topics whatever we have seen so far is based on different metals right. We have seen of course, in periodic table every element is there in the last topic which was the extraction there we particularly see the metal complexes or you know ores in different oxide forms sulphide forms and so on. In this one particularly we are going to discuss about the transition metals and transition metals only because they do have the element they are the block element and they have either full field or half field or you know partially filled d orbitals and thereby their chemistry is usually something what is called very exciting compared to all others ok. So, chemistry of transition metals we will be discussing. In this we will be particularly focusing on these theories ok. One are coordination theory 18 electron rule balance bond theory, crystal field theory not too much perhaps on molecular orbital approach. Also we are expected to learn high spin low spin complexes, spectro chemical series, crystal field stabilization energy, yantelar distortion and finally about the spinels. So, these are roughly the topic I am going to cover today ok. I will start with one or coordination theory ok. I would like to take you let us say more than really you know 100, 120, 30 years back what chemist was thinking that time of course, right now we see the book books are well written because lot of studies has already been done over last 100 years, 150 years. If you just look back forget that there was almost very little understanding at somewhat like 150 years back. In that perspective if you are looking at right now you may not be able to appreciate the importance of this contribution one or coordination theory you have to really look back at least 150 years or so. What that time was known very simply is different complex can be formed, but how they are forming what they are forming what type of compounds they are and why the colors are coming shows these importance information although we are there, but then it cannot be explained ok. So, for example, over here one of the one of the instance where we see cobalt chloride reacting with ammonia under aerobic condition. What we are seeing essentially is cobalt chloride or cobalt chloride with different equivalent of ammonia can be incorporated from same starting material depending on the reaction condition how much ammonia you give how much heat you give what solvent you use let us say lot of different parameters are there, but the starting material remains same. What people have observed is you can form different color complex that time what it is forming people did not know they all knew that different species are forming based on their color ok. This is where Warner came in he tried to first time give an explanation what might be happening in there why from same starting material we are trying we are getting different compounds or what type of compounds they are ok. So, of course, that time lot of things were not really established x-ray crystallography, spectroscopic other techniques were not simply there ok. So, all people perhaps can rely on is whatever is known before and based on that come up with some sort of theory that is what we are trying to say. So, what was known before is ammonia and HCl can react to give ammonium chloride ok. What they are found that these compound they do not know what type of compounds are they, but they know that they are different color and different equivalent of ammonia is there ok. Now, if you look at this reaction cobalt chloride plus HCl simply there is no reaction ok. If ammonia was just there as if like just free ammonia with HCl you are expected to get this reaction, but with these complexes none of these four complexes for example, did give ammonium chloride. So, it is definitely not the ammonia is definitely not present in free form that is the first conclusion right. So, it is not just ammonia gas sitting in the complex it is something has happened again I am talking about 150 years old you know discovery. Now, what they tried to do this is a known reaction which is known for long. Silver plus if you add to a chloride solution you will get silver chloride white precipitate which is something I guess right now you are very familiar with or I have done some experiment. So, what they have done is they have taken the first compound orange yellow one let us say and they tried to add silver. Now you can quantify how much silver chloride is formed they have quantified that 3 equivalent of silver chloride is formed. So, all the 3 chloride are accessible for silver plus ok. Now they have done the same experiment let us say with this one purple one and they found that with silver plus only 2 equivalent of silver chloride is forming. Although 3 chlorides are there only 2 chlorides are accessible that is how you can clearly see between first and let us say second compound you already having some sort of discrimination. 3 chlorides are accessible only 2 chlorides are accessible ok. Now you keep on doing it for other compound what you learn is let us say for example, this one you can get only one silver chloride one equivalent ok. For the first one it has 3 then 2 this 1 and so on and then what you do is you try to do the conductivity measurement. Conductivity measurement tells you how many ions are there how many cations how many simply how many ions are there. For the first case they found 4 ions 3 ions 4 ions and 2 ions. So, how many ions are present in that colored species you can kind of count ok. So, conductivity measurement gives you that now this is where the brilliance I think the you know when nothing is known from out of almost a black box this guy one or come up with some theory and that is what very simply what you know kind of is a coordination compound or the secondary coordination sphere. What he is trying to say is there is a metal in the center and this ligand so called let us say chloride ammonia they are coordinated with the metal center. That is the first coordination sphere and the outside whatever else is left that will be outside those are accessible. The one which are with the metal complex those are kind of not accessible. Let us say when you are seeing 3 chloride if only one chloride is accessible that means, 2 chlorides are with bound with the metal center I mean this is actually a revolutionary thought when almost nothing was known. So, of course, you can see Nobel Prize in 1913 of course, our grandparents and great-grandparents time, but it is it is really really a classic you know understanding or classic idea theory that kind of I would say redefine the whole understanding people did not have any idea what the complex is how it forms and so on. So, if you now try to look back everything falls into place all those conductivity study all those silver experiments silver nitrate or silver you know whatever salt experiment. So, 3 chloride can be precipitated 3 chloride can be precipitated 2 chloride can be precipitated 1 chloride can be precipitated because those are not directly bound with the metal center. On the other hand if you look at this is 2 iron 1 cation and 1 anion. So, 2 ions conductivity measurement will give you 2 ions this one 2 anions and 1 cation whole thing is 1 cation right.  Now so, that is what a metal complex should looks like then like what one or tried to say you have a metal center ligands this ligand could be same ligand different ligand combination of different things, but it should be coordinating. So, this is the main coordination sphere. So, 2 plus means overall this whole thing is having 2 plus. So, manganese could be 6 plus, but if some negative charge are there they will neutralize it right just like in the last place let us say over here cobalt is 3 plus, but 2 chlorides are there. So, cobalt overall this ion is 1 plus ok. Now, you know what is metal ion what is ligand the basis the explanation or the definition is given ligand is the one which is attached and usually it is a Lewis base ok. The Lewis acid is the one which is the metal at the center very simple right. So, you can look at these pictorial diagram which kind of showed how perhaps these ligands are bound with metal orbitals which I will be coming again in later slide. So, how strong are these coordinate bond something like potassium cyanide you know that this is a ionic compound ok. Now, it is very deadly poisonous all of in you never ever even try to test it I mean it is a bad idea. And the problem is it is water soluble that is why it is so dangerous lot of things it is not like potassium cyanide is the only bad things known, but it is water soluble lot of bad things may or may not be that much water soluble. So, that is that is how let us say living orgasm may not be affected too much, but potassium cyanide is one of the bad ones. Carbon monoxide gas is again another bad one all these hopefully we will be able to learn at the end of the course we will see that they can bind with the iron center with the porphyrin ring known as the heme center. And thereby they can prevent the oxygen binding which we are inhaling this oxygen is going in our body and it is getting bound with the porphyrin iron center. Those binding sites are getting occupied by these guys carbon monoxide, cyanide how they are getting bound how strong is their binding this sort of information we might will be able to tell you at the end of the class ok not this class and end of the course. Now, when you take acetonitrile this is a solvent ok see this is how that of course, this is not a friendly element, but you can see this is by having a covalent bond changes a lot of thing this is also cyanide this is also cyanide, but things are completely different it is still toxic, but not as toxic as this. Of course, you know that Prussian blue which is widely used right of course, the none of these are friendly chemical I would see I would say except water do not expect anything to be friendly. Literally you use acetone for removing the nail polish or anything erasing those are bad thing like erasing board and other things those are bad anything else pretty much benzene you end up drinking you are dead I am sure I mean not immediately it will takes time ok. So, none of the chemical I would say is friendly or may be sodium chloride, but not from the lab, but at home ok that is fine, but do not ever try to experiment with any chemicals without knowing their properties first of all and do not consume do not touch physically do not smell directly or do not definitely do not you know consume ok that is going to cause something if not today may be 10 years down the line. See sometimes some poison works over the long time. So, Napoleon Bonaparte for example, is believed to be you know believed to be murdered by arsenic poison ok. So, and not over so every I mean I am forgetting the exact story every day let us say with the mill or whatever he was consuming some amount of arsenic was given to him by the loved ones I do not know who and over time he has consumed enough arsenic of course, arsenic is going to and those are painful death sometimes I mean not only these there are there are even painting some of the painting uses some of the deadly chemicals which a lot of lot of things are there even let us say you know in car garage you see in the movie right you go in a confined space in a small room with the car on you keep the car on that is one of the way to do suicide you should not follow it is painful and it is not painful, but it is in movies at least they show right all that is I would say less painful.  