Awesome. I think we can get started. How's everybody doing today? So far so good already got lunch Coffee so you don't fall asleep during this next session All right. Well, let's get started My name is Charles a coach you I am the worldwide business development manager for our Amazon managed blockchain service and quantum ledger database So I've been with AWS now for about three years and I've you know, also worked previously at a cryptocurrency hedge funds and also in fintech So today I want to talk to you guys about building enterprise applications using Amazon managed blockchain service So let me first of all dive into how we at AWS think of blockchain Blockchain obviously is a technology that everybody is it's been Very very popular lots of companies are trying to find out the specific use cases on how to use blockchain and how to when you know what when is a good use case for blockchain and technically yet usually we have like two different types of What we call ledger technologies that we support the first is you know When you have like a centralized trust and in that case we've discovered that there are a lot of customers who think they want blockchain, but technically what they want is a System of record a centralized system record with an immutable ledger and they want but they don't want the information to be Distributed among these other parties and they want to have you know manage that data by themselves But they still want an immutable Immutable ledger so in that case we have a service called Amazon quantum ledger database Which is a fully managed service that makes it easy to create and you know and provide a centralized ledger technology for managing data and this slide here shows how QLDB works tech ideally what happens is data is fed in and it's fed into a Journal which is a immutable journal and that information is stored in a sequence It's cryptographic Database and it just same way as it stored on a blockchain and then the data is now Provided to customers in a you know in a in a view called the current state view and an index view So it gives you the ability to look at versions of of history in the application So we see a lot of use cases for this particular type of database From customers who like the Department of Motor Vehicles in the US the DVLA here in in the UK and for a lot of customers. This is a good enough Solution for a immutable ledger without having to use a blockchain solution. So then we also have Decentralized trust ledgers with decentralized trust with this type of technologies It's more suited for companies that have complex workflows. If you're you know, you want you have like different number customers who want to interact with each other in a trustless fashion and And for for these type of companies there are multi-party We look think think of solution applications like supply chain Decentralized identity use cases this works best and for that, you know, that's where we see blockchain being a good use case and we all we have a service called the Amazon Managed Blockchain, which is a solution that offers the ability to build and run Any blockchain framework tech currently we support Amazon The hyper ledger fabric as well as manage Ethereum nodes So it's very easy to kind of build on our AWS platform It's you know, if you're trying to build a hyper ledger based network rather than having to build all the nodes and you know Yourself it's easy to kind of run in the application focus on building your core business application and running the network on on our platform So I'm going to dive in briefly into blockchain fundamentals. So first of all One of the things that we've seen from customers is they've reached out to us and said they want a way to independently verify Transactions, they don't necessarily want to run the applications on their own they want us to manage the build of the data set of the of the blockchain network and Currently the approaches that are used are focused on building the nodes in managing it it's very very Difficult to do that for most customers. So what we've come up with is a way to build a infrastructure I know using our AWS services to build infrastructure to allow customers kind of focus on their core business applications While we handle all of the undifferentiated heavy lifting of the of the blockchain So in this case, you know one of the things that blockchain offers is it helps you build Trust in a network and eliminates the need for a central authority and for most blockchains, you know, there are three main components one is The distributed ledger the consensus mechanism and smart contracts. So together these components provide Immutable and trust and enables multi-party transactions without a centralized authority So the first layer is the smart, you know, there's the distributed ledger, which I talked about And then you have the consensus mechanism, which I'll go into more details and also smart contracts So the first is the distributed ledger. So ledgers are typically used to record a history of economic and financial activity and many many organizations, you know like want to build a ledger like functionality because they want to maintain an accurate history of the applications and You know and for a sample for supply chain or tracking of credits And in the blockchain the ledger is shared and it's trusted and and it's a you know And everyone know what no single user has control over the over the ledger and every node on the in the blockchain Replicates a date copy of the ledger and now the way it does that is using a consensus Mechanism which form the backbone of the blockchain and it helps all the nodes in the network to verify the transactions and that they're different, you know types of Consensus protocols, obviously, you know Bitcoin which is the grandfather of all blockchains. We this proof of proof of Work and some of the newer blockchains use proof of stake for or proof of authority depending on what you which blockchain network You're using and so this this is kind of from our perspective, you know, we feel that we want to run blockchain networks that are energy efficient and are also environmentally Stable so currently we don't support Bitcoin, but that's going to change over the next, you know in the next few months we supported therium and we also support hyper ledger fabric and The last but not least is the smart contract, which is business logic that resides on the blockchain and Smart logic, you know smart contracts are simply applications or programs that are written in code that can be executed, you know In a decentralized manner on the network so So currently as I said before the challenges that customers have reached out to us that it faces, you know The fact that setting