Welcome back to ChaosZoneTV from Halle. The next talk will be a treat by Nuxnik. Welcome to FPV. Just a quick content warning, we will do a little demo flight at the end, and that will contain flashing lights and, like, see sickness, risks, I guess. From time to time on social media, you'll see a drone video that's not your typical wide panoramic shot. Chances are, if it's fast flying in tight spaces, that this is FPV flying. The pilots combine electronics tinkering with lots of open source software. And Nuxnik will give us an introduction on how you can be as cool as him. Go ahead. OK, welcome to FPV. I don't know if I'm that cool, but I appreciate it, the awesome introduction. OK, I am very excited to be here and to be talking to you about a topic. I am very passionate about. This is an introduction level presentation with a whole slew of information. But let's get started. But before then, here's a quick word from our sponsor. My name is Seth Fleming, also known by my online pseudonym Nuxnik. You can see it in the IPA transcription there on the right. I am a freelance software developer and a private consultant. Here are some of the things I do in my free time. I like to reverse engineer hardware. I do electronics repair, woodworking. I like to build furniture. I play music, anything from country to death metal. And I'm an amateur radio operator. I also have my own little corner of the interwebs at Nuxnik.com, where I write about various things that interest me or projects I'm working on. As far as contacting me, the best way is through good old fashioned email at Nuxnik, well, nuxnikatnuxnik.com. OK, here's a disclaimer. Before I get started, although I do consider myself fairly knowledgeable on the subject of FPV, I am making no assumptions to know everything about FPV multi-rotors. Some of the information I'll be presenting is solely based on my personal opinion and personal experience. So seriously, don't tase me, bro. If I say something that you don't agree with. The point of this talk, as I said, is to introduce you to the fast paced world of FPV multi-copters and give you a brief view into the hardware and software that goes into building, configuring, and flying FPV drones. OK, now with all that out of the way, let's talk some drones.  Well, FPV is an acronym, which means first-person view. It refers to the technology, not so much the method, used in piloting remote-controlled vehicles. In a nutshell, an FPV-controlled vehicle has a camera mounted on it. This camera is wirelessly transmits a video signal, which is received by the pilot and viewed in a remote monitor. The pilot controls a vehicle with a wireless transmitter and can steer the craft based on real-time information of the video signal. It's not line of sight. OK, this technology can be used in piloting any variety of vehicles, for example, airplanes, cars, boats, and even submarines, any kind of vehicle you can think of as long as you can put a camera on it. However, one of the most common implementations is in conjunction with drones. In more recent years, the term FPV refers specifically more and more to quadcopters. In other words, it is more commonly understood that when someone refers to FPV, they are referring to FPV drones. With that said, when I use the term FPV in the presentation, I will be referring to FPV drones specifically, their components, and the discipline of piloting them. So in general, the technologies and disciplines that go into FPV as a whole are immersive and multifaceted. And we'll get into that. Here are I will be showing an incomplete list of some of the different skills, technologies, and disciplines of FPV. And I'm sure this audience will at least have one or two things that they can definitely that they have experience in. So one is general electronics. In the context of FPV, you will be soldering a lot when building your own quads. You will be soldering components, wires, and modules together. As a caveat, well, it's not really a caveat. You don't have to have an electrical engineering degree in order to have fun in FPV. Only a very basic understanding is required. The amount of immersion in electronics really depends on your interest. So in other words, you can delve as deep as you want into the electronic aspects of FPV and stay inside your comfort zone. Another aspect you can delve into is radio and wireless technologies. This is something that interests me as a ham radio or amateur radio operator. FPV drones are controlled wirelessly, which means you can delve into the world of radio propagation if that floats your boat. You can get into DIY antennas, receivers, transmitters. There are a lot of people in the FPV community who make their own antennas. And as you see here in this video, I believe it's Joshua Bardwell. He is analyzing a 5.8 megahertz video signal in a spectrum analyzer. Also, you can get into software. And there's lots of software to be had in FPV. The brains of these drones are controlled by software. And I got good news. This software is open source. This means you can freely download, modify, improve, and share the source code used in your very own quads. You can compile your own source code and flash them to your drones. And here, I believe, yes, that is a video clip where I am messing with the Betaflight source code. I was changing some of the strings to say funny things like Ninja Flip and things like that. And another discipline is 3D printing. Having a 3D printer is invaluable as an FPVer. You will find yourself designing various mounts, skids, camera holders, antenna mounts, protective shields, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. As we all know, the internet is full of objects freely available and ready to print. So what is required in FPV? As I mentioned before, you don't have to have a degree in aerospace engineering in order to build and fly FPV quads. All you need is a willingness to learn. And later down the road, the only required skill is to be able to solder, especially if you plan on building your own quad. So it's a learned skill. It comes pretty quickly, actually. All the same, having a deep understanding of electronics, radio propagation, software, and 3D printing are not required, but at plus.  Personally, I enjoy FPV because I can build electronic projects that deal with wireless technologies, go out, and actually fly them. Very practical. I'm not worried when I crash or break something because I look forward to fixing what was broken and sometimes doing upgrades when the parts have finally bit the dust. In the end, 50% of the enjoyment I get out of FPV is, I guess, the best way to say it is in German. Das Basten. Basten is kind of like creating something with your hands or tinkering. So that's 50% of the fun for me. And the other 50% is the flying aspect.   Some people care more about the flying. Some people like more of the technical stuff. So the sky's the limit. So what is an FPV drone? So we've talked about what is FPV, but what is an FPV drone? What is its components? To better understand the hardware that goes into making a drone, think of it the same way as the hardware of a computer, just as a parallel. The standard components of a computer are a motherboard, a hard drive, RAM, GPU, PSU, et cetera. These components, when connected together, form the computer as a single unit. The components of a computer communicate with standardized protocols. These same concepts apply to the world of drone hardware, albeit the components of a drone are not the same as those of a computer. To further illustrate this point, when you know how the individual parts of a computer work, hard drive, RAM, GPU, et cetera, you know how to build the perfect computer which best fulfills your needs. This same concept applies to selecting the hardware components of a drone. In order to design your perfect drone, you will need to understand its components. So in order to understand the components, we're going to talk about flight controllers, motors, ESCs, receivers, FPV cameras, VTXs, et cetera. The terms might sound a little foreign, but hopefully at the end of this presentation, you'll have a good idea on how they function. OK, let's get to the first component, which is the flight controller, or in short, the FC. It is the brain of the drone. It is outfitted with various sensors and communication ports. Some of the sensors include gyroscopes, accelerometers, voltmeters, et cetera. These sensors help the drone sense its position and adjust its flight characteristics. As already mentioned, the flight controller offers communication ports, and these ports can be connected to external modules and sensors. The details of how a flight controller work are kind of beyond the scope of this presentation. So in summary, just try to take with you, the flight controller is where everything happens. If something goes wrong here, then the system will crash. And your drone will definitely crash. OK, let's talk about electronic speed controllers, otherwise known as an ESC. I'll get into a technical version of how they work and then try to put in a layman's version. They convert a PWM pulse width modulation signal from the flight controller into a three phase AC current, which is used to drive the motors. The frequency of this current determines the speed and force at which the motors are driven. So in the end, a lower amplitude or a smaller signal from the flight controller drives the four motors of the drone and the ESC translate those signals into a different three phase electronic current, which drives the motors in the end. There are some flight controllers known as AIO, or all-in-one boards, which have built-in ESCs. So as pictured here, this is a single ESC. A lot of these components can be built onto one flight controller board. OK, motors. Of course, we have to have motors or the thing won't fly. So motors are the engine that keeps a quad flying. And modern quadcopters, brushless electromagnetic motors are most commonly used. These motors are driven by a three phase alternating current as we discussed, which is provided by the ESC. And here's a quick note. For the presentation, I'm specifically referring to quadcopters, which have four motors. However, FPV drones are not limited to four motors. Sometimes you can find configurations in three, six, eight, and even more. The more motors, the more weight you can carry. So there's different characteristics, depending on what you want to build. OK, and in order to receive the signals from the pilot, the drone needs to know what to do. And in order to receive those signals, you need a receiver. And that's exactly what a receiver does. It receives signals and communicates the desired flight direction to the flight controller. The flight controller, in turn, takes these signals, does some calculations, and sends a PWM signal to the ESCs, as we talked about. So the receiver can be a separate module, as shown here. This is a TBS, Team Blacksheep, Nano receiver. It's very, very small. You can see 1.8 millimeters, or 1. I can't see it from here. Doesn't matter. It's small. It's about this big. OK, it can be built into the flight controller also. OK, and the camera, which pretty much defines the term FPV. This camera sends a video signal to the flight controller. And the flight controller takes the signal and will process it a bit and add an on-screen display. So it just films what is in front of it. It'll process the signal through the flight controller. The flight controller will overlay an OSD, which is called an on-screen display. We'll see that in the demo later when we fly around the studio here. And yeah, and that signal can, or this on-screen display can show your battery level, your speed, your altitude. If you have a GPS module, it can show you the GPS coordinates, flight time, et cetera. And then the signal gets pooped out to the VTX.  