Hey guys, why do you always do that? It is July 7th. It is July 7th, and it's our 3 and a half year anniversary. We've been dating for such a long time. Doesn't really feel like a long time, I don't know. Because it doesn't have a score instrument. Yeah, it really does. But we are going to go to the outlet. They closed at 9. Ugh. Remember how big of a deal it was in our last vlog? We went to the outlet to close at 9. No, it's not a big deal because she wants to be there. Oh, another roast from Ryan. Is it not? It's not a big deal. This is at 9. I was actually thinking about that. But we went a lot later than 8, like 15. It was like 8.20 when you wanted to go. We literally had like 10 minutes there. But anyways, so yeah, we're going to the outlets. It's probably going to close soon. But I want like Adidas shoes. Like he got me like really into them because they look really cool. And so the last time I went to like go try them on, I didn't have socks. So I didn't know if I should get the 7.5 or the 8. And I actually looked online and it said like order a size smaller. So I was going to order them online. But then I was just like, I should really try them on with socks in person just to make sure. So hopefully they have the ones I want. Because maybe I'll just get them there. Maybe they'll have the color and size I want. That'd be really, really nice. Because I think they've been sold out like almost everywhere I went. Once you went to kind of like the weird front, like the old, the classic one too. No. Not going to have any ones here. I don't know what's on your stuff. Really? Yeah. Should we not go then? I mean, yeah. Well, I don't know. I thought you were going to get that one. I forgot that one. I'm like, you want to wear these? Oh, should we not go? Should we just go to like another day? You want to get to sit there and have them? I don't think so. Recall them in. Yeah, I tried calling them.  So I ended it. But I'll try again.   OK.  I didn't think.    And the shoes I want are like two months old, he said. So they didn't have it. And it was too late to go to the mall. So we'll try another. We'll try another day, hopefully. But they're really cool. So I really want them soon. But we are. We're all started. We are at Mountain Park. Just kidding. Not all started, but he came here to do my six-month anniversary thing. And I asked him to homecoming here. And what else? There's just a fun spot to come. Because there's a lake over here. And it's so pretty, like at dawn. Is this dawn or dusk? Dusk, I think, yeah. And there's swings. And there's a dock. And he comes here to fish. And it's just really pretty. So I'm happy to be back. Let's go.   OK. But there's something in between.  And the shoes I want are like two months old, he said. So they didn't have it. And it was too late to go to the mall. So we'll try another. We'll try another day, hopefully. But they're really cool, so I really want them soon. But we are, we're all started. We are at Mountain Park. Just kidding, not all started. But he came here to do my six-month anniversary thing. And I asked him to homecoming here. And what else? So this was our six-month anniversary where he surprised me with a dress to wear and mini M&Ms, flowers, a note, and my favorite sushi and boba tea at Mountain Park. It was just the sweetest thing ever. Look how young we were. Oh my god. Then the day after prom, he took me canoeing on the lake in Mountain Park.  I had a really big fear of canoes because one time, me and my parents went in a canoe and they were fighting in the canoe, like which way to go. And they made us flip. And I was actually sleeping when they made us flip. So I had a pretty bad fear. Then we just went for our 16-month anniversary. Yes, we were those people that did month adversaries. But we just went to Mountain Park to just enjoy the nature. And then after that, we went to our favorite dinner at Tokyo Boat. So Junior year was a Sadie Hawkins themed homecoming where girls had to ask guys. So I put clues and props that were superhero themed all around his house, which led him to me at Mountain Park. I was waiting for him there in a superhero costume. So then I wrote on the poster, so now that you have saved me, will you fly me to homecoming? So for our senior homecoming, he surprised me at Mountain Park. And he wrote on the poster, only the basket crown will you be my homecoming queen. And that was because I was actually on homecoming court. And then he got me this James Avery ring that he engraved homecoming question mark, which I thought was so cute. I loved it. I still have that ring to this day. There's just a fun spot to come because there's like a lake over here. And it's so pretty like at dawn. Is this dawn or dusk? Dusk I think, yeah. And there's like swings and there's a dock and he comes here to fish and it's really just really pretty. So I'm happy to be back. There's some swings over there and that's the little lake. You ready to swing? It's so pretty on this dock. And they have two chairs here with my slushie and bae and nature. How much better can this get? You got lipstick on there? She thought this was pretty. I thought she was pretty. Thanks babe. Okay. I'm gonna miss angle. What? I'm gonna miss angle. He's been doing that for a while and I just know this. Silly boyfriend. I feel like we're like old, sitting on our rocking chairs. I'm gonna blow up because we're old. We are like sitting on our rocking chairs even though these don't rock and just enjoying nature with a nice cup of coffee. Okay, I see. How was your day? Work was slow. I only called. People on email, 10 people. He's a working man now. An old man. Look at what way you're sitting.   