Hey guys, it's Nate, aka The Foot Account, and welcome back to the channel. With this loading screen right here, we begin the countdown to the final league of team of the season, and that is Syria team of the season. We have some leagues, we have that loading screen, and we have some news to talk about related to the last team of the season league that we are going to be getting. We know some of the players, and it's looking kind of good. We're getting a lot of those big-name players' impacts that we would expect, but also some of the SBCs that we have leaked as well, make me pretty excited for this final week of team of the season. Now, today we're actually going to learn the first part about this with the objectives, right? We'll talk about Thursday content today, including some of our last chances to get XP to add up our XP for the season tot season swap. So, we'll take a look at that, and of course, everything going on with league one team of the season, and some of those card prices moving into today on Thursday, today's video. So, if you're excited for it, drop a thumbs up, and of course, subscribe if you're new. Let's look back at yesterday, because yesterday was, of course, our flashback day and the league one guaranteed tot SBC, starting off with that guaranteed tot SBC coming in at about, what, 90K? According to Footbin, a little bit cheaper than what we maybe thought it was going to be, but if you think about it again, there are a lot of really cheap cards in this league one team of the season team, and prices actually yesterday on those cards were impacted, and they went even lower because of it, but this one, of course, everybody goes and does. I mean, I'll be honest, guys. Yesterday, I think I saw more Nuno Menj, I saw more Verrotti, Marquinhos, I got very lucky myself and somehow packed Benyeter, right? The very first one that I opened yesterday of course was on my account, and the fact that I got Benyeter was really crazy, right? And, you know, a lot of those middle to high tier cards, as expected, have risen, Benyeter's like 700,000 coins. Now, Jonathan David went up, Lacazette went up. We saw that fluctuation that we kind of expected to see on these cards, but again, the pack weight I think was a little bit better than what we expected yesterday, right? It felt like it was more, they were giving out a little bit more than La Liga for sure. Verrotti's 330k now, he was like 290, 280 for a little bit yesterday right at the content drop, so there was that little bit of panic, and now those cards are rising. We'll talk a little bit more about these prices a little bit later, but yesterday, of course, fodder was the big, big talking point with that SBC being released as well. 85s going crazy. They went from what, 8,000 coins to start today, 7.9k, and these guys were all max price. Some of these 85s have max price ranges of 12k, some of them were at 15,000 coins. If you take a look, a lot of the cheapest 85s in the game right now are actually in forms, and the reason for that is because yesterday we had the refresh of the 81 plus Team of the Week tradeable pack as well. That SBC refresh, so people were crafting that because it's not that expensive, and that supplied a lot of those informs on the market that were 81 plus, specifically the 85s, 86s, maybe 87s as well.  So if you have any 85s in the club, I would get them out. You can see Kuroska right now has no cards on the market. He's extinct, right, for an 85-verted card. So if you have those, I would get them out. I mean, if there are any 85s, if you have any in the club that are not extinct for some higher price ranges on some of those gold cards, they could go a bit higher today at content, of course, with the refresh, kind of the last chance of some of those SBCs, but then I would definitely want to sell those before we have more lining rounds, stuff like that this weekend. Now, you look at 85s at like 12, 13k, and then you see like 88s at 14,000 coins. And it's pretty crazy, right? That is crazy. The 85s are so high, but it's because they're required inside of the League One Tots upgrade. Now, also yesterday, we had the Haasim Awar SBC, and it's a little bit underwhelming, guys. I mean, if you take a look at the footpin, the way the price has moved on at all and other links to this card, if you take a look at the footpin, up vote, down vote, high low work rates is the big bummer with this card. Four star, four star, just, it's just mid, right? That's the best way to describe it, just kind of mid.  He's got great trades. I'm sure he's going to be pretty solid. Great stats on the card, just maybe not as insane as we would have wanted him to be, and he doesn't have the best work rates for his position or the five star skill moves or the weak foot. But nonetheless, 150,000 coins, not bad to do, but the tall investment GGs, if you sold into the hype, which is what we talked about with that card, if you risked it, I mean, we needed an SBC to be absolutely insane for this card to go up with the OWR coming out. And as going back up a little bit, this tall card was down to like 40,000 coins, even below 40K, from where he was. He went from like 60K down to 37 or 38, and it's now back up to about 44, because people are still doing that SBC. But that's why we take the safe route and we sell into the hype with some of these cards and some of the investments like that that we know are very, very invested in. So yesterday as well, we had another EA mistake, and this is a really big talking point from yesterday. The mistakes have been so consistent, right? In yesterday's video, we talked about kind of the whole objective thing with the footchamps, qualification, like the playoffs, extra awards, how that's messed up, the extra red player picks guys, we are still waiting on that compensation. I'll say it once again, we're probably going to have to wait a number of days, if not a week or beyond, before we get those compensation red team as he's in player picks from league one, it's going to be a hot minute. But also yesterday, EA tweeted about this is a really crazy situation. It's rare that we have stuff like this happen. They had an incorrect description in the German language of FIFA for the Totsit lead pack to 500K pack. It was updated today to specify five player picks were loan items. But if you had the German language, and we're playing the FIFA in the German language when this pack was out before this update happened, you got five, one of three Tots or Tots moments player picks. And man, like, look at some of these guys, bro. Modric, Bellingham, some of these guys had really, really crazy set to player picks. Messi, Medina, Benjeter, it's absolutely wild seeing some of these tweets on Twitter, like people are responding to what they got from those compensation player picks. So I don't think there's any more that are glitched out there. Some people are saying that the Polish language was glitched. But I'd imagine that EA kind of would fix that all in one spread. And I think it's probably not a glitch anymore. It has been updated.  