But of course, with the type of murder we are seeing nowadays in the news I do not think I need to make you aware of what bad things can happen. Anyway you should the main point I am trying to bring to you is simply chemicals are dangerous please do not play with chemical and do not abuse the chemical specifically not to other human being or other living things it is bad you know sometime people have idea to kill a tree with some chemical those are the bad ideas ok and you fight with someone you see lot of stories here and there. So, do not abuse chemical let me go forward. So, for example, this is the same thing what I was showing see how different the color could be depending on the where the anions are or how the compositions are it is exactly same compound if you see formula wise cobalt 3 chloride and 6 ammonia, but completely different color thereby completely different compound same formula, but completely different compound and giving completely different colors right. Of course, in physics you have learned how the color we perceive and how what happens why you see this is white something is black something is orange something is blue you just try to refresh your memory from that perspective. So, very briefly if all the colors are consumed or absorbed by some compound or some species that you are going that species is going to be black in color if nothing is absorbed that is going to be white in color for example, and you know sometime there is a of course, there is a complementary color then you know let us say for example, if blue is just of absorbed by some species all you are going to see is orange if orange is absorbed by some species all you are going to see is blue. See this sort of you know complementarity you are familiar with it is of course, you are not going to ask any question for this course, but just know how the color appears in different things ok. Say everything else is consumed except orange. So, we see orange and you know everything else did not get consumed only blue gets consumed. So, we see orange and so, this sort of complementarity is there. So, for example, over here we tried to show that you know sample absorbs all but green light everything else is absorbed except green light. So, you see green ok these are pretty fundamental stuff you have studied before. Now, this is something I have discussed before in the first topic I will take you just through this in a minute, but I guess one question or so, can be coming from here ok. So, you should be familiar with the structure or basically their geometry ok. So, this is a linear when the metal is at the center and two ligands are there usually they will you know they will have a linear coordination one example is given here ok. You have a metal and three ligands three ligands could be separate three different ligands or three same ligands does not matter you usually have a trigonal planar complex for example, mercury triadide ok. Over here nickel tetrasionide you can have a square planar geometry you see show nice it is like perfect almost perfect geometry. Now, tetrahedral you know of course, you know CH4 is tetrahedral you know, but with the metal complex something like iron tetra chloride is tetrahedral zinc tetra ammonium species is tetrahedral. So, there are lot of tetrahedral complexes as well. We have five coordination nickel tetra nickel pentasionide. So, nickel is in the middle cyano cyano cyano cyano nickel is in the middle cyano cyano cyano. So, it is overall a square pyramidal geometry around the metal center or in this case nickel center right. So, these are one example I think it is better to kind of I do not know I should not say memorize you should kind of visualize how the metal complex should looks like should look like. This is trigonal bipyramidal. So, there is a plane between these three and then one in the axial one in the sorry two in the axial on top sorry one in the equatorial position sorry axial position as it is shown here sorry those sort of explanation will be coming this is where different theories has come up ok. We are slowly getting into that at the end of the class it might be clear. If it is not today clear maybe hopefully definitely the next class it will be clear then that is part of the discussion ok. So, there are other compounds these are this is a manganese you know hexa or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 yeah manganese hexa oxo complex or MnO 6 complex octahedral can be you know as you say know what octahedral is this is the this is the basal plane or the four of these are in the same plane these this is axial that is axial so, something like this. So, you know this coordination number 7 you look at these it should be clear if it is not clear please do come back ok. There are pentagonal bipyramidal as it is shown in here and shown up to this I think it should be remembering coordination number 8 ok. So, metal center is always at the middle and then different ligands are you know over there surrounding the metal center and thereby giving different geometry ok. Now, of course, I am not going to get to the definition of ligands it is there for you if you want to read about it, but what are the ligands? The usual ligands as we already have discussed chloride, ammonia, water, fluoride, bromide, cyanide whatever can coordinate with the metal center usually it is a negatively charged species or it has a lone pair heteroatom right nitrogen is a heteroatom, oxygen is a heteroatom, sulfur is a heteroatom.  Some of the ligand just binds with the metal center just donates actually some of the ligand can extract out even electron from or back donation as we see let us say CO carbon monoxide has a that with the lone pair with the carbon it gives to the metal and also it can have the back donation from the metal ok. So, there are different type of ligand as you know those are monodentate ligand in this slide whatever you have seen there are bidentate ligand. So, as you see the ligand itself is this part it is coordinated with the metal center at two points ok. So, what we try to see actually is something like a 5 or 6 membered ring formation which is going to be thermodynamically stable all of you can see it show I hope most of you can see. See this is the metal center the coordinating atom coordinating atom two coordination are there or two coordinating atoms are there right. So, these are the donation lone pair is donating donating overall you see 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 it is a 5 membered ring formation which is going to stabilize it the metal company.  These are one which are going to hold it by one hand and these are the one which is going to hold the metal center with two hands ok. And if it is if the ring is too big of course, if a very long I do not know I mean not a man, but something it is a very big rope and tied together at a point is not going to be stable compared to if you have a 5 or 6 membered or 7 membered ring those are going to be more stable 5 to 7 membered rings are usually more stable right. So, for your bidentate ligand usually you see 5 to 6 membered ring formation. This is ethylene diamine forming 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5 membered ring oxalate binding with the metal center with two oxide or O minus in a 5 membered ring 1, 2, 3, 4 this one will also give you 5 membered ring. Now this is what going to bind with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 it is a pentacoordinated ligand here it is a bidentated ligand it is going to bind with the two ends. Now the EDTA will bind 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5 centers. So, you expect the EDTA coordination with the metal will be extremely strong that is actually is used in lot of cases. When you have no idea what to do you just add EDTA for example, I mean chemistry sense it will extract out the metal center it is almost like stripping off it will just pull off because the coordination is so strong 5 coordination of course sorry sorry 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 sorry 6 coordination that is right 6 coordination. So, it is going to be a multidented. So, that is why the multidenticity as the almost truly multidenticity increases you will have a very strong binding right EDTA is sorry 6 coordination. Now of course, you can have tridented this is bidented if you add for example, over here another pyridine this is called tarpy you can have tarpyridine of course, you can add perhaps it is may not be that extremely stable, but it is stable very good tetrapyridine. So, you can have more and more see in all these cases we are having 5 membered ring formation which is essential this is called chelation chelating you are holding it together ok. And thereby you are going to have a very very good ligand that will hold metal center very tightly of course, this tight binding strong binding weak binding will come back again high spin low spin perspective we will discuss today ok. Self study I will not discuss this is the isomerizing part I think in the model you have you are given enough information on it. So, you just study about the isomerization in this coordination complexes what type of maybe I think one question usually expected from this part maybe one more question ok on isomerism. Now, variable oxidation state we briefly discussed in the first class. So, understand why variable oxidation state exist and which are the one some of the information are given here ok. So, as you can see from scandium to manganese let us say this variable oxidation state increases and up to 7 it goes and after that it decreases further. If you go down in the periodic table you will see higher oxidation state gets stabilized more often. These are the things you have studied before refresh your memory again and informations are also given here ever here. Now, in terms of theory we have discussed one or coordination theory it is a simple theory 1913 Nobel Prize let us say we understand by now at least. Next theory which came up or which was they see the what happens you know chemistry of working lot of different theory is going to come, but if it is going to test the success then it has to be a good one it has to explain a lot of things of course, no theory is going to be self-sust or you know no theory is going to explain everything correctly, but as long as it can explain quite a good number of things that theory remains with the scientist in the book. One such theory is 18 electron rule again this is a rule empirical rule it is not like God given rule ok and compound following compounds are there then scientist figure out that there is a rule which may be looks like 18 electron rule. What is it? Simply it tells you those ligand metal coordination when you do as we were showing if it is forming a 18 electron valence electron total count is going to be 18 electron then it is going to be a stable complex in other way around. So, let us say you have a metal whatever cobalt how many ammonia you will add with cobalt you keep on adding whether you add 1 ammonia or 2 ammonia I mean let us say you take cobalt salt and you add ammonia or cobalt ion let us say you have taken and you add ammonia excess ammonia a lot of ammonia you have added. So, up to how many ammonia one particular cobalt center will have 1 ammonia 2 ammonia you keep on counting let us say this is where cobalt 3 plus cobalt 3 plus means it is a D 6 this D 6 system ok. So, D 7 S 2 or total 9 electrons valence electrons and 3 goes out D 6. Now, the rule says 18 each ammonia can give you 2 electrons ok. So, how many you need 12 more electrons. So, 6 ammonia. So, cobalt 3 plus will have hexa ammonia species or ammonia ligand it is not 1, not 2, not 7, not 9, not 10. So, what you see for a large variety of complexes