I got my newspaper. How? Put it on my phone. So what's been the best part about dating me for three and a half years? You're my best friend and I can share everything with you and everything.  Basically that I'm dating my best friend is really cool. It's really important to have a relationship based off of friendship because obviously it's gonna last longer if you're dating your best friend rather than having it based off of physical. What's the word physical? Attraction. Physical attraction. I mean obviously you're very cute and handsome but you're my best friend and that's the best part. What's the best part about dating me for three and a half years? Nothing. You're always fun and I get bored really easily so she's always there to make me not bored. Pretty, it can show you off a lot. She always looking for some new adventure so don't kiss me. She pretty busy. I do keep you pretty busy. You only mean to me sometimes. Hey. Sometimes I can be in a bitchy mood but what girl isn't in a bitchy mood? She goes. Half of the month, right?  We didn't do much. She wouldn't let me do anything with her. I asked her to go out to eat, she said no. I asked her to go to the mall, she said no. Turn around. We're going out tomorrow.  Yeah, I think we're gonna hit up Bar Taco because I've heard so much about it in all other places too. And...  Dell talk. Hey, that's like a fast food rush. What is it? It is. Oh, yeah, so Bar Taco or Fix on Canned Street. We'll see which place we choose and which one we're craving at the moment. So guys, these are my new socks. They're Saturn gray. Shade 405. Nude. Nude, those are nude. How do you think they look in my skin like that? It's playing so well. Ryan just informed me that Kylie Jenner has a song. The song is showing it to me and I'm actually scared for my life because if you have heard Kim Kardashian's song, it was really bad. I don't know. I don't know. Hey, yeah, yeah. Jordy, Jordy. I'm scared. I'm scared. Put that in the name, Jordy. What's wrong, Jordy? Jordy. Come on, we're gonna be, hey, that's it. Hey, yeah, yeah. Jordy, Jordy. Jordy, come on. I've never been on a song before. This is a fucking, I don't know. That's so auto-tune. Are you sure it's not how like snapshots like taken and auto-tuned in a song? You're sure? That's really weird. We're just reminiscing on some memories and like on our first half year anniversary, he brought me here. I went to my friend's house to get ready and he surprised me with a dress and then flowers and M&Ms and then he like, she drove me here or whatever and he was here with like sushi, my favorite sushi, that was awesome. And then my favorite boba tea, what happened? But anyways, so the dress he got me. You're so ugly. Yeah. It wasn't like the cutest. I don't know, it just like wasn't very flattering but at the time I thought it was cute but now I'm just like, ugh. Well, she was in a weird stage back then. Yeah, but anyways, now he is so stylish he can style me any day. You can never tell from her vlogs that she always makes me vlog in ugly clothes.  You're talking about my own style. Uh-oh. I should have been bought clothes a long time. Yeah, you should go shopping. That's good. Okay. So I'm gonna hold down the name. So we are at my house right now and I decided that we should like play Wii because I took it out like recently and we're gonna try to play Just Dance. So I feel like this is gonna be really funny because Ryan has no rhythm. He a white boy.  What are you doing? I don't know, wait, stop moving. Okay, I'm gonna thank you. I like to move it, move it. Yeah, I like to move it. I like to move it, move it. Yeah, I like to move it. I'm not doing it. Yeah, I like to move it. I like to move it, move it. I like to move it. I like to move it, move it. Yeah, I like to move it. I like to move it, move it. I like to move it, I like to move it. I think my poop isn't just a clean bit. You did a good job. You tried. So the pink score is me and Ryan is blue. Ryan finally beat me in the eye of the tiger and it's probably because it's a white boy song. He wasn't far from me though. Don't get so excited, but you getting better boo. Proud of you. Hey guys, so it is July 8th and I have no lipstick on. I'm a hot mess. I put on fake lashes