Good morning everybody, so we're gonna get started right on time today We have a couple presentations first is by one of our founding fathers dr. Crandall on Of the Moran of the Moran I Didn't say grandfather Um, and he's gonna talk about minimally invasive glaucoma procedures and then Adam guess There's one of our new cornea fellows coming to us from CPMC is gonna talk about the patient that I hope everybody had a Chance to at least take a brief look at upstairs Young lady with Ellers-Danlos. Thanks. All right. I just want to kind of update people on what's going on in the glaucoma sphere because really lots of things are changing and with a recent FDA approval of ice and I thought I'd just bring up a couple bring up the Talk a little bit about the ice tent and then a little bit about some of the new Procedures that were involved in we'll be starting phased two trials in in two new Glaucoma devices pretty soon So, you know what if you look at glaucoma surgery in the past, you know It's basically if you if you actually look at a trabeculectomy done in 1973 say Let's say 76 because it in 73 most of them are still shape procedures And then look at the procedure now. There there aren't there really isn't a lot of difference I mean basically it's the same technique originally Karen's described the Trab is a five by five flap And a much larger adectomy than we do so the main modulations that we've been doing Over the past 30 years have been at the healing end mitomycin sponges smaller tubes or smaller PIs no PIs all sorts of stuff, but basically the trabeculectomy has been The Ancel is the the gold standard With the problem the problem with it is of course is the long-term Complication rates if you look at studies We do quite well for two to four years and most average trebs last about eight and a half to 12 years which is Okay, if you're if you're dealing with 75 80 year olds But certainly many of our patients in the younger group and all you you all see these up there dysthetic blebs leaking blebs you know uncomfortable hypotenuse maculopathy and The worst of course would be endopthamitis And so the the problem is we'd like to really work at where the pathology is which is in the juxtacanalicular tissue And see if we can work in that and we've been working on this for about 20 years And it's been about five steps backwards and maybe six steps forward. I don't know what are those two And the question is what do you think will happen in 10 years? And we probably will still be doing traps a variation of it there We have now two supercortal drainage implants one that's The gold shunt and I'll show you that and then the one there's the new one that we'll be doing Which is a which is a variation of that. It's called the eye pass And that's that's in phase three trials in Europe and we will be part of the phase two trial here And there'll probably be newer glaucoma procedures that will do it. So if we look at the In the past, you know go because of the long-term complications surgery was basically a last result excuse me last resort and But if you look at all the big trials that have been done It's been basically shown that the long term Doesn't matter how you get the pressure down As long as you get it below 17 and almost all the time You got about a 90 percent chance in most cases of not losing any further vision From the from glaucoma and if you get it down to 12 it jumps up to about 92 93 percent chance Moving the the low tension glaucoma is out of the picture just statistically on on the average ones But so, you know, what is why most everybody that leaves does in general ophthalmology Actually, they were the surgery is really dropped off as we've been as we've had more potent Any glaucoma meds such as the prostaglandins and the com again co soft all those new drops and So most people end up out of practice about five to ten Trabs by the time they're done, which is technically I think enough to do it But a lot of people for many years did not do it So so a lot of the glaucoma people like Norman and Jason and I everybody would refer Cases into so that their skills actually were getting fairly minimal Although the cataract skills were we're still quite good and the new devices are really I think aiming at the cataract surgeon We'll talk a little bit. That's a political issue, too as well there can go out coma society tends to back back off on some of these these issues, but The problem with traps and everything that we've done in the past is it truly is not physiologic If you think about it, you're basically making a hole You know if you go back you could go back to Elliot's stuff where they basically did a tree fine in the sclera Or the Pugelblad where you make a hole transclerally I mean these that's basically what you're trying to do in the whole time Really what you're trying to do is is depend depend on that, but you fight it It's kind of a weird combination if you don't get it you get hypotony if you get too much of it Then it seals down so what you the art of glaucoma surgery is really not in the technical aspect of doing the surgery It counts, but that isn't the biggest deal. The biggest deal is the post-op management and by the few Sutralizes we use mitomycin in the clinic now Subtenons so there's lots of things that we do to modulate the healing process But if you look at it, I mean look at the Complication rate. This was a retrospective study. It's Gary Congden and Pittsburgh did and He's a great surgeon. These are his cases, but that's a pretty pretty ugly complication file profile, so you know those are those are not Things to be forgotten about quite quite surgically So what we want to do if we can come up with something that we can avoid a bleb and increase Outflow it would be nice and that's basically where we're where most of the research is going into right now And I'll show you a couple things as we go further down. There's other also. We do use ECP here And it is very helpful in some cases. It's it's less predictable cause a lot of inflammation post-op at least initially and Since it probably truly doesn't Destroy the the ciliary body as it as an external diode does it tends to be somewhat Oh three to five year range maybe six years But again, these are usually in the eyes that have retinal issues or have other issues I think about the last ten that we've done here have all been Combined with with the retina service and then of course, they'll be always modified Trabs tube shunts the tube versus tap trap study, which was not a good study as everybody knows they took To get into it. You had to have already failed a trap So it wasn't their best shot at Trabs best shot It was people that already failed and the outcome was fairly similar although the five-year data somewhat supports the Tube group in that setting but And there are certainly people that go right to tubes you live in Miami You're probably gonna get a tube if you have pressure of 30 We're less we're more reluctant to do that because of the six success we can do with the Most of the of our population here, which is Caucasian not African-American or Cuban which has a slightly different profile. So Let's look at some some ways of doing that if we look at sub cons flow, that's that which would be similar what we have the The non-penetrating would fit into that category Google blades Transcillary filtration the mini shunt and the MIT I which is out of Miami We'll talk quickly show that you look at trabecular flow. And this is where people are really getting Interested right now The I pass which is which is the study that we will be doing here This cookie lots of which we've been doing here for 15 years 20 years direct home and then the ELT ELT is tied up in in litigation right now. It's a patent fight between Michael Berlin and LA and The German company and so we the US we have not we don't have it available And probably five years before it is available But it is it is a way of doing that and then to regular hint enhancements slums canal scale spacing procedures, which are really done for originally for Presbyopia, but also noted some somewhat Lower flow. I mean increase outflow and then the gold chunk which is Nick here. I don't think he's here Oh, there he is Nick You have two of those gold chunks. Is that and you want to just describe what you saw which was I think a surprise to everybody There's not there's not very many in as the problem. It's a pretty high rate right And the interesting thing too was because it was gold it did not require They didn't require the phase one studies so they allowed them go right to phase two studies Which was interesting so they didn't have a safety profile on the gold shunt even though it and so the I pass is actually material that's similar to to cardiac stents and It is much more biocompatible. They have a lot of rabbit studies and they have a lot of initial Reasonably good results. It's very quick very easily easy to do It's a really interesting study, but we'll be starting that pretty soon So just quickly everybody knows about the I stent. I mean the mini shunt excuse me and it's a small tube It was originally designed for a third world ophthalmology Which which was it was supposed to be a two-minute procedure that you could do and it was basically under conjugal not was not under a scleral flap and Basically would put a nail inside the iron that would drain. I did work Short-term, but because of its location. There are lots of erosions And there was not the success rate in the third world is actually quite low and so it was abandoned for that but Optinol at the time which was then ultimately bought out by Alcon talked to a number of surgeons and Marlene Moster and Leon Herndon most are at Will's Herndon at Duke did a couple of studies looking at it under flaps and it turns out that there are some advantages to it It's pretty easy to place and so we That's something I've been doing a lot of the advantage from from a surgical standpoint is you don't really you don't have to make The ectomy portion of it you put you're putting this under a flap and What it does then is it has a consistent outflow Some people feel it's too much so they get they're trying to modulate the Lumen size, but if you seal it down pretty well, and then you can suit your lysis later It actually works pretty well, and you don't have to do your edectomies But for the most part we've not been doing their edectomies certainly on pseudo-fakey guys or in eyes that we're doing combines or in Hi, my hopes for at least ten years and have had no complications, but actually most Guacoma guys do Excuse me do do an erudectomy routinely and there's inflammation and Ipema's and stuff so like we then we'll also look at summer. We still do a variation of the viscocaneloscopy, which was Robert Stegman not it out of South Africa and deep scurrectomy with a collagen implant Now the deep scurrectomy with collagen implant is still the the number one procedure now done both in France and In Switzerland and parts of Germany, so it it has lost its momentum in the United States But it's still a very highly used procedure the rest of the world So and we we have a lot of those pace it basically this is similar what we did last night to the guys that were there last night We had to remove a tumor a malignant melanoma just a very small one that Was found was about a two millimeters by two millimeters So what what what I did was basically this you do a square plop like you're doing a trap And you dissect a second flap, which is this one. So