Hello everybody, I am Dr. Keshav Valasey from Valgen Institute of Technology, so Lapur. In today's session, we will talk about introductory aspects of management, that is, basics of industrial management. At the end of this session, students are expected to understand what are the limitations of traditional management, the definitions of management and nature, purpose and significance of management. So, these basic things we will discuss in today's session. If you see in the past, that is, before the evolution of scientific management, how the management was seen, the management had main focus on profit making, how to increase their goods or the manufactured items, how to sell to maximum extent and ultimately how to have maximum profit irrespective of workers or the employees, workers were treated as almost like machines and this gave gross impression like probably the management might be manipulative at certain points ultimately to please the shareholders and finally make money only. So, that was the focus of profit making and that stood as the major limitations. Over the period, many people have lots of developments in the management field. Now, let's talk about the definitions, let us say take the first case by a scientist George. Now, he has given the keywords like it is the art of getting things done by others, by catering to the objectives, so he earlier people just used to say like just get the things done, but now this fellow added get things done by others, but yeah, looking to the objectives. Now, next to this, Harold Koen's again had some comprehensive considerations towards the definition of management and he highlighted like yes, it is the art of getting things done through and one more word he had with the people. So, he had the sense of wholesomeness, inclusiveness, considerations towards the employees, the workers and that too in a formal organized group style. So, group concept has been added here and yes again it is an art of creating environment, the conducive environment to be created was taken as the major aspect towards the management which was missing in earlier old styles and that is how as per his definitions he focuses on catering to the objectives and people should work in group as well as while they work at individual level ultimately in achieving the goals with optimization towards effectiveness and efficiency. So, this is how some major keywords are added by Mr. Koen's and this is quite famous definition. Now, coming to the next point, nature of management. Now, management as such they do lots of things and here I am just referring few major points as such you can have many more considerations beyond the ones listed here also. So, very first is as we have discussed management is all about you know getting things done, result oriented by who say that the things are done. Second point management is about you know taking employees to work to make them work at individual level as well as in group as a team work what we normally say and at the same time they must be sustainable at global level, universal level and into today's world as you know with advanced technologies and digitization moving to other nations for the employees of any organization is a very common need and that is how management looks to it as a individual group as well as you know it is a lot of global aspect of people or activities. Next point is management has to be with some purpose or some goal naturally no organization stands without any objective of the goal. So, they do have certain purpose and certain goal. Next to this management is a process and major it is an integrated state of a process. So, many processes, many activities need to be integrated and they are interdependent as an example if I tell you if you take any ERP software then many more things are interdependent and at software level they are integrated so that then we get the intended results while we operate with ERP software. Same you can take with the CADCAM field also design and manufacturing things as well as analysis aspect they are all integrated together. So, same is about the management it is about integrating such functions such processes together. Next aspect is management is interdisciplinary if you see the robotic aspect and one more thing mechatronics if you see you need mechanical knowledge, you need computer knowledge, you need electronics knowledge and in still today's digitized world artificial intelligence, machine learning, internet of things so many aspects which come in under industry 4.0 they indicate very clearly that today it is a interdisciplinary state of existence in all aspects of a business so with the management also. Management people all the time are using some mathematical tools or techniques to execute their functions and while using these scientific tools naturally the management is a science it is a scientific approach additionally it is said to be an art as well. Management basically is dealing with the human beings and no two humans are alike and of course the style of handling two different persons may be different at times. Hence as management is concerned with handling human beings you need specific skills of handling people and hence in that sense management stands as an art also. So, it is science as well as an art and next point side here is a decision making or a dynamic years. Management basically it is a definition basically starts with the decision making authorities. So, at different levels these managerial people they take decisions maybe sometimes with experience, sometimes with judgment, sometimes subjective aspect, sometimes maybe some mathematical tools are also there some statistical analysis tools may be there but all the time it is a decision making process and dynamic time dependent and very sensitive to time. At this point I expect you all readers to think of some examples of industries and the organizations with the correlation of these points discussed here. So, think of some examples when you can correlate these points of management just now we have discussed. Purpose of management basically all functions we need to consolidate together with certain purpose. So, planning, directing, organizing these are the functions wherein management people are supposed to ensure that they achieve their goals they get success towards their business goals and while doing that as I said in new aspect two things have been added and that is customer satisfaction as well as employee training and their satisfaction also. So, people are now supposed to be considered as human beings that is a very vital aspect. Now, coming to the significance of management. Management basically has to have some objective they have to set the objectives and all their efforts must be directed towards achieving these objectives. Secondly, what are the resources are there right from man machine material man power whatever you have the machinery equipment all these resources management is expected to have optimal materialization of all these resources that is what is the main aspect of the significance of successful management to execute the things. Again, talking about competition as you all know today there is a heavy competition and every day new challenges come up and management people have to face the challenges there is no way out they have to face the challenges increasing demand changing demand sometime market goes down what are the things come up people want new models of their products and management is supposed to meet all the challenges coming to innovation. Yeah, earlier there was a time when it was said like it is a knowledge driven world today knowledge is required but beyond that your R&D activities must be very powerful market wants newer products every now and then and hence in addition to the requirement of a knowledge innovation has been very vital nowadays then smooth running of the business is definitely the prime aim and management looks into that and further to it management its role is it is a direct contribution what they do what they stand for is a direct contribution to the national economy what GDP we call so they contribute directly to the national economy. Now these are some five reference books I recommend here and beyond this of course you can refer many more books. Thank you everybody.


Okay, next up, Jeff Cortley is here. Jeff is the vice president of product management at Alcatel Lucent. Jeff, welcome. Hi. Good to see you again. The first time Cube person, so good to have you on. So a little different perspective here. You know, we've been talking to a lot of people from HP. We're talking a lot of industry analysts and folks with that independent perspective. You're coming at it from yet another independent perspective. You're an OEM customer of HP and of Gen 8 as well, right? Good, so well, anyway, welcome to the Cube. Why don't we start by talking, please get close to the mic so everybody can hear you. Let's talk about your business, just so people understand the framework and the context. So you sell, obviously, to telecom companies, but talk a little bit about your business. Sure, so we're in the category of a network equipment provider, but basically we manufacture, develop all the communications infrastructure that a service provider, be it a cable company, a wireless network operator, a fixed line data operator, and even, you know, large enterprises, et cetera. So all the equipment that they need to build, operate, and manage a network. So what are the big drivers in your business? What are customers telling you? Where's the big pressure points? Well, obviously data, right? So the consumption of data. We've been talking about that all day. So video and just the whole smartphone phenomenon, et cetera. So, you know, increasing the speed of mobile access and convergence across different devices. Those are real big drivers. So we heard a lot about it. I mean, obviously in the telecom business, the service providers are really evaluating the cloud in a big way and other new technologies with big data analytics. This seems to be some discussion like, hey, you know, over the top can be monetized. You know, applications, et cetera. So, you know, is this a good thing? I mean, you've got really fast compute. Can you talk about how this is and a vectoring into your business model? Sure, so I think there's two things there. Like I said, it's not, you know, that over the top and the traditional network operators are mutually exclusive. That what we're seeing is there's a lot of value in what the operators can provide in terms of putting things on the customer's bill, validating their identity and preferences, et cetera. So you can do mashups between an over-the-top application and a traditional communication application and create a lot of new services. Being able to federate that data between a cloud operator and a more traditional network data center environment is going to be important. So I think what you're gonna see is a lot of hybrid deployment typologies or configurations where some of an application's gonna exist in the cloud, some of it's gonna be more traditional infrastructure and you're gonna need to be able to manage across those disparate environments. Can that affect your SLA environment? Also you need to have some really good SLAs and performance to meet that, right? So SLA really constitutes a number of different attributes, right? So there's basically zero downtime, right? So these are mission-critical applications and if there's an outage, a lot of times it makes the Wall Street Journal forget DevOps then. Yeah, it affects people's jobs, right? So they take this seriously. So it's not, but then there's also SLAs related to how quickly we respond and restore when there is a problem. So it's a combination of leveraging the technology to create a robust design, but then also the whole life cycle support and a lot of things that are incorporated in the whole Gen 8 philosophy in terms of those intelligent architecture and proactive maintenance monitoring, et cetera. So there's the catastrophic aspect, right? Of an unplanned outage, which we kind of all can understand that that's a disaster recovery scenario and clearly the more automation the less human interaction you can inject into the system the better off you're gonna be. What about planned downtime? You probably, your customers probably spend a lot of time planning windows where they have to do updates and patches and make new code fixes or whatever it is. How do you see that changing as a result of this announcement or do you see it changing? Well, I'd say two things.  