again today and I think I did them a little bit better yesterday. It was actually legit and not even on my eyelash line. It was on my eyelashes, like really sideways. This is just the funniest thing to me. I really need to like learn how to put them on. So I've been practicing and hopefully I'm getting better at them. So I'm just finding a lipstick that I want to wear. I was so close to re-wearing my outfit from yesterday, but I decided not to. So I'm wearing this top I hauled in my Instagram baddie haul and I'm so glad you guys liked it. I was thinking should I just name it summer haul part two? But then I was thinking like all the clothes are like super, you know, Instagram baddie. So Ryan is here. I gotta go. I wanted to re-wear my outfit from yesterday. I told them. But I decided not to because I knew you were just gonna call me an outfit repeater again. We are going to Taco Mac. Did we just say it? Yeah, that's what you want. I kinda want Taco Mac. I said I want Taco Mac. She said you're coming here tomorrow then. No, I said we can go to fix our Taco tomorrow. So we're gonna go to Taco Mac because I am craving sweet potato fries. This one time he said we were going to Taco Mac with this family and it ended up we weren't. And I just like my heart broke because like my mouth was like watering for those sweet potato fries. I discovered them and I'm on the menu. Really? Yeah, I've never seen them on the menu. That's kinda weird. Ryan just asked for a portable charger. What happened? Oh, yeah. Well he asked for a portable charger and it's funny because I just filmed a What's In My Purse video and I talk about how it is so important to have a portable charger in your purse. Ryan, you need to carry one in your purse. She gave me one and she broke it. I did not break it, you broke it. Oh my God, I literally gave him like three or something. Whatever. I will buy you like so many on Amazon. They're so cheap on Amazon. What? What? It's not blended?   That's embarrassing. My contour, I didn't even blend it.  So I tried contouring with it and yesterday it worked and today I was just like, oh my God, this is awful. And it was just like so dark for me and I like did a contour line and I wiped it all off but I guess I didn't wipe that line off and I forgot about it. I'm pumped for some sweet potato frass and some wings. I think my new favorite food is wings. Like I think I like it more than sushi. Nah, okay, maybe not. So I just realized that Florida doesn't have Choco Max do they? Cause I went to a Buffalo Wild Wings and their wings were disgusting. I was so sad. I'm gonna miss this place when I leave. Hey. So we're thinking about getting penny boards cause Ryan used to be a skater. Can't you tell? My wings just came. I get hundreds of whole leg wings if you guys are wondering and these sweet potato fries are probably the best sweet potato fries ever. We don't know who Choco Max is but we're making second Choco for us. Just restocked on my mince. You'll see that in my next video. And I don't know when this is gonna be going up on my what's in my progress video. Yeah, I'm just chewing out on the pickle. What about you? We're going to the mall. We're going to McDonald's first.  I didn't bring my forever 21 thing. I didn't bring it real quick. Let's start walking out of here. You're funny. You got some candy. We got some candy for the movies. Ooh, that Reese's though. Look how big it is guys. It's huge. So thick. I like the peanut butter cups that are like smaller cause then there's more chocolate than peanut butter but he likes more peanut butter than chocolate. Opposite to tract. But I got some Kit Kats for the movies. We are going to see the Mike and Dave movie need wedding dates. I think it's called something like that. Anyways, I'm really excited to see it. Today is the opening day and I feel like I haven't seen a movie on the opening day since my 15th birthday or maybe it was like even 14th birthday. I went to see Twilight on one of the opening days. So I'm really excited cause we're going to go see it in the red seats which I don't know if you guys know but Regal redid their seats like a while back. I didn't see. I didn't see. Oh, really? Okay. AMC did their seats a while back and now they're like reclining red big comfy couches. They're awesome. Hopefully we won't fall asleep. Brian said he's going to fall asleep cause it's so late. It's not that late. It's at nine. No, it's three. Oh yeah. Two. But anyways, I'm really excited to see that movie.  I am the movie. So we just got out of the movie and Mike and Dave need wedding dates. And what did you think of it? Um, it was kind of cheesy and still funny. Yeah. There were a lot of like predictable things that happened but I mean, I would still say like go see it cause I liked it. But funny story actually, super not funny. Like the movie would have been funnier that people were saying next to us weren't sitting there. Yeah. The people next to us were laughing so hard. It was not funny. I know. It was so loud and like, I feel like that's happened the past two times I went to the movies. We saw Neighbors 2 last time and that happened like, but this time we were like super right next to them. Yeah. People were like laughing like right next to us. It might sound like it don't really have a humor which sometimes I'm just like, that was really that funny, you know?  