the trap flat is this The inner wall is this and last night I went all the way down to to Coroidal great right here, and then we peel that off and popped out the tumor This is the inner wall of Slim's canal and you can actually peel that off you peel that off you still have about 20 microns of Tissue under it But it does permeate through that and that's the theory that you're reducing that resistance to outflow at that level It's not it's not as difficult as it looks to peel that you can see here beautifully this this is Again, Slim's canal. This is decimates membrane. This would be scleral spool right here So it's it's technically Difficult to do and that's why one of the reasons why it hasn't Taken off. It's but if you do it well, it works quite well And we use we did a collagen implant this came out of Russia Originally when they was designed there've been lots of different ones there's now one called oligin which is a material that fits right into the scleral flap and creates a lake a lake effect and This one the collagen lasts about six months, and then it's gone and produces a scleral lake and but Theoretically you get outflow through there same as you would through a trap. This is one where the where the I've done a laser What you can do is laser go near photo. I'll show you a nice picture here Then I'll show you in just a second. So you really get you get through the collector channels So it's similar to viscocanolostomy subcons so it's similar to Trabacillectomy and supercordal so it's similar to the other mechanisms So and they do work quite well, but again, they're technically difficult The theory was of course to reduce cataracts, which it did Information and hypoteny which it certainly did but most people found it just the learning curve is pretty steep This is one of ours about five years post op This is an inner wall. You look at you can see the decimates Window here, and you can actually laser that it's so thin. Just use a yag laser with with a Little bit of power right in that area, and then you can you can pop right through this is pre This is post Yag so you so you can do it as a stage procedure if you will When that when the pressure starts to right raise and then share away and my moods who have the world's biggest groups that about 50% of theirs end up being converted into this but you know the complication rate is very low so they get out they get a high high rate in it. That's the Swiss and Egyptian groups and then Jason and I can I did a meta-analysis of the dad and it shows it really does work so Now we're trying to look at ways to really work at this Level here Shulam's canal outflow and that's what most of the devices are are look at so we look quickly I won't we have a ton of stuff But I want to show you a little bit about the I stand and the Quebec tome and possibly variations of ELT which we hope will be available This is a patient of mine. We did a this is the I pass now the I pass never it did It did make FDA that had a Approval but it wasn't it wasn't significant enough So basically what we were doing was was was like a cardiac stent We put to these this is a silicone and the new materials are not silicone The I pass and the others are really cardiac much more biocompatible and don't don't clog like this actually didn't we just make a Sort of a squirtle flap same kind of level Open Shulam's canal and stick the two stick these two tubes into Shulam's canal like a like a stent and then this went into into the anterior chamber. So you would make a small little Three or four hundred micron incision to put it in this is one of the patients right at the time of surgery and you can easily see the Blood so whenever the pressure drops blood gets into Shulam's canots a good way to To identify the anatomy if you're doing goniatomies or you're doing I stand so you can use it when the pressure is low Slim spills with blood and that was the show that it was in fact working quite well. This is a View internally you can see this This is what we're looking for watch what happens when the pressure. This is from Romer's segment. There it is That's blood and slums canal The interesting thing is you can even identify both heart rates and You can identify outflow in this video. I think this is segment is the only one in the world that has this video it's a hundred thousand dollar camera and It was only designed for him and they only made one So nobody else can get it. It's amazing to see what's going on in slums canal You can really see the anatomy quite quite beautifully. I think I don't know if anybody's seen it Here's this there's a collector channel. Now. Why is that important? It turns out that if you put an eye stent near the outflow One or two of them work well if you happen to put it away it doesn't work well and That's the reason for the the eye stent on steroids, which will be known as hydrous. That's our study And I'll show you that in just a second. So We look at outflow. That's what we're looking at is that these little aqueous things that we're filling with with the fluid These are die cast Look at outflow. This is out of the Oregon group. These are macaw monkeys. I believe but it's pretty fairly similar So again, we're looking at trying to figure out how to get past this juxtacanolicular tissue Which is right here And that seems to be the outflow everybody still believes that's where the problem is So let's look at ways to do that one of the ways was was this cocaine elostomy, which is what Stegman did now His population is different from anybody's in the world. It turns out genetically That if you have pure African blood No Caucasian nothing else. It's a very aggressive type of glaucoma. So in South Africa He would have patients that would come in mid 30s point nine nine cops pressures of 50 we just don't see that very often and We were actually going out with Hageman Hageman's group to because there's two or three generations We can that segment is going to get for us and we hope to isolate that gene Because it would be really important because it's just nobody else. There's no other place that I know of where you see that kind Of a population that is so young. It's so aggressive And so this cocaine elostomy actually works in that group because they started pressures of 4045 and their outflows are different And so that's why his data was not transferable to the United States and we're you have a fairly bad name academically because they did a lot of people just didn't believe this data because they couldn't reproduce it I don't I think the problem is they just don't have that population. It's just unbelievable You look at it every one of his patients in that paper he did for AJO and it was pretty pretty interesting But at any rate one of the things that's come out of that is canaloplasti, which which we do here and We have a nice the canaloplasti is in micro catheter goes all the way around I'll just quickly show you a little video get to it You can inject this cocaine elostomy the hope eventually is maybe we can figure out a drug David might be able to do this to figure out a drug that you can put in to this slums canal to either increase outflow or or you know rotor root the the canal so it works better You basically pass it around. I'll just get to the video. There's a lot of evidence Laboratory evidence that it acts like pyrocarpene because you we're gonna put a stent in the procedure This was work before he passed away of Johnson Showing that whenever you put the tension on a slums canal outflow increase when he lowered the tension decrease This was at the Mayo Clinic And so what we do was just show you one of those this is an internal View of some of the patients with the stent. You can again do laser gonioplasti So this is just to show you I've already made the inner wall So you're basically doing a viscocaine elostomy, but instead we're gonna do it for 360 degrees the little red Heat is a allows you to track it as you move around so what I'm gonna do is I'll turn off the beat I'll turn off the the microscope light here in just a second Basically what we're gonna do there's there is in slums canal and you can watch it go all the way around and then what I'll do is I'll tie a Tenno pulling suture to it and put it leave it in slums canal and then you put the tension on the problem is You have to raise the pressure high enough so you don't put you don't tighten it too much So you and some of the pediatric guys are actually using this now to do the internal goniom is a really beautiful way to do that And so it's gone all the way around the eye and it's inch So it's inch lens canal all the way around and then we'll just tie the suture to it and then pull the suture all the way around and then here Sometimes it The issue of course is what whether the correct tension so what we do is we have a Ultrasound that we can use at the time to make sure that we're inch lens canal to make sure that we get some some distinction of it so that as you can guess this is not a 22nd procedure this is different this is the ultrasound Beautiful way we can identify a lot some guys are very low Acting products. So but it's a good way. I want to show you One of the again, this is from Bob's Steak Robert Steakman. It's one of the most amazing videos you're ever gonna see I think other than that other one that I bought from him. Okay. There it is inch lens canal Going around you just see the device. It's unbelievable. You haven't ever So this is the external and then use the the other stuff is the internal stuff as it goes around So here's pulling out same same way This is the tightening trying to figure out exactly and they're working on ways of trying to to figure that out, but it's Again, it's technically a difficult procedure and there it is inside the eye So this is the end of the procedure. There's the decimates window and you can laser that so if it's too tight You can pop it with the egg and then you can open up slums canal These are ways of working it at this level. So the canal plastic is an interesting device Let's look at ELT. This is the one that it is actually Done really well in Germany. One of our ex fellows Is doing a lot of these and it seems to work right. Well, it's the internal opening you've blasted through but it's again It's it's an opening the trabecatome. We have here. I haven't been too thrilled with the outcomes But basically what you're doing is you're doing a goniadne with the with a cutting device.  