I'll tell you what it is. The VTX receives the video signal from the flight controller. It modulates, amplifies, and transmits the video signal so that the pilot can view it in his or her FPV goggles. OK, now the VTX can also be built in in an all-in-one flight controller. And we'll get to the antennas. A modern quad will usually have two antennas, one for receiving control signals from the pilot. You'll see that one on the left-hand side. That is an immortal T antenna from Team Blacksheep. And one for, sorry, in order to steer the craft and another for transmitting the video signal, which is on the right-hand side. This is a triumph, I think, TBS triumph. I have one here on the table somewhere. For example, the signals from the pilot can be transmitted on 2.4 gigahertz or 868 gigahertz. And the antenna to the left receives those signals. And the band for video signals is typically 5.8 gigahertz. So it's a little higher. Now we'll talk about the frame. One component that binds all these components into one unit and gives us its form is the frame. This is commonly made of robust materials, such as carbon fiber or hard plastic. Frames come in many shapes and sizes, many of which depend on the flight characteristics desired by the pilot. The frame shown here is a GEPRC Mark IV. I'm rather fond of that one, so I figured I'd show it. I actually have one here on the table, but I'll show you that later. Perpellers, they come in many different sizes and shapes. As with other components, selecting the correct propeller depends on the flight requirements, air density, temperature, motors. And the criteria for selecting the best propellers can be very complex and really go beyond the scope of this presentation. So you just need to know these things have propellers and they are core component. So we'll just tie it all together with an overview. As previously discussed, the components in every drone vary and are largely dependent on the flight requirements or the preferences of the person building the drone. So now that we have a general understanding, and not a very deep one, but a general understanding of the standard components that make up a modern quad, let's look at some of the software. So we get hardware and now we'll move to software. Okay, we have learned that the flight controller is the brain of the drone, but that is pretty much a half truth. The real brain of the drone lies in its software. Due to the limited time of this presentation, I'll only focus on one software project, namely the Betaflight project. Here I'm a Betaflight fanboy. I even wrote, put on my hoodie. Betaflight is a free and open source software suite for flashing and configuring flight controllers. It's two main components, well there's more components, but the two main components of Betaflight are the flight controller software and the Betaflight configurator. Let's look at the software first for the flight controller. The flight controller software does just that. Before when I showed you that clip of the software, that was actually the Betaflight software itself. Is the software that operates and keeps the drone in the air? It communicates with the external modules, reads from the sensors and inputs and interprets pilot data. It is responsible for controlling the motors and overlaying the OSD or on-screen display as we talked about before. At its core is the real workhorse of any drone. Listed underneath is the GitHub page. You can download the software for yourself, poke around, have fun and try it out yourself. Okay, and now we have the Betaflight configurator and it pretty much offers an intuitive UI which we can use to easily configure the drone. So let's delve deeper and look at how it actually works live. I think the best way to see how it works is to see it live in action. So I have here my freestyle quad, my five-inch freestyle quad. Let's connect it and look around at some of the things we can configure. So on the side, there is a small USB port and I'll turn it around here. And I'll switch over to Betaflight. There we are. Hopefully you can see it. Could you make it a little larger in the monitor in the front, please? Okay, I'll plug it in. If I can figure out where it is. Okay, there we are. Okay, and here, oh, there's a little delay there. So I'll just, okay, we're gonna hit connect. I would hit connect. Live demos are always a lot of fun. Always bound to happen. I can't see it in the monitor. It doesn't say ACM-0, something at the end of that block device. Dev slash ACM-0, interesting. Not working. Well, that figures. Well, I guess I might have to just give you the load on on how it works without showing you since I can't seem to get it to work here. With the Betaflight configurator, you can look through and see more easily, I guess. Here, I'll turn this so you can see a little better. Here's the USB port on the side. The specific components that you want to configure, for example, I can configure my transmitter. I configure the switches for my transmitter. I can configure each switch to do a specific thing for the drone to arm it. If I flip over, I can go into turtle mode and make it flip over. And there are many things I can change in that software. Also, I can change the video signal. I can change the different UART pads on the flight controller to do different things. For example, if I add a GPS module to the flight controller. And I can change the OSD. And as I said, the OSD, and we'll see that later in the live demo, hopefully the next live demo will work. In the OSD on-screen display, we'll see some things, for example, how long the flight was, the name of the craft, and many things like that. So that's pretty much what Betaflight does, Betaflight Configurator. So let's move on. I'll unplug this one here. One thing you never want to do is plug in a quad with a full battery indoors with these props because this thing is a flying chainsaw. Never do that. Well, what I did, you don't want to plug in a battery. That's bad news. So we'll keep talking about open source software. And the next thing I want to talk about is, sorry, yeah, there I am. And the next thing I want to talk about is OpenTX. OpenTX is a hardware independent open source firmware that can be flashed onto your transmitter. This here is a transmitter. I have some gimbal guards here. And it gives you the ability to save different drone profiles on your transmitter and enables communication with external modules. These are external modules in the back. They can be extended and they can extend your transmitter. Very interesting devices. I have a few here and we'll go more into detail on those later in the presentation. Just one thing you need to take away with you is that OpenTX is the software used to do that. Okay, let me move down here to the presentation. Can you switch over back to the presentation, I believe? Okay, yeah, there we are. Overview. So we have seen there are many other choices when it comes to the hardware which runs on most drones. So far, I only have scratched the surface. There are many, many more open source projects specifically in the flight controller area. So do your due diligence, look it up, and they're pretty easy to find online. Oh, okay, yeah, that's right. I think I need to do that, right? There we are. All right, yeah, baby, it's working. Okay, let's move to the next one. Okay, we just talked about that, yes. So do your due diligence, look up your different open source software projects. There's iNav, there's KISS, there's many others, so that is up to you. So hopefully I have sparked your interest in getting started in FPV, and with so many options and possibilities, what should we buy? We always wanna buy something, so good quality equipment can be expensive. I don't advocate buying expensive equipment until you're sure FPV is something you want to invest your time and money into. This hobby can get quite expensive, as you can see here on the table. With that in mind, I put together a quick guide to buying FPV gear. It's split into different phases, one, two, and three, and in each of these phases, you will be acquiring equipment that builds on the equipment that came before it. In other words, you will buy the least amount of equipment required, and in each phase, the new equipment builds on the equipment you bought before.  Another disclaimer going forward, I will be expressing my own personal opinions regarding FPV equipment. There are some people with very strong opinions about what you should buy and what you shouldn't buy. We all have our own tastes and preferences, so just don't blindly take my word for it and say, oh, he said you should buy that, so I'm gonna buy it. Look it up yourself. Unfortunately, there's no one-size-fits-all solution to getting equipment, so you have to find the equipment that's right for you. Okay, so I've set up a shopping cart for you, and this is phase one. So you've listened to the talk and it sparked your interest and you say to yourself, yeah, that sounds like something I wanna get into. This is cool. So phase one is the least expensive step. You will be getting into, you only be getting your feet wet and have minimal investment and money in time. Therefore, the only two things you will need to buy for phase one are a FPV simulator and a transmitter. So let's look into the simulators first. Okay, and to be honest, I'll refer you to Velocidron. Really, to be honest, this is the only simulator I've used. Its graphics are simple. I can play it on my laptop. The quad tuning process is straightforward and intuitive. Quad tuning was something I wanted to show you in Betaflight, but unfortunately, we couldn't get to that. And it's a complex subject and you'll hear it quite a bit. So quad tuning, save that for later. It's compatible with Linux, Mac and Windows and the time of this presentation that costs about 16 pounds 99, which is about 20 euros. So it's not a big investment. So let's move to the transmitter. We know we wanna get an FPV simulator. There are more simulators out there, so look those up.  Look them up. Since I don't wanna make too many equipment recommendations, I will show you only the transmitters I have to give you an idea of what is out there and all these transmitters, as I mentioned before, they all run open source software, namely OpenTX, which we briefly discussed. So the first I have shown you this already is my FreeSky QX7. It's my daily driver. As far as transmitters go, many people would probably say this transmitter is outdated. They're right. It can be extended with external modules, as I showed before. It has built-in FreeSky protocols. I prefer using this transmitter when I'm flying a quad with at least a three-inch propeller diameter, so a quad this large and larger. And I do that because the stick resolution is higher on this. So the points from here to here are much larger and I get a better resolution. So I like this bigger one for that. Like I said, there's newer, better, more modern options, so you might wanna look those up. And next is a pretty good starter controller or transmitter. It is the Jumper T Lite. It's an inexpensive transmitter that runs on OpenTX. It can be extended with external modules and comes shipped with multi-protocol functionality. You can use this single controller for bind-and-flight quads. A bind-and-flight quad, if you buy a quad, it comes pre-built and you can just bind your controller to it. At the time of this presentation, it costs about 90 euros. And it's small, fits in your hands, kind of like a Xbox controller style. Feels like an Xbox controller. And the last radio I'll be showing you is the Beta FPV Lite radio. Three, it costs around 60 euros. This is actually not the three, this is the two. You don't wanna buy this one. It's not fully featured. The other one has the three. It's a decent transmitter for its price. It has a small form factor, but however, no screen. And as I said, I have the older version. So if you wanna spend a little less money, you can probably get the Lite radio two or at least look into it. So let's go to phase two, phase three, we're not there yet. And we're gonna add to our shopping cart a tiny whoop. A tiny whoop is a drone like this. And we will be adding FPV goggles. This is where it gets exciting. So we've been practicing in the simulator. We can keep our quad in the air and aren't crashing as often. Flying these things is not easy. It takes a lot of practice. Let's expand our equipment and get two more items. So in my own personal experience, it's better to start with a small quad with like a tiny whoop because you will crash and crash and crash and crash and crash and crash and crash. And crashing is part, a big part of FPV. That's why starting out in a simulator will save you a lot of money. Do your practice in the simulator. It doesn't cost anything to crash. When you crash in the real world, it costs money. So for safety and financial reasons, I recommend starting with a tiny whoop.   