fathers of our electronic structure community, as we know it today, not just for the tools because it's one of the founders of the Quantum Express distribution code that is something that pretty much many of us use on every day's research, but also in terms of theoretical frameworks, it has been developing a number of them, starting from linear response, for instance, theory on phonons within density function theory and then moving closer to excitations, also methods like the Turbolanthos approach in time-dependent density function theory, then applied to GW and the beta-salpeter, where basically you avoid any spectral representation of the Hamiltonian and some overstates and so on, and lately also some reformulation of thermal transport and ionic systems and so on. So overall it's a real pleasure to have Stefano here and he's just great also for this course of play. Stefano, the stage is yours. That's fine. I'll use it. I actually don't need it because I usually speak too loud without any microphone and people keep complaining. So not sure I was very happy to accept the invitation, of course I'm honored, but one usually asks the older guy in the audience to open the school and that's why I was asked. Actually, asking the oldest person in the audience has some risks because old man sometimes needs physiotherapy and that's why I missed the first lecture. Now I'm in good shape and I have been properly manipulated and I'm here for the whole 40 minutes with you to talk about, well, not material science, not even too broad, not even computer simulations in material science, too broad as well, just a very, very small angle of some technical questions and some general ideas and introduction. And I will finish hopefully the last 10 minutes or so of my talk by introducing techniques within density functional theory that allow you to compute spectral properties in materials that are due to lattice fluctuations, to lattice vibrations, which are not quite what you would be learning this week, but in a sense it's preliminary. So infrared and Raman spectroscopy in materials are mostly describable in the adiabatic approximation where you can pretend that the electrons stay in their ground state while the nuclei vibrate and that's why you can address those excitations in the adiabatic approximation where you pretend that the electrons stay in their ground state so that you can deal with all of those phenomena within strictly ground state density functional theory. I will introduce a few general concepts of perturbation theory that may or may not turn out to be useful for you in understanding what will be the main core of this course that is excitations due not to nuclear and lattice vibrations, but to charge fluctuations that break the adiabatic approximation and then you will see what it is about in the rest of the week. So every experience of ours of man is co-located in space and time, right? And when you ask yourself how to study a phenomenon, how to simulate a process, you have to ask yourself first of all on which time and length scales those phenomena occur. For instance the tools that are appropriate to describe phenomena on the cosmological time and length scales most likely won't be appropriate to study molecular vibrations and vice versa. So I think it's a good idea to frame our mind onto the length and time scales that characterize the processes occurring in materials. And by and large you can think of phenomena that occur at the macroscopic scale that is the realm of classical mechanics where you can disregard all quantization phenomena and you can treat materials as continuous media and on the opposite side so those are phenomena that are directly accessible to our senses, right? Things that you can touch and you can watch and you can listen to. This is by and large the realm of 18th century, 19th century science and of much of modern engineering, not all of that but much of modern engineering. On the opposite, so the length scale there are millimeters, kilometers, something that you can you can see and count by yourself and the time scale will be fractions of seconds up to several seconds, hours or whatever. On the opposite side, on the opposite end of this length and time scale scale so you have phenomena occurring at the molecular scale which occur on times that are a fraction or a small multiple of a picosecond. The picosecond is a millionth of a millionth of a second that is the typical vibrational time scale of molecules and and solids and that occur on the length scale that is a fraction or a small multiple of a nanometer of a billions of a meter. Those are phenomena that are affected dramatically by quantum effects and in between there is some kind of terrain cognitive so we know by now rather well how to to deal with phenomena with quantum phenomena at the nanoscale. We know since many decades or a few centuries how to deal with macroscopic phenomena better and better and in between the the regime where the quantum world reaches and matches the classical one is something that we still do not know exactly how to deal with. It's the it's the realm of the coherence where the coherence that is typical of quantum phenomena is lost by the interaction with the classical world. It's the mysterious world of quantum measurement and and all the like. Of course different length and time scales not surprisingly require different theoretical tools to to address and we go from the macroscopic scale that is the scale of classical electromagnetism of classical thermodynamics and finite elements down to two methods that are characterized by a high degree of stochasticity so that you need to account of four phenomena that occurs at the time scale that is much longer than that of the elementary molecular events that occur at the nanoscale but much shorter than the macroscopic scales. So this is the realm of kinetic methods kinetic Monte Carlo methods. Going down in time and length scales you have a classical molecular dynamics where you disregard the quantum nature of the interaction between atoms and molecules and you account for the motion of the nuclei by simply solving Newton's equations of motion and going down we arrive at the realm to the realm of electronic structure methods that are the topic of today's and this week's course. Of course size, size, length and time matter they go with different methods but different methods have different numerical resolutions and different predictive power according to the approximations that have to be implemented in them and according to the numerical complexity that you have to face in order to solve the equations of those methods. So going in order of increasing usually when you increase the accuracy so you increase the resolution you are forced to go what I meant is when you have very large systems you have to adopt methods that are necessarily not as accurate as you would use for small systems so in a sense high accuracy go with small systems and large systems go with low accuracy and going in order of increasing accuracy and decreasing system size you go from classical empirical methods such as pair potentials force fields and shell methods where you totally disregard the quantum nature of the chemical bonds then you can introduce some degree of quantum behavior using semi empirical methods which are however based on model quantum models such as tied binding or embedded atom methods and then we go in order of increasing accuracy to quantum self consistent methods such as Hartree-Fock that you have been that you just learnt about from from Andrea or density functional theory that I will address in the next half an hour or so. Hartree-Fock is an approximate method and density functional theory in principle is not in principle it is a rigorous theory however its implementation requires severe approximation which necessarily limit the accuracy and scope of applicability of density functional theory so in order to increase the accuracy you resort you have to resort to methods where the wave function nature of quantum states is taken explicitly into account either directly using wave functions such as in quantum chemistry method or using this representation in terms of Green's functions that will be the main topic of this week. So self consistent methods are implemented in quantum espresso and these Green's functions based quantum methods are implemented in Yambo which we will learn how to use this week. So we are all here to learn how to do ab initio calculations one here's time and again over and over again this and that computation has been performed from first principles or ab initio. What does this expression technically mean? What we mean actually chemists and physicists give a slightly different meaning to this expression what we physicists and more and more chemists now mean by ab initio methods are methods that allow to simulate the properties of materials using the basic laws of nature that is the Schrodinger equation and Maxwell equations so classical electrodynamics and the chemical composition as the sole input ingredients which means that in principle you do not use any information from experiment or as little information as possible from experiment. Why? This is a good idea not because of narcissism many of us or scientists have a narcissistic attitude many of us so we want to show how clever we are how good we are to solve difficult problems and we do things ab initio we can close our eyes we don't ask any help to anybody in the laboratory and still we are able to predict so this is this is so to some extent but this is not the real motivation the real motivation is that the predictivity goes with lack of bias so when you have some empirical methods the method and the model that you build is biased by the ingredients that you put into the model and you don't know a priori how the model that you build on some specific using the knowledge on some specific system in some specific physical chemical conditions how that model would apply for systems with a different chemical composition so even with the same chemical composition at very different chemical physical conditions for instance in a different bonding environment or a very different pressure of temperature so ab initio methods may be wrong they are not necessarily good you have to learn how to tell if they are good and if they are not but even if they are not they are wrong in an unbiased way so once you once you get acquainted with the accuracy how to estimate the accuracy of those methods you can be confident and not totally sure but increasingly confident that a calculation that you do for a system that nobody has ever studied you learn how to appraise more or less the accuracy that you can expect from the experience on on systems that are different from the one that you are considering when of course those methods are expensive dft is expensive and many body perturbation theory is much more expensive than dft so we are we are we have this narcissistic attitude but narcissism has to be justified that has to be hidden because it is not very very good to show that you are narcissistic but when when you are and you have to justify you have to justify it and the justification is that you don't want to tackle a problem you don't want to to do whatever just because your supervisor wants you to do that you have to be sure that the problem that that you are given is worth your time and and the problem is worth your time if if any other simpler and cheaper approximations wouldn't apply and if the approximations that you necessarily have to do have a good chance to give a result you can trust i often hear at conferences people of your age and invite them i would like to be your age but when when asked you are applying a method that is well known not to be good for the system that you are dealing with and one of them hears the answer well there is no better method this is not a good answer i mean if the method that you have is not good to solve your problem either you improve the method or you change the problem it is it is a shame to to waste your time and the time of your supervisor and the time and the money it takes to pay computers to apply a method that does not solve any problem because you don't trust the numbers so that you get out of your calculations and then we all saw our our tool is of course computers we are computational physicists or chemists and computers are not enough computers need the clever algorithms and clever algorithms in order to be devised that require you to understand the physics you have the math of the problem and you have to get as much as possible familiar with the math and and and to know what the the codes you are using really do codes have to be efficient and the and the results that you get have not to clash with common sense and scientific rigor you have always to know what the error is how can i estimate the error bar how how likely it is that the number that i get allows me to really answer the question the clever question the important question that i asked in the first place so abelitio simulations different communities i mean different things in our community the the holy grail the the the thing everybody would like to be able to solve is the time and the time-dependent schindler equation where that