That's how they're getting down over there on prize picks. It's simple. It's easy Hey, you can go over there and pick your interest In 60 seconds, but if you're a real G you can do it in 30 seconds All you got to do is go over there pick your projections More or less They gonna do what prize picks say they gonna do or if they gonna do what you say you gonna do There it is right there So that's exactly how it works use promo code 85 south go over there See what the hype is about and let them know that 85 south show sent you I'm on it now Let's see how y'all come up, bro.     He was like, um So it was like a pettit for me. Yeah, like I wanted to be better than them niggas. I Ain't really never had no problem with the niggas I just felt like we was better than them niggas and not no shade We're just to say that if I could do it another nigga could do it behind me. Everybody.   I just got to play I flew out here I'm on my brother seat toward my nephew Nino.  Yeah The song called big time.  That's what I created big time I already know hold up.  I'm a game spiel.   Yeah, we're not bullshitting me You know your time is very valuable. You guys go for this. That's just like I Was I wanted to do this. That's my choice.  That'd be just on the hook. I already know my little BG's on For the record, I just want niggas to know that My little nigga official cash money ain't no cap in that year.   So BG signing the cash money. So y'all ain't got to hear coming back to go over. All right Give me one more day. You want to come on?  We're crazy It's one of them warrants and I've been doing Music about 34 35 years What happened 32 yeah, I started at street 2 right I had I had a mouthful of goals at 14 years old 13 turning 14, um, and um I went beat. I was always baby baby was first. That's my original name and I went from beat three two to Bubba be at this very man You can call me what you feel With the platinum girl, what happened to you? With the platinum And the platinum chain.  Oh now I've always wanted to ask you about this now you talk about back in the day off the ramp Yeah, yeah Give me one of your favorite off the ramp stores cuz I heard Off the ramp is Melphomene project I grew up on Saratoga and the routing of which is cross the street from the Melphomene project Where I grew up at was a a hair on Well tricks posture too all that went on on my block So we was kids and my pops used to make us Get off the block because there was a lot of everything going on shooting killings So we had to go in the project by my sister.  I ain't never heard you just now. No That you've been rich since you was about 14 Yeah, I had a million dollars at 15 years old. I Had ten cars at 14 years old. I was already stunt with cars as a youngster.  I see you without you Go ahead and finish for this as a kid. Yeah, what's your favorite old schools? I never had a old school in my life work. I never had old school I always want I saw you in the red thing and I was like mama telling me I want by that car I just saw you in the red car. I said, I wanted to tell anything. I want by that car I ain't never had a old school in my life Ever I wanted I always was modern if it was you was getting you was getting as soon as it came out I wanted that I never had an old school in my life. I bought an old school from fresh That's what fresh into fresh. He had a lot of grand that right now No, he had him but he from downtown. They're not up like uptown. So downtown I ain't gonna say all new us niggas ain't never had old schools.  Shout out to fresh man Would you one of us that would get the car like two years before it come out? Yeah?   So once we went to getting cars We wanted everything so we went crazy like nigga when I was able to get some money by cause I went crazy I can't hide into that. I can't handle my money. It never mattered to me. I want all the cars We had motorbikes.  I'm saying that like been like that It's like it wasn't go we saw older niggas who did it before us. There was living like that Then the Cadillacs the fly whips you're I mean, so we wanted to be like the old man I only ever wanted to be was a dope boy.   I feel like I know you pop mr. Johnny. Yeah It was my everything When I lost him, I just I just turned to be without I Know what I was gonna be And I you know in life like you got to make the right choices If you make the wrong one you could end up in the wrong places. Yeah, and I Made right choices in my life because my mindset as a youngster. I wanted to be where there was that I Really was prepared to die.  So he had to he had to act is to be a superstar. You do a very successful as a rapper Wayne is very successful as a rapper and when Bg come home. He gonna be very successful as rappers, right Manifresh. He's very successful at what he do, right?  What do you do? Future very successful. What do you do niggas up niggas very up, bro Man, how are you away? How did you have when did you know this like hold on? Like how long before you notice like just seeing him around or was it?  We knew that we've been doing we know probably about Right when we formed the high boy shit like he was like the first nigga there the last nigga leave All of them was living with me since there was like 12 years old I was like a baby raising baby So all of them was with me and all I used to do is just make them rap all day and write raps all day But we just saw something different than Wayne and he was the youngest, right?  I signed my deal. I was 20 years old when I got 30 million dollars When I got that, you know, we still was we felt like we were still dreaming Just young niggas out there. We still in the project so 30 million up still in the project still in the project five business.   I don't need gonna just respect us. Ain't no niggas on nah, man It was like home it is home like where we come from it. I feel more comfortable where I come from in any way in the world I feel like that the soldier egg album was slept on But that was the come-up. Yeah, and that got that guy got the homer for the boys out there. She caught fire No, yeah, yeah, yeah, they ain't caught fire.    I watch him every day I watch him because you know, that's like one of my best friends.  I'm super tight with future. I'm super tight with Drake super tight with Nick a Lot of them. I'm still super close with but um That nigga jewelry That nigga bad man. He's still bad motherfucker.   How you put that all the block and move it together. Hey, man Block of two right now, right? What you doing? I'm really super super excited about the movement man And like we put a lot into it, but NBA young boy is one of the stars main stars Oh Bring that shit back man. Yeah, it's a classic big food class And I know it's a classic and I wanted to make sure that we make it Traditional and I ain't won't really start shooting to BG come on. Hell. Yeah He is a street legend I'm now green and this is the family business. I'm playing English. You know what time it is.  We pop in Perk No, no, no as we probably ladies ladies just come to the meet and greet And it's really gonna be a greet me. It ain't different. Huh, it's gonna be Family business tour and what money back does is completely separate He's more like an independent contract Chicks somewhere who's having a hot girl summer? So if you want to make it even hotter, why don't you go over to blue chew calm? And get you some blue chew and you can even use my promo code so you can get the first month free so you can turn up That's exactly what it is man. It's blue chew. You can make love to your lady for a long long time I've been telling you this for years What are you waiting on go to blue chew calm right now and use my promo code and get your first month free and don't say I ain't never did nothing for you because I did I looked out for you and showed you how to turn it up That's right. You gotta believe me though. I'm living good Doing my thing. I already got my blue chew Visit blue chew calm for more details and important safety information And we thank blue chew for sponsoring the podcast Hey, look Clayton English Hey You tired of talking to the same people learning new language Learn with babble. I'm learning Spanish. I don't want to talk to y'all no more man Trying to see what my Spanish speaking people got going on It's a whole bunch of people around the world to speak Spanish. So that just increased the amount of people I could talk to So if you really want to get your conversation up in another language man get babble You can be speaking a new language within three weeks all the lessons are Fact-based actual real-life situations what you would use if you was in another country and you actually talking to another person a lot Of the other apps just got you playing a little game. Hey, man, you can buy a leapfrog All right, that's cheaper than getting that little app But if you really want to speak it you need babble man So go ahead get online get 55% off at babble.com slash 85 South that's 55% off Learn new language and you finish talk to a whole bunch more people and you know, you might be Talking to the little Dominican man. He might be a minute. You know what I'm saying Like you said he was a star first like When you first signed him did he just immediately take off or it just What was the build up like 13 right? It was 13, right? Oh Jesus was like he was around for a long time Jesus was like He was around for like a year and then the other nigga just got on the mic one day We was at fresh house and I went to the store when I came back. Jesus had to made About six seven songs to chop a city I'm like man. I love nigga cold And he was so young and so advanced and right after that we just cut him loose He was like 14 years old and he just He was advanced like a motherfucker with the street life and he always been older than his age. So After that the next day we did we did the whole album like two three days chop a city and Shit, it was history after that man.   He said he made the all y'all hits with only about eight sound for a fact He kept it real simple But that was his charge see me. I'm I'm like I'm one foot in one foot out.  I'm banking on the nigga for the nigga turn me on to him. So I'm like Shit, I know Jesus them on rap. He look young little one rap and Jesus just took off when I come back I wasn't going for the hour too many had knocked out six songs man. Nigga did the chopper city I'm the one name the chopper city. I Name the BG.   That's our soundtrack. That's our mindset. That's where we try and you know, I'm saying we hear you say the You know, I'm saying I'm gonna buy a platinum football field But it was just like, you know seeing y'all come up like that And you know, I always been my second home, man I stayed out here five years with young thug man.   Cuz I see you pop out of your thought verse out for a few more fuckers, but like I'll be finding my way to these niggas Yeah, but like I'm really not hard to find it's a few niggas bees or Ceto. You're like, I just not found my way to you Define you with I'm gonna send you all the times.  I ain't know how it was gonna happen But I said it was gonna happen I really do them didn't like Man, I want I wanted to come man.   She's been hard. They could get a ride. We're gonna ride it So I gotta ask you this man you had one of the Your deal you going down the history.  I just felt like I lost everything already So how can I give you anything when you ain't work hard to get it? I? Lost my mom or my dad and my brother my sister's I lived in boys home I live in Canada. I lived in I was adopted by white folks. I just was I had a hard life coming up Bro, so I felt like I lost too much To gain a little so I wanted to keep all my shit when I went up there There was offering me 50-50 deals. I wouldn't accept it.  