Caleb came to the University of Chicago about a dozen years ago to be a Robert Wood Johnson clinical scholar as well as the McLean Ethics Fellow and he subsequently upon graduation joined the faculty of the McLean Center in the section of general internal medicine at the University of Chicago and rapidly developed a reputation nationally as one of the experts on pharmaceutical drug utilization, determinants of drug utilization, quality of pharmaceutical use and then ways to think about improving communication between patient and providers about drug use. So to the University of Chicago's loss and Hopkins gain about a year ago Caleb went to Johns Hopkins to become an Associate Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology and he co-directs the Center on Drug Safety and Pharmaceuticals there. Caleb. Thanks Marshall. Thank you. I think Caleb's talk will be on Y59D67, are we clear? Thank you. It's a privilege to be here and great to see and I'm sorry how can we project it up there? Thank you. It's great to be here and to see so many friends and former colleagues, Mark thank you very much for the opportunity to visit and all of the other esteemed faculty and former fellows and others from the McLean Center so it's really a privilege. I want to apologize to some degree for such an opaque title and I've already fielded many many questions from you as to just what the heck I'm going to be talking about and the truth of the matter is that at the time that Mark invited me to visit I was 100 percent sure that I was all in but I had no idea what I was going to talk about and so I'll just give you a second to take a look here, here for possible foci of the talk. So let's see a show of hands, how many think this is number A, I'll be talking about a 64-year-old man in Tulsa and access to a novel oral chemotherapeutic, okay how about B, controversies regarding a new proposed supplemented NDC system, okay C, post-it notes, clinical trials and marketing and science and how about D, global variation and informed consent, well there are a few good test takers in the room although I think many of you didn't raise a hand but I suppose you have your ideas and in fact I am going to be talking about post-it notes among other things and the reason why is because there's a very interesting story here in 1968 3M was working on developing a super sticky adhesive and they bombed and instead they developed one that wouldn't stay stuck and this sat on their shelves for about six years and in 1974 they began developing a bookmark that could be used that would have some adhesive properties and this too didn't fly fully until as part of a final effort they conducted a research study and essentially they used secretaries within the offices of CEOs from large companies and they essentially recruited the secretaries to participate in this experiment and the secretaries were flattered to be involved in the development of this product and essentially help became champions for post-it notes and help transform this product to something that's probably in most of our offices today. So what on earth does this have to do with research? Well I think there's a pretty good continuity between the last two talks and this one because my talk is partly about institutional review boards and partly about conflicts of interest and partly about the conduct of research and clinical settings and it's about a phenomenon called seeding trials and so these types of research studies aren't limited to post-it notes alone and in fact during the past 10 or 15 years I think there's been an increasing body of evidence suggesting the importance of these types of research studies. So just what is a seeding trial? Well from information largely from discoverable documents that have been produced through settlements between the US Attorney's General and pharmaceutical manufacturers we have some window into the design and conduct and dissemination of these types of studies. In many cases these are studies of in most cases of drugs or interventions that have multiple competitors cases where the trial design itself may be unlikely to achieve its stated aim. There's evidence that investigators for example will be selected based on their role as opinion leaders in a field and clinical expertise rather than necessarily their ability to serve as site investigators and their scientific knowledge and these firms importantly are I'm sorry these these studies importantly are generally conducted by the marketing and sales arms of manufacturers and some of these are hard to discern from routine bread and butter phase four that is post-approval clinical trials. They may have they may they may be blinded trials and I don't want to suggest and I'll say this again at the close but I don't want to suggest that there's an absolute clear line between between a marketing trial and a scientific trial. These trials have elements of both and we can discuss and I encourage all of you to think about where this appropriate division lies but just so I'm clear the goals of of these types of trials or one of the important goals is to introduce a particular product in the marketplace and to generate loyalty and advocacy for the product and to gain support for the product from opinion leaders and the like. Now some of you may recognize this typeset if not the actual article and that's because it was published in the annals of internal medicine not too shabby for place to see your stuff published. So this was a study called the focused on the gastrointestinal tolerability and effectiveness of rofecoxib versus naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis and these are survival curves and were essentially cumulative incidents on the y-axis and this is from zero to 10% and this essentially demonstrates that with respect to this outcome there was early separation and and and distinctions between rofecoxib and naproxen in terms of these event rates and at the time that this was published you know the annals included the potential conflicts of interest of the investigators. I think all of them were either employers or consultants or received honorary or had stock ownership in the pharmaceutical manufacturer that was responsible for rofecoxib but what what they didn't disclose was further information that only become became available based on one of these settlements between us attorneys general and the pharmaceutical manufacturer. I don't know if any of you know how stocks or Christine Lane or Cindy Mulrow but you can be assured that they were interested in internal company documents that became available and were able to be scrutinized by scientific academic investigators about the specific trial and in fact they were interested enough to publish this which was entitled the advantage seating trial a review of internal company documents and this included this slide here is from a the marketing division of the firm and includes the responsibilities of the marketing group with respect to the trial and you see that it's essentially soup to nuts I mean it's designing the protocol it's overseeing the execution it's selecting the investigator sites running the meetings managing the CRO the the clinical research organization performing data analyses and preparing publications. Now if you were designing this trial what kind of outcomes would you be interested in studying well it depends on what your objectives are right and so I've shown you some data on cumulative incidents of adverse GI events but there's some other outcomes that were of interest too to the investigators or the sponsors I should say namely the prescribing volume for the drug that was under study as well as its main competitor so this is a graphic that essentially grades each investigator from a grade of A plus to D on their prescription volume for rofe coxib versus sella coxib rofe coxib was the drug under study the study had nothing to do with sella coxib at all and yet this was closely tracked among these investigators I should say there were several other features of the study that suggests that it was a seating trial including the fact that it was operated in 600 sites and this is not terribly efficient and not the type of site selection that you would imagine or one sees and generally in pivotal say