It is a great honor to be here to share with you the China Mobile's 5G MEC development strategy and application exploration and seeking for the industrial customers. I'm Han Yu-Ding, a project manager from China Mobile. And the combination of MEC and 5G is a core starting point for the operator to upgrade their networks and services and expand new customers and new fields. Operators are required to expand their mobile connection business. Newly expand the 2B Enterprise Network Market using connection at the starting point, develop ad computing service, and newly expand the ad computing service market. Expand the business of 2B Vertical Industrial enable the digitalization of various industrial, like manufacturing, electric power, security, or current networking, and develop time-sensitive and location-sensitive industrial applications and service. At the same time, it also tips into account the self-operated OTT2C service of operators, such as EMBB, HDVDU, VR, all. So now I will introduce the MEC strategy and development strategy in China Mobile with the three sections. The first, I will introduce the MEC technical layout in China Mobile. As you know, ad computing is a converged system with both 5G network capabilities and cloud computing capabilities, providing low latency and high security cloud ad service for ad applications. We often see that the 4G changes lives and brings people into the era of mobile internet. Then the goal of 5G is not only for live communication for the public, but also for the production and social governance to achieve the interconnection for everything. So the 5G network in China Mobile includes as for the ad computing, it includes the local offloading. So the UPF is the key to making ad computing work. 5G network capabilities are open to third-party applications, such as wireless position capabilities, which are provided from the base station side to the ad application platform, and are open to the ad computing applications through the restful API calls. At the same time, China Mobile will also provide the cloud service for small and medium enterprises. First, we can provide the ad service. So we can provide the customers with computing storage and network virtualization resources and the cloud applications with virtual machine and the container image management services. So second, we can also provide the past service. China Mobile ad computing platform will integrate capabilities of different vertical industrial power, such as the video encoding or decoding, AI reasoning, or device protocol conversions. And the network features, as I just mentioned before, which will be provided to customers through the secondary packaging API interface. Therefore, as China Mobile's ad computing, it can provide users with cloud service and 5G network service at the same time. And cloud network collaboration can empower vertical industrial. For the second tool, I will introduce the development strategy of ad computing in China Mobile. Among the 100 China Mobile 5G leading trills project, at least 60% have the clear ad computing demands. For the 60% ad computing demands, there are two kind of services. One is 2B service, and the other is 2B 2C service. So all of this ad computing trills has the following characteristics. First, they are all have the requirements for the UPF. So all ad computing service has the requirements for the business of loading. The key to business of loading is the design of 5G transfer and control separation. UPF can sync closer to user. And the second characteristic is the deployment location can be in operator's side or on the customer side. Generally speaking, the service that require data locally processing and they are preferred to be deployed in the customer's own side. And for the operations and maintenance provided by the customers on the side, the operations and maintenance are provided by the customer or third party. Otherwise, the customer will require deployment in operator's computer side. And the maintenance can be provided by the operator. So now, I will introduce the business development strategy in China Mobile. The ad computing applications divided into local and general. And the first priority can be given to service, which have low technical entry in three-short and high entity. As shown in the figure below, we have conducted a systematic analysis of ad computing business say of the local and general business. And comprehensively, analyze the industrial entry three-short and the industrial maturity to analyze the degree of demand for ad computing. The business scenarios that are closer to the orange of the coordinates are some of the scenarios that we believe should be deployed first. Because they have the high industrial maturity and the low technical three-short. For the local business with a clear user needs and the low technical interest should are the focus of CMCC recent development of ad computing. This type of business generally has a strong demand for the use of 5G networks and data processing locally. For general business, they are concentrated in industries such as automatic driving, high HD video. They have high demand and the market maturity. General business generally have the high requirements for the low latency and the large band-wise capabilities of 5G plus MEc. It requires a long-term deployment. Section three, I will introduce the new practice in China Mobile for the ad computing. Introduce the China Mobile's latest practice in the field of ad computing. For making full use of China Mobile's 5G network, cloud network integration and a co-logical convergence, China Mobile aims to provide partners with the network edge cloud one-stop solution. We can provide full capabilities to help application developers to use 5G plus MEc service. So the first, we can supply the 5G network capabilities. We can provide the industrial slicing, provide the industrial provide network capabilities. And we also can supply the customized service quality. Second, we can supply the cloud service. Just as I mentioned before, we can supply the edge cloud pass service, which includes the network capability, general capability like database or security insurer, and the vertical industrial capabilities like AI or IoT or video encoding power. And third, we can also provide application deployment and the full application left-circle management. And third, we can supply the opportunities for business trails with 5G network environment, including the 5G SA or SA environment. So the requirement of partners is about to begin. So welcome the partners to join our ad computing incubator plan. So we hope we can build 5G plus MEc industrial ecology together. And thank you. That's all. Hello, attendees. Thank you for joining us. Our speaker is unable to join the phone bridge, but please feel free to chat in your questions in either the session chat or in the Q&A box. And our speaker can answer them live via chat. Thank you.


Hello and welcome to the Wonderful talk history of the mainframe where we will learn something about I'd say old and current hardware and We have the wonderful I Forgot the names. Sorry Claudio and Nicole Nicole. Thank you, and I'll just hand over to them and enjoy the talk Yeah, hi and welcome to our talk. We're gonna leave you a little bit through the history of the mainframe We're gonna start at the s360 and go right back into the yeah current time Linux But before we do that, let's first say who we are. My name is Nico I am a developer for KVM on S390. I'm also a co-maintener for KVM unit tests on S390 How my hi my name is Claudio I am one of the co-mainteners for KVM on S390 and one of the co-mainteners for the KVM unit tests on S390 Yeah, so first of all, let's answer the question. What is a mainframe exactly and that term originates from a time where Computers were made out of several boxes. So to say you can say wax today Maybe there was one box that was the power supply that was one box that was the tape drive There was one box that was the hard disk There was one box that was the actual CPU and this box that contain the actual CPU That was the heart of the whole computer the mainframe. So that's where the term originates from and At some time that term becomes so common that we that we people started to refer to the mainframe as Like the computer so the mainframe designates like a computer architecture that started somewhere in the 60s and Claudio is gonna introduce you what that meant and how that came about Yes, so We start in the 50s late 50s beginning of the 60s There were many manufacturers of computers or different types of computers big small and They were all different and all incompatible even the same vendor sold many different lines of Systems that were incompatible. Maybe maybe the systems had like some small variations Like you had maybe the same version like slightly faster slightly more I owe a few more a little bit more memory But it was more or less the same system and if you wanted to move to a Significantly bigger system than it was a completely different new type of system different Different architecture different instructions different operating system Operating systems were written for that specific type of machine and they were not compatible one which with the other they were Very closely modelled after the hardware itself The drivers for even for the cases where you had the same hardware attached to different machines in that case Even that case the hardware drivers needed to be written from scratch and That meaning meant that moving your software from a specific machine to maybe even a bigger one meant Completely rewriting it Everything was different the OS interfaces were different the programming languages even were different and the machine code It was a mess and it was a mess also for vendors themselves because each vendor had many different lines to cover the spectrum of you know possible Performances that you would want to cover and and they had to support many different Incompatible platforms or also from for the vendor side. It was it was a huge mess. So what happened was that IBM realized that They were not exactly on the leading edge anymore there was strong competition and IBM reached to become just a company that sells computers just like all the others So a test group was created to address this issue and the recommendation was to create a Line of five compatible systems spanning a 200 fold performance range and Surprisingly, but I would say for for these times it would be surprising IBM followed the advice and Did what the test group suggested to do and replace the whole product line with compatible machines? the whole project was massive and estimated a hundred six hundred seventy five million dollars which for in the 60s was a Lot of money or which 30 million for software but as Things are you I mean the thing went a little bit over budget It ended up costing five billions which for the time was an even more massive amount of money of which 500 million just for software almost like the whole original budget was just for software basically and Toward the end of the project IBM was in financial difficulties like they literally didn't have sometimes the struggle to find the money to pay the salaries because they were like really really really Broke thankfully the mainframe worked and they made a bought a lot of money out of it like But yeah So that was a moment where they literally bet the company on the mainframe If the mainframe had not been accessed a man would have would not exist anymore so What came out of this thing some innovations? eight-bit bytes There was no concept of bytes at the time there were characters They were usually around six bits because with six bits you could represent all the letters and numbers and a few more symbols That was enough for the time but From the mainframe introduced a concept of eight-bit bytes the concept of an instruction set architecture So you have an abstract instruction set architecture You have your instructions and then you have the machine