Infection of the knee joint following ACL reconstruction is a rare but serious complication. Past studies have attempted to uncover the risk factors that make certain individuals more susceptible to infection than others. But many of these studies have been limited to small and medium-sized cohorts. A new study reported in the American Journal of Sports Medicine has examined the largest single-center cohort to date. Findings reveal that graft type, age, and revision surgery could be linked to risk of infection following ACL reconstruction. The researchers behind the study reviewed more than 11,000 total procedures performed at a single institution between 2010 and 2018. Among these, 48 infections were identified. In addition to infections, the researchers reviewed patient and procedure characteristics associated with infection, infection characteristics, incidents of ACL graft retention, and factors associated with retention versus removal of ACL grafts. A regression analysis designed to link these variables to infection revealed three important risk factors, graft type, revision ACL reconstruction surgery, and younger age. Among graft types, both hamstring autographs and all allographs were independently associated with an increased risk of infection when compared to bone, patellar tendon, bone autographs. No statistically significant differences were found for retained versus removed grafts, besides fewer or more than two irrigations and debridement procedures. Larger cohorts with a greater number of infections following ACL reconstruction are needed to identify factors associated with graft retention versus removal. These and other future findings could provide clinicians a clearer picture of the risks that predispose patients to infection after ACL surgery.


In war situations, the symbol of the Red Cross has been very much a symbol of assurance and of meditating in the system. ICRC has reached experience of 150 years and because of our reach through our volunteers all through the country, there's a great scope of our working together. To take help of the ICRC to come and talk on subjects like international management and law, India has solutions to many issues that we face in other contexts around the world. I think having people from our highest level, this is very important to build relationships with the Indian government. We at the ICRC share a lot of common issues with a country like India, absolutely, both in India but also abroad. This country is a great country. I have a clear vision that over the next 20 years India will be very central to our work and I think and I hope we will be central to the work and to the vision, at least the human vision of India. Welcome to the Indian Red Cross. I do think the partnership with the Indian Red Cross as a partnership which is absolutely critical for us. We all know that in India, as in the world, people don't always distinguish our institution. They think it's the Red Cross. So I think one of my objectives is really to look at carefully how can we do together better. I think this is possible. See, Indian Red Cross has been working with ICRC for many years, way back since 1915 or so. So there is a lot of for us to learn from ICRC's experience. We also are looking very keenly forward to a new program that is the carder of certified first medical responders. For Afghan people, for Afghan leaders, the situation over the next coming weeks, months will be complex. This was the first time I have been tracking the DG but we have been having regular interaction with the country head. We have also been interacting with your heads from Afghanistan, from Sri Lanka. So it's an ongoing process. And today we learned about the perspectives of the ICRC in Afghanistan and the challenges they will face and the challenges the international community will face and how we can work together. There is a very strong recognition, including in India, that Afghanistan will go through a difficult period. It has already quite a tough years behind them, but I think Afghan population will go through a difficult time, especially this transition time where things are unclear and it will have an impact on the people, both in terms of access to health, violence. So for the ICRC, I think the key word is a dynamic adaptation. You have also tensions, even in Syria now, if you look at all Mali or Libya of different nature, we as an organization, the international community of the Red Cross, we are working in Syria, but it's an incredibly painful operation to be able to have just access to the people, to be able to just carry out our human actions as we should be able to do. That's just for us, ICRC, imagine just what it means for the people when the war comes to you constantly, so it will affect the people and it has affecting the region. India should be prepared, because it must, to assume a more active role in internationally in dealing with these issues, which are now going to press more heavily, increasingly so, on the international communities. Health service in most of these countries, or access, pure access to health, has become more difficult for average people. In Iraq, at the peak of the very, very intense civil war, there was 600, a bit more of doctors who were killed. The reason for that is 50% of the doctors in Iraq left the country in a year. So when we talk about health structures, not just about the structure, it's also about the people. On being the champion has issues as important as respect of medical worker, yes, and the medical missions. I think India can play a very important role. We do recognize the importance of healthcare in danger, and certainly other things that the direction told us. When there is conflict situations naturally, the availability of the healthcare facility itself goes down. Please, to celebrate with you tonight, in New Delhi, in India, the 150th anniversary of the ICSE. And if you would look at some of the photos, you would quickly see that the relationship between ICSE and India is a very long one. We have played a very useful role, as you know, in the last three years in war situations and dealing with the very unfortunate consequences of conflict. And therefore, its role as an important international organization should be supported by all democratic countries. How do we together look at the world of tomorrow? India as a country also has a role to play, ICSE, but also with you ladies and gentlemen in your different functions, we are ready for the next 150 years.


So fibroids basically they are now amenable to a lot of treatment options from non-invasive like MRG FUS to practically invasive which is surgery itself myomectomy or hysterectomy if everything like reproductive age group has gone the hysterectomy also for bulky fibroids. So what is important MRI-wise is the field of view is very large and we can give them the exact idea of location of fibroids, number of fibroids and their proximity to various other structures at joining it and the way the fibroid is appearing on T2, T1 diffusion and post contrast dynamic sequence we can talk about the vascularity of fibroid whether it will respond to MRG FUS or if it will require uterine artery embolization or something like towards the management part of it and most important if we can predict any sarcomatous change which has started within this fibroid that is the most important point. So basically this Figo grading is also available and that is based on the location of fibroid nothing else and this is what you can put on your reports also depending on whether it is a pedunculated intracavitatory fibroid it is intramural that is one and part of it is submucosal then part two is again it is more than 50 percent intramural and little bit submucosal then three which is hundred percent intramural with just endometrial contact. So as we know the fibroids which are submucosal or just pressing on the endometrial cavity are going to cause some symptoms as compared to those who are completely intramural so dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia all those kinds of symptoms are more prone and even infertility with these kind of submucosal fibroids so that is important and then you have the sub-serosal fibroid which is 5 and partly sub-serosal partly intramural when it's a very big fibroid which is touching the endometrial cavity also and indenting the serosa also we call it 2-5 so it is both so everything intramural submucosal sub-serosal and then 7 is pedunculated sub-serosal these may be confusing sometime and MRI definitely helps us to know the organ of origin because there may be kind of broad ligament fibroids or wandering fibroids and also getting confused with ovarian lesions. So this is easy to pick up these have like typical appearances the world pattern well-defined morphology most of them are homogenously T2 iso-2 hypo intense but with increase in size and starting of degeneration of various types like hyaline degeneration and migzoid degeneration we'll see heterogeneity within these fibroids but only heterogeneity is not anything of much concern so what is important is to look at other sequences we'll see how do we see for the sarcomatous changes so basically the degeneration will be either cystic hyaline or migzoid the most common ones are cystic or hyaline degeneration and they start looking like heterogeneous on T2 weighted sequences with world pattern and T2 hyper intense areas within the more size fibroids are cellular there will be more hypo intense on T2 weighted sequences they can have fat content within so your plane T1 will be important before you give contrast and if that fat component is seen you have fat suppress sequences to prove that it is fat and then it becomes a lipo leo myoma another part is adenomyosis we'll see in endometriosis spectrum also but these are similar looking to a fibroid but the margins are really ill defined as compared to what we saw for fibroids and you will have a adenomyotic uterus so asymmetrically bulky uterus where the anterior or posterior myometrium will be asymmetrically thick and these typical T2 or T1 hyper intense foci will be seen scattered within the myometrium and then a relatively well defined area but less well defined as compared to a fibroid which will be present in a adenomyotic uterus now coming to the sarcoma part of it so a lot of articles are talking about four five characteristic features based on which they want to characterize leo myosarcoma or kind of predicted so we have tried and brought everything together and we also put it in our report as a small table so I will share that table with you and what is important is tumor heterogeneity or lesion heterogeneity whether or not necrosis is present within that you can see on post contrast and diffusion restriction so we have seen that diffusion is really helpful in these scenarios so even if your patient is for fibroid mapping simple fibroid mapping make a point to at least run one axial diffusion sequence in these patients so we'll see that in short while and these submucosal polypoidal fibroids they are also little obnoxious looking on ultrasound they can be looking really ill defined or the organ of origin is difficult to ascertain but on mr we can make it out that these are nothing but polypoidal endophytic