you will be able to understand the formation of those species by keeping 18 electron rule in mind, but the next caution definitely comes within it is not going to be universal it is not like if it is not 18 electron it is not going to form it is not there are up to 16, 14, 12 all species 12 electron species are stable you know these some of these species you can get it rock stable in air even nothing happens to it ok. So, it is not the ultimate rule, but I would say it is a very good percentage of the complexes you see can follow this rule or you can explain the complex formation by following this rule that is simply is the 18 electron rule. So, you should be able to count the electron based on this 18 electron rule or what happens to that. So, you again read up nickel tetracharbonyl nickel is what H 2 D 8. So, 10 of them carbonyl is 2 carbon will give 2 electrons to the nickel. So, 2 plus 8 10 and 4 going to be 18 same is here 5 of CO will give you 10 iron is 8. So, 18 electron chromium hexacarbonyl it is same. So, any complex you try to look at you should be able to count is this clear to everyone you should be able to count the electron ok. Valence electron of the metal and the donor each donor should give you the 2 electrons anyway usually, but there are exceptions like nitric oxide we just do not perhaps need to go into that much ok. Now, in the other way around sometime what you can say is the effective atomic number wise. So, what we have so far taken for the metal is just the valence electron instead of valence electron if you take the total electron all electrons present for example, chromium chromium has 24 electrons and the carbonyl 6 of them 12 plus 24 it is going to be 36. These are going to be the nearest noble gas configuration of course, that makes sense and that is what nothing, but 18 electron rule is. So, it is if you look at S 2 P 6 D 10 that is how it is 18 right S 2 P 6 D 10 10 plus 6 plus 2 18 that is why the 18 electron rule is, but it is also other way to look at it effective atomic number rule forget it. Now, I am going to valence bond theory and then next topic will be crystal field theory. Of course, I think some of you or most of you know all these things, but I will keep on adding something new may that may not be learned before may not have learned before you may not have learned before. So, valence bond theory I will not get into the definition see those are for study purpose you study I will just explain what it is. So, by valence bond theory we try to see the metal complex formation. We have a ligand we assume that these are ligand metal covalent bond formation we have discussed what covalent bond what ionic bond and so on. So, you know also usually it is a covalent coordinate bond ligands should have a lone pair these are the assumption ok. If it does not fit you cannot perhaps talk about this valence bond theory. Empty orbitals there should be available empty orbitals for the metal centers will come in a minute how what atomic orbital we are talking about. And after ligand donation we are talking about a hybrid orbital. So, you know that metal is there there is orbital metallic orbital specially let us say if you are talking about 3 valence or sorry principal quantum number 3 you have 3 s 3 p 3 d not all of them are going to be completely filled out for most of the cases. So, 3 s 3 p 3 d specifically 3 d and 3 p these are available for binding with the ligand. So, ligand can give their 2 electrons into those orbital atomic orbitals. So, this is what valence bond theory is ligand lone pairs or those electrons can be donated into those p or d orbital let us say or up to s orbital as well. If it is vacant of course, if it is filled you cannot each of them can have let us say s can have total 2 p can have 6 d can have 10 of course, there is sub level of ok. Now, that is where those after formation we will get the coordination bond ok. Now, the moment we will give you the examples it will be more clear, but what we are trying to say is the positive things about this approach is you can understand the shape and stability of the complex. What shape it is? I was showing you you know linear square planar or not square planar linear let us say or you know trigonal so on different shape you can say, but geometry usually it will be little difficult for most of the cases. Definitely, you cannot get the you know the color information about color and temperature dependence of magnetic properties which we will be discussing color and temperature dependence. So, although you can get the coordination what type of coordination it is hybridization as well and most likely you can also tell the shape or let us say linear, trigonal, square pyramidal, tetrahedral and so on, but more than that you will not be able to say you cannot be able to get deep you cannot understand in deeper sense this is the limitation. Of course, what happens is slowly theories has evolved since all the information we cannot explain by this valence bond theory next step which people accepted is the crystal field theory, but this development of crystal field and valence bond theory has occur you know quite simultaneously almost simultaneously. Still we teach this valence bond theory because it is so easy to understand it is the first thing you kind of remember ok let me look at it. So, you have seen something like this cobalt, cobalt is D 7 H 2 cobalt 3 plus will be 3 D 6. So, those D 6 are going to be occupied over here 2 1 1 1 1 6 electrons gone what you left up with is 4 s 4 p and 4 d orbitals. So, those orbitals are having suitable energy that is important suitable energy. So, that ligand electron can be donated if those orbital energy are too high or too low then they are going to be a problem it has to be somewhat closed orbital where ligand can interact ok. So, these orbitals are available you have 6 of the ligands 1 2 3 4 5 6. So, the hybridization is going to be s p 3 d 2 you have seen how the name has come s p 3 d 2 ok. Now, you look at other conformer possible this is going to be the high spin situation where spins are maximum right. Here 4 unpaired electrons are there could be another scenario when you can have all these electrons paired up and you can have 2 of the d 1 s and 3 of the p involved in compound or complex formation or coordination bond formation ok. So, this scenario will be called d 2 s p 3 you have studied it before most likely right. Now, of course, this is the one which we are saying that it is a outer sphere complex it is going to be the I mean the ligands are going to be labile this is a high spin complex because the spin you see is 4 unpaired electron and here we do not have any unpaired electron. So, this is going to be paramagnetic over here is a inner sphere complex you say these are less reactive low spin and diamagnetic clear diamagnetic means no unpaired electron in the complex low spin spin is minimized this is high spin this is less reactive and inner sphere complex.


Welcome to the Tick Meal Update, I'm Kiana Daniels, CEO of Investiva.com. Last week we saw the Fed's chair Jerome Powell pushing back on Trump's pressure to aggressively slash interest rates, while Trump signed a deal with Japan, as tensions escalated with China and the Eurozone. This week we'll be looking at the UK and New Zealand's consumer price index, Australia's job data and China's GDP. Today, I'm looking at the Kiwi Yampair, which just has an inside-the-daily Ichimoku cloud and appears to be in the process of forming a double-bottom bearish reversal chart pattern. Should this week's fundamental data point to a brighter future for New Zealand, we could see the Kiwi Yampair piercing through Ichimoku and reaching a key Fibonashi tradesman levels of 69.8 and perhaps even 70 if the bullish momentum continues. Of course, trading in the financial markets involves a risk of loss and you should only trade the money you can afford to lose. If you liked this video, give it a thumbs up and subscribe to our social media, I'll get back to you with more updates tomorrow.


This has been a very good and important week not only because the climate summit, the New York summit has left us a good atmosphere, a lot of confidence, very strong political positions, announcements and also many sectors, civil society, business sector, indigenous people feel that they are part of this debate but also because I see that with that message and with the summary of the summit we can take that some of that conclusion to pave the road to Lima as a way to pave the road to Paris 2015. Let me say that also a very good news for Peru has been that we signed with the government of Norway and Germany a letter of intent for the forest in this new mechanism called for a finance based on results in which Peru are taking some responsibilities mostly regarding land titling, land use change rules, monitoring of the situation of the forest, creating or working in trying to have our level of reference and as a counterpart Norway are going to channel from here to 2020 an amount of three hundred million dollars. We are still discussing with the government of Germany how much money they are willing to put on this but it is a very very good news because with that or through that what we are doing or we are going to do it is trying to have more sure or more secure land titles we are going to have more information based on signs of what is the situation of the forest and we are going to give to the forest a lot of value because for Peru what it is important is to bring value to the forest and it is not only in an economic way but also the value of the culture, the value of the markets, the value of the titles, the value of many things, the value of the climate debate so with this kind of fun what we are going to do is that bring value to the forest. A lot because I think that the landscape approach is a good way to try to integrate pieces and we need to do that when we talk about the forest, agriculture and people because I think that that worst way it is when we talk in an isolated way because we fail on that so through the landscape I think that we are doing a lot of things we are bringing the biodiversity consideration more closer to the climate debate also we are creating more closer relation between markets and peoples and culture because when we talk about agriculture that is more related most of the time to production with forest that it is focused more in conservation what we are doing when we talk about global landscape is putting together that pieces and also it is a good way to try to think about the governance because there are in our country different ways to deal or to manage the agriculture topic than the forest topics so I think that the global landscape is a good way to bring together these pieces and obviously what we need to do is use the research and use the science as a base to develop and to advance in this consideration. A lot of things, a lot of things because this discussion of land use need to have into consideration the position of the people more focus on agriculture with the people more focus on the forest consideration also we need science to have very clear maps of our stock carbon stock we need science to have more consideration of what it is not only the status of our forest but the health of the forest also we need science to trying to be clear of what could happen with the forest in the future because we need to take decisions now to adapt it to the future consideration so science it is and also we need some kind of political science to trying to have the political makers more closer to the consideration that are going to make us able to take good decisions.