We held hip-hop down and I just felt like um, I Just couldn't give up what I believe we lost a lot These are the moves that you've studied though. It's like taking that chance a lot of people would have took it I'm with it right now.   So my first album I put out was 400 degrees and it sold 10 million copies which was you and now And it had 15,000 the first week and then I'm selling 10 million copies You know outcast all them boys did them type of numbers and jewelry up there with them niggas with them type of number Juvenile was one of our biggest selling artist still to the day It was not enough ten seven Yeah, he ain't never sold under five Hey man, man, I bought a record y'all in there got through this bag You know what another favorite part of cash money records for me Ziggler Wiggler They always talk good shit though, man Get a skips too many fresh but Ziggler was from my hood, right?  We're really care about that But fresh knew what he was doing and we had to stand down and let him do what he did Oh, man, and he knew what he was doing. Hey, you had the way he said man. Oh, he ain't come down.  I also over a billion records.   So you gotta We ain't know what we was doing bro. We were just we ain't I didn't know cuz you're right I had such a hard life way harder than these niggas. I'm working with rapping My life was ten times harder than theirs. They ain't even know what I've been through right in life So you remember for me, I was just Happy to say that we made it because I never thought we would I thought I'd be in the penitentiary Dead, I never thought that I could make it. What type of advice are you giving the young niggas who just now getting money? Who wants to buy the game for 35 years?     That was the trick for me because I was blowing it fast. I want all the cars I want all my niggas with the cars. I want all the holes. I want all the jury We pop in bottles, and we live in the life like it wasn't no tomorrow Man, we was throwing parties in the super-dome nigga in New Orleans in the super-dome.  So we used to play on the dirt that they built it on and I was a little kid.    Yeah We've been doing it for a minute and we ain't about to stop for nobody. Hell.  I day. I know most of the lyrics. I'm gone I'm gone. We've been off for like four five million dollars per show That's what I'll drink and nicky. So, you know what nicky and drink that's about about 15 20 million dollars a show Man, just let that just let this simmer for a minute That's crazy That's a whole festival No, that's one night. That's but it's a festival to one night. Yeah, that's per night One show You can't go to the bank We did our dog We earned it and we deserve it. Yeah Ain't no niggas asking for nothing. We ain't all right. All right. Shit. I already know I wouldn't see y'all here back in the day Cash money rough riders tour. Hey, I shout out to them niggas because I talked to swiss the other day about Really trying to put together that cash money rough rider tour again. Oh, that would be crazy man. Um, I talked to swiss about Seeing if they're gonna make it happen. It was a conversation Yeah, but you know everybody out trying to get their money. So If we do it, we do it. We don't we don't we still going out though Now you make a lot of money investing too. Oh, yeah No, I ain't even got to invest. I make enough money on my music. Well, I ain't got to do nothing. I can sleep. I'm good What it looked like man What that feels like man, what kind of sleep that is because I always I don't never really get all the way sleep because I know it's the more money I need to go get you at the end of the money game when these mothers say you ain't got to do nothing else That's the end of the game, ain't it? I got I got 25 years of music 34 years of music like I did my thing doing it currently.  That's why I made a lot of mistakes That's the hard way.    I'm not about to be war worrying with no nigga I was brought up different and we got a problem. We got a problem and we're gonna entertain it We see each other.  I ain't want Throw my life away And I really know this music nigga. They could be talking but really really really About drawing a life away You're ain't trying to go to penitentiary Unless you really trying to do that and we all could you hear me?  Right.   What's the color?   I'm straight.  What's in the fleet these days? He popped out and it showed us the fleet man, uh, look, I just got I just got the The wagon with the m. Okay. I just got me a Bugatti with the phone. Okay.   Nothing. I ain't gonna never stop I am just trying to get an update man. Hey there.  No, they got a today They got a today helicopter. They got the new photo. I got the coupe helicopter take me from um It's just a like a two minute flight from The whoop to the whoop and jumping my whips and we ride You need to be aspiring to take a helicopter from the whoop to whoop If you ain't never whooped a whooped with a helicopter It ain't even two minutes If it's in the photo, I'm finna looking to get one.  I saw you riding in that red thing, bro I'm gonna lean on you about that. Okay. Hey, I saw you planning that old school You say you put the motor in it.   What's up, man? Are you good? Yeah, you already What's up? How you live?  I knew it was official. Yeah, it's big old fish. I knew it was official.  Oh Let's get it. So I know he got some artifacts for you if you bring out the case. I know he got real rough if he bring out that case though This need like a history wait, bro on a on a on a real up and up, bro man I respect What y'all doing, bro?  That's it. I got the utmost respect because Y'all it came up Y'all niggas didn't came up man. We appreciate it man.   All right. I'm coming And I want y'all come to the town jump on the first of all.  We don't even see man. Come on.  Y'all got to go to New Orleans, right?  We'll do all that one weekend.  Well, no, this is documentary And new face got to go because if new face wasn't there, where were we in New Orleans with your tour? He's on this niggas y'all. I didn't got cd. You know he hard come on, man It's all on you.  What else you got?  You can check that out right there. You got your whole history Family tree Wow When this came out about three years ago dj syntax Now my tree's long, bro My tree long now Nice, well you get this shit from man, I need this right up day one I've been as soon as it came up man. Where you get that true story library Barnes & Noble I need to get one of them.  I got you I just That's a whole show. That's a whole show stunning first old school.   How you doing everything? Yeah, it's already written The outside of Chevy, but the inside of Benz Yeah, I'm finna redo this shit Putting hyena on the floor Yeah, can I get one of them cuz I need I need this on my checklist.  Hey man This is part one now. I want y'all to come to the yam. Oh, I'm gonna send a pj to the yam Let's go, you know what if you send the boob got it No, don't let them My lady can argue and get that quick. Let me get the red one. You already switched colors. No, I'm on the Pj you tell me. I don't know about y'all who watching this, but right now I'm officially As far as I'm concerned Hey, man, yeah Don't worry, I get my own No, no, I'm glad the next time I see you niggas. I'm gonna have cash money pieces for you Stop it I'm glad the next time I see y'all I'm gonna have big cash money not that little No, no What's up y'all, it's your girl xp and it's your girl dray in the call and y'all know we can't go Nowhere unless we come to the windy city We're late super turned up. So make sure you go to www.pormines.com Right now and get your tickets october 13th friday. We'll see y'all chicago What's up? What's up? What's up? These are not our clothes. These are not our cars But we will be in hushville, alabama. Oh, what the 19th? There you go.  All our all our alabamians, uh, you know I got special guests coming already. I'll talk to we got carly russell. We'll be in the building Check this out. Check this out. Not only is carly russell coming niggas. We also Having a meet and greet where you're gonna be able to see us.  Yeah, it's gonna be amazed. You got that baby gonna be there, too The baby baby baby baby baby baby baby baby baby baby at all, man It was now she was out of the baby Yeah, I don't know she had on no pants and a shirt And I was doing it there is that i'ma do it the meet and greet when you get back there You see me doing this ladies. Just follow me.  So that's what you mentioned This is family business tour and that's not my family business. I feed the left by that term, but When they're start dressing like donald duck, that's when I leave. That's why you got to get them tickets at 85 south show dot com 85 south show dot com October 19th, hushville alabama I understand that. Hey, what's up everybody? Uh-oh What we're going? We're going to mobile. What? Yes, September 9th. We're gonna be in mobile alabama 85 south show. Make sure you grab Get at least four tickets. Get all the civil right activities suits. I want everybody We're gonna we're gonna march. We're gonna we're gonna get like two x's away from this for the mobile center and we're gonna march there No, we're not why They already done that but I feel like we can do it again. Oh, jay. Oh, you go ahead a good time Hey man, September night pull up on us in mobile. We will be there come on by south show You know what time it is. You already know man real ghetto legend.  I just let me wear the old one then till I get my real I want the one with the black on the back Hold on. Yeah But you come by no fake Hold me on till let me see you niggas on the week or two weeks. Okay.   Amen Amen You heard it.  Hey Jay, are you on one? I thought you I thought you were chugging for it But he hit the struggle himself So What's the future looking like for cash money Man, I'm gonna just Um, I don't plan it. I just lived through it, right? So Well, just keep going we doing and really though at this point in life just being here, bro, like You know staying healthy and you know, it's just self-explanatory. Everybody it should on cruise control to be honest, bro You know the new wave.  That's not aim. Nothing I even worry about No Yeah, everybody named a megastar man What you want your legacy to be even when you say, all right? I had enough of the music game now I'm just down. Oh, man. I just want a nigga to just respect me. Yeah, put some respect on my name On his name, bro. Come on Look, it's not every day we get somebody at your caliber here that everybody In the room is a fan of man. So we'll miss some of the people in the room You know ask you somebody the number one That was one of my best covers I ever did In my life. We shot that in my in my neighborhood I always brought wane to the 13th ward. That's where we from Which is all uptown. So um, we shot that in my hood and um Wayne made me take my shirt off because I never was on that type of shit But he always more he like let's do this shit with no shirt on and let's just flex it out But that's what my favorite cover of all time my favorite picture my favorite everything what when Wayne like That's when we was in an era of after the break the break up So we was getting into the father like son era and that was like The stamp of the father like son I mean the world of me I mean everything to me and um, I got that picture in my house on a big pledge But that that was the start of after the break up. So when I see that picture, I knew that was after The hot boys broke up and we started the like father like son Your own brother right that you don't work with or found a which one Were you kind of unsure about at first and it made you surprised when you was like I think while I was never really unsure about none of them, right? Um, I always had confidence in all of them and Always felt like either we're gonna win. We're gonna lose together So I never thought about being unsure about it. I never had Um A lack of confidence in none of them. I always had all my confidence in them and I was a young man With these artists and I just felt like we're gonna win together.  