So don't do that and don't fly those indoors. Tiny whoops are small and light. They're normally flown indoors, which we will do later. They are called tiny whoops because of the prop guards. These are called whoops, little prop guards.  I've had that happen a couple of times. Well, not for me, but for the person who I ran into. So as stated before, this is my personal opinion regarding what quad to buy, so take it with a grain of salt. Do your own research. So let's look at a couple of tiny whoops in my collection. You see the video here on the left is from a video I filmed with an FPV tiny whoop, a tiny whoop, namely this Mobula Lite 6 HD. It has a high definition camera installed on it. I even used this, yeah, I used this little drone to film some of the scenes you saw there. It's very, very small and can get in very, very tight places and it has an excellent camera. It's up to 1080p, small little drone, very nice. Here I'll show it for the folks out there in internet land. Very nice camera. Next we have the Mobula 6. The Mobula 6 is a little, well, it's exactly the same as the HD, except it doesn't have an HD camera. So it's with a regular camera that can't take cool video footage. By the way, in this HD camera, there is a mini SD card. I'll show it here. There's a mini SD card that saves your video footage. So you're seeing an FPV feed in your goggles and this thing will save your high definition video footage in here. And then the last one, which we will fly around today around the studio is this little Mobula Lite 6. It is very light, flies for a long time. It's really fast and it's a lot of fun to fly. You can do some pretty cool acrobatic stuff with it. And you can get on people's nerves, which I do all the time. Okay, let's get into the exciting stuff. FPV goggles, this is where the fun starts. It is also possible to buy goggles and practice in a simulator since a decent set of goggles will have an HDMI input. So you can actually use these to hook to your computer and use it as a despair monitor. I do this when I'm riding in a train and I don't want people to see what I'm doing in my computer.  What do you call that thing? The thing in the front. Anyway, I close my laptop and I see my screen and people look at me like I'm a freak, but who cares? That and you kind of look like you're in Tron.  So before discussing the virtues of goggles, trying them on and posing for the cover of Daft Punk Magazine. A magazine I do want to pose for at some point in my life. We will first need to discuss the two video signal types of FPV and these are namely analog and digital. Okay, depending on what type of requirements you have, these video signal types can influence the goggles you buy. So pay attention here and this will be a money issue for some of you. Here's some DVR footage from a flight I did and this is analog video and it is exactly that, it's analog. So for those of you as old as me, you will remember back in the good old days, the old analog TV transmissions of the last century. It looks like that and it's pretty much the same technology. There are advantages and disadvantages to analog video system. The advantages are equipment compatibility. So equipment for analog systems is open and intercompatible. It's not locked to any specific vendor. This means that the video transmitters and receivers are not limited by proprietary protocols, which is a definite plus. It has low latency. Latency means that the time it takes to get from the camera, your feed to your goggles is very low in latency. So the transmission is faster, which means you can react more quickly. For some people, this is kind of subjective. Some people say there's a big difference between digital and analog. It depends who you're talking to. It is low cost. Analog equipment is much more inexpensive than digital. It uses low bandwidth in the radio spectrum, which means you can fly with more people. So you can fly with your friends so they can use their analog equipment and you're not gonna blast the whole bandwidth and screw everyone over. So something to think about. Okay, so let's talk about the disadvantages. And really, the biggest disadvantage, as you saw, is the video clarity. It's low. Some people would say the security is an issue because it is not encrypted and anyone can view that. I don't really see that as an issue, especially if you're flying with an FPV quad. I suppose you could probably run it through some kind of encryption algorithm. I don't know.  Okay, so the good thing is this analog signal you're seeing looks like crap and you think like, oh, how do I make a nice video out of it? Well, you strap on an HD camera to the top of the other drone so you'll see here is my FPV camera right here, this little guy, and here is my HD camera and this is gonna take the good stuff and this is gonna be just for flying. So a little FPV camera here. It's got a little cap on it. Yep, very small. Okay, that's how we get the cool video footage. So let's get to digital. So some of the advantages to digital, unlike analog, these systems transmit and receive digital signals. So as you can see, the video clarity is clearly the biggest advantage of digital signals and of course the biggest selling point. For example, when flying among trees and small branches, the details make a huge difference and can mean the difference between whether you crash or not. Something I don't do is fly around in the woods like this with an analog system. It's very hard to see those little small branches and they will take you down quick. It's called scraggle. So digital FPV disadvantages, higher latency, which means the signal, you will talk on Scottie. The signal transmission rate, I guess, is slower, which means you will not be able to react as quickly. I don't see this as a big problem. Some people do. The cost is higher. Digital systems are more expensive than analog and the equipment compatibility, this is the big one for me, which really makes me a big turn off, is digital systems, there is the problem of vendor lock.  So which goggles do you wanna buy? That's up to you. I'm a fan of the analog system, which I think is pretty obvious. However, I do own a Sharkbyte system, this is an analog system, or I'm sorry, a digital system. I'm happy with the fact that it is compatible with analog goggles. So it's kind of a hybrid, it is a digital system, but it can be used with analog hardware, which is pretty nice. So I'm just gonna show you a couple things about some of these goggles. This is an E-Asheen EV, I think EV300O, or something like that. It is run by a 2S battery on the side. It has, here I have a patch antenna and a omnidirectional antenna on the top. So this one is, when I place it in the direction of where I am flying, I can get a clear signal, it has a higher decibel DBI. On the top, there's a fan to keep it from fogging up. It has high definition, as I said. HDMI input, I can hook this up to my computer, use it as an external monitor, I said. As I said, another use, which I think is kind of cool, and I do it sometimes, is to use it as a soldering monitor. You can hook it up to a USB microscope and get in real close.  They're just cool. I like Tron, Doc Brown, Daft Punk, they're really cool stuff. Here are my Fat Shark HDOs. They're a little older. They do have the same features as this set of goggles. I made some external mods, a lot of 3D printing. You can see here, here's a power switch I have, which has a nice little beeps too, which is kind of cool. As I said, this module, this digital module on the front can be removed. Overall, it's a very nice system. I'm very happy with it. So if you want to look into good goggles, kind of like the creme de la creme of goggles is, I would say, Fat Shark. They're also pretty established and well-known in the FPV world.  Okay, so let's go to phase three. We're gonna go back to our shopping cart. So far, we have developed some good piloting skills in our simulator. We've slated those skills into real-world flying by flying with our goggles and a tiny whoop. Now we want to take it to the next step and enter phase three. Since we already have our basic equipment, we can now buy as many quads as we want and expand our fleet. This will largely depend on what type of flying you're interested. So I'm gonna go into some of the different types of flying, different types of quads that I have here on the table. For this phase, we will be briefly covering different flying styles, the classes of quads, et cetera. So you'll kind of have a better idea of what kind of quads are out there and maybe see a style of flying which you could say, oh, I could see myself doing that. So just remember the words and yeah, it's all good. So we're gonna get into freestyle. Freestyle, it is a generic term which can include many other styles of flying. However, in order to keep things simple, we will glob it into the catch-all term freestyle. So freestyle is arguably the most action-packed style of flying in the FPV world. As a comparison, it's similar to the world of freestyle skateboarding. I see it as pretty much the same thing. People get together, they do tricks and you know. In a nutshell, the flying style involves flying in and around objects through tight spaces and openings, sharp turns, near misses, all while trying to pull off a couple of tricks, like right at the last second. A freestyle quad needs to take a lot of beating. That is why, cause you'll be crashing like crazy. That is why it is the most robust compared to the other classes. A freestyle quad can come in many shapes and sizes. I'll start from the smallest to largest. I'll just start at around this one here. You could call this a freestyle quad. This one's kind of cute. It looks like a flying helmet. I don't know, Lord helmet with propellers from Spaceballs. It is, it's a 1S, it runs on a 1S battery. We'll move up the ladder a little bit and graduate to a three inch freestyle quad. As I said, these are very robust. You can see this is made out of carbon fiber. I have my own TPU, 3D printed parts on this. Some camera holders. This one's pretty small. That's a three inch quad. And they're called three inch and five inch and has to do with the diameter of the propellers. So that's three inches across. And here is a bigger quad. This is actually called a mini quad. Cause back in the day, these things were much bigger. And when they got them this size, they said, hey, this is freaking small. You know, this is a mini quad. So this is a freestyle mini quad. It has a lot of custom configurations. Some camera mounts I designed myself in SolveSpace. SolveSpace, check it out. Love it, great CAD program. I can always plug SolveSpace. Love that program. I have my own custom antenna mounts. And yes, these are, I have larger props. Three blade props. You can get two blade props. The common usage or the common configuration is a three blade prop. Here's some of the antennas that we talked about earlier. Yes, this is a six S quad. We'll talk about batteries in a second. Okay, so those are some, just a general introduction to freestyle quads. Next we can talk about long range. Long range is a hell of a lot of fun. And they just go long range. They fly really, really, really far. So how far a long range can fly really depends on who you're talking to and what type of quad you're referring to. And since this can sometimes be debatable what constitutes a long range quad, I'll just say it's kind of like a quad that can fly above average distances while taking into account its size, performance, and battery.  