So when you're trying to do an upgrade and bring new functionality out to the marketplace you wanna do that as quickly as possible and to the extent that it's very complex it takes a lot of maintenance windows which elongates the time because you only have so many slots to do the work. So with a lot of the automation and simplification of configuration management and auto discovery, et cetera you eliminate a lot of that startup steps so that we can then leverage that and shrink the interval and therefore reduce the number of maintenance windows we need to do a software update. How do you sell to your end customers? Do you go in? Do they make a business case? Are you quantifying things? Is it a different type of sell? No, absolutely. I mean, obviously we'd like to differentiate on the capabilities that we're offering but the operator's really doing a business case in terms of how much revenue are they gonna generate based upon the capabilities of the technology that we're offering to them. So it really becomes a total cost of ownership and the compute platform and the Gen 8 infrastructure is a part of our overall system. And so when we can show faster time to revenue, lower cost, the total cost of ownership, simplification in terms of manageability, et cetera it's also an all element. And even another thing that's much more prevalent in the RPs we respond to now is energy consumption.  And so there's usually specific requirements. So the fact that we're getting benefits from Gen 8 is very helpful. Explicitly calling those out in business cases. So you're updating your TCO calculators and all that good stuff? Constantly. Because the technology is always moving and we're trying to be, part of the reason why we're an early adopter of the Gen 8 platform is to be ahead of our competition in terms of bringing those capabilities to market. Can you talk about the innovation around the energy because space, power and cooling is a real sweet spot for HP. I've interviewed some of their HP labs guys a couple years ago and we talked about the notion of a data center operating system, making things more, I don't want to say network management, but very much aware with sensor technology and big data analytic type functionality. But relative to the power and cooling and the auto discovery like features that they talk about thermal, et cetera. How is that going to affect you guys? Can you talk about that and how would you rate that impact to your business? Oh, sure. I mean, because of the scale of our systems, I mean, we could have a system that's supporting a network the size of AT&T Verizon. So you're talking 50, 80, 100 million subscribers, right? So we're not talking about a single server or single rack, we're talking multiple racks of equipment. So you can get a lot of variation in terms of the thermal properties or CPU utilization across that because the way you're partitioning the application, especially if you're doing multi-tenant instances, et cetera. So the more visibility that you have about the real-time performance of the application, the better you can tune that dynamically, right? And again, reduce the amount of server machines that are required to run a system to support that. So you like these features, what they're talking about here? Oh, absolutely, absolutely. You talked, when we met, you talked about applications in your industry moving from the central office to the data center. Yeah. So talk a little bit more about what that means. So, it used to be not too many years ago that there was a strong demarcation between systems that ran in the network and then systems that were like the business systems that ran in the CIO domain, the data center, et cetera. You know, more and more you talk about over the top services, right? So more and more you've got applications that are looking to dip in and get real-time information out of the network like a user's presence or how they're connected to the network, et cetera. But those systems are coming from, you know, outside the network, et cetera. So there's very much a blurring in terms of some of our systems are deployed in a central office type of environment, some of them are deployed in an IT environment. So the flexibility we get of, you know, being able to deploy the same software on either server architecture, blade architecture, DC power, AC power, et cetera. We've got all those types out in the marketplace. Excellent. All right, Jeff Cortley, thanks very much for spending some time with us and sharing your unique industry's perspective. And, oh, so Gen 8, you've got Gen 8 in-house, obviously, right? We do. You've kicked the tires a little bit? Yeah, so our developers have been doing some benchmarking and migrating some of our existing applications that run on previous versions of the HP ProLiant line onto the Gen 8. So we'll be bringing those to market pretty soon. Excellent. All right, well, thanks for coming on. My pleasure. Good to see you again. Okay, all right, take care. Thanks for coming on theCUBE.


In this training video, we're going to look at the use of tabs within PowerPoint. Now this presentation is all about business analysis and I've got a title slide on slide one called business analysis. So we're going to now structure the third set of the text of this slide to make it look quite spaced and neat to use tabs within Microsoft PowerPoint. Now tabs could be used instead of tables. It's a different way of working information instead of tables. So it's an option. Some people like tabs, some people like tables, but tabs can do things. Some tables can't. So we're now going to look at setting up tabs within a text box. So what I've done here, I've drawn a text box. I've put some information called regions and I've got the ruler displayed. So I'd always use the ruler for tabs to set a measurement for the tabs. But to turn a ruler on, that's your view tab and ruler. So that's how you get the ruler turned on. Now your tabs are under the home tab, paragraph section ribbon and the paragraph launcher. And I click tabs and I'm now going to look at setting my tabs. I want three head-ins. So I've got my first head-in coming in at, we're going to try 12 centimetres. And the next one's going to come in at, we'll try 23 centimetres. So I'll have a left aligned. And what left aligned means means the right thing goes from left to right. It starts at 12 and it's going to go make its way across. Center would be both directions and right aligned would work its way backwards. So in this case, 12 is going to be left aligned set. The next one will have a 23 left aligned set. So back into the measurement, 23 left aligned set. Okay, okay again. Now we've got two tabs set at 12 and 23 centimetres. So if I press the tab key now, I'm going to type in sales rep tab again. And I call that sales value. I'm going to press enter and I'm going to start typing. So the first region is north. Then we'll have the sales as Watson. And the sales value will be 45,003.30. Now what I'm trying to do with all the values, I want all the values to be aligned against the decimal place. So the decimal place is nicely aligned for all the values. Well to do that, we can set what's called a decimal tab. So I've got it now at the minute, I've got a left aligned tab for the value. I'm going to modify that to decimal. So back to the paragraph launcher tabs. And it's the 23 on a change. I don't want it to be left. I want a decimal and I'm going to set it. Can quickly check the tabs now. 12 is left. 23 is decimal. Okay, okay. Now what that's done, that's brought the information much further back because it's aligned to the decimal point. Well, I could bring the sales value heading backwards or I could bring the decimal point forward. So I'm going to again modify the measurement. I'm going to say I don't want the 23 anymore. I want this to come in at, we'll look at the 20. So I want this to come in at let's say 28. So I'm going to change the tab for the decimal. And when we do that, you click on the tab you don't want, you clear it. So I'm going to reset it 28 decimal set. Okay, okay. That's looking neater. Now I might want to move the sales value heading over a bit. So now I'm clicking in line of the sales value. Paragraph launcher again tabs. Now it's the 23. I want to say I want to change the sales value. So I want that to come over roughly one centimeter. So I'm going to make it 24. So I'm going to clear the 23, set it to 24, set, okay, okay. And that's looking quite neat. So I'm going to have a space after my heading. So I'm going to click after value and press enter. And now I'm just going to keep on doing some writing to finish off the region, and see how it looks. So I'm going to do north, then east. And that can be David Jones tab. And we'll have 54, 9, 0.45. So we can see the decimal place is nicely aligned. Okay, the next row is Katie, 45, tab, and last one. So the information looks quite nicely structured, nicely aligned. We could do some nice things with the headings. I could make these headings a little bigger if I wanted to. So I might say I'll have them 32, format tab. I can put text effects against it. So I might want a shadow. I might want the text color to change a bit. I might want it bold. Take off another shadow. I might want it underlined. So that's beginning to look quite neat now to go within the presentation. Now there's something called tab leaders, which is available in Word, which is not available in Microsoft PowerPoint. We can still put them in slightly different ways. I'm going to highlight the space between the sales rep and sales value for the first region. And I put an underline on. But now I'm going to change the underline by going through the font dialog box launcher. And I want the underline to be a dotted line in this example. Now I can control the weight of the underline by actually changing the font size. So I can make the font a little bit bigger there. So I'm going to make it 32 in this example. And I'll change the color to red for the underline. So now looking quite neat, I can now put some more underlines in. And then I'll just use the format painter to make them the same. So there's another underline, another underline. And there we go. So format painter and that should tidy it all up. One down, two down, three down. Okay, if I press enter now off the last region, I can still see my tabs are on at present. I can now clear the tabs to clear the tabs back to your paragraph launcher. Tabs and we can clear all. Okay, and okay again. And this concludes the training video on setting tabs, clearing tabs, modifying tabs and adding tab leaders in PowerPoint using the underline feature. If you enjoyed this video, make sure you like and subscribe to our channel. Hope to see you for the next tutorial and thanks for watching.