And if you saw 92 plus picks out there, that's what that was about, but it did not impact that many people. Now let's get into the meat of today's video. We're looking forward to Syria team of the season. And we got that loading screen yesterday, which we did mention yesterday's video Wednesday's kind of the new loading screen days, right? And this is what it showed us. It's really not hard to decipher who is on this loading screen, right? You've got, of course, Kavica all the way over there. You've got in the middle, Debala, we believe, and I'll talk about one a second. And then you've got on the right, a Raphael layout with five store skill moves, which W, right? I mean, what else is there to say? That means Kavara don't, it's going to be five star five star. It's a little concerning to me that we don't have any skill mover week foot designation on the Debala, because I was really hoping that maybe we get a five star skill move Debala or maybe a five star week foot. That'd be really, really nice. He said, what was it a full birthday card a couple of years ago, five star week foot. That would have been a really nice upgrade for his card, because he's always lacking in that department. But that's nice, right? We can kind of tell this to some people like Nate, is this actually Debala? We'll look at the leaks, and we will confirm that it is Debala. And why would else would they want to put a guy like Correa or Lautaro Martinez on a loading screen? Lautaro Martinez is always a striker as well, really feeling like that is Debala. So let's take a look at some of the leaks that we do have. Speaking of Lautaro, again, these leaks are coming from the FIFA U team's account. Guys, this account has been spot on, hasn't missed a thing in a couple of weeks, maybe like the Nesta SBC, but that was a lot of leakers that missed that one. And they've been really consistent and really early with a lot of these team of the season leaks even earlier than foot share. Foot share has not posted a thing yet for Serie A team of the season leaks. He's got Lautaro and Rafael Leal, but Lautaro is not the loading screen player. He is not a moments card. I believe he was in the voting as well for the league one, or sorry for the Serie A team of the season. Those are expected. Hopefully Lautaro's card is really, really cracked. I would be down for a big time Lautaro card in team of the season for Serie A. Moving on, we've got the Debala, right? This leak was posted after loading screen. I think people know that Debala is going to be that player from the loading screen because Lautaro's cards are always striker and Debala's are centered forward. So that's why we're thinking that and you'll see why it's not Correa here in just a second. But that is what we believe to be Debala. He's getting a moments card, by the way. So kind of like a Renato-esque player getting a moment. Really good player selection so far as we keep going through the leaks. Rabio, that's going to be a really, really insane card. I mean, I'm sure a lot of you guys did his foot. Birthday SBC, I hope they keep at least some sort of an upgraded week foot on the Rabio. At least four star, five star carrying over to this would be amazing. Rabio's card was really, really good when I use it for a bit.  I'm feeling Seco Fofana type vibes here where this card is probably going to be like 50, 60, 70K, really, really cheap. Not the easiest to link, right? And as you take a look at some of these cards, again, you know, you see a lot of different nationalities and a lot of different clubs. It's not going to be the easiest team to link, but you know, neither was this League One team this season. Apart from all the French players, you know, it's not that easy to link Serie A cards unless you're using a lot of Serie A cards in your team, which is a little bit one of the detracting parts about Serie A team this season. It's less linkable even than League One for sure. But still, some really, really good cards in here. And as we're going to see, there might be some ways that EA give us more content to link these cards together. But as I look at these cards too, I just have to say, and I feel like it's going to be this case again, I think these cards are going to be really cheap. I think they're going to be really juiced and have really great stats. Serie A cards have been really juiced so far this year already. I cannot wait for this Osemen right now. This card's not going to be cheap. Osemen, Kovicia, they're not going to be cheap. These are going to be more of the expensive cards. But if you take a look at some of those guys like the Rabio, like the Milinkovic Savage, maybe even like Lautaro, I feel like these guys will be pretty, I guess, price friendly. You think a guy like Lautaro is going to be more than Ben Yetter. He shouldn't be, hopefully, but it also depends on pack code and stuff like that. But Osemen, obviously a card we wanted to see this year. His highest card is the Inform, his third Inform that he's got.  And then Kovicia, of course, on the loading screen, going to be 5 star, 5 star. That's going to be a card so many people would like to try in there as well. So those are all the player leaks that we have right now. There's probably going to be more today. And like I said, Footshare, if it's not been posted anything, I'm sure there's going to be more people posting on Twitter today about some more leaks. So just kind of keep an eye out for that because, you know, we're getting closer and closer and closer to Friday. So there's going to be more word there. Again, guys, I feel like the Seria team this season is going to be pretty cheap. And one of the things that's going to, of course, be a big part of that will be the pack code. And I also think today, since we haven't had any pack code yet posted for Seria, right? No, like Seria guaranteed Tots packs. What we're really looking for is like with League One, how we had those player picks in the store or maybe the League One 83 times three, we're looking for stuff like that for the series. I think there is a very high percentage chance today that EA also they have to add in the weekend link rewards packs, right? We see that added usually on Wednesdays and Thursdays. And since it has not been added yet, watch foot scoreboards Twitter today, because that might give us some insight on any big packs that might be coming. And we might be talking about tomorrow, the supply for these Seria cards, if we see something in there that looks really, really interesting. So definitely watch out for some of that pack code today. Now for all the players that have been leaked, we've also got some really good SBC leaks, which is reason number two. If there is a reason number two reason number one, while I'm excited is the players and packs reason number two, the SBC leaks that we have, it looks like they're dropping some pretty big SBCs guys based off of these leaks.  You might be like, Nate, this is not the most meta center back in the game. But during Syria team in the season, these hero links and having a card like this to build out a squad, even with just a couple, if you're going to try to go with the hybrid of like League One and Syria, that's going to be very, very helpful, very good card in game, very short and fast, right? Not super tall and big like a Van Dyke. But I used base Corda buff for a long time this year. He was very, very good. This card probably going to be a decently cheap SBC. I would hope somewhere around like 300,000 coins. That could be a nice SBC there again, very easy to link. And we go to a big name SBC in Lukaku, right? That is going to be an SBC that a lot of people would have interest in just because it is Lukaku, kind of a FIFA legend in terms of where he's been in FIFA, all the crazy cards he's had before. He had a really crazy card a couple years ago. What was it like? It was like summer stars Lukaku. That was a really, really cracked out card. So hopefully this Lukaku has got a five star week foot boost like his highest rated informed does on this game. Maybe some four star skills. If they made him like five star skills too, that would be ridiculous. But these are some really big name SBCs, right? With that Cordoba and Lukaku, I'm pretty excited for that. And there's some really interesting objectives in here. Looks like the foot draft game mode is going to be elevated once again. Rob Magnoli is going to be a reward for some sort of foot draft objective with some packs and XP. And then also Laurie Entey, right? Well known for his fantasy foot card earlier on this year for the pace that this man has. And of course, the France Lynx as well. It sounds like he is going to be a pure objective player, kind of like Treora was for League one team this season, this past week. So those are kind of leaks that we have right there. Now a couple other serial related leaks for SBCs. These might be upcoming in the future. This is why we do not believe it is Correa on the loading screen guys because he is one of the leaks for the Inter versus Manchester City showdown for the UCL final. We've