So no, actually, there are some things. These things can go pretty far. They can go anywhere from one to 10 to more kilometers depending on some of the components you build into them. Long range flights are generally smoother. They have a feel of cruising without any tricks or rolls. You're just gonna kind of fly and cruise. And long range quads are usually equipped with a GPS module. You can see in this flight, and you can check out those GPS coordinates if you want. That's not gonna bother me. It features, a GPS module was built into this quad. I built it myself. I'll show you in a second. It features return to home functionality. This means that if the quad loses signal from the transmitter, it will turn around and fly back to its point of origin. So you see a little arrow, and that points to where I am. I have two long range quads. Ironically, both of these were designed by David Cleedon, otherwise known as Dave C. And I'll get into this one first. This is a micro long range. It is very light. Here's the GPS module here on the back. FPV camera in the front. And I've gotten this quad out pretty far. I built in a new VTX, which is the video transmitter. And it can get, I won't say, illegal amounts of power, because I wouldn't do that. But this thing can get out pretty far. Here's the GPS module in the back. Longer antenna. I'll get into this camera in a second. This camera's pretty cool. And here is the nano long range. This is a 3D printed frame. I built this one from scratch. I also made a build video about this on my YouTube channel. So if you wanna check that out, learn how to build this guy. It's a lot of fun. Here's a GPS module. It's run on a single 18650 battery. Has three inch propellers. This thing is, I think it's pretty amazing. Not because I designed it or did it. I just built it. The engineering behind this is very interesting. It's very, very light. Very interesting. Okay. So we're gonna have to move along here a little bit. So cinematic style quads. I'll just show you that real quick. This is a cinematic style quad. It is used for getting tight and close up to people. You can see it also carries its camera here. Cinematic style. Just think cinema. Think movies. That's a beta FPV 85. And I used it to film this music video here. You can see I'm flying through an office space down corridors. It's very nimble and very maneuverable. Flying down the stairwell there. And as I said, you can fly very close to people because it has prop guards or whoops. Okay, let's move on. Okay, so in all three phases, we talked about core equipment. So here's some other stuff you can get. I'm gonna brush this really, really quick because we're running out of time here. So batteries. Batteries. They're lithium polymer. They're dangerous. So you need to learn about how they work. They don't work like your phone. You don't just plug them in and they work. Well, your phone could be dangerous too. Think of the Samsung seven, I think it was. That was a lot of fun. They can be dangerous. That's why I store them in an ammunition case. As you see here, there are no bullets in this. There are batteries because they can go up in flame and they can take you with them. So keep those in mind. Keep that in mind when you're working with lithium polymer batteries. Cameras. This is a stripped down naked GoPro. I took a GoPro apart, placed it in this case. It's stripped down to only what is needed for it to function. Look it up, a naked GoPro. Running out of time here, so I gotta move. There's some other cameras on there, so check them out. Tools, I have an awesome toolkit that I wanted to get into because I could talk about tools all day long. And here's my toolkit, antennas, hex drivers, different camera mounts, modules, multimeter, antennas, et cetera. So keep a toolkit with you. This is my field toolkit. I use it all the time in the field. I make repairs in the field, a soldering iron is in there. Okay, and 3D printing. As you saw, most of the quads here and they are used with 3D printing, they have 3D printed components on them. So to round out this presentation, we will do a short test flight around the studio to make sure you get a feel of what it's like to sit in the cockpit of a real FPV drone. Let's do that. Hopefully this live demo will work. I'm gonna plug in here. I'm gonna be using the jumper T light. Let's turn it on. Okay, turn on my goggles. Let's turn on the drone so you can get a video feed, see what I'm seeing. And this is an analog system, so if you have epileptic issues, this could flash a lot, so if you have a problem with flashing lights, please look the other way. Don't stare into the light. Okay, let's do it. I'm not warm, so we'll see how this works out. Whoa, bad start. Very bad start. I'm too excited. I haven't had enough booze yet. I don't fly and drink. Okay, here we go, here we go. Let's take it easy. Say hi, people. Let's go out. Let's fly around the hackerspace, folks. Here we are. So as I said before, FPV flying is very, very immersive.  Let's fly around the corner. Ah, I made it. Oh no, crashed and burned. Hopefully someone saw it and let's see, I gotta turn around and I can probably see myself better. Now there we go. I see a little movement. I don't know if you see anything. Here we go. There we go. We're back on track. I'm gonna go back. I'm gonna risk it. You only live once, you know what I'm saying? Okay, I gotta do some tricks here. You know, I'm gonna crash, so might as well crash in style. Woo, that's called a roll, folks. That's how you do it. 2001, 2001, 2021, 2001. I haven't listened to old rap albums recently, so sorry about that. Here we go. I don't want to get in anyone's hair. Yeah, so as you see, this is really easy to get into.  After a while, they'll be like, hey, that's really cool. And then you'll fly into their hair and then they won't like it anymore, and they won't like you for a while, because it takes a long time to get out of the hair. Those little motors, when they get caught in hair, it's bad news, it's bad news bears. Oh, he crashes and he burns. Fly around here. How much time I got, folks? We doing okay still? All right, so you see all those numbers and everything. That's the on-screen display, and that's being transmitted from the flight controller. So I can configure that in beta flight, so if I want to know a different metric. There we go, made it. If I want to know a different metric, I can figure that out, I can put it in my on-screen display and see it posted there. Let's go fast. Woo, let's go a little faster. Oh, crash and burn. Okay, I think I'm done.  It's something you get used to. These things can crash a lot. So imagine this is the small version. Imagine flying one, hold on, I'll turn on the beeper, is it beeping? Can you find it? Okay, that's something that you can configure, you can make it beep. So imagine flying that little quad and translate it to a big-ass quad like this one, this five-inch, it'll go maybe 200 kilometers an hour flying on the seat of your pants. You don't want to fly this around people.  So that's about it. You can download the slides from my presentation on my, at the following URL from my website. If you have found something, I said to be an error in my presentation, please let me know. Ich möchte mich auch ganz herzlich bei den Leuten von KeaSohn bedanken, dass ihr mir diese Bühne zur Verfügung gestellt habt. Ich danke euch tausendmal, also applause for you und applause for all the people who participate. Sorry, I had to say that in German for the folks who are standing here. Not that they don't understand me, I don't know. Stay healthy, happy, and I am looking forward to your questions, thank you very much. This is so nice, thank you so much. It's nice to see our little village of Inais, really just a village in a trench coat of a big city and I know all the spots. All right, so there are lots of questions. To 3D printing and using that with drones, what materials are suitable for 3D printing frames and are they sturdy enough? That's a good question and it really depends on what quad you're making. This, for example, was printed in PLA, but since it's a long range drone, I'm not gonna do crazy tricks with it, I'm gonna be a little more careful. I have crashed with this one. You can do it with PLA, but you're not gonna be printing a frame for a drone like this or of this size. You could, but it probably wouldn't last very long. PLA, ABS, what's a harder one? PETG maybe, you'll be using a lot of TPU because TPU is soft for different mounts and padding style components. So yeah, that's a good question. Yeah, nice. How often do you get motion sickness flying one of the FPV drones? Yes, very good question. I'll just put it this way. I have a tendency to get motion sickness generally when I'm in a car. And the first time I flew with goggles, I felt that way maybe the first 20 seconds and something in my brain clicked and told me it was okay. And after the first flight, I was really okay. I don't really have that many problems and I am more prone to motion sickness. So yeah, that is a good question. Yeah, nice. I can hear the lost drone beeping in the couch. Oh, let me turn that on. No, I think it's the timeout or something. All right, where would you look for other people flying FPV in Germany? Communities, online hubs, forums, what's your recommend? There are lots of online hubs. One forum that I visit quite often is called IntoFPV.com. There are German people in Germany. Well, I live in Germany, so that applies to me. But there are people from all over the world on that forum now with the problems with corona. There used to be more FPV meetups. There are sometimes you can look into tiny whoop races. You can race these things around through obstacle courses. There are events and things going on. The FPV community is rather small. It's not a big community. So yeah, that's a good question. But there are plenty of resources online and meetings and people. All right. What about the legal side, about long range and doing that in Germany or even the EU? Well, there are requirements and things you should do. In Germany, you're gonna have to go to the Luftfahrt Bundesamt. And you can take maybe a year ago, they offered a free course to be licensed. There are three different licenses. They're at least four in this hobby. The A1, the A2 and the A3. I have the A1 and the A2. I'm sorry, I have the A1 and the A3. I'm currently taking the A2. The good thing about this is every country has its own, I guess you could say, organization which takes care of those or regulates those laws. You have to look in for your specific country. The good thing in the EU is all these drone licenses are standardized, so if you get A1, two or three, you can fly anywhere in the EU zone. I'm only speaking for EU, so good question. Yeah, nice. Does anybody in the FPV community use sync, stereo or dual camera setups in combination with the headsets or is that too intense? Oh, like a 3D. Yes, actually, that is interesting. I've never tried it. I would like to. There was a time maybe four or five years ago, maybe it was longer or farther back where you could do that. There is a setup where you can transmit 3D, so yes, that is possible. It's not very popular, not anymore, and there were some people doing that.  But yeah, good question. And I haven't done it myself. I would love to. That's something that's definitely on my bucket list. Good question. All right, and then another regulatory thing. Does a HEM radio license help in FPV, for example, for stronger video signal? Yes, and it depends on the band. And it depends on your class of license and it depends on what country you're living in. So yes, with the 5.8 MHz, there are specific channels. I think it was like 5.9 or there's a couple, which depending on the flight controller or the VTX, which are not in use, they're specified as HEM radio channels. And if you are licensed as a HEM radio operator, you can, I think you can get up to five watts or something like that. Don't quote me on this.  But yes, you do have some advantages. All right, that's very interesting. Thank you so much for being here. Thank you. And yeah, happy new year. See you next year, hopefully live in person. Thank you very much. Thank you. Our next talk on Chaos Zone TV will be Bertel. And he will talk about electro-grusel cabinet best of lender.  All right, that sounds interesting. See you then.


Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls Free College, University of Allahabad. This is my email ID and today I am going to discuss a topic under the main heading of educational technology that is difference between hardware and software approach to educational technology. The lecture will be in bilingual mode and it is a basic conceptual understanding about educational technology. So let's start. First of all, hardware approach. We are going to discuss about the cutting edge of the technical skill and the Comal skill of the technical skill. So as soon as you read educational technology in B.A., B.A., M.A., M.A., M.A. or M.A., M.A. So the main thing is as soon as you tell about educational technology, it tells you that it approaches towards educational technology. So you have to read three approaches. Hardware approach, software approach and system approach. We will talk about system approach later. So here we will know about hardware and software approach and we will know the difference between them. We generally know about hardware approach because all of us have become technosave and all of us know a lot about it. So we know about hardware that we can touch machinery and we know about software that we can't touch. Generally, we understand this difference. But as we are talking about the hardware and software approach in educational technology, so we will have to keep some additional information. So first of all, basic idea behind educational technology. I am sorry. What is the basic idea about Shaqshik technique? Using all available resources, human or non-human in a systematic manner to find a viable solution to educational problems. So how can we sort out the problems of Shaqshik in a systematic way so that we can use all available resources in the same educational technology. NCRT told this in 2006. Now let's talk about hardware approach. What is hardware approach in Shaqshik technique? It is said that hardware approach is based on the application of engineering principles for developing electromechanical equipment for instructional purposes. It means that we have to make some kind of electromechanical equipment to provide some kind of teaching machine that you know about or some kind of particular thing that is made for educational purposes. And we have applied the principle of engineering. So whose application is this? We have made electromechanical equipment from the principle of engineering so that we can give instructions. Okay? Motion pictures, tape recorders, television especially for instruction, teaching machine and computers are called educational hardware. Why? Because the principle of engineering is electromechanical equipment and these instructions are useful. And hardware approach mechanizes the process of teaching so that teachers would be able to deal with more students with less expenditure on educating them. That is, what is your difficult skill? What does it do? It does not make the machine of Shaqshik practice. What can be done? That the teacher can deal with more than more students at once and at least spend his expenditure. Your Shaqshik program is coming on television. You can see the number of students and how much is the expense. Similarly, teaching machine, computer, tape recorder, you can hear it in numerous ways. Motion picture is there. So what are we doing? Shaqshik practice is done by the machine. And what is hardware in education? It is nothing but technology in education. We have developed a technique in education. So to understand this, I have already made a video on the difference between technology in education and technology of education. I will share its link in the description. So you can say that the hardware approach is technology in education. And the software approach is technology of education. So it refers to the mechanization of learning by the use of such electromechanical and technological equipment and materials. So as you know that technology in education is the first step. Here we have brought technology in education. But technology of education is its broader aspect. And this is a lesser aspect. The software approach. What was the software approach there? The principles of engineering. We were making electromechanical equipment and were giving instructions to them. What will we do in the software approach? The software approach uses the principles of psychology. The principles of psychology are used here. For building in the learners a complex repertory of knowledge and modifying their behavior. So we want to modify the behavior of the learner or we want to impart the knowledge and principles of psychology. It originates from behavioral sciences. You will see the work of the skinner mainly. So the program instruction. What does it do? It is based on operant conditioning. What does operant conditioning say? The child has to give you reinforcement. What is the learning from reinforcement? It is strengthened. So the software approach originates from behavioral sciences. And there are applied aspects concerning the psychology of learning. The psychology of learning is the psychology of learning. The psychology of learning provides solid technology for bringing desirable behavioral changes in the pupils and thus serves the cause of education by laying down definite instructional procedures, teaching behavior and behavior modification devices. The psychology of learning provides us with the technology that we can bring desirable behavioral changes and we can definitely follow the instruction procedure and modify the teaching behavior and use the behavior modification devices. So the software approach is based on the work of the skinner. It is done by the skinner and the behaviorist because it originates from behavioral sciences. The software approach is also termed as instructional technology. It is also called instructional technology and it is called teaching technology and it is called behavioral technology. Instructional technology, teaching technology, behavioral technology. The software approach is characterized by task analysis, writing precise objectives, selection of appropriate learning strategies, immediate reinforcement of responses and constant evaluation. That is, it is dealing with the entire teaching learning process so there is everything that we have to do task analysis that is, first we have to visualize what we want. Then whatever we want, then we will choose learning strategies and which learning strategies are the most appropriate for the behavior modification. Then, as soon as the student responds we will give him immediate reinforcement and we will do constant evaluation. Then, the software in education is nothing but the technology of education. The hardware approach was technology in education because the technology of education refers to the application of various principles, processes, techniques in education. It deals with the systematic and effective application of various devices. So, this is Kathore Shilpa Pagam in which we are talking about machine learning. That Komal Shilpa Pagam we will talk about programming, which program will run in that machine. So, the program will run because it is made for instructional purposes so who will follow psychology of learning behavior modification. Now, let's look at the inside. The origin of the hardware approach is in physical sciences and applied in engineering. The origin of the software approach is in behavioral sciences and their applied aspects covering the psychology of learning. How is the hardware approach concerned? Education in utilization of audio-visual aid, material and sophisticated instruments and mass media for helping teachers and learners in their tasks. This is the emphasis on audio-visual material. We have to do machine learning. What are we doing? Try to make use of the production and utilization of software techniques and materials. In terms of what we want to make in learning material, how to follow the teaching learning strategy so that the instruction can be given as we can modify the behavior and other devices for smoothening the task of teaching learning. What is the software approach? It is smoothening the process of teaching learning. What is the hardware approach? It is mechanization. So, what is the main interest of the product-oriented approach? What is the origin of the software approach? What is the origin of the software approach? Process-oriented technique. How can we create a good student here? How can we create a good student? How can we create a good student? Why? When the teaching learning strategy is going on, the psychology of learning will be as per your understanding. What is the hardware approach based on the concept of service meaning? Why? It is services in the field of education. We need to make digitalization in the teaching and computerization. So, this is the concept. What is the software approach? What is the program in that concept? What will we do with the computer? What is the thing that we can tell the students in a better way? So, it helps in the production of software material being used by the hardware application. What is the run in that computer delivering their services to the users? The hardware approach is nothing without the software approach. You have no role of the computer without programming. Examples of the appliances and gadgets being used in hardware technology services can be made in radios, television, tape recorder, video slides. What we will give here is programmed learning material and teaching learning strategies and based on the psychology of learning. Similarly, hardware technology is the services of software technology. There is no meaning of hardware technology for its use and function. It cannot go without the aid of software technology. There is no hardware approach without the help of software technology. What is the software approach? Software technology proves most useful and productive in the case if it is assisted and made into use by hardware applications and gadgets. The program learning material is made without the hardware approach. It also needs a machine to run the program. The machine provides the hardware approach and programming software approaches. You can say that both are completely complementary. The hardware approach has mass appeal and utilization whereas the software approach has no such wide applications and appeal to the masses. How many people know about the program learning material but also about computers? It has resulted in improving the efficiency of educational means and reducing the cost of education. What is the hardware approach? It has increased the efficiency and reduced the cost of education. But the software approach lacks in the task of improving efficiency and reducing the cost of education. It is assisting the hardware in doing so. But then we will say that it lacks the efficiency and increasing the cost of education and reducing the cost of education. The software approach does not work. Basically, the hardware approach is an application of physical sciences for electro-mechanical equipment with which you can give instructions. The software approach is an application of programming that will run in the electrical equipment so that you can increase the efficiency of education and reduce the cost of education. This is not an appeal from your mother. This is something special. But even if we do not know then we do not cover long question on educational technology. We only write two lines on hardware software technology. It is better if we know. Thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel ExploreEducation. Keep learning. Happy learning to all of you. Done from my side.