regulates the time evolution of a wave function that depends on a zillion of nuclear coordinates that i indicate here with capital letters and a zillion actually several zillions of lowercase coordinates that are electronic coordinates you have the kinetic energy of the nuclei the kinetic energy of the electrons and the potential energy that accounts for the interaction of the nuclei with the electrons and the electrons among themselves that dammed correlation effects that gives rise to correlation effects and nuclei among themselves the very first important approximation that almost invariably is done very important phenomena are due to the breakdown of this approximation but we will not address that background here not i think nor i think elsewhere in in this course maybe maybe yes some electron phonon interactions i don't know if you will cover it but basically because the nuclei are much heavier than electrons you can in a first approximation neglect the kinetic energy of the nuclei with respect to the kinetic energy of the electrons and if you do so you basically break the time-dependent schindler equation into a set of two coupled equations the first one is a time-independent schindler equation for the electrons that depend parametrically on the nuclei parametrically means that these hamiltonian there the hamilton the electronic hamiltonian does not contain any differential term in the nuclear coordinates so for every set of nuclear coordinates you have a well-defined electronic hamiltonian electronic wave function that depends parametrically on the nuclear positions because the hamiltonian depends parametrically on the nuclear position the eigenvalues of the hamiltonian depend on the nuclear position depend on these are indexed and it is exactly this dependence that gives rise to the interatomic forces to the extent that because the nuclei are heavy you can to a good approximation many times you can deal with them classically and solve classical newton's equations of motion for the for the nuclei that say that the acceleration of of each nucleus is proportional to the force acting on the nucleus and the force is nothing but the derivative of the energy that depends parametrically on nuclear coordinates with respect to the nuclear coordinates so in principle you have to solve this time-independent Schrodinger equation for the electron salon which is much simpler than the previous equation because you have disposed of the nuclear degrees of freedom but still is very complex and the the region the reason of this complexity is the existence of this electron-electron interaction that is such that the eigenfunctions of this Schrodinger equation cannot be written as a product or even anti-symmetrize product for that matter of one particle equation so you cannot solve this equation by solving each electron at a time which is what you do in Hartree-Fock. In Hartree-Fock you can you can attach a molecular orbital in one electron state to to each electron and it is much easier to solve. In density function theory technically you do the same thing conceptually is very different from Hartree-Fock but technically what you do is to replace the effect of this of this electron-electron interaction you replace it with an effective one electron potential which however as in Hartree-Fock depends on the solution itself how it depends on the solution through the orbitals because the system now is non-interacting you have no longer an electron-electron interaction but only an external potential then you can solve the Schrodinger equation one electron at a time so that you can attach molecular orbitals to each individual electron and the sum of the square moduli of those electron of those molecular orbitals is the so-called electron charge density distribution upon which the external potential depends so that you can you have to solve this equation self-consistently because the wave functions depend on the potential but the potential depends on the density but the density depends on the wave functions so that you have to solve them self-consistently. I will skip the technical part of let me so basically in density functional theory what you have that is that this external this potential that depends on the density is the external potential that is given by the system it is the potential exerted by the nuclei on the electrons by the nuclei or by some external field plus the Hartree potential that is the electrostatic potential generated by the ground state charge density distribution rho over plus the so-called exchange correlation potential that depends on the density and on the position in space. When Andrea before was speaking about Feynman and the correlations he forgot probably I don't know if on purpose or or for what reason to give Feynman's definition of correlation energy.  So there are many different recipes for computing the stupidity energy as a functional of the density the density functional theory owes its name to the fact that it is based on a functional what is a functional it is a function whose argument is itself a function right it is a recipe to compute a number out of a function rho of r is a function of space point by point a function of of three argument x y z and the exchange correlation energy is a functional of the density in the sense that given a functional form of the density there are recipes to compute to compute the stupidity energy there are very many different recipes that are available the only recipe that was a viable till for the first 20 years of existence of density function theory was the local density approximation that chemists considered with despise so they were against density functional theory until when better approximations to the local density approximation were devised to the extent that the inventor of a density functional theory Walter Kohn who was no chemist himself got a Nobel Prize of chemistry for chemistry in 98 or 99 at the end of of the past century and that was possible because at some point the development of very sophisticated functionals much more accurate than the local density approximation convinced the chemistry community that the dft is indeed a viable method to compute molecular properties i will not go into any of those of those approximations basically dft amounts five more dft amounts to solving the one body schoeniger equation and in order to do that what you have to do is to expand your molecular orbitals into a basic set then the coefficients of this expansion become the functional unknowns of your of your system by by computing the extremum of the the dft energy with respect to those molecular orbitals imposing the imposing the orthonormality condition imposing the fact that those molecular orbitals have to be orthonormal with respect to each other you end up with a generalized optimization problem that you can solve directly and have erased what you would do to solve it directly with general optimization algorithms what most people would do is to solve instead a self-consistent set of schoeniger equation that have become because of the expansion in this basic set has been cast into an algebraic again value problem where the Hamiltonian to be diagonalized is a matrix is a matrix of finite dimension that depends non-linearly upon its solutions so the solutions is this array of complex numbers and the density depends on that array of complex numbers and because the Hamiltonian because the potential depends on the density the Hamiltonian depends on the density and hence on the eigen functions so that this Hamiltonian to be diagonalized depends on its own solutions we call this kind of schoeniger equation a self-consistent schoeniger equation mathematicians would call it the same thing for a mathematician is a non-linear schoeniger equation it is non-linear because this here you this Hamiltonian depends on c so the the left hand side of this equation is non-linear if you multiply c by a number the left hand side is not multiplied by that number but becomes something and very different so when you look into the mathematical the mathematics literature when they say non-linear schoeniger equation what they mean is what we would mean by a self-consistent equation so you want your basis set to be complete because the Hilbert space of one particle orbitals has an infinite dimension and you want a finite reduction of that infinite dimensional space to be as accurate as possible you want the matrix elements of the Hamiltonian to be easy to compute and or which is equivalent the product of the Hamiltonian times in orbital to be easily calculated on the fly Hartree and exchange correlation potentials have to be easy to represent and calculate and if possible if you manage to have an orthonormal basis set that would be I would simplify your your your life plain ways are such a basic set with which you can easily deal with periodic systems actually plain ways where devised in the first place to deal with periodic crystals but you can you can deal with non-periodic systems such as even a molecule by mimicking it with a periodic array of non-periodic systems so if you have a molecule here this is a sketch of a water molecule in color and you can pretend that the properties of the molecule are the same as the properties of a molecular crystal which you pretend but if the lattice spacing of the molecular crystal is large enough actually this is the case indeed if the distance between neighboring molecules is much larger than the dimension of the molecules than periodicity does not harm your results periodicity helps the computation so this so-called supercell method that is the periodical repetition of non-periodic units is a very important tool in our business so plain waves have many many desirable properties and I will not comment upon upon this nor this they have the good property that completeness is very easy to check because it only depends on a parameter just one parameter that is the maximum kinetic energy that is representable with that with those plain waves you have just one parameter upon which the whole numerical accuracy of your problem depends then matrix elements are easy to compute densities are easy to compute they are orthonormal and so they have lots of very good properties the real great drawback is that they have uniform spatial resolution so the resolution of a plain wave is the space resolution is determined by the wavelength of the plain wave and the resolution is the same all over all over the all over the space this is not good because atoms have the of which molecules and materials are made have the nasty property of being held together by not held together but I would say that the electrons that form the chemical bond are prevented from collapse collapsing onto the nucleus by the core electrons so that are chemically inert but that have a space resolution that is much much much finer than the space resolution of valence electrons in fact a 1s core state has a space dimension that scales as the inverse of the atomic number of that of that number of so the the the the Bohr radius of the 1s state of uranium say is 100 the the Bohr radius of of of an hydrogen and the maximum kinetic energy that a 1s core state of of of uranium has is the square of z so it is 10 to the fourth the kinetic energy of an electron of of a hydrogen atom so you would need a huge number of plain waves just for the sake of describing electrons so that you don't care about because they don't form any chemical bonds so so they are they are just to prevent the valence electron of heavy elements to collapse into the nucleus so the the solution of this is this pseudo potential method on which both quantum espresso and yambo are based basically in in a nutshell what you the concept of pseudo potential is a potential that does not have any core states but that only has valence states but the valence states of the pseudo atom are as close as possible to the real valence states in particular they have to come to to coincide with the valence with the real valence states there where valence electrons form the chemical bond because I want the chemical bond of pseudo atoms to be the same as the chemical bond of of real atoms but because they it has not pseudo atoms do not have core states the valence states that have nodes in in reality because valence states have to be orthogonal to to core states the pseudo valence states have to be no less because they have nothing to be orthogonal to right so the recipe is very simple the the recipe to construct the pseudo potential is conceptually very simple you start from an atomic orbital here is the 3s atomic orbital of silicon and then you invent any wave function any orbital that coincides with the real wave function in the valence region you see here the dotted line and the continuous line are indistinguishable in the valence region and in the core region you just make it no less then you impose that the norm of the pseudo wave function is one it has to be the same as the norm of the of the real wave function and you simply invert the Schrodinger equation what you do so this equation there that orbital there satisfies the radial Schrodinger equation that says that the second derivative of the orbital that is the kinetic energy plus the potential times the the orbital is