up a blockchain network is hard When you're thinking of adding new members or you're growing or growing your ledger It becomes very hard to scale and it becomes more complicated to manage You know when you're managing the security the governance Billing and also expensive we've seen that a lot of customers who are running their blockchains tend to initially start running it on Bare metal or hardware and they have to manage all the components Associated with running that blockchain, you know trying to run an open-source blockchain network is not isn't it's not an easy task So the service that we offer overseas our Amazon manage blockchain Which is a fully managed service that makes it easy to create Managed scalable networks and currently we offer like I said before two main frameworks one of them is the Hyperledger fabric and also at the manager terium and we also support three of the popular test nets Which is a ring could be? Robstein and girly on our on our platform So the core here the core features so this slide here shows how easy easy it is to get started It's in what I want to stress here is you know a lot of cut, you know We've seen based on customer feedback that one of the beauty You know customers running Ethereum for instance they're able to get a blockchain network running if you tried running say an Ethereum node It takes about 24 to 48 hours to get a fully managed Ethereum node up and running we're able to get the nodes up and running our Ethereum nodes within an hour and also when it comes to creating a Hyperledger fabric network and you know having with the consortium setup it the governance features of The current open source implementations are you know, it's kind of honor us to kind of invite members to join So we offer a you know governance Platform that allows you to invite members or you know create a voting mechanism to allow people to join in and leave the network and the also other thing is we Use for our ordering service we leverage our own go journal database instead of using raft or Kafka, which is Someone can you know, it's easy for somebody to break into or an administrator to break into a Kafka based network or a raft network and inject messages, so we use Qldb technology, which is based on journal. It's an internal solution that's used within AWS to Control or manage the ordering service on on on our blockchain The other thing obvious other feature here is it's you know, it's low-cost You only pay for what you need to use and you can scale up and scale down as you Grow as you decide to and it's also integrated with AWS services I think I've already showed the slide before so again, I want to talk briefly about the two protocols that we support obviously And when to use them If you are running on a hyper ledger, you know, it's ideally ideal for permission networks And you know, this is great for applications that need privacy and access controls The use hlf and where you have a need to have transparency of data across all members hyper ledger And I think it might be a better use case And so we see a lot of use cases with banks and financial institutions that want to run trade and claring and seven settlement applications for loyalty point solutions We see a lot of use cases, which I'm going to share over as we go along and So the other question we get a lot is who owns the network Even though we run the app like we run the online blockchain. We don't control the data We make it possible for customers to kind of run the applications and they're able to invite other members or remove members within the Configuration and each member pays for their resources We don't we don't get access to the data because we kind of keep a separation in terms of controls over use of the Who owns the network? So one of the things that we do to augment the hyper ledger fabric as I said before is the Component components of the fabric network to guarantee delivery on order instead of using Kafka raft We leverage our KLDB journal DB Solution to provide additional durability and reliability and we can guarantee that you know if you're running operating a blockchain network part of the value proposition is You want to make sure that no one has tampered with the data and what we've seen is from our experience, it's possible to actually modify the underlying raft protocols or Kafka which is what the legacy blockchain open source network uses so we leverage a Amazon KLDB technology to increase that durability and also our certificate authority uses a soft HSM and Last one of these views that we leverage our key management services to secure the certificate authority service and Generally, you know you might on the play the importance of this but from our perspective we see that a lot of implementations managing the keys for a traditional blockchain network using open source can be very onerous I mean we've seen one use case where a bank central bank tried to build a central bank digital currency application and They launched and about a year later all of the keys expired and they were not able to all the tokens were you know worthless at that point, so We kind of feel that using our key management service and also our soft HSM that we provide Allows you to ensure that keys get generated and the certificates get renewed Automatically without you know you having to manage that aspect of it So in terms of pricing we do offer as I said before a pay-as-you-go with no upfront costs and you know They're to get before pricing dimensions One is a network membership fee, which is per hour and and also the second dimension is the data That's transferred across between members That's paid written per gigabit and then you have like pier knows that you provision per hour and also not sorry So those are the kind of the four main pricing dimensions and we've done a lot of work of Managing and pricing for different members so customers don't have to do anything now if you're starting out building a plot building a Application, you know, we'd recommend using our start edition, which is useful small tests and production networks using very small instant sizes and we provision this for you know beta test environments and Also, and then once you're at the point where you built out the POC you want to move to a production network We offer a standard edition which is for production based network in addition to that we also offer Credits to allow customers who are looking to build applications on on our blockchain to test it out to try to make sure they Can you know they're happy with the service before they move forward and one of the things that we have seen like from customers who Leveraged our blockchain service. We find that it's up to 75% cheaper than running it yourself on on