got Phil Foden and Correa. Of course yesterday with the Europa League final and Sevilla and the upgrade going to be coming to those cards here pretty soon. Montiel and the Lamella wrote to the final cards. We've got another showdown on tap. This one's not going to be the first one that comes out though. We're going to have another one upcoming featuring another Serie A card. Serie A teams in all three finals here. Pretty crazy. Iconi and Paqueta. That's a nice one. I would be really, really happy to see if they juice these cards very nicely. But this game is coming. I believe it's on the 7th of June. So it's coming. It was a week from yesterday. So it's six days from now. Next Wednesday, the conference league showdown with Iconi and Paqueta. Nice cards there. Of course if they drop it at Iconi after they've already dropped a Lorente objective, that's a little bit interesting. But with all that content of coming, looks like some pretty decent stuff is coming. Especially that Lukaku SBC, that Cordoba. I'm excited for that because at least it's going to be some pretty nice SBC players and linkability with the Serie A cards like we mentioned. Now let's talk about Serie A special cards because I know a lot of you guys are maybe invested in that and hoping for those cards to keep rising. I think the content this week and how cheap the League One Tots cards are, like I'm looking at this Rudy Volair card. He was 240 earlier this week and after the guarantee yesterday and just kind of the way the market is looking right now, he is back down to 208. Now I've been buying this card at like 205. I still think he is pretty low. But if I take a look at some of the other Serie A special cards, some of them are just at the same price or maybe even a little bit down. Lucio was under 100,000 coins, which is very, very low for him. And you can see right here that this is somebody mass listing their investments. Like look at all these zero games played.  They're literally just flooding the entire market with pages of them at 100k. That's an investment 101 how to not list your cards on the market. But I think some of these cards are still a little bit low. I think with more leaks today, foot sheriff posting cards, probably leaking some of those today, probably an updated loading screen and the Serie A objectives that will be in the objective section. I would keep holding on a lot of those low tier Serie A specials, especially if it is low tier. Like we're talking 20, 30k. Those guys, like Adina Talayv, I bought him for 50,000 coins. That's even a little bit of a mid-tier card. But I still have like a Moise Keen. I got a 16k. Tomori, I got one at 29. Those are the types of players I would probably still hold on to because if we do get the cup on Friday, those guys still have a lot of room to rise just because they are so cheap. And of course, people will be in demand for that cup. Now, if we don't get the cup on Friday, well, you know, kind of deal with that. Then we'll talk about that a bit more in tomorrow's video as well. But for Serie A specials, I'm still holding and hoping for that hype to build a little bit more as some of those card prices have dropped down a little bit. Now, let's take a look at today, Thursday, right? It starts today with Serie A team in the season. We've got the new objectives that are going to be coming. Of course, every Thursday, we get a brand new set of the objectives for the day before the new team and season cards come out. If you have not finished League 1, Todd swaps. You've got over a day still to do that. These will go away on Friday at the content time. They won't go away today. I've got to do foot moments. But today on Thursday, as always, we'll get a little bit of a sneak peek into anything that's different about Serie A and the XP and the swaps upcoming. Now, what's really interesting is, this is the last week to get XP guys, the last week because the season ends a week from today. We are seven days away from division rivals rewards today on Thursday from the season ending. This whole season progress ending as well. So like right now, I'm 12K XP away from Rooney. I got to get grinding. I got to make sure I get a couple of these done. I got to get the foot champs done. Got to do silver stars. I will have enough for sure. I got to finish off the moments as well, as I mentioned, but make sure you're keeping track because today is a really big day to see what our last set of objectives are going to be to try to get towards that level 30 if you're not quite there yet. Some people have been saying, could it be a double XP week? It'd be nice if it was double XP. I'm not expecting it, but there I guess is potential for that. But other than those objectives today and probably a marquee matchups that would fall inside of that objective set probably going to be a quieter Thursday. I know that either last week or two weeks ago Thursday was kind of popping with content, but I think today feels more like a quieter Thursday. Really what it is is the last day to stock up on these league one premium upgrades 80 plus player picks. If you're trying to pack any of the big boy blues from league one team in the season, if you're trying to craft SBCs, that's kind of what today really is. I'm not expecting too much else. There is an outside shot for a usebio icon SBC today. That's been a leak that's been floating around. Haven't seen the card yet. So that is a shout as well. If you have usebio or if you have interest in doing that SBC, I mean, there is potential for that today as well. I don't think there'll be anything else out there that we could really see. There are a couple other leaks, but it just seems like it might be stuff that is still in the future. So just be careful that usebio today, but that's probably just going to be the content for today on Thursday. Now, league one team is using cards. Let's end off the video talking about these a little bit. Like I said, and as you maybe saw on the transfer list, we talked about yesterday, I picked up some locker sets around 1.53. He's now up to about 1.7 mil. I bought bagnettas when he was low. I bought Jonathan David when he was low. These cards guys are they're kind of up, except for the lower tier. They're kind of down now. Some of these guys were really, really low around the drop of the guarantee yesterday. Medina was like 89k, went all the way down to 76 and is back to 94.95. Now, I will say this, Wednesdays, I'm sorry, Thursdays, we've all got, we always got marquee matchups, right? And that brings some supply to the game. Some of the middle of the low tier guys, Samba, Andre, Cabello, Torivo, Fofana, Klaus, you know, those guys maybe supplied a little bit today from the marquee matchups packs, but it shouldn't be that crazy. And there's a lot of demand right now as well, because everybody's playing all their games they can potentially play for the qualifiers mode, especially to get that extra packs, the XP and the objective. Like EA is really asking people to play 10 games of champs qualifiers, you know, this week with that objective being there. So that's going to be a lot of gameplay demand, I think for today, which is why I'm holding on to the, to the Ben Yetter, I'm holding on to the Jonathan Davids that I bought because these guys, as I look at it too, league one is always one of the most hyped totes teams. And you know, I'm not saying these guys are going to explode today by any means and price, but I feel like there's a really good potential for these guys to keep going even maybe into tomorrow with Syria team this season on Friday. These guys could be in for a nice rise after content, maybe a quick dip and then a rise as people start their week in league, because these are probably going to be more in demand still than maybe some of the new Syria totes cards, unless we have crazy content tomorrow. So I'll probably look to offload maybe a Lacazette David Ben Yetter at some point today on Thursday, maybe tomorrow morning on Friday, if it looks right, if the prices are good. But I think these cards should do pretty well