independent variable. Your independent variable, you don't have to write independent variable. I'm just saying independent variable, which is job satisfaction. That is the predictor variable. For one mark, you just write the job satisfaction. Differentiate 4.6, differentiate between the slope of the line and the y-intercept. Differentiate for two marks. What does the slope mean and what does the y-intercept mean? That way you should be able to differentiate between the two. The slope tells you the change in the values of your regression line in relation to your dependent and independent whereas your y-intercept tells you that it is the average value when your independent variable is equals to zero. But use your own words, differentiate between the slope and your y-intercept in relation to how you know your answers. So what does the slope mean and what does your y-intercept mean? You can also say in relation, the changes in y, in x. In state of saying x and y, remember you can say independent and dependent. So this y, you can replace it by dependent and this x, you can replace it by independent. And your y-intercept, it is the average when your independent variable is zero. All we can say is the estimated value or the estimated average, which is the same thing. The estimated, you can use average or you can use the estimated value or average, the estimated values of y of your dependent. That's why they invented computers. This thing of writing always is not working well for us. We are used to using, to typing. The estimated values of the dependent, the estimated value of the dependent value when they're not your, because it's not about you, it's about the data when they, come on, when the independent variable is zero, or you can say the estimated value of your dependent variable when the independent variable is zero. So you can use that or you can go and look up the definition in terms of your textbook. What does that mean? How do they describe your y-intercept in the slope? But that will also surface. That's the difference between the two. One is the change in the values of x and y and the other one is your estimated value of y when x is zero. Let's do the last one and then we take about 10 minutes break and then we'll come back for part two and see how far we can get with the other questions. So any question, any comment in terms of 4.6? You can look up the definition actually in your textbook if you want. If you don't feel comfortable just writing it the way I wrote it, you can use the one that is in your study guide or your textbook. Explain what the slope is and your y-intercept is because that will give you the difference between the two. And then the last, how many? We still have 4.8 and 4.9. 4.7. Calculate the y-intercept. So this is your job to do. Your y-intercept which is b1, b which is b0. So which one do you use? I'm not sure which formula you use now. I need to go back to the, do you use y is equals to b0 plus b1x or do you use y is equals to a plus bx a plus b b1x? Is that the formula that we use? You use or we use y is equals to mx plus c or whichever one that you are using. So if you're using the a and the b, I need to be able to say in terms, this is the regression line. Remember that's what I'm asking you in terms of the regression line. If these are the formulas for the regression line, therefore the intercept you can use e and that is the other thing that I am not sure. So the intercept is a if you're using the second one. Sorry, the y is d times bx plus a. Yeah. So the intercept that is a, which will be your mean for y minus bx, the mean for x. So because they gave you the slope, let's go back there. The slope is b. So you just take your slope, the mean of x they gave you, that is the mean of x, which is your x bar, the mean of y, which is your y bar. You just substitute them into this formula. Okay. So this is the formula that you use. So I got 4.41. Let's make this smaller so I can substitute the values. Okay. 5.3. 5.3 minus b of 0 comma 2 times the mean of x, which is 3.1. Yes. And what do you get? 4.41. Let me just confirm. Yes. 4.4. I don't know why I said 1. And that is your intercept. So if we know what the intercept is, remember what we said what the intercept is. It is your mean average or your average value of your independent variable when your x variable is equals to 0. Remember that. So you need to take into consideration that value later on. 4.4. Yes. The next question is asking you, calculate the job performance of an employee with the job satisfaction of 8. So we're going to use this formula that we identified there to answer this question. So you're going to say y hat is equals to, we said bx plus 8. That's what you told me now. Yes, that's it. Just substitute the value of b is 0 comma 9. The value of x, they give you the value of x. This is your x, x is equals to 8. So we've seen x, we just replace it with 8 plus the value of 8 is 4.4. And calculate that. 6.72. Until you get it, 6.72. And that is your new estimated value of y when x is 8. The last statement says, give a graphical representation of the regression line by indicating the intersect, which is this value that we calculated, 4.4. The predicted value of the worker of 8, which is that value on the regression line. So now all you need to do is draw the regression line like this. Because it's five marks, you need to pay attention to detail as well. And look at the marks. Because it's five marks, you get five marks for also making sure that you label your graph correctly. So yeah, you can label your graph as job satisfaction. So job satisfaction, which is your, you can say x is equals to job satisfaction. And yeah, you can say y is equals to job performance. And you need to also have a title for your, this is the regression line of job satisfaction and job performance. You can say like that. The regression line of, which is your title, regression line of job performance and, sorry, job satisfaction and job performance. Okay. So the other thing you need to remember is indicate your y-intercepts. So we need to indicate our y-intercept of 4.4. So let's select that value there. We can just say that value there is 4.4. Therefore, it means our graph will pass through at that point. Remember, at this point, x is zero. So at this point, x is zero because, yeah, at the end there, x is zero. So it means our graph should pass some way there. And also remember that your slope is positive. Why is my slope positive? Well, how do I know that my slope is positive? That is that. And because also my correlation coefficient tells me that it's positive, so therefore it means the line that I need to draw should go up like this. Remember, because of the positive slope and the positive regression line. So my line is going to go up. But now we need to also remember that we need to also represent the value of 8. So y is 8. Let's say 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Let's say this point there is 8. And we did estimate what the outcome is, which is the y value of 8. So your graph will look nicer than my one. So I'm going to reduce the line a little bit so that I can have this dotted line there and this dotted line there. So that at this point, I can have a point there that says 6. At this line, it's 6.72, which is the new y value that I estimated. I am so sorry because now my graph is so small. My graph is so small and everything is overlapping. But I hope you get an idea of what I am trying to get to. 6.72, which is the y value that we estimated where x is 8, y is 0.27. And then what you just need to do is dot, dot, dot, dot, dot. And you can also do the dot, dot, dot, dot there just to demonstrate that those are linked and the dot, dot, dot, dot, dot. And there for 5 marks. So possibly you get a mark for labeling your graph correctly, for labeling your title, and for drawing. So you will see where the 5 marks will go from. I am going to stop the recording now. I'm going to give you 10 minutes. Let's take 10 minutes break. Let's meet again at Korapastry. Let's come back at Korapastry. I'm going to stop the recording so that we can have part 1 and part 2 of the recording as well.