EC2 So there's a lot of value proposition. We have lots of customers like you know, which I'll show some of the customer stories who've tried doing it building your own Hyperledge of fabric networks, for instance, and you know or Ethereum networks, and they found it much cheaper to leverage our managed solution so let me talk briefly about a few customer stories one of them is Nestle and Nestle about a two a year and a half ago built a Supply chain asset tracking system to track coffee from the farm all the way to the Store and you know the the idea was to kind of keep track of You know basic ESG type feature Metrics like carbon water footprint and they were able to track where the coffee was grant was Produce the lot and track it all the way from the roasting the grading all the way to the store so you can actually Scan a QR code on the coffee bag and it will tell you how long and where the coffee came from You know the origin the original where the way was farmed and also it can also give you the gift gives them more Information as to where they're seeing delays in their supply chain network And so this is something that they've launched out of Australia and they're now beginning to expand it across Other parts of the world so you're gonna be seeing more of this and this was built with our professional services team within three months So this is one great use case for supply chain another use case that we wanted to share is Sony music and this they built a digital rights management solution on On our Amazon managed blockchain solution they were able to use it for participants to share and verify information and if you look at the legacy implementation, you know, there was a lot of Contracts flowing back and forth between the originators of of the content, you know the people who the artists and and authors of you know music or any digital rights and The the paper flow was very very complex and they were able to use the blockchain to kind of provide a decentralized platform for publishers and artists to actually Leverage this solution for for managing their digital rights and ensuring they get paid in a timely fashion and One of the benefits, you know, it helps to simplify the complex contract workflow it helped them reduce management and labor costs and each Member of the network can now update and an immutable data set of contracts. So looking at all of the Music contracts, you know that that have been written, you know keeping track of who owns what and also when say the musician dies and hands over the the The copyrights to their descendants or you know benefactors keeping track of all that so Sony music, you know in Japan is actively using that and those are recent Change in there in the copyright regulation in Japan, they also going to be leveraging NFTs for for managing those that those rights And then the other solution I was going to talk about was the Singapore exchange and Singapore exchange is a you know leading multi-asset exchange in Asia Provides like listing and trading and clearing the settlement. So they actually built the original implementation on-prem using traditional open source Hyperledger and when they were moving into the cloud, they you know decided they were going to test out our platform and Primarily the main use case was for To help with codifying rights and obligation for digital assets for a digital end-to-end marketplace and also To allow for into bank transfers into bank transactions between member banks for clearing and settlements of trades so they were able to Move the existing implementation that were running on their on-prem onto a blockchain within of all of the smart contract code The chain code everything got migrated within two months into Blockchain and we resulted in About 60% savings on their part So they've been using this and they're actually moving on to the next stage in the implementation Which would be beyond for cross-border settlements not just within Singapore, but across Asia So that's a very successful use case and they're using it for clearing and settlements of assets on for Singapore so we have a bunch of other use cases that we have for customers and Like the DTCC for clearing and settlements liberty mutuals using for claims processing We have help direct for health care a lot of use cases there in health care And so if you are interested, you know, I'm definitely open you can reach out to me We have a booth upstairs you can talk more about these cases I've tried to kind of speak through as quickly as possible because I know I have like 15 20 minutes And I also want to leave room for questions So if you're interested in learning more about our services, you can go to our Amazon landing page And also you can look at qldb amazon.com slash qldb So I'm gonna leave room. Do we have any time for questions? All right any questions on our services Yes Yes Yeah, we do have the option to store in a in a private hsm But we also have the obviously cloud hsm service on AWS that can be leveraged for that But to simplify it for most customers who are just focused on Focus on the business value of the application and they don't want to deal with the hsm or you know managing key Recycling we just made it easy for customers to just launch and then you know and again like the use case I explained to you the the bank in South America who they built out an entire central bank digital currency application using an open source Hyperledge implementation, you know They they left out having to you know manage the key recycling and that you know You don't worry about it until a year later when the key start to expire and at that point, you know You start running into issues. So we've made it very very easy. We try to you know, lift reduce the Yeah We provide like a SDK us, you know the API to allow you to manage it and but sounds like this kind of problem You're having we can definitely help you with that. So look you can talk to me after this meeting So That's a very good question So your question you're asking is if Amazon is planning on having, you know a training and certification path for for blockchain The answer to that question is yes, we're actively working on that not just for Internal because obviously Finding blockchain talent is very difficult. We have it, you know, we're hiring developers and and Professional teams to help in in helping customers implement their you know So we actually have a program like a what we call blockchain Academy, which you know will be released and allow not just customers but also individuals and partners to get through a to get a you know competency a blockchain competency But right now that's still in progress. Obviously, we're going to be covering hyper ledger F-terium and over the next