and continue to rise a bit. Now the lower tier ones you'll be a little more careful about, but the middle to high tier should be pretty solid. We'll see more hopefully leagues and get more news today about what Syria team this season might look like. But I'm excited for this last week of Syria totes. Of course, next week with ultimate team this season coming, that's really going to be a big talking point in a latter part of this next week. But Syria totes is first and if that's your favorite league, you're really excited. The wait has been a long time, but it is almost here guys. Let me know in the comments who you would like to see in Syria team this season, what you might be really excited for with that. And oh, last thing is 66 tots on the tots counter. If you weren't in the stream yesterday, we did get insanely lucky. This is not one of the banyedders that I bought. I did pack the rat second year in a row. It was the first guaranteed tots pack that we opened. I don't know how I got lucky and got banyedder, but I mentioned that earlier in the video. Men, I'm just flexing all over the place right now. Anyways, this is the team I'm working with at the moment to play a little bit of qualities and just try out some new cards in the squad. Yetters decent, but game play was horrible yesterday. So I need to get these guys another proper run out. Also, I got noodle mange and Medina in my 11 win red. So nothing crazy there, but still happy with the banyedder, happy with the Marquinhos, hoping there's a bit more still building upgrade packs, and we're going to do one final send today on Thursday in the stream. So check out that link is down below, but comment down below who you got in that pack yesterday. If you liked the video, drop a thumbs up on it. And of course, subscribe if you're new, it's been Edith with accountant. See you guys in the stream today. Peace out.


Welcome to a special edition of RCE. We've moved back our regular interviews due to the situation in Japan and the situation with the Fukushima power plant. We have taken the opportunity to get a hold of some of my old faculty. I have a degree in nuclear engineering and we are going to talk about what happened at the plant and just better inform people that what kind of worries there are for the people in Japan, the people working on the plant and those of us around the world who are going to be affected by this. Yeah, thanks, Brock. This is, as we said, a special edition, but we do have that E in our name, Research, Computing and Engineering, and so we are talking to some nuclear engineers today. And really, there's a lot of information out there in the news media and whatnot, and I'm not sure that all of it is accurate, so I figured it would probably be good to talk to some people that, you know, from a well-established higher institution and with good educational pedigrees and actually are bona fide experts in this area to find out, you know, what's the real scoop? So, let's talk some technical details here. Yes, and also as a little side note, this is the first time I've had somebody that I've taken a class from on the show. So, our two guests today are Dr. Mike Hartman and Dr. Kim Keerfoot, both from the Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences at the University of Michigan. So, doctors, thank you very much for your time and take a moment to introduce yourselves. Mike? I was trying to be kind. Well, thank you for having me. My name is Professor Mike Hartman and I'm an Assistant Professor in the Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences Department at the University of Michigan. My work focuses on the use of neutrons as a probe of atomistic processes, but I do have some tasks of both operational and theoretical experience in nuclear reactor design. And I'd be glad to answer your questions today and see if we can't clarify some issues with the current media reports that are out there. Hi, I'm Kim Keerfoot. I'm a Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences. My area is special to your radiation safety as well as nuclear instrumentation. My research is focused on the development of passive dosimeters for monitoring networks. You should also note, because the situation is changing rapidly, we are recording this on Friday, March 25th. So, if anything occurs afterwards, it would not be reflected in this. So, before we get into this, can you get a little bit of a timeline of the events that happened that caused the Fukushima plant to be in a situation it is currently? Sure. So, I'll address this first. The magnitude 9 earthquake happened and when that happened seismic sensors at the various nuclear plants on the coast of Japan picked that up, it was sensed and those reactors were scrammed. And when I say scram, the automatic control system which shuts down the nuclear process occurred and so within seconds of the earthquake, the nuclear process within the reactor was stopped. And then subsequent to that, the tsunami came onshore and the wave that was onshore was beyond the design wave that the plants were built to. And apparently as a result of that, the diesel generators at the Fukushima-1 site were overwhelmed by that. And it's not clear whether that means that the diesels themselves were taken out, whether part of the switch gear that connects them or whether it was some ancillary system like the fuel oil system, but at any rate, the diesel generator capacity was rendered inoperable. And then subsequent to that, we've seen issues with cooling the core as well as the spent fuel pools. And it really has nothing to do with the nuclear process. Again, that was terminated and shut down. But we're looking at the removal of decay heat that exists within both the fuel in the reactor pressure vessel as well as in the spent fuel pools. From the viewpoint of radiation safety, the radiation levels on the plant sites have been jumping up and down. They have gone from very small levels to levels that would cause radiation sickness in time period with about five hours. However, the levels don't stay high very long. The recorded levels seem to be correlating with different transients and different changes that are going on within the reactors as well as in the spent fuel pools. In terms of public dose management, the initial exclusion zone was about 20 kilometers. The United States then put an exclusion zone of 50 miles for U.S. citizens. As of this morning, the Japanese increased their exclusion zone to 30 kilometers. The evacuation of the public was quite rapid, which was a really good news from the viewpoint of monitoring the public dose, minimizing the public dose. The evacuations were very timely in terms of minimizing public dose. There were 11 workers injured by some of the hydrogen blasts. Of these, there was one death. For the first week, the workers were able to operate under regular normal operational limits for occupational exposure. As the situation became less certain, permission was given to Tokyo Electric Power Company to operate under regularly accepted emergency limits for worker exposures. Recently, releases were noted as far away as Tokyo. In addition, this morning and last night, Iodine 131 was detected here in Michigan. So what is Iodine 131 and what does that mean that it was detected in Michigan? Iodine 131 is one of the fission products that would be released in incidents such as this. It happens to be one of the two fission products that we worry about for health and human safety. The other one is Cesium 137. Iodine has a very short half-life of about eight days, and the main effect that we worry about is thyroid cancer. So one of the nice things about this is that compared to dumping a hazardous chemical into the atmosphere that stays there, the radiation will die away. So a half-life of seven days means that half of the iodine is gone and is not coming back in seven days. That right? That's exactly correct. And since the reactors have been shut down, the total amount of iodine that could be released is decreasing in that same way. There's no further production of