I know you work hard to make the best lifestyle choices, so you can improve your health, destiny, and longevity. And there's lots of information out there on how to do just that. So where do you start? Well, we start with the facts. Welcome to the Nutrition Facts Podcast. I'm your host, Dr. Michael Greger. My job is to bring you the latest peer-reviewed nutrition and health research, and share it with you here. Today, it's all about those pesky skin bumps and blemishes that always seem to show up at the worst possible time. We start out with a kind of unusual question. Do sunflower seeds cause acne? Let's find out. A recent observational study on acne reported a statistically significant relationship between acne severity and dietary factors such as chocolate and dairy products but this surprised me. Sunflower seed consumption? When I think sunflower seeds, I just think good whole food source of nutrition found to lower cholesterol levels as much as almonds, which is pretty good. There are, however, right and wrong ways to eat them.  How could a doctor diagnose such a thing? By the colonic crunch sign, of course.  You can end up a sharp, thorny mass, which is why the so-called sunflower seed syndrome has been described as a prickly proctological problem, lamenting that people who consume health foods occasionally fall into the trap of believing if some is good, more is better. It's not the amount, though, it's how they're eating them with the shells still on. That's why the syndrome is uncommon unless the patients or children who don't know any better or adults who are either impaired or have no experience with eating sunflower seeds. Most cases involve younger children, but here researchers describe a psychologically sound 13-year-old stressing the importance of the role of the parents to guide their children about the potential problems associated with the ingestion of too many unshelled seeds. You can overdo even shelled seeds, though, because of just the nature of some flowers. They're good at drying up the naturally-occurring heavy metal cadmium out of the ground, so they'll end up with higher levels than most foods, even if grown in relatively uncontaminated soil. The people who consume large amounts of sunflower seeds don't seem to suffer any untoward effects, or even end up with detectably higher cadmium levels, and here they define large amounts as greater than an ounce a week, which is like a handful, about 150 seeds. The World Health Organization recommends staying below about 490 micrograms of dietary cadmium a week. I mean, if you ate a handful a day, you'd be well below that, but you may get as much as 36 a day from the rest of your diet, so I think one handful a day is a reasonable safe upper limit. Yeah, but will it give us acne? You don't know, until you put it to the test. Yeah, but who's going to do a randomized control trial of some flower seeds in acne? Nobody. Until now. After all, consuming sunflower seeds is a very enjoyable way of participating in a clinical trial. 50 young adults were randomized to eat sunflower seeds or not for a week. In the control group, the acne severity index stayed about the same, but in the sunflower seed group, they got worse. This translates into about three extra pimples in the sunflower group, versus about one extra in the control group. They conclude that sunflower seed intake appears to aggravate acne. However, further evidence may be needed before banning sunflower seed intake in patients with acne. In our next story, we learn how dairy is considered a major cause of the acne epidemic. Here's the latest update published in 2011. Evidence for the acne-promoting effects of milk. Though acne is an epidemic, skin disease in Western countries, afflicting more than 85% of adolescents, acne is absent in non-Western populations, which do not consume milk and dairy products. They go on to review all the studies which I've already talked about. By million years of evolution, they conclude, the growth signaling system of mammalian milk is exclusively and physiologically provided to the newborn only during the nursing period. The chronic abuse of this mammalian postnatal signaling system by widespread cow milk and dairy consumption in humans of industrialized societies has been proposed to be the major cause of the acne epidemic, and the more serious chronic Western diseases. There's lots of diseases associated with unrestricted growth. So, what should we do? There are two solutions to this problem. The restriction of milk protein consumption, or we somehow engineer milk that doesn't have these effects. Either way, both restriction of milk consumption or the generation of less insulin-affecting milk will have an enormous impact on the prevention of epidemic Western diseases like obesity, diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and acne. Finally today, a 5% tea tree oil gel is pitted head to head against the leading over-the-counter treatment for pimples. Acne remains one of the commonest diseases to afflict humanity. If you do online surveys, tea tree oil appears to be the second most commonly used topical treatment after benzoyl peroxide. Though crowdsourcing may be a novel research method for evaluation of acne treatments, before getting too enamored with popular wisdom, you should know that there's stuff like this circulating on the internet, the facial application of urine as a home remedy for acne. Urine therapy advocates cite historical use as proof of its therapeutic potential as a free cure for many systemic diseases, apparently forgetting all the god-awful crazy skeletons crowding the closets of medical history. While recycling what the body intentionally removes may seem counter-intuitive to good health, what about premarin? The best argument this author could come up with for putting urine on your face is, hey, women after all swallow pills made from pregnant horse pee, not exactly following the logic there. Of course there's drugs for acne, there's always drugs, though along with drugs comes drug side effects. Antibiotics that suppress the bacteria that cause acne are the standard treatment for acne, but are becoming less effective, presumably because of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. The prevalence of resistant strains has apparently grown rapidly, such that antibiotics for acne are no longer recommended just by themselves, with reevaluations advised every six to eight weeks. Well, the bacteria do seem to be susceptible to tea tree oil in a petri dish, but these kinds of studies were performed with free-floating bacteria, whereas in pimples, the bacteria form what's called a biofilm, which makes them generally more difficult to eradicate. The bacteria form like glue that plugs up the follicle, so petri dish studies can only tell you so much.  Tea tree oil did a decent job compared to an over-the-counter ointment or moderate potency prescription steroid cream. So potentially tea tree oil could help with acne via an antibacterial mechanism or from an anti-inflammatory standpoint, but you don't know until you put it to the test. A 20% tea tree oil gel applied twice a day and a beautiful drop in acne lesions, after one, two, three months. About 24 pimples down to about 11. They conclude that the study showed that tea tree oil could significantly improve mild to moderate acne. But who can tell me the study's fatal flaw? Right, there was no control group. How do we know they wouldn't have healed even faster without it? In this systematic review of randomized clinical trials on tea tree oil, their most striking finding is that they could hardly find any. Given the widespread use of tea tree oil, this is both disappointing and important to note. But finally, a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a 5% topical tea tree oil gel in mild to moderate acne. After six weeks in the tea tree oil group, 40% drop in whiteheads and blackheads, a 40% drop in red and tender acne bumps, and a 47% drop in pus-filled pimples, compared to comparatively little change in the control group. Overall, in terms of total lesion count, the tea tree oil gel was three and a half times more effective than placebo, three and a half times more effective than essentially doing nothing. But most teens don't do nothing for their pimples. How does tea tree oil compare to the gold standard, benzoal peroxide? We'll find out right now. Benzoal peroxide is by far the most popular over-the-counter acne therapy, despite its side effects. It can be irritating, causing redness, dryness, peeling, stinging, burning. However, the prescription option, the long-term use of topical or oral antibiotics, is discouraged to the development of spread of antibiotic resistance. As a result, attention has turned to non-antibiotic products such as tea tree oil. The benzoal peroxide did cause more side effects, dryness, itching, stinging, redness, burning, but it worked better too, cutting the number of inflamed pimples by two-thirds within three months, versus only by half in the tea tree oil group, though the most recent study found them to be more comparable. Putting all the studies together, and tea tree oil products not only beat out placebo, but approximate more standard regimens like benzoal peroxide or topical antibiotics, suggesting tea tree oil products may be an appropriate option for treating mild to moderate acne. We would love it if you could share with us your stories about reinventing your health through evidence-based nutrition. Go to nutritionfacts.org slash testimonials. We may share it on our social media to help inspire others. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, or studies mentioned here, please go to the nutrition facts podcast landing page. There you'll find all the detailed information you need, plus links to all the sources we cite for each of these topics. For a vital, timely text on the pathogens that cause pandemics, you can order the e-book, audiobook, or the hard copy of my last book, How to Survive a Pandemic. For recipes, check out my new How Not to Diet Cookbook. It's beautifully designed with more than 100 recipes for delicious and nutritious meals. And all proceeds I've received from the sales of all my books goes to charity. NutritionFacts.org itself is a non-profit, science-based public service where you can sign up for free daily updates on the latest in nutrition research via bite-sized videos and articles. Everything on the website is free. There's no ads, no corporate sponsorship. It's strictly non-commercial. I'm not selling anything. I just put it up as a public service, as a labor of love, as a tribute to my grandmother, whose own life was saved with evidence-based nutrition.