We're still with Jeb Hallaby. Jeb, let me just propose the question that I wanted to ask you. Your initial impression of Johnson, did it change any in the course of the years? Probably it could only get better. I had maybe the liberal Kennedy impression of LBJ at first and was off put by his rugged style. But also there was real respect for his ableness, ability to get things done. We would send a memo over to Johnson recommending something like distance measuring equipment for the airports which were congregated too much in this river approach area. We never could get the bureaucracy to change its view of that, and they've gone ahead and rebuilt the terminal right in the same slot. I would have opted for Andrew's Air Force Base, but that would have raised the hackles of every congressman who thinks of it as his airport and his convenience. As you know, it's just across the street and across the river from Washington National Airport. As you know, also, not only have they officially named the Washington Airport not to be the capital airport, as I had proposed to actually got President Kennedy to approve that name. Then along came Reagan and changed it from Dulles to Reagan.  It's been said often that National Airport is one of the most unsafe airports in the country. Is that right? There is a last-minute sharp turn, which you may have noticed because you fly so much. You may have noticed that it is the last-minute turn low to the ground that is required on this river approach. Pilots detest that, but there is only one way into National Airport unless you are prepared to go south. Going south means more than just south and sharp turn back, but it means going miles out of the way and minutes out of the way for the airline schedules. It is a terrible mix-up for air traffic control, but they haven't had an accident, so therefore it is thought to be completely safe. I just didn't like the margin of error being reduced as much as that sharp turn to the final approach. Pilots are proud to be able to operate on it, the shuttle people in particular, but I didn't think it was a wise idea. A little while ago, Libby raised the question of your retirement, your leaving FAA. When you proposed leaving, did Johnson try to persuade you to stay? Yes, he did very intensively, I think largely because he didn't want to lose another best and brightest or Kennedy man unless he thinks that we are disassembling the administration. Did you have good relations with Bobby Kennedy? I had yes, but they weren't intimate ones. I remember that we used to walk dogs together in Montrose Park, whereas we lived 31st Street and P and we didn't have many occasions. We weren't part of the Bobby clique within the administration, but we were on a first name basis and I guess that was fairly frequent. I'll never forget his refusing to let me put the emphasis on the air traffic controllers whereby they were freed from the restrictions on their becoming a labor union. I felt that it proved to be true, unfortunately, where Eisenhower had to fire all air traffic controllers because they had violated some conspiracy charges and he suffered the results of that decision.  There's a certain amount of truth to that and it was very limited. I got two raises for traffic controllers while I was an FAA administrator, but they still were paid less than comparable employees in other parts of aviation and particularly compared with airline salaries. Also, I have the feeling, Bob, that I'm rambling on and staggering. Don't worry about it. I'll pull you back there. You can edit. Yeah, or anything like that. I think we've come pretty close to the end of it anyway, but I would like to ask you one final question. There's nothing to do with the past. There's nothing to do with Johnson. There's nothing to do with your experiences except I'd like to ask you this. You said several times that you were a Democrat.  Yes. Still a liberal? Yes. There aren't many of you left. Us, I'd say. Not many of us left, are there? Well, there's one over there, but I think they're a rare and dangerous species. I think so too. And I don't know whether my right-wing fiscal Democrat is certainly our friend, the great lover. You mean Clinton? Clinton. You didn't recognize this? It's a little missed a great opportunity. I think he suffered more than anyone for personal behavior than I suppose. Well, JFK got away clean. Well, and so did Walter Jenkins. We were so embarrassed to find that he was playing around in the men's room at the airport. Was it all your fault? Well, we should have. I think it was the why, but that's okay. You can take the blame if you want to.  I mean, we have great difficulty with what's going on. Well, I think we all do. Since I do ask this question for my own curiosity of everybody that we talk to, do you think that President Bush has made the case for war yet? No, I certainly do not. I think it's his fatal mistake, lethal one, as well as fatal for him. I hope it is remembered back when people entering the toll booth, the election booth in 1994.  They can't even go across the street to vote. They're not that interested. The answer to your question is that I consider myself a fiscal democrat and a liberal policymaker. For example, we had the opportunity to, what do you do when you change the unions? When you change the union? What do I brag about, darling, on the labor union role of the air traffic controllers? What was the question? What does he brag about, though? I made the mistake of going to get some more ice water, so I missed the flow of the conversation. Was it stopped up? It was stopped up. There's a dam in here. We're back on the air traffic controllers? Yes, but it relates to Bobby refusing to exempt the air traffic controllers from the directive issued by... A presidential directive? A presidential directive. Having to do with unions. They exempted the FBI and the CIA and everybody, but when I took up with Bobby getting the unions out of the labor management directive, he wouldn't have any part of it. And I kicked myself in the behind, hard to do, and I thought I should have taken it to the president himself. But I didn't realize to what extent Bobby was sort of the point man for the labor unions. Okay, I think that brings us to a very satisfactory close. Thank you very much, Gene.


So please join me in welcoming Nandor to the stage. Yeah. Yeah. Hello, everyone. I'm Nandor Kretcher from Cisco. Basically, I'm an engineering technical leader at Cisco. Whatever name it is, basically I'm a software engineer by heart. I originally entered Cisco from Banzai Cloud. Banzai Cloud was a cloud native Kubernetes-focused startup. I don't know how many of you heard about it. And Cisco acquired it. And now I am part of emerging technologies and innovation of Cisco. And we are trying to invent new things and experiment with new technologies like Wasm. OK. So there is a lot of buzz around Wasm and also EBPF because a lot of networking-related topics can be enhanced by EBPF. A lot of edge-based stuff can be enhanced by Wasm. And so EBPF and WebAssembly, whose VM reams this title says it depends. But Rust is the thing. As in the previous talk for Wasm, Rust is a really good language. So the support is the best for Wasm in Rust. OK. So EBPF. I would love to see an EBPF and Wasm comparison. EBPF is not a general-purpose computation language. It's sophisticated query language for extracting data from network packages and from tracing events inside the kernel. But it's not a general-purpose language. And what is Wasm? It's a bytecode target for general-purpose languages. OK. EBPF and Wasm, exploring the future of service mesh. EBPF and Wasm are the new kids on the block for the service mesh applications to achieve high performance. As I mentioned, both of them can be enhancing the network packet flow, one of them on the network cards, one of them on network filters. If you know Envoy, a lot of Wasm filters are running inside Envoy to enhance service mesh traffic. And that's it. And also evaluations. So there are white papers around the comparison between WebAssembly and EBPF. So basically, there is a lot of buzz around EBPF and Wasm and how they differ, how they can work together. Let's see how they can work together on the kernel level. So since we are trying to call Wasm code from EBPF, we have to be on the kernel level since EBPF runs inside the kernel. OK, let's say what is EBPF closing? How many of you employed or used EBPF before? Yeah? OK. Pretty good amount. So what is EBPF? It's an efficient virtual machine inside the kernel which can JIT compile into native machine code. It's an alternate to kernel modules. Kernel modules are hard to write, hard to maintain. You have to keep compatibility between different kernel versions. You have to do a lot of ceremony, mumbo jumbo to set up a kernel module, shut down a kernel module. You have to prepare for extreme amount of concurrent settings like, am I in an interrupt context? Am I in a normal context? Can I do this locking right now? Or if I lock something, then the whole system will freeze. Yeah, so it's hard to write kernel modules. So EBPF is an alternative method since it supports low level tracing insertion points. So you can write a small C snippet, insert it to a different system tracing event. For example, a file open event, a file close event, a file write event, a network. So everything that is a file, even a socket is a file. So it is also capable to do network packet binary. So you can parse network packets, redirect network packets, drop network packets, easily with EBPF and with XDP, which is a special part of EBPF. OK. It communicates through maps. So EBPF programs can communicate with each other through EBPF maps and also between the user space and the kernel space. So it's a safe extension mechanism since it runs inside the VM. It's very safe to write your code. There is a really small chance that you will crash your virtual machine, your Edge device, or whatever, since all the instructions that you are executing are verified by the EBPF verifier beforehand inserting the EBPF code into the kernel. How the EBPF workflow looks like. So the whole EBPF stuff is down inside the kernel level. You can attach EBPF programs to sockets and network devices. And here are the maps also down on the kernel level. And if some process in the user space are doing system calls like send message receive machines, as I mentioned previously, you can subscribe to those events and do some tracing, check what is going down, and do decisions based on those. And also, user space applications can communicate with EBPF programs through those maps. You can store data inside the maps. You can basically attach each and every CPU a map to it so you don't have concurrency issues. OK, and what is WebAssembly? How many of you have compiled something to WebAssembly? Yeah, a very large amount of people. OK, so this is a WebAssembly heavy audience. So what is WebAssembly? It's an open-start bytecode specification. It's very, very close to EBPF from this first sentence. It's a portable binary format. EBPF is also portable with the query specification. Compile once runs everywhere, but WebAssembly has pretty huge advantages compared to EBPF from the portability point of view. Supported by a huge amount of languages. So basically, not wasm that supports languages, but languages are supporting wasm. So if they have a compiler to compile to wasm, they can target wasm VMs. There are a lot of efficient user space VMs out there with different kind of execution mechanisms. So there are interpreters. Interpreters are slower, but they have their advantages. They are more portable than JIT-compiling VMs since you don't have to move around a lot of JITing code with low-level assembly and stuff like that. You write your interpreter in C or in Rust, and there you have it in every kind of target architecture and platform. There is a lot of the time compilation, so you can compile your wasm modules into binary beforehand before running the actual applications and then executing it with the app of the VM or the runtime. And also, there is JIT. When you load the wasm bytecode into the VM and just in time compile it when you run it, the methods that you need. All this is handled by the runtime, which is sandboxed, so you have all the safety features of a classic virtual machine, memory safety, isolation, stuff like that. And also, there are different kind of mechanisms out there for this. Wasm in the kernel. OK, so let's move down to the kernel level. But this is not something that we have invented or I haven't even invented. There is some already existing literature in this topic. So Ryan Hunter invented wasm JIT. It was a low-level virtual machine that could already JIT. So JIT's bytecode in the kernel space. This repo doesn't really exist anymore, but I'm giving Ryan Hunter the credit because he deleted this repo, but there are a lot of forks out there on GitHub. So if you Google it, you will find it. OK, wasm.io kernel wasm. It's also another virtual machine down in the kernel by wasm. And also, there is a different project which is really, really not a virtual machine down in the kernel, but it's a virtual machine in the user space. So it is helping wasm in Unomu in BPF, wasm in BPF. This is the project name. So it is a framework for doing BPF with the help of wasm code.  