We're gonna lose together That was my whole mentality. So I never thought about No, unsecurity. I never thought that we'll lose. I always went into it with confidence that we're gonna win Have you ever had an artist where you was like where it took you?  He ended up being the best rapper alive in life. So but I always I never doubted that I just sometimes niggas take more time than others a lot of niggas be thinking a nigga gonna Prosper fast that ain't guaranteed Sometimes it takes longer It took us eight years independent by the time we got major the first year we blew But they ain't know about the eight years. We was already independent and when Wayne and juvie and bg They had been But once we got on that plateau everybody was getting educated to them But that should have been an abroad and they had started right down in them I got a question too Wayne started doing the mixtape How did you feel about that at first? Did you get it or was you like What you doing? Hey, I heard about it on the wind right because Wayne started the mixtape after these niggas left Yeah, when the breakup started. Yeah, he started doing his own little thing, right? But we already had met and said that this is what he's gonna do. He's like son, we're gonna do this It's more money than enough.  Let the niggas go there about that way We're gonna make more money now, right? Right and he was like, man better than all them niggas anyway He woke me up, right? Yeah I ain't no disrespect to juvie.   So right after that Me and him I right after that Katrina happened When Katrina happened we all went to texas Then Me and him went to Miami And that's when we started like father like son shit And it was right after Katrina I The east and the west was like The last two plot last two places that were embrace our music If he was from the south So, um, it's always been a competitive thing for us with them Because they felt like we was better. They was better than us. We felt like we was better than them Especially in our neck of the woods was the south Once they caught on to us On the coasts because you have a hit in the south and it takes a long time to hit in the east and the west But once they caught on to us like it is now Um, I don't think they'll ever get it back Like we here forever like because they had it forever like the east and the west they had it forever and um It was challenging for us coming up Very very challenging because they wouldn't play our music In no kind of way and I could say jama'a de pret really broke that barrier for us down south because he went up there Really made them play our music because they wouldn't play our music at all And I got a lot of respect for jama'a de pret But they wouldn't play our music and jama'a de pret went up there and was fighting for us and Our music would be hits down bottom and it'd be four five six months before it'd be hit on the east and west coast But now it ain't like that.   That's a feeling. It's a vibe. I don't think we'll ever let it go ever Yeah And I say that respectfully I just don't think we'll ever let the vibe and the motion go And we with the competitiveness because it's it's all about competing It's about who got the best talent who can make the best records That's what this shit all about ain't nobody got to be hating on nobody to compete with music We're just trying to make the best music and who the people going to like And I think right now we just got it and we've been having it for a minute and I just don't think we're going to let it go Thanks Yeah, yeah I don't know for some reason I've just been fortunate enough to Be able to If a situation break I could you know break into something different I was able to carry a long legacy in this shit like Even before the hot boys I had a couple of groups before that You know, if you know the history of cash money I had all this is way before that then that doesn't matter then Yeah, um a bunch of them pimp daddy And and they lot of them died and Some of them left then you come with the the hot boys and magnolia sharded and Rest in peace sharded my daughter. She passed away.  I had Cali. I had In my tree run alone, bro. I have a long real real long A lot of niggas counting me out and um, I would like to tell the niggas I guarantee that I won't lose. I built on my I built myself on that and I'm staying on that And I succeeded in that ever I'm guaranteed. I ain't gonna lose I think I know what I know and I think I'm blessed and I was fortunate enough to sustain a lot of weather bro a lot of weather and a lot of ups and downs and a lot of discredit and a lot of doubts And um, I won I won big Hell yeah, you did check what you had Oh, what's your ass? You need to add something? What you say? Man watching LeBron, that was like Highlight of my life moolah. He'd like to go to games.  It's your girl Lexpey and it's your girl's right in the cold and we have a very Special and exciting announcement to make Yes, y'all. So we have a new show coming to amp and it's going to be called pour it up live Yes, if this is your opportunity to call in ask us questions Talk to us live listen to whatever music that we listen into live It's gonna be super fun and it's going to be every Wednesday at 8 p.m On amp and we're launching on september 13th at 8 p.m. So don't miss it. Yes I can't wait to tune in so you telling me donna l tucking silver center September 10th Yep, we're gonna be there. Oh sounds like we ready to shoot. Hey, what's up? Well september the 10th Come on, man. We will be in tallahassee. I think that what we're doing at the donna l tucker civic center That wins it.  Donna lewis took loanda loam Hey man, september the 10th make sure you pull up. That's this sunday tallahassee. Yeah, I know Yeah, I don't think Tallahassee pains september the 10th. We look To everybody who got gas in their car. I'm like, what you said?  We always see each other at clip ports And um, I always been nothing but respect for him and his family Seeing each other at the clipboard Come over here It's just what you do though, but to us that should be so out of two That's motivation, bro. There you go, bro.    I always wanted to know This nigga They were always looking for the keys man.    He said he sells He's like He wrote his hand when I tell you I was living a life like I couldn't believe we seen it We couldn't believe it. I actually brought a hundred niggas out the project Well, I traveled with a hundred 200 niggas everywhere I went We had four or five buses with 200 niggas.  It took me about two three years, right? The breaker woke me up.   I'm gonna show a nigga.  It was like it was like a party nigga.   I need y'all niggas to fly to yammy I want you niggas to fly to the jungle.  I gotta do this.   Oh, most definitely get one. Hey, bro. We gotta get on some I'ma look in y'all and tell you nigga. I want you to come to the gaming I'm a pj on me for real. I'm in there going to the jungle. I just needed there too with you coming And I'm gonna put that whoop on your whoop. Come on We already We waited for you to see the helicopter Straight over to the ready, bro. Let's get the promo shot. Let's do it. We in here Yeah We're gonna have a bird man


is it clear principle? Face center atom, so what you have to keep in mind is very important I will discuss other things also into this with reference of this you know result only that in FCC unit cell, in FCC unit cell the face center atom is in touch with adjacent face center atom, coordinate flux carrier atom but adjacent face center atom also right. Opposite value you let it be this face center is in touch with 1, 2, 3 and 4 plus 4 coordinate 8 and when you extend this the upper cube right there also the face center atom I will touch adjacent face center, so the coordination number is what? Coordination number is 10, Coordination number also you can do but this one is easier I will do it clear it. Rank is 4, Coordination number is 12, so what is the packing fraction? That will be 4 into 4 by 3 pi R cube by A cube and this will be what R over A correlation we already have this is 0.74 you will get 0.74 which is 74 percent and percent is void is what? 26 percent you will see the packing fraction here also it is more than BCC because number of effective atom is also more hence it should occupy more volume sorry more volume of the cube than the other 2 right.  This is the square, okay? And this attempt, which is the sentence of the front face, it will be a little outwards, okay? Okay, leave it. This one, the one above and the one below, leave it. This four are in touch, right? Yes. Okay? You put one on top of this, and look from below. So, you'll have this void here, okay? What is the interface? Okay? That's what I'm saying, square by pyramid. This is one, this is one. So, square by pyramid is not forming. One square is formed from this square, one above and one below. Okay? Look at this square, this square is formed like this. Okay? One, two, three, four. One, two, three, four. And this one, the center of the face, that will be this. And one below will be the center of the face. So, there will be a void at the center of the face. Okay? The one that will come here, that void is octahedral void. Six here. Six here. Six here. Yes. Six here. Octahedral is six. Eight is also going to come here. Don't get confused with that. I have been actually, when steric number is six, it is octahedral. Square by pyramid, it's not eight. Okay? Is it clear? So, void together? Void with a gap. Okay? So, FCC unit cell may have two voids, two types of voids possible. One is tetrahedral and octahedral. Okay? Now, the position of this void is very important. Okay? Void present. That is very important. So, on one body diagonal, we have two tetrahedral void present. Write down. So, you can watch this. In FCC unit cell, on one body diagonal, we have two tetrahedral void present. Okay? So, total number of tetrahedral void is what? Number of? Six. What is six? How is it over? How many void diagonals are there? Four. Four. Four. That is, two corners are there. There are eight corners. So, four voids diagonals are there. Okay? A Q. A Q. A Q. Right? So, four void diagonal. So, four void diagonal gives you total eight tetrahedral voids. There are eight tetrahedral voids present within the unit cell. So, contribution of all these tetrahedral voids, which are atoms or ions, tetrahedral voids to present, what will be the contribution? One void. Because, in the unit cell, it is here. Okay? It is here. So, contribution will be one. Even for octahedral void also, the contribution will be one void. Correct? How many octahedral voids present? One. One at the body center. And at all edge center also, octahedral void is present. Edge center, you have to imagine the entire crystal lattice. No. No. What? No. No. The point is, you will have an octahedral void here. You have to imagine octahedral void. And at all fifths, edge center, you will have an octahedral void. You have to imagine the entire crystal lattice. Okay? But I will select you to memorize this. Okay? Edge center will have octahedral void. Body center will have octahedral void. So, if I ask you, how many octahedral voids are present? So, what will write? Four. One