submucosal fibroid so a basic reporting template which we are using for fibroid mapping consists of location of these fibroids size of the fibroids the larger one sometime it's like almost more than 10 fibroid small big so we don't give size of everything but the larger ones the submucosal ones which are important then how they are looking on t2 how they are looking on t1 diffusion characteristic if it is restricted then adc values phygo staging as we saw and post contrast changes and whether we feel there is sarcoma at a stage or not so what are the difference between leo myoma and leo myo sarcoma mriy is which we can use so basically if you see this case it looks very homogeneous on t2 sag t2 which is the first sequence which we acquire in pelvis and there are these vascular pedicles which are seen which is very common the bridging vessels which we see with fibroids but when you see the diffusion this fibroid is showing restricted diffusion and the adc value was also low on post contrast evaluation the dynamic pickup was also early and there was this area of necrosis within it so usually we see a homogeneous world pattern of myometrium like enhancement in these fibroid the smaller areas which are t1 bright they can show non enhancement because they are degenerated but here you see that the t2 is iso to hypo intense and this area is not enhancing rest of it is showing restricted diffusion so these features are very suggestive towards a sarcoma at a stage in this fibroid a different patient and the lesion is more aggressive this time so you can actually see that these herosal margins are quite irregular this is to begin with it was a fibroid two years back on ultrasound was done and it showed an increase in size on ultrasound so mr i was suggested this time so you can see that this lesion is there with irregular margins and again restricted diffusion with necrosis there were nodes associated with this so when these kind of features are there multiple pelvic nodes margins are irregular restricted diffusion necrotic areas on post contrast evaluation and something like this that is hydrourator so it was even encasing the terminal urator and causing hydrourator so this was an aggressive leo myosarcoma and it also had lung metastasis so by this point of time so this is the table which i was talking about which we given all the pelvis reports for fibroids basically we think that leo myomas they are usually large positive that is normal leo myomas leo myosarcomas may be large but it is said that if it is a solitary lesion more than 20 weeks of gestation so because it is from a gynec reference so basically suprambilical something which is going suprambilical from pelvis and a single lesion solitary lesion is more likely to be benign leo myoma so big large fibroid going into the abdomen is usually a benign kind of a fibroid then next is calcification that is more common with leo myomas rather than sarcomas necrosis is more common with sarcomas can be seen with both restricted diffusion is very sensitive to pick up sarcomas so even we may be over calling it but it's good to over call so that during surgery they can accordingly plan if they want to keep some onco person with them or not because rather than them coming back and telling that it turned out to be sarcoma you didn't tell us it's better that you over call it if all these features are present and then next about treatment outcome prediction based on mr features so mr gfus which is mr guided focused ultrasound hypho so basically the fibroids which are less vascular low vascularity is good for this hypho to work because then the heat dissemination in the vessels is less so basically in this what we are doing with we are focusing ultrasound rays on a particular point and burning the fibroid and that is under mr guidance so those have to there are lot of criterias like size criteria is maximum 10 centimeter size number criteria is maximum for fibroids they should not be very close to your bones etc where the heat sink effect is there not very close to the vessels so by that plus appearance so appearance wise something which low in vascularity means the fibroid which is showing less enhancement delayed enhancement and T2 hypo intense kind of fibroids they are having more of chances of response to mr gfus whereas those which are highly vascular they are picking up early contrast on dynamic evaluation and they are showing all features of vascularities they will be more responsive to uterine artery embolization rather than mr guided focused ultrasound


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we are going to discuss the following question and the question says that, find the solution of the given system of equations and the equations are y is equal to x square and y is equal to modulus of x. Let us start with the solution of this question. We are given the system of equations that is y is equal to x square. Let us name this equation as equation number 1 and y is equal to modulus of x. Let us mark this equation as equation number 2. Now we shall use substitution method to find its solution. We know that the solution of equations y is equal to f of x and y is equal to g of x is given by the equation f of x is equal to g of x. So here first equation is y is equal to f of x and second equation is y is equal to g of x. So we have x square is equal to modulus of x and we know that modulus of x is equal to plus minus of x. So this implies that x square is equal to plus minus of x. From here we have two set of equations that is x square is equal to x and x square is equal to minus of x. So first we solve the equation x square is equal to x which implies that x square minus x is equal to 0. Now taking x common from both these terms we get x into x minus 1 the whole is equal to 0 which implies that the value of x is either 0 or 1. Now we shall solve the other equation given by x square is equal to minus of x. Here we have x square is equal to minus of x which implies that x square plus x is equal to 0 which further implies that x into x plus 1 the whole is equal to 0 that is the value of x is either 0 or minus 1. So we get the values for x as 0, 1 and minus 1. Now for these values of x we shall find the corresponding values for y. For this we use equation 1 that is y is equal to x square when the value of x is 0 then the value of y is equal to 0 square which is equal to 0. Similarly when x is equal to 1 then the value of y is equal to 1 square that is 1 also. When x is equal to minus 1 then the value of y is equal to minus 1 whole square that is equal to 1. So the three points are 0, 0, 1, 1 and minus 1, 1. Now let us check these points on both the equations that is on both equations 1 and 2. Now for point with the coordinates 0, 0. Now we put this point in the first equation that is y is equal to x square and we have 0 is equal to 0 square which is equal to 0 which implies that 0 is equal to 0 which is true. Now we put this point in the equation y is equal to modulus of x that is 0 is equal to modulus of 0 that is 0. So we have 0 is equal to 0 which is true. So we say that the point with coordinates 0, 0 is the solution. Now we shall check for the point with coordinates 1, 1. We put this point in the first equation given by y is equal to x square and we get 1 is equal to 1 square which implies that 1 is equal to 1 which is true. Now again we put this point in the second equation that is y is equal to modulus of x and we get 1 is equal to modulus of 1 which further implies that 1 is equal to 1 which is true. So this point with the coordinates 1, 1 is the solution. Lastly we shall check for the point with the coordinates minus 1, 1. Now we put this point in the first equation given by y is equal to x square and we get 1 is equal to minus 1 whole square which implies that 1 is equal to 1 which is true. Now we put this point in the second equation that is y is equal to modulus of x and we get 1 is equal to modulus of minus 1 which further implies that 1 is equal to 1 as modulus of minus 1 is also 1. So this is also true. So we say that this point with the coordinates minus 1, 1 is also the solution of the given system. Thus solution set is the set containing ordered pairs 0, 0, 1, 1 minus 1, 1. Here we should note that we have the following graph of the two equations that is the pink graph shows the graph of the equation given by y is equal to x square and this blue graph shows the graph of the equation y is equal to modulus of x. Here we see that these two graph intersect at three points given by point A with the coordinates minus 1, 1, point B with the coordinates 0, 0 and point C with the coordinates 1, 1. This completes our session. Hope you enjoyed this session.


ಜೀದ ಜ ಈ ಾಸೆ ಢದ್ರಿ ಆಸ್ರಘ ಸೆ ವ ಠೀಗ ಸಾ ಕವಸ್ ಟಾರ್ಾ ಚಿಱತೀ ಆಗ್ಸುಹನ ಃೀತಾಳಿಟದರವ.. ಶರ� hangingನವಳ ನಾಸ್ ತಾಲಾ.. ನರ Minuteದ ಮಾಂ ಎತ್ರಿ Fest luz Ḽᵃᶦ ᵃᵉᵛᶦᵃᵃᵉ Dirawar have started their Newman Resort. ᵈᵃᵂᵃᵗᶦ boxarm had lost all construction efforts towards us. ᶍᵎᶦᵃᵃᵃᵉ ᵃᵍᵃᵃᵉᵉᵃᵉ Easter days in Italy are thrown by Cardaus the one and only husband by us are choosing who gives us gives us hose he orders them toiren household sieht ᵈᵃᵍᵃᵃᵉ ᶑᶦ ᵉᵃ ᵇᶦ ᶸ ᵆ�ᵉ ᵮᶼ, we suspect their responsibility for parole


Fy gofnodd i ddistrwm y cyflawni ffordd gyda allan wrth ôl yn dda yn laio'r cyfrifio ar gweithio'r sgysig, ond y modd bwrw i'r profiad trwy ddangos. Mae unrhyw ffludr ysgolwyd yma yn y nifer o bwysig mae'r ardal chi. Mae'r cyfrifio ar gyfrifio, rywbeth camau, yng Nghymru ar dw i ddweud, oedd am y ffleddau dwy yma yn y brafiau yma. Roedd gennym o'n argylchedd gyngor. Mae'n ddysgu y gallwn rhoi syniadau a'r hydwch chi ddim yn credu ddim yn gweithio ar y rhan. Mae'r ddysgu yma yn ddysgu. Mae'r teisio'r rhaeddon yn gyntaf, gyda'r sylfa, a'r rhaeg i'r bobl sy'n gyffredig y Ddelfa. Mae'n gyfaint i'r holl yma sy'n gyfaint i'r holl yma. Fy enw i'r cyrraed, y cyfaint yn gyfaint i'r cyrraed, ac mae'n gyfaint i'r cyfaint i'r cyfaint i'r cyfaint. yn gweithio i'r bwysig i'r rhombol, yn yn gweithio i'r bwysig. A oes yn y cyfwyr, ond bydd yn ei wneud yn y gwirionedd gyda'r byd cyfan gweithio o'r aww. Rhyw o'r ffwrdd y bydd ar hyn yn cyfwyr, rwy'r cymryd yn y ffwyllgor. Mae'r bwysig i'r defnyddol yn y bydd yng Nghymru yn y bwysig, ond rwy'r yn cyfwyr yn ddeinig i'r bwysig i'r bwysig, o'r rhaid o'r amlun o'r pryd yma'r barbarion. Yn ymlaen i gynnwys i'r bwrth i'r cychwyn, bydd gynhyrchu gynhyrchu oedd yn bach o gyfrifio'r ffordd. Mae hyrchu'r rhai yn ymddi, a ddiddorol yn fffrifio'r rhai. Mae hynny'n rhoi'r sgwrn i fynd i ni'n gwneud ysgolwyd. Mae hynny'n rhoi'r sgwrn i'n gwneud yma'r bwrth, ond mae'n ddiddorol eich gyrfaedd fel yn ysgolwyd. gyda llwyddiadau a gweithio gyda hynny, fel yfynu gwneud fod yn roi'r cyflwyno. If it was buried to loops as some would commentate as believed, we would describe it as a horde. But if it was sunk in a lake, was it a votive deposit? We face similar questions in reviewing the archaeology of hordes, that the problem is compounded because this distinctive phenomenon extended from the neolithic period to the Viking Age. I'm hardly qualified to talk about the end of this sequence, but I can begin this contribution by saying that as many explanations have been offered for the Staffordshire's Board as the half for the Treasurer's Toons, did the Horde found