equal to the eigenvalue times the orbital so that you have that minus chi double prime over chi is equal to epsilon minus v so that you have that v is equal to chi double prime over chi minus epsilon very simple if you have a a wave function and you have fabricated the wave function with the desired properties to be as close as possible to the real wave function to have the good norm and to be no less once you have the wave function you have the potential you just inverted the Schrodinger equation and the ratio between the second derivative of the wave function and the wave function is equal to the potential modular constant that's the way pseudo potentials are constructed and you do the same for different orbitals so you did you did so for the 3s you know you do that for 3p for 3d and you have different pseudo potentials for different for different angular momentum so you have all the ingredients you have a functional that some high brow theorist has produced for you you have pseudo potentials that some nerdy scientist has fabricated for you and you have codes that some other nerdy people have worked on for the decades you have the chemical composition of of your system you just feed your computer code with the geometry with the chemical composition the positions of the atoms and the functional of your choice and you have to be good at choosing the right functional for the right accuracy and the right class of materials this is a very very complex and non-trivial endeavor and you solve the Schrodinger equation Schrodinger equation gives you eigenvalues and orbitals with which you can compute ground state properties right away you don't need any multi perturbation theory to do that and you can compute phonons and the response what happens here and the response functions that I was planning to talk about but I won't have the time to do so I will stop in one two minutes the takeaway the takeaway message is that with this framework you can compute all the properties that rigorously strictly all the properties that can be expressed in terms of local operators are operators that are diagonal in the coordinate representations so that the expectation value of a local operator can be local and one body operator can be expressed as integrals of the density that is given by dft and the representation of the operator in this way so you have the expectation value of an operator would be the integral of rho over times o over dr so all the local operators all the expectation values of local operators can be rigorously computed within dft it is common practice not rigorously founded but common practice that everybody would follow also to compute expectation values of no local operators such as or semi local operators such as momentum distributions for instance the momentum is the distribution of caverns they're not strictly expectation values you cannot express them in terms of anything like that you would need the derivatives and derivatives differential operators cannot be exactly represented in density function theory but everybody would do and close their eyes and hope and hope for the best you do this and you can compute all static response functions such as the electric constants and case electric constants elastic constants all of those can be computed including including those response functions that are responsible for lattice vibrations may seem unexpected that in order to compute vibrational frequencies you need the response functions actually it is not quite so because basically what you need in order to compute vibrational frequencies is the second derivative of the energy the ground state energy of a system that is given that is provided by dft so this can be computed by dft with respect to the positions of the nuclei but this is nothing but the derivative minus the derivative of the fourth acting so the second derivative is the first derivative of the first derivative right so d over dr is the fourth acting on atom r and d over dr prime what is it is the derivative of the fourth acting on atom r when you move atom r prime of equilibrium and what is this this is a response function this how much it changes the force on one atom when you perturb a little bit the position of another so if you have a general framework to compute static response functions and then see functional perturbation theory provides you with such a framework you can you can compute inter atomic force constants and from inter atomic force constants you can compute phonon dispersions and electron phonon couplings and superconductivities and thermal properties and lots of properties I won't have the time to talk about today so I prepared this last picture in assuming that I would have had the time to explain in some detail how to compute those vibrational frequencies that are the manifestation of lattice fluctuations I didn't really do that but those of you who are interested to know more would be most welcome to come to me for a private or a group chat and this week you will learn how to go beyond and to compute the excitation energies that do not to lattice vibrations that can be dealt with in the adiabatic approximation but with electron charge fluctuations that break the adiabatic approximation so all of what I would have talked about concerning lattice vibration and stuff is implemented in the quantum espresso suit of computer of of computer codes that you would likely use as a prerequisite for your many body perturbation theory calculations for this week as well and all of this is supported by the quantum espresso foundation and not for profit company that fosters the development of quantum espresso and the max European center of excellence for supercomputing applications max is is an acronym for materials at the exascale and that's it thank you very much those of you who are


about Find It on Wikipedia. It's a radio show and how it became to be and how the project developed. Let's hear it from Chris. Thank you. Hey, everybody. Thank you. So like Rupika had said, I'm Chris Shilling. I'm from the Wikimedia Foundation. I work in our community resources team doing work in grants and providing resources to our community. And I'm here to present the work that Uzoma from Nigeria did producing and preparing a radio show in Abuja to increase awareness and readership on Wikipedia. So I want to talk a little bit about not just the project itself, but sort of her motivation for it and her team's motivation for it, how the project went, its outcomes, and also what she is doing next. So let's get started. First, I just want to start by introducing the team who put this work together and made this project possible. So starting from the left, I'm working our way to the right. We have Mahagani. We have Tochi. We have Uzoma, Ken, and Blossom. So Uzoma and Uzoma in the middle and Blossom and Tochi are part of the Igbo Wikimedia user group. They are the ones who developed and came up with this idea, Uzoma leading it, being the main grantee. And Ken on the right and Mahagani on the far left are the radio show hosts of Good Morning Nigeria. Sorry, Good Morning Abuja on a cool 96.9 FM in Abuja. So I just wanted to give the cast here, as it were. So what is the motivation for this project? Radio continues to be a really powerful media influence in the world. According to the UN, there are an estimated about 44,000 radio stations operating in the world. And they broadcast to about seven, I'm sorry, about five billion people which is about 70% of the population worldwide. So radio continues to this day to have an impressive and powerful reach to listeners around the world. And just to give you a sense of what that reach looks like across the map. In terms of percentage, based on weekly radio reach, we see percentages of reaching the population around 80, 90% in most regions of the world. So based on this outreach potential, Ozoma and her team thought of a number of ideas about how we could harness the radio to be able to reach an audience and to teach them about not just what Wikipedia is about, but how to use it, how to engage with it and even how to contribute to it as well. So a couple of ideas that she and her team came up with include things like game shows where listeners answer questions about Wikipedia articles, including jingles or catchy themes that might catch people's attention and kind of stick in their memory about what our projects significance is. And also including reading sessions to highlight or otherwise call attention to a specific Wikipedia article that might be of interest to their community. So what happened based on this idea generation was that I was running an Inspire campaign to bring in ideas on how to introduce new readers to Wikipedia at the time. And Ozoma and her team submitted an idea for a radio show to this Inspire campaign. It got developed throughout the course of that campaign which was about a month long back in 2018. And eventually, Ozoma proposed that idea for rapid grants, which is one of the grant programs that we maintain at the Wikimedia Foundation. So what is this idea about? Well, first let me talk about who the audience is that they wanted to reach. So in this case study, Find It on Wikipedia, they wanted to reach to radio listeners in Abuja, Nigeria using this radio show, CoolMindy 6.9 FM in Abuja. They also knew that listeners of this radio station and in radio stations in general often are engaging with radio hosts or shows that they enjoy listening to through social media such as through Twitter or WhatsApp. And they also know that listeners and in general the radio listening population, when they are looking for information, they're generally doing so in English. And so they wanted to use English Wikipedia as a test case to really bring people's attention to Wikipedia in this circumstance. So what was their idea? In this case, they thought they wanted to go more with a contest where they would ask listeners trivia questions about content that you could find on the main page of Wikipedia. So if you're familiar with the main page, there are sections of that page that include things like Did You Know or In the News. And what they thought was, let's try to use articles from these sections to call attention to interesting facts or tidbits from these articles so that we encourage people to not just go to the main page but to go into these articles to look at them, to read them, and then maybe they'll find something else interesting after engaging with their contest. And in this way, they'll introduce folks to what Wikipedia is about in some sense. In addition to that, after asking the trivia questions in the radio show, listeners would search through that article and send in their answers to using social media to the radio show. And then the fastest fingers would earn a prize for folks who were quick on their phones. So how did they make this happen? They had the idea, they have the contest, how did they actually make it happen? So they had a connection with these two radio hosts and the producer of Good Morning Nigeria on 96.9 FM. And so they worked with that team to develop this weekly radio segment. They invited participation to the program using their own social media, the Ebo Wikimedians User Group. In addition to the social media platform that the radio station had access to. So they were able to engage lots of different audiences in this way. And their main goals in this project was to encourage listeners to engage with Wikipedia generally and to increase readership. So now I want to just show a brief clip of what this show sounded like for folks who were listening at the time when it was airing last year. Find it on Wikipedia Monday at 7.30 AM only on The Good Morning Nigeria Show on the 96.9 Cool FM. Oh yeah, it's the brand new show on the coolest breakfast show in the whole world. The Good Morning Nigeria show brings to you find it on Wikipedia. My name is Mahogany. And my name is Ken, 7.31 AM, 30th April, 2018. We're so excited to bring to you this new exciting brand new show. It's all about finding it on Wikipedia. So real quickly, whether you're near your laptop or near your phone, go down to www.wikipedia.org and search on that page and make yourself a little bit acquainted because I'm gonna be asking you two simple questions from that page. Either on your laptop you can find on your laptop or on your mobile phone. We're gonna ask you question A and question B. And once you get both of them correctly and not either or, you gotta get two of them correctly. Yeah.  Now, let's throw out the numbers for those who say, oh, you're no fast way, too fast or too slow.<PHONE_NUMBER>5, that's the WhatsApp number.