for this, contribution is one. In center, what will be the contribution? One by four. So, one by four into? Eight. Twelve. So, that is three. Three plus one? Four. Is it clear? Position of octahedral void, you should know. It's very important, okay? Edge center will have an octahedral void. Do I have to go wrong? Just go. What? Solution number. No, it's not. You are taking the corner atoms. Can you answer one thing? I don't know what are you talking about. I will ask you only one thing. With one corner, how many faces we can draw in the crystal atoms? This face? No, diagonal. Diagonal. Diagonal. Why are you considering? It's diagonal. It's not a face of unit cell. Face of unit cell. I am talking about. For this corner, you see you have three faces. Here are the four faces. So, I think they are. Okay? So, position of octahedral void is at the body center and all instead. Number of octahedral void is what? Four. Four. Number of tetrahedral void is what? Eight. Eight. Rank is what? Four. Four. So, if the effective number of atoms of unit cell is n, then the number of tetrahedral void is 2n and number of octahedral void is n. Position is very important. So, it comes in the other way. Because sometimes you will get questions about the number of atoms that are removed. Okay? So, you should know where are they removed? Where are the corners removed? Tetrahedral removed? Octahedral removed? And what is the formula of the crystal? Position you must remember. We will do that question. How many atoms were initially purchased by cubic? Cubic, cubic. So, tetrahedral void is n? Yes. Tetrahedral is 8, no? So, it is 2 into n. Number of octahedral void is n. Yes. Okay? So, simplest way of telling you, cornered cube, imagine. So, we can use. No, taking another cube in a cube. So, that's what happens. So, whatever you have done, that's what I want to tell you. What I am suggesting is you don't take cornered atoms. You get confused. The best way is to take this space center. This is 4 iron touch, 4 corners and 4 on the top. Okay? Now, there are two, three things we need to again find out here. Can you tell me, we'll have an octahedral void here at the body center and at that edge center. What is this distance? Which is the same thing? This face center here. Okay? Sorry. This body center octahedral void and one octahedral void here. Root 3 by 2. Root 3 by 2. Root 3 by 2. Let's just see. No, first understand. This edge center and this body center. What is this distance? A by 2. Yeah, A by 2. This is A by 2. The entire thing is A. This is A by 2. A by 2 and what is this? A by 2. A by 2. So what is this? A by 2. A by 2 is square root. A by 2. A by 2 and this is the hypotenuse. A by 2 whole square plus A by 2 whole square root under root. Okay? That is A by root 2. A by root 2. Correct? What happened? It was simple. A by root 2. A by root 2. A by root 2. A by root 2. A distance. This is the distance between the two octahedral void. We are trying to find out the distance between the two octahedral void. Minion is the distance between the two octahedral void. Question is asked. This is the minimum distance of the two octahedral void and what is the edge length of the unit. It's just a geometry. So this distance is what you are getting? A by root 2. This octahedral and this octahedral void. Both are H-centered linear. This is the distance. This is A by root 2. A by root 2 means the distance between the two octahedral voids is what? A by root 2, right on this, distance between the two octahedral voids is A by root 2. What is the distance between the two octahedral voids? Where is the betahedral voids? Here. Leave this here, in the classroom, imagine for the end of the week. Here, a tetrahedral void is on the top of the garland, okay? And the center is here. So what is the center's shear distance? Totally, it's root 3 by 2, because the bird angle is root 3. This half is root 3 by 2. What is the half of that? Root 3 by 4. What is the other half? Root 3 by 4, the two are added. Root 3 by 2. Where is the distance between this tetrahedral void and this tetrahedral void? Root 3 by 2. Which is on the same void angle. The distance between the two octahedral voids is root 3 by 2. Root 3 by 4, root 3 by 4, add it. Root 3 by 2, okay? But the distance between the void angle is also root 3 by 2. It's root 3A, not root 3 by 2. Okay? So root 3 by 2 is the distance. Root 3 by 2 is the distance between the two tetrahedral voids on the same void angle. Now, we are trying to find out this tetrahedral void and this tetrahedral void. Okay? What will be the distance between the two? Now, how do I say it? Let's call it AB. Okay? AB, we need to find out. Questions on where we are at? Okay? We need to find out AB. Body central where O is written. O, E again AB. E again body center O. Or, what are you doing? This edge length is CD. Okay? This edge length is CD. Okay? This is AB. And this is the body center O. We need to find out the distance. Can you take it out? Can you take it out? Yes. So this is A. So what is this? 3 by 2. Over a similarity we can leave it. Okay? What do you say? Decrease. It's clear. Yes, whatever. Okay? Okay? Okay? Yes. So this distance is about 3 by 2. On the same bird eye. And this distance is A by 2. This is the smaller one. So minimum distance between the two tetrahedral voids is A by 2. And this is the minimum distance. 3 by 2, 3 times more than this. 3 times more than this. So, a question directly pushed there. What the minimum distance between the two tetrahedral voids is this? What is the edge length? You know the formula you can write on A by 2 is this. The price of that will be the answer. Or suppose A is the edge length. They'll ask you what is the minimum distance between the two tetrahedral voids? Or you can say what is the distance between the tetrahedral voids at the same bird eye? That will be root 3 times A by 2. So for the minimum distance it's a different range. Yes, yes. This is for the bird eye and this for the bird eye. Because this distance is coming, this distance is coming lesser than this. So obviously A by 2 is root 3 times more than this. This will be the minimum distance. And for the rest it will be this. Change to 1. Sorry about this. So minimum distance between the two tetrahedral voids is what? A by root 2. A by root 2 is for tetrahedral voids at two different bird eye. The distance between the two tetrahedral voids at the same bird eye is what? Root 3 by root 2. Okay?


So education has been a central motif of my life. I grew up in a university campus in Nigeria. My father was a professor of statistics. My mother was an administrator and she retired as the first woman to be head of the university administration. And so in my family, education was almost a moral value. Actually, it kind of was a moral value. And it was also how my parents earned their living. And so because of my parents' circumstances, I was fortunate to get a good education. Because my parents were university staff, I attended the university primary school and the university secondary school. And so both of which were very good schools. And I like to think now that everything I know today, I learned in primary school. But really that I think of university primary school as sort of the launching pad from which I could leap into my full potential. Some years ago, I went back home to visit my parents. And my father is known to be a meticulous record keeper. When we were growing up, he had a file for each of his six children. And in this file, this is true. And in this file, he put in everything, you know, our school reports, notes our teachers wrote, all of that. And so I went back home and I decided to look at my file. I sort of went looking in my father's study. And so I found my kindergarten report card. And in that report card, my teacher had written, she's a brilliant child, but she refuses to do any work when she's annoyed. So I remember reading that and thinking, what? And I thought, wait, why didn't somebody smack me? But all right, please don't send me angry emails. I know that smacking is not done in your schools, but this is what I thought. I thought, you know, I was five, and clearly I was very strong-willed and wouldn't do work when I was annoyed. But what that comment showed me really was that my teacher had paid attention to me, that he had seen me, that he had paid a kind of particular attention to me. And I suspect that he did the same to the other children in my class. And I think of it now as a gift. I think that it must have taught me confidence to have been seen in that way by my teacher in kindergarten. And I will always remain grateful to him. His name was Mr. Idoko. And then there was Mrs. Kahlu. She was my teacher in grade five. Mrs. Kahlu was kind, she was patient, she was firm. And she saw me. She saw all of us in her class, grade five A. I remember once she said to me, you feel things too strongly. And there was a wistful sort of sadness in her voice, as though she knew that this, this feeling things too strongly would be both blessing and curse for me. That it would infuse my writing, but that also it would lead to that curse of the creative's depression. It was Mrs. Kahlu who first acknowledged my interest in writing and in storytelling. She nurtured it, she valued it. She created the time to read the stories I wrote. She allowed me to write plays and to produce them in class. And she stood by and she applauded. She made me feel that my passion mattered and she is in my mind an unassailable star. And then there were the other kinds of teachers. I remember Mr. Ibuna and Mr. Okabui in secondary school. I was a child with many questions and I was educated in a system in which questioning was not necessarily rewarded. In secondary school I got straight A's in all of my subjects, which would have pleased any parent. But each last day of term, my stomach would tighten with anxiety because my teachers often wrote comments about what they termed my lack of respect. And these comments always got me in trouble with my parents. And it's been 30 years almost and I still have not forgiven those teachers. Lack of respect was really my curiosity, my asking questions, my taking delight in intellectual argument, my refusal to accept easy answers, my reluctance to perform the rituals of differential fear that was often mistaken for respect. And I felt that my teachers should not have punished me for this. Now looking back, I do see how I could very well have been a bit of an annoying teenager. And yet I wish those teachers had known how to guide my questioning and how to encourage my curiosity. My point in telling these stories about teachers is not just to make the rather obvious point that teachers matter because they do. I think teachers are stars. But to say that to be a good teacher is often not just about teaching the curriculum. It's also about those things that are harder to quantify. It's about teaching confidence and making a child feel seen as an individual because when we value a student, we teach that student to value herself. I used to roll my eyes at people who when they were asked where they lived would mention two places. Alas, I have become one of those people. And I sometimes roll my eyes at myself now. But I do have two homes, one in Nigeria and one in the US. 20 years ago, I left Nigeria and I came to the US. And my reason was education. It wasn't merely that I was coming to the US to get an education, it was also that I was running away from another kind of education. I had been in what is called the science track all of my life because I did well in school and when you do well in school, they tell you that you have to study the sciences. Studying the arts was for people who did not do well. And I think that this is a great, great disservice done to students, the devaluing of the arts, which I think is the result of thinking of knowledge in a very narrowly utilitarian way. I remember when I finished, so in secondary school, the first three years, then you take an exam, which is called the junior secondary school exam, and I remember when the results came in and I happened to get the best result in the school and a teacher of mine said to me, of course you're going to be in the science class. Why would you want to study poetry? What will you do with poetry? I saw her point. Poetry was not an obviously practical skill because it didn't teach you how to build an electric circuit or, I don't know, an experiment in osmosis. But poetry and the arts are practical if we widen our definition of practical, the ability to think, the ability to have empathy, the ability to use our imaginations. I would much rather have as my physician a person who reads literature because I think that person is more likely to know that for a human being to be well, that human being must be thought of as a whole person, emotional, mental, spiritual, and not just as a logical collection of bones and flesh. What I really wanted to do was to write and to read, but I also understood the need to study something practical that would enable me earn a living. And so I went along and I studied the sciences. I came to like chemistry because I had a wonderful chemistry teacher, Mr. Achille Kaye. And I had it all nicely planned out.  