You know what I mean?   I feel like I would have enjoyed it more if it was just like me and Ryan watching it like at home or something. When we sat down in our seats, they were like still warm with trash in the last movie. So that was kind of gross. Oh, but I'm tired I guess. Bye bye. So this is my like night routine we'll call it. Like I literally wash my face and watch Snapchat. Funny story, I was watching my face like maybe like three nights ago, maybe five or something.  I was freaking out because my phone has gotten water damaged like more than one time and I was just so annoying to deal with. And I just like smacked the water out of it and it takes it. So we're good. Because sometimes it just messes up like it'll freeze and stuff.  I'm so tired. I think my head hurts from that ponytail. And I will see you guys in my next video. Bye guys.


The cheating perspective is an overwhelmingly practical problem that faces everybody who would cartilize the market. Now, what does that mean in practical terms? Well, here we run into the market concentration supposition, the idea that the more concentrated the market, the more likely it is to be cartilized by producers who are trying to mimic the cartel's behavior just through price signals, just through setting a high price and sending the message, hey, wake up over there. Can't we do better than we're doing? Don't you get it? Aren't you smart? The notion behind the market concentration supposition is that the more producers we have in the market, the harder it is. Everybody who's ever been on a committee knows that the larger the committee, the less likely it is to get anything done. The less likely it is actually to come to an agreement. So the basic idea here is if there's a large number of competitors, that's very likely to be a highly competitive market, but we start to get worried as the market gets smaller and smaller. Now, antitrust law quantifies this market concentration supposition in merger law. When we think how many mergers are we going to permit in a given market, we realize that judges, again, have got to decide how much is too much, how much loss of competition, how much loss of numbers of competitors, how much increase in competition is permissible before we cross the barrier to illegal concentration. Now, the particular statute involved in merger law is Section 7 of the Clayton Act, but once again, it doesn't say anything very useful in terms of quantitative limits. Judges have had to decide how much is too much in the Clayton Act context as well as in the Sherman Act context. And let me make the point that this supposition, that the more concentration, the greater the risk of collusion, has been controversial. The answer to this question has changed over time. Let me give you two different illustrations of this. One is the Von's grocery case, a merger case from my hometown, Los Angeles, the Los Angeles grocery market. I want to contrast the Von's decision, which is in your materials, from 1966 with Los Angeles grocery markets as of 1999. Now, in Von's, in the Von's grocery case, Von's grocery tried to merge with its competitor, Shopping Bag. They were the number three and the number six firm in the Los Angeles grocery market. Together, the two firms would have made up seven and a half percent of the market. Now, is that big or is that little? The Supreme Court said that's big. That's too much concentration. This is 1966, that's too much concentration for us. The fear was that left unbridled, this level of concentration eventually would end up at a position where grocery stores would be able to cartilize the market by agreeing with each other. Now, the Von's case set down law that has never been questioned by the Supreme Court. If you jeopardize or key site or whatever your technology is these days for checking the legal validity of the Von's decision, it's good law. A Los Angeles grocery merger that creates a firm of seven and a half percent, that's illegal. And yet, I can tell you from Los Angeles, there have been many, many, many grocery store mergers in that market since then. We now have basically three large firms. There's a few other competitors in the market. There's a few oddball specialty grocery firms. Trader Joe's comes in with some special deals. But basically the large firms have between 20 and 30 percent of the market each. Now, how can that be? It's valid on the books, Von's. Allow a grocery market to evolve where each firm has many times the market share that resulted in a finding of illegality in 1966. Well, the short answer is