We get pretty excited about this stuff and most of these are done at the end of the cataract surgery that the reason why I'm bringing this up is because one of the one of the issues that we're going to have is possibly who who If you use it on somebody who had saved mild or ocular hypertension and get a good result It's gonna be hard to look at data once it hits the That has a so it's a cutting you put that into Schlem's canal and then there's a there's a electrocatery that basically cauterizes Nick have you seen any eyes that have had this? And I don't think I have either so this is just you just to show you the The device goes in you can you can actually if you move around you could obviously do all almost the whole thing But most of the time we do about a hundred and twenty hundred and thirty degrees and it so you activate the foot pedal And it just cuts as it goes around and generally what's happened is at least Rabbid eyes and then most eyes the problem is usually turns out you get generally scarring that comes later So it's like it's like an internal Go neotomy, so let's go This is the one that what that has last two weeks ago was received FDA approval and this is the this is the Microstand the ice that and it is so it there the the thought is to place In actually an unfortunate in the United States you get one for seven hundred and fifty dollars And they're selling it in Germany and every about every place else in the world. They put three They're trying to find trying to luck out and put it towards Hopefully near an outflow facility when you when you do when you just place it randomly in the eye And it's almost always nasally. It's all always done almost always done in combination with cataract surgery It's technically pretty easy to do We'll be doing these in about three weeks here because I've just received FDA trials I was in the one of the early trials about ten years ago that took them a long time to get it Don and basically what you do is you put it into Schlem's canal. It's got these little Anchors that prevent it from migrating And then the so you're bypassing the juxtacanolicular tissue And this is one in the eye so you can see it's easily in Schlem's canal And you know you can identify obviously the canal and look for Sclerosis spur and we'll put in the top third of the TM. So it comes in pretty easy. Here's one There's two in the eye. This is this is basically what's being done everywhere else in US but they can't of course say that the problem is is you only put one in you get two and a half millimeters compared to fake Now there is data that shows that for each point over a five-year Lifespan that that there's there is a significant decrease in in the mean deviation for on Visual fields so one point or two points does make a difference long term But does it really you know, it's pretty hard to prove but it that was from the ages data The advanced glaucoma intervention study, so it is something to think about and but what we're working on We will be doing an ice tent versus hydro study here. And let me get to the hydrous Let's get out of this because I know we're running out of time. I just want to show you a hydrous But that is so so iVantis is already FDA approved and Let's go So the hydrous is that is the ice then on steroids So what it's going to do is it's going to take it's going to cover Almost 90 degrees and it's a material that is pretty biocompatible This is so the ice dance here the hydrous is here So you I don't think there's any way you can miss outflow by putting it in 90 degrees It's technically not too difficult to do in the injects it in so these are the out these will be the outflow into device into into The outflow system, and then this will be facing me TM I think I'm a video here. So basically this is what it looks like in the eye and So we'll just see this device going in See similar so it's a very similar to the ice tent. We put it in You have a nice that one, but that's this one. I think it's a little bit more interesting to look at Identify the anatomy you rotate the patient's head nine about 45 degrees and you tell your microscope back Then you can beautifully see Swim's canal just we indent with this injection device And so this will let this adds about 10 minutes to a to a cataract procedure And the initial the phase one Trial is done the phase two is almost completed right now, and we're going to be in the second part of phase two And so the the theory is you're you're increasing physiological outflow and It's something that could be done at the end of the procedure now with you look at the data that We're just faker reduces pressure. This probably at least in the initial stuff is going four or five six points When compared so the first trial was was this versus Faco And that's one that's ongoing now in the United States It's been done everywhere else then the second one the one that will be in this ice tent versus Versus hybrids, so we'll be comparing we're gonna put we've got there We're gonna put two in so hybrids is gonna buy two of them for us So we've released compare it to to at least what's used in the rest of the world So it's an interesting time. There'd be a lot of initially It's Chris Calcuttaire by the way That's he's the it's his yeah, he's the CEO of Glaucose and so what they've done is they've they've been there They're I said one of those out Similar to what he did at AMO is about 200 people in the United States that can use it to start with and then When that data comes in then they'll they'll sell it to everybody But I think things like this will see being used at the time of cataract surgery. That's gonna be that's the AGS's point is that It's probably gonna be overused So there's already negative of press that's going out. I just wanted to bring this up now So if you hear you'll hear both sides of the story it certainly is technically easy to do all of these but it's You know, it's the hydros the ice tent comes at seven hundred and fifty dollars per Stent in Europe. They're selling them to for a thousand or something like that. So they're averaging two to three. These are so they're it's not it's a significant increase in in the cost of the procedure and the high risk will probably be around my guess is around 1500 they don't know for sure what they're gonna put it up If the data is significantly better than the I stand alone, then they'll probably go up higher than that So and that's that's a new startup company that we'll see who buys them They have good research going on. So it's good stuff. So I think there's a pretty exciting time in glaucoma But I think probably in stone certainly in five years and probably ten Does that be where you are? Come on Joe At any rate, I will still be doing traps. So and Goniotomy is not the other stuff that it's The technology is getting there and the exciting thing for me being that Faco guy who saw the incredible changes that occurred from 73 to 2012 is unbelievable every two months something's different and Finally the glaucoma group is coming into that realm. So there's lots of innovations There was no innovation other than, you know, how to cut it will be your whole Outflow modulation. So this is pretty exciting stuff. And I think So you'll be hearing from us when when the when this when the trials start we'll be looking for patients basically that are mild mild to moderate Mean deviation in the minus eight range somewhere zero to minus eight range Ocular hypertensives if you think they're at high risk would be okay for the study And then we'll look at the surgical outcomes in a few years and maybe five years from now we'll have another procedure. So thanks Any questions Nick, that's correct. That's correct. Yeah, it's a turf. It's a turf battle. Yeah Yeah Well, they yeah, that's that's exactly the point. Yeah, they it's a turf battle to them, you know in the past everybody's so We're the AGS is saying and sort of their politically correct term. That is we think it'll be overused But you know who cares if it works There's only been studied in one of the cases, you know, Weinrebs lab has has the ability to look at They haven't looked at the actual outflow, but they looked at pressure at nighttime and it and they do they do work at nighttime And this is stabilizes the pressure all seems to stabilize the pressure all day. So it's probably You know, they the outflows studies at nighttime are hard to hard to do Without lights and stuff, but they have a sleep lab there at UC David or UC San Diego, San Diego, yeah Yeah Oh Yeah, that's all you know the biggest problem with five years seven seven years see we won't know really if it's how effective it is That's not true. That's not the case Correct And I think what yeah Yeah, right, that's what I was talking about with the with the inside there, and I think the The other thing too is that it's been shown now that everything that we do to improve blood flow exercise non-smoking, you know all those all that stuff Management of hypertension Improves visual outcomes. So, you know, we're now spending a lot of time talking about Activity-based stuff for our patients as well. They'll make it three oils all that stuff does does make a difference Possibly that's correct And and and not lowering pressure at nighttime blood pressure big deal. So I Yeah Yeah, that's that's real. That's real and so and one of the What we what I do is Yeah At nighttime so we're I'm asking the most of the bad ones I'm asking them to take their their medicines not at night time and working with the family practice I know Yeah Yes, you can yeah, but the problem is Well, there are no there are no approved dies to do that you can actually do that you could use tri-pan blue for example and Injected they and that has been certainly been done in an animal was the University of Nebraska where Carl used to be Cameras there his lab has done a lot of that work and They're they're part of the hydrous development group because of that They figured that but they it's it's variable seems to work at different times during the day some channels are open And then the other problem is if you're doing at the time of surgery, it's it's it's hard to get it all the way around Well, so you technically theoretically you could do that But we have we don't have anything that's that we can put in to see those channels Easily at the time of surgery and do it in laboratory easy That's basically what they've done is to try to identify where the most likely it turns out that most of them are more mermasal Turns out they shut off doing different times during the day So it's it would be hard to find that would be great if you could do that one thing that We know is that if you go any of scope them at the time of surgery And they have a lot of pigment you can see areas where the where there's thick pigment that those are out So you can get them close to that so there are some cases where it's pretty easy to see where where the probably is If you're within a middle major to it seems to help that's what I'm the new the new the eyepass and Some of the in the hydrous are materials that are in that range I'm not sure what they cover them with but they're the eyepass the one that's going to go in the supercurtle space is Very bio compatible. It's the same material the company that owns the The it's a cardiology company that ended up making those things Yep But again, we'll see what happens is the cylinders that space the supercurtle space is a lot of blood flow there It's not an easy area. We used to do of course cyclo dialysis as a surgical procedure work beautifully or they were high-potenance or it didn't work About 30 30 30 we can never figure out who the hell it would work on they are The the other two are just like stents and that and it turns out that the eye stent you can maybe with some of the new they even the eye excuse me the mini shunt is And it's much larger than these MRI compatible They're looking at that. I guess the new Tesla coming out is gonna be a little higher and they'll have to redo their studies on that But everything that we have now All everything we're putting in there is work