And so I had planned it all. I would become a doctor. I would become a psychiatrist. And during the day I would walk as a psychiatrist and at night I would use my patient stories for my fiction. I think it might have worked, but after one year of medical school, I realized that I would be a very unhappy doctor. And I also didn't want to be responsible for the inadvertent death of patients. So I thought it was time to leave. And because I had been in the science track, my entire educational life, leaving medicine would have meant going to study something else that was a science. And I didn't want that. And that's when America became the place to go. I was fortunate that my sister was already here. My sister is a dual citizen. She was born in the 60s in California when my father was at Berkeley getting his PhD. And so when my sister graduated from university in Nigeria, she decided to come to the US.  So I took the SATs, I got a scholarship and I came to the US. I had always thought of America as a place of possibility, as an aspirational place, an imperfect place, but one in which there was much to admire. Well, with the recent political situation, that image has been severely cracked, but still. And now 20 years after I came to the US, America has become home. And yet it's a home in which I will always have the emotional demeanor of a curious and content visitor. I began observing American public education very early on because I helped care for my American-born nephew, my sister's son. He was in elementary school in small town Connecticut. He was a very bright, funny, kind, lovely child, who's now a 24-year-old successful young man whom I adore. But when he was in elementary school in small town Connecticut, he very quickly started to have problems. He would come home and say that he had been sent to the principal's office. There would be teacher's notes in his bag about how he distracted other children, how he spoke up too often, how he couldn't keep still. I began to see that the teachers, and indeed the school itself, were seeing him, this young black boy, in terms that were different from others. He was not a child to them. He was a problem to be solved.  Everybody else was white. But it was when his teacher started to talk about special ed, and at the time I had no idea what special ed meant, but apparently they thought that he needed something called special ed. And so my brother-in-law, his father, had decided to go in and talk to the principal. And I should say, as an aside, that my nephew likes to joke now about how when he was six years old, I was teaching him long division. I don't know, what is it called in the U.S.? So you know, the division, yeah, long division.  And so this was a child who was bright, and he learned really quickly, but he tells me now as an adult, he's like, Auntie, that was not appropriate. But what I said to him is, well, you did learn it, right? And you did do well in math. But anyway, so my brother-in-law went in to speak to the principal, and my brother-in-law wanted to ask, why does my child complain about other children doing the same thing, talking, not being still, and but he is the child who always gets singled out. And the principal said to my brother-in-law, when we look at him, we don't see any difference. Now, my nephew was not just the only black boy in his grade. His dark skinned, he's easily distinguishable. He's not in any way racially ambiguous. Now, in telling the story, I'm reminded of something that happened more recently. A friend of mine moved from England to come to the US to teach for a little bit. And this is to teach in college. And he said that at the first faculty orientation meeting that they had, he expected to be told about academic rigor and making sure that, I don't know, exam policy or something. But he said the emphasis of the meeting was to tell the instructors to make sure that their students were never made to feel uncomfortable. And he was surprised by this. Now, I understand the good intentions behind that idea of keeping everyone comfortable, which is a particularly American idea. But I think it's important to make peace with discomfort. There's something perverse about expecting always to be comfortable. Life is messy. Sometimes discomfort opens us up to growth and to knowledge and to meaning. And it's especially relevant today in America, in a country with deep political divisions, I think it's impossible to engage honestly without some discomfort. What that principle in Connecticut was doing that day with my brother-in-law is that he was choosing comfort over truth. Because to acknowledge the truth, which is that my nephew, of course, was different, would be to ask why all the kids do something and one child is singled out over and over.  Acknowledging it would also mean having to ask, does the fact that the teachers are nothing like him have anything to do with his being singled out over and over again? Of course, teachers who do not look like you can be wonderful for you. But the truth is that teachers are human beings who bring to their jobs, as we all do, the totality of their own particular experience. And teachers naturally come to expect what they themselves experienced. And it leads to an expectation from teachers that the child's family must do things a particular way. But things that are important to a teacher might not necessarily be important to a child's family. If a child's family doesn't experience school as a teacher did, then that teacher is likely to judge the family. So if a teacher grew up with parents who diligently signed those forms that you get in a nice folder in your backpack and the child doesn't, that teacher is likely to feel a certain kind of way about it. I want to tell a story about a woman I met in a bookstore. I'd gone in to look at children's books. I have a three-year-old, actually almost three-year-old. She's three and two weeks, and I'm beyond excited. But even before I had her, I would often go in to buy children's books because I have nephews and nieces, and I'm the auntie who's involved in everybody's life and who sort of gets in their business. And so I was in a bookstore, and there was a woman in the bookstore, and I was talking to her about how I was having a difficult time finding children's books, early children's books that had black characters. Actually, to be completely honest in the storytelling, I had first said diverse characters, and then I thought I needed to be clear because even that can be very murky when we talk about, sometimes it's important, I think, to unpack what we mean by diverse. So I said very clearly that I wanted to find books that had black children. Because the books that didn't have, they mostly had animal characters, but the ones that didn't had white children. And she was very sympathetic, and she said, yes, I see why you would want books like that. Her emphasis was on you, as though she herself did not think this was particularly important for her. I think there's something wonderful and affirming about reading about your reality and reading what is familiar and seeing yourself reflected in fiction and in literature. And that particular pleasure should never be denied anyone. But it is equally important to read about people who are not like you.  I wished that that woman had also considered it important for herself to have children's books in which the characters are diverse, to have white children and black children and Asian children and Hispanic children and children who are different in all kinds of ways. Because if she reads diverse books to her children, then she's preparing them, hopefully, for a world in which their conception of people is wider and healthier. I like to think of myself as a lifelong student. And I do not merely want to read about people who do not look like me, but I also want to hear even people I disagree with. And so, for example, even though my politics are left-leaning, I subscribe to the Wall Street Journal, which is decidedly not left-leaning. And I deliberately seek out and I want to learn how people who do not see the world as I do think. Because I think it helps me better able to understand the world. The content of education matters. It's not enough to be educated. It's important also to talk about the content of our education. I think very often, for example, that until Galileo put up his telescope to look at the sky, in the great and the grand universities across Europe, students were being taught at the heavens where this sort of perfect arrangement of beautiful layers of, I don't know, gold and silver. And also in thinking about the education that happened in the colonized parts of Africa and Asia and Latin America, is to realize that education often meant teaching the so-called natives self-hate. And it is not surprising in talking to many older people in these parts of the world, in Nigeria, for example, that they often have very disturbing views of their own history. And it's a result of the education that they had. And I was recently reading about Hillary Clinton being wiped out of books in one particular state in the US. So there is also a magical thinking going on. So it's not enough to have an education, the content matters, and books should have a range of people. And the reason books should have a range of people is not because we want to be politically correct, but because we want to be accurate. You cannot understand the world if you know only about a fraction of the world. In small town Connecticut, my nephew finally left that school and went to another school in Middles... So it wasn't small town. It was sort of not very small town in Connecticut. And I was thinking, should I name names? But I thought this is not a good place to name names because I feel like somebody will figure out and then write, you know, she said the people in Connecticut. Because also I think I'm only using my examples, I think, to talk about a larger, what I think is a larger phenomenon. But when my nephew moved to another school, I came to see that there's a fundamental unfairness that is embedded in the structure of