six months. There are a few more blockchain protocols that are going to be out So we're planning on releasing a training agenda for that because that's a that's a big part of you know Increasing the rate of adoption for blockchain services. So, yeah, that's something that's now pipeline Charles you mentioned that Yes, so we are getting a lot of inbound from customers looking to use hyper ledger based which is private Ethereum as you know Yeah Yeah, so there there is there are plans to support it Let me right now we do the way we support the hyper ledger base who is you know We work with partners like Kaleido to offer an offer, you know offer even though they don't have a managed service on AWS they do have a what we call a quick start or a On our APN so you can go on to our marketplace, which is the Amazon partner network marketplace and you can click on the hyper ledger their hyper ledger base who and Launch a Kaleido node. So that's something that we currently offer today But looking at having it as a managed service is something that it's it's probably gonna be in our own I can't go into too much details, but we're looking we are looking to support at least six new blockchains over the next We don't support current current is on on consensus, but there's also consensus They're on on the on the marketplace as well. So for the for for networks that we currently don't Have as a managed service We basically give them the option we partner with them and also they're because there are a lot of use cases an example is the Global Rockstar use case where we built a music NFT platform on Ethereum, you know, they build we work they work with our professional services But they also wanted the ability to run gasless transactions or low-cost transactions So we actually partnered with polygon for instance to allow them mint assets on polygon and then Provide a way to using ZK relops to transfer those assets from cross-chain from polygon back into a theory So that's an example, but yeah, we have at least six blockchains that I think we're going to add to that list over the next So you're asking if we see any challenges towards To proof of stake For fun enough, it's a good thing you asked that question. So we have a lot of customers who are running Ethereum nodes today, or you know, and they're asking us to provide validate validation services Most of the customers who are currently running at there I'm one of the value propositions that we offer is they don't have to worry about updating So all of our networks all of our customers. I mean One thing a lot we don't know is like most almost 40% of all the Ethereum nodes that are running in the globally right now running on AWS So most of our customers who are running Ethereum nodes today don't have to worry about anything like the entire Upgrade process is going to be handled by our service team and everything gets done without them having to worry about So we're we're closely tracking them the updates are coming that's coming up over the next few days It's it's seamless So we say it's a gradual rollout because yet it's important to ensure that none of the nodes You know is out of is up is out of date So, you know because we want to make sure that we're keeping track So as new updates are happening like for instance, we recently updated The girly testnet, you know to support that about two three months ago And as you know the other networks Robstein and will be taken down So as that's happening we manage that and if you were running it those nodes yourself You have to remember to go update it, you know when so we just take away all of that stuff You know and so we're actually seeing a lot of adoption, you know, we are offering You know credits for customers who are trying who want to try it out network And a lot of them are seeing the benefits of using our platform because they don't have to worry about all of the updates that come You know all rollbacks have happened Yeah, just get a notification that your nodes been updated and that's it So 40% of your There are some percentages of that 40 that are self-managed So customers decide they want to run an Ethereum node they go launch easy to instances But when you see that, you know the cost of running it yourself You actually save money by running it on it on our managed service It's a no-brainer unless you have money to burn so most companies are that are using it for Events streaming so streaming events out of the Ethereum network things like smart contract data or Token data are using, you know, they just focus on Building on top of the on the nodes and they don't want to worry about managing network They want a stable And that's kind of the other reason why we're seeing a lot of inbound for to run valid data nodes because If you think about the way, you know proof-of-stake works if you if your node goes down for any reason You get penalized so you you stake 32 ether and if you if you're running those nodes You lose electricity lose internet connectivity or anything happens. You start getting penalized and so for them They just want to have a staking physical node staking service And they just want to deposit their wallet and ensure that during that time period while it's being validated While it's running it stays as stable as possible so they don't get penalized So that's kind of why we're seeing a lot of adoption of our service because we provide, you know Pretty stable to me where we're pretty stable in terms of How our infrastructure compared to some of the other blockchains, and I'm not gonna name names obviously so Yeah Yeah, so like he's he as he said if you are running an existing legacy Ethereum node and you need to update when the time comes You have to if you're running EC to you have to go in and actually Update it go on GitHub update it yourself if you're running a managed on service You just get a notification. It's been done and that's the end of So obviously when you're running a node it's running within a specific availability zone and a specific region so most of our customers run Across multiple regions so we support about four or five regions right now across the globe So, you know we their customers who run maybe you know two nodes per region and ensure that they're able to load balance traffic Across all those regions so any region goes down or there's any issue in any specific Availability zone or region they can still continue to service their customers Outside of you know different region because I ultimately because the blockchain network the data is the same, right? It's the data. It's all replicated across all the nodes. So it doesn't really matter Where the data is coming from unless you're latency sensitive But for the most part, that's how most of our