Can everybody hear, hands up those who can't hear me, you can, if I come a bit closer, is that better for those at the back, those who are using loops or whatever. Good evening everyone. One wet July day nearly six years ago, we had some spare time between appointments in Essex, so Vicki and I thought of visiting Clare Church just over the Suffolk border. On the way, we drove through Stoke by Clare. I'd been studying the usual documentary sources for music and organs in the late and medieval period for three years, reading inventories, church wardens accounts, wills and so on. I remembered reading something about this place, Stoke by Clare, so we stopped to take a look at the church. At first, it seemed a rather dull place. Its nave windows were garish 19th century examples, all yellow diagonal strikes with texts on them. But within a few minutes, we had made two very interesting and totally unexpected discoveries, and that's the beginning of why we are all here this evening. First, on the north side of the sanctuary, about eight feet up from the floor, were three sawn-off ends of what looked like joists. Then we noticed a curious opening to the west of this, that's left on the slide. At first, it looked like a window, and indeed that's what personal thought it was. But closer examinations showed that it had never been glazed, and that there were three steps up to it from behind. It was also high enough and wide enough for a person to pass through. Was it perhaps an access, an entry to what might have been a gallery further east? It seemed like it, because it still was at the same level as those sawn-off stubs. Then Vicki found the vestry key hidden in a choir pew, not well enough hidden. Once inside the vestry, we could see the back ends of the two outer joists. They were about five inches by four inches in cross-section, still embedded in the 25-inch thick wall between chancel and vestry, and strong enough to support a considerable weight. Above them was a ceiling with finely moulded oak beams, with a trap door in its far corner. On going back outside the church to look at its east end, we could see that there was indeed an upper room above the vestry. Although we couldn't get up there that day, here was an interesting mystery with two things in this church that may not have been correctly interpreted before. On coming back home, we soon found two early 16th-century inventories of the College of Stoke-by-Clair, which mentioned a standing organ among the three organs in the church. We knew this would be a reason for the joists we'd seen, had there been a gallery or perk here to support a high-upstanding organ. We knew that some research had been done in Suffolk, following the rediscovery in the 1980s and 90s of two important organ relics, dating from the middle of the 16th century. This included a reinterpretation of socket holes on the north side of the ruined chapel of Walberswick Church on the Suffolk coast. Three months later, on a bright November day, we went there and measured them. We went on to find similar evidence at nearby Covehive, where we also found what seemed to be an opening to give access to a gallery or perk, just like the one at Stoke-by-Clair, but much higher up. On the same day, we were able to visit the upper story of a north-east building attached to the Chancellor of Dennington Church. Here, we found what was clearly a hole for the organ's wind trunk, just at the right height to pass directly into the organ's sunboard and pipes, 13 feet and 4 inches above the floor. This was the first definite evidence we had seen that supported our developing theory. This was, and still is, that later medieval organs were often placed on a perk on the north wall of the sanctuary, with their bellows housed up a room or loft behind it in an attached north-east building. This would be a sensible place to house organ bellows. They can make creaking noises, and they're visually distracting to operate. This idea meant that we could also begin to suggest practical reasons for buildings that are usually dismissed with vague descriptions, such as the priest's room or the abode of an anchorice. Not usually both. Back in Sophica a year later, we visited Cran Cratfield Church, well known for its extensive church wardens accounts. Vicki opened the doors leading into the West Hall tower, and this is what she saw. It is as certainly as it's possible to be at present half of the perk that supported the organ of the sanctuary of that church. Cratfield's accounts mentioned that an organ was purchased in or by 1497, and that its casework and perhaps frontpikes were painted and gilded soon after. Later accounts include a payment in about 1576 of four shillings for taking down the case, and presumably for that respectable sum, moving it elsewhere and setting it up in the church. Doing this freed the north sanctuary gallery to be moved to the tower to house the clock mechanism instead, and it saved a long climb up the tower to wind it up. The style of construction of the lower parts of the gallery structure fits perfectly into the system of socket holes we'd seen at Warberswick. Its floor joists also go into the wall in the same way that we'd seen at Stokeby Clare. So now it seemed clear that there really was evidence in secret places in churches just waiting to be found. This hard physical evidence could bring documents to life, amplify and explain them. It was evidence that also provoked many further questions. We seemed to be looking at things that had not been explained before. And it was about this time in late 2012 that we found out about your society's research award scheme. So we applied for one and received what became the first of three grants at the end of April 2013, and the hard work really began. Our use of the word unsung in the title is alas literally as well as figuratively true. The medieval Latin church's music came to an end abruptly and violently in 1548. Since then there have been more than 450 years for us to forget that there was an intimate connection between the architecture of churches and the music they were designed to shelter. This amnesio is a collective one. On the one hand, few architectural historians write or talk about music. It's even impossible to write whole books about councils or colleges without actually referring to their chief activities. On the other side, even the best known music historians seem never to consider the practical implications of the music they are discussing. Neither the daily professional lives of its practitioners nor how medieval music's architectural setting evolved. But why did the music stop and become lost to our collective memory? At Christmas 1547, preparations were being made for the forthcoming Book of Common Prayer under the guidance of Archbishop Thomas Cranwell. Among decisions made then was to push a fierce statute through Parliament. This was to order the surrender of Latin service books from every church and cathedral and to have them all delivered to sheriffs and bishops. Huge fines for non-compliance and large payments to informers were key to the success of what must have been a traumatising command. Countless church wardens accounts include payments for carrying piles of books away from churches to be given up. This operation was carried out from summer 1548 onwards when these altar and choir books were destroyed by being burnt or cut up into pieces. This terrible Holocaust ended 1500 years of Latin music throughout England and Wales. What was there to destroy? From around the year 1300 onwards church people had been obliged to provide at least nine Latin books for use in choir and sanctuary. Later medieval inventories show that most churches, colleges and cathedrals possessed many more. In fact up to 40 such books and volumes seems to be quite common even in modest churches. So this destruction of mostly handwritten and often illuminated parchment books must have encompassed, we estimate, a total of around 200,000 books. Of this total music books formed at least two thirds. A mere handful escaped the conflagration. The best known music volume which did survive was an illuminated choir book. A presentation copy compiled for Henry VI's new college at Eaton around 1490. But this survives only to less than two thirds of its original extent and this is a crying shame. Because its surviving index shows that it contained originally a nationwide sample of the best of the fully developed polyphonic English music of the late 15th century. It's not boasting but plain fact that this music completely outclasses all other European music of the period. We've recently learned there were prototype blast furnaces at Rivo Abbey. If these had been allowed to come into operation in the late 1530s they would have sparked off an industrial revolution 200 years earlier. In just the same way what would English music which was already the admiration of continental masters have achieved if left to develop longer. It's only during the last 15 or 20 years that we've been capable of singing and recording music from the Eaton Choir Book. And that shows what a long and deep trough the famous and cherished English chorus edition has been through for the last 500 years. So English music was not allowed to rise to even greater heights of expertise. And even worse the mass destruction of its Latin music resulted in any mention of church music being almost entirely missing from later Edwardian, Marian and Elizabethan inventories and accounts. We wonder if this absence and the long subsequent silence have misled scholars into thinking there wasn't any widespread practice of music in the later medieval church. Such an idea is however light years away from the truth. Another reason for our collective amnesia is what one might call the long shadow of 19th century misapprehensions. When restoring councils in English churches, most Victorian churchmen followed continental tridential models, forgetting that they were dealing with buildings designed for the English Salisbury units and other local rites. In addition there was a fatal flaw in the chosen Victorian medievalising model. With continental 16th century counter reformation policies had come a complete clear out of councils in favour of the primal status of the altar. Choirs, organs and rude screens were removed. There were so many changes made then that even in an otherwise iconic building such as Chartres Cathedral the Chancellor does not remotely represent its medieval state. By contrast English churches were not affected by these counter reformation changes. The almost total neglect of councils for three centuries in the British Isles has meant that evidence can still be found in them. At least where it has not been eradicated by 19th century restoring architects. We have investigated, survey, measured and photographed nearly 10% of the surviving English medieval churches during the last six years. What have we found? What were medieval chances really like? I think the first thing we have to say is that we have been very surprised at just how many signs of their medieval design views were waiting to be discovered. But