iodine going on in the plants without criticality. Now how much was actually detected in Michigan and elsewhere? Are these amounts to be concerned about even with a short half-life? What is the exposure risk? These are absolutely not amounts to be concerned about in the slightest. The issue is that we are able to detect such tiny amounts of radiation that the releases would be detectable across the globe at levels that are far below those where there would be even the slightest measurable increase in cancer risk. So when we hear reports that the level of activity in Tokyo is some multiple, sounds like a massive amount of increase over the background level of radiation, because radiation is around us all the time. Are they at levels anywhere in Japan close to the plant that is of worry to the public? The amount of radioactivity detected in water in Tokyo was such that if you consumed that water for a very extended time period, that the increase in dose would be equivalent to the difference in cosmic radiation between living in Los Angeles and living in Denver. That's a very small difference in dose. Minus some societal differences as well. Yes. Okay, so that's good for people worrying that it may have friends in Japan that yes, it's gone up a lot compared to what is normally in that area, but the amount is actually still nothing to worry about. So far the amount is nothing to worry about. The increases are far less than those that are normally gotten from typical medical procedures. In addition, food contamination only gives large doses if you consume contaminated food for an extended time period. Drinking small amounts of contaminated water at the highest levels I've seen detected would have negligible effects. In one calculation that I've looked at, it would take 58,000 glasses of water contaminated at the level seen in Tokyo before you would even begin to worry about a possible excess cancer. That's quite a bit of water. So it doesn't sound like that's at least currently as of this recording, not really an issue right now. Let me ask a couple of logistical questions here. So we had a nice timeline there in the beginning, but what kind of parameters are nuclear plants designed for, particularly in seismic areas such as the Ring of Fire in the Pacific and whatnot? What are they designed to withstand and how did we actually exceed that in this case? In terms of the design of a specific plant, they're designed on a plant specific basis. So when a utility wants to cite one of these reactors, they do an environmental study, review environmental conditions, determine what accidents are credible, and then design the plant and associated systems to withstand those credible accidents. And what we're seeing now is that the credible accident that was chosen for the Fukushima plants is either a magnitude 7 or 7.5 quake depending upon where you get your information. And the 9 simply exceeded that. And it should be pointed out that it wasn't actually the ground accelerations that caused the issues with the plant. It was the subsequent flooding of equipment as a result of the tsunami. So the tsunami was well above the design tsunami that everything was built around for the plant. So you mentioned that before that the tsunami took out the diesel generators and that had something to do with getting rid of the decay heat. What is decay heat and why is that a problem? Sure, actually we've already touched on it. So in the fission process, every time a fission occurs, when a uranium nucleus is split, we release 200 million electron volts worth of energy. And to put that in perspective, if you do a chemical reaction, the release is about an electron volt. And so every nuclear reaction is about 200 million times more exothermic than a chemical reaction. And that's exactly why we like nuclear for power production. It's a very compact, efficient way of producing large amounts of heat. And when we talk about decay heat, what we're really talking about is that the uranium nucleus fissions, typically pictured as splitting into two nuclei, then we call those fission products. And we've already talked about iodine-131 and cesium-137. Those are two examples of fission products. However, there literally are hundreds of potential fission products that can be emitted from the fission process. And if you look at the fission process, those fission products that are released are neutron rich. And so what that means is they're not stable nuclei, and they're all going to radioactively decay towards stability. Some with half-lives as short as fractions of a second, and others with half-lives that are tens of thousands of years. So on a very wide-ranging timescale, these things will decay. And the radioactive decay, again, moves them towards more and more stable nuclei, and eventually they will decay into a nucleus that's radioactively stable against radioactive decay. And so when we talk about decay heat, what we're really talking about is the energy that's released as these fission products decay towards stability. And that exists, again, for periods of time that are years. So how much heat are we thinking about here? Is it something that we could cool with the air conditioner in my car, a big fan, or is it a significant amount of heat? So that's a good question. Again, because many of the half-lives for these things vary from fractions of a second to tens of thousands of years, it turns out that the decay heat initially after a reactor is shut down is quite high, because you have a large inventory of short-lived radioactive nuclei that are decaying, but eventually they're going to decay, and they're going to decay quite quickly into longer-lived radioactive nuclei. And so the heat generation actually decreases as a function of time. Immediately after a reactor is shut down, the decay heat is 7% of whatever the full power operation in the reactor was. So to keep it simple, if we take a 1000 megawatt reactor and we immediately shut it down, so we terminate that nuclear process essentially instantaneously, we're going to be left with 70 megawatts of heat that are produced from the decay of these fission products. So as a percentage of full power it's quite low, but in terms of a total heat output that we need to remove, 70 megawatts of heat is still a large sum of heat to be removed, and it exists even in the spent fuel pools. So inside of the spent fuel pools is fuel that has resided in the core. It's been used during reactor operations. And then subsequent to that it's been removed and put in this fuel pool for either later use in the reactor or just cooling for eventual reprocessing or disposal. And that fuel is quite old, meaning that it hasn't been operated in the reactor for a long time, but there is still decay heat associated with that because now the longer lived radionuclides are still decaying and the energy from that radioactive decay process is deposited in the fuel rods themselves. So we're looking at needing to remove a lot of heat, so we need active cooling systems to cool these things and the generators dying remove that cooling capacity. Well, we should be clear on that. So the plants that are in operation, the 104 plants here in the U.S. and the plant of the design that we're talking about in Japan would be what we call a generation two plant. So all of the heat removal systems associated with accident scenarios in those plants are active. And active in this sense means that I need to have pumps and valves and power to operate those things in order to mitigate accident scenarios. Next generation nuclear plants that are being proposed to be built here and elsewhere in the world will have passive safety systems, which will have the ability to maintain core cooling for 72 hours following any event. But you're quite correct. In this case, the systems that were in place to remove the heat are what we would term active systems. So then let me ask this. If the Fukushima plant was a newer design, would we be having this discussion right now? If it were a design that incorporated these passive safety systems, and