It's Hapalong Cassidy With action and suspense out of the Old West comes the most famous hero of them all Hapalong Cassidy starring William Boyd The ring of the silver spurs heralds the most amazing man ever to ride the prairies of the early West Hapalong Cassidy This famous hero thrills his 60 million friends with action and dangerous adventure In the role of Hapalong Cassidy is the popular star of the motion picture series William Boyd And now another exciting story of the early West the Whistlin Ghost Hoppy in California are on their way back from the state capital up north after taking care of some bar 20 business California who used to live in this territory has talked Hoppy into taking a shortcut to Elbow Crete where they plan to spend the night Before they finish the ride down to the bar 20 the next day They should have been in Elbow Creek hours ago, but California's shortcut has taken a lot longer than he expected Burn it Hoppy. No, I went and got us lost if I'd known I was taking us the long way around I'd have kept my mouth shut tighter than a sprung bear trap. Oh, we're not lost California We just don't know where we are. I ought to know I practically grow it up in Elbow Creek Hold on a minute. Yep, right up here is Patty Bowman's cabin a friend of yours friend Why Patty and me was like brothers once Say hoppy. Why don't we bunk there tonight? He'd be glad to put us up. That's a good idea I could sure use them sleep and by golly. I could sure use them supper. Oh boy bacon beans. Always hi I Didn't seem to be in his cabin. No light. No smoke in the chimney listen That's Patty That's the way he always used to whistle. That's his tuna. I'd know it anywhere. Oh, he's in the ravine down there Let's get out and meet him Patty Patty Bowman What kind of hospitality is that he's a shooting at us. Hey Patty, it's me California Carlson your old friend Hey, them last two shots was close. I'm glad that last one wasn't any closer. Come on. Let's get over behind the cabin I'm right with you hoppy. Oh Patty must be out of his head Shooting at us like this. Wait. Look up there. He's riding off over the hill. See him work. Oh, yeah Yeah, I see him. All right. Did you see that horse red and gold skew ball stallion? Yeah, big two Well, no chance catching him now. Come on. Let's get in that town Yep, this is it terrible creep He cheesed a bit. That's the palace bar over there. Let's go in. I'm thirsty. How about you, california? For a non-drinking man, you sure do have an awful hard time passing a bar How did what do you have strangers? I ain't no stranger. I practically grow it up around here Why california carlson as I live and breathe Glad to see you again mike. And this is my partner hop along cassidy. Glad to know you. Hi mike Make that a couple of sasperillas. Will you like oh now? What kind of celebration is that?  Well, sure glad to if I can You say what's come over my old friend patty bowman. Has he gone crazy or something? He just now shot at us as we was coming in what california You must be the one that's crazy Patty bowman was murdered two months ago Now back to hop along cassidy and the whistling ghost On their way to elbow creek hoppy in california stopped by the cabin of california's old friend patty bowman They thought they heard patty whistling from down in the ravine, but the bartender says patty has been dead for two months While they're talking to the bartender another man steps over to join them Evening sheriff well, it'll be uh, I heard you fellas talking about patty bowman Mind if I join you having a sheriff here down these names a sheriff You remember california carlson, don't you this is hop along cassidy Oh, howdy sheriff. Hi, sir. Is patty really dead like this fella says sheriff? Yeah, yeah, he is He's found up in his cabin about two months ago somebody tortured him then killed him I'd sure like to catch the farmer who did it too We all like patty around here. Well, if that wasn't patty bowman, we heard up there. Then who was it? And some folks around here think it's patty's ghost The whistling ghost they call them Shows up every two three nights been around for a couple of weeks now more or less Well for a ghost. He was doing some mighty real shooting. Oh, they was real bullets. All right Takes a few shots at anybody that pokes around up there I don't guess you got a good look at him. Did you none of us have we got a pretty good look at his horse, sheriff Oh, well now we're getting someplace. Uh, come on. I won't hear all about this Sure sheriff Since talking a crowded bar Now we're about this horse. He was the prettiest red and gold ski ball stallion I ever saw and he was big too I know which corral let's do ball stallion ought to be in right now You fellas think you'd know it if you saw it again. I'm sure we would all right. Let's get over there Whose place is this sheriff fellow with the name of slave slave He'd far remember him tall black hair dutchman with bright squinty eyes Runs the assay all that sleet. All right. Well, here's the corral Good thing the moon's out. Where's the red stallion? All I see is bay's chestnuts and mustangs There he is over there with a shed. That's the one. Let's go over and see if he's winded He's not only winded this horse has worked up a ladder Slade must have ridden him pretty fast to get back here Well, do we have a talk with mr. Slade now? Well, I don't know Maybe it wouldn't do as much good as that. What's the trouble, chef? Well, I Can't city. I don't like to admit. I'm a beaten man, but Slade's won every trick so far I guess he's just about got me buffalo. How come? Well, he's mr. Big around here practically old jelbo creek If I cue Slade to something I can't prove I'm out. He'll see to that Just what are you trying to prove? Well, I think Slade is the whistlin ghost and I think the whistlin ghost killed patty I've got plenty of reasons for thinking so, but I don't know how to make it stick. I got a little squirt of subtle with him myself, chef I've heard a lot about you Cassidy When I was standing there in the palace bar a while ago and heard california mention your name I said to myself that's providence. There's help when I need it most But now I don't know Pretty big thing to ask of you to help me out on this hoppy if anybody can catch him You can I sure wish you would hoppy patty was a friend of mine. All right california I guess any friend of yours a friend of mine looks like the bar 20 I'll have to get along without us for a few days more. Well, that's fine Why don't you fellas come on over to house for supper supper? Thank you. We will idea. Yes, sir About ready for dessert. We got three kinds of pie apple minced meat and custard Now there's three reasons why I wish I was a married man Apple minced meat and custard.  I'd like to get all the facts on this That's why I asked Ben Clayton to come over. Yep between us. I think we can give you the whole picture Cassidy That'll be a great help. Well, Ben can tell you more about patty than almost anybody He was close friends ever since ben set up his law practice here Just wonder if you got on uh slayed sheriff enough to hang anyone but a man as big as he is Well, we've got three witnesses saw him go up to patty's ranch the afternoon. He was killed But when I asked slayed about that He said he hadn't been near there denied the whole thing. Mm-hmm And what about your whistling ghost? Well, you saw the horse. He was riding Yeah, sheriff and I rode up to patty's place about a week ago We both heard this whistling ghost, but he got away and where was slayed at that time He said he was in the back room of his office working late. Nobody saw him there Nobody even saw him leave three times when the whistling ghost was up there slayed was in his back room working He said you left out one big thing sheriff. What's that motive? Well for one thing slayed and patty were at out for years. What about gold? One man had it and another wanted it, huh? Well, not exactly Patty towed some diggins into the assay office Oh about 15 years ago slayed told him it was fool's gold. Yeah, iron pirates looks like gold You find it the same way, but it's not worth the trouble of carrying it to the assay office. That's right Patty said slayed was lying and he wouldn't have anything more to do with slayed. Well, that's why patty's wife left him, wasn't it? Yep Packed up went right back east and took their kid with her too. I remember I guess the boy was six or seven years old Yeah, she said patty was a fool and just like him to wind up with fool's gold Well, you talking about patty still Oh, he did take it off hard when his wife left him Figured she wouldn't have done it if it hadn't been for slayed in that fool's gold business Well, here's the pie Oh boy does that look good Uh, Clayton speaking as his lawyer, what happens to patty's ranch now that he's dead? Well, I wrote to his family, but they haven't even answered. I imagine they'll want to sell You know some folks say the whistling ghost is haunting the ranch so he can get the price down and buy it cheap Has anyone been trying to buy the ranch since patty is killed? Yes Slayed he came to my office and made me an offer a few days ago My theory is patty wouldn't sell so slayed killed him expecting to pick up the ranch cheap after patty was dead But why does he want it if there's no gold up there? That's just what I'd like to know I searched patty's cabin from top to bottom after he was killed and I didn't find a thing I think we'd better ask the whistling ghost what he's after. Oh, I can see it coming We're a going ghost hunting. Well, he's not always up there just when you want him Clayton wrote up with me several times, but we only heard him that once that's right Suppose I stopped by and have a little talk with slayed in the morning And while I'm at it, I'll give the whistling ghost a special invitation to our party Now back to hop along cassidy and the whistling ghost While riding through elbow creek california learns that his old friend patty bowman has been murdered So now hop along in california are digging their spurs into fresh trouble trying to run down the murderer The sheriff suspects that the whistling ghost who haunts patty's cabin is none other than mr. Slade owner of the assay office So now hop along in california are calling on the dutchman to see if they can't pick up a few interesting facts Yes, sir, what can I do for you? I'm looking for mr. Slade and he's busy in back right now. Couldn't I help him? I'm looking for some information. There's a piece of property around here that's for sale. I understand I know what's on top of the ground now. I want to find out what's under what property are you interested in patty bowman's place I see you know something about it Yes, I've heard mr. Slade speak of it I think maybe he'd want to handle this himself Lorraine go tell mr. Slade a man is here asking about patty bowman's ranch. All right, mr. Archer I'll go get him right now The gold business must be pretty good around here. This is quite an office staff. Oh somebody finds a little gold now and then Mr. Slade and Lorraine ran the office till lately I'm just learning the business. Archer get me that folder on the rainbow mine. Yes, sir. Where is it? It's in the top drawer where all the folders are How long is it going to take you to learn where things are? You are here three weeks now. You can't even sharpen a pencil without asking me how to do it I don't know why I hired you in the first place Yes, sir You stay out of this. What are you doing back here anyway? Well, I just came back to tell you There's two gentlemen up front asking about patty bowman's ranch. Why didn't you say so? Well California Carlson, howdy slade. This is my partner hop along catchity. Oh I what can I do for you fellas? I'm looking for some information about the patty bowman ranch Why ask me about it? You're running the essay office. You ought to know all about the property around here I want to know if there's gold on the ranch sure Fools gold plenty of it. Is there any other real stuff? I told patty bowman 15 years ago that all he had was fools gold What I said then still stands and how come you want to buy the place? Did you come in here to ask questions about your business or my business?  