More commendations have continued to pouring for the police officer attached to the RIS of the Lagos State Command, who was assaulted by one victim last weekend. This time, some Nigerians donated one million Naira for his act of professionalism. A correspondent, Jacinta Obiku, again reports. This gathering is all about celebrating and recognizing the maturity and professionalism displayed by ASP Sunday Ehabo, who was armed with AK-47 rifle, but resisted the temptation of using his rifle on his assaulter on Saturday 17, 2021. He has since been receiving lots of accolades, and aside the one he received from Lagos State Governor Babaji De San Oulu and medical doctor Ugoji Ebojo on behalf of some well-meaning Nigerians, appreciates and reward him with a sum of one million Naira. There was an exemplary officer, exhibiting the kind of professionalism he might not see anywhere else, and tossed and moved by his example. We decided quite a number of people, struggling Nigerians, people with 500 Naira, 1,000 Naira, and they were about to be in here, but we knew the times, so they said, you can do the presentation. Just within one day, two days, we were able to raise one million Naira for ASP Sunday Ehabo. Deputy Commissioner of Police, representing CP Hakim Udumosu, appreciates the donors and restates the agency's commitments in carrying out their duties professionally. I want to thank you and your mobilisers for what you have done for the Nigerian Police. I want to reassure members of the public that their newfound trust is not in us, it's not in these places. We can need to go out there, we can need to serve them to the best of our ability. The celebrated officer expressed his appreciation and gave a first-hand experience.  So every day, let us always like to act on that lecture, based on that. When that thing happened, I remember the lectures Supo Ebuemio gave to us. We have to act and restrain ourselves from that issue. I'm advising everybody, particularly with the police, our law enforcement agency, that it should not be carried away with high-temperature, always calm down, why deal with situations. Dr Ebuemio also used the moment to call on government to do the needful in ensuring the welfare of the police. Jacinta Obuiko reporting for PLOS TV Africa.


This is my calling just to drown my fears. I don't run away from problems. I just bought my live All I ever wanted would it be a billionaire 24th and I just woke up not long ago and I'm wearing a hat today, so whatever but I'm about to go to the library and you know my cousin down My papers, so you know she can help me on it.  I hope I did Once the library and I typed in my paper My final draft is due today at one o'clock and I gotta go grocery shopping today.  It is we got to turn it a warning to like 10 30. It's What time is it's like 10 10 in the morning and this stuff already happening this supposed to happen at like night time But like And our lights flickered on and off already our microwave thing we said and I'm just trying to what he doing I'm just trying to take my chemistry exam at 12 I Know everybody is literally running outside like I Don't like tornado weather. I'm really scared. So Yeah, pray for us. Y'all gonna see this a week later, but still pray for future We're past at 11. Who about to go to that class? I mean porting live from like here Jenae the tower Hicks room. Oh My gosh, y'all look at the tree Y'all look at this Oh my goodness So we're all young in the basement Well, we say we can come back to room because it's not really like windy and looking crazy anymore. So We good. I'm not going to my 11 o'clock class and I got my chemistry exam at 12. So Depending on how it's looking if it's like a slack kind of rain then I'll go but other than that No Our lights still went out.  I think it's a game It's not funny. I'm about to go downstairs to get my clothes since obviously the washer and dryer has stopped You stand up here First they want to be tornadoes. Now our lights want to go out once again And it's on its dance. So we got a tote This makes life easier In this case Y'all come to take don't stay in M Street because she knows Elevators don't work lights always going out Today one gonna be my day like I Forgot my umbrella now my feet gonna be wet. Don't try and be my vlog I'm about to go to Walmart Where you part? See We and I shouldn't have wore these one my feet getting all kinds of way ever give me good advice I'm grocery shopping But I forgot that our lights are off. So how's my shit gonna stay cool in the refrigerator So by the time I get back they better be on On email our lights are out for the Rest of oh, yeah, our lights are out for the rest of the day Isn't that just wonderful Everyone on campus is out So me and Tia walking to Bass Tech to go eat I'm done with class today with my last english and college algebra class for the whole year, you know turn up And She got class at 2 30 And yeah, so it's study time for the rest of this week and next week and I got to start packing next week So, yeah, but it's so pretty today on campus 11 o'clock Psychology class I get up Like it took all My little mites energy whatever in me to give me up and to go to this class and You know, we was sitting there and then he was not showing up So after about 10 minutes one girl was like up 11 10 time to go So we all live and I think maybe three students like stayed in the front or whatever Or they was like gonna wait like another five minutes.  So we gone So we left I got another class at 12 my chemistry class He said we want to review over chapters one two and three. Probably that's what's gonna be like our final or something And yeah, I go make my schedule for next semester at two o'clock today So, yeah, I'm gonna try to match with you know, my friends, whatever so I can do and Also, I got to start packing and this is what we have to do So pause it right here or whatever if you want to see that's what we have to you know Do we have to put everything back down? How it was the desk I was and you know first got here It takes maybe like five to ten minutes to make your schedule for next semester if you're not, you know Doing it yourself online. So I'm just going back from making my schedule for style 2017 You know my sophomore year Okay, and Like I said, I made We can make a pre-scheduled just to like get an idea of like the schedule that we want to have And these are some classes that I have we teach in my previous vlogs I'm gonna be her roommate. So and we're both doing nursing. So, you know, get the same classes or whatever And so this is what I made and This is the one that I had Um, the three classes that I told him I did give Um, that's composition two is what I'm taking Um, I got intro to film. I have following survey of american history the class that I dropped this semester So I'm taking a hand and orientations and nursing so Composition to intro to film survey of american history is my two senior third state classes My monday and wednesday classes are following and then my orientation of nursing is monday And I have two more classes that I have to do right now. This is 11 hours I'm taking probably 15 to 16 this semester. I said 17 So I got an email two professors or one professor two professors two professors and I'm going to take human anatomy and This physiology I think But if you just my vibe to tell me just the email then be like, you know, I'm trying to stay on my degree plan for nursing You know, we got a map out the group plan for four years for a bachelor's degree and So, yeah, I got an email down. He said most likely I will get into the class So it'll probably be 10 a.m. In the morning 10 9 or 8 I'm gonna do 10 if I can't get to he's gonna be nine and then that'll be I think monday wednesday and friday so, yeah But my history class, I still don't know who my professor is I hope it's not the one that I have before or I'm gonna drop and switch another professor So, yeah, right now I got 11 hours. I want to be taking 15 or 16 and boba and I have that because I have to do a um physical activity And I wasn't about to be doing those things.  You know, should be fine but yeah I have that monday and wednesday And I have no idea where these videos are yikes With this one What is the end thing I'm just excited orientation of nursing. He told me last semester It's just like nurses come to talk and speak, you know teachers different stuff But I'm just glad to have some type of nursing on my stuff right now But yeah, I'm about to go probably makes a no-parts to the library do some stuff like that and then Prepare first psychology. My first exam is college algebra. And then I got College algebra. I think it's psychology And then I got chemistry on May 8th And then I got english May 8th that one morning. So, yeah I'm just waiting for this semester to be over Summer time. It's called good night But yeah, I'm about to I'm probably about well, it's supposed to rain Now I want to be still in the library when it's raining, but I focus more there I really don't know. I'm about to eat chick-fil-a though. I want to charm four grades or something But if it don't really rain I'm going to go to the library But yeah, because I'm really not going to focus on anything here and I'm just wearing my style. Let me go


What's going on guys another episode of the after-hours podcast.  So thankfully Harry and Mike have been able to work around my busy schedule, which is a huge help So thank you guys And so yeah, so we have Mike on who's one of the junior moderators at MIC and in traditional form I guess Mike, how did you get into trading and how did you end up in MIC? Yeah, so I think I started like how everyone else, you know, everyone kind of started like I searched up, you know, penny stocks because that was like the thing like That was like the quickest way to Making money so then I looked up how to make how to trade penny stocks and then you know Who else do you see? The first website so then I signed up with him and then it was just like I had no idea what I was doing like I was trying to watch the videos, but then it's like they're pretty outdated videos and Like you still kind of have to know what you're doing, but I had no idea what he was like the terminology and all this stuff He was talking about and and all he says is like he always says like don't listen to me Like I can't trade. That's why I teach or something like that. I'm like, okay, whatever, but anyway, so yeah, I lost money Just doing trading like that, but I had no I had no no like no process no I was just basically gambling for like the first first year Yep, and how how long ago was this at this point? Uh, so I've been trading. I'm sorry I've been trading for about um It's about four years now But the first two years because it was msc's it's going on for about what three years three years. Yep. Yeah, so um I I started trading about a year before msc And I like I wouldn't even consider it trading. I'm just it's just literally like I'm just I wake up at like 68 or whatever 9 9 9 8 6 6 6 6 30 am over here for me in california But I would just wake up and then I would just like buy whatever Whatever stock is on was it like was it like otc nasdaq was it? It was uh, it was nasdaq it was so it was uh, it was still um nasdaq not not the otc boards But um, I would just buy like I would just long the breakout of uh, you know, the whatever is whatever is in play like the top ganners Yeah, and then like I would have some success and then Uh, so I after And I just started kept I just kept on losing money and then I signed up for another chat room and this other chat room Basically, he told us like I kind of learned a little bit. He he knew a little bit more than I would say the other one but Still he he would teach me to teach us like bad habits Like he would tell you like go all in with your all your buying power So i'm like a small account still so like back then this was when I was trading with um, sure west. I don't know if you guys remember sure Oh, yeah, sure. Sure. Sure. Yeah, sure. Yeah, yeah, so then I was under a squirrel back there or something I know you're like 30 dogs or something It's my bulldogs. They're right here. I was like you guys you guys got a nesting of squirrels back there or what? Hey, all right, mom. I did hella bad. I I got bulldogs Like a little little either small dogs fighting each other World's fighting over an acorn or To fight over a piece of cheese. They're hella bad. I thought I was going crazy, dude I didn't know what I was hearing.  