they needed to be searched for. Some signs now seem obvious but we had just not understood their significance. Other signs were obscured by previous interpretations. One simple instance of this is the absolutely ubiquitous door from outside into the Chancellor. Everyone knows this as the priests in the singular door but very few have said why it is there or realised who actually did use it. In fact it was there because this was the access for all who worked in the Chancellor and those represented the ordained ministry in all its varying degrees. Here worked boys of age six and upwards who were learning to carry the incense boat and to sing. Here were young candle bearers, adolescent clerks, senior holywater clerks, sub-deacons and deacons. Here were older laymen, professional singers and choir directors. Among the ordained priests here were cantorists or chantry priests and auxiliary stipendry priests. In charge of all these were the parishes vicar or rector or the colleges dean or warden. All these people were there in any numbers that any particular church could manage to support. There were also those who kept the sacrifices and the vestries clean and tidy and guarded the treasuries. These were all tonsured men and boys, those who were ordained to work in the Chancellor. After the clerks' entry door the most common surviving features, though not now visible everywhere, are ceremonial washing places. Now called piscinas, they were used at various times during the mass and called lavatories. No doubt because the priests would say silently, lavabo inter in a centez manus mei o sicum darbo al teori tuum. I will go before the altar and wash my hands in innocence. The niche were also used for holding the chalice brought in by the deacon at the start of the service, until it was placed on the altar at the offertorium at the start of the canon of the mass. This is why there is a shelf in many piscinas, or why the bold drain is often much smaller than the opening, or why the drain is offset. They are also to be found in sacristias where they have not been turned into mere vestries. Most in frequency of survival or restoration come the fixed seats on the south or epistle side near the altar. These are what the Victorians call cedilia, but they are just referred to as seats in medieval documents. They were used by the various celebrants in the sanctuary during the singing of the epistle, during other lessons or the short homilies given at the sanctuary's step. By contrast, choir stalls as their name implies were not primarily seats but places to stand, to sing, often for several hours a day. On an ordinary day it takes at least two and a half hours to sing the eight offices, with a further three quarters of an hour for an ordinary or ethereal mass. Each additional lady or requiem mass would take another hour or so. This adds up to around four hours and often more each day. On Sundays and feast days services are longer and more complex, with some litanies in processions as well. The daily offices consist of a mix of canticles, hymns and psalms. All 150 psalms are sung every week. All these were sung by heart. Having been learned as a young boy for whom knowledge of the Psalter and basic canticles was a prerequisite for entering the singing choir. Here a six-year-old boy began his career sitting on a bench or form in front of the higher choir stalls. So he entered education, just like many of us I imagine, when we started at school, or those years ago, in the first form. There is the first form. Between the choir stalls and the sanctuary was a step into the space across the chancel between the outside talk store and the door into the sacristy or vestry on the opposite side of the chancel. Chancel workers gathered in this space once robed and ready to process either into the choir stalls or into the sanctuary, depending on their functions. The various openings in the choir stalls allowed for entry into them or for coming out in groups to sing written polyphonic music around the central lectern or for one person to sing a lesson in the centre of the choir. With evil services but not at all static and in smaller churches there were no doubt many and various jobs to be done by the choristus, as that's the people who work in the chancel. Not only singing but also for instance ringing bells of various sizes, ringing up veils or chasubles or large candlesticks at the consecration. And this then is the workplace of the clerks in Holy Orders, which is still, as we just heard, the official title of a professional priest. Choir stalls are graded. From the lowly first form there is a step to the second form and then one more step up again to the stalls of the highest, third or senior rank. These upper stalls have hinged seats which are now called misericords but the reason for their mobility is not only to give them enough room to move into them and stand to sing comfortably in them. One also has to be able to turn eastwards to acknowledge the altar or on entering and leaving the choir to bow in due deference towards the senior clergy standing in the western return stalls. And the same gradation of due and decent order was also designed into the floor levels of the chancel. This is very often been obscured by 16th century and then 19th century alterations. Starting just west of the choir or rude-screen doors there are one or two steps up into the space between the choir stalls. Going eastwards of the stalls there is another step up to the gathering place between the doors and then a third step up into the sanctuary. Around the altar there may be a small further step. The altar pace of wood, stone or brick is a small carpet over it in front of the altar. The altar itself was a fairly large and thick slab of fine stone with a profile on its ends and front. Its back was set partly into the east wall of the sanctuary. Its front being supported on a high plinth or pillars. Behind the altar were various tables or a single long re-table. Tables were either shallow, carved and painted niche with paintings inside them or were knotting a Malabastor scenes. All these were painted and gilded and fixed to the wall under the east window. When altars were removed and broken up these tables were destroyed as well and a whole genus of English art was lost. There were other normal chancel finishings but some of these are now less easy to see. Many were demolished or deliberately bricked up and plastered over by order of the out-of-control Geneva bishops of Elizabeth's reign. These included the Easter sepulchers which were used for the burial and resurrection rites of the last three days of Holy Week. They also seem to have played a part in the feast of Corpus Christi celebrated in June towards the end of the church's ceremonial year. There were also lockable cupboards called stops lined with fine wood. They were used to store the books and handbells that were used every day at the various altars and in the choir. Now we come to the two most important matters that designers of chancels would have been particularly keen to get right. They knew very well what was going to be performed in them so they took care to design their lighting and their acoustics. We now tend to think of windows as vehicle sustained glass or so they should be but only to the extent that they can still function as windows that let in light as well. Many Victorian chancels are so dark with dull hue and glass that it's impossible to read music in them even in broad daylight without the lights on. As you see in those pictures. As a result we have not appreciated the significance of the gradual increase of size of chancel windows as time went on. The daily variations in the performance of the liturgy were set out in the handbook called the ordinal. This comprised the psalms, canticles, antiphons and lessons proper to each day using a system which became too complex to commit to memory. Ordinals would therefore need to be used by those who stood in the western choir stalls and the first larger windows installed in chancels are indeed to be found there. These windows sometimes included low sections often still with their shutters. They were placed so as to give as much light as possible for the two day break offices, matins and lords. Those parts of the mass that varied from day to day made it vital to have good lighting in the sanctuary as well. A late medieval altar was therefore lit not only by the east window often enlarged for the purpose but also by new larger northern and southern ones too. At this time lectins in the form of eagles began to appear in churches. The most expensive of these were made from imported brass and were placed in the north part of the sanctuary to support large illuminated gospel volumes. These and their wooden counterparts used with the epistles on the south side also needed lighting from larger side windows so that the deacons and sub-deacons could see to sing their respective texts. Histories in the 19th century altered the roofs of chancels quite drastically. They removed their ceilings and very often replaced their structures with spindly softwood rafters. But originally they were curved resonant ceilings carefully proportioned and lined with wood or plaster and then decorated. Acoustically valuable and ornamental cellures were also installed over altars and the room. These and the ceilings helped singers to perform long and complex services with the relaxed awareness of their job required. During the 14th and 15th century chancels were very often built as double cubes. We have studied those carefully but I'm afraid there's no time to discuss that this evening. The later medieval period saw a widening out of chancels to accommodate even more ceremonial at additional side altars and doing this tended to dull down their acoustic response but it actually suited the new different style of sung polyphonic music. Clearer acoustics now would tend to help singers because they now needed to hear easily of the various musical lines sung by the others. Nor is the time this evening to discuss our surveys and studies of choir screens, parclote screens and rudelots in any detail. Or their former platforms and balustraves and the lights that the balustraves carried. Or the golgathors or the light size crucifixes that hung from eyes or hooks in the chancel archers. All these would, like so many aspects of our work, require another few lectures. So here are just a few brief observations. We've investigated the internal structures of rude and other screens and measured mortise holes in their upper beams so that we can reconstruct their missing upper structures. We've also measured their lower entry-dolls and their lost steps noting where they start. Those that are wider and easier of access on the east suggest to us some theories over their liturgical use by those who worked in the east in the chancel and sanctuary. However, to put all transverse screens into the same category as rude screens would be to misinterpret them because any analysis of their practical functions shows that they had many and varied forms. There might be simple division screens with