Ready? Okay! 1...2...3...4 25...5...6...7...8...9...10 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 13 So 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. I'm Isaac. Ready to see? Yep. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25. Wait, are you ready? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28. 1, 2, 3, 4.


Chances are as meeting partners, you've done the plethora of personality tests, whether by yourself or with your team, and you've now determined if you're red or green or blue or plaid or whatever the colors are, as well as being type A or type B. And this is all good and fine, except for when you need to communicate with other people who are also type A or type B. As a type A planner, I'm outlining some tips on how to communicate with us hostile and busy type A planners. Hey everyone, it's Leanne from LeanneColderwood.com. And I did a session not too long ago about communicating with type A planners. And the reason I did this session is there's definitely a different way of communicating with type A versus type B planners. And whether as a meeting partner we are type A or type B, we need to almost put our personality aside and communicate with our recipient on a level that they are receptive and receiving. Trust me, I struggle with this just as much because I am very type A, it takes a lot for me to take off my type A hat and put on a type B hat when I'm talking to someone who is type B. And so I need to do a better job of this as well. But for those of you who are working with type A planners, I wanted to outline some things that may work when you're communicating with them that will be better received. And of course, then further the relationship both personally and professionally with that type A planner. First off, let's define what a type A planner looks like and some traits that a type A planner may possess include hostility, impatience, difficulty expressing emotions, competitiveness, drive, perfectionism and an unhealthy dependence on external rewards such as wealth, status and power. I didn't make this up. I think I got it off of Wikipedia, but it sounds about right? Being a type A planner myself. Okay, so these are stuffy heads, right? We are extremely stuffy. We're extremely busy and we don't have time for anybody that can't further our cause. So it's not great.  Type A planners are kind of assholes, but we are who we are and now you have to deal with us. So here we go. And here's the other thing, right? Meeting planners do tend to be type A. We are perfectionists. We are highly organized. We have to have drive or our meetings will definitely fall flat.  So given all of this crap about them, they are actually pretty great to work with. We just need to learn how to work with them better and communicate in a style that resonates with them. So here are some things that I've noticed as a type A planner about communication styles that type A planners like to receive. Tip number one, make your emails actionable. So again, you know, we're busy people and we're looking for the quick and efficient way of getting business done and those answers. In order to get to the answers, there needs to be a question in the form of a call to action. So make sure that your emails have a call to action or else they will just be discarded and ignored. Tip number two, schedule stuff in advance. Type A planners are highly organized. We live by our calendar, guilty as charged, but I need time to make sure that you can get into my calendar. So whether you're scheduling a phone call, make sure you give them a plethora of options in that week of business. If you're scheduling FAMs, literally give them months. I know for some meeting planners, they have their FAM schedule kind of lined up for the next couple of years, given how busy they are and what their meetings calendar looks like. So being in advance is being very respectful and it will ensure that you get into their calendar. Tip number three, RFP responses are clear and concise. So meet type A planners are looking for the answers and they don't wanna have to ask a lot of questions. The clearer and more concise your RFP response is, the easier it is for us to process that information and come up with a decision quickly with the available information at hand. Now this one is tough and I get it because your organizations, the organizations you work for, they want you to create 12, 20, 30 page flowery RFPs with everything about the 18 treatment rooms at your spa. There are some type A planners that might be looking for that, but the percentage is slim. So if the RFP response is clear and concise, we are able to do something with that information rather than sift through all of those pages of the flowery proposal. And those proposals are beautiful.  I'm also gonna fast up and say, I don't read it. I am looking for the financial information. I'm looking for the function agenda. I'm looking if you have a spa, but to know what your 18-hole golf course looks like, it's type A planners, unless that is their goal, their program's goal, and I talk about that in other blog posts, but unless their program goal is to provide a quality golf experience at the top of their objectives list, they're not gonna read it. I'm so sorry. Tip number four, type A planners love bullet points. Quick, concise, clear, actionable, love bullet points. So if you are a fan of the bullets, you're in luck because we love reading them and we love responding to bullet points as well. Don't have to search for questions in and amongst a paragraph of the information. Tip number five, when you call type A planners, introduce yourself fully, and that means your full first name, last name, the organization you're with, and potentially even what program or proposal that you are working on together. If you call a type A planner with one of these two possibilities, which I hear all the time, one, hey, it's Susan. Chances are we weren't thinking about Susan three minutes before the call came in, and so now we're trying to wrap our head around which Susan is this, where does she work and why is she calling me? But the second one which drives type A planners crazy is when you go, hey Leanne, how's it going? And you forget to even introduce yourself. I don't know if you're a telemarketer. I don't know if you're with a hotel that I'm currently working with and need to speak to or if you're simply prospecting my business. I don't even, you could even be from the gas company. I have absolutely no idea. So please, please save the, hey Leanne, how's it going for when we are on friendly terms and we're doing text messages or something like that, and please introduce yourself fully with your organizational name as well. Sorry, and thank you. Tip number six, save the personal stuff for other times. Type A planners when they are at work, wow, they are focused on getting their job done and getting it done in an efficient manner. And phone calls or emails that allude to how their weekend was or how their new cat is doing, that's just delaying Type A planners from getting their goals accomplished. Now, there's a time and place for all of that. And I'm the worst one for it. I love doing that kind of social stuff when