in the Midlands contain the weapons of a defeating warbind, like the trophies displayed on battlefields in classical world? What is content lost by chance, or were they intended to have a longer history? Comparison with the metalwork looked at from Delphi only adds to the uncertainty. Were the contents of the Staffordshire Horde destroyed to cut tail their power, or was their metal content always more important? Remember that the treasure deposited at Toons included ignorance. If the literary sources are confusing, so are our own accounts. When the Staffordshire finds were first published, people were uncertain whether they were a warbind, but the problem was of our own making, for we invented the concept in the first place and did so for reasons that were entirely a product of their time. The category was devised as a way of putting artifacts in order, and the reasons why different objects occurred together seemed less important. Hords were rather like grades in preserving an association between different kinds of objects. But though wider context played a little part in studies of this current, my contribution reviews some approaches to polyester reports and a few of the lessons we have learned from studying them. The work of two scholars was important from the outset. One was a Swedish archaeologist, Oscar Montinius, who investigated the contents of forts and banals across the length and breadth of Europe. More than a hundred years ago, this society is very society here, published his analysis of British Bronze Age chronology. It was immediately criticised by other specialists and soon forgotten. This was unfortunate, since his findings anticipated the results of modern research, many of them supported by radiocarbon, and were odds with the dogmatic schemes that dominated 20th century thought to their names. Montinius worked largely from published sources, the most important of which was Sir John Evans' book on Ancient Bronze in the North. Evans' work is interesting, as he pursued not one agenda that took him. He was concerned with the associations between different kinds of objects, but he also considered why they were found together. He distinguished between valuables that had been buried for safekeeping, and groups of artefacts owned specifically metal in this case, assembled by a smith. They might be stores of newly made objects of waiting delivery to a customer, or collections of scrap metal brought together for recycling. His approach remained influential for a long time, and was endorsed by Gordon Child half a century later. What neither of them discussed in any detail was why so much material was buried and never recovered, nor did they consider where it happened, but these questions were investigated by continental scholars. Today, it seems ironic that the first studies treated hord finds engraved by Mr Peter. Both collections provided snapshots of the objects circulated at the same time, this is one another. They were claimed as closed associations, yet subsequent work has shown that graves were sometimes reopened and that Bronze Age and Iron Age hordes could contain artefacts that were already old when they were buried. These anomalies were overlooked, allowing researchers to propose a chronology that would apply to material found in other continents, settlement sites, and rivers were especially productive. Eventually, the same approach extended to the Neolithic period. Other problems went largely unrecognised in his early research. The first was the presence of axes in both Neolithic and Bronze Age hordes. While such tools could have played a practical role in each period, they were made of different materials. Copper and bronze artefacts had been melted down and reworked, but the same approach does not extend to stone tools. It was obviously wrong to restrict hordes to groups of metalwork. More striking was another relationship. As long as chronological problems predominated, horde finds and grave goods could be treated on equal terms, but it became increasingly apparent that their relationship to one another was much more complex. The same types of material might be buried with the dead in one phase and in hordes during the following phase, acrosyversa. Among the most obvious examples are the weapons which feature in early Bronze Age burials in Britain and then in middle Bronze Age hordes. Similarly, the objects applied to grave goods in one ringer might feature in the hordes at the neighbouring area. None of its relationships was confined to pre-Roman of the object. Taken together, these observations cast doubts on whether hordes were a self-contained phenomenon and suggested that, during certain phases in regions, these deposits formed only part of a larger system. In this case, there may be a simple explanation. Perhaps it was considered appropriate to deposit fewer gifts with the dead during one phase and to remove them to a separate location during another period. Further complications affected the relationship between hordes and other kinds of deposits. They included artifacts found in water epitomised by the treasure of Toulouse. Medium runners observed that the kinds of weapons of a company of the dead were also discovered in rivers. In early Bronze Age Britain, daggers were commonly buried with the dead, but in the following phase they were replaced by rapiers which were deposited in water. In the same way, the artifacts from the Swiss site of Atene had given it name to a phase of the European Iron Age and to a style of delta guard. They were found where a river enters a lake, but elsewhere the same types were buried with the dead. Again, these relationships were not confined to the pre-Roman period. If the same types of artifacts were present in water and dry land, investigators needed to think in terms of a tripartite relationship between the material placed in water, grave goods and the contents of hordes. What applies to the connections of objects known as hordes is just as relevant to single finds, but in the past they were undervalued because they were not associated with other artifacts. Unfortunately, the hordes were particularly diverse, and many of their contents were different from those engraved. Often they include parts of objects that remain intact in other contents, the Bronze Age swords and spearheads found in rivers provided with the most obvious example. Does this mean that Evans was correct in relating the contents of hordes to the activities of Swiss? The question is not restricted to Bronze Age archaeology, and similar questions arose in Iron Age studies. It dominated the earliest interpretations of the metalwork in Snetisham and Norfolk, although current thinking is that the site was a sanctuary. Current thinking, as I suspect, is perhaps a way of saying that, as why I think, it's still controversial, and I must not quite say it's not automatic. Was the working of metal consistent with such a specialised role? It would have been true of the treasured soul of the dead body, for it included a large number of Indians, but does the same argument apply to the British Indians? Certain observations are not in doubt. Large quantities of metal were resunkled from an early date, making it difficult to relate individual artifacts to a source. Hordes not only contain broken pieces, they can contain ingots, slag and casting jets, and they may also be associated with moulds and making new objects. It's unnecessary to sever the connection between many but not all of the hordes, and the work from metal was in the Bronze Age and Iron Age. This is the right approach to take. From John Evans to Gordon Child, the emphasis was on the activities of the Smith, who was regarded as a technician for a special skill. There's little doubt that the most complex artifacts were made with considerable virtuosity, but this approach was unduly influenced by 19th century notions of technology. Evans was a successful businessman, and his work reflects the notion of progress expressed by the Free Age system, which stone was superseded by bronze and bronze by iron. This was thought to document a growing mastery over a natural world. The Smith was both an entrepreneur and a laboratory scientist. This interpretation seems unlikely in the light of what is known about the status of Smith's traditional societies in the old and new worlds. Their activities can take place in seclusion, where their success depends on the performance of appropriate rituals. They are magicians as well as technicians, and in all their process can be thought of as an organic substance that grows beneath the ground. But some of the studies in the Othic period I'm aware of the Magnific tune called Wayland Smithy, and the implications of his Anglo-Saxon name. Working metal drew one's supernatural powers, but there are problems with any approach which depends on comparison with distant regions in the past. In this case, I prefer to work for more local archaeological evidence, which raises similar doubts about the main dail, or do I mean profane, character of prehistoric metalwork. Mold fragments are especially revealing. They can be found in settlements and hordes, but in Ireland they were also deposited in an artificial pool outside Hockysgawr, the precursor of the Royal Centre of Navan, where they were discovered together with pieces of human skull. Closer to home in essence, another group of sword moulds was in a natural waterhole associated with cremations. Similar collections were buried in both entrances of a late Bronze Age defended enclosure at Springfield Line. During the same period in Scandinavia, mould fragments were associated with cult houses and bedding apartments. The most extensive workshop in Bronze Age Norway was on the same site as the cemetery, and the same was true in Sweden. The metalwork found in British wards poses similar problems. It could be broken by various methods, but it seems that if certain objects were violently destroyed, studies of Bronze Age scrap wards in different parts of Europe show that particular parts of the object were selected for burial while others must have been recycled. I have just made an insight here that one of the commonest features is to preserve the sword hilt but not the blade, and that goes across much of the Bronze Age of Central Europe. The proportions of different fragments then vary between faces in the region. This does not negate an association with metalworking, but the transformation of these objects must have been governed by rules that had nothing to do with ensuring an efficient outcome. One business model is inappropriate. The simplest explanation, but it is only one of many, is that the Smith had to offer parts of the stock of metal to celebrate a successful outcome. Materials had been taken from the earth and subjected to an extraordinary transformation. Now an agreed fraction has returned to the ground. The question to ask is how far this could form to a general pattern. One way of addressing the problem is to consider the siting of wards as well as their context, and this has been an important development here and on the European Union. Until comparatively recently, their placing in the landscape was largely overlooked. Either it was considered as a clue to the positions of settlements or was