a few oil lights maintained by a nimble person able to negotiate steep steps only 18 inches wide or even less, and a platform only about three feet across. Or they might be large structures with wide-excess staircases that supported platforms up to twice that width. One would also need to differentiate clearly parochial rude screens with their dooms above them on the west side of a central tower from choir screens placed on the east side of the same tower. An eastern screen might have supported a platform for the collegiate organ if the arch was high enough. Or it could have been a place from which singers sang in antiphony with those below. Perhaps this possibility led one of two late 19th century writers to suggest that organs were always on rude screens. A host of other authors have since copied this idea without thinking through the practical implications of such a sweeping and therefore misleading statements. Developed late medieval polyphonic music required the intensive musical and intellectual training of boys. Their choir presence was often therefore reserved for singing at high altamasses or the masses and vestments of our lady performed in her chapels. In school boys were naturally taught Latin and its concomitant grammar and rhetoric, giving them a universal language for any career path they chose to take later on. They also learnt to play the organ, the instrument of the composer players who wrote down the best of their improvisations. Two century later the sons of Handel, Bach, Haydn and Mozart families and many others were still being taught in much the same way. By the 15th century many colleges at first, just bands of clerks and priests linked by their liturgical life had become fully fledged teaching institutions. It has been calculated that by the start of the 16th century there was a free grammar school for every 7000 of the population and such schools were to be found everywhere throughout the land. I said just now that priests and clerks in colleges were linked together and it seemed to me that the word college must have originated as something like co-ligory to attach or link together. Collegiality started in Anglo-Saxon minsters long before the establishment of the parochial system. It's meaning for us only as a place of higher education is a much later post medieval idea. You may think that this linking idea is only a theory but in fact there are at least two signs of this older meaning still in medieval councils. First it's clear that plenty of people were involved in working in them. You only have to see how many seats there are if you count and total up all the choir stalls, the cedilia and the stone benches around the walls and councils and side chapels. Second we've found a visible sign of this community in very many churches where it can also be shown that music and liturgy were taken seriously. I'm referring to what we've come to call downgrading I think their real significance, string courses. The significance of these first came into our consciousness with a visit I made to the former collegiate church at Wingham halfway between Canterbury and Sandwich in Kent. The string course in the castle here caught my eye because it seemed to be entirely carved from Bethesdon marble. Using even relatively local marble seemed a bit excessive for what we had always understood to be a sort of builder's level, a practical but otherwise unimportant ornament. So on returning home I googled string course. Here I found that such string courses are still part of the architectural language of orthodox churches where they symbolise the girdle of Christ that binds together a community of priests and believers. We reasoned that because the catholic western orthodox east had been the same church until the great sism of the 11th century, this ornament must once have been a shared symbol. And indeed we went on finding that these so-called string courses were anything but level. Instead they snaked their way around window sedilia and Easter sepulchers in almost every one of the 200 also collegiate chances we have surveyed. And in fact they could be seen in other chances too where there is also evidence of numbers of singers and clerks. This suggests to us that these places were also collegiate in some less strict or perhaps simply undocumented sense. What should we now call these no longer humble symbolic stones? A girdle course or a binding course perhaps? By the latter part of 2013 we were benefitting from the support of the society and able to spend more time in each place. This made it possible among other activities to persuade church wardens to take us into places they were sometimes hesitant to allow us to see or even haven't visited themselves. One striking example of this was on our second visit to Causton Church in Norfolk. We finally persuaded a very reluctant church warden to unlock a small building on the northeast side of the Chancellor and this turned out to our great surprise and joy to be a perfect chartery chapel, complete with its painted ceiling, an altarpace and the remains of frescoes. It was not a figure at all, even in detailed books about that famous church. On one of our return visits to Soakby Clare we were able to visit the college buildings there, now a school, in company with their consulting architect. In those parts of the college house that are documented to have been rebuilt under the wardenship of Matthew Parker, we saw that the same kind of moulded oak beams with leafed stockchampers we had found in the vestry and other parts of the church. There is now no doubt that the east end of the church at Soakby Clare was the college chapel, at least from the time that the church itself had been rebuilt to its present form in the late 15th century. It's just two minutes gentle walk from the college building. This nearness and the special ceiling beams and the position of the standing organ and its access were vital clues for understanding the real situation there. Investigating the architectural and musical archaeology at Soakby Clare, carefully on the spot produced a reinterpretation of the church building and the college. Now we will look rapidly at four case studies to see what new light can be shed on even some well-known buildings. For at least four 19th century architects, as well as some 20th century historians, the collegiate estate church at Shottersbrook has been a model building. It was copied by Benjamin Ferry, written about by Butterfield and Mitchell, and restored by George Street, a fellow of the society. However, not all its secrets have yet been revealed, we think. It was built in the 1330s with a dual purpose as both a very small estate church, that is the present nave with its font, and as a college and perpetual chantry for the soul of William Trussell. This double role makes the church in fact anything but a normal parish church. The collegiate part comprises the majority of the building, the transep chapels with the founders' tunes in the north, and the singing chancel and sanctuary. These have appointed barrel roof structure, which was originally sealed with plaster. There is also some later perpendicular work of uncertain date. The chancel itself is a fine example of original 14th century work, but there is one important alteration where the symmetry of its windows is broken on its north side. Its north-east window, that's on the extreme left, has been blocked up and a doorway pierced through the wall below it. If an external two-story building was built here at the same time as the perpendicular alterations, perhaps around 1425-50, then this would have been created for the same reasons as the one at Stoke-by-Clare. Such an addition would be fully consistent with changes in musical practices, including an accelerating installation of organs that took place during the 15th century, together with a typical rapidly increasing acquisition of additional vestments, books and ornaments. One might think it's strange that such a building could have disappeared so completely, but we'll now look at two places where this certainly did happen. The hunting hills of southeastern Leicestershire hide a remote, but very fine and unexpectedly large collegiate chapel. Its definitive foundation also dates on the early 14th century, where a charter was drawn up by Roger Martevel, descendant of the family that had held the manna since the conquest. He was Chancellor of Oxford University and later Bishop of Salisbury. As many prelates were to do during the following two centuries, he made plans for the salvation and education of his local folk. Architecturally, the chapel reached its ultimate form in the later 15th century, when it was remodeled with the new flat wooden ceiling and larger east and west windows. Nicholl's history of Leicestershire is always invaluable, but here it is crucial as a description of things no longer visible. A comparison with the view of the north side of the chapel now with his 1792 engraving will make this clear. This is what Nicholl's wrote. Between the tower and the Chancellor there's a small room separated from the tower by a pointed doorway, which is now and has long been walled up. Between this room and the Chancellor on the east side of the doorway is a piscina. In this room also opens a door cased with plates of iron, now much corroded with rust, leading up the stone steps into the loft where the clock is encased. A joining to this loft or chamber is another loft over the small room first mentioned. Out of this chamber was a small circular window into the Chancellor now walled up. Here then we have a documented example of a now missing two-story building, though this time it's sandwiched between the north side of the Chancellor and a tower, also now gone. There are two significant clues as its original designed purpose in Nicholl's on-site testimony. The first is that the door to the stairway from the lower room, a sacristy with a piscina is cased with plates of iron. This reinforcement indicates that up those steps there were precious things to protect. Second, what Nicholl's calls a small circular window into the Chancellor is still to be seen. It's not in line with a site with the altar being placed just behind an arch brace of the roof, but it is on a potential site line to the singers on the south opposite side of the choir. So a possible reason for the window might be that the person who raised the bellows of an organ placed in an upper room, just like at Stoke by Clare or Dennington, could see when the singer's opposite stood up to sing. He could then put some wind into the organ so that the organ player could give them the note to start a canticle, him or some. If so, it's the analogue of similar windows such as the one at Wingham College in Kent again, which also gave a view from the upper bellows room or loft to the opposite choir stalls below. The town and the adjoining rooms at Noseley were demolished earlier in the 19th century and the whole church was scraped and tidied up as late as the 1890s. Without John Nicholl's estimable, thorough and very antiquarian on-site investigations, the historical musical and archaeological