You're good, bro. That's funny But so at so at this point you're with sure trader and you're not really finding consistency You're kind of just having those like some wins more losses than I'm assuming, right? Yeah, so like I would win like I would so I would I would use all my buying power But then this is I'm using a small account So then like with sure trader you have like about one buying power So I would I would put in like three to five thousand so that I'll put all I would bet all I would trade all of it at once and then like I would make money Like the first couple minutes. I'm like, hey, this is so easy Yeah Yeah, so I'm like why like why are people saying this is so hard? It's like This is easy and then I would have some success But then eventually I would just lose it all and then for like the first year.  I'm like Yeah, I'm like down this this guy sounds like Like a normal guy, you're like, you know, someone like he could just like kick it with so that I'm listening to I'm like man if He sounds like a regular guy if he could do it I like I feel like I could do it. So I'm following him and then like This was before m. I see so When he whenever bow used to tweet like He never tweeted like how he does now like how he shows like all the all his charts I feel like people don't understand like how how lucky they are to To actually get all the bow's charts because back then he would never I would wait all day like every day I would wait for him to tweet just to see like what what he posted So I kind of learned from him because sometimes he'll he'll he'll tweet like his um his executions and then I would have to um Like backtrack and uh post and then Try to try whatever he he traded and see kind of like Kind of dissect how he traded Yeah, but um, that's funny as hell because when I know when we ever brought on it really ever talks about like looking for bow's charts And I actually knew I knew alex on twitter before bow So like I'd do the same thing as you and alex had posted me like I need to see his charts for the day and see how I first engineer It's true man, he's got online now that get bows fills. I mean he's bowed How would even trying is giving away so much of the secret sauce And he doesn't care because he knows 90 of people aren't going to put in the work So it's like it's amazing how lucky these people are Yeah, yeah So then it's so so so he Yeah, I'm sorry. No, go ahead Here. No, I'll take it. Um, so oh, yeah.  There might be like a bit of like lag time difference in all of us That might be the problem and might we might be like lagging by like two or three seconds, but um so anyway, you you know, you started in the other room and Eventually you kind of your child Your bow and then they kind of open up m-i-c Um, you know, how'd you kind of get started in m-i-c? What kind of strategies do you use now?  You know, you're like a junior mod You know, you kind of became a junior mod through like helping out and showing up every day And like kind of how kind of just like kind of maybe walk us through uh, how that kind of went Yeah, so in the beginning, um Once uh, uh, they about alex opened m-i-c I signed up But then now like I've been trading for about a year and a half already and then I have all these bad habits from other other chat rooms So now I have to slowly like try to Like learn unlearn everything. Yeah, so it took me a while. So it took me, uh, Took me a good good minute. So it took me about a year and a half to unlearn everything And then finally like start getting consistent like before like I was consistent after like A year and a half in m-i-c, but I wasn't consistently profitable Like I would be consistent. I would make money and I would just lose it all Because uh, you know, like I wouldn't I wouldn't have like a hard stop or I would I would over trade, um You know stuff like that But then now that I started kind of really like getting I was I was getting tired of losing money So then I just told myself like Like I really have to like lock it down. So then now I make sure like my process is I don't trade, you know, I'm mainly a short seller. So My process is I try to mimic like Pretty much like alex like I've trade on usually only like the first half an hour first hour and a half and then um Just trade the side chicks Uh, avoid, uh, you know, I try to avoid the nano floats um So basically all my bread and butter is basically like, you know, just the side chicks So I'm just I'm just waiting for the backside and hitting the pops I love that. So so what what pushed you? Kind of over the edge of like consist because you said like you were consistent You were losing money Then you were consistent at trading but not necessarily making money and now you're making money So what was it kind of that pushed you from from I guess the last point to now? What were the changes you made and what were like the biggest things to focus on? Um, I think once yeah, uh, I think once I started treating it like as an actual business Once and I stopped treating it as like gambling After I treated like an actual job Uh, I think that's when uh, everything kind of like that off like not really I guess I guess you could say like the aha moment like it just yeah kind of like Kind of just kind of clicked for me and every since then this is like I've been I mean, you know pretty going pretty pretty good going pretty well Yeah, I mean we hear people say like treat trading like a job all the time And like it's something I do believe in too But for you, I guess what did that entail like what were the changes you had to make to treat it like a job rather than just gambling? Um, so basically just I stopped trading zombie hour Uh, so I mean I'll trade Throughout the day, but then I wouldn't avoid like, you know, because usually it has that grind up from a zombie hour So I would avoid that low and then come back during like reversal hour And then really that's just all been that's really That's really pretty much kind of just changed the game for me just avoiding uh Avoiding the zombie hour. Yeah Hard stops and yeah using hard stops That's amazing. That's cool, man. Yeah, good.  I wake up, you know What do you what are you kind of looking for as in terms of like maybe like lines to scale and like And like kind of your process like longing a lot of or sorry Shorting a lot of the like kind of non-hot chick like kind of lower volume tickers Like are you kind of looking at view app? Maybe a little bit over view app or maybe you're better at long or shorting a little bit under view app like Like where what areas are you really focusing on to to start kind of going short? You know, maybe you're kind of using Alex's watch list as a guide as well You know, like there's a ton of ways that you can do it So I'm just kind of wondering, you know, like what's your process in the morning, you know Stuff like that Yeah, so um, so my process in the morning is I look at whatever Whatever stocks are in play for the day. So I'll wake up at 4 a.m. Over here, uh, which is 7 say 7 a.m. Market time And then I wake up look at whatever uh stocks are in play. I locate I located early and then I would make my wall watch list first and then I would look at, you know Alex's watch or james your watch list and um compare it And uh, usually my my mind is pretty similar to your god to Alex's every morning So it makes me feel better like more confident in my in my in my plan for the day and then And then what's the market? I try to I try to avoid pre-market but if there's a good if there's a good like If it comes if it's already broken in pre-market that and it's like bouncing to my line then You know, I'll get in like half size or Yeah, I don't know my size And then uh, yeah, so once market opens um, uh I I like I like stocks that are Really broken down like yeah stated and then I just looked for that It's really simple. It's like out at like Alex and bow talks about it Especially out. He talks about it all the time and his youtube live Like every week and it's like sometimes I feel like he's giving they're giving so much for free It's like people don't understand like how much uh, how valuable their stuff But I just wait, you know, like I just Let it tank and then I just start to bounce pretty much that's good. So you're more shorting like you're more like Um, like stock is kind of like broken down you wait for it to kind of pop and then you wait for a kind of a rejection And then you're looking to short that kind of bounce yeah, so, um You're not really putting into the strength you're kind of waiting for it to kind of Confirm and then shorting that bounce and let me go lower I mean, uh, well the the the charts already, uh, like it's already mapped out, you know, it's already, uh It's already Chartered out for for me already. So all the lines are there. So I know where my lines are. I know where, uh, I know where to base my wrists So I just wait basically I just set my fantasy or then just wait wait for about wait for the bounce See, it's cool that like you get to see and that's why I love doing the podcast Because you get to see what a trader is like Like I think alexen bower the first first two guys to publicly talk about like a trading a process I mean, I've been on twitter a long time like I've never seen that before really them And I think it's cool to see like you who started trading with no process and like seeing now like you can right there You just explain your whole trading strategy and people without a process can't do that So I think it's cool and it's such a clear cut difference between a rookie trader and someone who is at least consistently profitable Is that they can define their edge and I think it's cool. It must feel pretty good for you to have gone to this point. Uh, and and it's not even Happened that long just a couple years. It's nothing Yeah, exactly. Yeah, it's really Pretty much all m.i.c. Like I feel so grateful for For bowing out and talking to me that that they made started at m.i.c. Because if I if without m.i.c I'll even know like I probably would still be lost a part would even know how to I'll probably still be gambling our part would have gave up by now really honestly. Yeah for sure So hard like I think so too I'm like you wake up in the morning and then you lose your money.  This isn't even fun anymore Harry we've talked about this. We've all been there, right? I mean, yeah. Oh, yeah. Very beginning I mean, it's very very tough when you first start um And so when you were kind of first starting out like, you know, you're in the kind of like the other room or whatever you were kind of Like gambling. How were you able to kind of like fund your account back then and like? As far as like now like have you kind of just said, okay? I'm just going to trade to like because there's a lot of people in m.i.c. Who are like they keep their jobs and they say okay I'm going to trade to supplement my income and I'm going to trade for a little bit of money on the side So like back then how are you? You know funding your accounts back then and like how were you? You know, did you quit your job now or are you still? You know working and also because you're in california, right? So you can just wake up in the morning trade and then you can easily go to work, right?  You're like you're getting angry and it's like Like why are you still doing it?  I love this but because I'm a psychopath and then I think but yeah, I think after After once I once it really wouldn't really clicked for me is when um I really treated like like I treated like a business.    