implementing the instructions and you can have a cheap machine or an expensive machine As low machine or a big machine and it's the same instructions You can take your software from this low machine if you grow your company grows and you want to buy a new or rent a New or more expensive machine. You can just do it and move your software and it just works Solid state solid logic technology Was at the time an innovation to to basically put small standardized components on small Printed circle balls like some transistors or some resistors some stuff in a specified Configuration so you would have standardized modules for like Soar or you know, whatever kind of thing you wanted so you could just build your stuff by slotting the standardized things and Another interesting thing was again hardware abstraction in the OS So how does the s360 architecture look like first of all, it's a big Indian because at the time was the most logical and obvious thing because you've right from left to right you big numbers first, right, so 24-bit addresses and the consistent instruction formats 246 bytes long and the first two bits of the instruction indicate the length of instruction And this is interesting because today the modern mainframes still have the same system You still have 246 and the first two bits indicate instruction length take note Intel registers 16 32-bit general porpoise registers, which was a lot in the 60s If you think about the 8086 that came out Roughly 10 years after the first mainframe. They had half so many registers and they were half so big We have one program status ward, which is like a mix of program counter and Flags some control flags like interrupt flags whether we are in supervisor mode like kernel mode or user space mode and a few other things and for 64-bit floating point registers Optional because but Also take note that the registers are 32 bit, but the address is actually 24 bit. So that's important later Channel IO is interesting because it's not anything like port IO or memory mapped IO or it's not even like DMA in the most understood sense Because the device cannot just write into memory anywhere. There's a channel controller that Is programmed by the operating system and the device cannot just write in memory just communicates with the Channel controller and the channel controller writes in memory where the operating system told them to so it's kind of like having a DMA weeds a built kind of built in IOMMU and that was there in in the 60s already Interrupts with classes and set classes protection for him point. I will cover that in the next slide decimal BCD arithmetic. This is interesting 8 bit bytes means that you can put two Base 10 digits in one byte one per nibble and then you can do base 10 arithmetic for example for banks or cobalt That was actually very new thing at a time cobalt Yeah, and then we have what we call that or dynamic address relation virtual memory on a specific model and also had multi-processing with multi CPUs so protection Paging there was no virtual memory on most s260s, but there was a mechanism to protect memory a storage keys each Two kilobyte block of memory had an associated for bit value plus an optional fifth bit There was a four-bit field in the program status ward If that field matches with the storage key of the block of memory then access is granted otherwise. It's not granted Optionally fetch protection. So reading was allowed, but not writing or even reading was not allowed depending on the fetch protection But if it was set as well or not and the key zero what could do everything like kind of like kernel mode Thing why is this interesting to show because this is still there today actually It's four kilobyte blocks now. It's not two kilobytes, but this same mechanism. It's still there storage keys are still there Linux doesn't use them, but the hardware has it so Hexadecimal floating point is also interesting It's of course not IEEE compliant mostly because the IEEE standard came out like 20 years later So yeah, and another interesting thing is that the longest short only differ in the size of the fraction so the range was the same it's just that the longer one had more precision and The other interesting thing is that the exponent is not in base two, but it's a base 16 So it indicated in which nibble the the floating point was not in which bit no nonce no infinities and There was some maximum interrupt that could Be used to signal if something went wrong like division by zero stuff like that so These are Two of the well a small one of the smallest and one of the biggest models of S2-6 this that came out and we can see that they they they had a very very Different like a very wide range of performance from ten kilo instruction per second to ten mega Instruction per second so From very slow to for the time actually very fast from eight kilobyte of memory, which is very low to four megabyte And interesting is also to see the weight which was they were quite heavy They would almost one ton for the small model and the big model was from six to almost 13 tons And if you wonder why such a wide variation that depends on the memory more memory means you need more of this gigantic Steel frames containing the memory. So more memory means it's actually heavier and bigger And it's more power Yeah The s3667 had a virtual memory some counter registers to Handle the virtual memory in upsw format because was needed four kilobyte pages and a TLB and We looked at the documentation actually and we looked at the documentation went into very very very specific details of how the TLB works How the the new entries are formed and how the all the entries are evicted and it was very very detailed and we wondered Why are they putting so much detail into how the TLB works? That's which I mean Well, it had eight entries. So you needed to write your software Carefully to make sure that you wouldn't trash the TLB all the time. So that's why it was so detailed There was a bunch of open resistance written for the s60 I will cover some of them in the next slides I will not cover some of them because not so interesting But there's one I want to mention. It's the TSS 360 times sharing system it's The operating system is system that IBM wanted people to use for Yeah, time-sharing like Concurrent interactive use of multi-user system like most of the other operating system were like for batch processing they were not meant for interactive use and So IBM really put lots of resources into this TSS system and Didn't really work very well. I have read somewhere that like it took ten minutes to boot and it would run Approximately for ten minutes before crashing. So I Don't know if it's true, but Yeah, so but IBM really pushed that really wanted that to be successful. So The big OS 360 took a lot of time to develop because it was big and complex so They decided to write a smaller OS to fill the gaps because they need to sell hardware and they need an OS and so they've write a small Smaller operating systems then they realized that over the second the big was can is actually too big and cannot run on smaller machines So maybe we should actually yeah, oops So maybe we should actually keep the smaller OSes and for the smaller machines and Also some customers just invested in the smaller OSes and they didn't want to switch. So yeah BPS was actually not an OS. We're just a collection of standalone Programs that would run directly on a machine like a compiler or stuff like that Then it was a basic operating system that would run in in eight kilobytes. So also in the smallest machines Toss is a tape operating system if you had tape but not a disk because this were expensive and Doss the disk operating system Which could run in 16 kilobytes of memory At Western 60 the flagship of For s360 mainframes three variants all the same API API and job control language PCP a single task could run on 48 kilobytes MFT meaning Multi-programming with a fixed number of tasks Ika the memory was partitioned in fixed slices And you could run different tasks in different slices. Of course, it was all batch processing So it was not interactive and MVT multi-programming with variable number of tasks, which was big and Required a half make-up item memory, which was actually a lot of memory at the time they all had filename structures like this the file naming had a structure so you couldn't you could have a hierarchies and various for more remote access except for the PCP and sub tasks except for the PCP and Actually, the PCP was not even released in the final version of s360 because it's like you can just use Doss, I guess So Claudia what could possibly go wrong if you have operating system with a variable number of tasks, but no virtual memory memory fragmentation Hey, so what happened is that memory could get fragmented and if a program needed more memory They would just the OS would just figure out which a process to literally swap out to disk So not a page like the whole process would be swapped out and memory freed for another process, which was Yeah, I mean not exactly super nice, but it worked it worked So another interesting thing is the Cambridge monitor system written by the Cambridge IBM lab as a single user operating system and can run by bare metal on s260 and People really liked it people really like this single user operating system, but they wanted To have it kind of like multi-user so they did the logical thing and they've wrote a hypervisor to Have a bike basically a virtual machine and and run their single user operating system and inside the virtual machine But you had multiple virtual machines, so you had a multi-user system kind of logical logically, of course the virtual machine was a trap and emulate type of machine and It run the first version run on a specific specific specially modified s26040 which did not have virtual memory, but they literally hacked it They literally hacked the microcode and the stuff to have it and was used as a prototype for the actual CP67 control program 67 It was actually used in production, but not supported by IBM IBM. They don't like this Staff they wanted to push their TSS remember they don't like this that they showed that they never really supported it They didn't really care too much in the beginning about this and eventually it became VM 370 VM stands for virtual machine and yeah Another interesting thing is the LMP control program Real-time transaction oriented not a general purpose OS as in you cannot even compile a program on it you need to cross compile for it and It's it can do lots of transaction transactions So airlines used it for reservations and then banks were like hmm. You can do transactions in real-time Hmm, so banks are using it and then IBM was like maybe you should not call it airline control program It's a more like a transaction processing facility. Yes, that sounds nicer. And he's still there still exist now It's called ZTPF and works on a 54 bit architectures, so 70s new evolution of the architecture S370 for the 70s Visual memory was now part of the base architecture, but it was Different than the S3 667 Different and incompatible. So you couldn't you couldn't just take a no-printing system from the 67 and run it here It's supportable two kilobyte and four kilobyte page starters. There were some other interesting things like support for multi-processing was built in Pro later on the architecture was extended with the extended architecture which Had a switchable per process 31 bit mode Yes, it's not a typo. It's 31 if you wonder why 31 because Well, we had 32 bit registers So the the highest bit was used to switch between 31 bit and 24 bit for backwards compatibility At this point only four kilomite pages were supported from vector memory and for search keys The channel you was completely written and the way also very nice vector instructions, which unfortunately I don't have the time to talk about but they were very nice Only for that specific model in the beginning and then Yes a 370 architecture with our address access register