phase 3 randomized clinical trials or even phase 4 studies where there's such low number of participants at each site. This isn't the only example so another example that we have is from Noronton so here again there were settlements between the U.S. attorneys general and the manufacturer I think it was to the tune of 540 million for allegations of off-label marketing and promotion of this drug and Mary you've already heard from Mary about Risperdoll I remind you that was Jim Johnson and Johnson that was last week that was 2.2 or 2.3 billion with a B for similar practices and so here this was a study of Noronton titrate to affect the profile of safety trial and what I've highlighted here are some clips from communications from someone within the marketing branch of the firm about the conduct of the study. The data is dirty there are several factors contributing to this and the like and you can read for yourselves their their report. Here again these this is from another memo from the marketing group within the firm I'll be meeting with health care communications when we get back from San Francisco greatest leverage we have is to ensure that the team managers are following up with our step stocks to ensure they're enrolling patients right now steps is the best tool we have for Noronton and we should be using it wherever we can. So some of you may be wondering what we know in fact that there was a question and response to Mary's talk I believe about the effect of various factors on on physician prescribing and some of you may be wondering how does participating in a clinical trial affect the likelihood that a physician is going to use a specific medicine and regrettably we know far less than we might about this as you can imagine most of the data on this is proprietary not in the public domain. There are a few exceptions though so this was a study that looked at the effect of participation in a trial on physicians prescribing and showed what what might seem obvious that is yes there's a non-trivial and clinically important effect this was accompanied by a very good editorial by drum and reny and Bruce Saudi discussing this and this broader phenomenon and I know that I'm in the room with you know some of the world's top bioethicists so I don't have to convince you I hope that there are some ethical concerns that are raised here I've highlighted just four here for you to consider although I think that there may very well be others this you know the phenomenon of seeding trials undermines the integrity of the clinical research process I think the questions about informed consent are even arguably more compelling because whether or not you believe that there is some scientific rationale and laudable objective of these studies and I think in some cases that's certainly the case I would bet dollars to donuts while I've not reviewed them I bet dollars to donuts that the informed consent forms are not discussing the fact that there are marketing objectives as well and so I think that this question of the degree to which patients are fully aware and investigators as well mind you because the investigators are not being brought on board knowing that their prescriptions for Celebrex versus Vioxx are going to be tracked is a very important issue we've heard a little bit about the medical literature in these trials undermine that insofar as they're not based on sound science and importantly as well to the degree that these trials affect physician behavior and are designed to do so they undermine and in fact I think would violate not just ethical norms but legal regulations that would preclude manufacturers for essentially paying prescribers to prescribe their drugs and to the degree that they generously compensate the investigators for enrolling patients but also influence the physician's behavior at the same time I think that this is of note so I wish that these were easier to identify and prevent I they're terribly difficult and in fact if you think about these two examples that I've gave you it was only after the fact after we had discoverable documents that really showed us the inner workings of the firm that the seeding nature of these trials has come to light and I think it's anybody's guess that agree to which this is a terribly rare phenomenon or not I don't know I do want to say again what I've already said once which is that I don't want to suggest that it's a I think it's a bit overly simplistic to to suggest that that either a trial and it's a false dichotomy to suggest that either the trial is a marketing trial and therefore kind of bunk or it's a legit scientific study and therefore raises no concerns and I think that this blurred boundary is as a challenge with respect to how to interpret and identify actionable steps based on the information that's come to light through for example the annals paper that I shared or this the publicly available documents regarding the ronten that I've shared it is noteworthy 20 or 30 or some large number of IRBs reviewed the steps trial and only two declined to approve it so you know I think for institutional review birds there's an important set of questions I imagine that many of you are either experts on or grapple with with respect to the degree to which IRBs are and can able to adequately patrol the science essentially of these types of studies you know registration of clinical trials is necessary but not sufficient that's not gonna I think I think that's important but not necessarily something that will preclude the use of seeding trials and the what I've called the subordination of science to marketing there are many pushes on improved ethical standards for the pharmaceutical industry and we can discuss those some and you've already heard some about them and I think also you can use you know if you take just an example like hypertension during the past decade there've been hundreds probably thousands of fairly poorly designed short-term studies drug to placebo drug versus drug with surrogate endpoints such as blood pressure reduction that actually have provided very little a new fundamental scientific knowledge and so if you think about those types of studies some of which no doubt we're seeding trials although the exact number no one can be sure but if you think about those versus the kind of fundamental transformative knowledge and impact that studies like the WHI study have had or the all-hat study I think that one can make a good case that that these provide such a greater return on investment that we need to identify ways to to increase the number of these longer-term larger better-designed studies of course funding them is another question and a non-trivial matter so I thank you all for your attention it's wonderful to come back and I've really enjoyed seeing all of you and look forward to some discussion as well. Marshall had to leave so I'm sharing for the next a few seconds I guess we've got time for maybe one question Tracy. And my concern even goes farther I don't think as IRBs that we look well at the science of industry sponsored studies I think we're spending most of our time looking at studies that are coming from our own institution to look at the science but I definitely think that we are seeing evidence that a lot of these studies are fundamentally as much marketing as anything when ads are coming through that they're putting on Facebook pages and it's like well we don't like them but if we're one of 50 centers if we say don't put it up on Facebook that's gonna say nothing right we can say don't list our name as one of the 50 centers doing it but I'm not sure where that really goes in the long run either and they're doing Facebook pages and they're now sending out their pens and bags and t-shirts and coffee cups to the people in the studies since supposedly the physicians can't get them anymore and I have personal concerns about that as well. I appreciate the comment and don't disagree and I think you know the trials have to be closely scrutinized I wouldn't underestimate the impact of one center's actions in terms of you know not approving a trial or making some step to restrict the degree to which promotional materials can accompany trial but you know I appreciate and don't disagree with that comment and insight. Thank you.