<PHONE_NUMBER>5. Oh, you can't. So that just gives you an idea of what the show sounded like and how to, you know, I think Zuma did a great job of selecting really great radio hosts to really bring in attention to get people excited about exploring Wikipedia and to participate in these contests that they ran over a six week period. So what were their outcomes? So they ran, they actually planned to run four radio shows, but they were able to run a whole six radio shows over about a two and a half month period between April and mid-June last year. Interestingly, they selected a radio show that has quite an impressive reach of listeners in Nigeria in general. So the radio station has about an 8% radio share, meaning listenership over in Nigeria. So conservatively, an estimate of how many listeners that they actually reached was probably in the range of about 30 to 40,000 listeners. Just in Abuja alone, and they also have internet radio as well for this station. So it's likely that that reach was much further. And then over social media, in terms of responses to the contest that they ran, they had over 230 individual responses or unique responses over social media to their contest. And when they did have a winner who came in or when there were winners, the winners were asked to come in to pick up their prize. So they captured their photo and a little bit of information about the winners as well. So they have these posted on the project page of their grants for those who want to see and learn a little bit about the winners of Find It on Wikipedia. So what is next? Ozama is very keen to grow this program. She was very excited by the amount of reach and the amount of participation enthusiasm around Find It on Wikipedia. And she would like to be able to grow a network of radio shows focused on contests or other content on Wikipedia or other Wikimedia projects. And so if starting a radio show is something that you or if you know someone in the movement who is involved with radio or would like to bring someone into the movement who's involved with radio to produce such a show, please reach out to Ozama using this page here. It's a new idea on IDLAB called the Find It on Wikipedia Contest where her goal is to grow a network of radio programs in order to spread out this impact and to share what she has learned about working with Cool957 FM in Avuja with others in the movement who might also want to do outreach to new readers using radio as a medium. And thank you very much for your time. If you have questions, please feel free to either contact myself or Ozama if you have questions about how to produce a radio show in your local context. We're more than happy to share what we've learned. Throughout our experience running the programs. And then just as a fun bit, I used to be a radio DJ back when I was in university so I just included a small picture here of me producing radio circa 2007. Ha, ha, ha. Thanks very much. Thank you so much, Grace. It was very interesting and I hope audiences having fun. And now I would like to invite on stage Piplop Anand from Nepal. He would share street campaigns they did in Nepal, Bilboot campaign and Riksha campaign. They have been very innovative ideas flowing around and I would like to invite Piplop Anand. Let's give it on, let's give hand, Piplop Anand, hey. You wanna connect yours? Okay, here you go. Can you do it here? Whatever you're doing here. Can I open it from here? I don't know how this connection works. Okay, he's coming. You ready? Can you just open them up? Okay, here you go. I want to introduce a project that we have done in Mithili Wikipedia and Nepali Wikipedia this year. The campaign was introducing Wikipedia to new readers because in a country like us, there are, you know, we have to reach out to more people to know about what is Wikipedia and what Wikipedia is all about. So we introduced a campaign to introduce Wikipedia to the people. So we started this campaign in a small city of Nepal. It's Rajvira and we took Mithili Wikipedia to them. So we did a Riksha campaign to know people about Wikipedia because Riksha is one of the famous transportation. So we did it, Riksha campaign, to reach out to more people about Wikipedia. So you can see in the readers, you know, in Mithili Wikipedia, before the campaign and this is the start after the campaign. So we saw the increment in readers after the campaign or we didn't have so many readers but after the campaign, we have readers because people go and at least browse what is Wikipedia, what is Mithili Wikipedia, because the language of Rajvira is Mithili. So people go curiously and search that, what is Wikipedia and what is Mithili Wikipedia. And this time, we have done another project which is related by Tulsi Bhagat, one of our community member. He done Wiki Awareness campaign in Nepal. He's actually living in Janakpur and he did this project in both Mithili Wikipedia and Nepali Wikipedia to improve the recognition of Wikipedia. So I want to share some pictures. So here it is. We fixed the billboard at the main center of the city so people can know about Wikipedia. So at least people can watch once in a day what is Wikipedia and we describe what is Wikipedia in that board so people can easily know about Wikipedia and it can be searchable for them. Thank you so much people, that was very inspiring. And I would like to invite on stage Mark Mikhail, he will talk a very interesting case today about increasing Wikimedia's readership. Welcome everyone, have a big round of applause. Possible. Hello everyone, thank you for coming. I'm gonna have this lightning talk to talk about readership and local content. Actually, I want to convince you that local content is a safe bet if we want to increase a Wikipedia language edition readership. That is if we want to increase the number of page views. So what is local content? We talk about local content as everything related to the place where the Wikipedia language is spoken officially or by natives. Local content is a term that is very much used. I also use cultural context content in my research, perhaps I use both. So my project is named Cultural Diversity Observatory. It's a project about creating a space where to work on language gaps on actually cultural context gaps but I will not talk about gaps. I will talk about local content, just local content. So what I do is to collect a data set for every language edition which I name cultural context content. And this data set includes places, people, traditions, language, all sorts of articles with a relationship with the context. Sometimes there is a clear mapping between let's say the place where it is spoken like Iceland and a single place in the language. And sometimes the mapping is a bit more complicated and language is spoken in several territories like the case of Italian in Italy and Switzerland or even in, let's say, more spread languages like English, Arabic, et cetera. So in order to do this, I use several features, geolocation, category, graph, keyword, we get the properties and I put it in a machine learning process to finally obtain this local content selection, the cultural context content. So what is the extent of local content in Wikipedia? It really depends on the language. But among the first 40 languages in terms of number of articles, it's a quarter. A quarter of each Wikipedia is about themselves. There are territory, places, people, traditions, et cetera. In some languages like English, it's 44%, Japanese 60% and in some others, it's much slower, much smaller, like Catalan is 17%, Swedish is 15%. It really depends on the language. But this local content tends to be much more developed, we have many more images and more references. So should we encourage people to create local content? Is it something that we might be ashamed of because it might not be notable enough? Well, the answer is local content is read. Local content is read. If you look at the top 10 most read articles with more page views, we see that in the English Wikipedia, there are eight out of 10. In the Africans, seven out of 10. This tends to be the rule. And even if we take a larger selection of most read articles, the first 100, the first 500, the first 1,000, local content still has a high percentage. It has a higher percentage than the number of CCC, and the percentage of local content in that language. So we could say from this that it's quite a guarantee that local content is going to be read. First, when I was analyzing local content, I thought that at one point, it would stop being created. We would get to a point in which local content is created, it's over. We have the geolocated articles, we have the main historical figures, and then there is no need to create more articles on themself, but this is not really the case. The case is that local content is created on a monthly basis at the same rate of the percentage of local content in the Encyclopedia. Here on the left, we have a graph in which we see for the Catalan Wikipedia, the number of articles in local content created by year. We see that 2010 was an important year, but still 2014, 2013, 12, it's still being created. And on the right, we see the same graph aggregated by number of page views. So if only those first articles on the geolocated places and most relevant people were seen, the 2010 and 2010 would be really big, but it's not the case, still 2015 and 2016, it's still very big. So in a way, we can say that the readership of local content explains that Wikipedia has the role of illuminating people's needs on their area. So it's a tool to contextualize the news, it's a tool to contextualize the activity, the daily activity, the daily life activity, and for this, it is very important. So I said before that among the first 40 Wikipedia's local content, it's a quarter. Well, I should say that this is the exception. Unfortunately, more than 150 Wikipedia's has a local content which only takes 3% of their Wikipedia. And this either means that they are creating a copy of a bigger Wikipedia with a Western point of view. It means that maybe they do not have access to enough sources or they do not trust themselves, they're worth the value of this material, of these traditions, of their important political figures. We have 92 Wikipedia's that with not even 100 geolocated articles, 150 with not even 100 articles with the name of the territory or the language in it, and almost 200 without 100 men or 100 women from the places where the language is spoken. This is really, really bad for a healthy Wikipedia that is illuminating these needs of the people living there. So I work also on, let's say, a quite inverse with an inverse way of thinking. Usually the local content is best created by the language itself, by the language of the Wikipedia. Well, let's think it the other way around. We have 200 Wikipedia's of languages which coexist with other languages in the same territory, either because colonization or immigration, but they do speak other languages of higher status, higher social status, higher in education, business, et cetera. This is perhaps, one case is the Uganda one. In Uganda they speak English besides the Uganda language, and they have a Wikipedia with 1,000 articles. 1,000 articles, but just 3% of articles on their local content. This is really small. And so what we can see is that, for instance, the president of Uganda exists in English Wikipedia, but it doesn't exist in Uganda Wikipedia. This is really wrong for a healthy Wikipedia. So they are missing geography traditions, politicians, and they do not get to this sense of normality that every Wikipedia should have. For this I created a simple interface. It was a few days before the conference in which you can select the target language, in this case Zulu, the missing articles. You can select a particular topic of inside the local content, whether it's men, women, monuments, different segments or topics, and then you can select the origin language, the source language, and the feature by which you want to sort these results. So here, for instance, we see for Zulu language, articles that exist in other languages, and we see Italian, German, Dutch, Africans, but do not exist in Zulu, sorted by number of inlinks, and we see that some of them they are quite popular mainstream, but others are quite interesting because they talk about universities, and relevant places. So I think that new Wikipedia should not start by creating the standard view of Wikipedia, of an encyclopedia with mainstream topics. They shouldn't create Julius Caesar, if they are not in Europe, for instance, and instead they should start creating what is relevant for the neighbors and for people who are going to use this Wikipedia. We should encourage them not to build another Wikipedia, but to create their specific knowledge, actually this knowledge that at the same time might get lost if they do not contribute it. So I think that, and we are quite aware of this, that part of the success of Wikipedia has been that it has been, their articles have been positioned in Google and in other browsers in other search engines very well. And so I think that we should try to create a virtuous circle by creating local content which will achieve a better positioning, get more page views, and increase the number of readers, the number of editors. And so the Wikipedia will get to a better stage and a sense of a healthy community and for these languages additions. So thank you very much. If you have any question, I'll be happy to answer it. Thank you so much, Mark. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Mark. Thank you, Chris. And thank you, Beplev. And thank you, everyone, for being here. We will be taking a short break and we'll be reconnecting back in 30 minutes. We are, we will be there in Simba's car room. And upcoming next are how to apply rapid grants for our awareness campaigns and how different projects were formed by...