mode, which is a crazy thing that Can be used to to have like up to 256 other spaces at the same time in the same process It's still there in the architecture. It's it's it's quite complex And watch the talk from tpn 2019 in case you're interested what that is and how that works I had I had a talk and you can just watch a recording from yeah Or ask us later and interesting thing is LP our logical partitions. You could slice the mainframe in Logical partitions that behave like completely separate machines so you could run like production and testing on the same machine because they were actually Two different partitions and they could not influence each other and it was stable and And they still there by the way it's in modern mainframes That was for the s270 so virtualization at some point IBM starts to realize that hey in virtualization Maybe it's important. So first in 1980 they had an Small extension to to allow VM to run faster and then in 84 with the s270 xa the start interpretive execution instruction, which is kind of like the VM start instruction that you have on modern machines, but like on x86 machines, but that was like there in 84 already and nested paging was supported like out of the box since the beginning and most instruction executes inside without even an exit and and There's a control block describing the gas CPU and is still there today That's the instruction that like KVM uses on s290 to to run virtual machines So in the beginning were some clones that were more like copying instructions said not exactly being a drop in replacement Except for the Soviets that they actually wanted to clone it and then in the 70s one guy former IBM Gene amdahl Formed the amdahl corporation and started selling drop in replacement for IBM mainframes and some other companies noticed that and they said we're like hey, we can do that too and so they did and It's a bit embarrassing, but at some point some of the competitors sold better hardware than IBM itself Yeah So this is an overview of the operating system. We can see the DOS on the left West to 60 that became MVS and then became OS 390 and then became ZOS which is still there The control program which is VM which is now goes to that VM TPF and then we have a bunch of unixes. So The first one is actual Unix apported with a help of AT&T working inside SS basically using TSS as a Supervisor and the kernel was kind of running as a process inside TSS and Then also in the 80s amdahl corporation they had a different port of Unix running inside VM instead So to avoid interacting directly with the hardware they Relyed on on VM and that was quite successful and IBM had to kind of run after them So it was I X 37 and VM I X which were actually two different pieces of software One more based on the Unix from above and one was a different thing. I looked I'd searched in the documentation. I digged into All the old documentation and announcement. I couldn't really find much information about this in 1988 a I X 370 was released again a proper Unix and in 1991 AIX ESA which could finally run bare metal and not necessarily said VM And then the whole thing was kind of merged into MVS itself into the flagship OS then Linux happened and 2001 ZOS Unix system services. So basically IBM merged Unix inside ZOS. ZOS is actually possessed compliant and Interestingly in 2008 someone ported Open Solaris for the mainframe, but it was a short-lived effort So, yeah, let's talk about the FV 90 the further Evolution of the architecture. So we get additional floating point registers We now have 16 in total and Additionally to the hexadecimal floating point. We now learn the proper IEEE 754 floating point format So you can do both whatever you prefer We also get a few additional Instructions to work with immediate to work with relative addresses And I think the most mentionable thing is suppression and protection and we need to look at what suppression and protection actually means So if we want to talk about Unix something very important that we need to talk about is the fork system call And what a fork system call does is if you have a process on that process Executes a fork system call you get basically a second process that is identical to the first process and Because copying a process and basically means that you have to copy the memory and that would be slow most operating systems do it or Almost all unixes do it in the following way You have the pages of the first process. These are read, right? And then the process executes the fork and in the forked process these pages become read only and Then what happens if the second process the forked process and tries to write through one of these pages? It tries to write but the pages read only So what happens an exception is generated and the operating system can do copy on the right It can copy the page and then perform the right on the copy. So the original contents of the page are not destroyed and Now what is an important thing to have for this to work is that this Exception happens when the instruction that caused the exception did not really do something yet so and it must not happen that you do a right and then you for example cross a page boundary and Then you get the exception Just when you cross the page boundary because that would be bad and would mean that there would already be something written in the previous page so that's very important for Unix based operating system and As 390 actually behave that way so every 90 it could happen that you got the exception but part of the Instruction was already executed. That's not so good So that makes it very hard to implement for it. So basically what you can say at 390 was not a very good fit for Unix based operating systems We Yeah, so in February 1993 IBM realized that and added suppression on protection to the architecture Which basically made when you get this exception You're guaranteed that this right has not yet been executed and a few other things What is kind of interesting is in 1993 there already was a Unix, right? How did they do that? We don't know how they did it We assume that they had some internal knowledge on how the machine works exactly inside So they could kind of work around it a little bit But yeah, it was probably very hacky. So it's good. I'll be I mentioned is that yeah But I know that for a fact that they did do copy and write because I looked into the documentation And yes, they were doing copy and write somehow so We don't know but yeah, the architecture now has support for suppression production. We can do proper unixes on the architecture now good, okay, so Bipolar vise versus CMOS and so bipolar and CMOS these are two technologies how transistors work how CPUs are modeled and Mainframes because they're so old bipolar was there earlier and they're almost always traditionally based on the bipolar technology And the bipolar technology that's interesting or that's very good because it's so fast You can switch the transistors really really fast, but it has a striking disadvantage. It's extremely hot So things run very hot when you use bipolar technology And IBM really really had to spend lots of effort to get rid of all the heat So at my university we always had a problem that the Basement was always very cool and I remember asking the question guys Why is it so cool here? Can't you do like the climate one one a little bit hotter? And then they told me no, it's not possible It's actually already on the lowest level because the building was built in the 70s And they expected that we could get more bipolar machines They built like a huge AC into the building and now we have to always put it on the highest setting and still too cool in the Building. Yeah, okay. So that was bipolar times And and yeah, so IBM slowly started realizing we have to spend lots of engineering effort to get rid of all the heat and In 1994 IBM started digging into the CMOS technology The CMOS technology allowed the machines to be a bit slower. Just transistors could switch a little bit slower initially But they were running much cooler they built a line of machines Which based on it was based on the CMOS technology They removed a few optional features for example the vector instructions and the first CMOS machines Actually have to admit they were not so nice. There were slow and like prototypy things but There was some application, but they were really really was slow and Slowly IBM started evolving the CMOS technology and We designing the CPUs we found a paper that does some data we designed the CPUs at the time And CMOS was getting better and better and better and at some point It was actually better than a bipolar technology and it didn't have as much hassle with the heat And with the fifth generation of this machine CMOS based machines Sixth generation they were actually faster than the bipolar machines and eventually the whole mainframe moved from bipolar to CMOS technology So one thing is what actually is interesting about the architecture too is ABM built machines that had more than two gigabytes of RAM and of the 80s Yet our addresses were just 31 bits So you kind of might ask the question How can you do more than two gigabytes of RAM when you only have 32 one bit addresses? So there are two things For example for the address space and the application cloud you mentioned earlier the access register mode Which basically means that one application does not have one address space one application can have up to 256 address spaces so this way you can have an address space of effectively like half a terabyte and for one application Allowing the application to deal with a lot of data And the second point is how can you actually physically address that memory more than two gigabytes with only 31 bit addresses? And for that IBM invented the concept that is called Expanded storage and expand storage basically means that you can tell the machine. Hey, I have this page here in physical memory Please put it in another thing that is almost as fast as my RAM And then I can just take it back from there So for a very very long time the main frame was actually able to deal just fine with just 31 bits And it also meant that you didn't have to do much adjustment to your application And that's always important to keep compatibility with your applications But finally in 2000 it happened and the main frame moved to 64 bits So what IBM basically did? Registers were extended to 64 bits. There were new instructions that they could deal with the 64-bit registers and We still kept the compatibility with 31 bit in fact also 24 bits. So you can just run Fine 24 bit application. It's not a big problem Page tables levels were extended and you can basically say upon this point the clone manufacturers are basically dead So they could not keep up with the switch to 64 bits I would just want to point out that the number of levels of page tables is variable per process. That's right to do not have To help performance. Yeah Good, so let's take a little look a bit at evolution And with the C 900 in 2000 we get the so-called IFLs IFLs are special processes that can only run Linux The idea is basically that if you only want to run Linux on a certain processor You get that one cheaper With a C 990 you get the C AAPs which are again specialized processors that are meant to run databases and Java applications also for licensing reasons with in 2005 Mainframes they don't have a BIOS. We have something that's a little bit nicer We have like a fancy web UI where you can configure your computer how it's gonna boot And this HMC and we call it HMC It run it ran OS 2 and in 2005 we actually finally switched to Linux for that We got large pages a little bit late to the party, but yeah, we got it In 2010 our process reached a speed of 5.2 gigahertz fastest clock speed at a time probably With C 12 we got transactional memory With C 13 we got vector instructions again differently Yeah, different learning compatible with the previous ones, but yeah, but we got them now And we got SMT so you can run multiple fetch threats in