However it is time for a member statement and I recognize the member from Niagara Falls. You're early. You're early. Thank you Mr. Speaker and I apologize for for that but I had to get my glasses. I rise today to tell the Premier that he must deal with COVID COVID waste times in Niagara. We have outbreaks in nine schools. We have worried parents, teachers, grandparents and kids in Niagara families can't get COVID tests for days and when they can they are forced to wait hours before getting tested. One family with a six-year-old called for a test on Tuesday and didn't hear back until Friday.  Imagine that experience for a six-year-old. These are kids who don't understand COVID or testing and are scared. They miss school and they wait in their car the entire day for a test that may or may not happen. Stories like this occur before the closure of our drive-through testing facility which often had line-ups at 6 a.m. despite opening at 9. When COVID cases start rising we have very little time to get the virus under control. We know that in a week cases can spiral out of control and begin to overwhelm our hospitals. Frontline workers are trying their hardest but they just can't keep up. We can address these issues head-on. We must have easier and quicker access to testing in Niagara. To the Premier I say this, look at what's happening testing in Niagara and get the needed resources there immediately. With the proper resources in place this process can be quick and easier for our children and their families. Parents will need less time off work and above all will give the people the information they need to keep our community safe. Mr. Speaker people will out sick days to cover missed days from work and kids missing school. Can't wait a week for testing. It's not reasonable. It's not safe. The Conservative government must support our frontline workers release funding support. Thank you. Members statements. The member for Mississauga Mall. Thank you Mr. Speaker. I would like to acknowledge that we are meeting on treaty lands and territory of the Mississaugas of the new credit traditionally inhabited by indigenous people as settler. I am grateful for the opportunity to meet here and we like to say thank you. Thank you for all the generation of people who have taken care of this land for thousands of years. Mr. Speaker I rise today to acknowledge or ensure day recognized on September 30th the day inspired by Phyllis Jack Webst who in 1973 at the age of six attended her first day of school in Williams Lake BC wearing a brand new orange shirt gifted by her grandmother. When she arrived at the school Phyllis knew orange shirt was stripped and taken away from her something she never wore again. Phyllis has courageously spoken about the devastating impact this action had on her dignity and self-worth and how it made her feel as if her existence did not matter. Today Mr. Speaker I'm wearing an orange shirt to become the part of reconciliation journey acknowledging the painful truth of the long lasting multi-generational impact of the residential school system on the indigenous communities. As we move forward together on the path of reconciliation I urge all Ontarians to honor survivors like Phyllis and their families who have bravely shared their experiences and to commit to learning more about the legacy of the residential residential school system in Canada. We need to acknowledge Mr. Speaker every child matters. Thank you Mr. Speaker. Thank you. A member for Nickel Belt. Thank you Speaker. My constituent Mrs. Covington is the mother of two young children Paige and Ethan. Both of her children have special needs and have individual education plan with their schools in my in Hanmer in my writing. Since August Mrs. Covington has been trying to get answer from administrators from principals from health professional about how to keep her children individual education plan with online learning. Unfortunately all she's getting is frustrated and confused. Speaker Mrs. Covington is a good mother who wants her children to succeed and she is deaf. The challenges that she faces on a daily basis are unbelievable. Her son is not motivated to learn online. Many online tools do not have close captioning leaving her and her son to try to sign to each other word that he has not even learned yet. Keeping her son with ADHD engaged in online learning is causing a lot of family friction. It is the moralizing speaker. Her daughter Paige is slowly losing her hearing. A teacher wearing a mask give her online classes that did not work. She could not read lips and words were all muffled. Therefore she moved to in-class learning but yet the amplification system that she need is not available. So most days she leaves school with a stress headache. Speaker our public education system is the great equalizer. Our schools need the resources during the pandemic and always to meet the educational needs of those two children and all children with special needs. Thank you Speaker. Thank you very much. Member statements and member for Durham. Thank you Speaker. On September 18th I had the pleasure of joining the Minister of Infrastructure who's also the member for Halliburton, Cork, the lakes and Brock along with the member for Whitby and the member for Pickering Uxbridge in Oshawa to announce more than $126 million in joint federal, provincial and regional funding for 11 public transit projects that will modernize and improve public transit and active transportation in Durham region. Here's where some of that funding is going Speaker. Implementation of a 10 kilometer north south bus rapid transit corridor through Oshawa that will run along Simcoe Street from Royal Street north to Highway 407. The project will include eight new conventional buses, new bus shelters and traffic signal upgrades that will improve service reliability along the transit corridor. Construction of bus rapid transit lanes with active transportation corridors are also happening on Kingston Road in Ajax, Dundas Street in Whitby and downtown Oshawa including new cycling lanes and multi-use paths to connect to transit stations. Improvement to bus stop infrastructure safety and accessibility across the region is also happening including adding more lighting which matters for those most vulnerable in our community when they're standing there waiting for their bus. The replacement of older vehicles with 11 conventional buses with new hybrid electric vehicles, 13 conventional buses and 16 mini buses as well as the purchase of two additional articulated buses for the bus rapid transit fleet. Together these investments will provide for residents with more frequent accessible and reliable bus service. Thank you Speaker. Thank you very much. Next we have the member for Ottawa Center. Thank you Speaker. Last weekend our office held a virtual town hall on social assistance and it was a disturbing event. I'm going to ask all my fellow colleagues here listening to this to just be wary I'm about to talk about some challenging things and if anybody is watching this at home with small children I invite you to ask them to tune out. With that warning speaker what we heard from far too many people who participate in our town hall was that people with disabilities are living in such abject conditions that many have applied for medical assistance in dying. Christina Ranieri the Executive Director of Ability First Ottawa, a many decorated person who works with over 300 clients and formed us that over a hundred of people she works with have made this application. I'm raising this today to ring an alarm bell with my colleagues in this house because folks have been living alone, socially isolated, many without access to the appropriate medications, many living in constant pain. I invite us to think about what it's like to live without powered equipment that's necessary to live our lives whether it be a chair or oxygen tanks. I imagine all of us to ask what it's like to have a one hundred dollar a month benefit now out of their monthly income when they were living already deeply below poverty. Speaker the member for Windsor West and I have a meeting later today with an advocacy organization on this issue. I invite the government to immediately reinstate that $100 a month and help folks who are absolutely struggling. We have to do it as a province. Member statements the member for Lanark Frontenac Kingston. Speaker this past Saturday I joined with MP Scott Reed and Mayor Fennec the the mayor of the town of Perth along with hundreds of our other residents and visitors to pay tribute to many of the veterans from Perth with the inaugural unveiling of the pathway of heroes. 