associated with places where Smiths could obtain a dependable supply of fuel. But studying the locations of wards sites on the ground and not just on the map or the computer can be more informative. This model checks life on pre-related questions. Were wards sites intended to stores or temporary hiding places? Were the places with evidence of metal production located according to social conventions? And were the contents of the wards meant to be recovered or were they intended to remain on the ground? I'd begin with a field study of over 300 fine spots of major Bronze Age wards and single finds between the English Channel and the Fender, which showed that the majority would deposit it in a very similar setting. If you'd worked with David Duncan and David Yates to be presented at the Bronze Age forum later this month, showed how often they were associated with the heads of streams, the tributaries of major rivers, confluences and other sources of fresh water. At Broadwood's Rockshire, a site to which I shall return, excavations showed that over 100 broken weapons had been buried in a pit cut into the side of a spring. The positions of many of these wards are so predictable that they cannot have offered effective hiding places, and that's why metal detectors have been so able to target them in recent years. To my mind, this has two implications. If its collections were associated with the working metals, Smiths followed accepted conventions in choosing where to bury this material. The fact that similar places contain so many artifacts suggests that they were meant to stay on the ground. If the fine spots had a special significance, few of them were settlements. That's why wards are really found in excavation. For example, in northern Britain, metalwork dating from the early Bronze Age has been found in conspicuous locations, including rock outcrops, passes and watersheds. A few command views of the sunrise or sunset at the turning point of the year. But one of these sites, people could watch the midwinter summer and be merging from behind Benerys, the highest mountain in Britain. The iron ageing that was as important to connect to Jersey has shown that coin draws of this period could be buried on the ground facing east, facing south and southeast. A feature that they share with the entrances of houses in the coalitions. Another point to see could be significant. From a nilithic period to the iron age, hordes are associated with older monuments, like barrios, or with striking features of geological furniture. The distinction between them is important for heritage managers, but lack of the same significance in the past. This may have a bearing on the fine spot of the cemetery. Topographical sites offered further insights into deposits of artifacts. Certain forms were confident in particular context. But this filed the distinction between those buried in dry land and the objects deposited in water. Riverfines were dominated by weapons, another other shared between the pre and post-rope. There were also contrasts between the objects associated with different kinds of water. Swords were in fast-flowing currents and ornaments in box or forms. Similar distinctions were less obvious among the rest of the deposits. A new fieldwork by David Duncan and David Yates has found surprisingly little evidence that particular kinds of metalwork were restricted to specific locations. On the other hand, middle and late Bronze Age hordes and single finds in their study area were associated with local high points and with unusually low-lying positions. Perhaps these places provided access to upper and lower worlds of the type proposed for the Nordic Bronze Age, where researchers claim that there is an increase of a tripartite cosmology. There was another problem in supposing that particular kinds of artifacts had to be deposited in specific contexts. But intact objects placed in rivers and lakes had such obvious equivalents on dry land, where fragments of exactly the same types could be deposited. In this case, any neat categorisation breaks down. It seems that if prehistoric communities were less concerned with typology and the people who studied these artifacts than them, that would have been asking the wrong question. With the fortunes of individual objects turned by their forms or by their histories, it's always seen I write that so much time has been spent studying useware on stone tools while little attention was paid to similar traces of metalwork until it's done. Bronze is well suited in this approach, although I am not. Even so, it's been possible to show which artifacts have been used for everyday tasks. This method provides information on whether tools have been repaired or weapons have been damaged in combat. It also shows that personal ornaments were worn over long periods of time, even suggesting that specific artifacts were acquired at different stages in a person's life. Even more important, detailed analysis has sought to establish which traces developed over the course of time and which were acquired when objects went out of circulation. It can show that weapons were resharpened immediately before they were buried, implying that they were destined for further use in this world or another one. Most of all, this method can distinguish between the wear and tear experience while an artifact was in use and the damage inflicted when it was taken out of circulation. An example was provided by the later Bronze Age weapons from River Tenor. Approximately 80% of them had been used in combat and the proportion showing signs of deliberate damage rose from 20% to 50% over the same period. They had been disabled or destroyed often with considerable force. Others were exposed for fire. It might be that these weapons have a special history. It's interesting that Bronze Age and Iron Age human scarlet were placed in the river at the same time and that some of them provide evidence of violent injuries. Some years ago, I made a suggestion that particular types of weaponry enjoyed a particular significance within a restricted area and that they lost that order once they had been passed outside its needs. Here they could be broken and used as raw material. The idea accounted for cases in which intact objects occurred in rivers and similar contexts, while similar types were represented by fragments in hordes some distance away. Sometimes the argument seemed to work that there was little to indicate a gentle pat. Moreover, the difference between such local styles of objects were often so slight that it's unlikely that people dwelt on them the same detail as specialists on Bronze Age metalwork who are a cuts the part of themselves. Perhaps the feature of determining the fate of any particular weapon was not its form but its history. Whether it had been inherited from a renowned warrior or used in a famous battle, that is why it received special treatment and had an extended output to life. Now, by this point, I'm approaching familiar territory, for it's the approach taken to the deposits of war booty in northern Europe. It also touches on some of the interpretations of the Staffordshire War, but does this interpretation have to rely on analogy? I think not. Then, excavation in Glense Valley in north-east Germany has already identified what seems to be the Bronze Age battle theme, marked by concentrations of damaged weapons and human remains. They extend along the course of a river where most of the bodies seem to have been left where they fell. But the excavators have suggested that even here a more formal collection of personal ornaments was placed in the water. The evidence is suggestive that by no means could it cut. It's mirrored by the iron age object of sanctuaries in Gaul and the finest in the water of Latin. But I'll conclude with an example. Tobias Merz has re-examined one of the ports I mentioned earlier in this presentation, the collection of weapons in the spring at Broadwood, with a radius of carbon density between 980 and 820 BC. It's one of a distinctive group in southern England and the Welsh borderline. Where previous investigations suggested that the massive spearheads in these collections were too unwinding to use, his work was identified by combat damage. At the same time, the contents of these hordes received drastic treatment before they were deposited in the ground. They'd been collected and set on fire so that their contents fused together in a solid mass before they were buried. Merz compares that treatment with the equipment of defeating warbands in Scandinavia during the later period. Perhaps his interpretation would extend the treatment of weapons in the 10th. It's too soon to sample, but important to find that out. Now, at several points, this account of prehistoric thought touches on similar issues in the finest installation. I talked about the violent destruction of objects, the enigmatic role of the smear, the choice of natural places for deposits of valuables, and the importance of considering the histories of the up-to-back selective rebellion in the ground. It's clear that in this country we need to initiate a dialogue between prehistorians and early medieval archaeologists, for we seem to be addressing similar issues. I cannot explain the role of the statue, but I do suggest that it could have fallen only part to a wider phenomenon. Thank you.


is that in spite of women having created radically successful businesses over the years, participating in decision making and undertaking leadership roles, when we look at statistics we will realize that there is an imbalance which still subsists and it is this imbalance which we need to bridge. To my mind there are certain key parameters which have considered may help in bridging these gaps, first and foremost being self-belief. It is extremely important for every woman to believe in herself and her abilities. While due to cultural ethos you may have grown up hearing what a woman can or cannot do or the differences between a man and a woman but that is exactly what we need to unlearn now and start afresh. Once you start believing in your abilities you will realize the realms of opportunities which are available for you. The second important element to my mind is to create an ecosystem around yourself, be it at your personal front or professional front. It is important to be surrounded by smart people, sometimes people even smarter than you as that is what will help you to up your game. That is what will help you to move to the next level which will eventually help you to scale your own venture. The third important element to my mind is to keep learning and educating yourself. Be it a man or a woman it is very important to bring your competence level to the highest. Woman empowerment to my mind is not about demanding for equal rights with men but to be able to command the same. When you enter a room for negotiations which is filled with men or you go for an investor pitch which is male-dominated the question in your mind should not be as to why you're the only woman in the room but you need to revert to your fundamentals and ask yourself whether a you know your data better than anyone else in the room.  As long as the answer to all of that is yes there is no question of talking or thinking about gender.