value of this remarkable building would have been very seriously impoverished. The well-known tourist church at Stratford is another dual-purpose design. It's college having been founded by John of Stratford in the 1330s when he was Bishop of Winchester. He had been brought up in his name town and would have been a product of its already well-established town grammar school there. Thomas Borsall, Dean of the College, completely rebuilt the Chancellor from around 1491 to about 1521, the time of the compiling of the Eden Choir Book. His Chancellor is clearly designed to provide optimum conditions for the performance of complex polyphonic liturgical music. It's well lit by five sets of large windows and, like nosely, it has a flat-boarded oak ceiling. The church building is a larger version of Shottersbrook in its layout with the central tower and lateral transept chapels. And as at Shottersbrook, there is a blocked doorway on the north side of the Chancellor. Although in this case, it's placed further down just east of the medieval choir stalls. Almost over this doorway is the bust of William Shakespeare who's buried nearby in the sanctuary. This privilege came about through his purchase of new place and its attendant vectorial rites. These had been acquired at the destruction of the college in 1547, of which his father was a witness. This elaborate doorway once led to a substantial building attached to the north of the Chancellor. As far as we could ascertain on the spot, it measured around 20 feet six inches wide by 25 feet long from north to south. The watercolour by Thomas Gertan shows that it comprises three stories rising about 25 feet to the height of the Chancellor's parapet. Here were the storerooms of the college and properly the practice and school room and the dormitory for the singing boys whom the college charter ordained should sleep in the church. Once the college had, as usual, been despoiled, the lower part of this large building was turned into a charnal house. This explains the otherwise rather curious admonition on Shakespeare's graze slab, which warns off anyone who might think of mixing his bones in the charnal house along with those of the hoi poloi. Constant reuse of graveyard space and the consequent digging up of bones reminds us of the conversation between Hamlet and the gravedigger. Since this grave was unmarked, as all external graves were until the 1660s, Hamlet would not have known whose it was. So he was forced to ask, receiving, as we all know, the answer that it was Yorix. If you look carefully at the slide you might see him. This now lost building very probably housed the bellows of the organ too. And if so, the organ itself would have been on a gallery accessible directly from the choir stalls and roughly where Shakespeare's bust is now. The windows behind the bust now are not original, as you can see by comparing these photographs taken before and after alterations made after the death of William Morris. Was there, as it knowsly, a small window, somewhere in the now vanished solid walls behind Shakespeare's bust, placed so that the bellows' razors could see when a cantor on the extra seat in front of the southern choir stalls rose to sing. We will probably never know. Despite Morris' society for the preservation of protection of ancient buildings, having taken an interest in and trying to halt the vicar's rebuilding proposals, much of the stonework inside and outside north of the castle has been very heavily reworked. On our mentioning to a knowledgeable friend that we were intending to survey Saul in Norfolk, he remarked, ah yes, that huge church with the hole in it. We didn't understand what he meant at first, but now I think we do. This church poses two major puzzles to which we're now going to suggest possible answers. First, why are there so many choir stalls in such a remote and rural place? We know that the church is large because it achieved its present form as the result of a building competition between six local landed families, including a branch of the Belins, but there are as many choir stalls here as there are at Stratford on Avon. Also, most unusually for a parish church, there's an outside clerks doorway on the north side of the castle. There is a large area of land to the north of the church that is and always has been part of the cartilage of the church. Although possible crop marks in aerial photographs are not conclusive, we wonder if there were once collegiate buildings here. It would not be surprising if they are long gone because later enclosures and boundary changes have led to the disappearance of all but a tiny handful of buildings around the church. However, establishing a chartery college of clerks and priests was certainly being a very attractive option for the wealthy local families. The building for storage accommodation of the sort that we always provided at Stratford and Noseley, as well as entirely separate college housing. A geophysical ground survey here might unlock these enigmas. The second major puzzle it saw is that there are no signs of at all of any stairway access to the loft over the screen that undoubtedly closed the choir at its western end. There's ample evidence for a large structure here. The curve of its eastern curving is still visible, high up on the north side of the chancel arch. There are two cut-off wooden upstands which rise above the screen's dado. Mortices at its extreme low ends suggest the possibility of a wooden structure which extended westwards from the screen. There are also large northern and southern natural transep chapels funded by the same local menorial families. Altars here are likely to have been thought of as private. So their chapels would have been screened off all the way across their western edges, one bay down the present nave. A large wooden platform with its own staircase could have spanned the crossing to incorporate the western screens of these natural chapels. Such a large structure would have been able to support not only an organ which we know to have been somewhere in the building, but perhaps also the root figures as shown with a doom above. The present pews certainly contain enough medieval parapet carving. There's actually about 72 feet of it to go all the way round such a structure. An organ at Saul could have been placed either centrally to speak into the castle as at newer condunter or placed to one side as in some contemporary Flemish churches. There is no room for a sizeable organ anywhere in Saul's castle. Such pulpitum still exists at for instance Carlisle and Hexham. We now think that there were similar structures now entirely missing in quite a number of churches. The clue to their one-time presence is that there are no stone spiral staircases or other fixed access arrangements. The highly unusual access arrangements at Topnes reminded us that there must have been various ways of reaching organ and choir or root lofts in the past. Many other internal medieval furnishings including organs are missing as we have seen and we have surveyed many places where external buildings are also now missing just as they are at Shottersbrook, Nosley and Stratford and we need to ask ourselves why they were built in the first place and under what circumstances they were abandoned. Current sustainability problems mean that more than ever we need to go well beyond just admiring empty medieval churches. If we have a deeper knowledge of them as busy places of daily work we can imaginatively put working boys, clerks and priests back into these churches. Then we can understand much better how they were designed, how they were equipped and why they needed to be adapted to accommodate liturgical, musical and social changes. Alterations have always been made to churches but some present day adaptations are deeply worrying from musical and archaeological points of view. The wisdom of the Venice Charter is in danger of being replaced by the ignorance exemplified in the recent painting of the Chancellor at Shot. Unfortunately we have seen the results of similar ignorance in England too. Three books, the first of which is now well underway will be the result of our initial research but there is much yet to be discovered by other researchers. It was Professor Peter Williams who started all this work in 2008 and supported us so strongly in carrying it out. Very sadly he is no longer in this world to see its fruits but he said and insisted that our work must be progenitive. We hope it will be. You will find out much more about our work and our future lectures some of them anyway on our website. But especially we must say thank you all for helping us to embark on this very exciting adventure. Thank you.


Hopefully you guys will meet him later today too, but I came just to like this palace place. I was looking for something cheap to do and there's nothing cheaper to do than to sit in a park and drink water and like read a book and journal and stuff like that, so I saw that this palace had like a grounds, so I'm hoping that there's a spot in the park that I could just kind of like lay around and like chill in, but it's so beautiful and like wow I honestly think this might be cuter than Buckingham Palace, but I don't know if I can say that. Let me show you guys. So I definitely need to find a shady spot soon, but hopefully I can find something. Okay so I met some really cool girls when I was at my favorite place for $1 tacos and $5 margaritas and one of the girls who's been living in Madrid for like five years now recommended I go to this nail salon and she was like it'd be really great because you get to see this area of the city. I forget what the name is, but I'm realizing it's like a really cute like gay area, which is nice.  I'm really excited to get my nails done because like like my nails just like breaking in half you know because these are my natural nails too, so sometimes I stub them and then they like just fold and crack, which I really hate, so really excited to get my nails done. I like posted a little poll on my Instagram like do I get really plain ones?  