101 banners commemorating our veterans are now being displayed hung on the street lamps of downtown Perth. The following is the address that I delivered to that large assembly of people. I'll be brief because the actions of those we celebrate today speak much louder than any words that I could possibly deliver. Today we honor those who volunteered to take a stand against tyranny and defended our principles of freedom justice and democracy. Those we remember today held a strong belief that even with our differences we have much more in common and that the society we built together is better than any alternative and worth defending. Courage is not the absence of fear it is doing what you know is right despite your fears. We honor their courage today lest we forget. Thank you. Member statements the member for Perth Wellington. Thank you Speaker. Speaker Perth Wellington is home to so many accomplished young people. Julie Nottabomber is one of them she is an open water swimmer. Julia recently became the youngest person ever to swim across Lake Erie. This is a remarkable achievement. She spent months preparing for this 20 kilometer swim. Her training included swimming five times a week in open water and practicing in her parents unheated pool in the colder months. Julia successfully completed her swim on August 30th her 14th birthday. Julia's athletic accomplishments are just part of the story. Speaker she used this once in a lifetime opportunity for something more. Julia wanted to this event to double as a fundraiser for the Make a Wish Foundation which works to fulfill the wishes of critically ill children. Speaker Julia raised over $27,000. Julia congratulations on your achievements and thank you for inspiring all of us young and old to use our talents to benefit others. Thank you Speaker. Thank you very much. The member for Kiwetnod. Speaker rise today to recognize Orange Shirt Day. We observe this day to raise awareness of the impacts of Indian residential schools in our communities. We acknowledge the survivors and the ones that did not survive. Phyllis Webstad an elder now in Williams Lake BC inspired Orange Shirt Day. She was six years old on her first day of residential school in 1973 before she left home. Her grandmother dressed her in an orange shirt. She said and I quote when I got to school they took my clothes including the orange shirt. I never saw it again. She continued the color orange has always reminded me of the day how no one cared and how I felt I was nothing worth nothing. All of us little children were crying and no one cared end quote. Indian residential schools were a creation of government colonial policies using the churches. They took away our way of life our language from generations of our children. They neglected us. They sexually abused us. They murdered us. Through these schools Canada attempted to commit genocide against indigenous peoples. This genocide exists in the complacency of governments today. Our people pay in full Mr. Speaker for this inaction with their health and with their lives. Governments can and must do better but today I'm grateful for those who survived and who thrived and I'm thankful for the ongoing strength and resilience of our people. Mr. Miigwech. Thank you. Members statements the member for Mississauga East Cooksville. Thank you very much Mr. Speaker. As you know I represent the great writing of Mississauga East Cooksville where I have lived for almost 20 years. My writing is a place where my kids were born and are growing up and where my parents are living out their golden years. The community where I live has been performing exception exceptionally in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis. Throughout the last six months I have witnessed tremendous kindness and generosity from individuals families businesses and community groups. People came together to collect donation of money food and PPE for those who needed it most. They took the time to stay home isolate and socially distance to combat the rise in cases earlier this year and did their best to get us all through the first wave and into phase three of our recovery. I want to thank the residents of Mississauga East Cooksville community and all the communities across Ontario for doing their part to stop the spread of COVID-19. Please don't forget to download install and activate the COVID alert app on your phone wear your mask keep your distance wash your hands and get your flu shot. Ontarians have shown remarkable resilience and commitment to supporting each other this year. I know we can continue to show one another just how much we can accomplish when we work together. Thank you very much Mr. Speaker. Thank you. Member Statements the member for Markham Unionville. Thank you Mr. Speaker. World Vision is a global relief development and advocacy organization that aims to support and empower kids families and communities to rise out of poverty and tackled injustice. Today World Vision with the support of volunteers are helping more than four million children in nearly 100 countries. I'm proud to say that I have been a volunteer for World Vision for over three decades and currently sponsoring six kids. This organization has a special place in my heart. Mr. Speaker six kilometers is the average distance a woman or a child in the developing world will walk for water and too often the water obtained is not clean to drink and may cause illness even death. This year 2020 global 6k aims to fund clean water projects in the Mankow region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mr. Speaker I want to thank everyone who attend and participate in World Vision's Markham Unionville walk for clean water fundraising event. Following the health protocols and in combination with four teams Billy Pang and friends Grace Chinese Gospel Church of North York MC Mu Tai Academy and Conditioning and Wesley Marie and Winnie Zumba dance we fundraised over 10,000 to support clean water projects for kids last Saturday. Let's continue to change lives one day at a time. Thank you Mr. Speaker. That concludes our member statements for this morning.


Hello, and welcome to Ask an Archaeologist. I'm Nico Tripsovich, the host of today's show. Ask an Archaeologist is a series of live streamed interviews co-hosted by the Archaeological Research Facility and the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology at UC Berkeley. In this series, UC Berkeley archaeologists and others who work with archaeological materials discuss their research and answer audience questions. For those of you joining us live today, you can post your questions on the live chat box that you can see adjacent to the YouTube video feed. Today we are delighted to be speaking with Dr. Christine Hastorf, as well as being the Director of the Archaeological Research Facility. Christine Hastorf is a professor in the Anthropology Department and a curator at the Hearst Museum, and she runs the McCown Archaeobotany Laboratory. So welcome, Christine. Thank you. So we would love to hear about chili peppers and you're working something out of it. Can I start now? Yes, please share your slides. Okay, let me see. It says, sorry. It says I'm disabled to do that. Can you give me a deep? I think you have to let me do that. Okay, I think try again now. All right, that sounds good. And then, so do you see it? Dear, if you start the slideshow. There we go. How about that? Are we looking at now? Yes, perfect. Okay, great. All right, so I'm going to, it's really a pleasure to come to Ask an Archaeologist, which I think is a terrific project for us staying at home this summer, not going in the field. And I chose this topic out of my Andean Archaeobotanical research, specifically because, and it's part of prescient in a way, it was because it's about colonialism and about the impacts that radical political change can actually have, even on something as seemingly distant as the taxa, that are the plants that people grow and eat. So this is an archeological and archeobotanical sort of history I'm going to go through that gives you some background data on how we did the research that we did. And you'll see that you see the people here who are part of the team, Catherine Chu, my former graduate student, Duccio Bonavilla and Tom Dilaje. Duccio passed away, but he's a Proveian archeologist and Tom Dilaje was in charge of one of the main parts of the excavations that I'm presenting. So I, this is what our conclusion was from these data that we did. So I hope you enjoy it. So the background that I have to tell you is about the major species of our beloved chili peppers, which most of us love to eat and some chili heads love to talk about and grow and make new varieties and like to melt down when they eat really high scoville varieties. But we realized as archeologists that we had to try and separate these because most people just said, oh, it's chili pepper if they find it in an archeological site, but we realized that there's these five species up there. You see chinens, frutescens, annum, bacchotum and pubescence. You see those names across the top. And basically they all came from one ancestral pool as you can see from this lovely publication of Espa quite some time ago, but with genetics since that time, we now realize a bit more about these and we realize where their heartlands were. The original species, the progenitor, comes out of the highlands of Bolivia, but it was spread across the sort of Mesoamerican, South American landscape by birds and animals long before people came to these continents. And they sort of had these