Live from San Juan, Puerto Rico, it's theCUBE. Covering Blockchain Unbound. Brought to you by Blockchain Industries. Hello everyone, welcome to our exclusive coverage here in Puerto Rico with theCUBE on the ground for extensive two days of coverage for Blockchain Unbound in Puerto Rico, where all the action is all that's a global conference where investors, entrepreneurs, thought leaders are all coming together to check out the future and set the agenda for Blockchain cryptocurrency and a decentralized internet. My next guest is John Hardigan, executive vice president in Tiva Health. Welcome to theCUBE. Thank you.  You guys do some interesting things with health. Take a minute to explain what you guys are working on, your value proposition. Sure, so in Tiva Health is a career and credential management platform for physicians and all licensed medical professionals. And it streamlines and automates the credential management process that they have to go through every time that they either change positions or take on temporary work. And the Hashgraph integration is allowing us to do instantaneous credential verification. Currently the state of affairs in the granting of privileges at a particular hospital or facility can take literally weeks and in some cases months to complete. It's a very analog process and with our integration with Hashgraph, it will take seconds. So I was watching the New York Times today and I'm gonna show our Wall Street Journal article about verification of work history. This Blockchain is certainly a good example of that but you're now getting it into the more of health. What is the use case? What's the low hanging fruit that you guys are going after with your solution? And how does that evolve and how do you see that evolving? Well, so like I mentioned, the current verification process for the granting of privileges in a hospital setting, it is pretty much unchanged since the 1950s. The internet helps a lot but what you're talking about is somebody getting a credential paper file with 25 or 30 documents and opening the file and picking up the phone and calling and verifying the reputation and provenance of that particular physician. And it's truly a bureaucratic nightmare that's red-taped to the nth degree and so that represents thousands and hundreds of thousands of hours and billions and billions of dollars in waste that could be reallocated to better patient care, for example. The big use case was seeing education, the workplace but now healthcare, obviously a perfect storm for innovation. Healthcare is not known for moving fast. HIPAA regulations in the past couple of decades really put a damper on data sharing for privacy reasons. At that time, it seemed like a good call. Has things like HIPAA, has the cloud computing model opened up new avenues for health because everyone wants great healthcare but the data's stuck in some silo database. That's a problem. What's your reaction to that? So the approach that we're seeing a lot of organizations take is they are attempting to go after the EHRs and the EMRs, the electronic health records for patients. Of course, that is something that needs to be fixed. However, the medical space is truly influenced. The main stakeholders are the physicians. They sit on all the committees. They run all the budgets. They make the policy. So it's imperative that we address the physicians and get their buy-in to any kind of significant change. And what you're seeing now is states as well as other organizations, including the federal medical board, the federal association of medical boards, as well as the state of Illinois, Wyoming's here as a matter of fact representing, and they are all looking at blockchain solutions for this verification problem for the medical space and remaining HIPAA compliant. So how about security? Because hospitals and health care organizations have been really good targets for ransomware. And so we're seeing that, mainly because their IT systems have been kind of ancient in some cases, but they're right in the target of, they don't have a lot of IT support. One of the things about blockchain that makes it interesting is immutability. So is that something that is on the radar? And how does, I mean, not necessarily ransomware. That's one example of many security issues because you got internet of things. A slew of cloud edge technologies that are emerging that open up a surface area for attacks. So what's your thoughts on that? So as you mentioned, the traditional models have been layered on top of each other over time. It's a patchwork situation. And because it's a patchwork situation, there's vulnerabilities all over the place in facilities a lot of times. And besides that, the medical space is probably 10 years behind the times when it comes to technology, maybe five at a minimum. The model that we're using, you mentioned earlier that there's siloed information in these different facilities and hospitals. And that's absolutely true. So all of that information, you have facility A, facility B, facility C, they all have information on one particular provider or physician, but they don't talk to each other. And that information is at different levels of accuracy and timeliness. You mentioned time and date stamps. So our model works where the information follows the provider, okay? It's all built around the provider themselves. And then the individual facilities can tap into that information. And also they can influence the information. They can update it. So everybody will then be talking to each other in an anonymous fashion around the one provider, updating that information and making it the most accurate in the market. And we get away from the old SAS model. Before I dive in here, I'm going to ask you one more thing around as you walk into healthcare providers and in the healthcare industry, you're a different breed. You have blockchain, you got different solution. The conversations that they're having is, let's put a data lake out there. Again, centralized data lake. ISPs are doing that. And we know with cybersecurity, anytime you have centralized data resources, it's just an easier target to hack. So it's clear that centralized is not going to be the ideal architecture. And this entire movement is based on the principles of decentralized data.  It must be like, do you have like three heads to them or like a Martian or like speaking some foot of foreign language? I mean, what is it like? Are there people receptive to what you talk about? Talk about some of the experiences you had when you walk in the door and knock on the front door and walk in and talk to them. So it is an interesting situation. When I speak with CEOs and when I speak with COOs, they understand that they're vulnerable when it comes to their data. And they understand how expensive it is. If for example, if they have a HIPAA breach, it's $10,000 per occurrence. Now that means if somebody texts patient information to somebody else on a normal phone, that's $10,000 every time that happens, okay? And so if it's a major data breach and a record of files that they have, you know, 50,000 files lost, I mean, it could be a killing, a business killing event under the right circumstances. So I try to educate them about- Do they look at blockchain as a solution there? Are they scratching their heads, kicking in the tires? What's the reaction? They're interested. They don't understand exactly how we can apply blockchain. And we're trying to educate them as to how that is we are capable of doing so. We're explaining about the vast security improvements by decentralizing the information. And they're receptive, they're just reticent because they're very, you know, tend to be more conservative. So as these organizations like the State of Illinois and the Federal Association of Medical Boards, as they start to adopt, the hospitals and facilities are starting to look and oh, say, hey, this is a real thing and there may be a real application here. Talk about your business and your market, you're going after us through healthcare, product specifically in the business model. Where are you guys? How big are you? Are you funded? Are you doing an ICO? How are you using token economics? How is it working? Give us a status on the company. Sure, so we've been in business for approximately two years. We're a funded startup out of Austin, Texas. We were born actually out of a practice management company, which is an important point because a technology company trying to solve this problem would really struggle because there's a lot of bureaucracy, there's a lot of nuance in how the system operates because it is evolved over time. So that gives us a very significant advantage. We have an operating platform that has been out for a little over a year now and we have thousands and thousands of physicians and other licensed medical professionals that use the platform now. Are they paying customers or are they just users? So the model works like this. It's free to the providers. It's also free to the facilities and medical groups. And so we allow that utility for them to use. How we monetize is we have other curated goods and services for the providers along their career journey. So for example, continuing medical education, all providers are required to take so many units a year and we have a very robust online library of CME. And we also have partnerships with medical malpractice organizations. So it's a freemium model. You get them using the platform. Where's tokens fit in? Where does the cryptocurrency fit in? Do you have a token? Is it utility? Obviously it sounds like a utility token. Let me explain the model. Yeah, so we just announced last Friday it's South by Southwest that we are launching a token, a utility token, and it'll go on sale April 19th. And basically how it works is the providers, the physicians will earn tokens by taking actions in the platform that update their data, for example, or if they look for a job on our platform or if they do different tasks in the platform that improve the veracity of their data. And then they will be able to use those tokens to continue medical education courses, travel courses, medical malpractice insurance, a number of different services. So a token to monitor behavior, engage behavior, and then a two-sided marketplace for clearinghouse. How does the token go up in value? So the more we have multiple partners that are involved, so the partners will be also purchasing advertising time or it's a sponsorship model. So they'll be able to sponsor within the platform. So the more partners we bring in, the more providers we have, the value- So suppliers, people who want to reach those guys, so you get the coins, you see who's doing what, you get a vibe on who's active, and then that's a signal to potential people who want to buy coins. Yeah, and when we announced that we were doing this token, we had multiple partners that we have been in business with for the last two years saying we want to end, we want to do this, we want to get involved. And oh, another thing that we're doing with the token, we have an exclusive relationship with the National Osteoporosis Foundation and we put forth to them that we would like to set them up with a crypto wallet so that they can accept donations and then we would also match those donations up to a certain point that they receive in crypto. So we want to help our organizations, our not-for-profits, by facilitating crypto acceptance. So talk about the relationship with Hashgraph. It's two days old, but it's been around for two years. They announced a couple of days ago, got good feedback, a lot of developers using it. It's not Ethereum, but that's compatibility with Ethereum.  So we were looking at blockchain technologies about two years ago because we realized, as you mentioned earlier, the security issues we have, we have to be very aware of the type of data that we're holding. So at the time though, there were significant issues with speed, significant issues with storage and how it would work by actually putting a credential packet into blockchain. And the technology frankly just wasn't there. And so we started looking for alternatives and thankfully we were in Texas and we happened to run into Hashgraph. And they explained what they were doing and we thought this must be too good to be true. It checked off all of our boxes and we had multiple conversations about how we would actually execute an integration into our current platform with Hashgraph. So we've been in talks with them for I think a little over five or six months and we will actually, it looks like it's going to be one of the very first applications on the market integrating Hashgraph. It's interesting, they don't really have a blockchain based solution. It's a DAG, a directed acyclic graph model. Did that bother you guys? What was, did that, you don't care? It's plumbing, it doesn't matter? So actually the way that it is established, it has all of the benefits of blockchain and none of the fat and sugar, so to speak. I mean, there are a number of things that they do that blockchains unable to do. You mean performance issues and security. Performance speed is a big one, but also fairness on the date and time stamps because with a verification system you have to prove, you have to be able to prove and show that this date and time stamp is immutable and that it is, has been established in a fair manner. And they have been able to solve that problem where the blockchain model, there is still some question about, if you have some bad actors in there, they can significantly influence the date and time stamps. And that was very significant for our model. All right, well congratulations. What's next for the company? What are you guys doing? What's the plan? What's the team like? We're excited, obviously. What's next? So we are going to be announcing some very big partnerships that we've established here late spring. I was hoping to do it here now. However, we've not... Come on, break it out there. I would like to, but I have to be careful. So we have some big partnerships we're going to be announcing and of course we have the token sale coming up. So there's the big question. When's that sale happening? So it starts April 19th and it'll run for about six weeks. What's the hard cap on SoftCap? Yeah, we prefer not to talk about that but let's say SoftCap about 12 million and we have some interested parties that want to do more. And so we're looking at what our best options are as far as setting the value to the token and what the partnerships that are going to significantly impact it will be. Well, great job. Congratulations. You know, one of the big concerns in this market is scams versus legit. You're starting to see clearly that this is a year flight to quality where real businesses are tokenizing for real reasons to scale, provide value. You guys are a great example of that. Thanks for sharing that information. We're really excited and it's very exciting to bring this to the healthcare space, which is, as we said, conservative and somewhat traditional. And we believe that we will be setting the standard moving forward for primary source verification. And you can just summarize the main problem that you saw. Yeah, it is that analog primary source verification of the credential documents. And when our platform goes live, we will literally be putting hours of time, say something like eight hours, back into the provider's lives and back to the money associated with that, back in their pockets, which we hope translates into better patient care. So verification trust and they save time. Absolutely. You know, it's always a good thing when you can reduce the steps to do something, save time, make it easy. That's a business model success. Absolutely, and more secure. Yeah. John Addigan hoops with Intiva, executive vice president from Austin, Texas here in Puerto Rico for theCUBE coverage. Day two of two days of live coverage here in Puerto Rico. I'm John Furrier with theCUBE host. We'll be back with more live coverage after this short break.