one CPU and that was mainly also made for Linux With C 14 we saw we stopped supporting 31-bit operating systems Which doesn't mean that you can still run 24-bit applications just your operating system needs to be 64 bits And with C 15 we get support for secure execution, which basically means running confidential VMs on on your mainframe Good. So I six C 16. I always forget that so new and we have neural network assist Which is basically a neural network acceleration So let's take a look if you want to port Linux to our architecture you need a compiler first and for Linux That basically means you need GCC So we first need to answer the question. How did GCC come to the mainframe? And if we dig into this a little bit and we find out that in October 1993 In GCC code appears for the so-called I 370 backhand It was developed outside of IBM by someone who wanted to run Applications or wanted to compile applications for the MVS operating system And it was really basically targeted at that So you could compile applications for MVS and run it on the mainframe and it was not really meant for operating Systems and basically just for that purpose and then for quite a long time absolutely nothing happens In 1999 IBM then 1997 yes IBM wants to replace internally a compiler they used which was developed at the end of the 80s and There's sort of they're looking for a C compiler and they take a look at this I 370 backhand for GCC and While analyzing that they find yeah, you can actually port GCC and it works on the mainframe So they take a look at their requirements a little bit and they realize yeah, but it's not quite at what we need So they start a new port the so-called S390 port Which has less backward compatibility and it's also the different name 390 370 And yeah, so the developer GCC backhand for for the mainframe So in 1998 Linux ports to the mainframe start And this further accelerates the development of the compiler. So for example, we get ELF support in GCC and other features that you need for operating system for Linux in general Yeah, and finally after quite some time After the S390 backhand is maintained out of tree But in 2001 IBM finally upstreams the code and gives it to the free software foundation and since then GCC can Use the S390 backhand natively in the upstream Good now. We have a compiler imagine you're employed at IBM someone in maybe 90 1998 You have this shiny new operating system, which is called Linux You might playing be playing around with it at home a little bit and you have this nice GCC compiler So what do you do? Yeah, you basically start prototyping the port of Linux to the mainframe and that's actually what happened. So in 1998 IBM engineers in their free time basically make a prototype Yeah, we can port Linux to the mainframe and yeah, they show it to people and people seem to like it and IBM initially Yeah, makes it the official thing and but they're a little bit hesitant. So on the 18th of December 1999 The source code of the S390 port for Linux is released But just an IBM's FTP server. It's not like an upstream thing. It's first on IBM's Web server FTP server. You can download it from there. Yeah, so yeah, it's just an IBM thing Until in January 2000 just a little bit later it appears in the release of Linux of the Linux kernel So in Linux 2 to 14 Linux actually learns How to run on the mainframe upstream that was fast that was really fast so people seem to kind of like it it seemed to be interesting for people and Very quickly after that the first Linux distribution appears the Marist Linux, which was basically only targeted to the mainframe and Yeah, so then Linux runs on a mainframe. That's basically the story So I mentioned early that were actually poets of Linux to the mainframe And there are two ports of Linux to the mainframe. There was the S390 port which was developed by the IBM engineers That in their free time and then later made an official IBM project and then there was also the i370s port named after the GC back end And and this was developed outside of IBM It was developed by people that did not have access to the newest shiny machines So the i370 port was also compatible with older older boxes It also used a little bit of a different syntax. So it's more familiar to people that Program the mainframe to understand the code about S390 uses a little bit more different syntax It also uses a completely different toolchain the S390 port uses the GC S390 Toolchain and the i370 port used the i370 Toolchain of GCC You have to say that i370 was certainly less stable than S390 port And I read online that it could boot and it could spawn a shell as the in it process But then it tried to open the console and it crashed. So you got fire, but it was not very useful So yeah, but you certainly have to acknowledge by someone who is a volunteer who does it basically outside of IBM it was actually considerable achievement and and yeah, because the S390 was done by IBM employees, yeah, of course and The i370 port was then later abandoned when the S390 port was published by IBM Yeah, so that's the story of the two ports of Linux for the mainframe Good. So the question that I asked why was this interesting? I mean this that the source code came into Linux kernel so quickly and people build Linux distributions for it and there was general interest on this why and these are the reasons that I found maybe they're more but this is what I found and So first reason that I found is consolidation. So in the 2000s the data center looked like it was boxes So you had one box for the web server. You had one box for the database server You had another box for the mail server. Then you had another box for the FTP server and whatnot. You had just an absurd amount of boxes in your data center and With the mainframe and because the mainframe knows virtualization quite well And with CVM and Linux you could basically just put all that boxes on a single mainframe So it was kind of attractive because this would save space in your mainframe It would save hassle by running around and replacing hardware all the time It would save also energy So this was one reason why people said Linux is interesting because I can just take CVM and Linux and run all my boxes on the mainframe Second reason that I found Java people really like Java They wanted to run Java applications Okay, they did maybe I don't know why and it worked well on Linux. So yeah It was attractive for people to run Java applications on Linux Another reason was Unix so application vendors often said that yeah, we want a Unix like OS And yeah, that was another reason Yeah, Unix like OS. Why not Linux? Also save costs. I think that was also a very important point. It's a comparatively cheap operating system mainframe operating systems are expensive and Later IBM also introduced I already mentioned it cheaper CPUs that could only run Linux the so-called IFLs and I think you also have to mention this. It was just cool. I mean people liked it They were just they like Linux. They ran it at home. Maybe so they also maybe wanted it on their mainframe Good, so let's take a little bit look at the evolution of the Linux kernel 1999 Linux 4s 390 is published In 2001 Linux learns how to run on a 64-bit S390x architecture. That's what we call the 64-bit variant The 64-bit kernel of course can run the 31-bit users base just fine and still do that today In 2003 Their mainframe gets or Linux gets a CSI support up until that point You had to have a specialized storage for mainframe So you had to buy a specialized storage box just for your mainframe Which was expensive and you maybe already had a SCSI storage around somewhere So since 2003 you can use your SCSI storage with a mainframe 2008 the Linux kernel learned how to run VMs on the mainframe Yeah, so what what demonstrates the virtualizational capability is that KVM from 2008 IBM showed a mainframe or a Linux partition in the mainframe that are in like 200 Linux VMs, which is I mean quite a lot. So it shows that the platform can do virtualization quite well In 2013 the Linux kernel learns how to talk to PCI devices On the mainframe It's basically a more standard interface to the hardware like for NVMe's for network cards for hardware security modules But you don't have to believe that you can just take any hardware and plug it into the mainframe most of the time You still need specialized hardware that yeah has some adjustments and also if you're wondering why This came so PCI support came so late is because well mainframes had Channel IO which was actually quite good Very good. So the PCI was not Needed basically until until until it was which is still quite late So in 2015 IBM releases the Linux one specialized system that can only run Linux The idea basically is that you all again save costs because with a traditional mainframe you need to have at least one processor that is a non-IFL processor with Linux one you can run Just Linux and again save a little bit of cost if you intend just to run Linux 2017 the mainframe gets support for SMC, which is basically a socket like connection that is in the background shared memory works locally and also remotely between mainframes and in 2020 Linux learns how to run confidential VMs with secure execution and For secure execution Claudio has a talk Yeah, I mean secure execution alone is a whole talk which I have already given actually the KVM for in 2019 So if you're interested just look that up or talk to us afterwards So these are a few references that we have you can find the documentation or the manuals the principles of Operations as we call them the manual that describes the instructions and the CPUs some extensions You can look them up using this these numbers and then you will find the documents And in case you want to play with it buy a mainframe Yeah Maybe not no not really okay So if you have an application and you want to try it on big Indian They can actually use this link Sign up there and then you will get a Linux VM running on a mainframe So in case you have something and you want an architecture as big and you know Maybe you like the mainframe you can just sign up there and you get the VM and you can try software on it and play with it Play with Linux a little bit In case you enjoyed and and then there's also CP DT which basically allows you to run COS But it's also expensive and a product And there is also QM you that can emulate a new new mainframe hardware and for all the hardware There's other emulators and you can use and software Claudio now well Copyright work differently in the 70s And if you did not put a copyright notice in your software or whatever you were publishing then it was not copyrighted and IBM didn't bother to Protect their operating systems in the beginning because why what does if you if you get the West and you're gonna buy a mainframe to run it right so who cares and Then the clones started to arrive and they started to care but So you can still get West 360 and those 360 and those 360 For free they're literally public domain. You can just Google and you find it and for VM You can actually get even VM 370 public domain because IBM didn't care about VM in the beginning because they were pushing TSS which you can also find because it didn't really go well So if you want to play a little bit with these things you can literally just Google you will find Websites where you can just download an image ready to run in an emulator Good and the file any questions My question is how many of your customers are still running non-linux applications and Are there special features to communicate between Linux and the other operating systems? I actually don't know how many customers do There are special features. I think it's called hyper sockets That you can use to communicate between seers instances and Linux's and many customers use it to have like a legacy application on the US and then you have like a fancy in Java Linux note whatever application that talks to your Traditional application, but the numbers like we don't know. I mean someone at the BM does know but not us It's not us. I Found one point missing on your reason or list of reasons. There's a many things missing in this We brought a presentation and wait like we had to throw away like two thirds of it because But yeah, customer of mine bought Mainframes larger than they are a mainframe usage So they had to think about how can we put load on the mainframe that? Isn't generated by batch processing And that's the reason why they in Yeah adopted Linux on the mainframe Ah Okay, the CPU got that faster than the usage that they had reserved they could use cheaper Interesting interesting detail. I noticed that the version numbering was a bit weird like 990 to That's nine and then up again and at some point there were other jumps. Is there a reason for that like marketing? so so it's just like Just like Apple skipping numbers.  Why why because this was g7. This was g8. This is g9 g10 that They decided to do something else here and then we are back on track. So it's it's marketing I Hope they they will stay like this, but it's not in our control. It's not ab stick It's just we can't count. Um Thanks, first of all, thanks for the talk IBM has another kind of obscure hardware platform with the power platform and I Spend a lot of time working of power and power has the need possibility to run SMT 8 so basically 8 threads on one core, which is kind of crazy So I was puzzled a bit whether this is also Available on the mainframe or whether we are talking SMT 2 here SMT 2. Okay. Thanks