sort of rough locations here as you see on this map just to get oriented. So someone who works in the Andes, you can imagine the taxa that we should be finding or could be finding or the four that are in South America. And if we had an, well, that would mean that it was literally, it was traded down and grown down into South America. So we're going to be focusing on these taxa. First, we have to get that oriented to identify them. And here you get a good sense. We did a literature search a few years ago on this project and find that there's quite a bit of early chili pepper evidence and all those little red dots you see, and I'm not going to spend time on it, show archeological examples of chili pepper. So clearly people brought it into their homes. And one question is when did they do that and when did these species move around? So I wanted to sort of start the archeological discussion because of our linking argument. So intimately here at Berkeley with the Hearst Museum and to show you just three vessels that we found in the collections that clearly, hopefully you'll think it's clear too, that clearly illustrate chili peppers meaning people love them. They were important, they were honored, clearly grown and clearly eaten. These are kind of rough cartoon-like shapes. I mean, we can't use these to try and identify species, but I think everybody feels quite comfortable that that's what we're seeing here. So that sort of sets the stage. Anatomy of archeobotany is our method. And this is a good example of it. We took modern seeds, we collect a lot of modern seeds from all over. Many, many types. You can see 44 different growth, growth sort of plant species from all the different five taxa. We had to measure all of them. And we decided to do exploratory data analysis and measure many attributes from all of these species. So that took quite a while. That took almost a year in the lab working away at that measuring and measuring and measuring. And then bringing that together and out of analyzing that, we found eight attributes that we could use to identify species, which in a way was quite exciting. And these are just the seeds because those are the things that we find archeologically most often. And here are the eight attributes we use. Two are qualitative and six are more measurable. Now I'm not gonna dwell on this, but I just want you to be aware of how we got to identify species in the archeological record. It's not just it's a chili pepper, we wanted to say what it was. So here's kind of a nice overview that Katie Chu, my now colleague, former student created to sort of help you see seed shape. And you can see the modern ones in the middle. Those are real seeds that we measured and looked at. But just by looking at them, you get a sense of their difference in shape, which is wonderful. And you can see on the top are sort of a heuristic cartoon drawing of them. And you can see why we call some D-shaped and we have circular with fish mouth, which is a little bit unusual. I know it's kind of a funny term. And then there's some archeological examples. And hopefully even with your eyes, you can get a sense of the difference in shape, although it's a little bit tougher. And oddly enough, the collections we were dealing with, we could not find an archeological annual. And then now you know one thing we've learned. And that is that those annuals, at least in this from this collection that we're looking at on the coast of Peru, annual did not make it down there during this time period. And as far as we can tell from our research, it really didn't make it down there until the Spanish came down with it. They'd already fallen in love with chili peppers. So they brought it along with them, not knowing they were gonna find much nicer ones and more diverse ones when they get to South America. That's what this archeological row at the bottom is showing you. Can I ask is, does the anum then correspond with Mexican chilies that we know like? A Mesoamerican. It was probably domesticated as far as until I'm working on a project now with a Mexican botanist on chili peppers expressly, archeological and ethnographic. She's done vast amounts of ethnographic work. And as far as we can tell from our research, and again, we're working on the publication, is that it's kind of from that area between Veracruz and Oaxaca, that's probably where it's locus of domestication is clearly spread north and south and became the dominant tax on in what we call Mexico or Mesoamerica. There's Habanero, there's all these different chilies in Mexico today. Most of them are in, they also, you also get Chinens, traditionally before the global things while moving around post-colonially. I mean, you might be able to find these other ones there too, but they would be brought in in the historic times. These are all, these are prehistoric samples we're looking at here. Okay, so let me just quickly run through this because this is maybe too much botany, but I just wanted to share the kinds of things that we have to do in a laboratory to get to talk about people. And here you see texta or the surface of the seed. We have to take scanning electron microscope pictures and while I'm not gonna talk about the details, hopefully you can still see on the far right the more detailed images that they're slightly different coverings. We also worked on beak prominence and angle and that drawing in the upper right shows you the kinds of measurements that were made on these, all these species, all the modern samples and then the archeological ones. We also did sphericity and we did that by doing two measurements and doing an algorithm of that and the same maximum length and perpendicular width. And we found over the years from the literature, most people didn't do all of these by far, they tended just to do maximum length and it's clear that that is not enough and that's kind of part of the problem is the previous documentations or suggestions of species were probably problematic. We also found that the attachments guard, this is how the seed attaches to the pod and you see that when you open up your bell peppers, you open it up and you find the attachment and there's all the seeds that are kind of clustered around together. Well, that's when those seeds are ripped off, they leave a scar as we call it. So this is a nice up close picture of it and you can see how up close we did measure both length and width of the, basically the mouth, the opening of the scar and you can see it in the lower picture, it's nicely labeled what we were trying to measure. In addition, we also measured the test thickness which is again that skin, the surface of the seed that sometimes in some taxa like in peas, green peas, you engage with the surface in that setting and the test is what we call it and the measurement on the top, that illustrates how we did the measurements on the end of the seeds, the curves of the seeds and also in the middle and you can see from the five species down here that there are some distinct differences. The difference, especially in the lower right, the pubescence, the capsicum pubescence, radically different from the side to the middle. So that's very helpful, those are helpful measurements. So we did all of those and ran them all and again, generated this and also we learned, you can see how Bacotum, the yellow one off to the right separates out much more than the others and the others as you probably could remember from that map are more closely. Anom is the one to the north, the chanens and frutescens, there's even an issue that they might be related and they're more sort of that Caribbean, Northern, South America and pubescence also is more unique and it's the highland or the higher elevation taxa whereas Bacotum today, and I'm sort of giving you a geographical feeling of it today, Bacotum is the one that we associate with the coast of Peru and that sort of southern cone of South America and you can see how there's some overlap, there's no doubt, but that there's also some real difference especially for the two Andean ones, the pubescence and the Bacotum that you see on the north, on the upside and the right. So all of that was put together, all these different eight attributes were put together almost like a Artemis question and you can ask a question, what do you have? Do you have this or that? What's the seed shape? What's the beak angle? What's the text, et cetera? And that allows you to separate these different species out. So that's our background information. So we, after that, we then turn to the archeological record and it all was instigated by Tom Dileja and Duccio Bonavia, two of the authors that I mentioned because they were digging, redigging again at the site Waka Prieta that you see on this map, the arrow on the uppermost side, the northernmost part of Peru and Paragones. They're sort of, it's a massive early complex, a huge shell midden like in California, but really, like the Emeryville one really big and early and people had dug there, Julius Burn, Junis Burn had dug there back in the 40s and they returned and did some more detailed excavations on the mound