we're in networking receptions or when we've developed a report to the point when we're on the telephone that we can go down that road and start talking about more personal stuff. But when it's business at hand, keep it to the business at hand. And those planners do wanna talk to you on a more personal level. But this moment, this isn't it. This is when we both need to get some of our goals accomplished. So I hope that helps. Those are my tips of working with Type A planners. Again, I'm not gonna lie, we're a tough bunch to work with. All we want is information and all we have our goals to accomplish. But we can be fun people, I think, just given the right situation and the right networking reception and the right glass of wine. We'll definitely be a little bit more friendly. And it's not that we don't wanna hear from you. We just all know that there's a lot of stuff that needs to get done and all the fun stuff we need to table for another time. Personally, I've learned a lot from writing this blog post. I've learned that I am very hostile and I probably have a reputation of being standoffish. And if I have offended you as one of my meeting partner suppliers in the past, then I do apologize. That's my working style and I don't think I'm alone. I think you're gonna find others like me out there. So I will do a better job of being more open and more friendly when we have discussions. But if you can meet me halfway and we can get some business done, I think that's gonna further our relationship in the long run. So I hope this has been helpful for more tips on how to attract a meeting planner's attention. Jump over to my website at liankholderwed.com. There you can download this incredible tips sheet that has networking advice, email advice, voicemail advice on how to connect with meeting planners.  Thanks for watching. Hope you have a great week and we'll see you soon. Bye for now.


I got continues. EMC creates another brand called the Pivotal Initiative. And VMware and EMC sharpen their focus and bring out new management really for the first time. Hi everybody, this is Dave Vellante and this is theCUBE. And we're here at Wikibon headquarters. I'm here with Stu Miniman. And I was yesterday down in New York City at the EMC VMware Financial Analyst event. And as I said, it was really the first time that EMC and VMware rolled out its new management team in front of the financial analyst audience. There were a few analysts there. It was very well attended, a couple of hundred folks. Anyway, all of EMC's management team was there. VMware's management team, the board of directors of both companies were there in force. And Stu Miniman, who is with me here, was watching the live event. Stu, welcome. Thanks, Dave. I'm gonna break that down. I started by talking about the Flash saga. For the past week or so, Stu, as you know, we've been digging into this. We saw a number of announcements two weeks ago and one of those included EMC's ExtremeIO announcement, an acquisition that they purchased a while back. We have been squinting through that announcement. We've been asking questions. We've been getting feedback.  We love the announcement in terms of its presence in the all flash array. We questioned some of the server side components. This particular EMC was providing benchmarks relative to FusionIO. We know FusionIO very well. We love what they're doing in hyperscale and we felt like it was somewhat of an unfair comparison. We dug into that a little bit more. We got a little bit more information from EMC and I wanna put some of that into context. As you know, Stu, EMC was showing these benchmarks. I asked specifically EMC yesterday, what kind of benchmarks were they? What kind of configurations were they? Were you optimizing the FusionIO for using their atomic rights, which is a way to write directly a memory? They said, no, no. We were just doing a straight apples to apples comparison on the cards, okay? That's cool. We clarified that. There was no attempt to inject the FusionIO super software in there and optimize that. It was really just a sort of head-to-head on the card performance and that's fine. Well, I'm sure we'll see some responses for FusionIO. Yes, so I mean, David, is that a fair comparison? Because if I look at it, FusionIO is kind of that leapfrogging of generations, right? EMC just came out with a new generation, FusionIO shipping a little bit of an older generation. Yeah, so I guess it's like Flora says, a card is a card is a card. I think the bigger issue is that FusionIO is really a software company. Their whole value add and innovation is around the software to do atomic rights and they're really pushing hard there. So we didn't see a comparison with that capability. And I think that that led us to that combined with the cancellation of Thunder, which was EMC's sort of, they pre-announced last year a cluster like server side sand, if you will, on a card, on a PCI card. The cancellation of that led us to believe that EMC was really trying to protect its own base of Symetrix and VNX. Now, as a result of our analysis, I was able to spend some time with Zahid Hussain, who runs EMC's flash business unit. They brought him in from Intel, set up a separate business unit. I spent some time with him. Our concerns do is that EMC had its head in the sand with regard to the server side flash trends. And after spending some time with, they call him Zee, after spending some time with Zahid, I absolutely am convinced that they do not have their head in the sand. They totally get the whole hyperscale movement. They understand, I think, what FusionIO is doing. And I believe, even though he wouldn't tell me sort of what their plans are, I believe they're working on things that are moving in that direction. They're not sitting on their hands. So I'm much more comfortable with EMC's posture. We're going to be digging into that further, doing some analysis, further benchmark analysis and really following this. But I think that some of the negativity that we might have had on parts of the announcement, very positive on the all-flash array piece, we think EMC's going to dominate in that space and do very, very well within its existing customer base. But we felt like they were missing an opportunity in the hyperscale side. I will tell you, I think they got some work to do. They're clearly behind there. There's no question about it. But the fact that they understand what's going on and are moving, I believe, in a direction is encouraging. So now one of the other things is, Floyer wrote when Gelsinger came on as the head of VMware, he wrote that there are some real opportunities for VMware to control the metadata and use Flash in a new and innovative way from fast servers. And I think given VMware's software-defined data center direction, that's really where they headed. Now you saw that yesterday, the whole software-defined thing. What do you make of all that? Sure, so Dave, one of the things that we've all been watching with VMware is how much are they gonna compete with the storage guys? And Joe Tucci made it really clear that it's okay for the parent companies to really go on offense and compete with each other. So if VMware is gonna expand its