That makes it my business I'm talking The whistling ghost was out last night up at patty bowman's place He was riding a horse that looked mighty like your horse Just what are you getting at?  I don't scare that easy. You've got everything figured out, haven't you? Slade I've got a pretty good idea. What's hidden up there and I'm gonna find it tonight ghost or no ghost If you think I'm the whistling ghost you're crazy. I've got my own theory about who that is I'll bet you have come on california. We've had our say. Let's get out of here. Sure hoppy What are you gonna do hoppy? We're gonna ask the sheriff to go up the patty's ranch with us tonight We'll get Clayton to come along We fan out the ghost can't shoot at all of us at once one of us will catch him I want to find out what he's after. Well, I thought you knew you you just said that you even knew where it was That was date california date We want to be sure our whistling ghost is up there tonight. So I just gave him an invitation to our party And california. Yeah, this is going to be a surprise party for a lot of people I think we're near enough yet. Now, this is foolish. Are we just going to ride up together? Let him pick us off like clay pigeons. No, we'll fan out. Well, let's do it then That's him Down in the ravine there. Well head left from here and cut down to the ravine. Let's separate and get down there What do you want me to do hoppy? Let's go straight down to that cold. Keep your eyes open and don't miss a thing We've got to work faster. Somebody will get more than he bargained for tonight Hey, listen He's whistling again Hoppy somebody got him. Come on. Let's get down there.  Who is it? Who shot? Well, that's archer slade's no assistant. Let's get him up to the cabin and see what we can do for him All right, that'll stop the bleeding. You feel better? Yeah Thanks a lot. I'll lie back and rest. What's he doing up here?  No, california archer is the only whistling ghost around here But Cassidy, he was up here trying to trap slade. You see archer is patty bowman's son Patty's boy.  Did he of course he didn't sheriff He was trying to trap his father's killer. That's why he was playing whistling ghost You you mean we're looking for two people? That's right. We've got our whistling ghost But we still have to catch our killer slade must have followed me up here a while ago I guess he almost got me the way he got my father But hoppy we saw the whistling ghost on slade's horse. Remember davie borrowed slade's horse to come up here But what was the big idea? He was using himself as bait figure the man who killed his father would see through the ghost act and come after him That's right and I could trap him when he came after me and another reason He hung around up here was to keep people away from the cabin while he was searching it. Isn't that right davie? A lot of good it did too I guess dad was just kidding me in that last letter. Why what did your father write you davie? Well, he was gonna sell the place and come east to live with me. Is that all? He said he had been going over his records and He thought he could get a pretty good price for the ranch considering what he'd taken out of it so far Just as I thought the way he wrote it sounded like he had something pretty valuable. There was gold But then I got clayton's letter saying he's dead and the ranch wasn't worth much So you came out to see for yourself. Well, if there was any gold here, I didn't see it Well, I did a little talking around enough to make me suspicious and And I got a job at slade's office so I could keep an eye on him There's just one more thing davie What are the words to that song you were whistling? Well, I might as well tell you since there's nothing to it anyway Dad used to sing Here's a little lesson for the young and for the old A fellow is a fool to hanker after gold And just about the time you think you're getting pretty warm You find it's always further than you can stretch an arm Now we're getting somewhere. I thought the song might tell me where something was hidden but I looked everywhere and I didn't find anything I covered all the walls from floor to ceiling and they're all solid You say your father mentioned in his letter that he kept a record of all these transactions He must have he said he'd been going over his records But I didn't find anything like that. We've got to find that record book It'll show who patty was selling his gold to that's the one man who knew patty had gold hidden With that evidence your man's as good as hung sheriff Well, I searched the cabin from top to bottom after we found patty and I didn't come across anything like that Well, sheriff, I guess there's no time to worry about hunting business records We can come back in the morning and find them Right now this boy needs a doctor. Come on. Let's get him back into town Clayton, uh, why don't you run on ahead and have a doctor ready for us when we get there? That's a good idea See you later. Yeah. All right, man. We'll meet you in town Yeah, come on Well, let's get going Yeah, can you manage the ride Davey? Of course I can my shoulders. All right. It doesn't hurt much now Well, Cassidy, that's for sure. Good night's work Headman for you. I never would have thought of looking for two different people Thanks to you. We've got our wish on ghost and buddy soon. We'll have our killer Maybe soon of the new thankshire. What do you mean by that? Hoppy, I know you was up to something when you hustled us out of that cabin so all fired quick What are you gonna do in about five minutes? You and I are going back to the cabin, california After all, we gave our killer an invitation didn't we and the heck with this shoulder I'm staying with you He's in there all right. See him in there the moon on him Why is he standing on that bench? He's tearing out the wall above the fireplace, Davey Just what I thought he'd be doing. Wait here. I'm going in Okay, that's enough digging for tonight. Look out, hubby. He's got a pickaxe Now back to hop along Cassidy Look out hubby. He's got a pickaxe All right, come down over that bench. I got some things to say to you and keep your hand off that gun Don't come any nearer Cassidy Now let's try it without the artillery Oh Now the law can take care of you from now on Sheriff like that lantern will you boy Ben Clayton I never would have thought it Are you sure it's him Cassidy? Now the same thing fooled both of us sheriff as long as we thought the whistling ghost was the killer It never occurred to us to suspect Clayton. Yeah, that's right. But I see it all now Clayton was still searching for that record book He guessed part of the verses meaning right that line And just about the time you think you're getting warm Does point to the fireplace, but I looked all over up there There isn't anything hidden in those walls and that last line that both you and Clayton missed, Davey You'll find it's always further than you can stretch an arm That verse was sung to you when you were a little boy It's just a little further than a boy's a harm will reach what sure that's what dad meant Sheriff if you'll help me lift this stone slab mantle piece off. I think we'll find patty's cash and record book inside Of course, why didn't I think of that? It never occurred to me to look up there Look at that Well, there must be thousands of dollars worth of gold nuggets and dust in there I know you could find it hoppy This must be the record book you're talking about Cassidy. Let me have a look at that sheriff Uh-huh. I thought so June 4th Clayton sold two ounces August 10th Clayton sold 10 ounces Well, this is the proof No wonder Clayton was frantic to get this book Hoppy, I knowed when we started looking for the fella that killed patty. He didn't have a ghost of a chance Uh, you think so california?  Don't you know we just caught the only ghost there was around here Goodbye from hop along Cassidy We hope you'll be back with us soon when hoppy will again bring you more adventure and excitement Hop along Cassidy star and william boyd is transcribed and produced in the west by walter white jr The whistle and ghost was written by bill bates All stories are based upon the characters created by clarence e mulford. This is a commodore production


Hey everyone good evening next one up, and I think that's the the last talk in this room for today It's the GSOC panel So that's not about me. That's about the students. We're just coming up here Hannah and Paris and then just Make a few words and then hand over To the wonderful students. So GSOC I'm only of chance. You don't know what it is It's short for Google Summer of Coach. It's an international program. It's sponsored by Google. They're grateful for that Google Thank you for many many years of sponsoring wonderful projects There was some change this year Used to be for students only like properly enrolled students at university Changed so from this year on it's from anyone 18 years or older There's a little risk there. So They say like without any let's say massive open source prior experience or kind of newcomers to open source and Google's funding Both the organization with a bit of money and predominantly the students Projects can be of two sizes 288 years and 350 hours and has to happen over the course of the summer and late autumn Yeah, it's scaled up massively so started 2005 Liberals has been part of that since the beginning And it's now I don't have the numbers from this year But it's it used to be like 1200 something student last year and more than 200 different open source organizations So it's really quite large and it's an honor to be part of that Right, so for this year we have two students that Google was sponsoring and People here were mentoring first of all big shout out for the mentors March me close. I've seen I didn't forget. I don't know if Mike maybe you're also helping with mentoring so all the mentors all the people review and code Massive thank you for doing that. We couldn't do that And of course people like doing the boring stuff in the background like organization and payment and form-filling And Marie predominantly Right and that out of the way It's not with some student presentations like showing off their their wonderful work here And so we start with Hannah who worked on PBA macro tests and improvements So with a warm applause welcome Hannah the people I haven't met. I'm Hannah nice to meet you Yeah, so my Google summer code was the PBA macros tests and missing API So basically had to a lot of tests and the first thing I want to say Was that to start with is quite difficult to get into it because like one of the prerequisites for GSOC would you have to do a level interesting difficulty easy hack And they were all quite difficult. I found anyway, especially being quite new to well relatively new to coding and stuff like a lot of them had quite a lot of comments and I think for starting off the barrier to entry is quite high And it would be brilliant if more people could file some easier easy hacks to get more people like me interested Yeah, so for example this one like Like 46 comments you have to read through before even getting started and like the easy hacks been deleted So it's a bit questionable whether it is an easy hack or not. It's