And the user space part of the eBPF applications can be written in any kind of languages since the user space part will be compiled to wasm. OK, so our project is called the wasm kernel module. So it's somewhere between a kernel module and eBPF. So as I mentioned, kernel modules are hard to write and maintain, and you have to do a lot of ceremony. eBPF can be inserted into different kind of tracing points and network packet extraction points, but it's not the general purpose. So what could we do? Let's do something that is more easier to write since we have a virtual machine down in the kernel, so you can put wasm into it. And it has more of a feeling of a general purpose language since eBPF is not a general purpose language, but if you expose some methods as a host method to this VM that we just moved down to the kernel, you can do general purpose things inside the VM in a wasm VM. So it's something like a sandbox kernel modules since the VM has the features of a general virtual machine. We are sandbox. As I mentioned, we have memory safety, isolation, and stuff like that. So we can piggyback the content like isolation of wasm. It allows us to reuse the user space code that we have in user space, the logic basically. So you can move down user space logic into the kernel space with the help of the wasm. The whole project is extremely experimental, so please don't employ it in your production virtual machines. And it only targets wasm32 unknown unknown. So there is no wasm support inside or in our project in the kernel level since wasm. What is wasm? It's basically a standard for exposing file opens, socket writes, and stuff like that. So since this is not that straightforward on the kernel level, we are not supporting wasm. How it works. How you can call wasm from eBPF code. So on the kernel level, we have the eBPF VM, which is ready to accept eBPF applications. And we have the kernel module, which has a wasm VM inside it. And we expose module method as a kfunk. kfunk is a feature of the kernel, which is something like exposing a function to eBPF. So kfunks can be exposed to eBPF. And if your function is marked as a kfunk, you have to do some C magic there, then it can be found and called by an eBPF module. OK, how is coming OPA into the picture? OPA is a standard policy language. It's written in regal. There was a previous talk here in one of the sessions about OPA. They are trying to target to the full stack for policy evaluation. So it's basically a really nice security and authority language and framework that you can employ everywhere in your software stack. What can you do with OPA in the kernel? Let's move it down. OPA can be compiled to wasm, since they have a nice CLI called OPA, and support the wasm build target. So it's possible to compile an OPA policy to WebAssembly. What we will do with this, let's move down some decision making into the kernel. It's really in the POC level, so don't expect any product or real world application here. And this will be your real world user space application running inside the kernel. So what we will do, we will write some eBPF. Here we are exposing our OPA evaluation through a K-funk. This is a K-funk, basically. And the K-funk will call back to the virtual machine inside the kernel module, which basically runs our OPA policy, which got compiled into WebAssembly. Heat here with how it goes. So I will move an XDP program into my eBPF VM. I will insert my wasm kernel module into this Linux instance that I'm running on my laptop. I will move the OPA policy that I created and load it into this virtual machine. The virtual machine automatically exposes this evaluation module as a K-funk. So eBPF can call it. And what we will do, sorry, I will show you the demo first. So what we will do, we will do XDP network packet counting if the packets are matching a certain policy that is written in rego. Here is my small rego policy. Can you see it or should I make it bigger? Yeah, it's much better now. It's a really small rego policy. What I am doing, I have a set of allowed protocols called the EPV4 and EPV6. And if the input protocol matches one of these protocols, I'm letting this packet to be counted. Here is my kernel module that is running the virtual machine. And as you can see, I have an OPA evaluation K-funk here. And this is basically the function that will be called by a small XDP application, which is counting the network packets here. So it's external, so it's trying to refer to a K-funk. And have all this protocol parse the packet, create a small input for OPA. And if the OPA evaluation goes through them, we will look up the counters in the map and increase the counters. OK, I'm using Lima. Lima is a really good virtual machine CLI for macOS. And I'm having ARM machines, so I had a lot of problems with virtual box. I can really advise you to use Lima. With Lima, I'm already entering a Linux machine. OK, I'm building my kernel module quickly. It was compiled already. You don't have to wait. I'm inserting this kernel module. It has already my Vazem virtual machine inside it. Let's see how it goes. OK, I have four CPUs in this virtual machine. And since I don't want to mess with concurrency, I'm creating a virtual machine for each and every CPU inside this virtual machine. I mean, inside this Linux instance. Sorry, there are too many virtual machines inside this story. So I'm the Linux virtual machine. OK, so that's it. OK, what should I do now? Let's build my OPA policy. OK, the small regal instance with the protocols previously have you seen. I just compiled it to policy.bosm with the OPA CLI tool. I have some quick make targets to make this happen much more easier. OK, load this OPA policy into the virtual machine. Let's check the logs again. OK, my Vazem module is dumping all the function and globals that is in the loaded module. So I have a lot of OPA built-in functions, evaluation stuff, and stuff like that. So my OPA module is already inside the kernel, inside the Vazem virtual machine. And it's ready to serve eBPF. Now let's call the eBPF insertion. Let's build my eBPF program. Ooh, sorry. I have an issue there. But I can fix. I'm much better. OK. Now my application is already compiled. It's trying to call the famous OPA evaluation method that is already waiting inside the virtual machine. Now let's load the eBPF application. And it will try to count net for packets. Everything is fine. Yeah. OK. Let's see the logs. I have a lot of logs there. Since EPV4 protocol is already folding around my machine, it's communicating with the Wi-Fi. A lot of services are already running inside the virtual machine. So as you can see, the evaluation protocol, the eBPF OPA method is running 1 million times. And with the input protocol, this is the idea of the EPV4 protocol. And the result was one. OK. Let's check the eBPF logs. It's running there. So it's classic eBPF log. As you can see, hello, very large amount of package. OK. You are allowed by OPA to enter. So OPA allowed these EPV4 packets to enter and get counted. And that's all. How is it working? So we are running the wasn't three virtual machine. It's a fast WebAssembly interpreter. It's inside the kernel module. It's an extremely portable virtual machine for wasm. As I mentioned, interpreters are very easy to move around. You don't have to mess with a lot of assembly and GIT compiler magic. We modified it to be able to run it in the kernel, since it is a user space virtual machine. And it's capable to run on the edge and stuff like that. But not on the kernel space. So we have to modify it. We maintain a fork. It's well written, easy to extend. It's written in C. It's really easy to use. It's also employed in cryptocurrency-related works. Has was in support, but we don't need it. As I mentioned, we are just targeting wasn't 32 unknown unknown. What we want in the near future? Employ a GIT capable wasn't VM, since from performance perspective, interpreters are not that good. Wasm 3 is really one of the fastest interpreters out there for wasn't, but it's not the fastest. So probably we need to extend it to have a GIT inside it or employ another runtime, which has GIT already built in. Dynamically exposed wasn't methods. So as you see, my OPA evaluation method was written hard-coded there in the C code. So we need to find out some kind of framework to be able to expose methods as wasn't methods as key funks. A lot of security and performance considerations. So this stuff needs a real review from a real Canada developer, which I am not. And probably a ton of more future enhancements. The whole stuff is open source under Cisco open wasn't getting a little check it out. You will find the wasn't the modified wasn't three there as a submodel. We have a CLI also, which loads the kernel models from user space into kernel space. And you can write any kind of issues, questions there. We are happy to receive those. So any questions? Well, Ella? Well first, let's give them a round of applause for this talk. But I certainly think it's incredibly interesting, especially just thinking how there's always a lower level to go. Even pushing this all the way down into the kernel. But yeah, are there any questions from anyone on anything that was discussed here? I certainly have a question, which is what's the easiest way for someone to get involved in the project? What's the easiest way to get in and contribute? As I mentioned, we have the GitHub repo. It was open source at least three days ago. So it's quite fresh. So jump on it, compile it. A lot of instructions are in the readme. Use lima, as I mentioned, if you have a Mac, or otherwise as well. And we also have a Slack instance called etnysysco. And we will create a wasm-related channel there. It will be part of the readme, so I will put it into there. Gotcha. And I actually have another question just as a runtime nerd. So you mentioned that you wanted to go towards Whammer potentially as a potential runtime. But you mentioned some stuff being particularly difficult when you're running in the kernel. With Whammer, was the plan to use something like their ahead of time compiler, so that way it's just kind of a done show? Or why was the reason you were looking at Whammer? Yeah, I think the ahead of time stuff would be much, much better, since it's really hard to create executable code inside the kernel and mark it as a executable memory space. So I think this has some kind of security limitations already. And Whammer is also written in C, so it can be easily moved down to the kernel level. And Whammer return has a nice quality of code, I think. So I really like Whammer. Makes a lot of sense. Any last minute questions from anyone? All right, give it up again for Nando. Thank you, Alex.