The Senior Enlisted Advisor to any Army organization provides leadership with advice from a soldier's perspective. At the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command's Army Research Laboratory, that's exactly what Sergeant Major David Snipes provides to the laboratory director. It's amazing to see what our scientists are doing to make sure our soldiers are more protected and more lethal. Snipes has been the last Senior Enlisted Advisor now for 15 months. I must say I love this job. It's something new every day when I come to work. It's all new and I'm kept outside of my comfort zone, which is great. The way we align to all of the Army modernization priorities and all the warfighter functions is something different being a communicator. It keeps me in tune with everything going on in the Army. During his first year on the job, Snipes has toured many of the lab's facilities as well as academic institutions, local and regional sites. For me, what's different now is I actually understand what our scientists are doing in the labs. When I first got here and did my initial tour, it was just all mind-boggling that I didn't understand really what they were talking about and what they're doing. I actually understand when they speak what they're saying. Being a communicator, it's different because now I get to be part of all of the Army modernization priorities and all the warfighter functions that we are part of. I believe having soldiers here is definitely making a difference with the scientists. When you speak to them, they truly enjoy talking to soldiers. Having the soldiers here is really important to give the scientists the good and the bad. So if a scientist is doing great work but it's not for the right reasons, then those soldiers are there to guide them. Some major accomplishments for Snipes include coordination with executive leaders to assist with the lab's transition to the newly formed Army Futures Command. Since being here last summer, we have made the change from Army Materiel Command to Army Futures Command. I will say that our name is definitely getting out there a lot better and to a lot more folks. I was recently at a warfighter forum at Fort Benning and hearing senior Army leadership mention us by name is a good thing. Snipes also revitalized a training course that introduces the lab's civilian workforce to the Army lifestyle. The greening course now gives a better understanding of a day in the life of the soldier. Most soldiers that come here had never heard of it and that was a true statement then. But as we are getting out more and more to the different centers of excellence and to other entities in the Army, we are actually hearing our name out there and I would like to put a plug in for the research lab for any soldiers mid-career or above that this is an excellent opportunity to broaden yourself and see what the Army does as a whole and get you outside of your individual career field. Snipes said he built and strengthened relationships with outside organizations to better conduct joint collaborations in order to reduce duplicating efforts and save Army resources in the future. With his eye on retirement, Snipes said he wants to be remembered as the senior enlisted leader that instilled trust and confidence in the workforce and one who worked at solving Army issues and the Army modernization priority. I'm absolutely proud to be part of our great organization and be able to say that I'm the senior enlisted leader of the CCDC Army Research Lab and senior enlisted advisor Dr. Prakanti. I look forward to more great adventures with this terrific organization. I would like to instill confidence in our total force that the Army Research Lab is truly getting after the priorities necessary in order to keep our Army as well protected and as lethal as possible. For the CCDC Army Research Laboratory, I'm Tracy Dean.


So thank you everybody for joining today's NFCore Bitesiders talk. Usually these short talks are about specific topics like how to develop code within the NFCore framework or about a specific pipeline, things like that. Today's a little bit different because we're going to go over the results of the NextFlow and NFCore Community Survey. Those of you who are on Twitter and who are on the NFCore Slack will have seen me requesting everybody to take a few minutes to fill in this survey back at the start of the year around January, February time. And basically it's something we're trying to do annually to really take a snapshot of all the different people using NextFlow. Here everyone is, why everyone is using NextFlow, what works, what doesn't work, to try and prioritise development and also really get a feel for what needs the most attention both in the community and in the software. So apologies for that spam back at the start of the year if you kind of had that in multiple channels but many thanks to everybody who filled it in. Those of you who followed through on click that link will have ended up on the SecuraLabs webpage which looked like this and you kind of went through and followed the multi-step survey. One of the main reasons we want to do this survey is because NextFlow and NFCore are co-funded by a Chan Zuckerberg initiative grant. This particular grant is called a diversity and inclusion grant through the essential open source for science programme. And the focus of this particular grant that we're on is about trying to basically what the grant cycle is improve the diversity and inclusion both geographically and through every other metric. And in order to actually track whether we're doing a good job we need some kind of metrics it's very difficult to track this but one of the things we want to use is this survey basically. And so by doing it pretty early on within the scope of this grant we're hoping we can track improvement over the next two years time or time. So it's really important for us within the context of community growth and funding. So let's dig in. Those of you who are active on Twitter may have noticed a SecuraLabs treat went out a couple of hours ago. There is a blog post on SecuraLabs website all about this with the infographics. So you can find all of this information dig into it yourself if you haven't done already. I'm going to go through some of the key conclusions in this talk and I'm also going to put out a few additional statistics which didn't make it into the infographic just so that you don't feel like I'm repeating myself completely. Let's start off with some community demographics. Firstly as hopefully we already knew and hoped we have very global community which I love. The majority of the users are based in the US and in the UK and certainly in Europe. That's kind of fairly inevitable from our origins of the community and also mirrors the density of people working in the field in bioinformatics. But there was I think 36 different countries in the respondents list which is fantastic. I'm sure that's up a lot since the last few years. So that's really nice to see. We're increasingly spreading around the world and let's see if we can push these numbers up and make that map go even more blue for the next year. The majority of people we asked what your kind of favourite primary language for reading and writing was. Most of you picked English which is not a surprise. But there's quite a lot of people speaking other languages as well. We have a pretty terrible gender equality but I'm not sure that's just our fault. I think it's probably indicative of a wider issue but that's definitely something that could of course be improved if anyone has any ideas. And yeah there's a pretty wide range of people. Lots of early stage researchers using Nexplo and lots of people kind of well into that career as well. So it's really nice to see these kinds of things and get a feel for whoever one is. So I said there's lots of languages. You can see English is up there at the top but there's a long long tail and interestingly a lot of people kind of bundled into that other category there. So again there's a nod to how diverse our community is already. And this is really useful for example if we want to prioritise any efforts to translate material. We know which languages are most important to our community. Digging into a bit more of what it is that everybody does. Very similar to last year the majority of people who filled in the survey are classed themselves as bind mathematicians. A few other people kind of with different categories. Job categories is always difficult. You can kind of look into the others category of people. Some kind of an identity crisis issues going on there. But most people are kind of bind mathematicians working with biological data. Lots of people within academia and research but also a lot of people in biotech startups especially that seems to be growing since last year and kind of pharma and clinical work. So that's really interesting to see as kind of Nexplo matures and gets more heavily adopted. It's branching out out of academia a little bit into the wider community. Lots of people who filled in the survey have only recently started using Nexplo which is really interesting. Still under a year for the majority of people who filled in the survey. So welcome all of you. So even though some of the statistics came up similar to last year we're actually looking at a lot of people here who are new and I think that's fantastic. It shows I haven't saturated the market by any means. There's still lots of people who don't know about Nexplo and lots of people joining the community all the time. Generally you're a very happy bunch. Everybody likes Nexplo which is good maybe as a bias in who fills in the survey here but generally everyone seems to say that they're very happy with Nexplo and with the community. The vast majority of you would recommend and I believe do recommend the Nexplo to your colleagues. And that's actually slightly better than last year. So even slightly better satisfaction rate which is which is never a bad thing. So always been to improve at the top. Something that didn't make it into a blog post but I think is one of the more interesting parts of the survey is those of you who felt frustrated in Nexplo. It's not complete kind of paradox here. I think it's fine to be say you're satisfied with Nexplo but you are occasionally feeling frustrated with it. That's natural with any programming language.  