Latanya Sweeney, it runs the data privacy lab at Harvard. Ethan Zuckerman runs the Center for Civic Media at the MIT Media Lab. I don't think we need it. And they're going to do a duet. So come on down, Ethan and Latanya. Hey. So just before anything else, man, I love Susan Crawford. Can we just get another round of applause? Susan is one of the most optimistic people I know. But what I love about Susan's optimism is that it has a vision of possible futures we could choose with technology. And I think for Latanya and me, we're always looking at these critical questions of, what decisions are we making about these systems? What are we choosing to embrace? What are we choosing to reject? That's very much what we wanted to think about. But it's just amazing to have someone put up such a. Ethan's trying to nicely say, we're the downers. No. And so in some ways, I wanted to start with that with you, because Latanya, you scare me. And not as a person, but as a researcher. Like a lot of the things that I've been most scared about over the last 10, 20 years of the internet have sort of come out of your research. I learned about your work for the first time when you found my governor's anonymized medical files and basically said, yeah, medical anonymity? Yeah, forget about that. Doesn't really happen. So given the chance to share a stage with you, I wanted to ask, what were you scared about 10 years ago? What are you scared about now? So the governor medical record was 20 years ago. OK, all right, all right. 30 years ago, maybe, 1997. But 10 years ago, in 2007, the thing that I was working on then was a simple idea that you could type SSN VTAY into a Google search bar and you would see people's social security numbers. Let me give you an example. And that's because people would put their resumes online and there was a habit of putting their date of birth and their social security number as part of that resume. So I built a little. So it's not that I'm a downer for the sake of just depressing people or making them feel creepy. This is real stuff. Well, it's also because I'm a computer scientist by training. And the goal is, how do you get to Susan's real world if you don't look at what the unforeseen consequences are and address them? And so this clearly was an unforeseen consequence. And with the rising amount of identity theft and credit card fraud, I wrote an AI program that would go around finding these online, figuring out if they could get an email address for the same person, sending them an email and encouraging them to take them down. What happens when you send someone that email? Well, when it first started, people would, people accused us of stealing their identity. Sure. And she would threaten to sue me. And why was I stealing their social security number? Things like that. But after about a year, it had run. And then about two years, the media from around the country started picking up about the program. By 2007, you really couldn't find them online at all. So this doesn't happen anymore. This is all set. You fixed it. You wrote a program. This never happens anymore. And we've solved this particular bug with identity theft. In 2007. But in 2017, as my students pointed out to me in the spring, they're back. So that one didn't work so well. So is that what we're worried about now in 2017? Are we worried about we didn't learn these lessons 10 years ago? We're still releasing data. We're putting it all over the place. Personally, identifiable information keeps showing up. Is that our contemporary? Well, I certainly is an ungrowing problem. Also in 2007, Facebook was moving beyond campuses and coming into the real world. And one of the things that it did is it required date of birth and birthplace, hometown. And we had learned that you could actually predict social security numbers, digits of a person's social security number from those two fields. And all of our attempts to get Facebook to stop making that public had all failed. And so in 2007, one of the things we were really interested in is why is it that for anyone born from 1987 to 2011, your social security numbers are given out at date of birth and they're sequential in your state. And so in fact, you can figure out when a person was born from date of birth in hometown. So you would think that that would be the thing that would really. Would seem like a vulnerability. Yeah, it would seem like a vulnerability. So we did get the Social Security Administration to stop doing that issuance. So newborns don't have it. But anyone here who is in that time period, yours are predictable and we can predict it if you like. But the Knight Foundation gave us a grant to figure out a little bit more at another deeper level. What are the flows of personal information? Like where is the information really and where might it all come from? And so it was 2016. It was an election year. We were interested in the kind of information that you find on election website. There were 36 states had websites where if you were a voter, you could go and you could change your information. But how do those websites know you're you? They know you're you by you're the one who has to provide the name, address, and date of birth or name, date of birth, and zip code or your social security number or something like that. And so we were interested in where might all the places be that we could get it. And we found no shortage of them, 500 in some of our places, making it very easy to impersonate voters online. Not to mention the fact that Facebook reminds me every day who's had a birthday, usually how old they are, giving me the birth date, the year, and going forward. And if I know something about the hometown, I'm in pretty good place to guess that at that point. Yeah. And it wasn't very expensive to automate to change the voter information on those 36 websites. So for less than for around $10,000, you could change 1% of all the voter registrations in nationwide. So you're saying that Donald Trump is right. And that, in fact, millions and millions of people may be voting illegally using the scheme to go in and change the information and that you're capable of doing this for just a few thousand dollars. We're saying for 10,000 people, you can do the opposite. That is, instead of accounting for people, additional votes, this is way to disenfranchise millions of people from not being able to get their vote to count. But let's say no one would ever want to prevent anyone from voting. Well, so, and it's kind of an interesting system, too, because if you change a person's address on their voter registration, they go to the polling place that they've been going to for years. Only now, they're not on the polling register. So they're said that you can't vote here. They start yelling and screaming, so they give them a provisional ballot, except provisional ballots don't count in most states. So it's kind of a pacifier effect that, at the same time, can really have a dramatic impact on its sort of undercount. So it's the opposite of the voter fraud conversation that we typically hear about new people voting. It's more like a new kind of suppression of vote. So simply by having this much personally identifiable information available through various different data brokers who tend to be lightly registered, here's an attack that, for almost no money, makes it possible to functionally prevent large numbers of people from voting. And it can be geographically targeted, which suggests that you could also make it demographically or psychographically targeted. Exactly. That was our finding. Cool, I'm worried about that. Well, I think when I look over that arc from 2007 and the work with Identity Angel, that program coming forward, what we see are sort of this notion that these problems haven't really been addressed and that they're just getting worse. And instead of there being just financial harm, now you're talking about other kinds of institutions failing and so forth. And so, but we just tend to sort of ignore it and just seem to keep on happening. It would be nice if there was some way to get control of some of this. So Michelle Shaglowski is someone who's been writing really passionately about what he thinks is wrong with the advertising supported web. And one of the analogies that he started putting out is that every company says, we're going to collect your data. It's going to be an amazing asset. We're going to make a ton of money off of it. He suggests that you think about your data as toxic waste. Here's something that you have as sort of a necessary byproduct of what you're doing. But it's your job to dispose of it as safely and carefully as possible before it essentially melts down and destroys your business. Who's right? Are these businesses that are making enormous amounts of money trying to figure out how to broker data, are they handling this the right way, or should we be looking at this as something that frankly is pretty terrifying for a lot of people to touch? Well, I'm definitely saying on the terrifying side. And the reason for that, and the reason for that is really quite simple. Data, the social contract made by companies like Google and then onto Facebook, this idea of data for service is a model that says your data's worth nothing until they figured a way to monetize it and you get it in exchange, this service. Except for one problem, and that is, you ever try to get data out of Google or Facebook? They don't give it to anyone. It was free when it came in the door, but good luck trying to get it out of there. Well, suddenly they made it valuable. They made it right. Now all of a sudden it's incredibly valuable. And this social contract is also changed with the internet of things. Now I don't get free service. I buy the device. The device still has all the data. And so now that social contract is even changing where I'm now paying and they still get to keep my data and I don't get a copy of it. And so this underscores to us the value of the data. It also, the work that I just talked about that we've been doing also underscores the vulnerability that it leaves us all in. And right now, the keepers of the data and the ones who are making the most money on it have an incentive to keep data free, which is why things like in the, oh, sorry, Ethan. I think back one. Yeah. It doesn't go backwards. Yeah, well anyway, one of the things that you saw was you could get a database for $500 that had the social security numbers of all Americans. That's pretty amazing. So that's, right, exactly. But when a company will take it and when they take it and they monetize it, this becomes additional resources for businesses and there are many data analytic companies where their products, well, let me say it differently. We are the product. Yeah. Our data really is