by definition passive safety means that there has to be no operator intervention for 72 hours. So an event happens and just by actuation of these passive systems, the plant will maintain the cooling for 72 hours. So I can't say that the event in Japan wouldn't have had consequences, but had there been passive safety systems, there would have been no need to respond for 72 hours and there would have been additional time to put some things in place to respond to the accident. So I think the next generation plant, I can say with confidence, I think would have gone through the accident. The initial stages of the accident, perhaps better than the plant that is currently there, but I think it's impossible at this point to say throughout the whole accident scenario would the ultimate performance have been better. Now such passive systems still must have their own design limits too, right? I mean this is engineering after all, there's no such thing as a free lunch. You design for what you can pay for and what you think will happen, such that even if there was a large enough tsunami that still could have taken out a passive system. Is that right or is it a fundamentally different kind of system protected differently? So the passive systems, you're right in that they would be designed to meet whatever the credible accident portfolio that the plant was designed to withstand. So they would have seismic restraints and would meet the design criterion to withstand any of the credible accidents. These systems are contained inside of the primary containment and if we look at what happened to the Fukushima plants, it wasn't the primary containment that was a problem, right? Even this older generation 2 plant that is the Fukushima design, the primary containment performed extremely well throughout the ground accelerations associated with the earthquake. It really was the tsunami and the ancillary equipment that was providing power for these active safety systems that was overwhelmed by the tsunami. So I think in this case the passive safety systems would have fared better because they're designed to be within the primary containment and that was unaffected by the current incident, the earthquake and subsequent tsunami. Interesting. So we've been talking about this as the older design in the last generation. How old are these plants? What kind of generation are we talking about here? Fukushima 1, let's see, initial criticality was October of 1970. So it's a little bit over 40 years old. And that was kind of the heyday back in the 70s when a number of plants were being built. So it was designed for a 40 year life cycle and it was near the end of its design life. So let's get back to cooling fuel from a shutdown system. We keep hearing about these spent fuel pools. What are they and why are they a worry? The spent fuel pool, again, when the fuel is used in the reactor, typically will be used for three reactor cycles. And when we say cycle, these things are typically 12 to 18 months depending on plant design. So the fuel will be loaded in and it will be physically moved throughout the core through three of these cycles and then removed from the reactor pressure vessel in the primary containment and put into the spent fuel pool. And again, it's necessary for the cooling of the fuel. So the spent fuel pool really is a large container of water that acts as a heat sink as well as a radiation shield for the fission, not the fission, the decay of radioactive nuclei that's taking place inside of the fuel. Why are they significant? Well, it's significant in this case because you have to maintain cooling in the spent fuel pool in order to keep that heat transfer from the decay heat from the fuel rod into the water. And if you lose that, then the fuel rod can heat up. And when that takes place, you can mechanically challenge the fuel pin. So the fuel in these is a uranium dioxide, essentially a ceramic, and it's contained inside of a zirconium tube. Well, as that heats up, you can challenge the zirconium tube, cause either cracking or failure of the zirconium tube. And as soon as you do that, any of these hundreds of fission products that may be in a gaseous form can leave and indeed that's what you see from venting of these plants is that gaseous fission products are allowed to escape out the stack and we subsequently see them in water systems in Tokyo and elsewhere over in Japan. And you also have the other fission product inventory that's in there as well, right? So if the rod gets hot enough, there's the potential to release some of the additional fission product inventory beyond the gaseous as well, and that's a significant concern. So a lot of people are seeing pictures of the reactor buildings crumbled from the hydrogen explosion. Where does hydrogen come into play in this whole accident and why is there such a volatile gas around? When the fuel heats up, so the zirconium that's surrounding the actual uranium dioxide fuel pin, when that gets hot enough somewhere around, let's say a thousand degrees C, you can get a zirconium water reaction. So the zirconium undergoes a rapid oxidation, becomes zirconium dioxide, and in that process you release hydrogen gas. And so again these fuel pins that are uncooled can heat to the point that they actually react with water to produce zirconium oxide and the hydrogen gas that has led to the hydrogen explosion explosion that we've all heard about in the media. Alright, so shifting gears a little bit here, let's go back to the current events here. So what exactly is still going on? What are they doing to clean up and to repair and whatnot? What are the ongoing efforts that are still occurring? From a reactor plant standpoint, they've restored power to the units and that's a very good thing because it opens up many more options in terms of combating any issues that are taking place at the plant. But the most important things are to provide water to the course and in the case of Fukushima 1, 2, and 3, they're currently doing seawater injection as well as keeping the spent fuel pools cool and they're doing that through a combination of cooling within the pools as well as the spraying of water from water cannons or helicopter drops like we've seen discussed in the media. We're having continuing issues of managing worker doses. In particular workers are going to places where they may not have gone before. These places might not be completely characterized. This is one of the reasons I believe this morning that we had some skin dose to workers entering an area for the first time after some stuff had changed. These stabilization processes, you have a lot of uncertainty in worker dose. Once the plants are fully stabilized and characterized, then robotics and other methods can be brought in to cut down on worker dose substantial amount. So at this point would you consider the plants in a safe condition? From a mechanical system standpoint, there's still work to be done. I think from what I can glean from the media reports and elsewhere, it sounds like the reactor pressure vessels and the cooling of the cores, that seems to be going forward in a positive direction. The status of the spent fuel pools and the proper cooling of those still seems to be somewhat of an issue and I think going forward in the next week or so, that would be my hope that they are able to solve that and provide adequate and sufficient cooling for both the reactors and the spent fuels. At that point, I think we can take a step back and as Kim says, we can characterize radiation fields, we can determine the status of systems and then come up with a good plan moving forward on how to minimize radiation release and how to recover the plants. So let's talk about the workers at the plant. What kind of risks are they experiencing? What kind of dose levels are they being managed at when we hear that they're receiving greater than the allowed annual dose for radiation workers in the U.S.? Is this a level to be worried about? The government and the power company appear to be behaving in a very responsible manner. They are attempting to keep worker doses below the international limits for workers under these circumstances. That limit is a factor of four protective for what are called deterministic effects. Those are high level dose effects. So they could still go a factor of four higher than their limit and not see effects on their blood. The highest doses reported to date are about two-thirds of the limit. Even so, I can't verify the highest dose that I've seen officially reported. There's a factor of 20 protection in the international emergency worker limit. That factor of 20 would be if someone went 20 times the limit then you would be getting in the range of radiation sickness. So those are pretty good safety factors from the viewpoint of operations. They seem to be working. The workers are being rotated in and out.  