So I had my own car like I had a car. I used to sell cars back then and uh It was going well, but then it started slowing down so that had to cut it I had to close it down Before kovat actually Now I'm I'm I'm just trading full-time. I also breed bulldog. That's why I have a lot of that's why you hear On the side like Yeah Like what you're kind of doing like before and what you're kind of doing now and like that regard because I really do find that Interesting because like everyone has their own things that they love to do outside of trading as well, you know, yeah I really don't have anything that I love to do outside of trading Bro harry. I'm harry's at mic 24 7 I've never seen someone like him and bow dude. They live in there. I'm like not convinced that they're not robots We're literally always lurking like if you think I'm not there, then you don't know because sometimes it's like You know lurking. I'm just lurking. I'm just I'm just reading, you know I have a question so so I guess this is something I didn't know about you but emotionally It must have it must be tough for you to make the leap into being a full-time trader coming from a business that provided you Some sort of income, right? Yeah, what what kind of advice would you give to the people that a are looking to get into full-time trading? Either being profitable versus not and how would you kind of recommend them navigate that with their their work or Emotionally the toll it can take on you trying to become full-time with you know a business or or any of that Uh, just why Just don't give up like I lost a lot of money I lost in the in my first year part two years. I lost probably over like 150,000 just like gambling Yep, and um Just just don't give up and you really have to take it serious like I was all I was doing was studying for like 13 hours 14 hours straight. Um Just grinding it until I I get better like I'm always watching the videos. I still watch the video, you know all the videos now um basically just watch the videos uh back test and just just don't give up because I mean It took me it took me probably almost four years to kind of really get consistent So like I feel like anyone could do it really Yeah, and I think that's that's kind of a good note to end on as well I think whereas like, you know You went from like a real kind of gambling perspective to now saying, okay I'm gonna just short the non hot chick stocks the ones that don't have a lot of attention that don't have a lot of volume and I'm going to actually consistently trade a strategy that can pay me every single day instead of gambling and You know, I think that's probably the most important lesson here is that um number one don't long the breakout and number two Short the pops on broken stocks Yeah, pretty much. Yeah, just and watch all the videos pay attention to you know, uh bow and alex all the commentary I love it, man. I love it. Mike. Thank you for coming on man. And please be more active in chat, bro I love hearing from you and I love hearing from the junior mods.  Thank you guys. You guys do a lot of work for us You guys help out a lot so Good try brother. We're trying but all right, man. Thank you again. Thanks guys


my self-professor, SP Mankani, assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur. So, today we are going to discuss the basics of steam formation. At the end of this lecture, students will be able to understand the basic principle of steam formation. Also, the various term related to steam formation. So, here in this particularly, I have shown as the piston and cylinder arrangement, which is having double as the weight we have kept it. On this particularly, the volume of this, the ice section, it is at a 0 degree centigrade. So, here the heating process from the right with the start, it is up to this end. The conversion of this steam in this ice into a superheated steam, this process will be continued. Only the term I am going to use in this one as the addition of heat energy. So, here the ice is going to be converted into an water. So, in between the stage also, we are going to be explaining in the next graphically, the next slide. So, here in this stage, the water as well as the steam conversion is going to be taken place. And in this particularly, it is at a dry saturated steam, it is at a dry saturated steam. So, when it comes to the last stage, so it is going to be represented as a superheated steam. It is nothing but, it does not have any the moisture contained in the steam. So, in general cases in your house also, whenever you are going to prepare the food, that time of the steam is also going to be coming out from the vegetable preparation. So, that steam is a normal steam which contains the moisture. And this steam is a superheated steam and required in the huge quantity. So, here in this particularly, all the related terms you are expected to remember it. The saturation temperature, temperature of superheated steam and the volume of this water, the volume of dry saturated steam and the volume of superheated steam. So, here Vg minus Vf is represented in this one and this is totally, this totally are going to be considering it as the term Vg. And here in this particular as a superheated steam. The detail you are going with the next slide. So, here in this case, previously I have shown the actual the content of water inside the piston and cylinder arrangement. Piston and cylinder arrangement are represented only with the intention of maintaining with a constant weight as well as the volume. So, here coming to this graphically representation, we are going to make it. Here in this, the temperature you have taken it on the y-axis and in the x-axis we are going to be considering it as a heat supplied. So, when the supply of heat is going to be taken place during the solid stage of water. So, here in this particularly graph right from the solid stage, the conversion is going to be up to the gaseous stage. So, in between that one there is a water content and here it is there as a solid state. So, here addition of heat energy are going to making it and from the point A to B. This graph, the addition of heat energy is going to be representing here. So, here this particular temperature is going to be sensed by the thermometer, the change in the temperature. So, that is the reason we are going to be representing here as from A to B. So, when it comes to B to this particularly as a C point. So, here the solid stage is going to be converted into partially liquid as well as partially solid phase. So, here this particular we are going to be calling this as a latent heat. The latent word is nothing but the term as hidden. So, this is latent heat of fusion, we are given the representation here as latent heat of fusion. So, here it is solid as well as liquid stage and this temperature changes in the temperature is not going to be sensed by the thermometer that is the reason we are going to call this as a latent heat of fusion. The term when the 100 percent of this particularly solid of ice is going to be converted into water. So, from that particular point the word we are going to be using it as a sensible heat. Sensible heat nothing but it is going to be sensed by the thermometer. The addition of the heat is continuous from the right from the beginning up to the end, right from the beginning up to the end. Here it is a minus 10 degree centigrade and when it comes to the 0 degree centigrade it is in the combined stage of solid as well as liquid. And from here to the 0 degree centigrade up to 100 degree centigrade this is in the liquid phase. This is in the liquid phase it is in the water condition. So, here the temperature changes from 0 degree centigrade up to 100 degree centigrade. We are going to be identified the steps of changes in the temperature with the thermometer. So, that is the reason we are going to be calling it as a sensible heat means it is going to be sensed by the thermometer. So, when it comes to this particularly the point d point when water reaches to the d point. So, here the water is going to be converted partially into an vapor stage partially into an vapor stage. So, now it is the combination of liquid as well as a vapor stage. It is a combination of liquid as well as a vapor stage. So, here also this we are going to be calling it as a latent heat of vaporization. Latent heat of vaporization is nothing but the temperature changes in this particularly the d to e phase is not going to be sensed by the thermometer it is at a 100 degree centigrade. So, the water whatever you have taken it is in the normal condition here as a one atmospheric pressure. We have taken it in the one atmospheric pressure. Now, when they are coming to this particular part the pressure is also going to be a place major role in the next slide we are going to discuss that part. So, here from this particularly d up to this e point it is in the liquid as well as in the vapor phase and that we are going to be calling it as a sensitive this is latent heat of vaporization. This particular portion is latent heat of vaporization. So, when it the point reaches to the point this one as the water reaches this particularly point as a e point. So, from here it is going to be converted into a gaseous stage that is called as a superheated stage and this we are going to be calling it as superheating is going to start from this particular point. So, just note one point here as so this particular point and this point is very important in the next graphical discussion of the steam is concerned. So, here in this particularly the phase we are going to call it as a heat of superheat. This is a superheat our requirement of this particularly the total process of conversion water into a steam is the conversion into a superheated stage this particular part. So, next step we are going with the different terms the same graph representation is there in the next step with the some more details the some more details. So, this is the temperature line in the y axis and this is enthalpy in the x axis. The term whatever we are going to be considering previously the continuation I have given it and nothing more than that major difference in this graph. So, you are we are going to continue the same graph with the some more additional terms. So, this is a b c d e of the same graph you are taken in previous graph and here I represented this is solid stage and this is solid as well as liquid stage and here in this particularly the complete water means it is in the liquid phase and here it is a liquid as well as a gaseous phase and once it crosses the point e point the this particularly we are going to be calling this as the superheated stage. So, so now coming to this one as the term as h is equal to C p d t h is equal to C p d t the term we are going to use it as C p d t d t temperature from 0 degree centigrade to saturation temperature you are taken we are going to get the enthalpy of that one here it is enthalpy of ice and latent heat of ice and this is enthalpy of fluid and enthalpy of vaporization liquid as well as fluid F g are represented here enthalpy the suffix representing the status of that particularly position this is a enthalpy line ok. So, coming to this one these are the three terms we are going to use it as C p w C p s C p a ice. So, this particularly we are going to remember this terms as the specific heat of water specific heat of steam specific heat of ice these terms we are expected to remember during the numerical solutions ok. Heat of super heat is nothing but C p d t d t now we are going to be considering it as T super heat minus T saturation for this particular position is concerned. So, in continuation with this one the next I represented here. So, let me know what exactly this a b c d it is representing in this particular graph what exactly representing this a b c d graph see I have taken this one from the previous graph only with the additional as the important part of our further discussion is a b c d graph that is the reason just I have taken it separate and this b c representing it as the liquid as well as the gaseous stage. So, the notations are given with this particularly here also the changes and the b is this point and this is the particular as this particularly water stage. And this continuation we are going to study in the next part of our lecture as detail discussion about the graphs. Thank you.