What's up everyone? It's your girl, Kenzie here from Layton Sports Cards and I am ripping brand new release today of 2021 topscrone platinum anniversary baseball hobby 12 box case break number five pick your team I was about to say here are the random results. I haven't done a pick your team and I feel like it's been weeks Gonna go over the teams here and then we'll get started. We've got alex. Oh blue jays alexander m Padres anthony m reds benjamin v dvax chad b brewers and Same chat be with the race crispy angels daniel k mariners derrick a metz and Nationals james b tigers jason t white socks jesse y fillies and rockies John g giants joshua d with the royals and guardians justin w Braves matthew m astros russel f a's ryan s with the cardinals and pirates soul c or sol Sol c with the Dodgers steven w cubs tim t rangers tony y twins travis l marlins von b red socks walter b orials and utes see with the yankees All right, best of luck everybody my first Well, not first look. I was watching lane rip earlier, but first uh break of this for us on the evening shift here I need a great job pulling some nice cards for you some uh really cool throwback uh autographs Let's see that mail short print that would be pretty darn cool, huh? That'd be all right I like these boxes.  These cards are just sharp Let me not get my face in the reflection there. We've got already a mic trout Look at that mic trout on the uh aqua refractor and we'll aqua wave these ones are not numbered Wow nice trout there and brendan mckay on the refractor race Cabrera justin done Was that chris on the uh the angels Is it No Christian Javier rookie Oswald and Chadwick trump rookie giants This does happen Roberto Clemente, that's a cool one Diaz mark book wire young mark book wire my goodness Irlander vado. We've got refractor of nick sensel Sinsel reds This would be a fun personal box to take home and rip to wade ball. It's evan white rookie for the mariners We've got x-fractor of joe morgan for the reds. X-fractors are not numbered either Yeah, wing right sierra set ellige rookie Florial rookie yankees strawsburg devin williams Just limited room left tonight four total breaks with spots left alexander visabi rookie giants Steve garvey. We've got refractor of kendo kendo Candelario Fractors are nice too Mills tyson miller rookie cubs zardo We've got brent rookie rookie twins Bellinger Weaver derrick jeeter. There's a cool one Parker Yeah, definitely a collector set. I feel like it might take a while with the 700 cards bobby abray you for the fillies little Palm trees in the background Not too sure you'll find too many of those in filly, right? It's like maybe like a raised background. Uh, kyle kody rookie rangers. Romero rookie gnats. Vladdie jr. coming We've got auto of miguel tejada on the blue prism refractor That is to 99 35 of 99 Man that's sharp Miguel tejada First auto of the evening shift oakland Going to rustle f beautiful hit there rustle Orioles legend I love the rose gold cabray and haze rookie. Thanks one there pyrus Wendell and we've got to 75 Justin burlander that is the rose gold mini diamond I'm a sucker for rose gold. It's my favorite type of jewelry Surprisingly, I am not a fan of like gold jewelry. Um, archon rookie refractor illoy Jimenez I always tell ro no gold. I don't like gold. I like uh silver gold or what is it silver gold white gold Something like that Love rose gold Kim Yeah, the 52 top style Rizzo rice. We've got uh, kilomi rookie metz Bray refractor of orlando arcea brewers Show this to klob hill uh, it's not breaking out. Yeah It's supposed to be like a stud crossback. He's just trash air and judge rookie of godot Orioles Zach mckinstry rookie and we've got to 100. Look at that. Mike is stremsky To 100 on the red atomic That's a beautiful card too very well centered for most of these too, which is You know, it's nice Martinez elani smith. All right solid first box there Very nice auto to start us off on the blue prism A couple nice, uh, number of parallels too Do you have these in stock for personals? Would you say 180 box? 180 a box. I have one of these in queue already for uh leader Again plenty of room left for personals carry wood refractor cups We're doing personals tonight for a change.  Iran's rookie boston albis Wilson We brock rookie of reyland marquette's cubbies Tina as refractor rookie brian garcia tigers It's funny how they look like all tropical backgrounds Starville Bundy gregorius Jordan weems for the ace And next auto we've got a friend mil reyes for the guardians on the base auto there cleveland with auto number two for animal And for these let's do like a recap we'll do like anything numbered like 50 or lower Brockston Garrett rookie miami RV treak scuba rookie stop Mikey Mikey doing great doing great Spencer Howard rookie And refractor of alexford dugout. There's a little bit of a dent right by his cheek. You can see there you go You can see on that one red sox Never do you go?   He's like, do we have any benadryl? I was like, no So if I'm going to go this time, I was like, all right Went back to sleep woke up. I was like, are you still alive? He's like, yeah, I took some benadryl Brent rooker.  That'd be cool Andres Jimenez, Seth Romero rookie knots and X fractor Reggie Jackson for the Yankees That's cool. We gotta pull a jeter auto tonight. That would be sick or a trout Otani Otani actually isn't in the checklist. I thought he was yeah, someone said he was but then I looked earlier. He's not no Joey bar rookie Miguel Tejeda Cabrera Justin Dunn We've got Chadwick Trump rookie giants refractor for the Orioles Tray Mancini Luis Campswana Austin Hayes Oswald, we've got Gman Choi for the rays on the aqua wave Thanks aqua wave there.  They pulled the refractor of that one earlier. Sierra. We've got chris davis refractor rangers That would be something Chris, huh That would be something uh paredes rookie astros Selo Strasberg what we have here. We've got two 100 on the red atomic big poppy. Look at that color match boston That's a beautiful hit there Von B with the red socks. There you go. Von beautiful big poppy Von did pretty well with his Personals last night. Oh, yeah Hold a Got raffi march on rucky Another numbered here to 99 a jordan halloway 99 is the green yellow 70th anniversary. That's sick Definitely you don't have to chase it grab a few of these cards off of ebay. Yeah, these are cool I want our black and gold to brian Hayes rucky black Yeah, I just saw that too, uh 18 When did that happen earlier today? We were just talking about it on ESPN. I hope they're all right That's scary uh, leo lavera rookie leon hen tricks refractor white socks uh, but pulled von a White trout out of select 27 50 jerseys McLean had rucky race Will be scarcia rookie gnats. We've got x-fractor buster posie.  So kibrian Hayes is still a rookie in this. So I don't believe o'neill. There's an otani there for you chris Sonia ozzy smith. Yeah, I don't think o'neill screws is in there. There's no wanderers in this either.  I'd be like gong Hayes Like it's still in carlsson. Yeah, yeah, I pulled out auto from earlier christian posh a rookie braves bryan garcy rookie tigers posh is up there too. Probably put him in the top 10 Yeah Beaver polanco lee schmaltz. I think madrigal still counts as a rookie in that too. Yeah, white socks Yeah, larkin polanco gong schmitt morton Yeah, we're so used to 2022 now be done Chen meng wong has an auto in this isaac paredas rookie tigers abray you jim rice. That is so sick I'm definitely buying a chen name wong auto yankies legend louis garcia astros rookie Ramos we've got refractor of newhouser chicago All right, did I say chicago cleave one? Indian Oh, I just saw that see it look it looked like uh, chicago and I was like wait a second that looks like a reds And on the back it says cleveland. I'm like what the heck zack mckinstry rookie dodgers illy hamenas They have um jazz chisel too. He's a rookie. Oh, yeah. Yeah, that's another big one. We've got blue prism auto hulio franco cleveland 67 of 99 two out of three autos so far have been uh blue on the blue prism Very nice. There you go guardians Let's go hawker trading to neil galanari multiple firsts to the spurs for diante murray Let's go. That's huge Oh, yeah slugger albert abray you rookie jd brew baker pirates tim hudson and refractor of texarian Yankee 700 players in the base Uh cologne rookie rendon cologne Shenmeng warm that is the coolest thing ever Got tea turner. We've got refractor of labor torres yankees yankees doing well with some refractors Some legends you got a couple dear jitters. You got a baby roo Uh, william contraris rookie braves a blake taylor astros stanton cody wittley rookie cardinals Right willie mays and cc sabbatheon daz cameron rookie tigers john lester kingery so cool Moreland tyler zuber rookie royals and refractor of soroka Brace I might have to get into a break Yeah, I think the random teams are only like what 30 bucks or 40 bucks? Yeah, Tyler o'neill Got keegan akken rookie I mean both like both bladdy and bladdy senior in this Yep Got a miller and a little clark. We've got two 199 on the blue mini diamond john gray for the uh, rockies Blue mini diamond there Yeah, I'm gonna try the dog lane pulled one earlier. It's beautiful. Beautiful card jram azunia and walker All right, another solid box with a blue prism auto Box four here Clark schmitt rookie yankees blake taylor rookie a rookie refractor christian poshane iceman they're brave daniel johnson ricky cleveland These contrast rookie braves That's actually pretty cool that Who i'm sorry cal rickett. Oh, yeah Such a good Adams any banks tyler zuber rookie royals john lester. Oh jeff bagwell has an auto I think no one rind us too. Oh, yeah, no one rind us I think someone was saying they wanted a one earlier in chat He can akken and rookie refractor humberto. Um, uh, meha meha bebex sub johnson Yeah, that's very true be dug never gonna be touched castanelli rookie rockies All right, here's a good question for everyone in chat. What do you think is the most unbreakable record in all sports? I'll give you my take We've got aqua tony oliva pretty twins that one is out of 150 There you go loving all these colored autos coming out Very nice aqua refractor auto there cal streak Cal's iron man streak Wow a lot of people saying calis tree funk house sir ricky tigers Junior I didn't get to watch the video singer rookie. I just heard about it Dane dunning rookie and refractor dave Con conception Ripkins hit streak Yeah Yeah, I think that's I think Yeah, that's what I was gonna say crooked Kasi young's wins Because I don't because pictures just that's not an important stat anymore the and obviously no one's ever gonna Nick Heath rookie royals I think that's a big one Yeah, 511 wins is ridiculous Refractor rookie gerry crochet.  