But this is not a stress-free situation. The workers have to be very careful and vigilant to maintain their doses lower than the limits. So in terms of measuring radiation, we hear it's tasteless, colorless, odorless. How accurately can we actually measure radiation so that we know that the levels we're seeing are accurate and the amount of radiation these workers and public are getting are accurate? Although radiation is odorless, tasteless, you can't see it. It's in fact one of the absolute easiest things to detect. You can detect the decay of a single nucleus. The workers at Fukushima have a lot of experience using standard radiation detectors. They have both fixed detectors around the plant as well as portable detectors that they know how to use. But we'll be using them. In addition, more monitors have been installed on the site to track what's going on. I wonder if you could tell us a little bit of something. You hear it on the news and I admit I didn't really follow it closely but there's something about potassium iodide tablets. What are those and how do they come into play here? Iodine 131 or all iodines for that matter are taken up by the thyroid. The thyroid is like a sponge for iodine. It can only hold so much iodine at any given time. If you fill that sponge up with stable or non-radioactive iodine, then radioactive iodine can't get in. If radioactive iodine can't be taken up by the sponge, then the sponge is not going to get any radiation dose. No radiation dose, no increased risk of thyroid cancer. Potassium iodide has iodine in it of the stable variety. If you just take within either four hours before or within a few hours after exposure to radioactive iodine, if you take potassium iodide, then it blocks the thyroid. It fills up that sponge. It prevents dose from iodine 131. The problem with potassium iodide tablets are that they have other health effects. It's not a good idea to take a potassium iodide tablet unless it's under the direction of a physician or authorities. There are people who have iodine allergies. For those individuals, taking potassium iodide would be a very bad idea. One interesting thing is that most of the dose due to iodines is from the ingestion of iodine 131 in foodstuffs. Iodine settles on the grass, cows eat the grass, and the cow's milk concentrates the iodine. Then people drink the milk. It's through ingestion rather than inhalation that we take in iodine. The amount of time it takes for the iodine to get into cows' milk is a couple days, so there's usually a warning. There's also warnings, such as we saw in Tokyo, about contaminated water supplies and avoiding iodine intake that way. For the most part, potassium iodide tablets are not that useful for reducing dose. It's reducing consumption of iodine 131. Most of the 4,000 cancers from Chernobyl were thyroid cancers in children. A lot of those were preventable by having the children not drink contaminated milk for an extended time period. When we hear these stories that potassium iodide sold out in California and stuff, but we haven't heard anything from authorities and from the measurements you are seeing, we should not be taking those tablets currently. There's no reason to be worrying about the levels of iodine we're seeing currently. I would advise against taking those tablets. The levels that we're seeing now do not justify taking the tablets, and the tablets may have adverse health effects. So you mentioned the thyroid cancers in the children that were consuming food and milk around Chernobyl. How does this accident compare to the Chernobyl accident? The releases are much, much lower than the releases in Chernobyl. At the current time, it is premature to make a comparison, but it appears that the releases have been much, much less. One interesting thing about Chernobyl is that the total numbers of cancers that were predicted afterwards did not materialize. Even the most conservative scientists, given the total releases and calculating the distribution to the population of Europe, those scientists predicted 24,000 or more cancers, and all that was really seen were 4,000 thyroid cancers. And most of those, again, were preventable, and most of those were in children. The interesting thing about low-level health effects is that we can't measure them. You can't go on and say there were 500 cancer deaths as a result of that. We have to calculate them. The risks due to exposure to small amounts of radiation are so small they are postulated rather than actually counted. Everyone is still pretty much in my field puzzled by the lack of incidence of cancers in Europe following Chernobyl. So really, so far, the injuries from the plants come from the hydrogen explosion. Really, the effect on human life currently by the issue with the plant is small compared to the impact on human life from the tsunami just coming through and flooding over the land in the country. Yes, I think that's the same thing to say. I mean, what we've seen so far in terms of injuries to plant workers have been workplace injuries mostly due to trauma from the explosions. And ultimately, we'll have to wait until we can get in and characterize the amount of radiation that was emitted and the extent to which it was distributed through the environment to really make an assessment on what the ultimate environmental impact will be. At the moment, the health effects on the general public are like a Godzilla. If you remember, Godzilla was the sleeping monster that got awakened by the atomic bomb and then trampled all around Japan terrorizing people. Because it's premature to make health risk assessments and because in so far as we know, the releases have been relatively small at the date of this conversation. I would characterize them as a figment of people's imaginations. They are a Godzilla. That does not mean that the additional stress being caused by the uncertainties surrounding the plant and what is going on there are not significant. Certainly, we want to not have people be excessively stressed about things but vigilant and responsible. So as a side effect of this whole situation, what has happened to Japan's power capability? Are there other nuclear power plants that have quote-unquote picked up the slack? What has this done for the rest of Japan on a logistical basis? I believe Japan has 54 plants and at the moment the loss of the three, just to be clear, at Fukushima-1 there are six plants. Units 1 through 3 were operating at the time of the tsunami and units 4 through 6 were in scheduled refueling outages where they do the shuffling of the fuel and move some new fuel into the core and some older fuel into the spent fuel pool. So there is excess capacity in the way of nuclear power plants and presumably some of the excess capacity is being brought to bear. Certainly they will miss the presence of plants 1 through 3 on the grid but I think that that is something that they can make up for from other sources. And certainly in the area of the tsunami that may be a nonsensical question because there is no transmission lines, much of the infrastructure has been destroyed and so even if the plants were available there likely is no capacity to get it out to the public for use in that region at this point anyway. Reactors sit