customers build their infrastructure It's still very hard to understand Yes So you're asking your question was relating to health care data and Whether Amazon has a position in terms of how the data gets stored and from our perspective Obviously, most of our services are built for to for HIPAA. I don't know if you guys, you know If you're based on yes, no HIPAA compliance is but I said to you previously Because the blockchain is immutable There's some I mean, it's great for storing data, you know, obviously that you don't want to be changed But if because the blockchain itself is immutable, right? If you have a requirement to at some point say delete the data like, you know You might decide that as a patient you don't want your data with a specific medical if it's immutable It's hard to do that. So generally the Reference architecture is trying to not store PHI data on the blockchain because it's there might be a requirement like here in the in Europe There's a GDPR which is which has a privacy laws or that require you to Erase the data after a certain time period or you the patient can decide to ask for the data to be raised So the methodology that we recommend and we've seen a lot of health care life sciences companies who are deploying on AWS is to store the the actual data on you know s3 which is a Object store and then store the hash and the location on the blockchain And then you might put the patient ID information that way you don't have any PHI information like the patient name last name The social security card or any of that information on the blockchain But you do have a reference to the location and you could because you're storing the hash of the Patient information that's on on the s3 you can guarantee that that data has not been tampered with and you're gonna also enable What we call up s3 object lock which ensures that the data can be you know You can create a life cycle to show the data can be deleted based on whatever regulatory Compliance frameworks that you find yourself So that's generally what we see in industry. I mean there's also going to be another Session tomorrow on health care That's gonna be hosted here. So you might recommend you attend that session How much time do we have left? They were Any other questions? Okay If you have a life cycle management solution in place and you store the hash in the blockchain at some point You expect the data to be erased off s3 once that's done you can try to reference it But it's not going to be available It's just not going to exist in what the object doesn't exist in So it doesn't really matter, you know You might still have the hash and also the hash is a much smaller target data that can be stored on the blockchain because Technically you don't store large blobs of information on the blockchain you store Specific data you don't sport images or videos on a blockchain you would store it, you know If you look at the way NFTs work today the NFT the actual image underlying image or asset is stored on IPFS Or on s3 not on the blockchain except, you know, very very Yes, that's that's also the smart approach because trying to store data on the blockchain Okay, I have one more question and then we're done go ahead On what what's the question? Shots fired. Okay Sure Yeah, it's a good question. I mean we get that a lot so AWS has you know, we obviously we're the largest Cloud service provider and one of the reasons why we are people are using us is because we do have like two levels You know, we have a separation of data. There's certain things that we are responsible for we are responsible the underlying architecture the storage compute and Space and power and heating that's at a bear, you know If you order EC2 or any type of any of your services, that's what we offer One of the things that we do is obviously that the underlying storage is encrypted So we don't get access to your data We leave the applications and also kind of the governance to you the customer to manage We don't get in we don't you know We all of the data transferring from server to server or from node to node is all encrypted and we don't get we don't We don't have access to the information. So from that perspective, you know, you can say that yes You're running it on AWS. But if we don't have access to the keys you No, it's cryptography and also if it was tampered with I mean you still have the information is stolen If it's stored on the blockchain, you can also validate that that data has been tampered with because the hash will change so you can Apply the additional control of checking the hash after you copy it and Validating the hash is consistent with the hashes are stored on the blockchain. So That kind of helps you to and that's why a lot of customers store information on the blockchain They store it there so that we they're trying to protect us from us and from other third parties from tampering with the data so Well, thank you very much. You guys have been a very active audience. I appreciate it


In 1911, Gopal Krishna Gokhale presented the first bill of free and compressive education in the imperial assembly. It was not passed, could not be passed, because of resistance from two sections of society. One was feudal, another was emerging bourgeoisie. From the feudal section, Raja of Darbhanga, Maharaja of Darbhanga collected 11,000 signatures from big landlords and big Raja's and Maharaja's. We said, if you ensure that all children go to school, then who will do farming in our farm lands? At least they were honest to say that if all children go to school, there will be no one to do farming. Today's government is not honest in the preceding governments also, because these governments have to not want to acknowledge that more than half of India's children continue to be child laborers. The names will be enrolled, there will be 100 percent enrollment. 