Good afternoon, everyone, and welcome. This is Melissa Arma with the stocks. What should I'm here today to go over BBRY? Why? Because this has earnings out tomorrow morning, tomorrow, which is April 1st. Whoa, did the March relief flew by? Interesting how fast March went. Well, I'm glad it's April tomorrow. I'll tell you that. I'm glad March is over. Goodbye, March. Hello, spring and hello, earnings season in April. So let's take a look at this. Well, actually, I think this could do anything and potentially be good now that I'm looking at this here. So this does not report until the pre-market tomorrow. In an ideal world, as you know, I love to short. I always prefer to short versus go long. And I don't really care what the market does tomorrow, because even if this gaps down, the market ends up being long tomorrow, which I don't know where the market's going to gap exactly in the morning until I wake up. But if this, let's just say it's down, I'm still going to go after it hard. I'm going to go after this hard tomorrow if the gap's down. I'll tell you that. I want a big day tomorrow to start on April. It will be a sign. In fact, I know I have 100% conviction I'm going to have a great day tomorrow. You know why? Because it's going to be a good month. It's going to be the best month ever so far, 2016. So based on that, in an ideal world, I would like this to gap down because I prefer to short. However, that being said, that being said, all right, first let's look if it gaps down. So if it gaps down, this is a lot of room to go. It has a nice room to go. If it gaps way down, it still has room to go, actually. So I don't know where it's going to gap down if it gaps down until I have to look at it to see the targets. Now let's just say if it would gap up. And to be honest with you, I don't know if this is going to gap up or gap down. I'm looking at this here. I'm like, I don't know what this does tomorrow morning in the earnings, but let's say if it gaps up. I think this is in play tomorrow. I'm just looking at this here. So my call for BBRY is that it's going to be in play tomorrow. Number one, there's not a lot to look at. So this will be on everyone's radar. It does have earnings out tomorrow. It's the first of the month. It's a Friday. This stock can move. You see some of these large bars in here? You know, this stock, even though it's a cheap price point, will have a baby stock and can still move $0.80, $0.90 a dollar, but so I'm looking for a big move in either direction in BBRY tomorrow. Not necessarily in the gap, although it could. It could have a big gap up, hold and rally. It could have a big gap down and drop and fall. So I'm looking for a big move in BBRY. It could be a combination of a big move in the gap, then follow through in the gap direction, or it could actually just gap and then have a big move on the live day. I'm pretty certain, though, that this does something significant. Now, what do I mean by that? I mean, sometimes every once in a while, a stock will have earnings, and it will gap, meaning it will open or differently than it closed the prior day. Like today, obviously, here we closed $8.11. If this does, if this just gaps down a little or gaps down a little bit up, it won't really be that much of anything significant. I don't think this is going to do that. I think whatever this does tomorrow is going to be demonstrative, all right? That's the point I'm trying to make here. Watch BBRY tomorrow. It will be in play. Now, what would this have to do in order to not work as a short? I don't think that's going to happen, so let's not even look at that. What would this have to do to not work as a long if it gaps up? Let me just look. This would have to gap up so huge, so massively. No, I can't even see that. Even if this would have some monster gap, which again, this is out of the woods. This isn't going to happen either, so that's not even going to happen. So either way, this is going to be in play. Yeah, there you go. Either way, BBRY is going to be in play tomorrow. I think this has a demonstrative move in the gap and on the live day, so watch it. If you know my golden gap rating system for the students out there, you rate the gap. If it gaps up, you rate it as a bullish gap. If it gaps down, you rate it as a bearish gap, and then you go with it if it's 20 points or more. Do I know what the rating is? No, because the stock hasn't even reported yet. It's not even gapping. This is tomorrow morning in the pre-market. I love post-market gaps more than pre-market gaps because it gives me time to get ready and excited and motivated for the following day. But I'll be up early tomorrow. You can bet your booty on that. I will be up, go to the gym, come back, be watching this. I want to have a strong start to the month of April. I believe that this is in play big time tomorrow for us to make some nice money in this. I love trading BBRY. In fact, every time I've traded the stock, I've made money, so it's a good luck for the beginning of April here in BBRY, and this should have a ridiculously small stop. It could be five cents, eight cents, 10 cents. So there again, if the stock runs 50 cents and the stock is five cents or 10 cents, we can make four or five hours or more. Really excited for the start of April tomorrow and the open houses tomorrow. And guess what? The Golden Gap class is this weekend, April 2nd and 3rd. And today is the last day to sign up for the Golden Gap class at the current price of $39.99. The price goes up tomorrow, April 1st to $49.99. The bullish gap class is next week, April 6th and 7th. The bearish class is this weekend, April 2nd and 3rd. If you want to sign up and learn how to trade with me and learn my method and be in the live trading room with me, email me at melissa at thestockswish.com. I can't wait for this week. I can't wait for this weekend. I can't wait for the month of April. There's so many exciting things happening for me and the stocks. Wish and thank you for being a part of it, everyone. Have a great night.


Do you ever struggle taking photographs in dark situations? Well, there's a reason for that. It's because it really is the most difficult type of photography. And we photographers, we call this low light photography. Low light photography is a lot of fun, but it does take a little bit of time and experience to become really good at it. You're also going to need a lot of little bit better equipment or you're going to need to find ways to adjust to the equipment that you have at your disposal. So in this lesson we're going to talk a little bit about some of those different things. We're going to talk about the equipment you need or we're going to talk about some of the techniques you're going to use for holding your camera that are going to be important. I'm going to give you a few tips for it and I'm also going to give you a few examples of what low light photography is capable of. So how about we talk about that? How about we talk about what you need to know to be a good low light photographer? First of all, low light photography is going to be encountered in lots of places and mostly it's just going to be a question of darkness. So after sunset it's going to be dark or even at sunset you're going to have after the golden hour you're going to have a lot of dark. You're going to have concerts and things like that. I'm trying to spell it in German. I'm so sorry. Concerts and you're going to have dark rooms or dark houses. So a lot of dark places even in the woods or something like that. And just dark landscapes also. You're going to have lots of when you're outside doing maybe big trips in the woods or things like that or if you're out in the city at night you're going to find lots of dark places and that's all of that basically would involve if you want to take a photograph of it being a little bit capable at low light photography. Alright so what are some of the challenges then? What does all of this mean in terms of settings and things like that that you need to think about for your computer or for your camera? Well you're first of all going to have a lot of trouble freezing motion is going to be a problem. And freezing motion just means having a high enough shutter speed to freeze any action that happens in the photograph. And that is just really hard when you don't have a whole lot of light available. You're going to have color problems. Color is really hard to capture for certain cameras in low lighting situations. Metering is going to be hard. So you're going to have a little bit of difficulty figuring out what is 18% in gray like in our metering lesson. And camera shake is going to be a huge problem. So camera shake because your shutter speeds are going to be low. And what does that mean? What does a low shutter speed mean? Well if you're out there shooting let's do a little bit of math. We'll determine sort of what a low shutter speed means. When you've set up your camera and you've got your ISO and your aperture set so say we're at ISO 400 or actually erase that, let's do 800. So it's kind of a darker evening it's 800 ISO. You've opened up your lens as open as it will get so maybe we have a 3.5 f-stopped lens. Well then you have to take a look at this moment at your lens and see what zoom factor you're at. So say you've got a 35mm lens on your camera. Now that is the equivalent if you're on a digital camera that's not equivalent say it is a digital camera with a 1.5 crop factor. So it's equivalent to a 50mm lens. So if you don't know what I mean by that it's basically that if you've got a digital camera with a DX sensor it crops the photo so a 35mm lens actually creates an image that is a 50mm image essentially like it would be a 50mm image on a film camera but not on the digital camera that you have. Well basically what you do with this number then you've got this 50mm and now you just have to do a little bit of math all you have to do is put 10 over top of that 50 and this right here the result is your slowest shutter speed that you should be using for handheld. Now if you've got vibration reduction or things like that so that you'll see things called VR lenses or you'll find things that are stabilized or things like that you might be able to go up one stop so one stop in this situation would be 100th of a stop or 100th of a second so you might be able to get away with that with a VR lens. So this is your slow shutter speed once you get below this once you get below your handheld speed is when you're really hitting your slow shutter