the antitrust division, the merger cop, has allowed this situation to evolve. It has allowed mergers after the Von's grocery decision because it's changed its views about how much concentration is too much. It's partly decided that cartilization is harder than it looks. Another factor that has been important is that the antitrust jurisprudence of the 60s, the Warren Court, has been subjected to ferocious, to withering criticism by the likes of Richard Posner, Robert Bork, Frank Easterbrook, and a lot of other people who are now federal circuit judges or were. Very influential criticism. The argument is, look, mergers are not primarily bad for the economy. Primarily they're good for consumers. The larger the firm, the more possible it is to achieve economies of scale. Anybody who's ever been into a discount superstore, what are some typical examples of... Well, Walmart is the classic example. How many people have got a Walmart near them? All these individuals who know about Walmart on a first-hand basis know exactly how efficient this kind of super-scale production can be. So efficient that it can lead to other controversy about whether this level of efficiency is a good thing or not. Now, that controversy is present in antitrust law, but antitrust authorities have come to an increasing appreciation for the scale economies that large size brings and have increasingly come to view mergers as more and more good things, as positive developments for consumers and much less of a threat than was perceived to be the case in the days of Von's grocery. Okay, so there are changing attitudes about both the threat of cartelization and the benefits of scale from the mid-60s to the present. But there's more going on as well. And this is my third point about how the economics of this situation, the cartel threat, the threat of monopoly pricing, is always in service of larger goals as well. When the Von grocery court decided that case, other things were going on besides strictly an evaluation of how likely was cartelization. I'd ask you to, if you've got your materials with you, take a look at the Von's case. I want to read some classic language from the Von's decision that expresses what was the driving factor about this case for this warren court decision. There starts a paragraph from this country's beginnings. Okay, that sounds promising. What's been true since this country's beginnings? From this country's beginnings, there has been an abiding and widespread fear of the evils which flow from monopoly. That is the concentration of economic power in the hands of a few. On the basis of this fear, Congress in 1890, when many of the nation's industries were already concentrated into what were deemed too few hands, passed the Sherman Act in an attempt to prevent further concentration and to preserve competition among a large number of sellers. Several years later, in 1897, this court emphasized this policy, the Sherman Act, by calling attention. Now, this is some language from 1897 that this court is repeating in 1964, 1966. Calling attention to the tendency of powerful business combinations to restrain competition by driving out of business the small dealers and worthy men whose lives had been spent therein and who might be unable to readjust themselves to their altered surroundings. There's a footnote there, footnote 7, that also quotes from another source, Judge Learned Hand in the Alcoa case. Later in 1945, Judge Learned Hand, this is the famous Alcoa case, reviewing the policy of the antitrust laws and other laws designed to foster small business, pardon me, other laws designed to foster small business. Said, throughout the history of these statutes, it has been constantly assumed that one of their purposes was to perpetuate and preserve for its own sake and in spite of possible cost an organization of industry in small units which can effectively compete with each other. Okay, from 1897, then repeated by the great Judge Learned Hand in the famous Alcoa case, we have the policy of the Sherman Act to preserve small business. Now this is a notion of antitrust that sometimes referred to Jeffersonian populism, the notion that it's important to our structure of democratic government that economic might be decentralized, that people be entrepreneurs, that people be self-reliant, that people will not be just a cog in some giant corporate machine. Otherwise, we'll get concentration. Concentration in the economy will lead to concentration in the polity. That kind of centralization, that kind of centralized power, that's anti-American. That's not what this country is about. That's the ideal of Jeffersonian populism that's embraced in the Von's Court case. Now, I want to illustrate how this ideal has been changed and indeed turned on its head through a particular citation from an earlier case, one on which the Von's Court relied, and that was the Brown shoe case. If you get an antitrust case before you, it's more than likely you