God has said that He has appointed a day on which He will judge the world in righteousness by the man whom He has ordained. And He has given assurance of this to all by raising that man, the Lord Jesus Christ, from the dead. You can't read the Bible and avoid the near constant refrain in the Bible of a coming judgment. Judgment is all over the text of Scripture. You cannot escape the testimony of your own conscience that a judgment is coming. Your own death is but a shadow that is cast by it. And yet the approaching day of His wrath, the coming day of His judgment, is an undeniable fact that ungodly and unrighteous men suppress in their unrighteousness.


Please tell me about your program. What is it called? My program is called the Aboriginal Skills and Employment Training Strategy. What is the age range of your participants and who is your target audience? The age range for my participants are fifteen and over and the target audience is Yukon Aboriginal Woman and those residing in Northern BC. What is the aim of your program? For Aboriginal Women to obtain skills and to obtain jobs and maintain employment. What are your learning objectives? There aren't really learning objectives for this program. We're more here to support people and provide funding. Would you say this program is an example of excellence in Indigenous education? I would say that it helps a lot of Indigenous women to achieve their goals. So it is a good example of what can be done. How would you measure the success of your program? For example, did you notice a change in the participants? Is there an evaluation form? Is there feedback? Yes, we have evaluation forms. We work closely with the college and educational institutions to ensure that students are on track. And we have a database that we use to track the students further down the road to ensure that they have obtained employment. From your perspective, what is Indigenous education? How would you define the word Indigenous? I'd say it means being from the land, being on the land, gaining knowledge from the land. It's pretty all-encompassing with your environment. Is this a term you would normally use? Yes, this is a term I would use. How would you define education from an Indigenous perspective? I think it would be the ability to learn from a cultural perspective, which would include cultural practices mixed with Western-style institutions, and the connection with the elders, bringing the elders into assist with the teachings. What is your vision for the future of Indigenous education in your community? In my community, I come from a very small community, and it is hard to access education. There's a lot of remoteness, and it's the costs as well associated. But I think this is true in most small communities. So I would like to see an expansion of services that could be provided in the smaller community. What is your vision for the future of Indigenous education in Canada? I think that we need more Indigenous curriculum, we need more Indigenous instructors, and we also need accessibility through funding opportunities.


What we like to do is what we cross the fence comparison and we have a study going on kind of called dynamic soil property study and dynamic soil properties are those properties that change with management. Static soil properties you can't change them really no matter what you do to them but the dynamic soil properties will change. So just as you saw differences in management on the cropland and how they reacted with infiltration versus runoff the same kind of thing happens on rangeland so where we look at sites across the fence that are the same soil in this case it's an opal soil and that would be a clay ecological site, is that right Nathan, is Nathan still around, anyway might be heavier than that okay but it's in that ballpark and so it's the same ecological site regardless and so we compare infiltration on both sides of the fence and then we look at other soil properties and we're going to show you a few of those here in a minute. Infiltration doesn't necessarily measure any specific thing, any one thing, it's kind of a conglomeration of all the other properties and it gives you a gauge of how all those other properties are working, that can be your soil structure, the mycorrhizal fungi, the bacteria, all the things that go together to form that soil ecosystem that's kind of what infiltration is showing is how they're all working together so you can't say any one thing about how an infiltration test comes out other than that the soil is functioning well from a hydrologic standpoint so that's why we do it, it's shown in our dynamic soil property studies to be a very, very good test, it's very sensitive to changes in management so Jeff why don't we, anything else you want to add there? I just want to describe the community a little bit more in between. So on this side of the fence this has been rested for a while Dwayne I assume and we've got pretty good diverse plant community in here, western wheatgrass, green needlegrass those are on a clay site those are the two dominant grasses that you want to see and so that's showing us that it's in pretty good condition. On the other side of the fence where we've had probably season long grazing over quite a long period of time, when we walk up close to the fence take a look at it but there's a lot of buffalo grass in there, blue grama, there's still western wheatgrass but it's diminished quite a bit so the short grasses have moved in and have replaced the taller green needlegrass and western wheat. So it's really come back through their management. Here's some of your green needlegrass right here, these long green leaves like that, it's a bunch grass, western wheatgrass is rhizometous, it's the blue green stuff all throughout here and there's some Kentucky bluegrass and some other things in here as well. Anything else you want to mention? Why don't we go ahead and... Mostly just a little bit of suppression and rest, we'd like to have done more grazing. Any kind of disturbance can kind of throw off that soil ecosystem and long term rest is a kind of disturbance as well or removing livestock from a system is a type of disturbance in a way. So the right amount of livestock grazing is what these sites formed with and that's what they're used to so that's where you want to be. So why don't we go ahead and run an infiltration test. You can try to come in a little closer if you want, we're going to go ahead and... So as Jeff mentioned we've got these infiltration rings back at the shop down there. If you want to do some of this on your own, basically what you do is clip off an area down to the ground so you can get the cellophane down. Jeff's going to do all the work for me here. It's like sitting in the passenger seat versus driving the car so you don't have to open the gates. Now we're kind of at the tail end, definitely at the tail end of when you'd want to be doing an infiltration test on your rangeland. The biological activity is starting to taper off this time of year and the soils, especially clay, so I'll start to crack and you'll see that on the other side of the fence even more where it's more exposed. So that's soil cracks kind of throw off in a test like this. So basically after you drive the ring down into your, about the second knuckle on your finger, about two inches showing, you put the cellophane in there and I can tie it for you if you want. And you put the water in, you put the cellophane down so you can start the water and the timer at the same time is basically what you do. Did you tell me to put 444 milliliters? Thank you, yeah, 444 milliliters. In the infiltration kit there's a cup that measures it out for you and then once you got it in there, just say go Stan. Go. And the reason 444 it calls one acre inch. There's 27,154 gallons in an acre inch. Everybody should memorize it by the end of the day. There's a test later. That's a test. 27,154. That's why we do 444 and we adjusted for that six inch ring. Let's say it's done. Just a little bit over there and he's a splitter here. Okay. All right, 35 seconds. That was the first inch. And yesterday we put another ring in over here. It was 43 seconds. So it's really very similar. Do you want to try a second inch on that one? And let's do that. If you read the instructions, which some people I know are bad about that. It's really the second inch we're interested in. What's that? We're really interested in the second inch. Yeah. The second inch is really kind of what we gauge. We do our measurements on this one. Yes it is. That's what it's out here. Good for you. Remember when we talked about that last night. I was so late. I was here. By the way, this is not exactly rehearsed, but we've done this a lot. And we put the plastic wrap on top so that you can pull it so you don't want to instantaneously push the water all and disrupt it. So what you want to do is gradually just pull the plastic away. Okay, stand your hand again. Okay, go. And we typically, you expect the second inch to take a little longer than the first inch. But that's more of an even test because then you've wetted the soil, pre-wetted the soil, and that gives you a better comparison on your samples and whatnot. Then you can download a sole quality kit manual for free on NRCS. And on page 62 it tells you the infiltration rate. So what was the reading that you got? Let's tell them. 35 seconds. 35 seconds. So it's more than 20 inches per hour on this site. That's what it's telling you. So if it's less than three minutes per inch, if it's less than three minutes, you're talking about an infiltration rate of 20, 40. That's what, so you got, you can get this manual and you can get it on free for online. Okay. The second inch here was 40 seconds. That's very similar to the first one. You want to go ahead and run this other one. Sure. So it's refreshing our mind. You don't have to come over the fence, but you can come up to it if you want. Jeff is going to run the second inch over here. Well, I'm going to go on the other side of the fence. I'm going to tell you guys. Oh, yeah. I think he's already got it. What about the plant community above ground? What do you see here compared to the other side? The plant community or the soil surface? What kinds of things do you see? Shout it out. Don't be shy. Yeah, it is. It's grazed.  