Stoneware is a rather broad term for pottery or other ceramics fired at a relatively high temperature. To modern technical definition is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic made primarily from Stoneware clay or non-refractory fire clay. Three whether vitrified or not, it is non-porous does not soak up liquids for it may or may not be glazed. Historically, across the world, it has been developed after earthenware and before porcelain, and has often been used for high quality as well as utilitarian wares. As a rough guide, modern earthenwares are normally fired in a kiln at temperatures in a range of about 1,000 degrees C. 1,830 degrees F to 1,200 degrees C. 2,190 degrees F Stonewares at between about 1,100 degrees C. 2,010 degrees F to 1,300 degrees C. 2,370 degrees F and porcelains at between about 1,200 degrees C. 2,190 degrees F to 1,400 degrees C. 2,550 degrees F. Historically, reaching high temperatures was a long lasting challenge, and temperatures somewhat below these were used for a long time. Earthenware can be fired effectively as low as 600 degrees C, achievable in primitive pit firing, but 800 degrees C. 1,470 degrees F to 1,100 degrees C. 2,010 degrees F was more typical. 6, Stoneware also needs certain types of clays, more specific than those able to make earthenware, but can be made from a much wider range than porcelain. Glazed Chinese Stoneware Storage Jar from the Han Dynasty Stoneware is not recognized as a category in traditionally East Asian terminology, and much Asian Stoneware, such as Chinese Dingware for example, is counted as porcelain by local definitions.7 terms such as porcelain use or near porcelain may be used in such cases. One widely recognized definition of Stoneware is from the combined nomenclature of the Eurekian Communities, a Eurekian industry standard. It states, Stoneware, which, though dense, impermeable and hard enough to resist scratching by a steel point, differs from porcelain because it is more opaque, and normally only partially vitrified. It may be victorious or semi-victorious. It is usually colored gray or brownish because of impurities in the clay used for its manufacture, and is normally glazed.For industrial ceramics, five basic categories of Stoneware have been suggested. Traditional Stoneware, a dense and inexpensive body. It is opaque, can't be of any color and breaks with a concoital or stony fracture. Traditionally made of fine-grained secondary plastic clays which can use to shape very large pieces. Fine Stoneware, made from more carefully selected, prepared, and blended raw materials. It is used to produce tableware and artware. Chemical Stoneware, used in the chemical industry, and when resistance to chemical attack is needed. Pure raw materials are used then for other Stoneware bodies. Carly Bob is a popular name for a large chemical Stoneware jars of up to 5,000 liters capacity used to store acids.9 thermal shock resistant Stoneware, has additions of certain materials to enhance the thermal shock resistance of the fired body. Electrical Stoneware, historically used for electrical insulators, although it has been replaced by electrical porcelain.


Hi and welcome to the session I am Shashi and I am going to help you with the following question. Question says calculate the area of the design region in figure 12.34 common between the two quadrants of circles 8 centimeter each. Now this is the given figure 12.34 let us now start with the solution. Now we are given that these are the two quadrants of the circles of radius 8 centimeter each. Now these radii form a parallelogram we know a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are equal is a parallelogram and a parallelogram in which all sides are equal and one angle is right angle is a square. So this quadrilateral is a square. So let us name it as ABCD. So we can write suppose ABCD is a square formed by radii of circles of radius 8 centimeter each. Let us do one construction join diagonal of the square that is BD. Now we can find area of segment BD or we can say area of design on left hand side of BD by subtracting area of triangle ABD from area of quadrant ABD. So first of all let us write area of sector is equal to theta upon 360 multiplied by pi r square where theta is the angle of the sector and r is the radius of the circle.  So we can write area of quadrant ABD is equal to 90 upon 360 multiplied by 22 upon 7 multiplied by square of 8 centimeter square. We know radii of both the circles is equal to 8 centimeters. Now this is further equal to 90 upon 360 multiplied by 22 upon 7 multiplied by 64 centimeter square. Simplifying we get 352 upon 7 centimeter square. Now we will find out area of triangle ABD. We know area of triangle is equal to half multiplied by base multiplied by height. Now in triangle ABD base and height both are equal to 8 centimeters. So we can write area of triangle ABD is equal to half multiplied by 8 multiplied by 8 centimeter square. Now simplifying we get 32 centimeter square. Now we know area of segment BD is equal to area of quadrant ABD minus area of triangle ABD. Now substituting corresponding values of area of quadrant ABD and area of triangle ABD in this expression we get 352 upon 7 minus 32 centimeter square. Now subtracting these two terms by taking their LCM we get 352 minus 224 upon 7 centimeter square. Now this is further equal to 128 upon 7 centimeter square. Now we know diagonal of a square divides it into two triangles of equal areas. So area of triangle ABD is equal to area of triangle CBD. Similarly we also know that area of quadrant ABD is equal to area of quadrant CBD. We know these are the quadrants of the circles of same radii that is 8 centimeters. So this implies if we subtract area of triangle CBD from area of quadrant CBD we get area of this segment BD is equal to 128 upon 7 centimeter square. So we can write area of designed region is equal to 128 upon 7 plus 128 upon 7 centimeter square. We know area of this segment is equal to area of this segment. So area of complete design is equal to 128 upon 7 plus 128 upon 7 centimeter square. Now this is further equal to 256 upon 7 centimeter square. So our required answer is area of designed region common between the two quadrants is equal to 256 upon 7 centimeter square. Now this completes the session. Hope you understood the solution. Take care and keep smiling.