American public education because of property taxes. All public education is not equal. It should be, but it's not. And I think it's important to acknowledge that because then we have to question America's claim to having a system that is purely meritocratic. I also came to understand, from observing my nephew's experience, that in America sometimes race becomes class. Or, as a friend of mine recently put it, they see the black child and they immediately think title one. By the way, when my friend said that, I had no idea what title one meant, so it was sort of an opportunity for me to get an education. This friend, who lives here, who lives in Maryland, had problems with her child's school and she said that they couldn't see anything past his blackness. And that there was often the automatic assumption that he had come from an economically and educationally deprived background. But both his parents, Nigerian immigrants, were physicians. And it made me think about how many black and brown children, how many poor children of any race who are seen in terms only of their need will grow up with their dignity eroded because they were not seen as full human beings but only as a single thing, a person in need. Now this same friend of mine, the Nigerian immigrant who's a physician, has children who I think it's fair to say are not meek or mild mannered. And she said that her son would often, that a teacher had said about her son, he's so rough. And I think saying he's so rough is one way of thinking about him. But then there's another way which is he's assertive and confident. Now I'm not suggesting that we excuse bad behavior. Bad behavior should never be excused. And actually I have a little confession to make which is that there's a certain informality in American schools between instructor and instructed that I'm not very keen on. Because I think it sometimes blurs the lines and enables bad behavior in students. But again, I am an African immigrant and I came from a very strict school system. The point I want to make about bad behavior is that it is important to be clear about when we are sanctioning the behavior and when we are sanctioning not so much the behavior but the body exhibiting that behavior. And here's another story about a woman I don't know very well, but I met at my daughter's daycare. And she told me a story about her son in daycare. So he's three and a half, four maybe. And he's playing with another child. Her son is black, her son's friend is white. And she dropped in to visit the class and they're playing in the science center. And the teacher says to the white child, oh, that's so good, you're going to be a scientist. And then later says to her son, oh, that's so good, you're going to be a mechanic. And she said that she got very upset and she spoke to the teacher about it later. And the teacher got very upset and said she hadn't meant anything bad. And at the end, both of them were in tears. And something had gone wrong there. I think both of them were sincere. But they were not hearing the same thing. It was almost as though listening to her, in my imagination, they were inhabiting two walls that were not intersecting. How do we bridge those two walls? And we must bridge them if public education is to succeed. Maybe, maybe if the teacher saw the context of the child and his history as a black boy in a country that has systematically broken the dreams of black people. A country that has made non-black people think of black people in stereotypical ways. It takes a willingness to be uncomfortable and it takes courage and it's not easy. But I think it's worth it if we are to mold a generation of people who will be better and who will do better than we have. We need to broaden and widen our conception of how things are and of how things should be.  A child whose family doesn't sign all those nice forms in the folder in her backpack can also be a child who is loved and cared for. It may merely be that the child's parents don't really know how the system works. A child who fails a test can also be a very intelligent child who needs to learn in a different way. I know how many times I sat bored to death in class because I didn't feel challenged. Maybe we need to ask real questions about teachers and who becomes a teacher and who gets hired. How is the recruiting done? I was thinking recently of Maryland, which is my American home, and wondering if teachers are recruited from the historically black colleges and if they are recruited, do people think of things like transportation? Because I think when you're a student and you're doing your student teaching in your fourth year and you don't have a car and the school is very far away, then it becomes almost impossible for you to do it. And without the student teaching experience, you're not likely to get hired in the sorts of schools where maybe your presence is needed. I think we also need to question how we define who belongs and who doesn't belong. I remember once a friend of mine saying that a teacher wasn't a good fit at her child's school. This friend, by the way, is black and she's talking about a teacher who is also black. The teacher had an inner city accent. Now the teacher spoke English perfectly, her grandma was fine, but apparently she had an inner city accent and so it had been decided that she wasn't a good fit. And that made me wonder, how do we define good fit? What determines good fit? And will children benefit from hearing somebody who speaks in a way that's different? It also made me think that what was in question, her accent, was itself a consequence of structural exclusion and public education has a moral duty and a civic duty to start to dismantle that structural exclusion. We need to remember that students are not employees and schools are not corporations and the point of education is not to maximize profit, it is to maximize human potential. I've always kind of liked that. Okay. And I think it's also important to remember that human potential is this beautiful, gloriously messy, inco-it thing that can never have one single solution and that there are many, many solutions and thank you.


Also from the CryptoEcon lab, we have Tom Mellon, who comes to CryptoEcon lab from a background in theoretical physics and computational chemistry. He spent the last couple of years modeling infectious disease. And now he will be talking to us about fair prices for perpetual storage. Take it away, Tom. Cheers. Thanks very much, Carla. Yeah. So I'm gonna talk about a fair price for perpetual utility. So what does this mean? So I'm just gonna change my screen because we seem to be sharing the present review. No problem. Give me one second. Okay, there we are. No problem. Okay, so a fair price for perpetual utility. What does this mean? Okay, so utility, first of all, from the user perspective, this is the expectation of access to a service now or at some time in the future. From the perspective of the storage provider or what you might think of as a miner and other networks, utility, block rewards essentially are one in proportion to the utility provided. So utility, what we're thinking about here on the Filecoin L1 is data storage, which gives a decentralized and robust and efficient foundation for humanities information, but elsewhere it could be other things. So it could be off-chain compute, it could be networking, it could be tension. But focus here is on data storage. Okay, so perpetual, what do I mean by this? So perpetual is a pretty high target. I mean, keep things in context. I mean, I think it was like in the 50s, when Shockley got the Nobel Prize for the transistor, progress has been absolutely massive. So who knows where we'll be in 50 years, but as an absolutely serious target, we do need reliable long-term storage. I mean, you can see the kind of motivation from this in terms of societal value. I mean, if you wanna store important information, election results, humanitarian data, environmental records, you need to do this in a long-term way. And this kind of relies on securing a chain of evidence, relies on immutability, and it relies to be able to store on a scale of decades to ideally hundreds of years. Okay, so price. Price, we're gonna talk about a little bit. I'm gonna skip over this slide for now, but there are different things to think about there. I think an interesting aspect of this is what we think of as the fair price. So, okay, sure, you can just say the fair price. This is kind of the market equilibrium between supply and demand. But I think we can do a bit better than that. I mean, in order to come up with a fair price, you have to be able to give some assessment of what the underlying factors are that determine the price and what this is likely to be in the future. And that's not simple at all. So in order to come up with a fair price, I think we have to be informed and we have to have sufficient models and information to do this. So there's fairness in this aspect, but there's also kind of a wider point as well. So fairness generally has not been the domain of economics as pointed out here by Kahneman and Taylor. But I think to make it kind of wider point, we have an opportunity to do something different here. In general, web two economies have been based on this kind of principle of information asymmetry. You don't really know how your information is being used. Take for example AWS for one example. I mean, it's easy to get your data in there, very low cost, but getting your data out can a different story. And this same story is seen across web two, but I think with web three, we have a chance to do something completely different. Everything is written in code in a transparent way and the incentives are laid down in a completely transparent way. It's much more equitable to the different parties involved. So I think there is really an opportunity to have a much fairer take on long-term storage and other things in web three generally. Okay, so that's kind of the background. Some of the things that we can think about whenever we try to examine long-term storage are sure there's a mission. This is both motivating us. We wanna have long-term storage for humanity's most important data and to an extent, the principles with which we will develop this is motivated by fairness and encoded in the crypto economic incentives, in the carrots and in the stick, in the collateral and how this is slashed and the block rewards that are earned. But some other aspects that we have to kind of drill into if we want to price something like perpetual storage, fundamentally, you're relying on people, having hardware, having disks, buying bandwidth, having physical facilities. So that is something we have to consider if we're gonna think about price as well as other things like redundancy and how we might use some DeFi ideas or funding ideas to structure how the long-term storage is paid for. Okay, so first of all, the basics of the crypto economic incentives, storage providers, block rewards, in order for storing information, but if they don't store it reliably, their collateral can be slashed. So you can see here that if we examine the chain, you can see how effective these incentives are. So, okay, sure, anybody can have a fault, even good miners, a hard disk can fail or electricity can be cut. But you can see here the incentives are effective because, for example, for this miner sector that's shown, I don't know if you can see it well, but for this miner sector that's shown, okay, there's a fault, but then that fault is recovered the next day. And then, okay, there's another fault, but it's recovered again. So the incentives are incredibly effective. They're virtually