virtual sand technology, which is its VSA technology, really attack the load of midrange. And we expect they actually have a technology called Virtual Flash, which should be able to, I think, do some of those things that David Floyer's been talking about. And extend how much intelligence VMware pulls into its environment and therefore can pull dollars away from its ecosystem in the storage world. So essentially what's happening here, if I understand it, is VMware is trying to do to storage and networking what it's done to compute in memory, creating an abstraction simplifying, better utilizing the resources and take that same concept into storage and into networking. Yeah, so the other big announcement that VMware talked about is their networking stack. They're pulling together the NYSERA components that they had and the networking components, which were mostly in really like the firewall and security portion of the V Cloud portfolio and putting those together. I believe the term is now NSX. It was an old Acura car, but now turned into a VMware portfolio. And VMware is not only looking to have this be the platform for its network virtualization transformation, but they also said that they're going to basically give their entire NYSERA stack to OpenStack. So one of the kind of wars that we've been watching is the VMware stack versus Amazon and OpenStack as the other alternative there. So VMware is trying to inject some of their intellectual property into OpenStack so that hopefully they can kind of get their arms around it and therefore be able to really control some of the environment.  But I will tell you that since that piece, well, first of all, we always knew the developers were behind OpenStack. John Furrier called it a hail, when it first came out of Hail Mary against Amazon, it looks like the pass was connected. It has great potential of being connected. We heard from HP last week. HP is all in an OpenStack. We heard from Ambuj Goyal today, the new head of IBM's storage division, that IBM is all in an OpenStack. And we heard yesterday from VMware that they are embracing OpenStack. Well, I would say VMware is embracing multi-cloud environments and heterogeneous environments. If you were to ask VMware, should you choose OpenStack or should you choose, say, the new hybrid cloud offering that they have? Of course, VMware is going to recommend that you do their stuff. And HP and IBM are going to recommend... OpenStack. Right, so that's very encouraging for the OpenStack community. And of course, as you know, Rackspace and Dell and many others have been behind this. But so OpenStack looks like it's really viable competition, open source competition for Amazon. And we'll be tracking that. Amazon, as you know, is a firm and entity. AWS is a philosophy and a movement, if you will, that we've been tracking for quite some time. I want to come back to the news yesterday. The big news was the Pivotal move. Now EMC had previously and VMware announced the Pivotal initiative, carving out key components of each company and then placing them into a new entity, I guess it's going to be called Pivotal Link under Paul Moritz. So EMC has contributed Green Plum and Pivotal Labs, the rapid application development shop that it picked up. And a chunk of cash.  And VMware has contributed a number of assets. So we're talking about things like Cetus and Cloud Foundry and Spring and Gemfire. So as well as I think 500 employees, roughly yes. So and what Joe Tucci said and others is that they're going to start off basically with about $300 million in revenue. So 300 million this year. Now essentially what happened is Jonathan Chadwick, the CFO of VMware who was very impressive, took us through what was happening here. So they're taking a piece of the revenue from VMware, putting it into the Pivotal initiative. Obviously EMC is doing the same with Green Plum and Pivotal Labs. But VMware is reducing its operating costs. As a result, it's operating margin forecast for 2013 ticked up. Well, guess what? The street loved this message. Yesterday morning, the market was down, the Dow was down, S&P was down, the NAS was down. VMware was up, EMC was up. When the market rebounded, recovered, VMware's up nearly 9%. And so the street loved the message. So Dave, question on that. So does Wall Street, can they really peer through the way that these companies work? So I think about VMware. VMware's over 80% owned by EMC. You've done a lot of analysis looking at VCE. VCE has a lot of their funding from EMC, some from Cisco, and the street just doesn't seem to be able to look at these and find out where the revenue's going and how to account for it. So EMC stock has not been doing great of late.  And now you've got Pivotal, which is going to be 69% owned by EMC and 31% by VMware. This is a complicated mix of assets between multiple companies. How does this work? I was talking to some of the board members about this and they said, yeah, it took us some time to figure out, okay, who goes what? Who owns what? What's the overlap? What's the charters? But I think they've done a really good job with it. I mean, VMware is virtualization and the software does define data center. EMC is all about infrastructure and really, really focused there and of course, trust with RSA. And under Meritz, the Pivotal piece is really trying to build the platform for big data. And so they really are identifying a new style of computing, Green Plum just announced a hawk which is Hadoop with Query, bringing real time into Hadoop. So really going after it. And I think I totally agree with what Meritz said. Somebody is going to emerge from this as a dominant platform player because a new style of application development and deployment needs to be created and we are going after that hard. Now, here's what I would say about that. By, first of all, I think the move is brilliant and I think the reason why Wall Street loves it is because they've taken some money losing assets but that have high growth potential and of strategic value placing them into an entity and they stated the intent is to do an IPO. They got a lot of work to go before they do an IPO but that's the intent. Now, by doing that, they increase, for instance, VMware's operating margins, make them more profitable, get them more focused because it was kind of fuzzy, Stu. Developers were, there was some backlash there and they create this incremental value that can now be counted and very importantly they can incent employees and this is particularly important as you know in California and tie them to the growth of the Pivotal initiative and not have them sort of lost in VMware or even EMC. So from that standpoint, I think the street really, really likes it. Yeah, no, I think it's a win even if you look at what VMware was doing, there was some confusion. If you went to VMworld the last couple of years, Cloud Foundry had its followers and people that were interested but they weren't the same people that cared about infrastructure and about improving virtual environments so there was that schism inside and now that's been cleaned up. VMware is going to be focused on virtualization, the software-defined data center, they've got Hybrid Cloud as a