So crazy. Anyway I posted a poll on my Instagram like do I get just plain regular nails because I'm abroad or do I keep getting like cute little designs like a little Spanish player so I'll get whatever ones people vote for so make sure you follow me on Instagram. Yo sometimes the architecture here is it's so insane like look at this nothing in New York looks like that literally nothing like we just no it's not in New York City it's so beautiful it's insane because I'm just really tired and my allergies are really acting up but I'm in like this cute little plaza area it's really cool I just happened to stumble upon it but yeah I don't think Madrid is like good for my allergies like my allergies have been really bad here I didn't go out last night I fell asleep I was really tired I feel bad because I was supposed to go out with this girl I met from Paris but she sent me some recommendations so I'll probably go out with her actually not her she's on her way back to Paris but I'll probably go out to the places she recommended with Cory once he gets here tomorrow but otherwise I've just been kind of keeping it chill and low-key I'm I'm tired after like London Marseille and Lisbon I definitely like I need to come back to Madrid and give it like a fair shot when I'm not like exhausted like last like of a trip but I've been having a lot of fun I got some really nice pizza um yeah now I'm going to come to the hostel I might do a bar crawl I also kind of wanted to wait till Cory gets here because I feel like it wouldn't be fair to him if I uh he got here and I didn't want to do anything so I feel like I'm trying to save all my energy from when he arrives so I might even just like sleep and chill out today too tomorrow I do have um a photo shoot in the morning so I'm really excited about that I might wear this dress again and I have like a ooh there's a pop ice and I have like an outfit that I want to wear but I gotta figure it out these streets are so cute guys like uh it does not look like that's in New York even though we definitely do have a pop ice in New York I don't know if you can see it but uh ooh I just broke the great log out here being me so I'm going to be posting uh their names here on the video um and I think well I randomly decided to book a trip to Valencia today tonight tomorrow night and then I go home on Wednesday to the United States so I'm really excited I think it'll be really fun and I hear that Valencia has like really good food um and it's more affordable than Madrid so it should be a nice little overnight trip Valencia and I finally made it to the museum stuff so I'm really excited I'm gonna do that um then after like Itsum paella which I'm really excited about and then I'll probably head back to Madrid but I can't believe I made it it's so beautiful my Airbnb is literally like a 40 minute walk from here which is probably why it was so cheap oh I said Airbnb I'm at hostel but you know kind of the same thing um it was nice like I really thought I was gonna wake up and take an uber but I left so early I was like if I took an uber I have to wait for 30 minutes but if I walked I would have to wait for like five minutes so ah I just can't believe I'm scared it's so cool oh it's so pretty so beautiful and like impeccable I still can't believe I'm here it's so weird seeing stuff that you've like googled in like real life like wow I literally googled this and was like oh this looks so sick I want to come and now I'm here life is a dream whatever we're still at that place that I was at earlier this is just like a different area of it and this part is totally free I did the museum the museum was like eight euros which like if you have kids but like it's a grown-ass woman I was like oh I feel like this is like my elementary school like science class which truly is what it is but yeah this is such a cute little area and the lady was telling me that there's actually like a club here at night so I don't have time this go around but hopefully next time like we're gonna be partying up here um but now I'm kind of hungry so I'm gonna go get some paella no there's like legit orange trees here guys like I feel like I'm in Miami or something like I've never seen orange trees before in real life and it's kind of cool that they have them everywhere here I don't know how people aren't like eating the oranges I would totally eat them okay so it looks like this is like the night club part it looks really cool actually like oh my god I have to come back it looks like it's called like passage or something yeah okay so now I know that's like the night club I have to come to you when I'm back in Flint here I'm at the beach like I need to go home but like covered by blanket um I'm so excited my volunteer dream to come true so yummy


the board of finance at 5.06 p.m. and I would take a motion on the on the agenda so moved second thank you as moved by President Paul second by Councillor McGee any discussion of the agenda go to a vote all those in favor of the motion please say aye. Aye. Are there any opposed to adopting the agenda? It carries unanimously we have adopted the agenda the next item is the public forum and Jordan can you help me out are there is anyone looking to recognize for the public forum? Is there if there's anyone who wants to speak on public forum please raise your hand via zoom okay I don't see anyone so we can move on from public forum okay I'm going to close the public forum and the only business on the agenda is 3.01 which is an item held over from last week which is the creation of three new water resources positions and the reclassification of three other positions we postponed this last week so there could be further discussions with one member the board and the department I know that meeting has taken place so the floor is is open and I don't think we I would take a new I'm not sure if we took a motion last week or not but I'd that one prepared to move this item at this time I'll move the item there as recommended by board docs great thank you President Paul do we have a second oh second thank you Councillor Yee are there any questions or discussion mayor here yeah go ahead given I would just say I had the pleasure of meeting with Councillor Jang after last board of finance meeting had a good conversation around questions around capacity the 2019 Raft-Hellis organizational report that we did and upcoming capital needs and I thought it was a good conversation and that was the work I've done between last meeting great thank you for for that report floor is still open for any discussion or questions please I can't see you so if you would like to be recognized let me know verbally mayor if I could just quickly go ahead chief and is this me I correct me if we talked about sorry at the last meeting did you all mention that you're planning additional pretty classifications for water resources or there this is a two-step process thank you Councillor McGee this what we decided that there was short-term needs that we had a high degree of confidence that one we're needed into that we're urgent working with HR and thank you Tony Berry for being here and director derpy as well we split it into the kind of half twos and the ones that we want to get further analysis done so we have a Raft-Hellis report underway that will give us further feedback on any second moves possible and we also thought that would give us time to weigh those against FY 24 budget realities given we were able to make this budget neutral for two years it's a immediate step we felt more comfortable moving ahead with this in advance of the 24 budget okay and that's the report that's coming in the way is of the full is the full analysis that would yes look at the full review of the water resources team they are evaluating restructure reclassification all the way from the division director down the organization and I have a high degree of confidence with this consulting team they know our water resources team while they've worked with them in the past and so I think we'll get a good product thank you that's all I have okay no other board members wish to be recognized we'll go to a vote on the motion all those in favor of motion please say aye are there any opposed leave the motion carries unanimously and with that thank you everyone for reconvening again on this item and allowing some further process before the vote and some important steps that concludes the board's agenda for tonight so if there's no objection I will adjourn the board of finance at 5 11 p.m.


Hi friends, welcome back to my channel and a very special welcome if you're new here. My name is Jen. I'm a certified weight loss and nutrition coach. I follow Weight Watchers and I count calories and macros. Happy Sunday, it is Sunday, so it's a special day. We always do kind of a fun, different special video on Sundays and today, today we have a T-Mu Hall and this isn't an average T-Mu Hall. This is all things moving into warmer weather. Spring, summer, we have pet, we have kitchen, I have jewelry, I have shoes, I have so many amazing T-Mu vines for you. You know my obsession with T-Mu. Pretty much everything I wear comes from there, including the outfit that I have on. We'll start with this for the try-on haul, but I wanted to tell you a little bit about T-Mu. If you use the code here on the screen, you'll get 30% off of your first order. The dogs are playing. An extra 30% off of your first order for new users. Most of the pieces on the website, clothing-wise, are $10 and under. They have straight sizes. They have plus sizes, so many things to choose from. It's endless possibilities to create outfits and a curated, affordable wardrobe through T-Mu. So everything I share with you in today's video will be linked down below for you, all the discount information.  Again, make sure you're subscribed and your bells on because I upload five videos every week. And like I said, Sunday is always a really fun day. Also down in the description box, you will find nutrition coaching, links and discounts to my favorite things and my Facebook group. Come and over join us. We would love to have you. I have a massive haul. I mean, a ton of, ton of, ton of things. So let's jump in. Like I said, let's start with the outfit that I'm wearing. My entire ensemble from head to toe is T-Mu. First, I want to start with this dress that I'm wearing because it is quintessential spring, quintessential summer. And I've been wearing this dress all day and it is so incredibly comfortable. This is the striped drawstring lace up dress with V neck and pockets. It is only $13.49. I have mine in a size large, which is the US eight to 10. This fits me perfectly. It does have a adjustable drawstring waist. So you can cinch the waist in a little bit if needed, but I just love this. You can adjust the ties of the straps as needed as well. And I just think these fun, summery springy colors are perfect as we move into the warmer months. In fact, this is the dress that I wore on Easter. Also my shoes. I wanted a pair of white sandals.  So I decided to pick up these flip flops. These are the Canvas flat flip flops. They're $11.68 and they actually come in four colors. White, black, light gray and blue. I picked mine up in a nine and a half, which is my typical size. These fit perfectly and they are again so comfortable. I wore these all day on Easter. I've been wearing them all day today and they pair perfectly with this dress. And you can't be $11 for shoes and the quality is really, really good. The flip flop portion is Canvas which is really comfortable on the feet. Also my earrings are from Timu. These are really pretty silver hoops. These are 89 cents. 