100 percent enrollment was, some people wrongly say it, 100 percent enrollment happened after Right to Education Act, no, my dear friend, look at the data, 100 percent enrollment was there from 1990 onwards, it was always there, because enrollment is just recording the names and all had masters are under orders to record the name of every child in the village. So they write the names of every child in the enrollment register, but at least half of the India's children are not in schools. The other resistance came from bourgeoisie, the representative of bourgeoisie then shifting from Kolkata to Mumbai at that time, rose in the imperial assembly and said, don't make haste, India is a poor country, we don't have resources, so let us not rush into trouble. In fact, I'm jumping the ears, the same thing we heard in 1946-47, when constant assembly was discussing what should be fundamental right in the constitution, what should not be. So the fundamental, there was a fundamental right committee, special committee decided whether to accept the proposals coming from the drafting committee led by Dr. Ambedkar. So the drafting committee had proposed that education up to 14 years of age must be made compulsory and free and must be fundamental right. So it was placed in part three of the constitution. The fundamental right committee led by Siddhartha Vallabhbhai Patel addressed his fundamental right committee and said, look this proposal has come before us from the drafting committee and it's going to be very difficult for us to decide whether to accept education as a fundamental right or not and everything under the sun cannot be accepted because after all India is a poor country, we don't have resources, we must be very careful about accepting or not accepting a proposal on fundamental right. So keeping this in mind that we are a poor country, please decide. And when Siddharth Vallabhbhai Patel has spoken, then all the Rai Bahadurs and Siddharth Bahadurs and Khan Bahadurs who are members of the committee, that was a character of the Constituent Assembly at that time, none of them had courage to say that we have the resources. So it was shifted from part three of the constitution to part four of the constitution, never became a fundamental right, until 1993 Unnikrishnan judgment from Supreme Court we declared it as a fundamental right. The interim period between Gopal Krishnan Gokhale's bill and Constituent Assembly not deciding to make education a fundamental right is very important. Many things happened.  It was a revolt against the very idea of a British educational institution because British educational institution was enslaving the binds of our children and youth. So here Gandhi said rebel against them, come out and set up your own educational institution. And a very lovable story is when a young person doing MA in economics quit at the column, Gandhi ji quit, Aligarh Muslim University came out and set up a two room college and started teaching MA in economics course until attention was caught by a Hamdar Dawakana people in Karol Bagh in Delhi and invited the young person to come to Hamdar Dawakana campus and set up a college for teaching economics and that grew along the side of freedom struggle and when we got freedom, it became the present day Jamia Meliai, you know, Islamia and the young person was Dr. Zakir Hussain. In 1928, Bhagat Singh wrote a short article, he wrote many things but one short article only two and a half pages long called Students and Politics, Vidyarthi or Rajanithi. In that article, Bhagat Singh refers to the voice-over visiting Lahore and the school, college authorities forcing the students to go and welcome Vaisarayi. So, he writes in the article, when Vaisarayi comes to Lahore, we are told to attend all his events and be present there. But when Nehru comes to Lahore or Gandhi ji comes to Lahore or Subhash Chandra Bose comes to Lahore, we go to attend those meetings that we are told you are doing politics. Why is attending Vaisarayi meeting not a politics? Why attending Gandhi's meetings of Nehru or Subhash Chandra Bose becomes politics, this question he raises. Then he says, we are told that your task is only to study, not to do any politics. We agree our task is to study in the college. But while we are studying, are you going to keep us away from understanding what is the economic and social conditions of our country and what is happening in our country, you do not want us to understand. If you do not want us to understand, what kind of education are you importing to us? Questions, the very character of education. Then he says, such an education is not meant to educate, it is meant only to turn us into clerks of the British Empire and we are not ready to accept such an education. This is a very rich discourse taking place. And then Ambedkar, Baba's Ambedkar when in 1936 gives a slogan, educate, agitate and organize. One has to apply mind. He is giving the slogan to the Dalits section of society which is about 22, 23 percent of our population. Why a Dalit has to agitate and organize in order to be educated? Is it not true today? Dalits are still fighting. To be educated, they have to fight in order to be educated, they have to form student organization. They form Ambedkar Student Association. When they form Ambedkar Student Association on the campus of Hyderabad Central University, then they are called anti-national, casteist and extremist because they form Ambedkar Student Association. And what are they asking for? They are saying, please pay our UGC scholarship in time because we come from poor families. We cannot support our families if you do not pay us in time because they are asking for scholarship to be paid in fine. Therefore, they are called anti-nationalists and casteists and extremists. So, Ambedkar who talked about Dalits in 1936, today Ambedkar's formula can be applied to all sections of Indian society. All have to fight to be educated, they have to agitate, they have to organize themselves. Whether they are called anti-nationalists or not, that's a different side of the point, they'll continue to be called. And when Kanheya Kumar and Rohit Vemmola are created by the very process of what is happening in the country, then the education minister of the BJP government Rajasthan declares, the education system which we are going to establish shall not produce Kanheya, Kumar, and Rohit Vemmola's. The statement with a lot of deliberate thought and the education system now being set up, of course, the World Class Institute shall never allow you to never allow Kanheya, Kumar, and Rohit Vemmola even to be admitted, forget about creating Kanheya, Kumar, and Rohit Vemmola. They'll not even be admitted. The rules and regulations have come out under UGC guidelines. In 1937, Gandhi organized an All India conference on education in Vardha. And while addressing the conference, he said, when I do, when I spin thread from cotton with takli, while spinning, I'm also measuring its length. While spinning, I'm also weighing it from learning how to calculate. I'm learning mathematics. I'm learning physics. And when I'm doing it, I also learn about history of exploitation by cotton mills of Lancashire. I also think about exploitation of Indian farmers by these cotton mills. And therefore, I learned history as well. And he said, I know only spinning. Therefore, I give this example, but you can choose your own trade and your own productive activity, whatever you want to choose. And, but connect productive tasks with curriculum. And he proposes Naithalim as a totally new concept which will break the dichotomy, 5,000-year-old dichotomy between