speed area for your camera and that's when you want to start thinking about special techniques for holding the camera where to set it if you need a tripod things like that. So along those lines equipment let's maybe talk a little bit about equipment over here in the bottom left things that might help you a tripod might be a good idea now if you don't have a tripod or you can't afford a tripod just find places where you can put your camera things that you can where places things you can set your camera on or brace it against. So you could for example brace your camera up against a telephone pole and hold it very steadily and maybe even wedge a finger in between the camera and the pole as sort of a stabilizer and push the button but you're trying to reduce this camera shake that's why you've got the tripod you want to cut down on your camera shake you could also think about a flashlight would be a good idea I find flashlights are great for lots of things for example for working with the camera sometimes you have buttons you might not know where they're at and it's also good for setting up and even for light painting we'll talk about light painting a little bit towards the end of the lesson also if you have an SLR you want a fast lens but you don't necessarily need one just an idea you could also have a strobe or sometimes what's called a flash in sort of common common English a strobe is just the thing that's on the top of your camera but maybe you have a separate one that you can use and I'll show you some uses for that another thing you could try is having a cable release I'm not going to write it down because it's really a little bit extra and most people don't really need it alright so that is kind of an introduction to some of the concepts here some of the things that you might need to know and some of the things that I might mention here in this lesson alright so let's just take a couple example images here we're going to start out back in Montana where I come from I took this hike with my friend Christopher and Chris is sitting here next to the fire and I am at ISO 400 I'm at F5 I'm at a 15th of a second now just a little bit later this is just really just after sunset so right here the sun's setting and right here over on the right the sun has already set and still we're at 400 and still we're at F5 but now we are at 10 seconds so that is a huge difference multiple times longer this right here is your low shutter speed situation and I did this with a tripod don't necessarily need to I could have set it on a rock I could have put it on my camera bag whatever was high enough to get the image that I wanted but you can see here that Chris didn't move during the image while I was taking the photograph luckily he was just tranced out staring into the fire and I just took a photo while he was doing that I didn't have to ask him to do that or anything like that but if he were to move the photo would be sort of different it might have I would say ruined but not necessarily but you can see here because the exposure is so long you can see the sparks coming up off the fire you can see the glow of the fire everywhere the glow of the sky the big beautiful Montana sky back there you can really kind of see everything you can see also the difference here between these two photographs I would say both of them are low light photographs but this one over here to the right is much lower and definitely is a little bit harder of an image to get you can get this image to the right with just about any camera even a really inexpensive camera but it really is going to push the limits of your camera we should talk a little bit maybe about that as we're rolling through here really good cameras have a much better sensor in terms of its capture ability to capture low light that's really what makes a sensor really a quality sensor and so when they put a sensor in a really cheap camera or in a cell phone it's often just a sensor that is pretty light sensitive but not very and when you turn up the power on that sensor and as you get up towards the higher ISO ranges that's where you really start seeing sort of the quality fall off and that's where the images start to kind of become a little bit less pretty now let's move on here and start talking about these images that I've pulled up they're both not necessarily really low light photography but they're pretty much right on the edge it's kind of the boundary of low light photography and right here I think I was shooting at about a 500 ISO which is a step between traditional ISOs that you'll find on some professional cameras I was shooting at f1.8 and I think my shutter speed was around I think it was around a 50th or so and this is just an example of sort of the moodiness that I love about about low light photography it's great and this image over here to the left is actually taken with the same f-stop and the same shutter speed but it was taken at an 800 ISO it's a little bit lower and this is one of the things about having a better camera these photos were taken both with my nicer professional camera and you can just kind of see the difference in the quality of an 800 ISO on a better camera the colors are accurate and the contrast is good and I'm also using a really nice lens which helps a little bit and over here I was using the same camera and got really nice results just because I was also able to hold my camera very carefully now that's another point you're going to want to get good photographs here you're going to really want to make sure that you're holding your camera right so you're going to want to go back and take a look at our lesson about how to hold your camera that will really give you some good tips one of the things about low light photography is that you get a lot of this kind of stuff right here this is the trouble capturing motion that I was talking about right here and even here on this image if you look up close on Deb's hand you can see that his hand is moving so you can see here I took many versions of this photograph to the left here and I ended up going with the one where he was moving the least because otherwise the image was just a little bit too blurred to really match the feeling that I kind of wanted for it so that's one thing to watch you also want to watch the noise if you look closely at these images you can see what's called digital noise or grain if you're working with a film camera the light is still there but you're going to notice a definite drop in quality as your ISO goes up you can learn more about that in our ISO lesson so let's move on here a little bit again I was talking about getting close to light sources that is always a good thing to do try to find a nice angle to your light source and just stay close to it try to get some different angles without burning yourself I think I almost actually caught my sleeve on fire taking the photo to the right here you can see I just caught there was a light coming down beaming through this wine glass and it made this cool reflection on the table kind of I don't know if you'd call it a reflection but whatever sort of went through and made this pattern on the table and I got up close on that and because it's a really bright thing I could underexpose everything else and just concentrate on that piece of light and that's another thing you're going to have to really watch your exposure in these sort of situations if you're in doubt I would underexpose and underexposing is good for digital cameras because you really kind of can pull a lot of the information back out if you're using a film camera you can't really get rid of it all so you want to try not to underexpose as much if you can but underexposure is okay for digital in a lot of ways so you can always try that you can also I would recommend getting some friends to join up and maybe even trying out some light painting light painting is a lot of fun and you can do it with lots of different things you can use a strobe like I mentioned before at the beginning you can use a flashlight so here up to the right we've used a strobe and to the left we're using a Frisbee it's like a but you can just exchange it for an LED light or a flashlight or whatever and basically all we did for these images this one for example to the left here is a it's just a 30 second exposure and we just had the people in the group right the word photo camp this was a photo camp that I was leading last year or two years ago now and we just had them right it with their hands and then they threw the Frisbee away it had an LED light on it and in that time that that light passed across through all their hands you can see that they're standing there they stood standing and the sensor captured the light as that Frisbee moved along the path of the words photo camp and so you can do this with lots of other different types of lights so I'll show you another example here in a second and this one to the right you can see that we just had someone you can see the person actually standing here fire a strobe at our friends while they were jumping up in the air and this was actually probably like I think it was maybe like a 10 second exposure but it doesn't matter because just that one moment where the flash hit them is when you actually see our friends there alright so that is a little bit of a roundup of what you can do with low light photography remember that bad weather and cloudy days and dark music clubs can be your best friend as a photographer so you want to go out and do the best you can with what equipment you've got alright you can come back and check out more lessons at alversity.org


back to JSA TV where we're covering the latest stories, trends and innovations from leaders in global connectivity, real estate, the channel and the networks within. Buffy Harakitas of JSA and joining me today, we have two very special guests from Rackspace. We have Todd Colette. He is the Global Alliance Manager of Rackspace Technology and we also have Jeff Diverter. He is the CTE, the Chief Tech Evangelist. Sounds pretty fancy, doesn't it? It does. I like fancy, so that's great. We're going to get along really well then. Perfect. Absolutely. And these gentlemen are from Rackspace. So amazing to see you again. Yes, wonderful to see you, Buffy. It's been a year since we last talked. A lot of incredible things have happened with us and the organization, where our focus is and the things we're doing here is we're having success. So very excited to be here with you today. Absolutely. It's exciting. I mean, the conference floor just opened a little bit ago. It's electrifying already. It really is. It's the biggest and best channel partners to date here in Las Vegas. And Jeff, you just got off a panel. I did. Fresh off the AI panel. That's right. One of the hottest topics here. Everything's got AI attached to it. It's amazing. Absolutely. I mean, not only here is it a hot topic, but globally. I mean, it's definitely more than a trend at this point. It is definitely a critical topic of the channel, of our industry. So why don't you dive right in, give us some insights into what you just spoke about on the panel and how RAC space is leveraging AI. Absolutely. So we think about AI. Everything is we joke and we quip that everything has AI attached to it these days. But the reality is AI as a technology is not new. AI was first really pulled together as a thought construct back in 1946. But because of, well, the lack of compute power, of access to data, and then the ability to interconnect that, that's really what kept it from exploding. That and some really interesting evolution in the way, literally, the rocket scientists thought about this process. And so when you get to the early 2010s, I can say, was really when things started to accelerate, there were some amazing advancements that really started to happen in the space. But of course, November of 2022 is when it all exploded when OpenAI came out with ChatGPT. And nothing was the same again. We spent last year planning vacations, menus, making tell us jokes, all kinds of fun stuff. But now this 2024 really is the year where people are adopting AI as active projects inside of their organizations.  