and off the mound. So that's how we started with a long-term sequence of evidence and then after that, because it was so fascinating what we saw there, we asked the gray herbarium at Harvard to send us any seeds. We knew that Margaret Toll had archeological seeds from the coast as well and we collected material from the other two sites that you see there. So just starting with the Waka Prieta material, you can see here are just these four tacks, again, not anum, the four tacks are presented here and the most amazing thing that you can see here from this graph is that on the earliest phase, we have all four tacks turning up at different frequencies, right? And then through time, again, you see it, we start with sort of seven to 6,000 BCE in the first phase that we had no seeds that he sent us from phase three and then phase four from 5,000 to 4,000 BC. So that's 6,000 years ago. You can see this, all four tacks are there, but Bacotum is dominating, the blue is becoming dominant and then by 4,000 BCE, I know they overlap ages, these are carbon-14 date problems, but this is the later one in time, phase five. It was pretty much all Bacotum, the specimens he sent us and the numbers are up there in the upper right. So this was quite exciting and surprising for us at first. Now, we know that Bacotum is the common taxa today on the coast and this is a coastal site. So this four, 6,000 years ago, they were already focusing on this Bacotum, but all of them were being traded in or being grown or being experimented with on the coast early on, but shows the inventiveness and also the exchange, the amount of communication across South America that was going on in the earliest of times. Yeah, so let me take a minute to remind our viewers that they're welcome to post questions in the chat box adjacent to the YouTube video. And if you don't mind, I'd like to ask a question. So do these four correspond with Ahi and Rakoto and some others perhaps? And also the degree of spiciness, is there a difference in between? Yeah, they each are different.  I mean, they all have a spicy aspect to them. The only bland chili pepper really is an annual. You know, the bell pepper world is all out of annals. So when you're eating a tasteless pepper, that's an annual. I see. So, and then those five that you mentioned at the outset, that's the, those are the root of all the capsicum peppers that we know today. Correct, yeah, that spread around the globe. So when you find capsicum peppers in Africa, cuisine, which you do, or in Chinese cuisine, which you definitely do, they have come from one of the five sources, but they tended to travel out of Brazil. Those that made it to China and those that made it to Africa were, well, the African ones went early because they went on the slave commute, if you will, back and forth. So they did get to Africa quite early and they were taken up early and they got to China quite early from the Brazilian coast, again, trading of the spice, the original spice trade that everybody was after. I mean, when Columbus came to the, to the Americas, land in the Americas, he was trying to get to Asia to get spices. So they got these spices. They got the chili peppers and they took them the Europeans didn't like chili and what didn't catch on then, but it went to these other, they were trading elsewhere too. So the Portuguese were trading between sort of Indonesia and Brazil. So yeah, the taxa you see around the globe come from these five, the five taxa. Okay, so here we are, we're back, we've looked at these times here, if we think how fantastic that so early on, the coastal people of Peru focused on this one species, the pecatum and it's called punca today. A lot of people use the word on the coast, punca if you've had that. So it's a lovely rich flavor, but they all were there. So we interpreted this to be that the different species we're all experimented with and brought in probably as gifts, traded in and carried across the Andes from all over South America to the coast and people grew it perhaps, they might have just received them and ate them, but they had them, but that they were focusing in probably on growing the pecatum, for 6,000 years now, right? And so let's, here's the pecatum up close and we have this very prominent beak that you can see next to the attachment scar. The attachment scar is there on the right in that photograph. And again, it's called on the coast today, ahi punca, which some of you may know if you've eaten Peruvian, lovely coastal Peruvian food. So as I said, because we had that really interesting data out of the Waka Prieta material, we said, let's look at it through time, let's look at it later in time, let's see what's going on. And so we recovered, we wrote, I knew that Margaret Toll's collection because I'd studied it when I was in graduate school, I'd gone back to Harvard and looked at her collection because people back in the last century would send her their botanical material from the coast that wasn't systematically collected, but they would send her stuff and she wrote up beautiful identifications and also kept them meticulously. So we received 38 seeds from all the specimens, they were really helpful back at the museum at the herbaria. There's several herbaria, they've been shifted to the herbarium from the peabody, which is where they used to be. And so we got 36 seeds that were identifiable and we need the whole seed. You're probably wondering, what if I just have a fragment? Well, we can't get all the measurements, we can get some, but not all. So we identified 26 of these 38 tubicottons. So again, continuing on through time, this seed was important. So this is the crunch of the data that I really wanted to present and share with you today. And that is you have through time, these different time periods, we have waka prieta on the left or the early material kind of put together phase four, just the later phases, when bucatum was really becoming dominant and you can see it's range. And again, this we focused in on area, sort of that's the size of the seed because that's usually what happens with domestication is seeds get bigger. And as you look across the first four on the left, from waka prieta four, waka prieta five, estanquina, which is in the Nazca area, the Nazca time period, you have the dates down there and that's the third one. And then pachacama, which is late, which is the Inca, was a major Inca site and then into the Spanish colonial period. You can see that the bucatum seed sites still keeping its topography, but it's getting a lot bigger. And those are statistically significant changes. So if you forget the far one on the right and you just look at over the prehistoric times, the coastal people up and down the coast, I mean, obviously we can always use more data, but up and down the coast, we're selecting for larger seeded fruits. And then when we plotted the modern next to that, we were flabbergasted, what is going on? Why is the modern essentially almost completely different than the pachacama or the last, the Inca, the apogee of the Andean period, the time when they're all under one imperial dominant state or empire. Some people use that term. So this was sort of radical and we thought about it and we sort of ended up saying that this was, we think this is because, how come it shifted back so much on the coast to Peru? And these modern species are from up and down the coast. And you have the numbers there and by the dots, we had a reasonable amount for each group. We decided, our conclusion was that we think it is an impact of colonialism since this time that with the heavy impact of Spanish arrival on the coast and disrupting farming strategies on the coast, people were still farming. There was new plantations or encomiendas and people were being brought in as overseers and farming was done, farming was changed. They brought in cotton and rice or they use more cotton and brought in new species of cotton and European wheats and barleys and faba beans and other crops were brought in and people were not planting the way they used to plant anymore. And probably this beloved buccatum wasn't getting the selective engagement that they used to get. And so this, we interpret this as even in something as small and subtle as the chili peppers from the coast that the colonialism had an impact on them. Amazing. Oh, we just got a question, perhaps I could ask you here. Are there other disruptions in the subsistence documented at the time of colonialism? Lots of big questions. Of course, everywhere. Of course, when there is colonial, when colonialism is a success from the conquerors or the colonists side, they take over land. They often take over the best land. They harness the local labor to do different things. They sometimes continue to use the same agricultural system like terracing in the highlands or irrigation systems on the coast, which is what is required because it's so terribly dry there. These, all these would be irrigated, of course, these fields, but they clearly shift, make major shifts, meaning what was your field? If you were a farmer, even part of an empire, the Chimura Empire on the North Coast, let's say, in Peru, you might be farming for the emperor or the empire for the Inca, but you're also farming for yourself.   