There's more bare ground and more trampling going on, which trampling in and of itself is not a bad thing. It's like everything I guess else in moderation. So we probably have some compaction going on. How much time right there, Jeff? I've got it here. That's a minute forty-five right now. And you can see these seed heads over here. This is blue grama right here. So there's a pretty large component of our short grasses on this side of the fence. And that's through season-long grazing. The plant community is shifted from being dominated by western wheatgrass and green needlegrass shifting to those shorter grasses. And numerous studies over the years have shown that that's negative on hydrology when you shift to short grass community. And that's just through management over time. We're going to look here in a minute. We might have to just come back and get to catch this. We'll check out some soil profiles here. Did we bring a shovel? He's got the shovel over there. So we'll come back to this. It's going to be a little while. I'll just leave this here. Sorry to make you keep moving there. It grazes with horses, which is a little different than cattle, too. Yeah, if you didn't hear Dwayne, this pasture is grazed with horses. And so they graze a little bit differently than cattle. Thank you. Jeff said it's going to be 20 to 30 minutes, so we have some time here. We're not going to wait. Jeff, let's take a look at these. One of the things I mentioned was one of the components that makes up that soil ecosystem or some of the components are your biological, your mycorrhizal fungi, the bacteria, nematodes, some of the insects that somebody mentioned. And then I'm right in the sun, aren't I? So then some of the other characteristics of soils that influence infiltration are the soil structure and organic matter. We're going to look at a couple of those right now. So here, which profile do you want me to... It doesn't really matter which one you want to start on. You want to start on this one? Okay, so is this this one here? Yep. All right, maybe you should... You can actually see that what we're looking at here is that, and we'll break it up a little bit, so you can see that there's granular soil structure down to about three inches, at least that's what I'm seeing, and you're going to have to come closer to actually see that. But then we actually start getting into prismatic structure. And the interesting thing is, of course, these are right across the fence from each other, and the cool thing for me as a soils guy is really starting to look at those differences in soil structure. Now, I talked about that before, but here I've got granular structure down. You've got granular structure down here about three inches, and you can actually see that within that profile. But, you know, we go right across the fence, and all of a sudden it's gone. That granular structure's gone. I have subangular blocky structure in the very surface, and that prismatic structure carries right to the soil surface very quickly. So that breakdown in that soil structure because of that differences in management is really apparent in that profile, and very apparent when we actually started doing what? Some of those analysis. We started looking at bulk density. We started talking about macro pore development. The test that we actually just ran here today, this infiltration, is very indicative of what is that biological activity in that soil surface. That plant community, that interaction makes a huge difference in what we're visually seeing, and the hydrology, and the reaction that we actually have. And to me, it's like I say, from a soil standpoint, we look at that profile, look at that soil structure, and you go, wow, that's just a huge difference. Unbelievable difference in just over-the-fence comparisons. So from my standpoint, from a soil standpoint, you come out here and you look at this and go, there's phenomenal differences associated with management in that plant community within that visual of the profile. The interesting, like I say, getting back to me, it's exciting that we started talking about that biological community. We can't really see most of that biological community, but we can see the effects on that structure. We can see that effects on some simple analysis that we can run in and out in the field. So I think that we can start to get a better handle on that and really start to compare systems in the field very quickly from one to the next. That's an excellent point. People say, well, what test should I run to check on the biological activity? What we found, the most consistent things that we found in these dynamic soil property studies are really the field measurements that we're doing right here, looking at structure, organic matter, as you can tell from the color of the soils, and also infiltration. So these field measurements are some of the most indicative tests, really, and you don't have to send off to a lab for expensive tests. Those just haven't been quite as consistent for us as just the stuff you can see in the field. What about the color there in the different profiles? You can really see that radical difference between those two profiles.  You can see the browns, especially associated with that larger amount of organic matter within that soil profile up at the front. You don't see that back here. And in fact, you can see that graying or glaying is very, very indicative of that subsoil material. And that carries on to that soil surface as we have this overgrays condition. Like I say, as we really started looking at some of these differences over long-term management, to me it's just phenomenal on those changes within that grass community that we actually see based on how we manage that plant community. So have you depleted that organic matter resource? Yes. Is it as productive as it could be? No. You can visually see that in that profile. I think it's really something to take home. And we get to do this. I get to do this all the time. And I find this is the most interesting part of my job is we get to do that across defense comparisons. I think producers can do that from one field to the next. You need to start really paying attention to what that soil structure looks like, what that soil biology looks like. The MAC report is starting to look at some basic analysis so that you can come up with better systems and change your management for the better. You think about how much more water was in the jars in the front compared to the back down there. And if we had some grassland samples, which we had back there, we didn't run them, you would see the same difference between the heavy continuous season-long grazing versus rotational grazing and better plant community diversity. Just a stark difference. The runoff jar on the overgray stuff will be full and the infiltration jar will be empty and vice versa on the well-managed. But you think every inch of water that runs off of a piece of rangeland is somewhere in the neighborhood of 150 to 200 pounds per acre of production. So for every inch you lose, you're basically sending a couple hundred pounds of production down the hill to the neighbor or somewhere else or not on your place anyway. So the idea with managing for granular soil structure and managing for organic matter and the things that make for better infiltration, that's money in your pocket really because that's more production on your place and it's not going somewhere else. Anything else? I want to tie a point on here. Okay folks, we're going to do a little activity. Now everybody, I want everybody to get on their knees. I mean seriously, let's get on our knees. I'm going to show you something. Because I want you to see every, when you go out, when you go out on the, when we go to the no-till field in the crop field, you're going to see these spheres present. Every ecosystem throughout the world that has plants, you're going to see these spheres present. I want you to start identifying. I'm going to show you the five spheres that we should have in our range ground. You should have it in your cropping and you should have it on your note, you should have it on your no-till fields and you should have them on your pasture. Okay? They're all connected. Now, once you come in here, I'll help you. I'm going to show you.  I'm going to show you how to look at it. Good. Can I use one of these? Sure. Absolutely. Okay. Everybody get ready. Everybody's going to dig around. Now, every one of you part the grass and dig right into, you get it to that. What do you range? People call this little, they call it a duff layer, right? Yeah. What else do you call it? Batch? Litter. Litter. That is called the detritus sphere. So, colleges call it the detritus sphere. Every ecosystem, a good healthy soil ecosystem should have it present. You will have it in a good no-till. It should be covered with that on a no-till. That is the skin of the soil. It is precious. It regulates temperature. You have these little mezzofana, these organisms breaking it down. It has to be present. Is it present, Pam, in an organic field? No. Why is it not present in an organic field? Tillage. They bury it. Conventional. It will be buried. It will not be there. It is the indicator of way too much disturbance. This thing will help regulate the soil temperature. It is rain impact. Regulate soil temperature. That is called the detritus sphere. So the first thing when I do get a shovel full, I want to see that present. If it's not present, I know you're dealing too much. Too much inversion, it's not there. You will find it in pastures. You will find it present. This beautiful layer that we were talking about, you know what this is called? The agratis sphere. Scientists call it the agratis sphere. I call it cottage cheese. I want to see cottage cheese. If I do not see cottage cheese in a no-till field, it's telling me one thing. You know what it's telling me? You're not feeding it enough. Not enough carbon. It takes huge amounts of liquid carbon to feed back. That is converted sun. I'm not doing enough covers. I'm taking too much carbon from the system. These aggregates only last 27 days, folks, in natural agroecosystems, 27 days. That means they are feeding on that house. So you leave that there on fellow. What do you expect? Are we going to have a lot of cottage cheese? No. We're not. We've got to remember the plant and soil are one. I think one of the biggest disfavors we ever did in our agriculture schools is to separate the plant and the soil. Class, if I take the plant out and if I take the microbes out, what do I have, Dale? You got geology. You got geology. So it's the biology and the plants that formulate this aggregation. They change the system. So I want to see lots of aggregation. Scott, do you think we'll see aggregation in a very heavily organic farm? No. You won't see a lot of aggregation, but you may see a lot of humicolors because they're hauling in carbon like crazy to offset the damage. Am I opposed to organic farmers? No. I'm not. They don't misunderstand me. I'm telling you how to look at your soil when you walk in there. So we've got an aggregate. So what's inside the aggregate, class? What's the other sphere? The porous sphere. Where air and water, what Jeff was talking about. So I want to see the rhizosphere. Did you try the sphere? I want to see that. And I want to see aggregates. I have megapores, macropores, and then micropores. Tillage cannot destroy the micropore because the microbes cannot get into that and eat the polysaccharides, the organal mineral complexes, the cementing agents created by biology and plants. Okay? So we've got residue on the top. I want to see that in all my agro-ecosystems. I want to see it in my pasture. Now what happens if this layer starts building up that the rhizosphere builds up a lot and it does not disappear? What is that telling you? What is that? You got it. It's not cycling properly. Your residues should not be celebrating its fifth birthday. It should not be there for five years. So that tells you that cycling. So we got to see residue. I want to see cottage cheese. Inside the cottage cheese, I got pores. Then rhizosphere. What's the rhizosphere class? The roots. We got to have living roots 24-7. Our job in all of our systems, living roots 24-7. It is a conduit to turn that sun into chemical energy. If you're not doing that, it is costing you big time in your operation. No roots, no aggregates. No aggregates. None of the biology is going to be there. Everybody with us. So how do we mismanage this? This right here. The