Most of us have at times felt frustrated with Nexplo. If I dug into that a little bit and started reading you know there's 300 and something free text responses here about why all of you have felt frustrated. The common themes that jumped out to me were familiar to many of you. I'm sure the fact that Nexplo works with groovy which is not one of the mainstream languages for mind-formatics people. A lot of people say they often struggle to interpret what the error messages mean. It's people saying it can be quite difficult to get into Nexplo and NFCOR that has a steep learning curve. And a few people saying that things the community is so active. Things are moving so fast it was difficult to stay up up to date which is kind of a double-edged sword there. There's lots of activity which is great but it can be difficult to keep up. So just for those of you who filled in this question know that we hear you. These are all things we're aware of within Nexplo and NFCOR and things that we're always trying to improve on. I went a bit further because I could and threw together a quick word cloud here but all the things that annoy you just as a kind of you know form of venting I guess. Remember it can't be all that bad because you're all really happy. So a couple more questions here. People asking why you're running Nexplo and first two categories people running and writing their own workflows basically about doing analysis for themselves. The next two categories are people running and building workflows for other people. So kind of like core groups and things like that and a handful of you building larger systems that include Nexplo. And when it comes to the workflows you're using lots of people building their own workflows which of course are expected but a fantastic number of you using NFCOR workflows. Now again in fairness there's probably some bias here. We pushed out this survey through NFCOR channels amongst others so I would sort of hope that at least some of you were using NFCOR pipelines but still it's a fantastic to see so many people responding that they are using NFCOR workflows on a regular basis and this is really valuable resource. But then you're also quite promiscuous you know it's not just Nexplo. Over half of users are using more than one workflow tool which I thought was I was quite surprised by this result. Lots of you using Snakemake and Nexplo Galaxy so CWL whatever you need to kind of get a job done. So just because you're very happy with Nexplo doesn't mean you're blind to all the alternatives and that's no bad thing. It's good to have some competition and cross-fertilization of ideas. When it comes to where you're in kind of your compute environments everyone uses the majority just like last year still running on kind of HPCs on premises and clusters and also single computers and that's not something we expect to change massively in the near future. But there is an uptick in the number of people using cloud. If you compare to the last year the categories are pretty much the same but basically there's a bit of a bit of an increase in the people who are using private clouds especially. Is that right or have I got the other way around? Anyway decrease in the number of people using HPCs. For those of you who are running with HPCs the majority use Slam. That's definitely the most common scheduler followed by Grid Engine and that's again similar to last year so and we see that in the community on Slack people posting questions lots of people using Slam. Quite a lot of people using public cloud today and quite a lot of people planning to move towards a cloud lots of people are looking in that direction and when we compare the different types of cloud to different public clouds available AWS Amazon is by far the most popular but Azure has a kind of a climbing rank there and again if you break this down by where people are answering from lots of people in academia working with clusters and public cloud is super popular within private sector maybe it's not that surprising but up to 77% of people within public within private sector using using cloud now. Last year we asked about Kubernetes a bit of a hot topic for those of you who know about it lots of people a small number of people I think it was about 8% last year who are already using Kubernetes lots of people saying you're planning to use Kubernetes in the future so we're curious to see if anything had changed in the year it hasn't so there's pretty much exactly the same number of people saying that they are actively using Kubernetes today across the various different Kubernetes solutions but again lots of people saying that they're interested in it so moving forward we'll see if anything changes there in the future. We asked the bits about the kind of different traits the reasons that you use the next one what things do you find important when when you're kind of choosing which tool to use and the winner of this category was definitely documentation I'm totally with you on this one I've got a soft spot for trying to put together documentation for tools and yes the documentation and performance of the two all kind of outstanding categories here and when we asked you okay within documentation and kind of learning materials what's what to use the most what's most useful the official documentation the reference documentation came top and NF core came came a close second so that's great to see everyone is using the documentation that we've been building and this is definitely a hot topic for us right now we're really I think we've got lots of room for improvement with documentation so it's kind of it's good to see this survey went out just before the next flow slack went live so everyone was still using the next flow getter at that point but we asked about the NF core slack and the vast majority of people who responded knew about and used the NF core slack which is great so not only is the NF core community kind of building pipelines and standards but it's also a big support channel and lots of people are also feeding back into the community nearly 30% of people are contributing back to these NF core community pipelines so it's really good to see it's a two-way street there um apparently no one really wants a graphical interface for their workflow managers but you can see documentation really stands out as being very important for lots of people um yes and then also we're kind of thinking about uh integrations and this is more kind of tooling again it's quite detailed here um but a lot of you want to be able to optimize computational resources which makes sense unit tests was a popular category here um so this is great this is kind of real fodder here for feeding into the the next way development process and and of course to really prioritize which which topics need to be tackled right um i'm going to wrap up there uh you can go and look into this in more detail yourself and make your own conclusions on the secure website and we've got the blog post which went live this morning uh so you can click through to that um if you have any questions maybe i'll just quickly check the questions now before we go on right okay um in that case i will hand over at this point to evan um CEO of Secura um and evan is going to share with us a live draw for the present surprises um because there was definitely an ulterior motive for some of you to fill in this survey and with that i'll stop i'll stop sharing and i'll pass over to evan okay thanks a lot phil this should be pretty short here um let's see if we can go through but what we have is as part of the survey we had so around uh 10 people uh 10 prizes which were set up for uh for our next flow and Secura Labs merchandise packs um so as part of that we took all of the names um and we placed them into this big uh sort of circular prize drawer here um and from there we draw we drew 10 people we just did this earlier on this morning mostly because it takes some time but if you want to watch it you can kind of go through the whole thing so the winners of the of the merchandise packs that we had as part of that we've got uh Jacob um Stefano uh Susanna, Anka, Lizzie, Yokei, Nicholas, Adam, Avinat and and Chela so we'll reach out to all of you send you out the link where you can get this they've got a hoodie in there um we've got t-shirts um hats uh and some and some cool next look socks as well so thanks to everyone for for doing that the the next part of it um is around the the prize for the uh for the Mac so as part of that we're going to do that live and I'm going to share my screen here and hopefully be able to do this so again this is the similar thing where everyone's names being entered into this um and we will draw the winner um you know to that it's hopefully you can um share a part of my screen here um to do that okay it wasn't too far off so this will take about 10 seconds or so to run through um and we will have the winner so let's start that off now so it's been around and the winner of the Mac M1 for the prize is Michael H from USA so congratulations Michael will reach out to you um and and send you through an email with the information and uh and go from that that's it I think thanks so much to Phil for for bringing that presentation together as I say if you want to go reach out um and have a look at the blog um we're going to try and do these more sort of regularly this is the second year of this and a lot of this information becomes um sort of more useful the um the more it's work I'm not sure for some reason my my video is off but here here I am I'm a real person so thanks everyone for for joining me I'm say read the blog reach out to us if you've got any questions always appreciate everyone's work and uh yeah thanks so much uh thank you very much um are there any questions for Phil or Evan from the audience I don't think so um then I would like to thank both of you and uh also the Jen Zuckerberg Foundation for funding of course and I'm going to stop the recording now um but be aware that you can always ask more about the day's topic in the bite size channel on Slack and um yeah contact us if you have any other questions


The idea of effortless income generated from machines is absolutely fundamental to today's capitalism. You can sit in California with a piece of software and extract 25% from every car ride that takes place around the world. And that, for me, is the problem with today's capitalism. To me it's astounding, the idea that the programmers at Uber that are working until 2am in the morning and you can see the lights in their windows when you drive in Silicon Valley. Who would have imagined just three years ago that we would have a Uber? And here we have revolutionized transportation all over the world. They have added immense value to our society. These are the heroes that should be celebrated.