inside a strong set of containment made out of steel and concrete to withhold radiation and handle the plant in the event of an accident. Recently there was some reports that that primary containment may have failed. So the recent news reports suggest that the primary containment on unit number 3 may have failed and those seem to be based on the fact that these workers were exposed to water that contained 10,000 times the normal activity at water that they would expect to see at one of these facilities. And while it certainly would be uncommon to have water that had that kind of activity, I think it's premature to assume that that means that the primary containment which houses all of the reactor pressure vessel and the fuel inventory that sits inside of the pressure vessel has failed. Within one of these plants there would be several release paths that could lead to elevated radiation levels in water and none of those may involve failure of the primary containment. Certainly if the primary containment has failed then the elevated levels could likely be associated with that. But keep in mind that you've got to spend fuel pool and a number of fluid systems that may have been challenged throughout this accident scenario. So I would caution people that seeing these elevated radiation levels in the water doesn't lead one to conclusively believe that the primary containment has failed. Dr. Hartman, Dr. Kierfoot, thank you very much for your time for explaining the situation to us and hopefully we can get some good information out there for people who may be worried. Thank you. Really appreciate your time. Thank you very much. Pleasure being here. Nice meeting you guys.


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we are going to discuss differential coefficient of x raised to power n and a x plus b whole raised to power n where x is greater than 0 and x belonging to r that is the set of real numbers n is an integer or a rational number. First, let y be equal to x raised to power n. Mark this equation as 1. Let delta x be increment in x delta y because coming increment in y so that y plus delta y is equal to x plus delta x by raised to power n. Mark this equation as 2. Subtract equation 1 from equation 2 we get delta y is equal to x plus delta x by raised to power n minus x raised to power n or delta y can be written as x raised to power n into 1 plus delta x by x by raised to power n minus x raised to power n here delta x is small therefore delta x by x may be considered less than 1 numerically therefore applying binomial theorem for any index we get delta y is equal to x raised to power n into 1 plus n into delta x by x plus n into n minus 1 upon 1 into 2 by multiplied by delta x by x b whole square plus terms containing higher power of delta x minus 1 therefore we have delta y is equal to x raised to power n into taking delta x common we have delta x into n upon x plus n into n minus 1 upon 1 into 2 by multiplied by delta x by x square plus terms containing delta x whole square and higher power of delta x. Now dividing both the sides by delta x delta y by delta x is equal to x raised to power n into n upon x plus n into n minus 1 by 1 into 2 by multiplied by delta x by x square plus terms containing delta x square and higher power of delta x. Now taking limits as delta x tends to 0 we have limit delta y by delta x as delta x tends to 0 is equal to limit x raised to power n into n by x plus n into n minus 1 upon 1 into 2 into delta x by x square plus terms containing delta x square and higher power of delta x as delta x tends to 0. Therefore we have limit delta y by delta x as delta x tends to 0 can be written as dy by dx is equal to now putting the value of delta x as 0 in the right hand side of the equation we get x raised to power n into n upon x plus 0 which implies that dy by dx is equal to n into x raised to power n minus 1. Therefore we have dy by dx of y that is x raised to power n is given by n into x raised to power n minus 1 where x belongs to the set of real numbers are and x is greater than 0 term integer as a rational number. For example we have dy by dx of x raised to power 8 which can be written as 8 into x raised to power 8 minus 1 that is 8 into x raised to power 7 and the value of dy by dx of x raised to power 5 by 2 is equal to 5 by 2 into x raised to the power 5 by 2 minus 1 that is equal to 5 by 2 into x raised to power 3 by 2. Now again let y be equal to a into x plus b raised to power n and mantis equation as 1. Let delta x be the increment in x delta y the corresponding increment in y so that y plus delta y is equal to a into x plus delta x plus b raised to power n and mantis equation as 2. Subtracting equation 1 from equation 2 we have delta y is equal to a into x plus delta x plus b raised to power n minus of a into x plus b raised to power n delta y is equal to a into x plus a into delta x plus b raised to power n minus of a into x plus b raised to power n. We can also write delta y as a x plus b plus a delta x raised to power n minus a x plus b raised to power n. And we can write it as delta y is equal to now taking a into x plus b raised to power n common from both the terms we get a into x plus b raised to power n into 1 plus a into delta x upon a into x plus b raised to power n minus 1 delta y is equal to a into x plus b raised to power n into 1 plus a into delta x upon a into x plus b raised to power n can be written using binomial theorem as 1 plus n into a into delta x upon a into x plus b plus n into n minus 1 upon 1 into 2 into a delta x upon a into x plus b raised to the power 2 plus terms containing higher powers of delta x minus 1 by delta y is equal to a into x plus b raised to the power n into n into a into delta x upon a into x plus b plus n into n minus 1 upon 1 into 2 multiplied by a into delta x upon a x plus b the whole square plus terms containing higher powers of delta s. Now delta y is equal to a into x plus b raised to power n and taking delta x common from all the terms we have delta x into n into a upon a into x plus b plus n into n minus 1 upon 1 into 2 multiplied by a square into delta x upon a into x plus b the whole square plus terms containing higher powers of delta x. Now dividing both the sides by delta x we get delta y by delta x is equal to a into x plus b raised to power n into n into a upon a into x plus b plus n into n minus 1 upon 1 into 2 into a square into delta x upon a into a into x plus b the whole square plus terms containing higher powers of delta x taking minutes as delta x tends to 0 limit delta y by delta x as delta x tends to 0 is equal to a limit a into x plus b for delta power n into n into a upon a into x plus b plus n into n minus 1 upon 1 into 2 into a square into delta x upon a into x plus b the whole square plus terms containing higher powers of delta x as delta x tends to 0. Now limit delta y upon delta x as delta x tends to 0 can be written as dy by dx and is equal to now putting the value of delta x as 0 in the right hand side of the equation. Now we get a x plus b raised to power n into n into a upon a into x plus b plus 0 therefore dy by dx is equal to a into x plus b raised to power n into n into a upon a into x plus b which can be written as dy by dx is equal to n into a into a into x plus b raised to power n minus 1 therefore we have dy by dx of y that is a into x plus b raised to power n is equal to n into a into a into x plus b raised to power n minus 1 and we can also write it as n into a into x plus b raised to power n minus 1 into a that is if we have dy by dx of a linear function of x raised to power n then it's equal to n into linear function raised to power n minus 1 into coefficient of x for example if we have dy dx of 3x plus 5 raised to power 7 then this is equal to 7 into 3x plus 5 raised to power 7 minus 1 into coefficient of x that is 3 therefore we have 7 into 3 by 21 into 3x plus 5 raised to the power 6 hence the value of dy dx of 3x plus 5 raised to the power 7 is equal to 21 into 3x plus 5 raised to the power 6 this completes our session hope you enjoyed this session