89 cents. They are heavy. They are high quality. They are weighted. They're very, very comfortable in the ears. I mean, these feel like solid $20, $30 earrings and they're 89 cents. They do come in different shapes and also they come in different colors. So gold if you're interested, more in gold but for 89 cents, they're jewelry. You can't beat it. It is seriously some of the best jewelry and the prices are killer for the quality. So that's the outfit that I'm wearing today. Again, everything from Timu down to my shoes and I love this outfit. I love it. I know I'll be wearing this entire outfit all spring and summer. I wanted to pick up a couple of transition pieces that kind of can go with the cooler weather as well as transition into the warmer weather. And the first thing that I picked up is this leopard print half sleeve blouse. This is so lightweight and airy. Like I said, perfect for the little bit colder weather to layer but the cooler weather is what, but the warmer weather as well. This is the leopard print half sleeve blouse Boho open front summer beach blouse. You can also wear this as a swimsuit cover up. It is $6.19 and comes in sizes small through extra large. Now I did go ahead and pick mine up in a size medium. I would say it's definitely oversized. It said that in the description so I sized down from my usual large to a medium and it fits me perfectly. I could see myself wearing this as a swimsuit cover up for my trip to Hawaii or if I'm just at the pool in my community and I love that you can pair this with a tank top for a more casual look. You could put this over a cute maxi dress for a little bit dressier look. I just love this. It is so cute and so comfortable. Now this top, I love everything about this top. I love the style of this. Again, I love that this is a great transition piece from cooler weather to warmer weather. It is a little bit on the thicker side, definitely not jacket thick but a high quality shirt thick, if that makes sense. It is a long sleeve shirt. I love the silver buttons. I love the ruffle detail. This is the stylish denim safari top button up roost trim long sleeve collared shirt. It says it can be worn as a jacket or a top. It is $9.28 and comes in gray which is the color I have black and an army green. In sizes small through extra, extra large. Like I said, this is absolutely adorable. I did get mine in an extra large. Wishing now I would have sized down to a large but I'm hoping that just washing it and drying it will shrink it just a little bit so it's the perfect fit. You could wear this as a shirt. You could wear this open with a cute tank top underneath as kind of a lighter weight jacket. It is just so cute. I love the color. I love the style, the perfect transition piece. I also wanted a pair of really lightweight wide-legged pants. Wide-leg pants are so flattering on the figure. If you have cellulite or lumps and bumps or bigger hips or thighs, long wide-leg pants are perfect because it conceals everything and gives you that nice straight, skinny silhouette and these are so cute. I love that they are drawstring. They do have a functioning tie so you can actually tighten the waist. These are the drawstring wide-leg pants. Palazzo pan black for $10.39. These actually come in about a dozen different colors so you can buy several colors to make it through the season and to pair with all of your favorite spring and summer tops. These are $9.29. They are lightweight but they are super high quality and they have that wide-legged bottom. Very, very flattering on the figure. I picked mine up in a size large which is an eight to 10 and they fit perfectly. I used to pick up most of my clothing pieces from T-Moon in extra large but I found that they were too big on me and nobody's complaining about that. So now everything that I ordered for this haul for the most part is a size large. These pants included perfect for summer. Again, these would be perfect over a swimsuit. And then can we just talk about this cute top? It is definitely a buttery soft t-shirt material. Has super cute leopard sleeves. I love the kind of V detail. It just adds a more elevated dressy look to it so it's not just your basic t-shirt. This is the women's leopard print crew neck t-shirt. It comes in about eight different colors. This is the size, this is the color coffee and it's $4.68. Comes in sizes small through XXL and I picked mine up in a size large and it fits me perfectly. This is long enough to wear with leggings. It covers up the belly area and the booty area. You could tuck this into some denim shorts. It'd be cute with those wide-legged pants and it is so incredibly buttery soft and it's less than $5. That is just crazy to me that you can get this high quality of clothing for under $5. Perfect, perfect t-shirt yet elevated look. Now along the line of those wide-legged pants, I wanted a new pair of paper bag shorts. I love the ruffled waist, the tie. It really cinches in the waist and adds a nice shape to the figure. But these are loose enough that again they conceal my loose skin and they conceal any cellulite on the legs. I feel like they're a nice length and I love that they do have the added detail of the hemmed leg. These are the solid pocket lace-up belt shorts. These are $8.98.  I picked mine up in a size large which is a US 8 to 10 and they fit like a dream. I actually had a pair of paper bag shorts that are way too big for me and I ended up donating them to my local women's shelter and I wore them a lot last year because they're so comfortable. They have that nice stretchy elastic waist. Again, perfect to wear to the pool, to wear to the beach. You can elevate this with the top that you choose. You can keep it super casual with the tank top and the quality of these also is very, very nice. Let's talk about this little crocheted tank top. These are all the range this year. The crocheted sweater style tank top are what is in for summer this year and this is so soft. It is so soft for a sweater material. It's incredibly soft. I love the cable knit design of it. It is so incredibly comfortable on. This is the crochet knitted v-neck cami top. You can also wear this as a swimsuit cover up. It's $8.38. It comes in six different colors. I have mine in the dark pink and it comes in sizes small through extra large. Again, I picked mine up in a large and it fits me perfectly. It is so comfortable. It's really like wearing a blanket. That's how comfortable it is. I love the thinner spaghetti style straps. The v-neck gives your body a really nice shape and it is so, so cute. I definitely want to pick up a few more colors and again, you can wear this as a cover up. You can wear it with your favorite pair of shorts. That's what I plan on doing. It would even be cute with a maxi skirt. Super, super cute and I will be in total style this summer. I also wanted to get a couple of basics and all of my ribbed tank tops that I wear under all of my jackets in the fall and the winter, under all of these fun little springy jackets in summer cover ups are way too big for me and I usually buy them at Walmart and they're about $6 to $8 a tank top. This ribbed tank top off of Timu is the Women's Roundneck Ribbed Sleeveless Slim Fit tank top. It's $4.48. It comes in black and white sizes small through extra large. I have mine in a size large and let me tell you the quality of this close my mind. It is so soft, buttery soft, so thick much thicker and higher quality than the one at Walmart for less than $5. I am 100% buying the white. I'm going to scour the website to see if they have this similar tank top in any other colors. This is the perfect length and the perfect spring and summer basic. You know, I always rave rave rave about Timu's jeans.   Not only do they have the white wash they have the distressing but what I really love about these is the ankle. It's that really raw hem distressed ankle. And on me because I am tolerant by date these are definitely capri length. They are so comfortable. They are so, so stretchy. I love the button fly design. I love these jeans. These are the stone wash distressed blue jeans mid-rise knee cut raw hem skinny jeans. These are $18 and 99 cents. Again, I have mine in the size large. They come in sizes small through extra, extra large. So comfortable. I actually gave away a lot of my jeans to the local women's shelter because truthfully all I wear for jeans is Timu because they're so comfortable and all of their jeans have the perfect stretch to them. These included and these are going to be perfect for summer because they're more capri length than full length jeans. And again, comfort. I'm all about comfort with jeans and Timu just knocks it out of the park. You know that we're transitioning in Arizona from colder mornings to really warm afternoons. In fact, it's 90 degrees today but the mornings are still pretty cold. There are still mornings that I go to boot camp and it's in the 30s and 40s. So I've transitioned from sweatshirts to long sleeve shirts. And I really, really like this eye active brand from Timu. I actually picked up a black long sleeve shirt in my last Timu haul. I'll link that haul video if you missed it. So I decided to grab another long sleeve shirt specifically for boot camp. And again, the softness of this is like butter. It is so buttery soft. This is the eye active loose crew neck yoga sports top long sleeve mesh with thumb holes. It is $14.48 and it comes in three colors. I have mine in dark green. It also comes in black and dark gray and sizes small through extra, extra large. Now I did decide to get this in an extra large which is the size 12 because I wanted an oversized fit. And I think it's perfect for working out. It's not too clinging and it's not too baggy and it's so comfortable.  It's that soft and comfortable. I love the mesh on the sleeves for breathability. I love the thumb holes and the quality. The quality of this eye active line through Timu is Lulu lemon quality. It's that good. And this shirt is $14.48. I'm definitely picking up the other two colors. Also because I live in Arizona, I live in shorts in the summer. Now, as you know, I have a lot of loose skin on my thigh. So it's not my most favorite area of my body but I'm just gonna rock it this summer and wear shorts and wear comfortable shorts. So I did pick up these Raham distressed shorts. They are a little bit longer length so they do disguise a lot of my loose skin. They have a really, really, really nice stretch to them. These are the ripped Raham denim shorts for $15.18. They come in deep blue and light blue. I have deep blue and they come in sizes small through extra, extra large. Now I picked mine up in a size extra large. I'm always on the fence with shorts because if they don't have any stretch I'm afraid they're going to be too small but most of the extra large pieces from Timu are too big for me. These are definitely a little bit loose but they're really comfortable. And like I said, a good wash, a good dry will shrink them a little bit as denim shrinks and they're going to fit perfectly but they are so comfortable. American Eagle quality for $15. You know I love a good tank top. I'm really proud of my upper body and my arms and the work that I put in at the gym so I'm gonna rock all the tank tops this spring and summer and I thought this Sun Salt Sand tank top was so cute. It is a little bit more of the muscle style wider tank top so if you're not into spaghetti straps this may be perfect for you. This is the Sun Salt Sand print tank top casual sleeveless crewneck beach top. It's $7.98. It actually comes in four different colors. A dark