Okay, so welcome back to the last session for the day after the tea break. So straight going into the action, so what we have here, this is one example which I want to demonstrate where there is no way you can get any solution quicker than using to principle of minimum potential energy. So what we are asked here is something like this, a determiner angle of inclination of each linkage in this figure. Okay, so there are three linkages, W1L1, W2L2, W3L3, these are pinned at these two points and this is a frictionless surface on which these wheels can roll. And what you are asked to find out is that what is the angle of inclination or in other words what is the final configuration for the system when the system ultimately is in equilibrium and to say is that configuration stable or unstable and let me give you a hint you do not need to do a single calculation in order to find out what is the final configuration. Not a single calculation, if you try to do this with equilibrium or principle of virtual work it will be a huge pain, but with principle of minimum potential energy okay, just you can just do it, is the problem clear to everyone, yeah, though my one hint is that that no equation required, can you just stare at this problem and like just figure out what is the configuration okay, final configuration that this system can have. Note one thing that we want to minimize the potential energy okay, so minima is the best any time when you can find a minima that will be the absolute global minima and the system will be stable. For this to go into minima what do we need, each of the rods should be the center of mass should be as low as possible. So yes so the, so L1 and L3 vertical okay and the line joining the two ends okay, so that will be one minimum configuration straight away okay, so this is one of the interesting that these things you can do that if L1 plus L2 is greater than L3. Suppose for the time being assume that L3 is greater than L1, the one L3 is greater than L1 without losing any generality, if you think that okay no L2 is later less than L1 just go to the other side and see okay, L1 will become L2, L2 will become L3 okay, so without losing generality let's say L3 is greater than L1 then there are two conditions, one is when L1 plus L2 the two links is greater than L3 then that configuration shown at the top will be the minima energy configuration. Any configuration you try to perturb it from this core confirmation whatever way you will see that the center of mass will only rise, are you convinced okay, so the portion is that that without losing generality we said that L3 is greater than L1. Now look at this to minimize the energy what do we want, we want the center of mass of each rod to go as low as possible okay, now take this confirmation what we are saying is that this is as low as possible for one will be when one is completely vertical, center of mass as low as possible for two if two is perfectly vertical okay and what is the center of third particle which will be nothing but L1 plus L2 by 2 will be the position of the center for third one, so if you make L1 and L2 okay the centers of the two chains as large as possible okay as down as possible automatically the center for the third chain okay for the third link will get as down as possible, so this is possible but in this case what you require is that L1 plus L2 should be greater than L3, now in case suppose L1 plus L2 is less than L3 then the second confirmation which I have shown okay that will be the best confirmation what you will see is that in this case L1 plus L2 is less than L3, L1 is as low as possible, L2 is as low as possible and you will see that how do we figure out what is this angle of this third chain third link is just from this point draw an arc of the circle given by L3 such that it intersects this point and that will be the final confirmation and angle is immediately known that if that angle is nothing but cos theta is equal to L1 plus L2 divided by L3, so there are two possible cases without losing generality L3 is greater than L1 and then afterwards L1 plus L2 greater than L3 is the top one and L1 plus L2 less than L3 okay is the bottom one and just try perturbing the system from this point you will see that your energy will always be more than whatever the energy you have now because the center of mass will always go up if you depart from this confirmation makes sense. In the second diagram the last two terms are W3 into L1 plus L2 by 2 yeah because just note here assume that for example the center of mass for this this is L1 this is L2 assume that uniform mass okay I am assuming that all the mass is uniform at center of gravity is at the center okay so where will the center of this will be where will the vertical height vertical height is the same as the center of this which is L1 plus L2 by 2 thank you sir okay fine so this is this is for example one example where you use equilibrium you use principle of virtual work there is no way you are going to get this cleaner answer okay and of course this is the global minima and this will be a stable configuration oh oh it will be L1 plus L2 by 2 sorry it is L1 plus L2 by 2 not the common my mistake okay it is L1 plus L2 by 2 because center of mass will be what this distance plus the center so it is L1 plus L2 by 2 good sorry for the mistake okay so let us move on just note that okay because these slides I will give to the person in charge to just note that if you look at the solution okay first of all I cannot vouch that all solutions are perfectly accurate I tried to be as good as possible but sometimes like clearly I have made mistakes okay so please pardon me for that and be on the guard for some mistakes if you are referring to those slides now let me do this problem actually okay because the gentleman there here suggested that we use small angles approximation so let us do one problem where we actually do the problem with small angle approximation so what is given to us is a mechanism as follows okay so I will discuss this problem and then we will solve two or three more problems in the tutorial okay you will solve and at 515 I will give a small quiz okay and then we will depart so let me just discuss this problem briefly what we are given is this that we have a mechanism where we have a mass m resting on this two force member which is pinned here at the top and at the bottom similarly it is resting on this another two force member of length B which is pinned here and pinned here now this mechanism if there were no springs in between then what happens is that it is an unstable mechanism if you just give it a little bit of a nudge then this rectangle okay will become a parallel gram and this entire assembly will collapse so what is being done here is that in order to keep this system in equilibrium what we have done is that we have taken two springs we have pre-stressed we have given a stretch of delta and then put inside this assembly so spring whose approximate length is this length little bit of a stretch of delta put it in second spring take that length put little bit of delta put it inside and now we have this assembly where this internal spring has a little bit has a pre-stress of delta pre-stretch of delta it is not rest within this spring there is a tiny extension of delta within this spring there is a tiny extension of delta we have taken this assembly this mass is m and what we are asked to find out is determine the minimum stiffness k of each spring which will ensure stability of the platform in the position shown each spring has a tensile preset deflection of data see the question that this position should be in stable equilibrium and what we want is that given all these dimensions what should be the stiffness of the spring such that this configuration is actually a stable equilibrium conformation and now we will use for example this small theta approximation because why we are giving a small perturbation about the position where the theta which we can take to be the angle of the top links or the vertical links to be equal to 0 what do you think should we do if you perturb this system okay this is a rectangle let us put a bit by little bit let us make it a parologram so this link let us put a bit by small amount such that it makes an angle theta with respect to the vertical now if you put up that link okay the other link will also put up there is no other choice so this angle becomes theta other angle will also become a small theta now what will happen because of that if we make this link okay move by small angle theta what will happen to that spring it will get compressed okay why because there is a component of the displacement along that it will get compressed what will happen to the second spring it will get stretched okay can we express that compression and stretch in terms of theta very easily because all the dimensions are given to us if we say that the vertical that angle if this angle okay so if I say that this top angle is alpha here okay if this top angle is alpha then what do we know that if this small rotation is theta this top angle is alpha how much is the compression in the spring extra draw a perpendicular from here this is alpha 90-alpha okay so this also will be alpha so because alpha into data theta or the small perturbation theta will be how much there will be an extra compression in the spring you agree if alpha I will show it in the solution also if alpha is the angle on the top then draw a line from here perpendicular to the spring if this is alpha this is 90-alpha so B sin 90-alpha or B cos alpha is the perpendicular distance so B sin alpha sorry B cos alpha into theta will be the compression in that in this spring and correspondingly B cos alpha into theta for small theta will be the extra extension in this spring will agree with me okay fine now what is the potential energy contribution for a small theta for the top mass if I take base okay as my datum what is the potential energy of the top mass as a function of this theta the B cos theta if what is theta the way I am defining theta is B rotates by small angle theta so theta is the new angle with respect to vertical so B cos theta no vertical vertical vertical height cos theta B cos theta okay B cos theta then you are putting we have to then take the datum top level as a datum then it will be minus mg B 1 minus cos theta which will come out to be the same plus some additional constant everybody agrees or there is some some descent or there there's somebody doesn't agree okay it is not by intimidation okay if you don't agree just we will we will we will discuss this just look here this angle is theta this is this vertical arm it was position was here what is this distance B cos theta and B cos theta as we had discussed earlier for small theta can also be rewritten as 1-theta square by 2 okay because we want to do everything without cos and signs we can say that B cos theta can be written as 1-theta square by 2 does everybody agree that for small theta cos theta can be written as 1-theta square by 2 yes okay so we'll go by consensus now what do we do V gravity is what mg B cos theta here I have used cos theta but I say that even if you replace this cos theta by 1-theta square by 2 it still will be fine only thing what we want we want to know is for stability purposes this should at least be quadratic okay at least be quadratic now what is the extension in this spring initial extension was delta this spring got compressed so what is the final extension delta minus B theta cos alpha you agree with me what is the extension of this spring delta plus B theta cos alpha so my total potential energy will be mg B cos theta plus half k delta minus B theta cos alpha square plus half k theta minus B theta cos alpha square just expand it out what you will see is that your potential energy just looks like this now you take the derivative d V by d theta you will see that at theta equal to 0 this indeed is 0 which means that theta equal to 0 as expected was an equilibrium position and d 2 V by d theta square will just come up to be 2 k B square cos square alpha minus mg B just simple algebra and you want for stability purposes that this should be greater than 0 that will immediately tell you that minimum spring constant will be mg to be cos square alpha and you will realize that what is cos square alpha cos alpha what is cos alpha cos alpha is nothing but L divided by L square plus B square you agree with me cos alpha will be L divided by square root of L square plus B square so cos square alpha will be L square divided by L square plus B square just put in all the values and you will see that the minimum stiffness will be mg by 2B 1 minus B square by L square and if your stiffness is at least this much the assembly okay or stiffness should be more than the strictly speaking because exactly at that stiffness what happens we don't know but if your stiffness is more than that then your assembly will be in stable equilibrium is the problem clear okay any doubt any doubt so can we move on to solve some three tutorial problems and then go on with the quiz