So there hasn't been a lot of overt study of sort of Inca time to colonial time in terms of production, but we do know from the documents and we know from the settlement pattern that people were on the coast, especially were really removed and ripped away and the agricultural systems were reformatted. Their land was no longer their own. High, strong impact on the coast. Yeah. Are there any ethnographic? Sorry. Yeah, do you wanna present your conclusion and then I can ask a few more questions? Sure, yes. I mean, they're just what I've talked about already. I just like to summarize. So we were, these are the exciting things. We can identify the different species by their seeds, by their attributes. We had really wonderful early capsicum at the Waka Prieta site. And it's, and I think the evidence is quite strong that over time, the people of that region, that Northern coast approved, developed a really strong taste for baccalaureate. I mean, all of those chili peppers could grow on the coast. So the question still is, why did baccalaureate become so important? And so we think it's probably taste and maybe it does produce more there. And again, that study of planting them all and watching their rates of harvesting, their amounts hasn't been done yet. But we think that it was, probably they were very productive, but also that they liked the taste of the baccalaureate and that they selected and they nurtured it and they allowed, the seeds to grow is probably well as the plants to grow and to have more fruits too, right? Because you want more yield from your produce. And then of course, the shock of comparing it to what we have on the modern, that's what was so stunning for us, was this loss of this intimate engagement with your part of your family, your plant remains, that you plant and harvest and feed your own family with every year. So we sort of saw that as a colonial, a colonial description in our work. I see, wonderful. So are there ethnographic examples of farmers working today to bring back heirloom varieties of pepper? I have not worked with farmers on the coast myself. I know Katie Chu has sought out farmers of baccalaureate both large and small on the coast because she works on the coast of Peru as in her own archeological work, said let's say Chippen in Hecatepeque Valley.  But I mean, and that's still the question is so much has been lost.  Yeah, another question. How do you find these tiny seeds in an excavation? And Owen, I just wanted to mention and follow up on that is those are amazing images you had of such small seeds, were those from an SEM? Well, the black and white ones, the one on the right is an SEM, is a scanning electron microscope photo and a cellular pattern. So we use that to study the test of surfaces, the surface. The one on the right is just taken with a BX 51 in my light microscope in my laboratory. So you just have to work on getting the light right. You put the, you put the seed on the Petri dish and that helps it float near. Anyway, that's the trick. So the seeds in fact, for us aren't that tiny. You can see the scale down there, they're about four, three to four millimeters across. So that's actually a nice size. And if you're floating or dry sieving down to one millimeter or less, 0.5 millimeters is optimal, you will recover these seeds systematically if you take care. So the seeds we got were all primarily desiccated seeds and the coast is good for that. To get seeds in the highlands or say in the Amazon, they have to be charred seeds and that will be an additional impact of the charring process you'd have to add in to your analysis. So yeah, by systematically collecting these seeds or by like the Margaret Toll collections from the 30s and 40s, 20s and teens, they were quite patchy, but she did have a lot of them. The archeologists then would have run across kind of a pile of plant matter. So they would have just collected that. Whereas today we tend to systematically screen and so we get more of these small seeds. Do you think that they were perhaps focused on eating the seeds and that's why they were selecting for such large examples? Well, that is interesting. The seeds are not the carriers of the capsaicin, the spicy part of the plant that we love so much, but that is an oil that's from the placenta, which is what the seeds are attached to. So if you did pick out a very seed from a very spicy chili pepper and eat that, you probably would get some spice. You'd get a sensation, you would taste that. But I think that the peppers were probably consumed whole and we chop them up, but we tend to put the whole thing in. I mean, sometimes people de-seed them, but I don't think they did. Now again, in fact, if they did archeologically, we'd get the seeds that they de-seeded and left in their kitchen. All right, well, we're coming to the end of our time. Maybe I'll ask one more question about peppers. Following up on the Hearst exhibit on mind-altering substances, I wonder if you have any new information about the Catoche religious tradition and the use of peppers in religious rituals. In Catoche? It's interesting you mentioned that. I would love to get more systematic material out of Catoche. It hasn't been sampled in quite a while. We would love to get more highland examples, not only out of Catoche, but out of Chavin de Huantar and all these early religious centers that were probably also trading hubs because those seeds like frutescensen, chinens, probably today are grown in the Amazon, that they tend to be in Venezuela, Eastern Columbia, Ecuador, that area, whereas pubescence is the highland crop. So we would love to watch the patterning of those seeds as well. And that just means many people's excavations they have to go through and look at the archeobotany and they have to pull out the capsicum seeds. So it's gonna take a while, but I can't speak to, there's some discussion at the Mito tradition, which Catoche is part of, which I think is what the questioner asked, of chili peppers being found in those sunken harvests and the religious harvests. And so Cyril Smith, who identified them, did find fruits and seeds there.  So chili peppers in their own way can really impact the body. It may not be all in the mind, but it definitely impacts the body. So, and Catoche very early on has that information. So we are aware that it probably wasn't just a condiment, that it had other, probably ceremonial uses. And that could be why it's on those Nazca pots that I started out with. That's right. Wonderful. Well, thank you very much for sharing this information. It's appropriately around lunchtime. So... Maybe it makes you hungry. That's right. I'll wrap it up and... Thank you for the question. That's right. Well, I wanna thank our viewers and listeners and everyone who sent in questions. And thank you, Dr. Christine Hastor for speaking with us. I wanna invite our listeners to join us on Tuesday, June 23rd for our next speaker. It's at noon. And this talk will be titled, How Archaeologists Deal with Uncertainty, Celebrating the Ambiguity of the Archaeological Record, A Case Study from Neolithic Serbia with Professor Meritah Ruth Tringham. So also please note that there's a link to our feedback form in the description below. So if you'd like to give us feedback on our series and please click the link. So thanks again, Christine. It's a wonderful talk.


I'm concerned that the relationships that have been a huge part of community policing may be compromised as a result of using these cameras. Having officers actually on the streets, in the communities, walking the beat, knowing people in the neighborhoods makes a huge, huge difference. You know, I remember this last summer when I saw the film Jersey Boys and there was a scene when the Frankie, the Frankie Valley character had broken into a church. He and some of his friends because of the acoustics and they wanted to play the church organ in order to really bring out his voice. And a police officer came in and they all, you know, immediately thought we're in trouble. But the first thing that police officer said was, hey Frankie, in 11 o'clock curfew, he knew Frankie.  That's the stuff that was so important about community policing at its heart. And certainly the American population has doubled, tripled since the 1950s, 1960s. But again, at its core, people have, people knowing their officers, the officers knowing you, knowing where you live, knowing your parents, those things make a difference. That's when the human aspect of policing can become an important part of policing. When people can use common sense and people can use their good knowledge about just how you treat people and how you want people to treat you. When those are what drives the decision making, we see a difference in the outcomes. And that's one of the things that I'm concerned may be lost when we have a mechanism like cameras put in place that can possibly be a barrier between the human contact and how that mechanism is going to be used.