piece of it and the third piece they had is the end user computing which kind of rounds out the vision of where they're going. So the other important piece yesterday was you got to see the EMC family, Joe called it and there was a really tongue-in-cheek discussion because Joe's Italian and he had this conversation about my name ending in UCCI and one of the analyst names ending in UCCI and the analyst suggested he maybe changes the reference from family to something else. We're in New York, it was kind of funny but nonetheless, you basically saw Joe Tucci as the orchestrator of this portfolio. Very clearly David Goulden is taking the reins over at EMC. He's got a dual hat right now, he's running the day-to-day business and he's the CFO. I think they're going to bring in the CFO and relieve him of those duties and he's going to take that on and very clever transition plan bringing Goulden along. So Goulden is in charge of EMC, that was clear. Gelsinger was kind of his coming out party, very clear of Pat's vision and focus on the software-defined data center, explaining what that was, taking us through sort of the progression of VMware and where it's headed and then Moritz who is Mr. Strategy, he's proven he's also Mr. Execution, he's also Mr. Developer friendly. So they've got really solid leaders in those three companies and it was quite impressive to see and I think that it's amazing, the talent that they've been able to capture. Now the other piece is that VMware announced its hybrid cloud offering. So essentially they are getting into the service provider business but they were very careful to say that it's going to be open and all this IP is going to go to our service providers, partners as well. They're walking a fine line there, Stu. I mean, essentially Tucci has said we're not going to compete with our partners. Isn't this a form of competing with their partners? Yeah, Dave, absolutely. So they've had this VSPP program now for a while and now there's the option. You can either go to those guys or you can come to us. But if VMware becomes an infrastructure as a service provider, who's going to build and operate this environment? Is VMware going to build out this services force that then does compete against the ecosystem that really helped build VMware? It's a big question. There is concern. It's kind of interesting that this week, Amazon came out with kind of a repackaging of their private offering. So Amazon's going after the channel that VMware has held onto. So there'll be this real battle, the cloud wars out there. VMware has the data center today is trying to extend out and Amazon and Rackspace and others are really trying to go into that data center and displace VMware licenses. Yeah, my quick take on that by the way is I think partners like Capgemini and Accenture and even CSC are going to love it. I think that guys like TerraMark are going to say, whoa, wait a minute. So we'll see, we'll see how that plays out. Two more things I want to cover. One is trust, big message on trust. Tom Heiser, who's running the show over at RSA, spoke, the takeaway there, and we heard this from HP last week too, is that all the investment in security is really to protect the intruders from getting in. But all the damage is being done once they get in. So there's got to be a shift in from investing in just prevention to really understanding what people are doing when they get through and detecting what they're doing and monitoring that and then remediating it. So you're going to see a big shift in spend and innovation and technology around that. The second is project-born. So there's a big talk about software-defined storage. Jeremy Burton at the analyst meeting talked about how they're essentially going to abstract the storage function as services and be able to run that on virtually any infrastructure. They reiterated that yesterday for the hyperscale guys who just want C8 disks. EMC is claiming that it's going to allow their data management and storage management stack to run on that. But it will also run on EMC hardware, presumably with some additional benefits. Now I had to split to catch a plane. You heard the project-born presentation and I guess there's some confusion as to when it's actually going to be available. But not if you listen to David Goulder, right? So tell us. So Abitab Shrivastava went through the presentation, talked about how, in some ways it sounds a little bit like storage virtualization. If you have multiple boxes, whether it's EMC or non-EMC, they're gonna be able to help you manage it and help extract it and going to be able to really span between the virtual environments and the physical environments because, of course, if something goes wrong, you need to be able to dig below that layer of abstraction. And storage has been one of the real problems in bottlenecks in virtual environments. So real thorny problem. And at the end of it, of course, one of the analysts on Wall Street said, well, when can we buy it? And David Goulden set up and he said, hey, Abitab, everything you've got here, it is gonna be shipping by the second half of this year. And he kind of got the, yes boss, absolutely, it'll be shipping. So kind of the telegraph that they have is, I'm sure we're gonna hear a lot more about this at EMC World in May and it'll be shipping this year. So that's- Well, I'll tell you, I think we're gonna hear more about it at EMC World in May. I'm very skeptical that the whole suite is gonna be shipped. This is complicated stuff and being able to, of course, it'll come out in phases, but here's the key, Stu, in my view. I think EMC really gets this notion of software defined, really pushing on it. I think they understand they just cannot sit on their lead, they can't sit in their legacy business, they have to really keep pushing on. And the way they've formed the company, capitalized the company, created these other entities, created these competing entities in a way like they did with Flash, it's like it's a testament to the way in which this company has survived and evolved. So I'll give you the final word. Okay, so I think if you look at it, the portfolio makes a lot more sense now. VMware can really stick to its knitting.  It's gonna be simpler to understand where the different companies fit, but at the same time, as Joe said, they're gonna overlap with each other and the proof's gonna be whether we actually see EMC doing things that might possibly negatively affect VMware and VMware, of course, doing things that might affect the other partners. So it's a dynamic environment. EMC keeps it interesting for two market leaders to be able to try to transform businesses and stay ahead of all those startups and everybody that's trying to disrupt them. It's an audacious plan and it's exciting to watch. So you like the strategy? Yes. Now it's all about execution. EMC, one of the best companies on the planet at executing, obviously the same can be said for VMware. I would expect similar things for Pivotal, although it's the wild west of big data. All right, Stu, thanks very much for filling us in on your angle and I'm Dave Vellante. That's Stu Miniman with me. Thanks everybody for watching and we'll see you next time.