the product and so forth. So is there good news at the end of this? Do you have the solution the way you had 10 years ago, a script that was able to go out and sort of help people realize how dangerous this vitae behavior was? Is there, are you gonna let everyone who uses the internet right now know how dangerous it is to use any number of services that are grabbing PII? Where do we go with this? Yes. No, I don't have an answer. I don't have that answer. And the program worked for a while but then when we stopped using the program it seemed like the resumes came back and the vulnerabilities came back and the number of new sources are much larger. It seems like there has to be a more, a larger answer. And maybe part of it is finding ways for people to get control of their own data. Maybe it's a way for people to have more control, offering platforms that offer more control. So that's a direction that we've been looking in. And would that be like decentralized social networks? Is that sort of going in the direction of something like a diaspora? Is that a brokerage model? Like folks like Doc Searles have been trying. I have my data, I can put it out and you might get access to it if you give me certain privileges coming out of it. How do we do that? Well, I don't have any answers. Check back with me, not in 10 years, but maybe in two. Okay, okay. We keep meaning to have good reasons to get together for dinner. Let's change the subject. What are you doing? What are you doing working on this? So, maybe I'm more hopeful than you are today. So I was thinking about 10 years ago as well, and what I was working on 10 years ago was this question of who gets to speak online. I'd done a bunch of research with Hal Roberts, John Paul, Fray, Jill York, a couple of other folks over at the Berkman Center, now the Berkman Klein Center, around censorship. And I was really interested in this idea that the internet, which this global open space was getting shut down in Iran, in China. We did a whole bunch of work on could we get around this censorship? Could we use virtual private networks? Could we use these different anti-censorship tools? To me, it really seemed like the problem 10 years ago was are we all going to get this opportunity to speak? And the other project I was working on was the first project that the Knight Foundation supported with me, which was Global Voices. And so that's a network that's now 12 years out into the world. I'm gonna be off to Colombo, Sri Lanka, to meet 400 volunteers in a couple of weeks. We should tell people a little bit about what it is. So Global Voices is basically a community of people who monitor citizen media all over the world and then share their perspectives on what conversations are taking place. So rather than me looking at Pakistan as an American Christian and going, Pakistan, isn't that where terror comes from? I can have Pakistani authors saying, actually there's this really cool conversation in Lahore right now about this new art gallery opening and here's how we're talking about women in education and these are the conversations happening. So I was hugely enthusiastic about this idea that these tools were gonna keep getting better once everybody had smartphones, once everybody has connectivity, everyone was going to become a content creator. We were all gonna become publishers. Susan, I know I'm not allowed to say content creator, but we were all going to be putting information out in the world and I have to say- But don't we all do that through Facebook? So we do and here's the interesting thing. Once we get to the point where billions of us are producing information, sometimes it's a Facebook post, sometimes it's Instagram, sometimes it's even a like or a share is information of a sort. So we're all publishers right now and there's one big problem, which is that no one has changed the supply of attention. And so instead of just having professional publishers, newspapers, people with business models competing for my attention, my friends are competing for my attention, students are competing for my attention. Someone who came up with the latest, greatest cute cat video is also competing for my attention. And at this point, I think the problem that I am most terrified about is really simple. It's filtering. How do we decide what information is worth paying attention to? Oh, but Facebook will do that for you. You've noticed that. You've noticed that. So look- So they solved that problem. So here's the really interesting thing about this.  There is a button on Facebook's news feed. You can switch between the most recent and the news feed ordering. And it's pretty incredible. I have less than 15% overlap between what Facebook shows me and what the people I follow are actually telling me. And the reason for this is that Facebook is very concerned about me. Facebook really wants to only give me information that I'm going to care about. And so they look for certain things. They look for friends who posted something that's getting a lot of comments or a lot of reactions. They make sure I've seen that, even if that's four or five days old, they really want to make sure that I get it. If I haven't liked someone or particularly looked at their pictures for a while, they may just sort of fall out of my feed. Eli Pariser started calling this the filter bubble and sort of making the case that Facebook takes this tendency we have to pay attention to people who are a lot like us homophily and just sort of strengthens it. But the truth is there's a whole lot of other problems that come down to being filtering problems. Fake news is a filtering problem. If we decide we want Facebook to identify and pick our news out and give us only the true stuff, we've asked Facebook to do more filtering for us. Fake news also, by the way, only really ends up being a problem because Facebook filters for stuff that's highly viral. And so it sort of makes it up the chain. A lot of what we deal with, with toxic abuse and harassment online, is a failure of platforms like Twitter and also Facebook to give us filters that we have access to and that we can control. Wait a second. Don't you want to know all the viral stuff? I don't get it. So the viral stuff that has a whole bunch of people telling me to kill myself because I work for George Soros and the Open Society Foundation, I can probably do without that most days. Although I have to say the nice thing about being a man online is that my worst days online are generally what outspoken women call Monday. So there is that certain gender privilege there around that. But yeah, it'd be really nice if people had the ability to sort of come in and say, I am being abused in this. Help me block people who are making it impossible for me to use this service. So I mean, for me, what I'm really interested in... So what do we do? Go Facebook? Well, so here's the thing, right? Facebook, as well as all these other networks, could make it possible for us to filter. And we know that they can. And the reason we know that they can is that the advertising industry is the most amazing filtering mechanism anyone has ever seen, right? So I'm guessing a lot of people in the audience here read JD Vance, right? So we're all concerned now that we're not paying attention to Appalachia, all these unheard voices out there. I can go on Facebook and say, I want to target 20 to 35 year old white men from Appalachia who voted for Trump. And I can start sending ads to them. What I can't do is say, I'd like to read these people's feeds and find out what they're talking about. I'd like the chance to become friends with them. I'd like to follow them. I'd like to listen to them. We can filter when we're willing to pay for it, but we don't have good tools for filtering what we hear from and what we do. So we built something recently. Yeah, yeah, yeah, can I pull up the video on this? Oh, let's find out. We launched this thing earlier today. It's called GOBO. We just very quickly went past the fact that this is a research project and that you have to sign an IRB form to play with it. But what GOBO does is it basically says... Was that a click through agreement? No, well it is, it's Facebook's click through agreement. Okay. So to use this, you link your Facebook, you link your Twitter to it, and we pull in your feeds and we suddenly give you this ability to start filtering them. And you'll see at the very top, you'll see that a few posts are already filtered out. You can see associated with each post, it says, what am I seeing as... Wait, I saw one that said filtered by gender. Well, so that turns out to be because right now the gender is set very, very far towards having a lot of women's voices. So you can actually essentially say, I hear too much from men online. Let's move that slider over. We actually added a mute all men button. I think that may actually be my favorite button on the internet right now. There's also a brands button.  But there's also sliders like virality and seriousness. And what we're doing here is we're using really bad machine learning. These are really crappy off-the-shelf algorithms. We could work much harder and make them much better. But this isn't a product. This is a provocation. And the provocation is to basically say, why is it that we don't get to do this, LaTanya? Like, why is it that we have entered into this contract with these companies that basically say, we have your best interests at heart. We're gonna do things for you. And then they close the box. We don't get to see how Facebook is adjusting those levers. Why don't I have the opportunity? Why don't I have the right to come in and start playing with those levers myself and decide whether one day maybe I want my feed to be really silly, or another day I want it to be really angry. Why can't I do that? Well wait, is this a filter of the filter or a filter of unfiltered? So this is a great question. So with Twitter, we're able to get a pretty unfiltered view of it. And then we do what we would call subtractive filtering. So one of the best filters that I find for Twitter is rudeness. You can basically crank it up so you only get people to a certain level of politeness. That turns out to be very helpful. We also filter in. One of the things that Gobo asks you is it asks you what news you normally read and then based on a set of publications, if you decide to expand your political point of view, we'll start ending up handing you articles from different sources and sort of filtering it into it. One of the real problems is that we can't filter Facebook at this point because Facebook doesn't like to let you play with their tools unless you're within their environment. So from Facebook we get pages. We get the public pages that you like and we can filter those. But we don't at this point get your friends posts. And to do that we may have to break a couple of rules. So we're thinking about that. Between you and me, I don't want anyone else to know that we're... I don't want to am I too sued. No, no, no. The worst thing in the world would be having Facebook come after an academic institution asking the question of why we can't get access to our own social graph and the posts from our own friends. That would be a terrible case to have to argue. So yeah, yeah. No, but let me turn this back to you Latanya.  