What's up everyone? Takedown here. Welcome back to another video. Today I'm going to be talking about some of my most recent sales on eBay and discuss with you guys the profit and everything about each item that I recently sold. Let's get right into this. So before we get into what I sold recently on eBay, I just wanted to explain why I make these flipping for profit videos on my channel. I absolutely love finding great deals and selling. Not only am I an eBay seller, but I do sell on Amazon and also local markets as well. Kijiji, Facebook Marketplace and things like that. And I like to bring all of that to my channel and share with you guys everything from the stuff that I pick up at thrift stores or the deals that I find out in the wilds to flip for profit. And for the most part, you guys absolutely love this series. So that's why today I decided to sit down and share with you my most recent eBay sales and talk about a little bit of the profit and other things with each item. Up first is a hockey card mystery pack. This is something that comes originally from my personal collection. Basically I've been collecting since 2017 hockey cards and other things as well. But for hockey cards, not everything that I get out of eBay mystery packs, the dollar store repacks and even boxes whenever I occasionally buy boxes are stuff that I really like and want to keep in my collection. So instead of me just holding on to it forever, I decided to start listing them years ago on eBay and I've been selling them here and there. It just recently that started to pick up. So I started to add more and more bigger mystery packs on my eBay store. So this one here is a $15 mystery pack that I offer and it includes free shipping and what you should expect to see with those ones is the first card is either a graded card, a rookie card that is a special rookie card, a jersey card, an autograph or something like that as the big hit. The next card is going to be a rookie or young guns card. The third card is going to be another inserts and then usually three base. Usually if people purchase a lot from me or multiple packs, I will include extra ones as well and even throw in a couple of my cheaper mystery packs that I have that are just 10 base cards per pack. So I recently sold one. It was $15 with eBay fees. That's about $13 I get to take away. Now, like I've explained with hockey cards before, whenever I sell my hockey cards on eBay, it's stuff that's been sitting in my collection possibly since 2017. And I'm just finally piecing it together in mystery packs and selling it that way. So I don't really know the profit margin, but I did get to put my pocket another $13 from the hockey cards that I sold in this pack. The next item is another three mystery packs for hockey cards, but it's my lower end ones, which include 10 to 12 base cards. Now this one here, I allow people to basically mention to me what teams they collect. If I have enough to put together packs for their specific team that they collect, I will do so for the most part. People absolutely love them. I sell them for $2 plus $2 shipping, but I do offer combined shipping. I think it's 50 cents for each additional pack that I sell. This buyer here decided that he wanted three packs. I believe all Toronto Maple Leafs, which I can obviously do because I do have quite a few Toronto Maple Leafs base cards, so I'll be able to do that. So I sold them for $6 plus shipping. That's about $5 in my pocket for this sale. The next item is from the first Xbox 360 lot that I purchased and I shared with you guys in previous videos that included nine Xbox 360 games, the Xbox 360 itself and a bunch of other things. This game was a Final Fantasy game and I actually sold it for $15 plus $10 shipping. I know I've seen for this one other sold comps and I believe I priced it at about $20, but whenever I was offered $15, I took it right away. For this one here, it's about $13 that I made profit on this item and I can put that with the whole Xbox lot. I will explain that in the future video where I talk about profit for that whole lot that I purchased. So far I've made $15 back on my $70 purchase plus right now I have the Xbox listed on eBay. I think there's only two days left on auction and I'm having a lot of people bid already. So there's already profit made on it and not only are gonna be making my money back on the whole lot, but I think right now there's about $50 profit but the auction is still ongoing. I'll update you guys in a future when that whole lot does sell. Next is another Hockey Card mystery pack. On the lower end, it was one of the $2 ones. So he paid $2 plus $2 shipping. There's not a lot of profit with this. I think it's only a $1.50. That's why I like whenever people purchase multiple packs because I can curate it and put in more things that they want to collect. Whenever it's one single pack, there's not much I can do because I'm not making much profits.  I'll just basically pick a pack that I already had put together and ship them that. So this item here was sold for $2 plus $2 shipping. And the last item that I recently sold on eBay is a DS game that I purchased in my 3DS lot that I did a while back. This game was Metroid Prime Hunters. Originally, I think I priced it at about $30 but I lowered it to around $25 and I sent somebody an offer of $23 plus shipping and they took it. So I did sell this game, which I am beyond amazed because I was hoping to sell it now. Everything else from that lot that I did purchase, I did put on eBay as well. I have two other games from this lot. Plus I also have the Nintendo 3DS and I'm hoping to sell that for around $175. So right now, for the whole 3DS lots, I'm expecting to get $100 to $150 profit. I already sold this game for $23 plus shipping. That equals out to be around $20 to $21 profit for this game. That is amazing in my opinion. Being a Canadian eBay reseller is something that at times can be stressful because over here we do not have media shipping like you guys do in the United States. So we have to ship everything the best that we can but also sometimes the shipping costs are way too high so we do have to adjust our shipping costs on whenever we make a listing. So for example, a hardcover book, usually I will put the shipping cost for that around $20 which a lot of times makes people not want to purchase it but that is how much it's gonna cost me to ship it. So I need to ship it for that much or if it's a book that's around $30, I'll only charge $10 shipping and then I will lose $10 profit on the flip but it does get to sell a little bit quicker. So these are the items that I recently sold on eBay. For the most part, most of these are not going to have tracking because they're not too expensive of items. Some of my more pricey items, if they're over $40 to $50 or higher, I usually add tracking onto them as well just so it's a little peace of mind for me as a seller. Being a Canadian reseller on eBay is something that sometimes you do take a hit whenever it comes to shipping because we do not have media mail over here. Sometimes for example, hardcover books, we have to charge $20 shipping because that's what it's gonna cost us and sometimes that means we won't make it sale as quick as if we were a reseller in the United States. But regardless, for me anyways, all the stuff that I have to sell, the books, the hockey cards and different video games from the different lots that I've recently purchased to resell, I'm getting a lot more sales on eBay and I'm really excited because that means a lot more videos like this for my flipping for profit series up on my YouTube channel. So expect to see more of these videos in the future basically breaking down not only my eBay sales but the items that I find to resell, what I purchased them for and what I'm expecting to get profit for them and a bunch of other stuff for eBay as well. I will see you guys in the next video. Please take care. Peace.