work and knowledge, 5,000-year-old. And when one a tribal young person dare to challenge this dichotomy between work and knowledge called Iklave here to forego his thumb. Dronacharya took away the thumb. Here was a proposal in 1937. The productive work has to be at the very center, organically at the center of the curriculum in every classroom of independent India. Very few have tried to even understand. It was not accepted by any government from the time of independence, all over up to now. And every time somebody talked about productive tasks, people say, oh, Gandhi must have meant it for poor people. Oh, Gandhi must have meant it only for villages. Oh, Gandhi must have meant it for urban slums. Oh, it doesn't mean he never meant it for us, for our children. He meant exactly for us. Because he saw that as long as the dichotomy between productive work and knowledge is maintained in the classroom and in society, caste system cannot go away. In order to challenge caste system, productive work has to be part, has to become part of education system. It was a revolutionary proposal coming from Gandhi. Instead of developing the proposal and taking it forward and finding ways and means of concretizing the proposal in classrooms of India, it was given up forever. This is a rich history. Curriculum, financing of education, the issue of caste, class, gender, all this become part of our discourse of education, language. And in 1938, in the National Congress passed a resolution, three-point resolution on education. One, all education up to class eight shall be in mother tongue. Mother tongue does not mean state approved languages. It means mother tongue. In Madhya Pradesh, where I come from, people will think it means Hindi. No, mother tongue in Madhya Pradesh means Malavi, Nimadi, Bundelkhandi.   So they talked of mother tongue. Second, it shall be entirely free up to class eight. That was immediate agenda. Somehow take all children up to class eight, which we have failed to do even until today. And third, it shall be based upon the laythalim conception of curriculum and pedagogy. We have failed in all three. I'll refer to 1985, where the first evidence of the attack of globalization became evident. Of course, the formal announcement of globalization was in 1991, we all know that. But its evidence was available even earlier. In 1985, the name of education ministry was changed to human resource development ministry. Without any debate in the parliament, without any discussion, it was like, suddenly we know one morning there's name was changed. It was not a change of nomenclature. It was change of the very conception of education. A year later, 86 policy comes. 86 policy passed by the parliament with unanimous vote, not a single dissenting voice. 86 policy declared that half of India's children shall not be provided a school. Instead, they will be provided an evening non-formal center. Then the program of action 86 passed by the parliament said, why evening center, why not a day center for them? Evening center because these are child laborers. And when child laborers return home, they'll be very tired. So they should be given one or two hours to have food and be ready for a non-formal center under candlelight. So that will be provided. The teachers there shall not be regular, properly trained, properly paid teachers. These are poor children, poorest section of Indian society. Therefore, they will be provided underpaid, untrained contract teachers. After 1991, India faced structural adjustment, a conditionality of structural adjustment, which was a essential condition if Indian government wants more loans from the international market. So IMF and World Bank together told Indian government will give you provided you accept structural adjustment condition. What is structural adjustment? Structural adjustment condition told the Indian government that you have to now, for getting loans, you have to give a solemn promise that you shall start reducing public expenditure on education, health, all schemes of social welfare, poverty alleviation, and all such subsidized programs. If you don't, we'll stop giving you loans. You're not only accepted, but we co-told totally. In that towards the end of the decade of 1990, we even made an act in the parliament to ensure that we don't cross the limit set by the IMF and World Bank, and it's called FRBM, Finance Regulation and Budget Management Act. It continues, even Finance Minister Jatly said, we agree with the, despite all the rhetoric, rastrobakti, they accept the dictate of World Bank and IMF, that our deficit will not go beyond three persons as dictated under FRBM, which itself a product of orders from World Bank and IMF. In 1992, 93, World Bank tells us how to run your primary education. You ever imagine, India with the legacy which I'm talking about is being told how to run your primary schools, and they make a program. They give us a program called District Primary Education Program, which within 10 years covered half of India's district in 18 states of India, and that program was designed to destroy public funded primary and upper primary schools. The surprising thing was that when this was happening, the teachers union kept quiet, because the very first step was to make teachers, all teachers to be recruited from then onwards, make them contract teachers, underpaid, untrained contract teachers. And when we go further in 90s, you see, now even the teachers are not just going to be two kinds of teachers, contract teachers are regular teachers, but even the contract teachers will be divided into several layers. Several layers of contractualization will take place. Each layer will become weaker than it was earlier. So earlier, if all contract teachers mobilized themselves together, they'll be trouble. So divide them into Samhita A, Samhita Dho, Samhita Thin, they all happened in Madhya Pradesh, and continues to happen. So every section of contract teacher has to fight its own battle. Then comes the time when single teacher schools were promoted under service at Shabhiyaan, single teacher schools, promoted under service at Shabhiyaan. Never probably heard of it. Those schools were called Education Guarantee Centers. It guarantee everything except education. Education Guarantee Center started from 97, where service at Shabhiyaan started from year 2000. But from year 2000, service at Shabhiyaan accepted the whole formulation of Education Guarantee Centers. It said, in its very first formulation of service at Shabhiyaan approved in 10th five-year plan, it says very clearly, henceforth will provide primary and upper primary education either through schools or through Education Guarantee Centers or from other forms of alternative forms of