Eu vou responder algumas perguntas no longo termo sobre o poder de ataques open selectivo. Este é um trabalho jointe com Mihib Bellari, Brant Waters e Scott Lack. As ataques open selectivo podem ser consideradas por muitos primitivos, mas o compromisso tem uma mesma que é a mais básica e fundamental. Então, eu vou começar com isso. O compromisso de Kim Farrows vai ser dado por um único algoritmo polinômico. O compromisso tem que ser dado por uma mensagem M, e algumas coisinhas R, e produzir algumas cifratés C. Em termos de usagens, há duas fases. Para convidar-se a uma mensagem M, o sender pica algumas coisinhas e produzir as cifratés. Depois, ele pode abrir a mensagem, enviar a mensagem e a renda para a receita. A receita then checks that the cifratés was correctly generated. Há dois requisitos de segura. Há uma garantia de segurança para o sender, e ele pergunta que a receita não deveria aprender nada sobre a mensagem devido as cifratés. A renda é uma garantia de segurança para a receita, e ele pergunta que a renda não deveria poder generar um comitmo que pode depois ser aberto para duas mensagens diferentes. Nós chamamos dessa notícia de segura, a renda e a renda. Comitment schemes are a base and widely used to in cryptography. They are used for instance for zero knowledge proofs. There are many constructions. To be more concrete, we recall some of the constructions since our results we applied to them, as well as other constructions. The first one is a partisan commitment. Prime order group and some generators G and H are public. And the commitment corresponding to some message M and some coins R is given by G to the power M times H to the power R. One can also use a collision-resistant hash function and a strong structure to obtain a commitment scheme. Our result will say that both these schemes are not selective open secure. Selective open secure is a strong form of hiding, so we begin by recalling in more detail the standard hiding definition. There should be some message distribution and the security guarantees that the adversary cannot figure out anything about the message other than what is implied by the message distribution itself. This is a semantic security style definition and can be formalized by asking that there should be a simulator that don't see the Cypher test, but it does as well as the adversary. Selective open attacks is about what happens in scenarios where there are many possible related messages being committed to. So we introduce some vector notation. M is the vector of messages. The components may be related to each other. R is a vector of independent coins. We also use some short-hand notation for the operation of committing to many messages element-wise. We committed to the first message using the first coins and so on. And C is the resulting vector of commitments. In order to better explain the difficulties in achieving selective open security, we start with an example in which the difficulties are absent, namely, this selective open and the message-only openings. The challenge picks some message according to the distribution D and the adversary can select some set of the message to be open and he receives this message but not the others. And the security guarantee is that the adversary should not be able to figure out anything about the unopened message. That means anything besides what is implied by the distribution and the open messages. And the basic question there is, does hide and bind security imply selective open security in this scenario? The answer is yes. The proof is a hybrid argument one and exploits the fact that the adversary is not given proof of corrective open. But this is not the case in which selective open, the case of selective open where the difficulties arise. So now we present the selective open scenario in which we are interested. Namely, now the coins are also open. The security guarantee that we want to achieve is the same. Now the important question is, if hide and bind security implies selective open security in this scenario? This is a long-standing open question. There was no proof of the implication, but also no counter-example. Our result for commitment is that there is some commitment scheme for which is hide and bind security but not selective open security. Okay, this answers the long-standing open question. But are the counter-examples artificial? Is it the case that all the real, used in practice, schemes are selective open security? In fact, not. Our result is much stronger. We prove that all commitment schemes that are hide and bind security are not selective open security. In particular, the schemes that we present before. So given any hide and bind security commitment scheme we present an attack in breaking the selective open security. We also have investigated the problem for encryption schemes, and there we prove that there are some real encryption schemes that are not selective open security under coins openings. And also there are some real encryption schemes that are not secure under key openings. We will define this later. Okay, what was present before? We have a technical explanation. In order to state the result, we need to see the definition of security in more detail. The security definition that we use is the one introduced by Dioc, now Ryan Gold and Stockmire. The real game goes as indicated previously, but now there is also a relation. And the adversaries should output some string that satisfy the relation. A relação basically takes as input, the deficit output, the message vector, and the set of open messages and outputs a boolean. The deficit wins if the relation outputs true. But now there is also a simulator that plays the game in the ideal game. The simulator doesn't receive any commitment and then it should choose some set to be open and should also generate some output that's shackled by the relation. The simulator also wins if the relation returns true. And we can define the selective open advantage as the difference between the winning probability of both of them. A commitment scheme is said to be selective open secure if for every efficient adversar A that is an efficient simulator such that the selective open advantage is negligible. So our result basically assumes the existence of a collision-resistant hash function. And we take any hide-and-buy commitment scheme. And we show that there are some messages distribution D, some relation, and some adversaries such that all simulators will imply a high selective open advantage. We should also stress that the message that we consider independently and uniformly distributed. We are present an attack against the selective open security. We should also highlight that we don't assume that the simulation is black box. Okay, so selective open security for commitment was first investigated by the Orc and our Hangold and Stockmire. In a recent work Huff and Heist have showed some impossibility results for black box reductions for standard assumptions. But this doesn't roll out the existence of such schemes because the