always fixed, but there's also sufficient slackness in the system that good miners, if something breaks, they don't get penalized straight away. So this is kind of basics of crypto-economic incentives and determining these parameters and how big the faults fee should be and what the delays are. This is something we try to determine through simulation, but I'm not gonna go into that today. I just wanted to set out the basics of the incentives. Okay, so how do these incentives actually affect the price? So one aspect of this is hardware costs. And this is kind of an interesting little problem that came up whenever I was in Las Vegas last week talking to some of the storage miners. One of the things they were telling me about is, okay, we've got these hard drives and these hard drives fail sometimes and they have a warranty and the warranty is three years. And so there's different kind of options they can take, they can have a strategy where, okay, they replace it with a warranty or they just wait as long as possible and let the disk fail or, but there's a kind of different outcome from each of these strategies because if the disk fails, then it takes some time to replace and then you're open to A, losing block rewards and B, getting your collateral slashed. So it's kind of like under these kind of different trade-offs, if you buy a new disk too early, then you gotta pay more. If you wait too long, of course you gotta pay less for disks, but you got more chance of having an unplanned failure and getting slashed. So under this kind of situation, what's the optimal strategy? So one way, so part of what I'm doing here is I'm not gonna give you a price that is $10 for storing something forever, but I'm gonna set out some of the methodologies to think about this. So one way you can approach this, this kind of optimal strategy problem is to treat it as a renewal reward process. So as time goes on, disks can fail after a random amount of time and they can fail with different, they can stop working via different mode so they can fail or they can be retired. And whenever this happens, there's different ways that you can realize costs. It can be through having to buy a new disk or the slashing or block rewards. So to make progress in this, we can use the renewal reward theorem, which is given here. And okay, so yeah, we can use this renewal reward theorem, which states that the expectation of this process is given in terms of the expectation of the costs divided by the expectation of the disk lifetime. So good, but expectation over what? Expectation over some distribution. So we can model this distribution as the kind of classic failure distribution from reliability modeling, which is this kind of bathtub shaped curve as you see here. Now to actually model it, we can model it as a stretch dot beta distribution. Okay, fine, we can do that. So now our optimization problem is we want to optimize this functional. How can we do this? So we can't do it straight away because we don't know what the expected cost is and we don't know what the expected lifetime is, but if we break it up into the different modes in which the expected lifetime can be realized, then we can work these things out. So if we kind of expand that expected cost into the different ways that it can occur and we expand the expected lifetime into the different ways that that can occur as well, then we've got something that we can easily evaluate. And if we do this, we can find this optimization problem, plug in some numbers, okay, warranties, two years, three years, whatever, and find an optimal replacement policy for that disk. So this kind of feeds into knowing how long you should keep your disks for, informing miners, and of course it can feed into cost models. So another approach we can take to think about factors that affect price over a long period of time, again, is hardware. And so for hardware, physical media, we have price information. So we have this kind of Moore's Law-esque time series data. I mean, as you can see here over the past 20 years on this log scale, it's effectively linear. No, will this continue? I don't know, but you have to assume something. You always have to have assumptions in models. And if we have this assumption, can we somehow use it to inform what the price of the Filecoin Deals might be in the future? So Filecoin Deals, I mean, they've only been around for about a year. So it's kind of difficult to imagine how they might go in the future, but of course hardware is an underlying factor. So can we use this historical data to inform what the price might look like in the future? And yeah, sure you can. So we can make it like a simple generalized linear model. And if we do this, and we have some partial pooling of the coefficients in the model, so we can say, okay, we're gonna let the slopes of the historical data for disk drives inform what the deal prices might look like, then we can come up with some kind of trend for the future. Yeah, thanks. So we can do this, and of course we get a distribution. If we integrate these forecasts in the future, over all of the different realizations from the MCMC inference, then we can work at a distribution for costs of storage in the future. But of course, this is kind of limited because this is not the only factor that affects deal prices. There's so many other things.  Okay, so let's one factor. Mostly what I'm doing here is kind of setting out some tools and frameworks for ways that we might think about this. So slight change of direction. Another factor is trying to consider how we might fund this. So one way to fund it is in terms of a yield bearing token or some kind of bond. So how does this work? This works, so instead of paying for the price of the storage fully upfront, is there some way that we can distribute the payments into the future using the interest from a bond, for example. So it's gonna be something that's very stable that produces a yield every year and that can continuously be drawn from. So if we invest in a bond, we expect to get something like this where the value of that grows over time as stated here. Now, this kind of growth satisfies the simple differential equation, but what if we don't just let the bond grow and instead we deplete it over time by using it the interest to pay storage providers. So instead, we get this kind of little differential equation like at the bottom. So now the kind of question becomes, okay, so if the client who wants to store data buys this bond and uses the interest on it to pay the storage provider, what does this look like? So how much do you need to put up for the initial bond in order to pay for the storage? So this effectively comes down to saying something like, okay, can you solve this equation under conditions, for example, like what I want is the bond to pay for the storage and for this to be completely depleted over the lifetime of the storage, for example, 100 years. So we can solve this, we can solve it, but only if we make a lot of assumptions.  But if we assume that the storage price goes down very slowly, then we're kind of got this scenario. Yeah, so if we do make assumptions that it goes down very slowly, then we're in this kind of regime where, okay, you've got to pay a lot. If you have low interest rates or if you've got a very high interest rate, you can pay less and you can work out what these curves are and where you sit on it. But fundamentally, we have a kind of tricky problem in that A, we don't exactly know what the risk-free rate of return should be and B, we don't precisely know what the fundamental costs that feed in to determining the price of storage in the future are gonna be. So these are all things that are assumed, but sure, we can come up with a model that changes the funding and how the cost is distributed over time, but there's more to it than that. I guess that's what I'm saying. Yeah, so I think those are the kind of key points that I wanted to make today. If you wanna think about very long-term storage, for sure, we should absolutely do this. It's completely critical and very important and there's a lot of fundamental things we have to think about in terms of hardware prices and bandwidth and electricity that go into determining this and we can make a lot of progress on this and we can make a lot of progress on the funding side as well, but I think there's still some way to go, but yeah, we're going in the right direction. So I'll finish it with that. Thank you. Thanks a lot for that time, for that nice reflection on the difficulties and complexities inherent in modeling this sort of perpetual storage, these sorts of long-term questions. Speaking of long-term questions, do we have any questions to the speaker? Yes, I wanna be. Thanks so much. That was super, super interesting. I'm curious, I mean, I think some of these things where you're like, oh, there's a ton of assumptions to consider and it's just very hard to do. I think insurances do it all the time. They're like model very uncertain events and then there's still some price that they set to determine that this is what I'm willing to accept as a price and then sometimes they make wrong wets. And then are we fixed, right? And they have, I think, articulated some price, that like you pay for the first 200 years with 30% of whatever you put down and then the rest goes into an endowment that I guess is similar to what you're describing that then yield some interest and assume some price decline for other things. What's your take on how they're approaching the pricing? I know it's like a different model in that there's like only probabilistic guarantees for storage still being around versus in fact, I don't think we're deterministic but this curious, like Rweave has kind of tried to address that and has come up with some kind of mechanism to price it. So curious what do you take is there? Yeah, so it's kind of an interesting question. I mean, I think there's two ways to think about this in general. I think there's a research aspect and looking into all of these details and you can go into definitely a lot more detail than is in the Rweave paper which is kind of a relatively simple model makes quite hardcore assumptions and trying to look into some of the sort of sub-problems and sub-details is what I'm doing here and that's kind of more of a research question and then there's kind of a more of a business side which is like, okay, we've got this idea we're gonna release it. There is gonna be some risk associated with it. It might work, it might not. Yeah, so it's kind of like two sides. I don't know if that answers your question exactly but that's kind of what I feel you can jump into doing it but it's 100% not gonna be guaranteed. There is gonna be a little bit of risk associated with it. Yeah. Right, so I think a lot of this we're thinking having a proof of storage every day, right? But some of these older data they really probably don't require that necessarily. So what are the requirements if you wanna really put it in a glacier type storage environment, you know? Hmm, yeah. So I mean, I guess that's kind of an interesting question that maybe touches on some of the kind of deeper protocol level aspects that we might wanna think about in the future. So currently we have proofs of storage that go every 24 hours. Maybe for very long term storage that's not even something we necessarily have to have. You could have proofs that are only submitted once a week or something like that. Which might change the cost as well. So I mean, I think that kind of touches on quite an interesting idea for sure. Well, thanks again Tom for a great talk and for giving us again that long term perspective.