gray, navy, fuchsia and dark green. I picked mine in the dark green size is small through extra, extra large. I have mine in a large and I think it fits me perfectly. This is another one that's so soft like buttery, incredible soft and so incredibly comfortable. I could see myself even picking up maybe like the gray or the black in this as well. And it's just perfect for summer. Sun Salt Sand, yes please. I also wanted a pair of black shorts. I love a good pair of black shorts. I have a couple pairs but I fell in love with these because they have that distressing and that really nice raw hem. I'm really into the raw hem this year. I got these in a size large and they're pretty tight on me. They have zero, zero stretch but they're really comfortable. They're tight, they're goal shorts. They're goal shorts especially after plastic surgery. I'm hoping that removing a lot of the skin on my lower back will have these fit me a little bit more comfortably. Now I can wear them. Like I said, they're just a little bit snug on me. These are the black raw hem denim shorts distressed slash pockets, non-stretched. So it does specifically say that there's no stretch. These are $12.49 and I have mine again in a size large which is the US eight to 10. Make sure that you watch where it says non-stretch or stretch. If they're stretch you could get your normal size or even size down. If they're a non-stretch like these you may wanna size up especially if you're in between sizes. But I can wear these and again, goal shorts. Goal shorts for summer because they're super cute. And I had to get this dress. I fell in love with this dress the minute that I saw it. I love a good halter top. I'm gonna have to wear a bra right now under halter tops but that will be changing in the future and I loved this dress so much. This is the women's sleeveless halter loose A-line dress. It's a whole whopping $10.98. It comes in black, mustard yellow and a green color. Sizes small through extra large. I picked mine up in a size large and it fits me perfectly. It is so lightweight and so flowy. Camouflages, every lump and bump. Everything, it just gives you this beautiful silhouette. I love that it has the high neck that ties in the back and it is perfect for the warmer months. And this would also be an amazing swimsuit cover up or beach dress. It's the perfect length. I love this. I kind of want the yellow and green one too. I also had to get pajamas because I live in pajamas and I thought this little two-piece set was so cute. It has a black heart short and then a heart tank top. I mean, how cute is this? It is super lightweight, perfect for hot summer nights. This is the cute heart print pajama set, soft, cammy and lettuce trim shorts. $4.48 for the two-piece set. It comes in burgundy and black. Size is small through extra large. I got mine in a size extra large because I love my pajamas oversized and these fit great. They're oversized. They're super comfortable. I could have got a large, but listen, we're talking comfort with pajamas and I can't believe you get a two-piece set for less than $5. I did decide to get one more pair of shoes. I love the style of these. I love kind of the boho lace-up design. They do have the cute zipper and the heel and I love the cognac color of these. These are the women's hollow-out flat sandals, Rome-style peep-toe non-slip shoes. They're $12.09 and they come in this beautiful camel color and black. They have all the sizes up to a size 10. I got mine in my typical size nine and a half and they fit me perfectly and they're very comfortable. Very, very comfortable. They do have a non-slip sole and again, just the style of these. The whole boho chic style is so cute and again, totally in for summer. I could see myself wearing this with that cute sweater, that tank top sweater. How fun is that? I did get one more pair of earrings. Aren't these cute? They're gonna be really cute with the sandals. These are the hollow-out round drop boho vintage wooden and leather earrings. They're $1.48. $1.48. Aren't those so cute? I love them. They're super, super lightweight. They have a wooden brown circle and then the black portion is leather. They come in other colors and they're $1.48. The jewelry, like I said, you can't beat the prices, especially for the high quality. These will be in my ears a lot. Before we talk kitchen gadgets, because you guys love the kitchen gadgets, I love the kitchen gadgets, I did grab a couple of toys for the little dog over there. We're gonna give him one so you can see how he would see if he likes them. But these are pet chew toy for cats and dogs. They are bite resistant. They're an interactive, squeaky toy. They're $2.69. You can't beat that for a pet toy and we always buy Palmer ones without stuffing. So I did buy the little gray raccoon and then I bought the brown squirrel. I did pick up some pathway markers. You guys, these pathway lights are amazing quality for the price.  You get a set of four for $6.99. Four pathway marker lights for $6.99. I did go ahead and put them out in my backyard and I'm excited to see what they look like at night. I'm hoping they have a little bit more of that torch vibe. But I'll tell you, you can pay $6.99 for one and you're getting this four piece set for $6.99 and the quality is amazing. Lullan Palmer also get canned dog food. Usually their medicine goes in canned food. It's just easier for them to take it. And I hate having to figure out a way to keep the canned food fresh in the fridge. And then I saw these on the Timu website. These are the pet canned food covers universal silicone safe lids. They're $1.38 a piece, which is an incredible deal. And what's really cool about these is there's different levels. So depending on the size of the can, like cat food cans are usually a lot wider. So you would use the outer rim and they have this nice tab, which makes it really easy to take these off of the canned food. You can throw these in the refrigerator and they're $1.38 a piece. They come in multiple colors. I'm going to be buying some more because this has been a game changer for storing the canned food. Everything I needed was a new lemon zester. Mine is just horrible. It's old, it's cheap. And I saw that they have this stainless steel one. Stainless steel lemon zester grater. You can use this for limes, oranges, citrus fruits. It's 98 cents. And this is such nice quality. There's even a hook if you wanna hang it. And it is perfect for zesting all of your citrus. I do a lot of lemon zest in baking. And like I said, mine was just kind of crummy and I couldn't believe this was 98 cents. And it is super nice quality. I also grabbed some washing machine cleaner. I don't know about you, but our washer starts to stink after a while. So I like to run a cleaning cycle once or twice a month. And these were so affordable. You can pay upwards of $10 to $15 for a pack of washing machine tablets at the store. These are 12 pieces. So 12 washing machine effervescent tablets for $4 and 39 cents. $4 and 39 cents to clean your washer 12 times. Now I haven't tried these yet. They're still sealed up. They smell good. They have a nice fresh smell to them. But I feel like washing machine cleaner tabs are washing machine cleaner tabs. And these are killer deal. I also fell in love with this the minute that I saw this. This is actually an herb grinder. I love to use fresh herbs as much as possible. I love putting fresh mint in my water pitcher with lemon, but it doesn't really infuse it unless you grind it up. And I thought, why not what I'd not have an herb grinder so that I can do it with a tool rather than manually. This is the spice grinder, garlic grinder, coriander, multi-functional kitchen tool. It's $6 and eight cents. So you put your herbs in there, slip on the little tab and twist, and it grinds your herbs for you. I mean, why have I been doing this by hand when this handy dandy tool is $6 and eight cents on the Timu website? As soon as I'm done filming, I'm actually going to go fill my water picture with lemon and mint and test this out. I also want to pick up some more glass straws. Now I have the really long ones that I use in my coffee in the morning because I make my coffee in a big 32 ounce basin jar, but I wanted some smaller, shorter glass straws. This is a set of four, so you get two straight and then two of the curved straws and a cleaner for $1.99. So these are perfect for standard sized glasses. What I like about the glass straws is they're easy to clean and you can see through them. So there's no gunk buildup. You'd be able to see that and clean that out. And then of course it comes with the cleaner that makes it even easier. And really a $1.99 for four glass straws can't beat it. And then I grabbed these. These are really fun. These are the pet handprint and footprint kit for dogs and cats. They're $1.78 apiece. They come in multiple colors. I did get black, blue, and red. The ink is already in these for you to take your dog's paw prints. You can also use these for babies. So my neighbor is pregnant, so I'm going to actually give her one of these as part of her shower gift this weekend so that she can do a baby handprint. But $1.78 to have a keepsake of your dogs. I actually bought three of them because if you didn't know, we lost our lab a few weeks ago and he was still here when I placed this order. So I bought one for each of my dogs in different colors, but this will go to Ashlyn. It'll have a handprint of her new baby, so it's going to a special place. And then of course, I'll take prints of both Lola and Palmer.  It does not work very well. And I thought, why not test the one from Timu? This is really, really nice quality. This is the green lemon lime squeezer hand juicer for $4.38. Such a great deal. And like I said, really, really nice quality so that I can juice my lemons and limes. It's something I do a lot with baking and into my water. So I'm really happy to have this and I'm going to go throw away my crummy one. Holy moly, that is everything that I picked up from Timu. We had so many great kitchen gadgets, pet items, lots of clothes, purposes we transitioned from the cooler months to the warmer months. And like I said, everything is so affordable in such high quality. I have never been disappointed with a single thing from Timu. Everything has been a 10 out of 10. And don't forget, if you are new to Timu, you can use the code here on the screen for an extra 30% off your order. I'll link everything I shared with you down below. For easy shopping, all you have to do is click the link in order. They have free shipping, free returns, and again, they have a wide variety of sizes, everything from straight sizes to plus sizes for the clothing. I am also doing a full face of Timu makeup. Yes, they have makeup and beauty on my beauty channel so make sure you're subscribed so you don't miss it.  Again, subscribe if you're not. I would love to have you here. Check out all the pieces linked down below as well as my Facebook group. Come join us. It's free and it's a great community as well. Thank you so much for watching and I'll see you in the next one. Bye.