will get a quotation from this famous merger decision, Brown shoe. So let's take just a very quick look at Brown shoe. There's another quotation that I, before we leave Von's, I can't resist mentioning. That is in the Stuart dissent, Justice Potter-Stewart dissented in the Von's case, and this is nonsense. This is a crazy case. The second most memorable line from Justice Stewart, who after all authored the line, he knows it when he sees it, right? That's the first most famous, but I think the second most famous Potter-Stewart line is from the Von's dissent, in which he says, the sole consistency I can see in these Section 7 cases is that the government always wins. The Warren Court was so vigorously on the side of the government as antitrust plaintiff that Justice Stewart penned that result-oriented line. Why? Well, let's look back at an earlier case, the Brown shoe case. Brown shoe was a merger case. This is a quotation that has to be read in context to appreciate the wonderful irony of the quotation's modern use. And when you hear this Brown shoe quotation, as I'm sure you will, I want you to think back to this session today, and if nothing else take away from today's session, wait a minute, there's more to that Brown shoe quotation that appears on the face of it. What is the Brown shoe quotation? Now, this is another merger case. Here, Brown shoe was merging with Kinney shoe, both sold shoes in retail shoe stores. So the question was, did this merger, which in many markets produced, a combined store with 5% of the local market? 5% had 7.5% in Vons, 5% in Brown shoe, held illegal. Why? A third significant aspect of this merger is that it creates a large national chain which is integrated with a manufacturing operation. Okay, so there's vertical integration, there's shoe manufacturing integrated with now emerged retail sector. Now, what about this integrated function? The retail outlets of the integrated companies by eliminating wholesalers and by increasing the volume of purchases from the manufacturing divisions of the enterprise can market their own brands at prices below those of competing independent retailers. Sound like Walmart? This is baby Walmart. Of course, some of the results of large integrated or chain operations are beneficial to consumers. Their expansion is not rendered unlawful by the mere fact that small independent stores may be adversely affected. And here's the line. It is competition, not competitors, which the Act protects. That's the famous line. It is competition, not competitors, which the Act protects. In Brown shoe, look at the next word. But, but, we cannot fail to recognize Congress's desire to promote competition through the protection of viable, small, locally owned business. Congress appreciated that occasional higher costs and prices might result from the maintenance of fragmented industries and markets. It resolved those competing considerations in favor of decentralization. We must give effect to that decision. So, it's competition, not competitors, that the Act protects, but we're protecting competitors. The competitors of the integrated Brown, Kinney shoes will be like the competitors of Walnut. They'll find that they won't be able to compete because their costs are higher.  Now, it's true this merger would serve consumers through lower prices, but we must give effect to Congress's decision to protect small business. Commoner question, Your Honor. Can you make an argument that, when they're favoring decentralization, they're really not directed towards prices but towards ease of entry? The two go hand in hand. Yes, you can make that argument. Let me say a few words and see if... Culturally, a lot of this language is directed towards ease of entry in the business for the small. Yes. Culturally, the point was that ease of entry into a market is facilitated if what you're trying to enter against is not Walmart or some giant integrated national shoe chain. If I decide I'd like to get into the shoe retailing business, it's going to be much easier for me to get into this market. If it is not dominated by massive scale. After all, maybe if I'm a billionaire, maybe if I run Microsoft or I'm a huge investor, then I can buy enough shoe factories and retail operations to enter at this massive scale that's required when these behemoths are in the market. But that's unrealistic for your average citizen. If Jefferson would have liked the yeoman citizen to be able to get into retailing if she or he wanted to, it's much easier to enter a market that's more disaggregated, that's more fragmented. So there are two sides to the same coin. Once we allow this super efficient, super scale, it makes entry for your average person much more difficult. And that was a theme that was extremely resonant in the Warren Court. Now, is that responsive? What's happened to that theme today? Today we get a one sentence quotation from Brown shoe. We get simply the line, it is competition, not