This isn't a solution, but at least it's a provocation. It's a way of sort of opening the question about do we have the right to shape our own information? How do we do this around privacy? How do we do this about personally identifiable information? So a lot of the work that I've done in this kind of showing unforeseen consequences, giving it air, sometimes it is disruptive and we have had a lot of practice of businesses getting better at what they do because they've sort of been shamed into it. Yeah. And maybe that might give that to you.  Also, we've got lots of evidence and examples of where you then ignite a lot of really brilliant people to work on that problem. So data privacy has been one of those areas. And when we first started out with those, we're re-identifying your governor's medical record and then you end up with differential privacy, which is a stronger privacy today. It ignites a lot of smart thinkers. Spend just a moment on differential privacy. Differential privacy for a lot of people in this room is like one of the most interesting ideas that you haven't heard. And given that you've been working on that for a while, like give us a quick... Well, I don't want, you know, there are many ways. So back in 1997, showing how vulnerable data was started the idea of, well, then how do you fix this? How do you share data? Well, you can make some guarantees of anonymity. And so computer scientists over that time, I started with the first model and people have come up with other models. Today, the operant model is differential privacy, which is simply the idea of making sure that any of the outlier information is not present in the data. I have less than a minute, so that's my nutshell. Part of the way that I sort of tell people about it is that if I have full access to a data set, if I can keep querying it over and over and over again, I'm always gonna be able to de-anonymize it. If I have a limited number of bytes at the Apple, and particularly if I'm looking mostly at data that's sort of right in the main corpus and that maybe is hidden by noise that's been generated forth, there's ways around it. But my point in this, and the reason I wanted to end on this was we are not just grumpy, miserable grouches. We are super paranoid people who enjoy looking at where these technologies are taking us and looking at the unintended consequences so that we can find ways to push back against them. Now what I found so inspiring about your work starting 20 years ago was the idea that you were out there identifying these problems and saying these are solvable, we can do something about this, because that next step, that's the one that I think is so important. And our students that have come over the last 20 years have really demonstrated that. From everything, from algorithmic fairness and how do you detect discrimination and prices and so forth, we have a long history of students actually doing that so that in the end everyone can have sort of the vision that Susan Crawford talks about with technology without the harms. But this work of finding these unforeseen consequences, erring them out, dealing with them, has to be done. So props to the Knight Foundation for making bets on grumpy academics. We'll make things better. Thank you so much. Thank you so much, Susan. Thank you. That was great. Thank you. Thank you.


Okay. Yeah. So, hi. Hello. My name is Andre, and I want to talk to you about how to make off-the-shelf distributions better work on single-board computers. Who am I? First name is Andre. This is French. The last name is Chivara. This is Polish. I'm actually German and live in the UK, but I'm proud to be here today in Brussels. So, this is kind of two talks, question to one. So, apologies in advance if there will be a tough right in the parts.  So, the first part is about booting. Basically, what is the situation today? What are the problems and how to solve them? And the second part is about how to improve Linux kernel support and make it easier. And, yeah, also what is in there, why it takes so long, what can we do about it? And therefore, feel dauntless to give a demo, maybe. Yeah, so I'm with ARM, limited in Cambridge, and during day-times work on serious kernel stuff. But this is not an ARM limited story, so this is all the stuff I do when the sun has set, right? So, this is about SBC single-board computers, think recipe pie, but not particularly the recipe pie, more the other stuff like orange pie and someone said fruit pie is a funny name. Yeah, so everything that has this form factor, maybe a bit bigger, has an ARM core. It's not about service. The SOCs we usually see are from all-winner, a Rockchip, Mlogic, Marvel, Realtek. Those small, cheap SOCs which enable basically those cheap development boards. Also, this is about DT, in particular. DT Device Free, which is a hardware description, aiming at generic voice support. It's not about ACPI. Yeah, also when I talk about firmware here, I mean board-specific, low-level software, possibly including the bootloader, but not more. So, firmware sometimes, if you look at rooting phones or something where firmware is the whole thing, including the kernel and including user-land, this is not so firmware. It's just maybe the bootloader, but not the kernel and specifically not user-land. And this is about mainline, not PSP. Don't get me started on that. It's just nothing here. So, that's the current situation. That's kind of table I tried to make up how to find out what distribution supports certain boards. I found it pretty tedious to actually fill this table. And then, so, actually it was probably wrong because the thing you find is outdated and stuff, and then everybody says, ah, but we are supported anyway, but the sheer existence of this table is a shame, actually. So, the point is that we have, you see, basically, what Stable also showed, you have some distributions specialized like Ambien, which actually support quite a lot of boards, in this case. Some distributions don't, and that's not bad. But we'll show later, they actually do the right thing. And there are some boards, which are more popular than others, and better supported. We're missing the kernel versions. So, one thing, the one thing, this and that thing. So, the point is that this table is only a short excerpt, actually. So, it should be not five columns, but 300, which is the number of distributions that DistalWatch gave me. And it should not, like, four boards, like, I think, 50 to 100. That's what we aim about, those SBCs these days, if you look at Ubud support. So, the problem is, this table should not be about distributions supporting boards. The actual technical dependency is that the kernel that distribution uses supports the SOC for that board. And once you have that settled, you don't need special distribution support for a separate board. Why is that? So, what are the problems? Three things. Traditionally, there are no well-recognized standard ways of putting the ARM board, especially on 32-bit. Yeah. First thing. Second thing, many boards come without onboard storage, which is really annoying. So, there's, by definition, there's no firmware on the board. Can't be. And the third thing is that with the current model, how we support those things, the distribution has to ship the board DT. So, the distribution has to explicitly kind of support this board somehow. Yeah. So, what can we do about it? The first thing about booting. I know that many people have seen the logo, wow, UV, let's grab and laugh. Yes, we could do some Ubud magic properly to make this work better. But if you remember the XKCD strip where we have 14 standards and let's invent something that covers everything and then now we have 50. So, we just use EFI. It's there. You don't need your asbestos trousers for EDK2 anymore. You can use Ubud these days because it implements it. It implements it well enough. UFI is widely recognized and supported. That does not mean it's pretty, but here it is. It's there. Most distributions support it anyway, especially on M64, because it's the way the servers work. So, you get it basically for free. Once you have UFI in a firmware, you can boot the distribution like this. No questions asked. Mostly distributions use grab EFI and then load the kernel wireless, which shows a good news because grab is well supported in every distribution for the X86 site. So, all the stuff where you boot menu and kind of in-head IDs and comatline options that's already covered, just finished. And the good news is it actually works already with Ubud. And you can boot default ARM64, EFI, and store images. Okay, there's that card. Second part is about spy flash. Many socks that I listed actually can support boot from spy flash. They are cheap and they are not too big from footprint. The idea is that if you have spy flash on the board, you can put the firmware on it. And that's something that changes the game totally because it allows to keep the firmware A separated from the mass storage where some partitioning tool may accidentally mess up the thing because it installs a GPT partition table and overwrites your firmware, which sits in the front or something. It gives you easily network boot support without anything just because you can put Ubud and Ubud support PXE and everything works. And that's a cool feature. It actually allows to ship the device tree with a board. Just you put it on there and then it's like it should be. Also good news, Ubud supports mostly for most SSCs supports booting from there, loading from there. And even for all winners, it's the same image so that the same image can boot from MMC and SD and from spy flash as well. Yeah, so it's a small step for a board vendor, giant leap for the users, right? So now the DT story. Who actually brings the DT? That's some kind of question. These days it's the standard way of doing things is it comes from the particular kernel repository you are building. So a building, I don't know, 414 stable kernel and all the DTs that are in this repository then are shipped with a kernel. And the good thing is that by doing so, those DTs, you're sure that matches the kernel and that works and that they get reviewed and everything. But the problem is A that prevents supports for new boards. So