Might be hard to touch, uh, wilt chamberlain's 100 points too We've got rookie expractor humberto megia The dvax. Yeah, no one right. No one right. That's a good one too Harrison rookie nico hornet I think it's not possible You should be yeah Really good Sammy sosa David justice Yeah, that's pretty wild too canadian mitch white rookie dodgers Got refractor of don't tape a shut Yeah Nicholas gulf major wins. I think now Wayne you were talking about Long Apostle rookie That's so cool. Did I ever tell you the um, the like wane gratsky's points that ryan jeffers rookie. No dean cremer rookie orials So canadian correctly if i'm wrong, but I believe that wane gratsky is the fastest to a thousand points And the next fastest to a thousand points is also wane gratsky to his next thousand Wow, that's 75. We've got wilson conchairs for the cubs It's the rose gold mini diamond. Nice looking card there cubs I love uh the bowman and tops mini diamonds. Yeah Weaver we've got rookie aqua wave ryan mountcastle orials. Yeah Nice one there and alkayline Go tigers This is awesome. I'm loving this did I Johanna obito rookie cardinals I know b-dug. I haven't seen so many pirates, but That's some more color coming up here don't jeffries rookie a's We've got two 199 blue mini diamond mariana revera yankees That's sick. Okay, so I had it right. I want to make sure I had that right That's on that's so great when I first heard that I was like that's unreal cereal All right, I'll do it for box Number four Demagio's uh Hitting streaks another one that probably won't get touched 56 games like that's wild Because you'll see like one guy a year. I'll get like 25 and it's like huge It's like a huge right rucker rookie rookie refractor louis patino for the race Nice cabrion haze rookie pirates. They're a jeter parker Pirates and rays Dukes not here latty will mires this kenderson central marrow rookie gnats window you've got refractor of elvis andris for the ace We've got aqua wave of dexter fowler cardinals Canadian what's like the correlation stat with that? He's had like more walks than hits that year or something And we've got another tony oliva oliva Same on to aqua aqua there again out of 150 going to the twins Awful refractor, uh As I say keep on selling one That's always my logic when you hit two joe and del rookie nice one there wade boss trump rookie That's fair enough fair enough We've got x-practor uh rafael uh fur call Nice phrase This is a fun guy to watch in the 2000s Donaldson what's ario? That's cool Pachado we've got Ryan weathers rookie They have like little uh Like note of a sash on the back of each one too. That's cool Any matthews we've got aqua wave of simons for the twins robin yelp refractor brewers Apostle rookie rangers In one season berry bonds 135 That's 232 Who was it? Uh buck showalter. I want to say they walk intentionally walk them once with the bases loaded Remember that Johanna veto rookie Cardinals Kyle Lewis refractor tim hudson for the braves Blankenhorn rookie Wings rookie for the a's refractor rookie neat pierce and blue jays keeper ruiz rookie Garvey rookie of trike scuba I'm gonna pull a super That looks so cool nighter rookie tyson miller rookie cuffs We've got blue mini blue diamond of bobby door door Red Sox 183 of 199 You definitely tell that's an old-school photo on that one. Oh, yeah We've got the old boston logo on it What's up, Nick? What's up, Nick? Again, there's a base to go with it. Uh, jimmy lambart rookie Bungoria albion. We've got Beltran on their refractor rangers Yep, they're supers in this Oh, so cool Brayla marquez rookie cuffs Aruz rookie Wait for louis gonzalez, rookie whites up brook Nice oh, and yeah, man, it's been fun. Let's know who you hit. Yeah, for sure Funny glorious. All right another solid box there Another uh color odd. I think we've only got one base auto so far, right? All the other Very nice. All right box six here. All right. I got a question for you in chat again, too I asked this like a month ago in forestry streaming But oh, he's interested to hear other people's opinions So Would you rather Vito rookie refractor uh ramos tigers. Would you rather pull a card? Say it's like an rpa or whatever And have the live card as a but it's a sticker auto or get a redemption With Mitch white rookie Gerber rookie You know, you're gonna receive it. You don't know the time frame, but it's the same card, but it's an You know the weather's rookie Aqua wave p a lot. So for the matt's nice one there Redemption with real auto I mean, is it a pc or is it something just flipping? You know weather rookie Right in we've got lance lin on the refractor I mean if it's pc i'm definitely gonna wait for the redemption But if it's something i'm just gonna flip is that that player, you know Might be playing well and it's up right now. I would probably just sell it X factor uh punter ren fro for the red socks Yeah, those pc i definitely i'd do the same thing lose pc. I'd wait No Spencer howard rookie fillies brandom marquez cubbies and arous victor gonzalez rookie Chinas we brock Thanks. I'm wearing them now. Yeah alexander basabe rookie brandone A beret you so comfy Doris we've got refractor of craig bizio for the astros Oh, we gave up three firsts for dante mariza. Wow, three scooball rookie tigers And a pixlop short of weems ricky a's Steve garvey Yeah, they're pretty easy to uh to open as i struggle with that one Well, i'm just waiting right Strasburg we've got tie but tree refractor angels We'll win three of the next four championships. Okay dream on Um our shot rookie for someone who doesn't do too much on the team except for wine and get text We've got red atomic rookie isik paredes for the tigers to 99 or 100 on that one. Sorry 15 of 100 We go detroit with uh quite a bit of rookies in this So is he out of five just like a true red? Um Black and red oliveris rookie ebb and white rookie mariners rookie refractor ryan jeffers twins Twins also doing well too Braxton garret rookie franklin kelo me kelo man Kim suano rookie padreans for that about him We have rookie that was backwards seth romero for the nationals and Lynn jared oliva rookie remos george brett honor refractor royals Yeah, be done. I'm saying I might grab a box to rip at home too Ken grippy jr. There's the kid nice on there Pollock garbo uh ryan weathers rookie murphy we've got a Jim cat Twins killing it last three boxes have all been twins autos Put your hair on there There you go on the base auto twins back to back to back autos in a saw We've got a drew ross mason rookie brewers on the yellow green 70th anniversary that is out of 99 Nice one there green yellow No, these ones are uh our fake autos. They're not real They're stamped on there with the car Or printed on it. Let me say the real autos are the ones in blue ink. They have the simile autos All right, that was our halfway pointer We've got kyle schwarver refractor gnats. Do you imagine if every car goes autograph?  Nice one there marlins. We've got green yellow of uh tesugo for the rays Nice one there. That is to 99 66 of 99 see there Refractor willy mccovey Giants Yeah, like the green and yellow. They look nice That's east louis garcia rookie gnats layover layover We got babe ruth aqua wave big poppy david or teeth. That one's pretty off-center on that one surprisingly Doesn't seem any that I see yet Love to illegal. I just I think he's a little too busy with more important things. Eddie alvarez rookie jake woodford rookie carnauls got refractor evan longoria giants We're dealing with some nonsense That's cameron rookie tigers. We've got expractor don sutton for the dodgers cool expractor there Lake taylor rookie stroves justin turner willy mates william contras braves rookie All those eyes and scourage But yes, I should make a custom t-shirt for myself tom hatch rookie blue jays Refractor ted williams boston just like Got keegan akken rookie and tyler zuber rookie royals We were a walker. We've got tim uh, solan refraction Oh throwback angels jerseys. That's so sick Curelock rookie twins We have here dean dunning rookie We've got orange yellow to 25 hosay barrios on the 70th That's nasty Of the orange and yellow That is one out of 25 Man twins killing it. Wow You know, it's a really minnesota slept on part of this Toronto, too Is Whatever era the players from that's the era of logo they use so like with barrios versus Gym cat like the twins logos are different. Yeah, that's cool. I like that era All right. Yep eight here Refractor robin roberts fillies refractor Nicholas Hey, Nicholas Blake taylor rookie astros justin turner william mays william contraris braves rookie Right, so we've got 10 99 on the uh, green yellow, uh, 70th buster posie. There you go giants Green yellow Got refractor jake arietta arietta Pubs Lester we've got x fractor is that gallon for the dbx zona Oh, yeah Andy young rookie dbx keegan athin rookie orioles and taylor zuber rookie Royals jojo romero rookie fillies glad he's seen it Got refractor roger clemens for the red socks. There's a cool one. Nice the rocket There you go, Nicholas. Well, happy birthday. Thanks for spending it with us and best of luck. Happy birthday necklace. That's awesome Burroughs rookie kisi mays rookie tigers garcia rookie tigers and you darvish.  That's scary Louvera rookie fillies. We've got aqua wave roger clemens another clemens there of boston All right guzman miami louis garcia rookie gnats and we've got a colton wong auto cardinals second colton wong auto there A couple of dupe autos in this case That's a smith. We've got beaver roof for the Yankees Roa Ramirez rookie cardinals Widener rookie dvax walker. We've got a ryan brawn refractor brewers Here, I'll see uh Hi, sunbicta ain't done any rookie rangers So sunbicta probably dollbeck rookie stavia rookie white socks Sixtho Sanchez rookie marlins That refractor of wilson ramos tigers tigers saying quite a bit too Chris bubic rookie royals Nick heath rookie royals. What do you be pulling it?  Oh and there marlins on the throwback Uh Logo there too. I'll go look now. Sorry. It's like this Medina rookie filly sucker davidson braves Make a horner up in box here. Let's do a refresh on these spots. I'm sure a few spots came in And we're up in here Sorry sunbicta Wait, he ripped another box now.  