schools. School is no more going to be an institution through which will provide education. School is meant increasingly is going to mean from 2000 on from nineties onward for better of sections of society, not for the poorest sections of society. Lot of euphemisms were developed and I found out as neoliberalism, this is a neoliberal policy framework under globalization, and neoliberalism attacks us, it chooses many new words for us, beautiful words. At that time, they talked about Shikshak Mitra for contact teachers of Shikshak Mitra. In different languages, they have different names. In the Baal Mitra, all kinds of names were thought of and those teachers of the Education Guarantee Centers, single teacher schools in only for Dalit and Tribal Hamlets, not for any other section of society, only for SD children, that single teacher school, Education Guarantee Center school, that girls were called Guruji as if the rest of them are not Guruji. To give them more respect, the more respect you mean that more exploitation will take place against you. All these formulations became perfect during nineties and then they were, time had come to apply it to higher education. Now the global market learned that they can succeed to destroy elementary education of eight years and nobody really protests. The intellectual class is also intellectual class. Economy is structurally adjusted but intellectual class is intellectually adjusted and not raising a voice. Otherwise, if the higher education academia had raised voice in nineties, we would not have probably seen the day which we are seeing now. So we say self-criticism of the higher education academia also.


So checking this out I would say Your internet activity over the last 10 years like I'm not sure how much more you want to put in this like you're asking for final But this is really really rough still as 10 years is being scrutinized and like there's no blinks. There's nothing. There's no keep alive There's one blink here in my mute vivid detail You know either you put nothing on it, I don't know it just seems like you could do a little bit more Just a bit, but let's pretend not Your internet activity over the last 10 years is big and for the other guy It feels like you want to do another pass on your mouth there your internet active Like this you could go a bit further in your just one corner smile I thought it's a smile but just asymmetry of it push it your internet active. I can buy that Your internet activity over the last 10 years is big like that I don't understand like says years, but then it goes in so either it's a weird shape in between or The years is really late, but the way he says years See like a years and it's you're going way too much to you Now we really push the years that shape out And then 10 years is being screwed This is very soft to be Just like I know the actor doing it like he would have he has a pretty open mouth a lot of times like he's really pushing his shapes And again The asymmetry is not quite there enough be careful with eyebrows pointing here and it's got pointing down Where you want to keep this guy just a bit higher and you treat this as one shape Catalog catalog there's a bit more in the jaw and AO shapes, but you having All I'm seeing is ow Ow versus catalog catalog is a bit more in the jaw And that's very off here. Just again asymmetry is missing and then the this feels like an M almost But it's in like it's too early In my newt and then my newt newt you would have a little bit of a jaw down Whereas at that point, I think you drove us up.  There's nothing in the fingers either on like on the tightening like he's changing and leaning on this Arms it will be a bit more of a change. You got a pop that finger tip here This too here once you go down Right there fills IK rotation not changing feel a bit broken the elbow goes in but the rotation of the hand is not changing Then you got this drop in the hands with a lot of Wiggle, but you can see this line here. That's not moving at all So it's like a really broken hand with a lot of IK stuff there And then it just locks and then nothing's moving by the seal pop in the thumb Something's going on there Other hand, you know and you have stuff like this here There's a lot of movement on that hand, but the fingers are not moving and it's weird to have also this finger kind of poke out So you can kind of readjust that pose a bit more comfortable And I would take that middle finger out and bring that index in a bit more And you know whenever you have movement like this you want to really track the fingers on that chair Here your fingers if I scrub you can see it clearly, but you see out of fingers are really drifting Ladies in real time. There's kind of slowly Drifting up and then down is a bit weird. Here's a pop in your head Track the nose right looking at the nose Boom suddenly here it accelerates and then if you track the nose, it's here to here to here and then home hits this wall And it's kind of with its back, but it doesn't finish that arc up kind of by that And I wish that his head will come You know, it wouldn't do too much Wiggle left and right you have a lot of left and right here And I would I would save it for vivid Which tone it down a little bit It's cool how you kind of like swing into it for then the vivid but then the vivid is so soft that I would make I Would delay each rotation by a frame Doesn't make sense right now. You're like you're back and forth It's pretend it's like this and I would just instead of starting here I would start one frame later and then I would end one frame earlier hold the bits You know, it's it's like you want it to be a bit faster and sharper The detail you hold and vivid detail if I draw it out It's vivid detail right now yours is a bit even and slow And you want to follow that sound of the actor go vivid detail, you know You have your big swing at the beginning But then you're you're left and right on vivid need to be vivid you know like fast and you can really follow the sounds of it right That is that and then this guy What are you doing here Reynolds your DVD player broken? What are you doing here Reynolds your DVD player broken?  There's a lot of really cool subtle stuff you could do with the face, but again, I would the relationship I would make it like this size. Maybe that's That's the size comparison, you know, and then just frame it So he's been working for the point like I'm waiting for a lot of stuff like here where I want to see this guy I mean it was he's so big But yeah, first impression. Thanks All right, there's an email you can sign up you can start whenever you want you can submit whatever you want You get 16 submissions either way a like and subscribe would be awesome. All right. Thank you