tool, huh? Can guess what's the first thing we blame? It's the cow. It's not the cow. It's us who have the lack of understanding and understand the ecology and how everything is connected. We're going to look for all those spheres. And we'll switch it over. Because what I want you to do when we go to Dwayne's place and we look at the cropping, I want us to get out of the pickup. I'm going to get out of there. And we're all going to look for all those spheres. The drill-o-sphere. That is Greek for worm. In every one of those passages that slime on that body, it is critical. It is rich in phosphorus. It is rich in bacteria. It is a phenomenal thing to have in your soil ecosystem. Now, some are complaining that they're getting into wooded areas and changing the pH of the wooded areas because those earthworms have the ability to actually eat all the residue on top of the surface and they're changing it. Now, when I go to a good agro-ecosystem down in Dwayne's, I want to see four earthworms per shovel full. That's equivalent to eight hundred and fifty to a million and a half earthworms per acre. And you want to do it in the early spring because they move. I want to see four earthworms and if you want to get really technical, like my buddy here, Jeff, like the splinter, you get a 12 by 12 by 12. You want to see 20 earthworms. I want to see 20 earthworms by foot by foot. That's eight hundred and fifty to a million and a half earthworms which are cycling nutrients and moving the soil. They are the plow we want. We want them. They change the soil. I'll leave you with this last thought. Folks, there's a lot of debate now in the ecological communities and if you get into this what I call the niche construction where they're saying, we used to think if we put organisms they would adapt to the environment. We're saying now, no, they change the environment. Earthworms, do you see these dark colors? Did not happen by themselves. It happened by the biology and the plants. They modify. Beavers modify the environment. You guys modify your environment. So we got to remember the biology and how powerful the biology is. So when we go out in the field in the cropland, I want you to see if all these spheres are present. Ryan, which one is the cottage cheese? What is it called? A gratosphere. You don't have to remember all of it, but remember I want cottage cheese, residue, I want pores, I want to see earthworms and I want to see roots. Hey guys, here you go. At some point, I think, we're going to move to the rest of the tour. So let's head on back.


Thank you for inviting me to this wonderful celebration Nimbus of course is very dear to me because I began my professional career here in 1966 with the Nimbus program and a lot of people in the Nimbus program like Bill Nordberg, Harry Press, Bill Bandeen and others were professional fathers to me. I grew up with Nimbus and it was exciting and Nimbus and NASA, especially NASA Goddard as well as my own organization, ESA, which is not an oil company. It was the old NOAA gave me lots of opportunities as a young scientist, so I thank everyone for that. The course of Nimbus program, as has been mentioned earlier, is instrumental in flying the oops, did I do something wrong here? Yeah, instrumental in flying the very first instruments for atmospheric sounding on the Nimbus 3 satellite and that, as you'll see, has turned out to absolutely revolutionize weather forecasting as we know it today. It began with these instruments and this is sort of a chronology of the sounding milestones in the Nimbus program, but I want to point out Nimbus B here, which was the one mentioned earlier that fell into the drink, was a launch failure and what happened remarkably, as a result of that, was that the Nimbus program under Harry Press decided that, hey, this is so important that we can't, we got to get Nimbus B up there as soon as we can, and they vowed to get a Nimbus replacement, Nimbus B2, up there in less than a year from the date it was launched, which was in May of 1968 and sure enough, this is something that couldn't be done today, but 11 months later in April of 1969, Nimbus B2, which became, of course, in orbit, Nimbus 3, was launched successfully and that was the beginning of the satellite sounding program in space and there are a lot of pioneers that I have on this chart here. I'm not going to go into all of them, but of course, for this lecture, most notably were these two guys, David Wark, Dr. David Wark, who was with this organization, ESA, and of course Rudolph Hanno, who flew all these instruments to more planets than anybody else. I also had an instrument on the Nimbus 3 spacecraft. The Wark instrument was a grading spectrometer that measured the radiation at eight optimally defined wavelengths to observe atmospheric temperature profiling and from the window region all the way to the center of a absorption band due to CO2, which allowed you to relate this spectral variation of radiance to the temperature variation in the atmosphere. If I turn that slide sideways, you would see the temperature profile of the atmosphere being warm near the surface, going to a minimum at the tropopause and then increasing again, going higher in the atmosphere and that was the concept. Rudolph Hanno flew this interferometer, which measured many spectral channels, hundreds of spectral channels compared to just those eight. At that time, we didn't realize how valuable that was. Today, we're flying these kinds of instruments on our operational satellites, so I'll show you in a moment. But these two gentlemen, Rudy, who's shown here, he's still with us. He was at the 45th anniversary. I'm sorry, he didn't make it to this one and his iris instrument and oops. David Wark. We passed away some time ago, but with his Sears instrument, which provided the very first atmospheric temperature sounding back in on the launch day of 1960-69 April 14th as compared to a balloon sound. You can see a very close agreement which gave everybody a lot of excitement. Now, here's something that's really quite interesting. Hal Wolf worked for the National Meteorological Center with me. I'm producing the algorithm and the software to process the Sears data. Of course, on launch day, Ralph Shapiro, who's running the ground station, I was pestering him. I think I was in the ground station all the time watching the data come out on the strip recorders and couldn't wait to get my hands on the data, provided us with tapes of the data for the entire day of that first day and Hal Wolf of NMC and I stayed up all night, that very first night, and processed these data and hand-plotted these data, these sounding data on a chart and hand-analyzed them, a contoured analysis. We got very excited about what we saw. The very next morning, about eight o'clock in the morning, right after the director of NMC, the National Meteorological Center, got in his office. We were there waiting for him. That was Fred Schumann and said, we got some exciting results to show you. He was kind of a skeptic that you could sound the atmosphere from space. He said, okay, let me call my deputies. He called Ed Fawcett, his deputy and Harlan Saylor, his director of operations in, to look at these maps that we created. Harlan Saylor was really a skeptic. He used to needle me on, why am I wasting my time on this business? But he says, let me see those charts. He took those charts and took a look at them, you know, and he looked at them and looked, stared at them, and he went right to one position, ran his finger down there, and he goes, oh my God. And I said, oh, what's wrong? He says, well, he says, we've been taking a lot of flak from the airlines getting calls overnight on our bad weather forecasts. We mispositioned the jet stream and the airlines were flying into headwinds and had to stop, you know, midway to refuel and costing them a lot of money. And here I see that you, that Sears, the Nimbus satellite, properly positioned that jet stream. And then he went on to say, he said, when can you make this operational? This is the very first day, the day after the launch. And of course, my and my naivety and youth and so on, said, oh, we can do it in about six weeks. And he says, great. He says, listen, let's do it. And so we are committed to do that. And through Ralph, Ralph Shapiro, who is running the ground station, played a big role in being able to get the digital data to us from Nimbus on a routine basis. And we started with a carrier transporting tapes from the ground station to Suitland on a almost on an orbital basis to make this happen. And that started on May 22nd, less than six weeks after after lunch. And that was in time for the National Meteorological Center to get these data into their final analysis, which was used for weather forecasting. And it was quite an achievement. And this just shows an example of one test of how these data were improving weather forecasts for the US. This is data over the Pacific, the mid-Pacific, where the Nimbus data showed a cutoff low. You see this low up here and then another low to the south. This is cut off from the one to the north, whereas the analysis without the satellite data didn't show that at all. It's just a diffuse trough. And that made a huge difference. Oops, lost a slide there. That made a huge difference for the forecast for the Western United States three days later. This is a three-day forecast and you see that this is the verifying analysis. And you can see that with the Nimbus data correctly forecast the shortwave ridge over the Western United States, which was not forecast without the Nimbus data. And in fact the errors were more than twice as great without the data than with the data in the forecast errors. Of course that leads to precipitation forecast errors and everything else. But the satellite data wasn't perfect by any means. These instruments, Sears and Iris, had large fields of use. So a lot of cloud contamination and the cloudy soundings quite frankly were pretty poor compared to the clear air soundings. So that problem had to be dealt with. So on Nimbus 5 and Nimbus 6, we flew different kind of instruments. They were multi-spectral radiometers rather than these grading and interferometer spectrometers. But they had the characteristic of being very high spatial resolution, 20 kilometers compared to 150 kilometers. And that pretty much solved the cloud problem in the infrared. We were able to look through breaks in the clouds and see lots of clear, clear sky. And so the yield and the accuracy of the soundings got much much better with these instruments. And then we also flew microwave instruments on Nimbus 5 and 6, which were able to go through clouds. The other thing that happened was in 1998, we flew an advanced microwave sounding unit, which added a lot of spectral channels of temperature and water vapor in the microwave. And this really advanced sounding accuracy quite a bit as well. And so we see here where the temperature accuracy is getting down in the one and a half degree level here from two and a half to three degrees before that. And the problem though with these soundings, with the early Nimbus soundings and even these soundings with the advanced microwave system, is the lack of vertical resolution. Because the energy comes from such a deep layer of the atmosphere, the soundings from the satellite were very smooth compared to the detailed structure that exists due to fronts and the tropopause and so on, that's