just stuff like that. I found quite challenging Yeah, so I didn't want to talk about a bit about what macros are useful I mean, you probably already know but I just wanted to like quickly skip over it So yeah, just wave automating tasks And you can read so yeah But they are useful So this was What my project was mainly focusing on basically writing my tests in word testing them in writer and then seeing Where there are areas to improve the code or whether bugs and things didn't work As well as I wanted them to or as well Like they didn't work the same in word as they worked in writer So yeah, and these are just some code parts as well So this is just a bit about the like the structuring of the code. So you yeah, you start with your macro and then you can look at the the VBA API and then the Normal API so mostly I was just writing tests in the macros but then I did change some code Like in the VBA section of LibreOffice and then yeah, but I didn't really get into the core But I like doing the coding more in LibreOffice rather than VBA writing the test because it was just more fun Yeah, VBA is not the most interesting language. I didn't find but yeah And Then why is this useful for compatibility? Basically the main thing and also like preventing regressions Yeah, I guess people use the macros as well. So it's good just to keep Just keep improving stuff It's just an example test script Yeah And then this is like so This is just an example of what you'd expect so in word if you did this So I wrote a macro to do this So you'd expect there to be the same thing in writer but in writer You'd expect this but actually it doesn't work because there's no characters property So it's just stuff like that. I was trying to fix or like realize Yeah, that still actually needs to be done So if anybody wants to volunteer to add that or you know, it's on my to-do list And these are just some of the test documents I did so I tried to pick Areas that I thought would be quite useful to cover the most ground so I didn't focus Super a lot on like one area. I tried to move around quite a bit just to get the most use out of my summer, I guess This is just an example test I think So then this is what I did Just some like bullet points of main things I did I had to add it in all my test files I fixed some some things that I found that fix some bugs really added some properties Yeah, and then so I one of the things I did also was add my test framework So now I can just have like a nice array of my tests and then they run and then I can see which ones work and stuff And so you can notice like some of these are commented out because not all of them pass Yeah, so there's still lots to do Yeah, so some of my interesting changes. So one of my changes obviously this isn't the whole change Was that new find objects to the find object as a he had find replace I wrote some tests and for that and this find object was constantly being like Deleted so for every property that was set on it was just like created and destroyed it wasn't that useful. So I Made this small global and then yeah, one of the really useful things I did was have this message rock I know it's only a small bit of code But like it was really helpful because my debugger I just gave up with the debugger is just too hard To like fix so I use mostly like print FD bugging and stuff, but this showed so in VBA you can write a message box and then it's like a It shows what's happening basically and yeah, so this displayed the contents, which was really really useful So hopefully for the next person that tries to do some more of this this can help them as well Yeah, just some key things I've learned Um, yeah option explicit. I wanted to talk about like that. So In VBA like you call your function names and they don't automatically update when you change them So there'd be times where I try to run my code and I'd be like why is this not working? But the option explicit updates Your function like names and whatever they're called if you change your case. So I was actually really helpful Um, yeah, there's just loads to do. I mean, they're yeah loads to do still Yes, there's like over 300 objects In word just looking at their documentation and each of these have loads of properties and methods as well So, I mean I couldn't possibly do all of that Yeah, so there's just there's a lot to do and also I don't know what objects are really used and The most useful to implement and stuff like stuff like that. So that means more research And some tests don't need to fix things off. But yeah Yeah, here's just an example where word behaves strangely like inserting new lines For unknown reasons to me anyway If anybody has any these about I thought I might be to do with the purses Just looking at the code quickly, but yeah, they used to do still so And the next thing is just thank you to my lovely mentors and the community and for inviting me as well I've had a lovely time and it was nice to meet you all Any questions? The example you you gave about about the missing property the characters property. So that sounds like something That was not You know less of a bug and more of something that was like an incomplete API coverage So is it so are you testing something that was supposed to have been completed and and and this was missed or Or is the functionality of you know being able to run the VBA? macros only partial Partially implemented and your tests are telling us what's missing Yeah, so my tests My tests so they were testing what bits of the API were missing to implement as well as finding bugs So there were some sometimes when I changed like that wasn't off by one error So I changed that to make it Compatible, but that yet so there are still a lot of missing parts of the API I'm also trying to find those and see where we could like push and and write more new areas as well So like there are a lot of methods missing from a lot of objects Yeah, but yeah, it's quite incomplete, but it's quite difficult I found to document it because there are just there's just so much Yeah So thanks again, Hannah awesome stuff and next one Paris You just display that with extend Z compressed graphic support and Slides are coming up in a second and the stage is yours Paris Hello again So one thing you probably notice immediately is that I don't have the beautiful liberal office slides. So that's But I promise a search for them. I couldn't find them. Anyway, my project is extend Z compressed graphic format support and Well, there is a line the title the formats are GZ compressed, but the title was chosen already So what can you do? So if we can take this title word by word the the extend word is because SVGZ import was Already supported. So we added a couple more formats, which are WMZ and EMC which were not previously supported So what is a WEMF WMF or an EMF? We need to understand that before we move on to the WMZ So it's a Windows metafile and an enhanced metafile. They're vector graphic formats a lot like SVG They're drawn by a metafile record structures that include drawing commands object properties and the configuration settings That means you have this metafile structure in the file It tells you draw a polygon here and when you play back the file it draws it there a lot like SVG If you're wondering why they exist in the first place. Well, they both came before SVG and I mean, they're still used because they're used in competitor So What is WMZ and EMC? Well, it's just a gzip compressed WMF or EMF That's just it. So a WMF file you take it you gzip compress it and it's now a WMZ You change the extension as well. Well, of course as you know, this can reduce the file size by a lot I would say that it was more useful in the past because of slow internet speeds. No, it's need to be compression or You know floppy disks, you know need to share the graphics there But it is still used it exists in all documents so we need to preserve it and we need to support it and Importing SVGZ was already supported but exporting was not So we had to add that as well. So here's the work done. We added WMZ EMZ format detection support by decompressing the first few bytes You don't want to decompress the entire thing and then turns out it's not a WMF So you decompress the first you check it and then you decompress the rest and then You know import and export support as we said So decompression Supported the gzip format. There is a Z codec class that supported the the format when you decompress But after you compress the gzip header was not added So we had to fix that as well and then unit S Quite a lot of them but not as much as Thomas would want actually that project was quite small I started during the community bonding period, which is three weeks this year. I don't know why it's quite a lot So I started coding as I got bored So we moved on to a bonus project, which was make PNG writer use live PNG The reader was already converted to the PNG We had our own implementation before And Thomas had already started working on the writer So he suggested that I continue his work and I did I continued Thomas's work He had support for several chunks that were missing Her GBA and one innate bit pallet support and we added some PNG suite tests. PNG suite is like this Zip of a bunch of PNGs it tests for everything interlacing different sizes different pallets, etc This is more for consistency because it's a little bit harder to test that the file is actually open and pixels are actually The way they're supposed to be so we would just import the tasks check the size check out that everything is alright and Export them and check that they match And then at the end remove the old PNG writer and fully integrate the new writer And that is it. So that conclusion and the final thoughts of the project Well, LibreOffice has been a great introduction to open source It is the first open source community that I've been a part of The community is very knowledgeable and always eager to help whenever I would go on IRC, mails, etc There was always someone who knew exactly what I wanted It greatly improved my code writing and especially my code reading skills It was fun, obviously and Yeah, I hope to continue contributing for years to come That is all. Thank you for listening. If you're gonna only outline like what we had there before the PNG for the export There was our own implementation just like the reader. It didn't use the PNG Yeah, so now we have support for working with the compressed versions of PNGs of SVGs, right? I think you mentioned the VMMW maps and and the the OD whatever formats are themselves compressed is there do you think there is There's justification for something like a more general framework of some sort for like transparently looking into compressed Files so that we could like generically support Compressed versions of additional formats or is that or is that overkill? Yes, so this was actually one of the first things I considered. I Message Thomas about this and I asked him, you know Why don't we support everything that is GZ compressed? But turns out nothing else is really GZ compressed and that in the day the user just uncompressed the reason That we need support for WMZ say for example WMZ is inside a document Well, you cannot you cannot uncompress it inside the document But if it's a PDF.GZ you can always un-compress that and also there's like no other formats that use compression as far as I know Okay any further questions we got a few minutes left so there's one that's printing action. Thank you, Claude Yes, it's not