Welcome to Intro to Java with an emphasis on AP Computer Science A with Tokyo EdTech that is me in today's video We're gonna be taking a look at static methods. So static methods We're gonna look at how to define a static method. We're gonna look at how to call static methods We're gonna be sending values to methods where we returning values to methods We're gonna take a look at something called scope and local variables This kind of tells us where these variables are accessible and look at a very important concept called method Overloading so let's go ahead and get started. Let's take a look at the code So first of all the question is you know, what is a method? So a method is just you know and organize like I think it's like a section of code that does a particular task So oftentimes we have repeated coding in our program and we always want to report We always want to avoid repeated code So what we do is we take that code and we put it into a method and then we call that method So let's go ahead and just go ahead and write a simple method. You can see here It says send no value return no value. We'll talk about that in a minute So the first thing when you know about a method is it public or private? So public means it is accessible from outside of this Class from another class or is it only except if it's private It's only accessible within that class. So far in this case, we're like make sure it's public But it would work either way to be perfectly honest Static and static means that it is part of the class. So We have this class called static methods So if we were to use this method outside of this class It would be static methods dot and one of we're about to call this So for now, this is a static method. Keep in mind static methods I like to say are attached to classes and then we need to return type in this case We are returning no value. So it is void And again, we saw some of this stuff in the earlier unit especially with strings and string methods and the math class and the math class methods and This is going to be called print the answer So this is a very simple method system dot out dot print L n and it prints 42 because that is the answer the ultimate answer to life the universe and everything So if I compile this It compiles and if I run it We see basically nothing. There's no output here So that's because we need to actually call the method. So I'm gonna say print the answer And we have to compile it again Run it and I can see that it is it actually outputs 42 which is quite nice for us So how this works is if you recall our execution begins with the main method So we get the main method and we get to print the answer So it looks for this method and says, oh, there's a method called print the answer. It jumps down here Executes this code And then when it gets back to the end it jumps back and continues now There's no other code in here. So we don't see anything else, but that's basically how it works Nice, that's pretty pretty straightforward. I lost to explain it Now this is a very simple method Again, we are not sending a value This is empty and we are not returning a value because this is void. Okay, so let's go ahead and send a value and Not return a value. So I'm gonna go ahead and make a new method and we'll call it public static Remember, we're doing static methods here void and if you remember in our loop unit, we did it count down And I go int seconds I'll explain all this in a minute and hopefully this will look familiar. So for It was int i equals seconds That here i is greater than zero i Minus minus because we're counting down. Yeah, this doesn't look familiar rewatch the iteration video and system dot system dot out that print Ln, we're gonna print I And then once that is done once the loop is done, we're gonna go ahead and print system That out that print Ln We're gonna close that off. I notice here. There's a little problem. Let's see here. There we go So this should match that and this should match that So again, I want to compile it Compile that's a good sign, but we also need to call it So I'm gonna go ahead and say say count Down So what happens is this value 10? Is sent down to here The seconds so that's the same as writing That'd be the same as writing like in here seconds equals 10 But what's nice about this is it's not Uh, it's not Stuck at 10 if we wanted to have a longer account that we can make it 20 we can make it Nobody nobody cares. Uh, whatever number we want to put in there. We can put in there So it jumps down to here Seconds becomes in this case 10 So i equals seconds. So i equals 10 i is greater than zero. So we print 10 minus 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 And then we get to zero zero is not greater than zero Loop ends and then we print boom. So let's go ahead and compile it. I think I already did that and run it You can see there. We've got 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 and boom So again, what's nice about this is if later in our program Let's say, okay. Well now we need to do a 30 second countdown So instead of having to Copy and paste this change this to from 10 to 30. I can just do this over and over again No matter how many seconds I want to count down from So you can see here. We got 30 All the way down to boom Pretty pretty cool So that was a case where we are Sending a value. Well the first case was Sending no value returning no value second case was sending a value now. We can send multiple values I just happened to send one here But you get the idea and in this case, we're going to send a value and return a value And again, we've seen this in the math class We did math dots where root for example We sent, you know 25.0 and it returned 5.0 for example. So let's go ahead and Should be public static double I'll say get double we'll say int x and I could call this value doesn't really matter And then what we do is we return the value I would say x times 2.0 Um And what I should have done here was this should be a double. I guess we could do an int. Let's try it Let's make that an int We send an int and we'll return a double So you notice I multiplied it by 2.0 here and uh Yeah, let's go ahead and do it that way. Um, so So I can go ahead and Do uh get double and let's say five So I'm gonna go ahead and compile that And execute it You notice here. We don't see anything. Okay, so this is this is a common beginner mistake I did this intentionally believe it or not. Um, so The return value Has to go somewhere Okay, so we sent this int in this case five We're returning the double should be 10.0 But we returned it and did nothing with it So we either have to do we can do system dot out dot print l n And then there we go. We've printed that value out. So this the value is returned This gets replaced with 10.0 in this case And we are good to go now. We could also go double. Um, so you call it, uh, double val value equals get double five And then yeah, we could separate out like that if you preferred value But this double needs to match the return type And then same thing. So we get to here Five is sent to here We multiply five by 2.0 We return that value back up to here It's assigned to this value variable and then we print it out the variable And yeah, that's pretty much it. Um, so we've got One more case where we send no value but return a value Um, so this is not super common, but it is possible. So I'll just show you real quick So I could do public static Um, we return it by let's go ahead and return um That's sort of call it, uh, pie. Okay, and So we return I'll say 3.14159 And I missed a step there. I forgot to put the return type, which I often do So we want to return because the value pie is approximately 3.14159 So I can go ahead here and do system dot out dot print l n uh pie that's parentheses And if I Compile it and run it We see 3.14159 again. So here we're not sending a value This is empty, but we are returning a double in this case. We went ahead and printed the double directly Okay So, uh, our next our next, uh, that's about that's about all you need to know about methods We can send values return values. Everything's got to match up. So just be real careful with that um, so scope Um, scope talks about when and where we can access a variable So for example, we could put a variable up here public static Uh, say, you know, let's say x equals 5 for example And then you see down here we we actually have This x Just kind of interesting Um, now since they're the same value, let's go ahead and make this Get double makes like this 10 and see what happens so we can pile it Up Oh, I forgot the type Let's do that a lot And you'll see now It was 10 times 2.0 or which gave us 20 So you see here we have this weird thing. We have an x here And we also have an x up here So let me go ahead and Try something I'm gonna go ahead and delete this x I'm gonna go ahead to get double So now we're not sending a value so we can compile it And you can see it gave us 10.0. So what happened? So here's the trick, uh, so when we get to this method You see this x So the first thing it does is it looks locally Inside the method And you'll see here Is there an x in here and the answer is no So the next thing it looks is into the class itself. Does the class have An x somewhere and actually it does because we made a public static int called x equals five and it uses this value Pretty cool. So let me go ahead and do 10.0 Or 10 again Let me put back int x And let me go ahead and do some printing here. So I'm gonna go ahead and take Take this again. Go ahead and say So system dot out dot print l n x Go ahead and copy that. So let's compile that Right And let's see what happens here. Okay. So you see we've got five 20 and five So what happened is this x it first looked Here in this method And there was no x so then it looked outside into the class and found an x and that's what's going to use But this 10 gets sent down to here Okay, this x is different to this x So the scope tells you where it is available So in this case, this is the local x because we have an x declared here And the reason is if we wanted to take this method and use it in another program We could do that We don't have to worry about the fact that there is already a variable called x Out in this part of the program I guess that gives us a little bit of flexibility and the ability to reuse code better. So Doing this this x has no impact on this x Which is pretty cool On a side note Oops, I should probably put that down here in this section. So if I do this for int i equals zero i is less than 10 i plus plus And do system dot out dot print l n i And I do system and I spawn around system dot out dot print l n i If I compile this We're gonna see an error You'll see here static methods Tells you line 25 It says cannot find symbol Okay, it actually points to the i so you're it tells you exactly what the problem is Okay, I'm gonna really learn to read these error methods error error messages So you can see this i it even though it's Declared here It doesn't know what it is here. Okay, that is because These variables that are declared in the four statement declaration are local To this loop So they only exist from here to here once this is done It's over Pretty cool. Now that said if I have done this Int i equals zero Compiled it I'll get an error because it says This i Is already declared here. So the rules are a little bit weird. So in this case, I would have to do this Because I already declared it out there Pretty nifty pretty nifty Again, it's just something to keep track of and be aware of you may see these Types of errors and that tells you kind of where different variables can be accessed And our last uh, our last, uh topic Is overloading So To overload a variable Um Or to overload a method, uh, so An overloaded method has Same name Different signature And signature Is the number type And order Of the parameters In the method declaration Okay, so let me go ahead and explain that So Oops I'm going to make a new method public static avoid And it's going to be print greeting I'm going to say system Dot out dot print l n Eight what's going on Then I'm going to make another function another method what I'm going to put in there Is I'm going to put string message In this case I'm going to go ahead and print Plus message So now Watch what I do here So I'm going to say print greeting And print greeting I'm going to compile that and I still have some of that problem with the audience down here Gotta get rid of that So you can see here We have two methods So this part is exactly the same But this part is different So in this case there is nothing being sent So the signature is empty In this case a string is being sent So that's the signature So this is empty And this is this would be one string So what happens is When we try to call the method It says okay, is there a method called print greeting that takes no arguments takes no values And it calls that method If there is a method and then in this case, okay, here's a string Is there a method with that name? That accepts one string And in this case there it is So you can so based on the type and the number of The data that's being sent To the method It chooses which one to call and that is what we refer to as overloading Okay, so same method Different signature Pretty cool. So that's about it. That's that's kind of the gist of static methods You know my ebook which is linked, you know in the description has a bit more information about that and some more examples You might find helpful But uh, yeah, go ahead and give it give that a look and hopefully this will help you get started And will help you to keep on coding. So again, we learned how to define some methods We learned how to call some methods sending values sometimes not sending values other times Returning values sometimes not returning values other times We looked at the idea of scope and idea of a local variable And so, you know, how that works and why we might use that for code reusability Then we looked at the very important concept of method overloading So if you have any questions put them in the comments. Otherwise, uh, keep on coding. Take care