Most of my work is done in Vermont. I'm in charge of essentially finding opportunities to harvest timber in stands of timber that are ready to be harvested, mature timber, of which there are many on these lands. And once I find those harvestable units, I write a plan to describe those units. We comply with all sorts of layers, the use value appraisal program, which is the current use program in Vermont. We have a conservation easement. And then once the plans are approved by the appropriate regulatory authorities, then I'm in charge of executing the timber sale on the ground, which is my favorite part, is hanging the flagging, marking the trees, and supervising the logging operation, which I love to do. There's great guys in these woods. Once I find the harvestable unit, I will go through some stereo photography analysis of the tract, look at the contours, determine whether or not the skid is within the skid, the timber skid is within half, three quarters of a mile. And if it's not, then we'll need road to reach it. And so I will go out, lay out the roads in the woods, try to keep the percentage of slope to a minimum amount, which is sometimes difficult in mountainous country. Once the roads are established in a tract of land, say we pick a harvest unit, we put the road in, we've got a tract of 200 acres off the roadside to our right. It's various terrain, various timber types. What you'd first do is establish where your landing was going to be for these big, heavy objects that you're going to be handling. Trees are a ton, ton and a half a piece, and they come into the yard, and they're long, and they're difficult to handle, and you need a lot of room to handle them. So you establish landings, and once you know where your landing is going to be, then you can flag that out. For cutting that out later, you flag the perimeter of that, you cut that out, and then stump it and use that ground as your center point. So once the landings are located, then you start to lay out your main skid system. And that involves running trails that can be parallel with the road or work with the contours of the land so that the slopes aren't too steep, but that the tracked vehicles, the tracked feller bunchers, can go on these areas. I mean, you can't run a tracked feller buncher on a 30% slope this way. You just doesn't go side hill that way. So you've got to be able to figure out how to get those tracked vehicles in, and you flag each skid trail with orange flagging. We have a protocol for flagging, and you flag those locations out. You flag each stream buffer. We have a policy about streams, buffers, 50-foot buffers on most perennial streams, all perennial streams, actually. And then on intermediate streams or intermittent streams, there's a little bit different policy. You still got the buffer, but you can operate in the buffer and so on and so forth.  And then you'd put in your harvest boundary in a pink. A pink is where the harvesting ends is on the pink line. So you've got your orange, your blue, your pink. And still the cultural boundaries where I determine maybe I want to thin this parcel over here, but this parcel has a lot of unacceptable growing stock, and maybe I'll put a small patch cut here where the timber growth isn't so good. It probably should be started over again. So those are the kinds of things that I do on the ground as a rule before the logging crew shows up. The relationship that we have is I will show them the map, give them a copy. Usually give them a GPS with the whole sale on it. And they know the routine. They know that orange flagging is skid trails. They know that blue paint means the tree leaves the site. We have a protocol with blue and orange paint. When you mark the trees in blue, those go. And you mark them in orange, they stay. So a lot of times we'll have a small patch cut, and we'll leave an excellent dominant tree in that somewhere, in that patch for seed source. And the relationship that I have with the loggers is basically show them what to do, and those guys execute. And we work together on many of these things. We put crossings in together. We have bridges that we cross streams with. We have other manner of crossings, pole crossings that we use occasionally on smaller streams. And we work with those guys to describe what we want for a crossing. And they'll execute that. And the relationship is really very good. We're dealing with a lot of guys who are my age now. They're older, more experienced, really, really experienced. And you've got to give these guys credit for what they know, because they're brilliant. Many of them are brilliant. They're just blue collar brilliant guys. They really are. I think there's a really promising future for young people in the business, because there are so many of us that are going to age out. Shortly, the only real downside I see for the youth is that what bank is going to hand over $10 million for equipment purchases. That's their biggest hurdle, I think. That would seem to me the biggest hurdle. Who's going to hand over that kind of money to make these equipment purchases possible? There's a lot of opportunity there. There's a lot of opportunity. Art, the contractors, the logging contractors I work with are always looking for new young talent. Like I said, most of the guys in the business are my age. And maybe somebody doesn't want to go to college right off the hop. Maybe they don't want to go to college at all. And maybe if they have an interest in heavy equipment. My god, what better place to be interested in heavy equipment than an industry that has all kinds of heavy equipment to operate? Some of these kids, there's a couple of kids on kids, 22, 23-year-olds that work on my projects. And they're absolute geniuses with this equipment. And I constantly tell them or ask them, how did you get so good with this stuff? Some of these guys can pick a dime off the ground with a grapple skitter, it's remarkable. So they just say, well, I was interested in it. My father had an excavator. He let me run it. And I got pretty good at it. And then I decided to try and run it. I answered an ad in a paper for a skitter operator. And I ended up running a skitter. And then I graduated to a delimiter and then into the harvester itself. And the harvester is really a key piece of the puzzle for us. They're the guys that we look at and say, OK, here's the plan, execute. And the grapple skitter guys, they have a critical role, too, because they've got to be able to maintain their trails. And the young kids today that are so talented with this equipment, I mean, every contractor's looking for young guys that can run equipment. Father just very little. And like I said, after he passed away, I don't know, maybe a year later, my mother sold the farm. And we moved to Orleans there. And my heart was kind of infirming. So I stayed with some friends in Brankton. I grew up there part-time with them. And then I guess when I was 18 or so, I thought I wanted to play mechanic. So I worked at a garage outside of Orleans there for I don't know, five or six years. Then we went to logging. I used to play on weekends doing firewood and stuff. And I had a little old C3 tree farmer skitter I used to play with. And I don't know. Then I got in with Wagner Woodlands. And they was going to give me a contract. So I wouldn't lease the skitter for nine months. And I never looked back. I just stepped along from there. Right now, there's just four of us. Me, my son-in-law, my future son-in-law, and my brother. I've been working for Plum Creek. I believe it's around eight years. We've done a lot of work for them. They've been awful good to us. For the last probably six years or so, I worked solely for Plum. I used to run six, seven different pieces of equipment on them. We're starting to get in our golden years, I guess you'd call it. So I'm trying to mellow out a little bit. I mean, we still try to keep everybody happy, but that's where we're headed. That's a hardwood log. And we're going to grottin' a catamount yard down there with that. And our pulp, and there's ash pulp and everything, that's going to Buffalo Mountain and Hadwick or down to the catamount yard. Our softwood is going to Hadwick. Our softwood log's going to Hadwick. And our softwood pulp and stuff goes to Jamie. Of course, you hear bits and pieces, but my opinion, I guess it's still always going to be here. We might have to log a little smarter, which I think we're trying to with our cut to length and stuff like that. It's just, you might have to diversify a little bit. Like we do firewood, and that helps us from flooding some of our pulp mills. We try to do a few hundred-quarter firewood a year. That helps us there. Finding new markets, we're always trying to find new markets. It's hard, no. I mean, if you're going to get help, you're going to have to teach them. Especially with this newer equipment we've got now.  Well, I don't even have a chainsaw and a job. We don't use them anymore. Very rarely we use a chainsaw. And so there's a lot of learning curves. You're into your computers and everything nowadays. But with this here, I can set it up for seven different operators. And my son-in-law with that one, it's just unreal what you've got to know to run it. You don't know how to calibrate your computers and stuff like that. This machine, my son-in-law runs in the woods. We call it the Harvester II. And he goes up to a tree. He grabs onto it, cuts it down. As it hits the ground, he's got wheels, spins it up. And he's got a computer inside. He's watching his computer for the diameter of the tree, which we don't really do much logs. If we do a power log, it's going to be 8 inch. But it's going to be a nice, smooth tree. And his machine will tell him the diameter of the tree so he knows he's 8 inch inside the back. And if it's a nice, smooth log, his other gauge there, I'm not familiar with the machine, but I know it runs. His other thing will tell him the length. He wants an 8-6. So the machine will spin it up to 8-6. He'll cut it off. That's a good tie log, or 16 foot per pulp. I mean, it's his judgment on what he wants to put that tree into. But his machine will tell him the diamers that he needs to know to make his marks. I'll take my forwarder and you'll have piles off of the woods. I go pick them up and bring them out. Then my brother here loads me and he'll sort of in the landing, which mill we want him to go to. So, and then when a truck comes in, my brother loads it. Plum Creek, they tell us where to market it. I actually get a quota every Sunday night, I believe, or email to me what markets I can use that week. You know, with them, we have a tie log market, which is in Coventry, Vermont. It's Le Branch Lumber. We go to there. They have another tie log market for a smaller tie log in Maine. It's Isakson's above J. Maine.  It doesn't quite make a saw log. And that goes to Maine. I think it's Bethel, Maine. And they make bridge mats out of it, which a lot of log is used in the woods. And they make the bridge panels and stuff. And then we have saw logs on plum, which go to shampoo in Canada. That's your hardwood saw log. And then we have the veneer, which goes to Columbia Forest in Newport. And then if we get into the softwood logs, they all go to Milan, New Hampshire. And the pulp is been going to, the softwood pulp has been going to Sappy and Skelhegan. And the hardwood pulp either goes to Sappy and Skelhegan or Domtar in Windsor, Quebec. If we had to train somebody to run, like say my son-in-law's piece of equipment, you're gonna have at least a month, a two-month learning curve, because there's a lot of stuff that entails. And then you're really pushing it.  