a question to you Paris. It's just a general Google Summer of Code question So I'm just interested in the statistics on how many applicants we got how many got through what did the funnel look like? If you can if you can share that this year because normally we have more and what can we do to get I mean It's assuming we'll do Google Summer Code next year. What can we do to improve that? Yeah, so I don't have the Precise numbers Maybe we might remember so we had but we were not the only orc this year. We had significantly fewer Applications and those that we got were from really quite different corners so so the Google changed the rules quite quite substantially and that did apparently affect Us and other orcs more than so for example research open-source Organizations closer to research stuff apparently were less affected Because they were probably been what they have been recruiting their students from let's say in-house And they had no prior open-source experience. So there was kind of the standard like KDE and other projects they they would normally track students or people who have prior open-source experience and that was kind of So Google kind of switched from let's have students to let's have everybody but without open-source experience And and they they said that they're gonna tweak that They're kind of that's gonna be some AB testing I suppose so they tweak this massively and they're gonna tweak it again And then I'm kind of compare like what's worse the optimum I suppose so I think this year is a bit of an outlier if you look at the numbers like over multiple years I think you can learn something but if you look at this year, I think this is this is an outlier and On the other hand, well, of course the the other limiting factor beyond having applicants like like people who are obviously like passing the test and then like being considered Valid applications. There's the other side. That's the mentoring side And I think we have more of a problem there probably Going forward so so that that's mentoring is something that that takes energy that takes time And if you do that like every year since 12 years and then maybe you want maybe you want to break so That's that I don't know. I think in Mario's not here Anybody else Cisco maybe anybody from from the let's say in a circle Anything to add to that. I don't want to I'm not claiming that's that's That's necessarily all accurate. What I'm saying great then Then thanks a lot to everyone involved students mentors Google for funding it Tdf for hosting it And all of you in the audience for listening Thanks a lot and I'd say let's um Let's quit here And have five minutes earlier Go for some nice dinner. Enjoy the evening. Enjoy the rest of the conference. Hope to see you all tomorrow All the best


Why are we discussing methane? Methane is such a common company that affects people of all ages after the methane may be the result of an injury, such as a ruptured ligament or a torn cartilage. There are some medical conditions like arthritis, drought, and infections that can also cause methane. And the methane, not necessarily it has always to be dangerous, it can be, there can be a minor knee response, can respond with this self-care measures like isopathing a physical, I'm just putting a physical face. Some of my thoughts will help you choose when you see a doctor and when you do a minor repair of yourself. When we come to the knee joint, and the knee joint is one of the largest and the most complex joints in the body. The bones that form are already formed by the femur and then the smaller bone which is the tibia, and the v-cap which is the patella, and then there are about six ligaments, I think four ligaments around the knee that provides support to the knee joint. There is a ligament called as an anterior cruciate ligament and then there is a posterior cruciate ligament. And there are also the ligaments of the site which are the medial collateral ligament and the lateral collateral ligament. And then, I mean why is it important, is the older adrenus, the bone of joint conditions, they may experience pain in the knee. Generally, the women who are 65 year olds, they are at a higher risk than those who have water, than at a younger age. It does not mean that the knee pains will come only in the elderly, even young adults and teenagers may also experience the knee pain, especially if they participate in this sport or if they are met with any injuries or if they are perhaps injured or if they are injured. And even children can experience knee pain, the diagnosis of the knee pain at different ages is different. What are the symptoms that you will have whenever there is a knee pain? Even the location of the pain, I mean what do I mean by the location of the pain? It is either you may have pain in the front of the knee, on the side of the knee, on the side of the knee, on the side of the knee, on the side of the knee, or the back of the knee. Based on this, you can come to know as to what could be the possible reason why you may be having this knee pain. The location of the knee pain can vary depending on which structure is involved. With an infection, the whole knee may be swollen and painful, while it won't manifest or a fracture gives symptoms of, symptoms may be in one specific location. The severity of the pain can also vary from a minor age to a very senior age. The severity of the pain can also vary from a minor age to a very senior disability pain. Some of the signs and symptoms that come through the knee pain are, you can have stiffness, the skin feels warm to touch, and you can have most of the people complain of sound whenever they are moving their knee. Like they may be injured or that particular sound is called acrepancy. These are the minor signs and symptoms. The other serious signs and symptoms that occur are pain which is associated with swelling, redness and fever. Then they can have some symptoms where you can have inability to stand and you can have locking of the knee. What do I mean by locking of the knee? Whenever you are sitting and trying to understand your knee gets locked in one position and you are not able to stay in your knee. This particular thing is called as the locking of the knee. Because of the pain you can also have lifting, you have difficulty in locking, especially climbing up the stairs, down the stairs, getting up from the chair, sitting, I mean finding it difficult to get out of the car. Then you can also have some instability. In my opinion, instability, what do I mean is you can have some imbalance in the knee. These are the most common symptoms that accompany a knee pain. In case, I mean any of you who are watching this or any questions, we can just drop it on it and I will try and answer it at the end of. Now again, coming to causes. What are the causes that can cause the knee pain? There are a number of issues that affect the proper functioning of one of both knees and the cost pain. The injury is the most common conditions. And age related things will lead to arthritis and lung emulation. Now one of the common conditions that can happen that can cause knee pain is a damaged meniscus. What exactly are meniscus? These meniscus are small layers of things that are present between both the bones. They are like shock absorbers of the knee. They absorb both of the shock and then they are called as the shock absorbers. But in case there is too much space of the meniscus, it can cause a lot of knee pain. The meniscus they also help in, they also stabilize the knee by preventing abnormal movements and that may lead to injury. Clearing of the meniscus may lead to a proper functioning and then fractures. I mean having a form, either at home or on an accident. So it can cause a fracture which can either happen to the bone, about the knee, the below the knee or the kneecap itself. And then the knee dislocation, do it as well. It is not a common problem. I mean the most common thing that happens in younger adults are ligament spades. These type of injuries occur when the knee receives blunt injury in the wrong direction. The sprains and the sprains often arise during an injury and there are three grades of the sprains. There is grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3. That can be decided only based on a clinical examination and an appropriate treatment needs to be done. The most, I mean the most common sprains are generally a grade 1 kind of a sprain where we just have to do an ice packing and glazing and it should suffice. And then tendonitis is another common problem. It is an inflammation that produces, it is a condition which is and it causes inflammation that produces redness and then there is tenderness to touch and intense pain in the tendons and aromony or any area of the body that has tendons. The activities that require repetitive movements may increase the risk of tendonitis. The other factors for improving tendons are poor preparation for exercise and medical conditions such as arthritis. You can also have tendonitis because of increased uric acid which can lead to gout and other things. This tendonitis is specifically quite painful I mean how do we diagnose that there is tendonitis is you have pain on a particular part not necessarily all around the neck either it will be on the inside of the knee or on the outside of the knee or above it. The other condition that can cause I mean the knee pain is the bursitis. I mean what exactly are bursa are? Bursa are basically some kind of empty spaces around the knee which help in facilitating movement. There can be in the hip bursa that may cause knee pain. They are small pockets of fluid they lubricate the tendons and they are present along most of the joints including the knee joint. And the another thing is bleeding into the joint. Now what do you mean by bleeding into the joint? You can have an injury that causes a significant damage to the knee joint and the first bleeding into the joint space is known as hematopsis. It can also happen if there is a cruciate ligament there or hematitis. And then so this cruciate ligament there are basically what happens if the cruciate ligament there are they are basically that happen because of sports injuries. This is the osteoarthritis. What exactly happens by osteoarthritis is the osteoarthritis most commonly it is age related but does not mean young people do not have arthritis and when young people have arthritis it is because of some other conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or dog or anything. What exactly happens with osteoarthritis? Normally the knee has a cartilage which is basically painless. So there is varying out of this cartilage that exposes the bone to the nerves that causes a lot of pain. Not just pain, the pain can be present even at rest. The pain can lead to so much of limitation of even activities where if you have difficulty in getting up even in the night when you are sleeping especially when you are one week out of the other when you have difficulty in sleeping, difficulty in using to watch through. These are all symptoms that are related to osteoarthritis especially in the holding. So osteoarthritis is a common form of arthritis that may appear in one or more lines in the body. It affects men, women and children. But generally the most commonly women over the age of 45 or at ISPs for osteoarthritis the condition causes pain from the loss of cartilage. I mean why is the cartilage lost? The cartilage is lost because of aging and most commonly because of