Everybody forced here ripping three boxes of 2023 top Star Wars chrome galaxy for Joseph D Hobby boxes here. That's the buck Joseph Let's find a super. Let's find a Star Wars super Maybe an auto out of this And the auto out of this would be pretty darn big. There it is Yeah, I do remember Refractor That's a refractor Imperial agents of evil That's a our main man carbonite chamber dual refractor That is from the eyes of the admiral refractor it's a cool These are to the visions visions inserts Atomic coming up after the ATSC is there is oh that's super cool one 19 of 150 visions insert atomic visions eight Man, that's sick Very nice. That is night must fall refractor Fractor hollow hollow chess Contest visions insert again Sanctuary refractor that's the reunion refractor Fractor the sacred tree ala Sakura women of Star Wars That is Vader redeemed refractor Mojo 29 of 50. That's a really cool one The Empire's forces. So that one Jake. Whoa, that was fire got Django, and then you got the Clones go to the sword troopers Vader in the background Mojo to 50 very nice to turn to the Jedi poster. It's a good box here Fractor speeder bike or the pursuit I should say the pursuit. There's a Sabine women of Star Wars Fractor a planetesimals Aqua number to 199. That's a cool one as well. It is Battle of Yavin Turn of the Jedi poster Nice and snowy for zappy out there Battle of Yavin refractor refractor sunset Fractor is showdown on in on a on on Dagobah Refractor is dawn of the rebellion Fracture to can inspire him. That's right. Robert Pozz on confidant do or do not on the refractor Atomic is to 150 it is Shiny return shiny return return of the Jedi poster Carbonite He's all yours bounty hunters the title of the card refractor the haunted carbonites face the dark side refractor Refractor of wise Yoda. That's a sketch That is a sketch of chert emway. That is gorgeous dude. What a card Emory of our Libas really nice sketch hit really a great break so far for you Joseph Let's do Aqua to 199 Sunset a refractor pinned down Lifting the x-wing refractor refractor predator and prey and then a vision's inserts That's just just like back home refractor tack on Takwadana Gamorian charge refractor. That's pretty nasty right there that is Darth Vader and a stormtroopers 10 that's from a new hope there Very nice orange at 25 Vader waiting to the swamp refractor They probably will Robert. Thank you Robert refractor weight of destiny me too. Dolphins buck super cool Refractor galaxies most dangerous Queen I'm a dollar women of Star Wars Fractor dark order. It is a Forced in darkness refractor return to the Jedi poster one more really good break so far Orange got really nice mojo sketch card Refractor of weight of destiny a soka women of Star Wars other atomic here this time it is 57 150 attack from above Ambush from above Yeah, he's the most dangerous refractor again turn poster Dark order refractor Forced in darkness refractor might get some of the same ones here Darth Vader pinned down Prison refractor very nice a soka Women of Star Wars 74 of 75 that's awesome That is wild wampa refractor box every box and good it seems like that's a Stormtrooper overrun refractor Fractor a plan in action that is enlist refractor. Let's take the bait refractor a young Jedi's Stance refractor. Yeah, I don't know how much they'll dip other than the X-wing refractor Fractor predator and prey just like back home refractor Takantaka Donna Leia Princess Leia and wicket Aqua number to 199 is Queen Amidala Queen a queen in Portrait pretty nice numbered parallels good three boxes I'd say I if I write these on my own I'd be pretty happy Incoming transmission refractor I'll do it. Thank you Joseph for the order. We'll get that out to you


Studying the Merchant of Venice. Here's how you can analyse the first half of that four scene one. This scene is the longest scene within the play and these stage directions here show that we are about to witness Antonio's trial that Sherlock has brought against him in front of the Duke. The Duke feels sorry for Antonio and he speaks using this metaphor to describe Sherlock as an evil person. He feels sorry that Antonio is at his mercy. Antonio seems to have given up and accepted his fate. He speaks here using assonance of A to say that he has accepted he's going to die in the hands of Sherlock. The Duke seems clearly biased. He talks using hyperbole when he addresses Sherlock and he asks him to forgive Antonio his debt. We can see that even from the start of the trial even the Duke thinks Sherlock's wishes to take a pound of his flesh are wrong however Sherlock is not gonna face a fair trial because the Duke is biased. Yet Sherlock is stubborn and determined. He speaks using Ayambic pentameter to say that he deserves for his contract to be honored. He wants to have a pound of Antonio's flesh. He then speaks somewhat menacingly using alliteration to remind the Duke that Venice has a reputation for always honoring its contracts and if the Duke does not honor his contract with Antonio then Venice is gonna have a bad international reputation with investors. Bassanio Antonio's friend is disgusted to hear Sherlock's response and he speaks using alliteration to criticize Sherlock for not showing any mercy. Yet Antonio stops Bassanio and he speaks using oxymoron as well as a rhetorical question to tell Bassanio that it's useless to try and get Sherlock to have any mercy. Sherlock is an evil difficult person who wants to see Antonio dead. Bassanio is desperate to see his friend live and he offers to pay Sherlock double the debt. He offers him 6,000 ducats instead of the 3,000 which was originally loaned. Yet Sherlock refuses the offer and he speaks using repetition here to say that he still wants a pound of Antonio's flesh. He doesn't want the money anymore. Sherlock then reminds all the Venetians in the courthouse that they are all hypocrites. He uses the repetition of the pronoun you to say that Venetians many of them own slaves who they're really horrible to. Therefore they're being hypocrites by asking him to be a kind person. The Duke decides that this case is too complex for him to decide alone. He wants Dr. Bellario Porsche's relation to come and help him make a decision on this court case and he's not going to make a decision until Dr. Bellario comes over. The Duke is then told that Dr. Bellario has sent someone with a letter and the stage directions show that the person who's delivering this letter is Narissa dressed up as a man. In other words she is dressed up as the lawyer's clerk. The letter informs the Duke that Dr. Bellario is unable to attend the court case however he has sent another really talented and younger lawyer to come and help him when deciding the case. The letter then informs the Duke that this talented young lawyer is called Balthazar and we can see in these stage directions that Porsche has come in dressed up as a man and she's gonna help with this court case.


I'm really very glad to be here today and and happily I won't talk about fantastic inventions like my friends described earlier and I would like to talk about democracy freedom of speech and information technology During this Arab Spring we never talk it so much about Twitter revolution Facebook revolution indeed such social networks really accelerated history, but there are question what made this social network succeed in Or during the Arab Spring think about Incontrolled information think about that information that can circulate without that anyone can control it and is What happened during the Arab Spring in you in the human history? I Don't think so think about Gutenberg this great invention that Completely transformed Europe what Gutenberg did It was in fact to break the the the monopoly owned by that are aristocracy of church and states and Henceforth the information the circulation of information will not be any more tightly controlled In the other way Does it mean that any new information technology? We really release. I mean thoughts will release words will release. I Mean our feelings what we write what we produce. I Don't think so either think about Natism think about fascism think about Stalinism Just to remind you that during the first half of the 20th century the best of the information technology was own it and use it by such regimes But what they did with it? Horror why because the information was tightly controlled and To come back to the social networks with the Arab Spring. I Mean they Accelerated history because there was that part of the in controlled internet that Tunisians Egyptians Libyans Syrians Used for a better word. So I want to tell you this we are using an Internet today that is free But there are some people that want to take our freedom in the name of copyright infringement and moral infringement in Tunisia we know and we've learned the lesson About somebody called Ben Ali. Let's say that's when they say, okay, I'm gonna protect you from Any kind of infringement and we're gonna control the internet The the this generation that lived under Ben Ali and a Lot of them here and some of them are among us They said no anymore No anymore we don't want To give our freedom to any way that to anyone sorry to Protect us from any kind of crime so I Want to finish on this? We are responsible to live To our children the internet that we've got today Let's not let anyone Take our freedom Take our freedom of speech generally in the name of any kind of protection. Thank you


Gentlemen, today I am very excited to announce that finally my meditation product, the Marshall Meditation Method, is finally out. That's right, it is released right now and if you're interested to go and find out all about it, all you need to do is click the link below here or in the description, it will take you to a page which explains it in great depth. In brief, what this course is is the synthesization, the culmination of over 15 years of my own personal meditation practice as well as the last nearly 10 years of coaching men around the world using these meditation techniques in order to specifically target areas that guys who come to me are wanting to work on. So that is of course the dreaded approach anxiety, the way that your internal mindsets and your thought processes and the way that your body is reacting to that terrifying prospect of going and talking to a hot girl. So I've built in to my meditation techniques ways for you to control your state, to be able to become calm, relaxed, present and powerful, particularly when you're under high pressurized social situations. As well as that for everyone out there which is pretty much everyone who is stuck in their head overthinking things, analyzing things too much and basically not being able to become present and in flow, I've designed the meditation techniques to really hit upon these key areas. Now in my pursuit of becoming proficient with meditation, I literally traveled to the ends of the earth. I went to Shaolin Temple in China where I studied all sorts of esoteric Buddhism, martial arts, Qigong and all sorts of meditation systems, as well as going to ashrams in India, studying vipassana and going all around the world and finding out different teachers, different technologies in order to explore myself to the depths of my character and my soul and to be able to have real practical functional results because in my mind, meditation is useless unless it's practical day by day and so the course that I put together is one that is highly practical for the modern man. Most guys do not have the time to travel to the ends of the earth, going to seek out masters on hillside and to be able to go into deep meditation retreats, which is what I did a lot of, going and spending 10 days at a time, spending 10 hours a day only meditating. A lot of people just don't have time for that and although I think that's something that is really awesome to pursue if it's something you want to get deeper and deeper into, I wanted to be able to present a system that means that you can go about your daily business, going to work, study, interacting with girls, going on dates, making money, working on your fitness and have meditation something that is a really powerfully practical tool that allows you to get out of your head into the moment, to be able to become present, to be able to get into flow, spontaneous flow, to be able to interact with people from a position of the now, right, because in terms of what makes a man charismatic or sexy, I would say the most powerful and key element is his ability to be present, to not be off in the clouds thinking about the future, worrying about what to say next, projecting his own negative or positive fantasies on the situation, being scattered. All of these things mean that when you're with somebody, they do not perceive you to be there and therefore how do you have the effect of being charismatic or attractive to them. For you guys who've been following my videos, possibly for years now, you've seen me many times bowl up to a pretty girl on the street and without saying anything too particularly fancy, get her interested in me and wanting to see me again. The secret of why I'm good and why any man I know that is a really powerful natural seducer is good is because he has a foundation of awareness, of presence, of being in the now. And there's a lot of talk about this today, you know, you hear about the power of now and meditation, but a lot of it is intellectual, intellectualizing. It's simply thinking about it, going, okay, be in them now, all right, I need to be more present. That's an idea, that's not a practice.  In this way, you will be able to make meditation part of your day and eventually it will be something that you do automatically almost all of the time, right, and it will take you to a point where the times when you're off in your, off in La La Land, off in your brain, worrying and thinking, overthinking things becomes far less than the time that when you're actually powerfully present. So this product is not just a dump of videos, it's a six-week course where I will personally be your mentor. So I will be providing you week by week with the instructional material, as well as having a private Facebook group and live webinars where you can interact with me, real-time feedback, and I can be your mentor to help you through that really important phase of learning the system and integrating it into your life. I'm really proud of what I've done here. This has taken me many years to put together. I feel tested it, literally with hundreds of guys in my live workshops and up until now I've never been able to present this material to anyone other than my life students. But now finally, I have the opportunity to present it to all of you guys out there, especially the guys that have been asking me for a long time to present a meditation system that you can learn without needing to come and find me on a deserted beach in Costa Rica. So there's only seven days in which you are able to purchase this course. That is because after seven days we'll be starting the real-time course. As I said, this is not just a random bunch of videos. This is a course that week by week develops and builds upon the previous week's knowledge and experience. And I myself will be there with you helping you through that process. And so from right now, for the next seven days, you have the opportunity to jump aboard Marshall Meditation Method. All you need to do is click the link below or in the description for full details on that. And I look forward to seeing you guys on the first day of the course. This is James Marshall signing out from beautiful Costa Rica.