everything, basically to get a board supported, you have to have the DT in mainline. Sometimes that just don't happen because there's nobody taking care about it because they just do whatever they want. Sometimes that happens but it's too late. So for instance, I mean the kernel is shipped by the distribution, right? So if you just happen to miss that window where to get it upstream, then your distribution will not ship the board. Although it could be perfectly supported because just the DT snippet that's needed and the SoCs actually support it. Also that requires every OS to copy those files. I always feel a bit pity for all those BSD people that do a really good job but they always eat the breadcrumbs that get left over by Linux, right? So they have to take the DTs and kind of match it and in this case they kind of copy the DTs from Linux so it's a really nasty situation. Actually, the DT describes the hardware so it should come with the hardware, right? It's kind of a logical thing. That's how it was actually conceived in the 90s with PowerPC and everything. So what does that mean? The idea is that the DB now sits in the actual firmware image that how this is actually implemented is a detail, I think. It can be easily part of U-Boot. U-Boot itself has its own DT that's usually appended to the end of the image and U-Boot is quite relaxed about what DT is so it can easily change the implementation of U-Boot to make it work with the normal DT that Linux uses as well and we do this already for many platforms or it could be provided as a separate file in some container so if you have a fit image which gets loaded by SPL you can put it there the point is that this DT sits in the firmware and boots up. The good news is that you get immediate support for new boards so once you get a new board that comes out so for instance this week came out the RockPro64 which is in Rockchip 3399 which is already supported, the ISOC is already supported Mainline but of course the board is not in 414 and not in 450. But if you could just create a DT, put it on there it could boot 414 kernels basically, right? Also it scales much better because now we don't we just have to, someone has to do it once for this board and that's done and that covers every distribution it covers BSD, it covers everything you get immediate support for other kernels. The kind of disadvantage is that it requires stable DT bindings so you can't just change the way Linux interprets DT or you can change it but you have to be sure to make it forwards and backwards compatible so that older DTs work with newer kernels and the other way around and that is something, I believe it's possible some people say nah, don't even try this but I think it's worth it. And something that needs to be, have a look at this if kind of board vendors start to ship the DTs they need to be reviewed somehow so I mean they can take the route to the kernel I believe in the kernel repository or some extra repository reviewed by the kernel community at least, but they should not be shipped by the kernel instead shipped by the board vendors. Okay so here's the things I propose so the first thing I ask for distributions to do less basically stop shipping board specific images I know that you want to certify your customers and make it as easy as possible and you bake an image which contains everything contains the boot loader, contains the kernel and contains your actual distribution but let's better combine the efforts into creating generic firmware images firmware, remember I meant possibly only the boot loader so in this case would be like U-boot something and then we can all work together and it's not like SUSE and Fedora and Debian also they all do their own stuff in a moment so this could be combined and those images should be distribution and operating system agnostic so think about it should boot FreeBSD as well those firmware images contain the device tree so actually there are many boards it's possible to actually ship multiple device trees with it so you could have generic firmware image which supports wide range of boards and then you have some way to select which board you actually have those firmware images implement EFI boot services that could be UDK2 if you like but you could just use U-boot because U-boot is already supported by those boards and there needs to be some kind of update mechanism ideally especially for the DTs because the DTs they change I said they change in color because new stuff gets supported and you want to benefit from this so it should be relatively straightforward to update the DT and board vendors if they haven't done so already they should add spy flash to their boards possibly even preload it so some board vendors do this already that's great the others should do this as well because it makes a whole difference I think I will cover this with a demo at the end so the second part just some things some ideas about how to improve the mainlining of SoCs of new SoCs in a moment the process is like if you have some new SoC then there's probably some first board using it and that gets shipped to some developer probably if the people are smart enough some kernel developer and then the developer starts looking at what's needed to support this new SoC and chances are that new SoC is not that different from the last generation SoC so you can probably go ahead and copy and paste drivers that most effects clock drivers, pin control drivers because they are the core of it and things so then they add also initial DTs as eyes so the core DT and the board DTS for this first board to the kernel and then it's the usual testing and discussion phase and then eventually if everything goes well it gets merged into the platform tree first that's about RC4, RC5 usually depending on the platform and then if that goes well it gets merged into Linux tree so the next RC1 then it takes the whole testing cycle let's get released into a vanilla kernel and then this kernel hopefully gets picked up by your distribution which may take a while so if you have bad luck and you just missed the window and your distribution releases every half year then you have to wait like five and a half months or something so it takes a decent amount of time I think kind of edit it up ideally if everything goes well it's 20 weeks to reach mainline plus the thing why is that a problem? so what can we do about it? one thing would be we make those boards a set of mutation available earlier so that's how proper computers work so if you look at Intel they really start upstream very early at a point where no one publicly has access to the board so they have time for about a year or even more to do the proper upstreaming and that's great to be honest I'm not too hopeful that this will happen for many of those small SoC vendors so that's something that should be aimed for and I think that worked quite well last year for Rockchip they started to upstream the 3399 really early and from a guy who was in the company which is basically what we need to do and that worked out pretty well so by the time the first board was released the SoC support was mainline that's pretty good but in case we can't do this we can look at other options one thing is that IP blocks are similar in SoCs and by having more flexible device refinings we could exploit this and also we can try to abstract something via firmware interfaces so let's look at this first more flexible device refinings in a moment there's this kind of habit that you have a compatible string which tells you which device it is and the driver hardcodes many things by looking at the compatible string so there's some kind of matching and then you say oh that means that there's many pins and the pins are mapped this way which is comparably easy to maintain and you can make sure that it always fits and it has some advantages but I think it would be better if you try to design more forward-looking bindings or try to work out what is actually really SoC specific and what is more like an implementation detail as I would say so for instance we had this thing that we fixed the last time is the DMA controller works out that the DMA controller from the old winner H3 is actually the same as the A64 and also the R40 the only difference is the actual numbers so which lines connect to which devices but it is covered by a device screen anyway and also the DMA channels are different so what we had in the table so far is oh if this is in H3 then it means 12 channels that was kind of written in a driver so it turns out there's an actual generic property for DMA controller bindings which is called DMA channels so by basically saying I put the number of DMA channels in the device tree and kind of am able to support with one driver basically the H3 driver can support this and we don't need to support the A64 specifically in the driver we just say it's compatible to the H3 but it has number of channels which is 8 in this case for the A64 and that for instance allows the R40 that falls into place because it has 16 channels but it's the same so I sent a proposal for pin controller which was a bit more involved that wasn't received too well yeah I hope that this will be solved sometimes so I have an idea to kind of bootstrap this wire U-boot and see if U-boot can use the new binding and then Linux can piggyback on that the second thing is using abstract firmware interfaces so for some less performing devices we might be able to just drive some wire firmware so firmware means we do some have some one-time component which is not really running all the time but you just call into like PSCI for instance and the cool thing is if there's some interface that requires only one generic kernel driver and you can hide all the sock details and firmware and remember you ship the firmware now with the device so you can basically hack it up in a week and ship it you can of course improve and update it but it would be much quicker and for instance there's STPI interface and SCMI is really great and then making up abbreviations and mixing the letters so if you look at STPI it's the same letters as PSCI right it's amazing so anyway this is a firmware interface which gives you support generic support for clocks gives you supports for regulators for device power planes which are something like you can easily just say please turn this device on and off you don't care about the regulator particular which voltage it has just say on and off also it's DVFS so CPU frag support all this kind of stuff where you don't need a table which tells you which certain voltage and frequency match together they're just exported by the firmware and you just pick one and the cool thing is that STPI is up mainline for a few releases already so by just providing something so I did a proof of