You had a heck of a day that day a kinch tree rookie Dodgers we do do uh F1 breaks every now and then We've got ozzy albies. This one is to 50 That is the rose gold uh 70th wave on that one first uh rose gold wave. We've seen Refractor rookie and young Sure, hope so, especially with it being your birthday. No pressure on me, huh? See we can get you Brian Garcia tigers we've got scott rolling on the refractor auto cardinals Wow cardinals with what is that back-to-back to back? Yeah last three. Wow Cardinals They killed it this morning too as lane Fractor jack flaherty Cardinals Jackson We've got kibiru ease on the rookie ex fracker. Nice one. They're dodgers That chat with trump rookie rookie on the aqua wave chris bubic royals Aheim rookie rangers dave parker refractor of uh king quen kim Cardinals derek jeter Sepra merrill rookie gnats latty jr Wendell rose transcript williams Um our char rookie fillies oscar Mercado refractor in the ex louise patinio rookie rays You see the booklet we pulled last night birdie rookie louise garcia rookie blue mini diamond cubs of maris mara ramirez Nice Wow, that's sick. Love the blue mini diamond with the cubs there. It's the 199 My buddy and I we're having a discussion because he's a big helps man Franklin killo man And we're trying to remember who like a ramiz ramiro as what we're trying to like we're like Oh, it's a third baseman. He played on those teams at derrick lee and kerry wood fractor cc sabatheon yankie And alfonso serrano. We just could not think of his name and we have to like look it up Um mickey moniac fillies rookie evan white rookie plato Lou garrick that's a cool one Smolz and christian posh a rookie braves Got three scuba rookie jordan wins rookie area refractor daryl strawberry I think you said that illegal.  Allie sanchez rookie Braylon mark has rookie and a reyos I love ramiz ramiro's refractor rookie will craig pirates ozake rc rookie Tina's someone did a personal triple price like a couple weeks ago And there was a total triple out of the 18 of kerry wood derrick lee and Um sammy so so which is pretty cool. I'll just remind me of those teams ramiz ramiro's ramiro team We've got to 199 mini blue diamond rookie louise garcia for the straws Yeah, astros refractor patrick corbin next meriwether rookie blue jays nick nelson rookie shirt and a postal rookie lackman You know where we've got aqua wave of chasugo race Second one oliveris rookie refractor i'm david justice Moneyball legend jess chism rookie marlins. We've got x-fractor bill mazorowski Pirates You'll get marra a veto rookie I missed the top scum extracts and football for sure Got uh Refractor don mattingly. There's a cool one yankees Dane dunney rookie village stio fletcher Victor gonzales ricky dodgers Patak akunya. We've got to 70 on the uh carlos korea for the astros That one is platinum's 70th mini diamond That's a nice looking car. They're a nice platinum I'll show you some nice color out of this box little craig rookie Got uh furcough refractor brave had it Nikith rookie royals Up then we've got shea hillan brand for boston hillan brands That's cool Pack box 10 here Monte harrison rucky nico mourner It's 11 here I want the tim salmon isn't that angel jersey. I want that tim salmon That's so cool Paul soul rucky Blackman got refractor luke garrick That's sick. There you go yankees Bo burrows rucky casey mines rookie. We've got x-fractor again. Yoshi. We're gonna pull him a bunch of yoshis It's uh, it's great looks looks really nice Especially for 180 a box. Can't go wrong Nikith rookie. We've got 250 on the rose gold wave h.a. Pollock Dodgers refractor Dwight gooden Metz justice montan harrison rookie marlins here and judge kiddo rookie orioles illegal just wild Markiplier refractor rucky dalton var show for the d-backs almost ready five moments Seth ellage rookie esther von floriel rookie Clark Sland joe dell rookie refractor nice at their angels. There you go chris Very nice hit We've got brady singer rookie blue prism auto royals That's a nasty color match there Heck yeah Blue prism refractor on that. That's the third blue prism refractor of the case. I believe 34th Keegan ack and rookie tyler zuber rookie The aqua wave dale murphy braves refractor zack wheeler fillies Jorge guzman rookie marlins ovito rookie carnals It is 2021 tops chrome platinum anniversary new release today Fractor rookie j. kronenworth. Nice one there. Padres Ryan weathers rookie Padres Now these all you get one autograph for case or for box blue mini diamond, uh royals again brad keller The blue looks sick with the royals When it's in blue ink, that's a real lot. All these are perfection ways We've got aqua wave eddie murray royals last box here everybody Castle rookie hosea bray refractor white socks X-fractor mitch garver for the twins Twins did very well this fray Keith rookie royals We've got victor roblets for the washington nationals on the aqua wave And melvin mora refractor oryals Hosea Garcia rookie Ovito rookie carlos Me too Reggie sanders got refractor rookie pavin smith Calvin smith debacks paint dining rookie rangers We've got blue mini diamond and 199 mike soroka braves steel red as rookie davie garcia rookie monta harrison rookie and wade boggs refractor red sock See i'm gonna look up the yordle on my way to the ocean Yeah I'm still being evaluated to verus rookie rosa or so refractor phil necro Really i'm a contrarious rookie braves blake taylor rookie astros ellage rookie Diaz lester kingery zuber rookie royals refractor sammy sosa there you go cubs slamming sammy Keegan ack and rookie we've got rookie aqua wave jonath uh johann uh hyme jonah hyme she left here We've got gold in hand rookie mike trout face garcia walker and last pack here we'll do a quick recap best of on floria our rookie blackman and gun zealous Let's do a recap of our uh autos and hits we had the brady singer on the blue prism uh refractor uh royals aj paulik on the um Rose gold wave could not think of the word Shea hillan brand auto boston scott rolling cardinals colton wong colton wong Backpack ones there. Uh, we had the hosay barrios on the orange and yellow 70th that is to 25 Jim cat We had back-to-back Where is he back-to-back? I thought we had three of these my bad. Tony, uh oliva for the twins uh julio franco for the uh guardians friend mel rea's guardians miguel tahada on the blue to 99 as well a Ace and then the andrew jones gold to 50 for the braves That is so sick All right, congrats everyone on the first case pick your team. We've got some half cases coming up in a few minutes


About 160,000 people die of lung cancer each year. About 85 to 90% of that cancer can be attributed to active smoking. The other 10 to 15% are caused by factors other than active smoking. If we took lung cancer and never smokers, the term for people who never smoked, it would represent 16 to 24,000 deaths per year, a major cause of cancer death. It's not something we should overlook. Why do never smokers develop lung cancer? Well, for a sizeable proportion, we aren't quite sure what the risk factors were, but for at least part of the cases, we can positively link it to known and suspected carcinogens in the air, particularly radon, secondhand smoke, and indoor air pollutants. There are also differences in the rate between men and women, with women never smokers slightly more likely to develop lung cancer, although that may simply be a matter of the relatively higher longevity of women. What I'm really interested in in this short video is the risk increase from secondhand smoke. It's a topic that's been of interest since we first realized that smoking was causing major increases in lung cancer. A series of major studies have only very recently verified that secondhand smoke in the home, in the workplace, and in public places, directly contributes to lung cancer risk in never smokers. I'm going to present just some very basic results from two of these reviews, one published in clinical cancer research in September of 2011, and the other in the International Journal of Cancer, published in 2004. Both of these papers are available as free, full text articles in the links below. The CCR 2011 review gives a lot of background on lung cancer in never smokers, and it goes briefly into what is known about the plausibility or mechanism by which we think secondhand smoke causes cancer in never smokers. Suppose dad smokes and mom doesn't. If we test mom's blood for tobacco-specific compounds that are known carcinogens, we can find that they are elevated even after she leaves the home environment for several hours. We know that there are differences between the mainstream smoke that dad inhales through a filter and the sidestream smoke that mom is exposed to from a burning or smoldering cigarette. On average, this sidestream smoke is about four times as toxic per gram. It's toxic when inhaled, toxic on the skin, and much more irritating to mucosa in your eyes, lungs, and throat than mainstream smoke. So it comes as no surprise that the never-smoker wives of smoking husbands have much higher rates of various types of cancer. The increase is somewhere around 30%, depending on the population and the amount of exposure. These never-smoker wives also, by similar mechanisms, have higher rates of heart disease. These effects are dose-dependent, almost right down to the very lowest exposure. That is, unlike a lot of other carcinogens, there is no known safe level of exposure to second-hand smoke that causes no extra health risk. It's an additive effect. Before I go any further, I need to clear up one possible misconception. Active smoking carries a much higher risk of lung cancer than passive smoking or second-hand smoke. An active smoker might be 10 to 20 times more likely to develop lung cancer than a never-smoker, depending on a lot of factors. The 30% lung cancer increase is relatively small by comparison, but still represents a major health risk. Going back to our reviews, data from the National Human Activity Pattern Survey showed that in exposed never-smokers as a group, that 43% of that exposure is in the home, 7% in the workplace, 9% in a vehicle, and 15% in a bar or restaurant. The second paper found that in two very large case control studies pulled together between the US and European populations, long-term exposure to workplace second-hand smoke increased lung cancer risk by 25%, where long-term exposure at home increased risk by 23%. Social exposure in bars, restaurants, and in cars likewise increased risks by about 26%. This may be an underestimate. Other similar reviews of large populations found between 25% and 45% increases. When we look at the comprehensive US statistics, the range of people who die from lung cancer as a result of someone else's smoking is probably between 3,000 and 5,000 people per year as of 2003. If we express that as a fraction of the total number of lung cancer deaths in never-smokers, we come up with a number between 20% and 50% of all lung cancer deaths in never-smokers, being attributable to second-hand smoke.  Assert yourself, protect your lungs, and good health to you. Thanks for watching.