security reduction could be non-black box or a scheme could be reduced to some non-standard assumption. So our results are not about the difficulties involved in improving selective open security. They are about the impossibility of obtaining such schemes. In particular, the schemes that we present before are not secure. So we are not finding artificial examples. We are saying that the real used in commitment schemes are not selective open security. It was believed that the difficulty of achieving selective open security was due to the fact that the message could be related to each other. But in our case, they are not. So it was proved before that for independent messages, hide and bind security implies selective open security, but in a restrictive version of the security definition. So our result is implying that these will not be standard to the full definition. So there is no contradiction. And okay, what about the random oracle model? We know that it's possible to obtain efficient schemes that are selective open security in the programmable random oracle model. Our result says that this is not possible in the standard and non-programable random oracle models. So let's take a look at the previous separation results. Nielsen showed that for non-committal encryption, efficient schemes can be achieved in the programmable random oracle model, but not in the standard and non-programable random oracle models. But our result is not about efficiency. It's about feasibility. In terms of feasibility separations, Dodds, Katz, Smith and Valfish proved a separation result for deniable authentication. Okay, we are pressing all the results for the one-shot scenario, but this can be standard if the messages are super logaritmo in the secret parameter. Okay, so the idea of the proof is the following. We use some collision-resistant hash function without put length h, and the challenge sets the number of senders should be 2 times h and pick independent and uniformly distributed messages. The adversary hashed the cyphertest vector to obtain some string, and he chose the vector of senders to be corrupted in the following way. He corrupts half of the senders, and basically the important point here is that the set of corrupt senders is an encoding of the hash output. This is the most important part here. Okay, and when he receives the message and the coins, he just outputs all the cyphertests that were received and the coins also. The relation basically recomputes the hash and checks two conditions. First one, if the set of corrupt senders was correctly generated. Second one, if the openings are correct for the corrupt senders. Okay, so they specify that the adversary always makes the relation return true. Now suppose that some simulator could also make the relation return true with high probability. We will show that this would imply that either the simulator can be used to break the collision-resistance of the hash function or to violate the binding condition of the commitment scheme. The idea is to execute the simulator until the point where it selects the set of senders to be corrupted. And then we run two different executions, sampling different message vectors. Okay, and we can use the reset lemma to relate the probability, the winning probability of the original simulator to the probability that both executions succeed and we have at least one message that is different in the open positions. Okay, but if this decays, then either the cyphertests vectors are different and this implies a collision in the hash function or the cyphertests vectors are equal and this implies a violation in the binding condition. Okay, I will now talk a little bit about selective open attacks for encryption schemes. The problem first appeared in the context of encryption, but it was soon noticed that the problem is really... the core of the problem is that most typical encryption schemes are committing. So this led to the focus on the commitment problem that we just showed that's impossible to achieve. But for encryption, it's possible to build efficient schemes. They have been built based on loss encryption, denial encryption, also based on non-commit encryption, but in this case they are not efficient. Okay, but the basic question is still open. Is it the case that all ICPA secure encryption schemes are also selective open secure or we really needed these specific constructions? I don't approve, for example. So, for instance, is Elgamal selective open secure? So our result for encryption schemes is that there is some encryption scheme that is ICPA secure but not selective open secure. In fact, it's much stronger. We say that every committed encryption scheme is not selective open secure. We define what committed means in the paper. So the result applies for Elgamal or most typical encryption schemes, so we are not finding artificial control samples. We should mention that there is also an indistinguishable style definition of security for selective open and we will show some relations between these different notions. So our result implies that ICPA implies selective open according to the simulation definition. It was already known that the simulation definition implies the indistinguishability one. The converse is not true because our theorem holds for independent messages and it was also known that selective open implies ICPA but the important open question is whether ICPA implies the indistinguishability definition of selective open security. In recent work, the relations have been further clarified but this question is still open. Okay, in the context of encryption, we can also define the problem where the receivers instead of the senders are corrupted. In this case, the secret keys are open instead of the coins and we can formulate similarly the problem. And the question is also the same like does ICPA implies selective open in this scenario? This question was also open and we defined the notion of decryption verifiability. This is a weak form of robustness. For instance, Elgamal is not robust but is decryption verifiable and we proved that all encryption schemes that are decryption verifiable are not selective open on the key openings. So this raises the question of whether it's possible to achieve efficient schemes in this scenario or not. Nielsen proved that any non-commitment scheme encryption scheme should have long keys in the sense that the keys should be larger than the total size of the messages ever encrypted using the scheme. And we know that non-commit encryption implies selective open under key openings but the converse is still open. So one could hope that it's possible to achieve some efficient scheme in this scenario. But that is an additional result. Basically, schemes that are efficient that are selective open under key openings should have long keys. This is not in the abstract. Okay, so to finish I will repeat the results again. First, every hide and bind security commitment is not selective open secure. Every committing encryption scheme is not selective open under