competitors, that the act protects. Now, I could give you that citation in many different places. One case that very prominently displays it is the Brooke Group case that I list in the materials. I think given the time, I'm not going to go into Brooke Group in any detail. Let me simply say that that was a case about predatory pricing. The antitrust charge there was that one tobacco company had engaged in anti-competitive activities through a strategy of predatory pricing. Pricing below cost with a deliberate strategy of driving competitors out of the market. And the Supreme Court decided in an extraordinary opinion that the jury verdict was against the weight of the evidence. More accurately, let me phrase it more precisely than that, that no reasonable jury could have concluded that there was a successful or viable predatory pricing claim on the facts in that case. You know how unusual it is for the Supreme Court to engage in a review of a factual record. Well, it did in this case. It went through the entire record and said no reasonable jury could have concluded that that was a viable claim. In the course of that analysis, the court had to confront the claim, well, pricing below cost, that's very bad on competitors, and the court's response was to quote Brown's shoe, but to quote only one sentence from Brown's shoe, and to say it is competition not competitors that the act protects. So even if a firm is pricing below cost for a while, what happens in the long run? After all, what is a predatory pricing strategy, really, but a money losing contest? It's me saying to my competitors, okay, everybody, take a dollar out of your pocket. Now light it. I'm selling a dollar below cost. I'm burning up a dollar with every product I sold. So did you like that last round? Let's do it again. Light it. Do it again. How many dollars are you going to burn up? Because I'm going to keep doing it. Do you believe me? Finally, you believe me. The guy's crazy. He's just going to keep pricing below cost. He's going to keep losing money with every product he sells until I leave the market. Okay, all right, I'll leave the market to that crazy person. Okay, I've invested all those burned up dollars in achieving a monopoly by driving all of my competitors out of the market. What's the harm to the consumers so far? None. So far there's no consumer injury at all. Why? Because price has not gone up to that monopoly level. In order for there to be consumer injury, the theory of this particular offense goes, I now have to exploit my monopoly price position by raising price to the monopoly level. But what's that going to do? Once I raise price, aren't I just going to draw all those competitors back into the market? Because now price is above cost. Unless the plaintiff can prove that there is a recoupment potential, a long enough period of monopoly profits for me to reap a payoff big enough to make up for all those burned dollars that I invested to get this strategy position, unless there's that recoupment, there's no consumer injury. So you see how apt the claim was, consumers, well, they may not be hurt yet, but certainly the competitors have been hurt, and we're one of the competitors. We're suing to stop this predatory pricing strategy. Supreme Court rejected that claim, saying until we see proof that recoupment either did happen or is plausible, we're not going to allow this theory to attack price cutting, because price cutting normally is good for consumers. And to the claim that, wait, we're being injured as competitors, we'll quote Brown shoe. It's competition, not competitors, that the act protects, leaving, of course, the next sentence that starts with the but unquoted. Okay, silently, through omission, really, rather than affirmative articulation, the Supreme Court has drastically changed what this area of law is all about from the 60s. In the 60s, we had Brown shoe, Vons, and other cases, strongly in favor of Jeffersonian populism. These days, there is no announced shift. Those cases are bad law, new cases have taken their place, but there is a dramatic change in emphasis. These days, consumer welfare and consumer sovereignty are very much the bywords of modern antitrust jurisprudence. That leaves federal district courts throughout the country in a tough situation, because you're being asked to apply law that is 30 years old and that in some sense is not good law in the sense that it's very doubtful that those same cases would be decided the same way today, but there's no modern precedence that says, ignore them. So what I've tried to do today is to drive home really three points. First of all, federal judges are the architects of this area of law. It's a common law area by virtue of the brevity of the statute, Congress in effect has delegated the policy problem to the federal judiciary. Second, you must appreciate some fundamentals of economics to understand what this area of law is about. The first thing to understand is simply