You should know whether you're gonna make it by then. And the forwarder, I don't know. I picked it up in probably three weeks where I could manage to make a living with it. It's not for everybody, but I managed so I guess a lot of people could.  And just to learn today's logging, it's so much different than it was years ago.  There's just so many laws nowadays has changed. If anybody really wanted to get in and do it right, they should get it with a bigger firm and learn the right way to do it before they wanna step down on their own. I like to have all my guys at least to have a CDL license so they can drive dump trucks. And somebody that can run heavy equipment that's had some experience. And we usually have, like to have at least one labor in our crew. Pretty much everybody kind of does a little bit of everything. Nobody has just one job. In our peak season this summertime, there's about six. And next year we're hoping to add at least one more. So it'll be seven guys, employ. We usually put an ad in with an unemployment office and usually sometimes advertise a newspaper. Most time you can usually find somebody by doing that. People will come and see you. Was brought up on a very firm just down the road here. And my father always had a dozer and stuff. And in 86 we had an auction and he always did side work anyway. So he just kind of started in the excavating business.  And I actually bought him out 19 years ago. And he actually worked for me up until about four years ago. Now we semi-retired. We have three excavators, a dozer, a loader, and four dump trucks. Pretty much all excavating work. We do dig foundations, put in septic systems, build driveways, and of course we build a lot of roads for Plum Creek. Graveling roads and building green roads for the, you know, so they can get logs out. Don't really have a set area. I know a lot of guys don't usually travel too far from home, but we, most everywhere we work for Plum Creek is anywhere from, you know, a 20 mile ride in the morning to a 50, 52 mile ride. We build a lot of their roads, fixing up old logging roads that were used for trucking. They haven't been used in a while. We'll go in with a brush head. On the excavator, you know, trim all the brush back and then we'll re-grabble it, change all the culverts.  After Hurricane Irene, we did work for the town of Ludlow for eight weeks, rebuilding all their roads down there, replacing culverts and so pretty much we'll go just about anywhere. We do quite a bit of town work for a municipal. We do a lot of state work. We do a lot of residential too, you know, like I said, digging foundations, septics, driveways, stuff like that. It's getting tougher with help is our main thing. It seems like the younger generation's really not into, you know, what we do, long hours, you know, the hard work. It's definitely finding help is a big problem. I do have a couple of guys that were trained by myself, but most of the guys came from other places. And as of right now, we've got probably the best crew I've ever had. I think it's getting harder for anybody with a small business. I would hate to think this day and age I was gonna start over like I did 19 years ago. I don't think you could do it financially. And I don't know with all the stress and everything else, I don't know if I'd want to do it. Like this, those are here, brand new is about 150,000. That machine right behind me here, that brand new was about 250. Pretty much we do most everything right through our local bank here in town, but most of the times if the equipment companies usually sometimes run a really good deal in interest, so we'll finance right through like Caterpillar or Volvo, but most everything is right through the local bank. I guess I got into the trucking business way back when I had to farm with one dump truck. I had one dump truck and that led to more. And I think I had five or six dump trucks that I worked also and it just seems to keep growing. And then as we get into the milk business, I had 28 milk tankers, so I don't remember how many trucks I had, but I had more than that. Picked up all of those, the milk from all the farms and that grew to the sawdust business, so that added more units. And then that turned to the mulch business. So one thing led to another and we just kept the different products and developing markets for it. I'm very fortunate I've got help some of you have been here almost 30 years. We're just fortunate on the good help we have is good help, but truck drivers are a different situation. If you can keep one for four or five years, you're doing pretty good. I'm Kevin Barrett, I'm Rodney Barrett's son and I'm the active manager, co-owner of Barrett Farms Incorporated. My grandparents had a farm and then my dad had a farm and I've worked basically with my dad ever since I was small. He had an international hirerster dealership for a while. I didn't have much participation in that, but when he had the farm, I did milk a few cows and I cleaned barns and fed cows and run the siloed trucks and fed calves and all that stuff. And then when he sold that business and got into the milk column business, I was kind of fascinated with the truck so I would ride with him quite often and get some learning from that. And then he let me drive a few times and then I guess I caught the bug. And I've had trucks in my system ever since then. We do quite a wide variety of trucking. We are mainly in the multi-business so we haul mulch all over the eastern coast as far down as Delaware, as far west as Ohio. We have another terminal in East Windsor, Connecticut and one in Tuaco, New Jersey that we reload out of. And we do back calls for a lot of different companies up here including the Columbia Forest Products. We do some veneer, we do some animal feed. We haul a little bit of asphalt for a pike industry, a whole castle. We kind of do a variety of a little bit of everything. Just the trucks, we've got 30 trucks so we have 30 drivers and then we have three full-time mechanics and two welders and that's just for the trucking part of it. We do have some other employees that work in the yard here in the manufacturing sector. Besides the two trucks that work for Pump Creek primarily, we have five other trucks that haul wood for private individuals. And we haul for some of the larger wood contractors, self-employed contractors in the area. Plus we have a chicken crew that goes out and chips wood for biomass also. As far as wood truck drivers, we probably get experience most of the time. We had some people that have come in here, we've trained them, we have one employee that's been here for almost 20 years. He started off and he was 15 years old here and we've trained him and he basically can run every aspect of the company. He's capable. And we've had a few others that we've brought in as green horns and trained them. But now we're kind of looking for, it takes a special kind of person to go in the woods. You just can't take any truck driver and put them in the woods. It's kind of a special breed, so to speak, which is getting very, very hard to find because these kind of drivers came off the farms and there's very few farmers left, so to speak. So it's very hard to find a good person to go in the woods. Goodridge Lumber actually began in 1974, which is many years ago, on this piece of land here in Albany. And the mill got started because we wanted to build a log home of our own. And worked with the farmer down the road that was doing harvesting up behind the mill here. And we said, well, we will help you all winter, get the logs out and instead of payment, let's save out some nine and 10 inch diameter logs for our log home. We had been living in a mobile home and thought the dream home was a log home. So when we got the logs all together and spring came, we had the pile of logs and the light bulb went off. Wouldn't it be fun to saw our own logs? So that was probably a dangerous question because after we thought about it and found a used sawmill over in Glover, not too far from here, a bell saw on a hay wagon with a tarp over it and it was a bargain for $500. So that was a big purchase. And got it home, took it to the farmer's yard down below and it needed a tractor to run the blade and hooked the tractor up, the PTO and we found out that the goodbye of $500 was maybe not quite such a goodbye as we thought because they were missing parts. And not having money at our disposal to buy these parts, we did look at that log pile and actually sold the logs that originally were going into the home for parts and had a sawmill that was workable and that was in 1974 and set up on Route 14 a little bit below where we are sitting now and used tin poles and this bell saw with a neighbor's tractor and in 1974 a lot of railroad beds were being replaced and a mill and hard whip could not saw the hardwood railroad ties fast enough. So we did some custom sawing of hardwood, the six by eights and seven by nines for him. So that actually started our sawmill career. We started out with the hardwood railroad ties operated down in the the mill yard we call it down below for a couple years and then moved up to the site where we are now and had another mill building and we switched to softwood and pine and a little bit of cedar. And what we noticed was that although the softwood and pine were readily available in log form they were more of a commodity item. The softwood logs often went up through Route 14 into Canada were processed and sent back to the US and sold for less than what we could process that same log from our hillside. So we knew that this was not a long term profitable venture. Pine was a good commodity item but the cedar was a little unique in the fact that it grew locally. And we felt that being involved in a local product a specialty product, a natural product, very decay resistant, bug resistant, very beautiful that it was a specialty area that would bode well for us. So in 1985, we switched strictly to cedar. Goodridge Lumber currently has eight full-time employees and my sister who works two days a week in the office. We have changed mills a couple different times the actual sawmill that we mill the logs on. We have a chase hydraulic carriage and an edger. A sash saw from Sweden that is thin curved blades so we're saving as much wood as possible when we're cutting. So we have our employees, we buy our raw material from over a hundred different landowners, loggers and truckers on a yearly basis. Our vendor list is 300 plus but there are usually a hundred folks that are doing harvesting. And we are unique in the sense that we get our material from a 75 mile radius, which is a very local area. And the cedar generally grows in swampy areas. So the challenge is mother nature needs to give us some good cold weather in the winter. 80% of our product that we use yearly, 80% is brought in during the winter months from December until mid-time. The owners of the Goodridge Lumber Corporation are myself and my three sons Doug Mark and Brian. They all play very important roles. We have lots of different skills that are used in our business here. Doug, my oldest son does the sawing. Mark tends to planing operations and maintenance. And Brian is responsible for the yard, unloading the truck, stacking the logs, delivering and also we're all working sales. I will say that I feel very fortunate and blessed to be working in a business using a natural resource with my sons who are also my business partners. And that's an opportunity that not everyone has. So I feel very fortunate.