coins openings. So we really needed the schemes that are specifically designed to be selective open secure. Every decryption verifiable encryption scheme is not selective open under key openings. And schemes that are selective open secure under key openings should have long keys. Thank you for your attention. We have time for questions. Thank you. So you showed that the schemes which are not selective open secure are not artificial because they are actually. But should I repeat my question? Sorry. Alright, let me try again. You showed that schemes which are not selective open secure are not at all artificial. My question is is the relation that shows that they are not secure? Is that relation real? Is that one artificial? Sorry, I couldn't understand the question. Sorry, let me try again. Which relation you mean? In order to show that these schemes are not selective open secure you needed to define this relation real which makes it fail, right? Yeah. My question is the schemes are not artificial is that relation artificial? I mean for the security definition you can consider any relation is the point. Yeah, I understand. Alright, forget it. Yes, please in the back. This is for no interactive commitment schemes that are positive results for no interactive sorry that are positive results for interactive ones. Yeah. So maybe taking the first question again but perhaps try to express it in a different way. One of your conclusions on the previous slide is that because the existing constructions don't give you selective open security maybe you need new specially designed constructions that will. Yeah. But I guess maybe the question back is is the notion of selective open security actually correct if it took such an artificial relationship to prove it prove it wrong do we really care about relationships like that or is actually the is the target too high to does the definition need changing? I mean the distinguishability definition of security for instance is weak in the sense that it cannot it don't work for all message distributions so for instance in my opinion a good question here is to investigate definitions that are in the middle between the simulation and the distinguishability one and see what happens there. Ok, if there is no more question let's thank Raphael again.


Hello there everyone and welcome. This is Melissa Armo with the stocks portion of reviewing BA. BA was the GAP option newsletter of the link This was so far the biggest trade we've had this year all around biggest options trade and biggest day trade I called the 245 puts in BA on January 3rd and the trade gap down on the Monday, January 8th And went $20 through 20 points to the straight So this was over a 500% return investment and again you actually Could still be in this you would still be up if you were in this here the stocks trading at 228 and change I mean this is crazy again. It doesn't expire till the 12th But I don't know why you'd still be in this yesterday the low of the day was run 223 and change again So that was more than 20 points for the strike yesterday You must book profits in trades like this and again, I include the targets in the letter I even include when I call the piggy targets or the dream targets in the newsletter I had 230 actually as a dream target in this I mean I got it right and actually broke 230. So to me the exit the correct exit was really Monday You can't look a gift horse in the mouth when you get a trade like this It just goes huge overnight in the gap. You got to book the money. You can take another trade So anyways long story short This was a massive trade for anybody that did it The cost to the option was around $3 which for something at this price point at this stock I think is cheap and again We did it last week and then one of the benefits of doing options is you capture the move overnight So if you're in a pot and the stock gaps down and it's through the strike like this You get a huge straight if you're in a call and it gaps up you get a big move to the upside So again, one of the interesting things about trading is that with options you have a limited risk You have a fixed risk. So even if somebody goes against you overnight if it doesn't go in your favor All you can lose is the amount that you have raised to the trade It's not like in a swing trade where people can really lose their shirts because if you're in a swing trade You essentially have no stop. You can say well, I want to get out here. Yeah Well, what if the gaps against you huge big or anything at all? You may not have time to get out You don't because of the gap in the case here though and again, this is one of the reasons I love doing options the option worked in our favor in our favor So you get up in the morning. You didn't even do anything at all if you were in this trade You were up huge. It was a nice surprise and a beautiful gap on Monday morning My expectation was that this would fall And again, the trade was up the day that I called it then it reversed then it had the gap on Monday So everybody that did this made money and Again, you had to be on the options news letter to get the trade But this really was so far the biggest trade of the year and again, I was early in the trade I'm typically M early in trades. So this was one three Okay, did the two forty fives had the move here on Monday gap down and open at two twenty eight dropped Over the day was two twenty five seventy nine and again I think I think the exit really was a good exit here You could have made more money if you got out yesterday and again You're still up if you're still in this here and this could be lower tomorrow We'll see but again, I think you got to be out of this, but we'll be watching this We'll be watching many things earnings season starts Friday. So I'm gonna be focusing on earnings That's gonna be my major major major focus. This was not an earnings gap It was news, but we were in the train Before him and that's what made this so profitable. Did I know there would be a news event on this over the weekend? No, no, I didn't but I read the gap I rated the gap again I use my twenty switch six point rating system and that's what you'll learn in the golden gap course if you take the class with me It's a paid class that I teach once a month. I've already had people signed up It's the end of January January 27 28th But you just want to get the trades and sign up for the newsletter You can sign up today get tomorrow's trades and just take the trades I think people trade better if they know what we're looking at a hundred percent But some people don't care and they just want to get the trades So this was the biggest trade of the year so far 2024 BA and Congratulations to everybody that did it more than a 500% return on investment We'll be watching the BA, but I'm mostly watching earnings season which starts Friday It is the most profitable time to trade and I can't wait If you're interested in signing up for the gap options newsletter email me and Melissa at the stocks wish calm Have a great day everyone