Because there's a lot to make AI work. And we're actively delivering solutions, custom solutions for customers today that's having significant impacts on stuff like employee productivity. For knowledge worker, cutting down on errors, for creating automated bots to help do the job of what used to take 10 people, now one person can oversee the work of the computers doing the things. And the quality is higher and the quality of life is better. And I can tell you this, this is the generational opportunity for all of these trusted advisors out here. The reality is this will open any door for people they wanna talk to because every company wants to explore how are we going to take advantage of this technology? How can we be better at what we do? And they don't know, they don't have any idea. And so anyone out here who just reaches out to a prospect and says, hey, what's your AI strategy? They're going to allow them time, right? They're gonna come meet with them to see how they can help. And so it's probably the greatest opportunity for everyone to make money because the reality is there's all this work that has to do behind the scenes, right? It all has to do with your data structure, infrastructure modernization. And so it drives a lot of revenue. It's absolutely incredible, the things that are to pull through with it. And so I couldn't be more excited about the opportunity.  And it sounds like RackSpace is absolutely harnessing the power of AI within your organization. So let's switch to another important topic.  That's healthcare. Obviously healthcare is mission critical globally, especially here in the United States, of course across the channel ecosystem. So why don't you talk a little bit more about what RackSpace is doing? So a year ago, we created a healthcare vertical and it's the main driver in our business right now. It's unbelievable what has happened because hospitals traditionally, number one, they're very poor run businesses, right? On average, they make 1%, right? So they're just not very efficient. They can't keep technology resources. They have a hard time. So now we acquired a virtue stream from Dell who was a large epic provider. And Epic is the EMREHR that is responsible for about 45% of the hospitals in America. And so now we have become the largest provider of Epic software, even larger than Epic themselves in concurrent users, which is incredible. So last quarter, at the end of the year we had amazing successes into some of the largest hospital organizations. You know, one contract we did was $125 million. These are long contracts, seven to 10 years. These are not things that rip and replace, right? These people are committed to this. And so now that we are the largest, you know, and we have this entire team of people that are focused on that vertical, they all came from the healthcare world. And so we have a couple hundred people on that part of the team with great depth and knowledge, right? And so we can help all of the partners, you know, with respect to healthcare organizations. And one of the really beautiful things about what we're doing is Epic will only host their software. That's it. We can actually host the Epic software and all of the other applications that the hospital uses, which consolidation of that number one saves money, better for resources, right? Much more efficient as an organization. And so on average, I want to say they have around 180 other applications they utilize. And so it's a very powerful thing to be able to go to a hospital and say, hey, we can take this off your plate, we can control your costs, and we can manage all these other applications for you. So it's just really taken off for us. So if we're partners with healthcare clients, they should definitely be reaching out to us. Even if they don't, they should go find some. Yeah, absolutely. I mean, when you talk about the opportunity that exists there, I mean, you mentioned the size of the contracts, the lengths of the contracts. And best yet is the fact that because Rackspace gets in and can deploy and run these environments better, we're making the hospitals better, which is improving patient care. Exactly, improving patient care, which at the end is really important to do, right? And I gotta tell you, the smallest epic deal is around 200,000 months of recurring. That's for a small hospital. So you can see the size and the scope and the amount of money that can be made. And so people that have healthcare clients, they should be knocking on all their doors. And the ones that don't, they should be finding them. Absolutely, especially with that MMR. Yes, yeah. So definitely. So let's talk a little bit about VMware. I mean, we're hearing all about it across this show today. Acquisition, Broadcom. Why don't you tell us about how that has impact at Rackspace? Well, let me, I want to start real quick. We were the largest VMware partner in the world. No, we are. But before you terminated everyone, okay? So I think in December, every, you know, a thousand partners across the globe got termination letters, right? Well, you know, clearly we knew we'd get invited back to the dance because we were the largest. And so they invited 10 companies back, but we are one of three that are VCF ready, which is their virtual cloud foundation. It's their entire stack. And so we're in a really incredible position to again, help all these partners because on April 1st this year, they go from perpetual licensing to subscription and they're going to raise pricing like 200%. And so this is going to be painful for a lot of people, but now we can sell the licenses, we can support it and host the application. You know, so it's again, for us, it's a really good situation. I think for some other people, it's probably was a little more challenging, but you know. Yeah, absolutely. When you think about these solutions, I mean, VMware is that industry standard for virtualization as such, almost everything in the industry. If it's not running in AWS, Azure, Google, it's running on VMware. So this is a significant opportunity, challenge, issue that everyone has got to deal with. Well, it's not by the end of the year, by the end of the month almost effectively, right? No, exactly. And so this year alone, 3382 of their customers. So there's a three year plan for them to transition off.  But it puts us in a great position because of our skill set with respect to them and how we can operate. And then on top of that, we created OpenStack 2010 with NASA. That's right. Which was an open source technology, which is an alternative solution for people.  We can migrate those people to OpenStack using OpenSource and save them approximately 40% from what they're billing with VMware. So we have multiple solutions to help the companies. Yeah, and the expertise behind it to be able to manage it all. I mean, we have over 100,000 VMware VMs under management, which again, the largest in the world. Yeah, and we have all the tools to transition the people to OpenStack if they chose to go that way. But we can sell the licensing, support the customers that way. And the partners can get paid now where they weren't in the past. So it's a, again, it opens up a tremendous opportunity and it starts on April 1, the first 3,382 customers have to move from perpetual to subscription. And a lot of good things are gonna happen for us, I think. Yeah, I would say so. So top three takeaways here are for VMware, you know, for the transition there, make sure you're reaching out to Rackspace for significant monthly recurring revenue when it comes to healthcare, reach out to Rackspace. And if you wanna learn more about how to harness the power of AI, reach out to Rackspace. In fact, it's as easy as going to FAIR, which is the name of our division, Foundry for AI at Rackspace. So go to FAIR.Rackspace.com to learn more. Definitely. We appreciate the time and happy that we got to share all this with you. And I couldn't be more thrilled to see you again, to meet you today and to tuning in viewers, thank you so much. Stay connected, stay curious and happy networking.


Every full brick's broken. What do you make of that? You're over there. You can polish your tail but you can't make it shine. Monday morning. Well, Monday the 25th of July and it's just stop pouring down. It's a wet day. We've had a two week dry spell and we've had next to no work for the last two weeks we've had a lot of people cancel on us and work full through so we've done not very much while the weather's been glorious. This is a bit of a bummer. So we're here today on this new job. This is for Vic, who will have seen one of our older videos. We've got a window to break up on the side of the house. We've got two panels to break up on the conservatory and we've got two steels to go in. So we're here for two or three days. So today we're going to concentrate on the window and then Wednesday, I think, Vic and Shaun will be here so we can work with them and we'll have to get the conservatory roof off to get the steels in. So we've got our blocks. Vic's picking the bricks up later. So we've got a bit of tubing out to do, a bit of loading out to do and maybe a bit of inside work, prepping inside walls while it's raining. So we'll just see what we can do and we'll take you inside. Oh, yeah. He's off in It's Monday, so. Sunday. Yeah. Next Sunday you go in for two weeks. This Sunday. Yeah, this Sunday. He looks gutted to leave me, doesn't he? He looks a bit sad. It's not that when your mum went to Florida, isn't it? You weren't gutted. See you in there. Right, so as you can see, I've made a start taking out the trim, but we're gonna hold fire with that because this one, he's gonna do the bit of toothing now so we thought ahead for once and thought, if we take that out and make a load of dust in here, get all that done while we've still got the window in. So while he's doing that, I'm just getting us a bit organized in here, trying to get stuff set up. Window's going in the skip so we don't have to, we don't have to worry about damaging the window. Yeah, the window's getting tossed so we don't have to worry about that. And I'll take you outside show what I'm doing. What are you doing? First person. Look at the first person shots. Oh yeah, and as you can see, it keeps raining on and off. So ducking in and out. Can't get it scaffold up out of here, obviously, because it's an entry. So it's a trestle job. So this is our job. We'll do a better job of raking up than they did. That's one of those flu jobs. But at least they had a go. I don't know what more to do, like concrete. But anyway, this is us.  And as you can see, let me just start here. Here's your, here's your half big bond here. Then you approach the window and then just swap the bond, which most people do on the window. Follow that up, follow that half up, there's three quarter. One, two, three, four, three quarters. And bang goes back to full brick. And then the bond changes again back there. As you can see over the window, the bond is gone. It's two old weep holes, the old style. And then over here, you've got a big half. It's the bigger half's the normal. So it's fully about 120mm at half. So they'll be coming out. And then, so that bond's gone. And it doesn't work full brick off the window.  We're going to have all kinds of pieces in it, but to get it to work, you're going to just take the whole wall back. So it's just not an option. And it's a side entry. And the brick work isn't the best down here anyway. You can see the old scaffold height change. Don't know what's going on with that bed, but it's sticking right out. Anyway, it's down the sides, it's not seen. We always like to make it look as tight as possible, but sometimes you just can't. Lintel staining, there's no need to take the lintel out and mess around with all that, because the lintel's in, covers your trays in.   