concept implementation just hacked it up in ATF in an arm trusted firmware and that just worked and it gave me CPU frag support out of the box you can have sensors support temperature voltage current so you can easily read out even how much the battery is left or something that's also covered by that and yeah and new devices just fall into place you just implement the firmware part it's probably not much different and it's much easier than in a super generic and abstracted linux way of doing things because it can be very specific to this SOC yeah and then new support for that just shows up and that's especially attempting for the clock support which is in the moment very so specific and we had this problem with the H3 and the H5 which are pin compatible and very similar internally except for 32 and 64 bit cores but that's not so much an issue in linux but actually there was one clock more because you need support the msc controller got upgraded to support high speed modes so you needed special clock and one pin was more so basically we needed new drivers which then were in copy and pasted or kind of abstracted but it was just a shame right for this single thing a single pin and a single clock you need new driver support and older kernels couldn't support it although they got almost there yeah so what could you do you could do testing spread the word and engage in running this discussion so sometimes when I propose something there are a lot of people posing me it would be helpful people say yeah it's a good thing and it's something like we should do and we should not be to fearful and say I guess that will not work anyway so I guess in the end even if we try this and that fails we are not worse than we are today but there's a chance that we are better yeah so if you could help out to make sbcs behave more like real computers that would be great thank you let me try the demo because things do we have I hope so this is the pine 64 LTS that's a new version of the pine 64 the changes it has spy flash which is why I demoed this and it has an emmc slot which is not populated as you can see and feel like a magician can confirm there's no SD card in here so that's ideally how the board arrives you take it out of the box and it has ideally something on the spy flash it depends on the board when of course but for pine 64 they are very very happy to do this so actually that should even work with HDMI but that's a bit too much for the demo I guess so I do it by the old developers way of serial so so this is this is my hacking pre-boot firmware which I put on it ok so this is something that doesn't work yet but I do this so basically it boots you boot directly from the spy flash and you can then do stuff and the cool stuff that you can do actually you can download your distribution from the internet generic arm64 efi and install a ISO didiered on your USB stick and you put the stick on here and then you say ah let's you have to reset the USB because your board doesn't detect it let's just reset the board so this typing you don't have to do so normally you just put it up you get this and you let it time out and then it starts looking it's all the magic you boot scripts you see a boot AA64 efi so it picks up the efi grub this is an old Ubuntu stuff and you just say install and then the grub loads basically the installer and you get some error messages and voila you get the installer and then you can go installing yeah so that works already thanks actually you can download the image for the p64 for my kit up repository and I will populate with more images but it's basically a upstream mainline new boot there's no magic involved in it all right questions? okay cool would be nice to have to pre-populate the flash on all the boards there would be a way to go if we can manage the board manufacturers to actually do that so we can so for some we can some do it provide proper new boot, proper mainline based new boot instead of 10 years old Android port so the good thing is that the spy flash support for the older new boots is not so good so probably it will not work really with the old stuff so actually the only working stuff is the mainline new boot but yes that would be something that would be required but in the end you can always kind of reflash and those boards easily boot from SD cards and there are boards without spy flash I see that so chances you can provide generic images from SD cards which act as the same and then you can kind of go there yeah so what I have yes well that's the ideal situation you have one firmware image for one sock if it doesn't work well then you have multiple but I try to keep it as small as possible so what I did for A64 is F2 in a moment because of what you said about DRAM so one for LPDDR and one for DDR but the rest is kind of the same and for instance we can work out so what happens on the old Windows stuff the actual board name is stored in the SPL header so you can kind of while flashing this generic firmware image to your board you actually tell it which board it is which once you have to know say it's a banana pie generic images and it looks out and I have some wrote some small tool which kind of helps you with that so you get a list of this firmware image supports multiple boards namely those and those and then you pick one from the list and say ok I have this board please flash this to the firmware and then it can the SPL even can so what we do already in parts in the ATF we look at this name and then it's a bit hackish but we say oh it's a pine book please enable the following power lines on the power management controller to enable LCD for instance and you can do this before you actually have proper device support very early in the board because it's easy to do you had a question any easily added spy flashes oh yes so far so far that depends well it depends very much on the way they boot so on pine 64 for instance all the pins are exposed on headers so that's how I started this I put some board some spy flash for two pounds on ebay and put it on the headers with some cables and then it worked as well that depends very much on the board I think many boards don't expose the proper pins but sometimes you can do this yeah so hopefully it's not when it could so the whole idea is about do this with mainline things so base u-boot and the kernel basically or the mainline dts and so what I said it's kind of it's pretty easy if a sock is supported already to add board support and yes review is nice to have but if you do it properly it's not much risk to actually boot it up and if you screw it up it won't work and you will see and you can fix it and there's nobody accepts to be the first board the chip maybe to work fully out of the box but the experience could be much better and you avoid this like half a year latency which is annoying but this is something that needs to be worked out how we still make sure that the quality is right and there probably needs to be some review but it doesn't necessarily need to fall into the whole linux of okay we have RC1 and it's cut off and then we wait 8 weeks and then better like next time and stuff so that is okay yeah find me okay thank you


Stop gentrifying food. Agua fresca is not spa water. Bico de gallo is not cowboy caviar. Esquites is not corn in a cup. I can go on and on, you get the point. Influencers are renaming classic Latino dishes with new names that don't make any sense at all. And the worst part, they're taking credit for it as if it's some new discovery or something. There's nothing wrong with trying new foods and expanding your palate, but changing the name is erasing the history and the origins of these dishes. And they've been around for a long time. Plus, gentrifying food can have some serious consequences. When staple ingredients suddenly turn cool, they get more expensive and become out of reach for poorer communities. Get the names right and give credit where it's due. Not everything needs to be rebranded.


Welcome into the original gangsters podcast, another quick credit edition. I am your host Scott Bernstein. Today we're going to talk about Hell's Angels in California. Russell J. R. Lyles, one of the enforcers for the Sonoma chapter out in California was sentenced this month. He's going to do five years on a racketeering case that came down in 2017 and was a big headline grabber in California. That bust included Ray Ray folks who right now is considered the most powerful, notorious and feared Hell's Angels in the world kind of took that spot from Sonny Barger. Ray Ray was involved in this case. He was the president or is the president of the Sonoma chapter in Napa Valley, which seems to have the power right now in that group or did. Lyles, 43 years old, he was part of a group within this chapter known as the Young Guns because they were, I guess the Sonoma chapter was very or is very well known for patching guys in that are teenagers or in the early 20s. J. R. was patched in when he was 19 years old. They're also within that Sonoma Hell's Angels crew.   He's going to do five years in prison. He'll come out and still be in his 40s. And it looks that he could be a possible future leader of the Sonoma Hell's Angels. Ray Ray folks, I think, still has a little bit of time to do. And then he'll be coming out. So just, you know, keeping tabs on what's going out in California with the Hell's Angels. Lyles was very adamant in his court filings and during his sentencing that he had nothing to do with some of the activity that Ray Ray folks has been convicted of. A pretty gruesome altercation where Ray Ray folks found out another member of the Hell's Angels, I believe in his Sonoma chapter, was sleeping with his wife. And folks ordered this guy to report to him. And then folks and some other people beat him mercilessly and tattooed his face. And then folks went and in retaliation sexually assaulted this guy's wife. Lyles wanted to be very clear that he had nothing to do with that and had sent, according to his attorneys, had sent word to the leadership of that chapter that he didn't agree with that decision to do that. Whether or not that's true or not. I don't know. It seems pretty ballsy that you would tell Ray Ray folks that he shouldn't be doing what he's doing, especially when it was connected to somebody stepping out with his wife.  You know, a lot of interest around that case, the Hell's Angels, the power in that group right now is in Sonoma, had been in Oakland, Ventura County, and with Ray Ray folks at the helm, it's now in Napa Valley, wine country. So just checking in with them. We'll keep on giving you the latest breaking biker news around the country when it comes to the big boys, the Hell's Angels, the Pagans, the outlaws, the Mongols, the Banditos. For OGPod, I'm Scott Bernstein, out.