Okay so now what we're going to do is demonstrate how to make a herbal decoction. Herbal decoctions are made using roots so I don't think we needed to really explain to you how to make a herbal tea. A herbal infusion is something that we do all the time with those leafy flowery parts and I think last year in your Foundations of Western Herbal Medicine module Peter did a demonstration of making a herbal tea so we're going to move on to the decoctions, root part so the material we need we can use scales in the beginning to establish the amount that's needed. Once we've been doing it for a few days you know how many teaspoons you're going to require. We've got 750 mils of water here we want to be using distilled water or reverse osmosis water wherever possible tap water as you know has got all sorts of things in there that we don't really like as naturopaths. We've got our herbal medicine we've put it in this Pyrex jar now but it would normally be in a herbal medicine dispensing bag we've got our pan and we've got our cooker so this is something that herbalists love doing we love seeing our herbs we love the smells that emanate from herbs it is harder for patients we've talked about the pros and cons of decoctions they're brilliant but they're not the easiest thing for patients to do what we've got here is we've got some licorice and some scutillaria bacalensis so it's going to be a really good anti-inflammatory skin healing liver stimulating medicine with the licorice in there just to take the edge off it in terms of the bitter taste of scutillaria bacalensis but also licorice is a great anti-inflammatory and tonic for the system. So the first thing we're going to do is we're going to weigh out our 30 grams of dried herbs so you make sure the scale is tarry to zero you know normally it's around there you go 30 grams quite heavy dense material then we're going to put that into a pan and then we're going to add our water we've got 750 mils of lovely pure water going in there and then we're going to bring this to the boil right that's on the boil and then we're going to let that reach heat and then we're going to turn it down to a simmer for 20 minutes which is the time it takes to decoct keep the lid off remember when we're making a decoction we want the medicine to start to reduce we want at least 20 percent of the water to boil away because that becomes important in terms of concentrating the medicine and giving it more of a shelf life this amount of medicine is enough for two days if you keep it in the fridge so 750 mils of water 30 grams of rooty material bring it to the boil and then as soon as it's reached the boil turn it down to the minimum temperature required just to keep that water moving and let it cook away for 20 minutes so our decoction has been cooking away here for 20 minutes first of all it comes to the boil the froth rises up so you've got to watch it carefully and then turn it down to the minimum heat possible so that the herbs and the roots are moving around in the water but not over boiling you'll remember from earlier slides that you know this method doesn't really work for very aromatic herbs because all this steam that's rising up from the pot if there were volatile oil containing herbs we'd be losing some of those important constituents into the air so these roots have been cooking away and gradually reducing the steam is taking water away and after 20 minutes the volume of water will have reduced by 20 percent that's important for making a concentrated medicine and it's also important because that concentration really cleans that tea it really makes it preserve better infusions you'll remember don't really last the decoction because it's concentrated can last for about 48 hours in the fridge so it's brilliant for you know making the medicine and then having the medicine over a few days so what we'll do we'll turn it off now it's reduced it's cooked it's concentrated all the goodness has been extracted from the roots now you know make sure the pan handle isn't too hot and then I'm just going to pour it through a strainer into a jar and you can see that lovely rich colour of the decoction scutillaria bacallensis which we've got in here is a very good anti-inflammatory herb it contains berberine kind of these yellow pigments are very good for dredging the liver cleaning the blood so now we've got the decoction you can have a cup of tea now you know I'll show you the the the general amount to use you know about sort of 50 to 60 mil will be a good dose it's quite a bitter herb scutillaria bacallensis we put licorice in there for its benefits and to slightly mask the flavour of bitterness you could add a little bit of honey to it if a patient has a fussy palate so here's your tea ready prepared you've got enough in here for at least another five or six doses just keep this in the fridge you might want to put it into a slightly smaller container so it fits nicely in your fridge and then three times a day you'll take your dose before meals and you probably want to just warm it up a little bit to get it to a nice temperature to drink rather than trying to drink it cold drinking very bitter herbs cold is harder than drinking bitter herbs when they're warm and if necessary sweeten with a little bit of honey or maple syrup compliance is the key often decoctions have a stronger and more bitter taste than teas and we want to make sure our patients take their medicines so adding a little bit of honey you know obviously it's not ideal but if it means they take their medicine then that's absolutely fine so chin chin if you enjoyed this video please give it a like and subscribe below so you don't miss any future content to learn more about cnm or its courses head to www.naturopathy-uk.com


Hey survivors and frivers, a quick video here talking about how Narciss neglects self care and hygiene. Please like, comment, share and subscribe. Narciss neglects self care and hygiene. Self care is any deliberate activity we do to take care of our mental, emotional and physical health. We live in a world where many people neglect their mental, emotional and physical health and instead focus on their image or what the world sees on the outside. This is why dysfunctional relationships are so common. People with unhealed childhood traumas, personality disorders, stress, anxiety, depression, the only people who appear to be practicing self care efficiently are abuse survivors, people who are spiritual or those who are required to practice self care for their career. It really shows how important image and looking good on the outside is these days. When people literally neglect their mental, emotional and physical health, they will spend thousands on cars or designer clothes and it's nothing for them to do that but they would never spend that same amount of money on their health. Unless it's an emergency, just think about how crazy that is. In my personal experience I have found that Narciss do not practice self care efficiently. The Narciss in my life did not eat a nutritious or healthy diet. They had eating disorders and developed thyroid or bowel issues from a young age. They rarely exercised. To them, rather than seeing the gym as a place where you can improve your health, they saw it as a place where they can go to present their image or to get attention. Really going to the gym is one of the main forms of self care that a Narciss will practice. They have to be in shape, they have to display an attractive image but some Narciss have such a strong sense of arrogance and entitlement that they believe they don't even have to be in good shape. Narciss don't always follow up with medical care. They will put off check ups or visits to the doctor, opticians or dentists. They have this magical thinking in their minds that as long as they think everything will work out okay, they don't need to take any action to take care of their bodies. Narciss most often will not practice mindfulness or meditation. They have overactive minds, they are never at peace. They don't practice meditation because it involves self reflection and looking within is too painful for them. Narciss can appear to be very attractive when you first meet them but if you look closely, you will see signs that they do not practice self care efficiently. In my experience I have found that Narciss will dress well, do their hair and wear makeup. They are very good at creating the image they want to display to the world but this is all they really focus on. They neglect self care and basic hygiene. They have poor hygiene habits, there are red flags you should be aware of when you are dealing with a Narciss, red flags of poor hygiene. In my experience I have found that they would have stained teeth or bad breath, offensive body odours disguised with perfume, dandruff, hairy nostrils, dirty fingernails. They would spend long amounts of time in the shower which can strip away the skin's natural barrier, they would have very hot showers which can lead to infections. These are all basic practices of self care and hygiene which Narciss will neglect. On the surface they look clean, they dress well and smell good but if you get a bit closer or look closely at their hair or fingernails, you will find that it isn't real self care, they focus more on their external image rather than actually taking care of themselves. It's all about what you see on the outside, it isn't real self care just like it isn't real self love, they are just very good at creating a certain image that you might want to see, they've had years of practice at lowering in targets and manipulating them, they don't spend much time practicing self care or basic hygiene, they don't even wash their hands after they've been to the bathroom, they don't think about this stuff because they just magically think that it won't affect them or it will just magically go away, you may find yourself feeling unwell when you are around them, especially if you have sexual contact with them, every Narciss that I've had a relationship with had poor sexual hygiene, I don't really want to go into detail about that IQ but just be careful if you are having sexual contact with a Narciss, you might get sick or have an infection and try to keep the lights on so you can really assess their level of hygiene, they don't practice self care or basic hygiene so they are prone to disease, if you are in a relationship with a Narciss, please be very careful and take all of this into consideration when you are around them, I haven't seen any videos on this topic before but it was a recurring theme in my relationships with a Narciss so I thought I should discuss this, please share your thoughts in the comments about your personal experiences, that's all for this video, thank you for watching, please like, comment, share and subscribe and I will talk to you soon.