It's almost break time, you need to get some work done. Right, after break, the weather is kicking our ass, but Dad's making progress though. Unfortunately, the big bricks have been breaking. But that's because of the space ruining the way things are.  But even that when it cuts out, okay, it's pretty much just cracking. It's so brittle and soft. I've got all the measurements ready as well, because if I do this right, if I just pick up the beds a little bit, it should work some course and brick at the top, which would be saving me a lot of faffy cuts. Other than that, it's just a full block and a 170 cut all the way. Right, the aftermath, that was tough, that was very tough. One, two, three, three snappers and it was hard to get out that. The winder, obviously the screws were exposed except for one, because we took that screw out and that was coming out nice. So we're just going to pop it out. There, that's it, it's out, dropped it. Right, so next thing, whenever you're breaking a window, always take the charms out and see what an open cavity, see a cavity runs right through, because obviously there's no window anymore. So if you leave these in, you're leaving this co-bridging, but this is an old house, so there's no insulation in these returns. It's just a bit safe. No, it's not, it's not, they start from the foil with the bubble wrap, didn't they? Oh, I haven't even meet you. Now they don't put anything across there, now they put the cavity formers in. So yeah, we need to chuck that out, otherwise we're going to get the co-bridging and the, because the damps are close as well, it's battered because of the drill, we could chance to get damps through there as well. And there's the window frame. Ready for the skidding, and hopefully we can be with the bricks soon, we can get the brick in, get the brick away.  There you go, that's one side done. Look at that sheet in the cavity, cleaning that tire right off. That's just a random tire right stuck in the cavity with a load of shite on top of it. Reminds I, which? A load of rubbish on top of it. See what we find on this side? And this side looks slightly better. You know, it's not good that. But like I say, we love that a lot of cleaning off top of the dinner. It's going to be careful that you don't drop it further down the cavity. And this is all blown in insulation, and as you can see, it's not been blown in very well. None of this has fell out. There's none in there. So because all the debris in the cavity here, the insulation not going to have to spray down the cavity properly, it's been blown in. That's why I need a clean cavity. So, yeah, one or something in there. If you want a warm, if you want a warm house, clean your cavity. Yeah. All right, safety there. Good afternoon. Any time over? It's about one o'clock, isn't it? Half one. Half one. And it's two. I'm going to start sweating now. There's no sound of the bridge yet. I don't think I'm going to block it. Boarding this up tonight. I wonder, how long do we get the block working, okay? Oh yeah, I've, in fact, come here. Well, before we do that, we'll get to that first. Right, I've cleared all the cavities out. Got a mess down there, but I realised there's a cavity trail of the meterboxes out there.   And as you can see, it's all been insulated now. So as we build this up now, we'll just put the fresh insulation here. That's staining, because there's no point taking that out. It's not doing any harm. And I've knocked out the mortar on the top there, so when we put our last brick in, we can point in the above here. Bit nice and tight. It's not going to work, Rick. As you can see, that's a three-quarter. And that's a three-quarter. So this is going to have a closure all the way down it. There's no other way of getting rid of such a small piece and such a small length without taking that much wall down. We even meant to be pieces of glow. So feel free to abuse it in the comments, but that's the way it is. Sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn't. It's a shame.  Um, you're saying that? I normally pick on so don't. But since Dad was on about the block work, while he's been finishing that off, I've got all my cuts ready. So here, there's the 170s. And then there's two blocks there, the block and the 170 that have been cut down to 165, because as I said before, I thought it was going to be a brick, but we've took out a lot more, like just rubbish since then. So it's now opened up to a 165 block cut. So that's what's going in instead. So that's a bare block and bare lintel. Yeah. All the plastic gone out. So I need to kindly ask Dad to shift it so I can get this barrel through and so I can get the mixer through because I've got to get a mix on now. What should I do for a mix? It's broken. Charges broke. The wire broke or the charging hook broke. Catching a bit. And polish it, but you can't make it shine. Like you said, we've worked with what we've got. We had to get the pieces in there, but as you can see, with what we had, there was no other way we could really do it. So that's done at least and I'll take you over. Here's my handy work. Just blocking up the back. So here we go. That is another lintel successfully worked out. Thankfully we're back here tomorrow. So we've managed to get ourselves set up a bit. We've got the bricks loaded out. We've got the other bricks ready. I wonder what the two of us are doing out of trouble. I'll do this as a separate video. Yeah, okay. So here we go. Another breaking up job ticked off. If you enjoyed it, be sure to leave a like because I massively appreciate it. And if you're new to the channel or you want to see more from us, be sure to hit that subscribe button and tap on that bell to get notifications that way you'll always know when we upload. Again, we greatly appreciate that. It's a massive help for the channel and we're very thankful for every single one of yours. So this has been Brickling with Stephen Alex and we'll catch you in the next video.


Welcome to JSA TV live from PTC 23 I'm Buffy Harakitas and joining me today is Philip Marangella He is the chief marketing and product officer for edge connects Philip. Welcome to JSA TV Good to be here Buffy. Nice to see you guys again. Yeah, it's so nice to see you again a familiar face here At PTC PTC 23 the biggest today is is what we're hearing So how are you feeling about the conference so far? No, it's great. It was here last year again with you guys and and certainly seeing a big uptick of people coming back To the conference lots of meetings Not enough time on the beach, but but that's that's the the the greatness of starting the year off at PTC It is we do need to find some time for the beach Definitely for sure and you're on a panel coming up. Yeah later today those things are a little lightly attended because I think people are in meetings or at the beach, but You know just talking about the edge Global growth in the kind of different use cases driving demands for data centers around the world. Yeah I mean edge connects talks a lot about the edge, right and Customers people and planet is at the core of everything that you do. Why don't you tell viewers a little bit more about that? Yeah, sure. Um, that's kind of our mission is It's it's really quite simple you take care of your customers You take care of your people And your employees and then obviously you do it in a sustainable way and you take care of the planet And the rest should take care of it. It sounds a bit trite, but if you focus on those core things You know that that is kind of core to who edge connects is You know last week we had our kind of company kickoff And we called it global connects and the theme also there was mission possible We held our party at the spy museum. So we had this kind of spy theme So it was but instead of mission impossible. It was mission possible because we have all these challenges that we're facing In terms of supply chain in terms of sustainability In terms of customer requirements and so forth But you know if we are all on the same page focused on those those core Three things then we should have a great year once again And I'm sure you will it's already off to a great start and 2022 I was a marquee year for edge connects as well Bringing in some new key players into your leadership team. I want to tell viewers a little bit more about that Sure. Yeah, just adding to the bench of a already great team We brought in a new chief revenue officer Not new to edge connects. He was formerly the CTO I used to work for him when I first started it was great to have him back I was a big advocate for him coming back And then a new kind of executive vice president for engineering and operations that again, we're scaling our business We're in four regions around the world. We're either have 70 data centers that are either in development or operational so we're building this true global platform and just having the leadership team to support those those global expansions to support the customers around the world Well, definitely on the move. What a way to start off 2023 A sustainability you mentioned a little bit earlier. Obviously is a key part of edge connects Why don't you talk to our viewers a little bit more about what you have coming up in the sustainability pillar for 2023? Yeah, well, um, where is it the greener data? Um, obviously it was a contributor to to that book that that jsa Brought together everybody from within the industry to provide their perspectives and again I've always maintained that that this isn't about edge connects sustainability strategy This is about all of our sustainability and there's no competition, right? We're all collectively trying to do better for for planet earth for our children for our children's children and and so there's a lot of innovation that we're developing and we Published our sustainability report very transparent of some of the things we're doing working with organizations like the infrastructure masons and and joining their climate accord commitment You know, there's the Climate neutral data center pact in europe and so there's a lot of efforts across the industry in collaboration with Our competitors with our customers to try to be as green and as efficient not only from a a Emission standard but from water perspective and all in a waste perspective. So all aspects of Sustainability are a core focus for us at edge connects all across the board Well, thank you so much for being a part of our greener data movement And in case you didn't know, we just launched the greener data directory yesterday Awesome so Sure edge connects is a part of the greener data directory that is a roll dex of the top companies around the world That are committed to making our planet. Like you said, not only great now, but for the future and You know the next generations to come Okay, so tell us a little bit more about what you're most excited about for edge connects in 2023 Look, we had a busy year last year a lot of international expansions, particularly in asia and in amia We'll continue that robust expansion path. You'll see us planning some new flags and some new markets Around the world so we continue that expansion path And you know Already, you know, the pipeline is extremely healthy Um And it's just trying to focus and execute at the same time and not lose that core mission That we have around the customer people and planet. So a lots more to come but you know maintaining that That focus on the customer and giving them what they want where they want when they want around the world Great. Well, so excited to see you again here at ptc 23 phillip And thanks again for joining us here We hope that you enjoy the rest of the conference and good luck on your panel later today Um, thank you viewers for tuning in for another fabulous episode But before we go where can viewers go if they want to learn more edge connects dot com edge connects dot com Customers people and planet. Thanks again phillip and thank you viewers for tuning in to another fabulous episode Of jsa tv live from ptc 23 the biggest today Happy networking