measured by a balloon. So something had to be done to alleviate this vertical resolution deficiency. So that began in the mid-1980s, supported by the EOS program, and I'll give Shelby Telford a lot of credit for supporting our work in this area. We developed a methodology of hyperspectral sounding. Instead of having just a couple dozen of channels for sounding the atmosphere, we observed the whole spectrum with high resolution, very high resolution, like shown here. Thousands of spectral channels, which together with the large number of channels together with the details of the spectrum that are measured here, led to a big increase improvement in vertical resolving power. It wasn't that the weighting functions or the resolution of a single measurement was all that much better than the older instruments. The fact that you had thousands of these channels, that when you put it into the retrieval system, you had very high signal-to-noise ratio for this deconvolution process of transforming radiance in the atmospheric profiles. And this led to a factor of three to four improvement in the vertical resolution of these soundings. In fact, the hyperspectral sounding information content as was shown from real data once we started flying these instruments, like on the the Ares instrument, on the Aqua satellite, and the IAASI instrument, on the MEDOP satellite, and now the Chris instrument on the SMPP satellite, showed this much greater improvement, three to four times higher information content than these old multi-spectral instruments, and almost as much information as the radio sound. And so this has led to a dramatic improvement in weather forecasting, as shown here by ECMWF, which is the European Center for Medium Range Weather Prediction, where they show that the satellite sounding systems, the microwave and the hyperspectral infrared, are the biggest contributors to the weather forecast now, much greater than, say, the radio sound. In other words, the forecast accuracy degrades the most if you exclude these these instruments from it. And to go on further, that when you look at single instruments, individual microwave and hyperspectral instruments, the hyperspectral infrared instruments are way beyond the capability of the other data sources for improving the weather forecast. In fact, the single most important instrument in today's operation is the MEDOP IAASI, which has almost 9,000 spectral channels to it. And a practical example of this was the Superstorm Hurricane Sandy prediction. You remember that, October of 2012, which landfalled in New Jersey and just devastated the northeast coast. And this was a five-day forecast by the European Center using all the data, including all the hyperspectral sounding data, and of course every other observation that goes into the Global Observing System. And that forecast was spot-on at five days out with what actually occurred, which is this verifying analysis. When they took out the satellite sounding data, this was the forecast. It never even made landfall. And so you can see that the satellite data is playing a very dramatic role for improving not only weather prediction, but the severe storm prediction, such as the Syracan forecast. And the next observing system with the WML caused the space component for 2025. It's going to have at least nine of these hyperspectral sounders in orbit. It's going to have six of them, at least six, on geostationary satellites around the globe. And we're going to have at least three of these in orbits and complementary orbital planes on the polar system. And so thank you for your attention and bearing through the problem with the PowerPoint slides. But I hope the presentation gave you a sense that the Nimbus Satellite Program really did initiate the revolutionary advances achieved in weather forecasting that we enjoy today. Thank you very much for your attention.


One of the biggest challenges that students face when they are studying the poetry collection and more specifically the Relationships poetry collection is there are 15 poems to remember this 15 poems to memorize and of course when you're writing about your selected Poems you need to obviously make points related to language form and structure Of course It can be really easy to drown in all of this information So what I decided to do was create a mind map of all 15 poems within the edexcel relationships anthology And what I'll do is I'll walk you through the language form and structure techniques You can point out for each poem and I've selected specifically three quotes per poem Of course if you only have enough headspace to remember two quotations look at the three quotes that I select and Pick out and narrow it down to two quotes for yourself Okay, so let's begin with the first poem in the relationships collection, which is la belle dame sans merci Remember when you're making a form and structure observation the poem is laid out in an a b c b rhyme scheme It's very regular and very predictable rhyming pattern Now in terms of the quotations to select for this particular poem. The first is what can LD? Okay, this is when the narrator the speaker is addressing the night directly and this is Repeated throughout the poem. Okay, so of course you want to talk about repetition, which is structure And of course what this does is it creates intrigue within us as readers. We see this night He seems to be wasting away. We don't know why he's wasting away That's the first quotation the second two quotations are specifically related to this Belle dame this beautiful woman who is without thanks We learned that she sings a fairy song Okay, so sing a fairy song this uses sibilance Which is a language technique that you can point out what this is illustrating is her supernatural power Which seduced him the third quotation to remember for la belle dame sans merci is when we learned that she had wild wild eyes Of course what this is illustrating is her nature as a woman We would call her the femme fatale who misleads this night And he becomes seduced by this supernatural power that she possesses before she casts him away That's the Belle dame sans merci the second poem in the anthology to of course remember and to be very confident in writing about is A chart is sick grandfather now when making a form Observation in terms of also the rhyming pattern that it's written in it is written in an a a bbcc DD rhyming scheme Okay, now the first quotation I would suggest is when we learn that the speaker who obviously is Really sad about his grandfather who's passing away They remember how the grandfather grandfather would smile and stroke my head of course here Sibilance illustrates the close and paternal love and the close paternal relationship that he had with his grandfather The second quotation to remember with the child to sit grandfather is when he now realizes that his granddad is no longer strong or powerful He literally is foreshadowing his eventual death because he can see his grandfather's one and hollow ellipsis cheek Now here what you'd probably focus on is the adjectives one and hollow which is illustrating and foreshadowing the eventual death of his grandfather and the third and final quotation which of course Illustrates that his grandfather has died the grandfather that he loved so much is when they end by saying you do not hear me dad And what you can talk about here is two things The alliteration of D in do not and dad and also this is a declarative sentence at the end of the poem The third poem in the collection is she walks in beauty. This is by Lord Byron now in terms of form Make sure you point out that it's written in an AB AB AB rhyme scheme now in terms of the quotations I would suggest firstly talking about how the speaker Byron uses Celestial heavenly imagery to describe how perfect this woman is he refers to her using the terms cloudless climbs ellipsis Starry skies we call this Celestial imagery now in this case language technique to point out is alliteration of C in cloudless and climbs and also S in starry in skies but also mentioned in terms of imagery that this is celestial imagery The second quotation is when we learn that the woman is described as soft calm eloquent Okay, so soft so calm eloquent which you can use ellipsis to separate the three terms This is run of three and of course This is used to encapsulate to capture the perfection of this woman The third and final quotation is when he ends by talking about how her love is Innocent and that he uses an exclamatory sentence Which is a structural technique to show that this woman who walks in beauty is completely Perfect and she's also innocent the next poem in this collection to remember of course and to memorize is a complaint by Wordsworth now in terms of form and structural observation remember that it's written in a b a b cc rhyme scheme The first quotation I would suggest to remember for this particular poem is when the Speaker is really sad about the loss of the love on the one hand You can suggest that this poem is talking about the end of a friendship But also you could also interpret this poem as the end of a love relationship Okay, we know contextually that wordsworth is talking about his best friend Samuel colleridge where the relationship fell apart now The first quotation is when they're speaking about how the previous friendship was a fountain at my fond heart store Technique to point out is the use of alliteration ff The second quotation is when they're talking about the love that they held for this person And they describe it as murmuring sparkling living love here You want to talk about rule of three which is language and the third and final quotation is when they end by saying It all doesn't matter now the feeling really really Depressed because they end with this rhetorical question what matter and of course a rhetorical question is a structural technique The next poem in this collection is neutral tones by Thomas Hardy now in terms of a form and structural observation It's written in an a bb a rhyme scheme how the poem begins for shadows the end of this love relationship Okay, the first quotation which illustrates this is when the speaker sets the tone of the date They state winter day ellipsis sun was white here They are using pathetic fallacy which is language to describe the death of their relationship The second quotation is when they're speaking and describing the lover's smile, which was alive Dot-a-dot die and of course this is taken from the quotation alive enough to have the strength to die This is oxymoron we can see here that the speaker feels really angry But also deceived by their lover who they feel is dishonest to them The third and final quotation is when they end by talking about love that rings with wrong here You've got a Literation of W rings with wrong But also you can say that it ends on this declarative sentence basically saying that love deceives love is dishonest next quarter is the next poem to remember from this collection is the Sonnet sonnet 43 specifically by Elizabeth Barrett Browning now in terms of the way It's written if you really are going for gold remember that this sonnet is written as a Petrarchan sonnet that's the form that it takes and it follows a really particular rhyme scheme It's a bb a a bb a and then cd cd cd Okay, so the first octave the first eight lines follow the a bb a rhyme scheme and then the final Cestet so this is six lines at the end of the sonnet. It's cd cd