Thanks so much for having me. I'm really excited to be here and to hear from all of the other speakers over today and tomorrow. So in 1971, the British architect Simon Nicholson published an essay called How Not to Cheat Children, The Theory of Loose Parts. Nicholson was inspired by the junk playgrounds that were then scattered across London. And he wrote, in any environment, both the degree of inventiveness and creativity and the possibility of discovery are directly proportional to the number and kinds of variables in it. Children's environments, he went on to say, are clean, static, and impossible to play around with. What has happened is that adults in the form of professional artists, architects, landscape architects, and planners have had all the fun playing with their own materials, concept, and planning alternatives. And then builders have had all the fun building the environments. And thus has all the fun and creativity been stolen. Nicholson argued that children need to be put back in the driver's seat as active and not passive consumers of recreation. And for the last decade in which he was writing, Progressive Education, he said, had emphasized the discovery method as central to new learning. Children learn most easily in a lab environment, finding things out for themselves via physical trial and error. Why then should their play be prescribed by adult designed equipment? And moving outward beyond the lab and beyond the classroom, circumscribed by boundaries and environments that were set aside just for children. Nicholson identified an irony that I found again and again as I traced the design of modern childhood in my book from its 19th century origins with wooden blocks and sand gardens to today's designer or loose parts playgrounds and million dollar waterfront parks. Children's needs have been acknowledged and children's design has become a mass market but children have been edited out of the city proper. Play becomes something that happens on playgrounds, play streets, play scapes, rather than something that happens on grounds, streets and scapes also occupied by adults. They can find freedom within those limits but shouldn't we be offering them more? The first American playground had no climbing bars, no seesaws and no swings. In 1885, a group of female philanthropists decided that the immigrant children of Boston's North End needed somewhere other than increasingly crowded and dangerous streets to play. They paid for a pile of sand to be poured into the yard of a chapel on Parmenter Street in Boston at the beginning of the summer. Playing in the dirt is the royalty of childhood said Kate Gannet Wells, who was then the chair of the Massachusetts Emergency and Hygiene Association. The idea of these sand gardens came from Germany where such gardens were introduced in Berlin's public parks in 1850 as an offshoot of the educator Friedrich Freiburg's emphasis on the garden part of the kindergartens that he created for four and five year olds. Along with gardening, the kinder played with loose parts, Freiburg's self-created wooden blocks. And by 1887 in the US there were 10 sand gardens in Boston, mostly located near the settlement houses that served recently arrived immigrant families. As the number of gardens increased, they began to be located in schoolyards and eventually became the property of schools and parks departments. A 10 acre outdoor gymnasium with above ground play equipment like swings and slides and seesaws, as well as sand, opened in the West End in 1889. And eventually there were 20 other playgrounds built in Boston in that period. In Chicago in 1892, reformer Jane Adams Hall House also created one of these equipment heavy playgrounds. It had sand piles, swings, building blocks, a giant slide and ball courts for older children. So as playgrounds became public policy, they took on the symmetrical and ordered planning beloved by the city beautiful movement and used for other public and child-centric facilities like schools and public libraries. So the sand garden turned into a formal garden, one that had organized activities and marble fountains and milk bars and architecture more like this. So that architecture, it's fussy separations between activities and its organized agenda reflected the ideology of the child-saving movement which children of the time were genuinely in danger on city streets. In 1910, traffic accidents were the leading cause of death for children ages five to 14. And in 1908, 500 children marched up 11th Avenue in New York, which was then known as Death Avenue carrying signs to protest the predations of traffic on their kind. But well-meaning adults also feared giving children too much freedom to roam. So the streets were dangerous because of traffic but they were also considered dangerous because of the quote-unquote corrupting influence of adults. But on the playgrounds, the games and exercises began to be devised by professional play leaders. And so these children needed a program of what was called directed play rather than scrub play. And team sports became the order of the day. One playground advocate wrote, "'There is no more rich and poor in a scout patrol "'than there is in a baseball game. "'You have to deliver the goods to get preferment. "'Play is the most democratic activity we know.'" But despite the emphasis on the melting pot nature of the playground, not every children received the same access to these sports. Women's exercises, which were typically held on smaller sex-segregated gyms, avoided competitive sports and were considered good for developing the figure. Housing and income segregation limited the diversity of populations who used them and African-American children were largely excluded from the marquee urban playgrounds. They were provided with separate but equal facilities in another parallel to the early public school system. What this meant in practice was that they were often given informal play spaces like vacant lots and closed off streets. The irony of this is that today we see such spaces as potentially more activated by children and better spaces for play than the more organized and equipment-heavy playgrounds. In 2011, I published an essay in the magazine called Good, called The Moms Aren't Wrong. Why Planning for Children Would Make Cities Better for All. As I wrote then, in response to a new initiative in New York to make the city more age-friendly, the initiative was focused on the elderly, which seemed too narrow. Children, their parents, and people with disabilities all needed the same facilities that they were talking about as being for seniors. I wrote then, when urban parents, particularly mothers, complain about the public realm, they are often caricatured as whiny and overprotective. Your child was burned by the climbing domes at the new park, kids are too coddled. You can't carry your stroller and child down the subway steps, make him walk. You can't find a public bathroom, stay at home. But what if the mothers were right? Seniors and juniors aren't the only groups whose interests align. Children could be part of an advocacy group that also includes cyclists, developers, school officials, and health nuts for a more perfect city. At the time, I didn't realize that a North American city had already put some of these constituencies together. In 1978, Vancouver, Canada, published a set of planning principles titled Housing Families at High Density, which created a template for the kind of connected and intergenerational city that I had in mind. The planner Ann McAfee wrote these principles with the architect Andrew Melsoski. And the cover of the report shows the proverbial old woman who lives in the shoe, except this time the old lady lives not only with so many children, but with so many other families, which are shown in this illustration, sitting down to dinner with a baby in a high chair, hanging out the laundry from the shoe's tongue, and watching TV in a living room and sunning on the balcony. Why live alone in your shoe, overburdened and overwhelmed, the cover says in the visual language of a picture book when you could have friends around you to share work and play. In subsequent decades, Vancouver built out a number of these principles on both sides of the Falls Creek Inlet. I prefer the development that was made in the 1970s on Falls Creek South as a model. There you can see streets that privilege pedestrians and cyclists, open spaces designed for diverse activities and intended for a layered idea of privacy, and also offices, schools, and community facilities located near housing. The brown steps courtyard-centric designs in Falls Creek South reflect a particular sensibility more prevalent in the 1970s, which embraced ancient non-architectural models for creating new civilizations. The foundational text for many of these planners is the book A Pattern Language, written by Christopher Alexandra, Sarah Ishikawa, and Marie Silverstein, and published in 1977. The most relevant pattern for my research in that book is number 68, Connected Play. At the beginning of this pattern, Alessandra writes, children need other children. Some findings suggest they need other children even more than they need their own mothers. The Alessandra's description of this pattern reads, since the layout of the land between the houses and the neighborhood virtually controls the formation of play groups, it therefore has a critical effect on people's mental health.  Parents, afraid of traffic or afraid of their neighbors, keep their small children indoors or in their own gardens, so that children never have enough chance meetings with other children of their own age to form the groups which are essential to healthy urban development and emotional development. So greater housing density allows children to use their home as home base, as a place to rest and refuel between bouts of outdoor play. And Alessandra found that children living in such environments have an expanded idea of friendship and learn to play with whoever is around, rather than a carefully selected set of friends who are generally of exactly the same age. This kind of planning has also been seen as feminist, freeing up time for the mother, who even when fully employed, performs more housework and childcare. I want to show you this example of women work city, a housing complex built in Vienna, 1993 and after, which combined mid-rise apartment buildings with landscaped courtyards. It also has an on-site kindergarten and doctor's office all close to public transit. It was developed as part of that city's gender mainstreaming project, which was an attempt to provide equal access to city resources for men and women. Connections and safe connections turn out to be a major part of both balancing a city by gender and making it family friendly. This raises the question, do children need their own design at all? I would say yes, but of a different kind of design than the one that we've been giving them. As adults and especially as adult designers, we need to ask, how might we donate materials? How can we create a stage and how can we produce the network that allows children to create the experiences that they crave? This may be something like a sandpile. Sandboxes are becoming increasingly hard to find in American playgrounds because they're high maintenance and they're fears of disease from different vermin and cats. This might be a play street. Why should cars rule the road 24-7? This might be a family lane, a travel lane given over to bike scooters and joggers who are too fast for the sidewalk but too slow to be grouped with cars. We need to treat children as citizens who should take up space rather than as consumers who can be bought off. As it stands, our built environment is making kids less healthy, less independent and less imaginative. What those hungry brains require is freedom. Thank you.