I think these guys are practicing it out here right now. Zeegers was in the crowd crying that night. He was a Rangers fan, so. That's right, a local guy, right? Yeah, yeah, yeah, but he's here for the Rangers. Zea, it's right here in the post, bud. Right in the corner. It's over! Yeah, you remember this one? Nah. He was in the nose bleeds.


Ladies and gentlemen, some of my homerice, yeah, Michael a bodybuilder Pro bodybuilder bodybuilder Alberto Nunez. No, dude, chill out. We're all 24-7. We're going beast mode There's something called Bleacher Report, which you were shared on your I think I read Ranger. Yeah, it's Bleacher Report, and then there's one other one That writes really good articles browsers browsers and Playboy have great articles But there's a different one. I can't think of it comment below because you guys are gonna say Mike you're native It's this one, but they do awesome articles kind of like what would I tell myself? These are professional athletes. What would I tell myself as a rookie in the league or what would I tell 12-year-old? Little Omar. Yeah, so I want to ask you guys and then maybe I'll touch on myself We've all been training almost a decade. Maybe a little over a decade. We've all studied this Pretty through and through as much as we can continued learning obviously, but we're all somewhat advanced in this fitness game Mr. Alberto Nunez, what would you tell your younger self and what would you fix maybe in your training your early days? See, this is why I think sports are great and it sucks it They're not prioritized as much as they use in regards to like development.    Yeah. Yeah, that's right So like yeah, I think play to your strengths like find out what you're good at and Try to get better at that and I think this goes for anything else in life Yeah, yeah, like don't try to be something that you're not you're going to suck at it So I think that's probably if I could go back It's like all right, dude. You're small you're frail But there's other things that perhaps you can do to make you an effective bodybuilder and effective strength athlete And finally it took me about a whole decade to learn that one And like now that's just how I do it when it comes to not just like my my training But when it comes other things in life, yeah, I suck at it Yeah, dude, I'll leave it up to someone. I'll outsource that shit Like let's someone else I'll hire someone to fix the car because I'm bad at fixing things I'll talk about stuff like that here all the time about you know my my opinion on true confidence one I think honestly confidence would solve world peace not everyone's ever gonna have confidence We can't solve world peace but true confidence is is knowing who you are knowing who you are not and you and I off-camera a couple days We've chatted a lot, but talked a lot about self-awareness and those kind of play a role in Obviously growing as a human being we can spend all this time in the gym Spend all this time drinking whey protein But if you're not focusing on improving all aspects of your life You're not really living or you're not really living that grind is everyone else You guys want to hide grind and hustle wake up at 5 a.m. And drink egg yolks raw and go do push-ups I'm suffering to the ground within about three days rather than trying to be a better person and mastering your craft 360 Omar is off. What would you tell young eyebrows? Thank you young Michael farp. I would say my best advice would be lifting weight is not about lifting weight And what I mean by that mr.. Miyagi Wax on whack on like a lot like water and what I mean is that the life lessons you learn when it comes to lifting applied far Beyond lifting if you pay attention I actually think that training is one of the most objective ways to get better improve to yourself that if you're disciplined enough Focus enough you can make progress Pick any other disciplined people want to become really good at so I love music But becoming let's say an exceptional jazz musician takes beyond 10,000 hours. There's no real shortcut You can have that intuitive skill you can have that ear rhythm whatever but it requires so many hours Training no matter who you are if you put in effort a few times per week for several months for one year You will notice you can objectively quantify what you're doing I actually think training in ways compared to other disciplines is far easier to make progress on and so once you see all those mechanisms of developing the habits Learning that motivation wanes, right? It's not something that's always there It's more having the discipline that you instill within yourself that keeps you on that path all those kind of life Qualities that I think good lifters inherently low I know will spread into other aspects of your life And so I've become more regimented more focused all those things because I kind of have Not at all ADD, but as you know, I'm a I'm a hyped up person. I got a lot of different goals I'm always kind of on and I think training has calm me down has allowed me to focus on different things and become better at Them so I'd say the best lesson that I could take away from lifting when I said lifting isn't about lifting is That you have to take a look at that a long game We all probably got into it for the same thing we wanted to like look better Feel better and those still are things that we want to do Yeah, but it extends far beyond that. We're the type of people like I if there's no camera on I'd still be lifting Ten years from now. I'll still be lifting in some capacity.  Then I'm like, you know what I have that Surface level of fulfillment. I'm after that emotional as Bruce Lee says content. I like it. I like it I guess for myself On a fitness level a purely fitness level it would be just to enjoy the process a little more and also Pick one goal at a time. I spent my spell my wheels for years from probably 18 to about 25 even Cutting dieting wanting to get strong, but now I want to be too fat doing this not not getting two links I don't want to lose my strength and I even struggle with that still mentally So just picking a goal, especially when you're younger just eat food and train your face off for three or four years You're gonna have your best physique and your best gains in your 30s Maybe even 40s if you do it that way anyways, which leads me to I guess more of my life lesson of Something I learned from sports Perto and I relate well on sports Omar and I relate well on everything else besides sports That my high school basketball coach taught me Dean Stark shout out We talked a lot about sacrificing for the unknown When you play sports much like lifting you want to go to the playoffs You want to win the championship you want to do all this. There's so many factors you cannot control Doesn't mean that each practice every day each game every day leading up to that that you can't give it your all So you have to sacrifice you have to wake up a little bit earlier You have to get a couple more jump shots in you have to be a better teammate You have to do these little things on the way up To hit this goal that may or may not happen It may not even be possible it may not even be possible for us to win a championship But if you don't do these things just in case to build that up then you absolutely have no chance So that's kind of the patience of the game and I knew that in basketball for some reason But couldn't translate it to lifting which relates to what your point was once you get it in lifting And as you grow as an adult which I hit 23 24 25 I start to figure out life a little bit more You understand that that's begins to translate elsewhere That if you work hard and do the correct things morally and try to be a good person that hopefully in the long run Maybe you don't become the president You won't become billionaire, but you live a fulfilled life because you ended up doing this It's something at least you're flipping but not for the burgers Yeah, you're just bossing I don't want to lose those burgers We set three fries That you begin to I lost my train of thought because now I'm fat and I'm thinking about chicken nuggets. I'm so sorry, buddy You're saying about chasing that unknown and that at some point no matter what if you have those qualities You'll at least be able to accomplish something you might not be the president Yes, yeah, you may not actually hit these goals You may not be a billionaire even though that's people like I'm gonna work or nobody driver for all right Well, maybe that won't happen, but you will end up having the respect of humans You'll have respect of your peers You'll be surrounded by good people and you'll also find fulfillment and happiness along the way because You did the right thing because you worked hard because you had patience along the way This is the Zen couch right here. It's a great example Like exactly what you said we all started training for like these different reasons Things we thought we wanted and look where we ended up. Yeah, it was not the goal Yeah, we basically ended up in a similar world a similar place And I know it was completely unrelated and I think also that's why we get along as friends business everything else Because we believe in the long run of just doing the right thing, you know We also had conversations off-camera of you weren't there at lunch. You were doing sorry sleeping But just doing things for the right reason, you know, whether it's Not selling you guys horseshit fat burners just to make a buck because we don't believe in it Rather just put out free content or or coaching or whatever might be to give you money Selling out a long time 100% but then that's that that's not that sacrifice The sacrifice is not the quick buck sacrifices 10 years from now. We'll feel good about ourselves Hopefully we'll also be billionaires in 10 years But if that doesn't happen at least we can turn back and say Burdo So this exact same thing at lunch 10 years ago You feel comfortable with what your peers think of you feel comfortable about what your loved ones think about you Yeah, and you feel good about yourself. That's 100% It feels good whenever people come up and they say like all man like you help me out with form or whatever all those different Training goals. Yeah, it feels really good. Yeah, and we gain nothing from it Besides the fact that we're doing what we love and sharing it with you guys sharing our experiences We went on a journey here Mike. Hopefully you guys enjoyed that journey thumbs up Follow the whole like the video in the description. What do you think? How many likes you think we do? Okay, so I want 1500 likes. I think I was thinking 25 2500 likes 2500 likes and we'll give away five free programs to some people in the comment section I was gonna I was gonna one up you. I don't know if you'll like this 2500 I say 3500 and we're gonna get Omar and myself in Colorado Yeah, that's a boy. Sure. All right 3500 likes and we're visiting Burdo Five free programs in the land of Colorado. Appreciate you guys