cd Now the first quotation to remember from them from this sonnet is when the speaker keeps on saying I love the this is repetition Structure of course what this is illustrating is how devoted and how committed the speaker is to the lover The second quotation to remember is when they are saying how difficult it is to contain their love they talk about the depth breadth and height this is Rule of three which is the language of observation you can talk about the next quotation to remember from this poem is Actually the semantic field of religion that they use it's almost like this love that they have in this relationship It was ordained by God and this is illustrated through these three words grace praise and God Those are the quotations to remember from sonnet 43 the next poem within this collection is my last Duchess and In terms of a rhyme scheme. It doesn't have a rhyme scheme as such However, you could say in terms of the way it's written It is a dramatic monologue now in terms of quotations to remember the first quotation is the similee as if she were alive It foreshadows the fact that he's going to confess that he killed his Duchess The second quotation is when he we can see that the Duke is Very very arrogant because he says oh, how could she treat me the same as everybody else my nine hundred years old name Okay, now this is a declarative sentence and also the idea of nine hundred years This is an adjective what we can see here is that The Duke is incredibly arrogant the third and final quotations to remember from this is when the Duke finally confesses and admits That all smile stopped and you can even add all smiles stop together smiles and stopped is Sibilance and here we can see that the Duke very arrogantly admits that he killed the Duchess and he felt And he wanted to do that to fill power over her The next poem within this collection is first date she and first date he this in terms of form and structure is written in a bcb rhyme scheme and The three quotations so I've selected one quote from first date she one quote from first date he but also another quote that ties them both together the first quotation is when the Female speaker first date she says I hope I look ellipsis sexy. Okay, so I hope I look tastefully sexy Here we can see that the speaker really wants to look attractive to the man that she's on the date with of course Also the guy we can see obviously this is why what makes this Relationships from a little bit humorous is he feels like she is out of my league now here This is a really powerful metaphor where the speaker the male speaker is basically saying I don't think I'm good enough for her the final Quotations to remember is how both of them say they Hit the man or the woman. They are quite undistracted by me, which is a declarative sentence again Here what this is illustrating in both poems is that there's a miscommunication They both do not realize that they both have want to have a relationship with each other But they're both very scared and paranoid and they want to keep up these appearances Okay, the next quotation or rather the next poem within this collection is Valentine by Caroline Duffy in terms of form and structure Observation remember that it's written in free verse. The first quotation to remember is this repetitive reference to I give you an onion It's repeated which is structure now what this is obviously illustrating is a speaker is trying to show a very Unconventional view of love the second quotation to remember is when they're speaking about this onion which turns into a wobbling photo of grief Okay, this obviously is hyperbole and what this illustrates is that the speaker is trying to emphasize the sad and dark side of love The third and final quotation is of course, which illustrates also how possessive love can get to the point Where it can be lethal the final quotation is cling to your fingers dot-a-dot knife Okay, if you wanted to extend that is just cling to your fingers cling to your knife Repetition is used there and of course what this is illustrating is the dark nature of love, especially possessive love now The next poem within this collection is one flesh in terms of form and structure observation It's written in AB AB AB rhyme scheme The first quotations to remember is this simile when the speaker is reviewing the parents So looking at the parents and they're saying that they look like flotsam from a former passion flotsam informer That is alliteration and also it's a simile we can see flotsam remember that flotsam means debris waste from something else And of course what they're saying is that this relationship almost looks like the remains of something, you know Some some fallout right some destruction that happened the second quotation Which is obviously illustrating the distance and separation between her parents even if they're still physically together They no longer love each other is they are strangely apart ellipsis strangely ellipsis together repetition of strangely which is a structural technique And also the oxymoron apart and together illustrates the distance the emotional gap in her parents relationship the third and final quotation whether speaker cannot believe that the Same people who seem so distant actually once we're in love is when they end by saying The fire that the speakers had has now Rather the fire that her parents had has now grown cold Okay, this fire that led them to you know make her as a baby has now grown cold This is a metaphor Okay, talking about passion and emphasizing how the relationship her parents relationship lacks passion The next perm in this collection is I want to be yours in terms of form and structure a b a b c c Okay, now remember that I want to be yours uses language, which is very domestic Okay to illustrate kind of the or it's the speaker's way of humorously illustrating the devotion the commitment to their love But the person that they're addressing now the first quotation is when they're saying vacuum cleaner ellipsis Ford Cortina, this is a rhyming couplet again They are using very domestic language very mundane regular language to emphasize the love and the Obsession for the person that they speak into the second quotation is the repetition of the title I want to be yours repetition is structure and the third and final quotation from this poem is How they're saying that the love is deep as the ocean they even go on to say deep deep deep Which is repetition now deep as the ocean is also hyperbole the speaker is emphasizing how obsessed they are with this person They'll do anything now the next poem in this collection is loves dog in terms of form and structure Remember that's written in free verse now the first quotation I would suggest to remember for loves dog is when they're talking about what a love about love ellipsis zookeeper You now here you've got repetition of love and here we can see that the speaker almost wants their relationship This person she would want to give them this control, right? So they love the fact that you know this person maybe also controls their emotions This is shown through the metaphor of the zookeeper the next quotation, which obviously is contrast to love is the other side of love Okay, so when they say what I hate about love is me me me So you can remember just what I hate ellipsis me me me the Repetition of me illustrates this more selfish side of love, right? Sometimes lovers can grow quite selfish the third and final quotation is on the speaker says I hate Dot-a-dot boil wash and then I love dot-a-dot spin cycle they are using again language of true long-sword semantic field of domesticity okay the home to talk about the negative side of love but also the positive side of love in a humorous way the Next poem in this anthology to make sure you remember some quotations for is nettles and in terms of form and structure It is written in an a b a b rhyme scheme the first set of quotations that I would suggest is Remember three separate words which belong to the semantic field of an army or regimen You've got spears regiment and parade this illustrates that the speaker is that war with this net and these nettles that he sees Because he wants to protect his child Okay, the love that's being illustrated here is a paternal love of a fatherly love towards his son And he sees nature almost representing the outside world and he wants to fight it Okay, so this is obviously the he uses war language to emphasize this Now the second quotation is of course where we can see that he feels really intensely sad that he cannot protect his son more Because his son shows sobs and tears here We've got the verb sobs and tears what this illustrates is the father His heart is breaking because he wants to be protective over his son The third and final quotation which illustrates his fury at the nettles is when he says Slashed in fury ellipsis funeral and here you've got alliteration which is illustrating that he's trying to control the outside world However, he inevitably can't the next poem in this collection So this is the last final two poems is the manhunt now here in terms of form and structure observation Remember that it's a a b b c c then it's unriamed. Okay Reflecting the unpredictability Of the soldier's state of mind as he is suffering from PTSD after having gone to war and the lover is observing this Now the first quotation is when the speaker the lover Looks at the person's face after his comeback from war and they talk about the frozen river dot on his face This is a metaphor illustrating the scars the physical wins that this man has after war The second quotation is of course when they describe in the fetus of metal in the Soldier's chest now the speaker. Hey speaks using a metaphor Showing the traumatic effects of war but also how this trauma is making is causing A rift between her and her lover the final quotation is when they're speaking about this PTSD Okay, so obviously this lover really wants to guide and look after this man who's come back from war But they're scared about when this eruption this PTSD will show itself because they talk about a sweating unexploded mind Which once more is also a metaphor the 15th and final poem in this collection is my father would not show us And the speaker here, of course is talking about how they felt the father was quite secretive They really wish that the father had shared this illness that they had and of course It's a semi autobiographical poem now in terms of the form and structure observation Remember that it's written in free verse the first quotation which illustrates her memory of her father Is when she talks about his right smile his half turn face This is showing the loving side of her father, but equally his secretive side Now the second quotation is when they're talking about how he hid he hid away This is repetition once more we can see that the speaker is expressing regret She wishes her father would let them know about his condition and his illness Third quotation is when she says he turned he turned away He never shared his illness his disease which then came as a real shock to them And she uses repetition when emphasizing this So that's really it when it comes to the main quotations to remember for the relationship anthology Hopefully this kind of makes the journey in terms of knowing what to memorize and what to practice for Your anthology side of your exams easier. Okay, so thanks so much for listening and I hope this helped