Hey, this is Brett and this 2016 Ford F-250 SuperCab Short Box Lariat is stock number 13928Z. I am here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, near New and used heavy-duty truck. Headquarters this 2016 Ford F-250 has the 6.2-liter V8 gas engine, 385 horsepower. It's paired up with the six-speed automatic transmission. This truck has been fully-safetyed and inspected by our service shop per the state of Wisconsin inspection process. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. I'm going to go all the way around in this video. Inside underneath started up and take a look under the hood to give you the most accurate representation of the truck that I can. Shadowed black clear coats of color. I shoot all my videos in 4K and if you like the video you can subscribe to my YouTube channel which is youtube.com slash summit auto. Click the bell notifications. You'll get updates on the videos I do each and every day as well as having access to one of the largest catalogs of vehicle and especially truck walk-arounds on YouTube 8000 videos and counting. This one comes with the really nice 20 inch factory alloy wheels with the chrome covers and it has Michelin LTX AT tires. These are LT27565R20s. I would say they have right around half the tread left maybe just a hair under. Frame and underbody for being a 2016 is exceptionally clean on this truck. Front fender is in great shape. I didn't see any dents or dings on there. Headlight lenses are nice and clear. It does come with the factory fog lights. And the front bumper is in excellent shape as well. You get the chrome tow hooks. The lower valance is in really nice shape as well. And you get the chrome trimmed grille. Now I didn't see any dents or dings on that front bumper. I didn't see any major dents on the hood either. This thing is in a really nice shape considering it's nine years old already. Not, no. Eight years old. No, seven years old. Yeah, seven years old. Anyways, passenger side front wheel is in excellent condition. No scuffs or scrapes on there. And as you go down this side of this 2016, forward F-250, take note of how clean that body is, how reflective and mirror-like that paint is. Take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and you just cannot make the trip down, but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the truck, hear the truck, and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So when you do get here, there's absolutely no surprises. And you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. If this video helps you make that buying decision, let your salesmen know that you saw the video that it was helpful and that Brett sent you. Back wheel is in excellent shape. And the back tires look like they have probably about 60% of the tread left on them. Frame and underbody once again, very nice and clean. The box rails all look fantastic. I'm talking about these guys right here. And it's like that all the way underneath, really, really nice. Lower rockers and cab corners, there's no corrosion or anything there. And it does come with the factory chrome step bars. This one has a tonneau cover on it.  After we take a look at the bed, but down that passenger side box looks really good. The tailgate is in nice condition as well. It does have the tailgate step assist. The backup parking sensors with the chrome rear bumper, that's a nice shape, no denser dings in there. It does have full towing package which includes the receiver H4 pin and seven pin wiring. And once again, that tailgate, look how reflected that is. Very nice. So this one has an extreme liner, spring and bed liner. And that's in really nice condition. You can see it does come with that tonneau cover. And there is your tailgate step assist. That shuts nice and solidly. And coming around the driver's side, box looks pretty good. Didn't see any major dents on there. And I'm hoping I can open this with one hand. Oh yeah, it's not too heavy. So that folds up just like so. And then folds down like that. Nice and easy. And you can see that that's in really nice condition. That's an X-Tang solid fold tonneau cover 2.0. And as you go down this driver's side once again, looks really good. The back wheel is in excellent shape as well. No scuffs or scrapes. The only thing to note is that there is a little bit of touch up stuff right there. It's the only really big imperfection I saw in the entire truck. Cab and doors on this side all look really good. It does have the driver's side door code entry. We do have the code for this truck. If you ever wanted to figure out what your code is for your 11 to 16, Super Duty in the upper right-hand part of the screen got a video showing you how to find that. Heated mirrors, built-in directional signals, these power fold in, they power telescope out as well. Inside the Lariat package gives you the tan leather seats. 40, 20, 40 split bench seating in the front. There are no rips. There are no tears on those seats there. And fantastic condition, power driver's seat. Factory formats, auto headlamps, power pedals, power windows, locks, and mirrors. And these mirrors do power fold in. I was like showing both sides so you know that both sides are working properly. And then the ignition has to be on for the telescope feature. So I'll show you that in a second. Back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips or tears back here. And it does have the power sliding rear window with the built-in rear defrost. This one also has the factory subwoofer underneath this back seat. There's storage underneath that side. And floor mats, side curtain airbags. These windows vent out like so. And the doors only open up 90 degrees. So take a look at the original of the VIN sticker here. No Canadian trucks here. Tire and loading information sticker right there. We'll hop inside, check out the miles, the radio and everything that this truck has to offer. And then we'll take a look under the hood. Get the built forward tough animation at the beginning there. This one has 40,027 miles on it. You get the temperature and all your other gauges and stuff there as well. So trip A, all that good stuff. Instrument cluster is nice. Clean comes with the leather wrapped steering wheel, Bluetooth and volume controls on the right. Cruise controls and information center controls on the left. There's your shifter for that six speed automatic transmission. This one does have the forward my touch radio. Has the factory navigation system. There's self-rolling meadows drive in highway 41. That's working nicely. And you have AM, FM and serious XM radio capabilities. Also has a CD player and you get your climate controls right here. This one does have heated and cooled seats on it. This is also where your backup camera shows up. And that is working nicely as well. And then I wanted to show you these power scope mirrors.  I don't think it's ever been smoked in. And the passenger side format and seat are in fantastic condition. Once again the headliner very nice and clean. Map lights and power side mirror window button. We'll start it up and take a look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. And hopefully from this HD video you've been able to verify the quality, condition, options and of course cleanliness of this truck all the way around. Inside out you can see all the lights working nicely. And under the hood we have the 6.2 liter V8 gas engine. Engine base very clean. Runs very smooth. Once again this truck has been fully saved and inspected by our service shop. Has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And she's 100% ready to go. There is the emission sticker.  And I would highly recommend this truck to make quality and condition standpoint. And to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 550 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, wranglers, halftones, three quarter tons, one tons, you name it. We got to go to that website right there, summitautor.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle all at summitautor.com. And if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com. Or summit auto click the bell notifications to get updates of the videos I do each and every day as well as having access to one of the largest catalogs of vehicle walk-arounds on youtube and truck walk-arounds. In fact, in a second you will see a link to subscribe to my youtube channel the upper left. A link to more f-250 videos I've done in the upper right. A link to this vehicle on our website and motor left. And a link to one of our latest youtube videos in the lower right. Click those, check us out. We're super excited to help you with this ultra clean 2016 forward f-250 super cab short box lariat in shadow black clear coat. Thanks again for checking out the video. Remember to like subscribe and share on the youtube channel. I really appreciate it. Thanks again.