aging. And it causes the bones to rub together and produce intense discomfort. It may also form from joint palpations present at birth injuries or indulging in a lot of active sports. And then the other common condition is rheumatoid arthritis. The rheumatoid arthritis is again a form of arthritis but it is not happening in the old age, it is happening in much younger age. The most circulating form of arthritis it is an optimal condition that can affect almost any joint in your body including your knee. Although rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease it tends to vary in severity and may even come and go. Now what is the root? I think root happens whenever the uric acid in your body level in the body gives up. While the most common area of root is the great root it can also affect the knee. Stubborn is another condition where the cancer crystals which are not basically because of uric acid get formed and they are present in the knee. If the root may be diagnosed, may be misdiagnosed in some people it can produce painful episodes of swelling and inflammation in the knee as well as other times, septic arthritis. What exactly septic arthritis is? I mean it is actually a very serious condition whereas you have an infection into the knee. And this requires generally an immediate surgery and it is an emergency surgery. It is not very common, it generally happens in uncontrolled diabetes and you will have a lot of fever, swelling and pain. What are the problems that happen because of the arthritis? Some mechanical problems. Loot body. Sometimes an injury or degeneration of the bone and cartilage can cause the piece of bone or cartilage to break and float into the knee joint space. This may or may not create any problem because the loot body interferes with the knee joint movement in which, in which case the effect is something like a pencil which is part of the bone. Dislocated kneecap. This generally occurs when the patella which is in the kneecap moves over and slips out of the place. Generally again happens most commonly in younger age group. The other problem which is quite common is panormalacia patella. So now what exactly is panormalacia patella is? It is a general term which is used to describe the breakdown of something of the cartilage form of the body. The panormalacia of the patella generally affects the kneecaps. The damaged knees may become is placed from constant of persistent use. It often affects the females more often than the males. But it may cause both of pain for anyone who is very active in life. Then Oscar Schalters. I write this just for the sake of completion. This most commonly occurs in younger age group. There is an inflammation of the bone and the cartilage or the tendon or the top of the shin bone where the tendon comes from the kneecap attack. This most often seen in young adolescents most commonly only one is affected. Then what are the risk factors that need to be brought in? This way being overweight or obese can increase the stress on your joints even during ordinary activities such as walking or going up and down the stairs. It puts you at complete risk of osteoarthritis. Then biomechanical problems. But in structural abnormalities having in the sense that you are one leg is longer than the other leg misaligned knees or even flat feet can lead to knee problems. You can also have knee pain because of lack of muscle flexibility or strength. A lack of muscle strength and flexibility are among the leading causes of knee injuries. Right or weak muscles occur less support for your knee because they don't absorb enough of the stress exerted on the thigh. In case you have had knee injury which is the previous injury, it can lead to again an injury. What do we do when we physically examine the knees? We inspect your knee to see whether you have any swelling or pain, pain and as warmth of this injury. Then we check to see whether how far you can move with your leg in different directions. Then we push and pull the knee just to check whether your knee is stable or not. And then what is the testing that we generally commonly employ to look at the knee is the most common thing we employ is an X-ray. In case the X-ray is not able to give us a clear image we may even ask you for a CT scan. What is a CT scan? A CT scan just defines the body I mean the body proportion is in a much better way. And in case if required an ultrasound is done and you see the socket shoulder underneath a magnetic resonance imaging basically an MRI is done. And based on again the site of the pain in case the doctor, I mean I am suspecting you in case your buic acid level is high you may have to do a blood test to check your buic acid levels or if you are a young patient who has knee pain he will have to do a rheumatoid factor test to know whether you have any rheumatoid arthritis. So there are a few blood tests also involved before we come to the conclusion. And what are the different types of surgical options which are available for the knee? The surgical options vary based on the based on what exactly you are suffering from in the knee. So an arthroscopic surgery is basically a knee-hold surgery which we do in younger age groups whenever you have a ligament there or a meniscus there. These surgeries are I mean the patients are discharged in a day or two these are done using normal invasive techniques that they just make small incisions in the knee within the cameras and do the working work. And then the other surgical options that we have are partial knee replacement wherein we are not doing a complete knee replacement we need a compartment, there are three compartments mainly only the compartment that is involved is being replaced to make sure the patient is in the knee and then there is a total knee replacement wherein we replace all the three compartments for the knee and make you feel free and mobile. And then coming to the start of the other thing I told you that there should be some home remedies to be made. So what are the... and if your knee, for example if you have a problem or in case you have strained your knee or at least coating your knee the first thing you need to do is take a rest you can break from your normal activities to reduce the risk of strain on your knee and give the injury time to heal and help prevent further damage. A day or two of rest may be all convenient for a minor injury a more severe knee damage is likely to be a little longer recovery time. We may need to do an ice. Ice reviews is both pain and inflammation. The value of frozen basically you need to take a ice cube in a plastic cover and put it on the top of your knee. A compression with the help of a great bandage will help prevent fluid damage in the damage and it helps in reducing the swelling in a much faster way. The other most important thing that you need to do is elevate your knee. Basically you need to keep up the low and keep your legs elevated up to prevent the accumulation of swelling. I mean I've been only talking about knee pain and what are the things remedies for it. Are there ways to prevent anyone from having knee pain? It is definitely possible to prevent someone from having knee pain. So what are these small preventive measures first thing is keeping yourself in the optimal way. When you keep yourself in the optimal way the pressure which is exerted on the knee is much lower and then so your chances of knee damage are much lower. Basically you need to keep your extra palm block, maintain a healthy weight which is one of the best things you can do for your knees. An extra palm block or even an extra KG puts an additional strain on your joints including the rest of the injuries and arthritis. And whenever you are in pain always do a warm-up and then you need to get to your sport. And then you need to maintain very good muscle strength you need to keep your muscle strong because the weak muscles are one of the most leading causes for knee injuries. And I mean before you get into any sports there are injury prevention programs you need to know how to prevent yourself from having a knee injury by doing these small things you can prevent yourself from having a knee pain. Thank you all for having heard me on the Saturday afternoon in case you have any questions can you please me to ask me and I will help you and there is one question from someone to ask what is the success of knee surgery I mean I mean knee replacement is a very successful surgery with almost almost success rate of more than 90% one advantage of knee replacement surgery is the patient can be put to walk immediately the next day after the surgery he stays in the hospital for 2-3 days and then based on how his condition is he goes back home and initially for the few days he will be using a doctor for a few weeks based on his improvement the walker is taken off then he moves to a single stick and then he can walk without any support what are the different types of implants for knee replacement there is one question which is what are the different types of implants for knee replacement and which one is the best quality I mean the different types of knee implants are basically you have a wardrobe you have something called oximium and now recently you have something called myobium these are the three different types of knee implants so I mean there is nothing called the best quality because everything is customized for the patient you look at the patient and then decide what is the best implant that would suit for it so it is not there is not a dictum that one size fits all so you cannot say this one implant is the best that would suit everybody what is the difference between different implants this based on the wear rate I mean what is the wear rate as they say the oximium implants last longer than the normal cobalt probe implants beyond that there are no major advantages whenever I am doing a knee replacement I mean most of them are done from imported companies using implants like Zimmer, Epu, Hospitalic, it is the most common implants that I would be using what all there is I mean if someone is looking at making the knee last longer I mean the few new additional techniques that you can add to improve your knee replacements being a navigated knee replacement very conventional knee replacement it is a little superior any other questions I mean just wait for another 5 minutes if there is there are no questions I think we will stop in the webinar I think there are no further questions I think we will what about stem cells as an alternative treatment for knee replacement another question which is talking about stem cells as an alternative for knee replacement I mean stem cells presently they are still under the research base they are still not been proved that they will be replacing the cartilage so I mean whatever stem cells have been approved they have been approved only for study purposes they have not been approved for the purpose of treatment yet but in early grade we do I mean I do something known as the PRP the purpose of PRP is the platelet plasma when I take the patient blood put it to centrifuge remove the plasma and inject it into the feet but these things would benefit only in the early stages of osteoarthritis now what is the early stage of osteoarthritis there are four grades of osteoarthritis the grades are based on an x-ray so in an early grade is when these treatments would give you a little better I hope this answers your question thank you all for giving your time and attending this webinar thank you so much