price setting is fundamentally different than competitive price setting. Competitive price setting is cost-based price setting and that's the antitrust ideal. We like cost-based price setting that gives consumers the benefits of prices that are driven down to cost. Monopolized price setting is the evil and where competitors try to mimic that cartel result, they'll be prosecuted these days, likely on a criminal basis. However, when competitors try to mimic that cartel result, it's harder than it looks. In fact, it can be very tough even in the most concentrated of all markets where there's only two producers, a duopoly, even to make cartelization work. As we go to larger and larger numbers of competitors, the cartelization cooperation problem gets more and more severe. Where is the dividing line in merger law where deciding how many firms are allowed to remain in the market between unacceptable concentration and permissible mergers? My answer there is the answer to that question has changed over time. In the 60s, merger law was extremely strict, even 7.5%, even 5% of the market was thought to be too much. Now, today we're in the midst of one of the greatest merger waves of all history and yet there's no wave of merger litigation. Why? Because the law has changed. Today, the antitrust division through its merger guidelines has a drastically different and more relaxed view of merger law that it had in the 60s. Part of that is a change in economics. My third point is, in large measure, there's a change in goals, a change in policy, a change in philosophy that is motivating this change in law. And that is the courts have shifted away from the view of Jeffersonian populism as an ideal, much more towards the notion that it is competition, not competitors, that antitrust law protects. The courts or isn't the government? Well, it's both. We don't go out and look for cases. We don't go out and look for cases. No, you don't go out and look for cases, because the litigants can bring merger cases, although it's rare for them to do so. Now, it's very much a matter that is in the hands of the prosecution, the antitrust division in particular. These days, Joel Klein, as an administrative official, is very much the architect of current merger enforcement. So courts have reacted, but you're absolutely correct that this player is prosecutorial decision-making, the attitudes of the antitrust division. Is that responsive to your point? Yes, your honor. This relaxation by the Justice Department in direct response to the local economy that has emerged in the 1960s, the desire of our country, in a sense, to compete effectively with what are monopolistic and its overseas. Excellent point. That a key change in our economy since the days of the Warren Court and previously national markets have gone international. Now we can't talk about the Big Three in Detroit. They're not even in Detroit anymore. They've merged internationally, and it's just crazy to think about the car market without thinking about Toyota, Nissan, Honda, and all the rest. So yes, a lot of markets that used to be more insular are now global and subject to much more competition, and so that itself may mean there's more competition, even under an old paradigm. There's no denying the significance of international competition where it's possible. Now in some markets, geography is crucial, and we'll never have international competition. For example, in hospitals, people are never going to go to Paris for an emergency medicine situation. So that's one reason that, for example, hospital merger litigation has continued to be a very active area where other markets, car markets, and so forth, aircrafts, and so on, are much less. Any other comments or questions? Thank you very much.


Everybody Matt here for late in sports cards ripping 2023 Panini legacy football six box break number four pick your team We have Alex G. Chargers Andrew H. Lyons Anthony a bills Austin S. Rams Bryce in Niners Chris S bears Edward P Broncos jazz jazz Jags Ethan C Saints Frank M Vikings Greg L Steelers Harold s Falcons Jacob H. Giants James D. Ravens James H Jets Joseph S. Browns Josh I Seahawks Justin G Titans Michael B commanders Nathan B Panthers Eagles Reed M Cowboys Ryan E Packers Scott T. Bucks Scott C Patriots Sean Peake chiefs Todd C Colts Tyler W. Bengals Texans and Raiders Wyoming H. Cardinals and William D. Dolphins. All right, let's do it Mike Dicka blue to 50 Cedric Tillman and Miles Murphy on burps mini Tua generations mean Joe green Marvin Mims and Tank Figsby last from the past Archie Manning to 249 orange Justin Jefferson Quentin Johnston and booty and how Jalen Carter rookie mini That is the 125 Smith and Jordan Addison go under the light silver Anthony Richardson rookie and wicks Sam Howell yellow to 150 Rashi rice prize prospects Tank Dell and Peter Skaronsky Packers to 10 That is gold ice rookie dual patch auto Sean Clifford You go green bay that There's a little thumbnail on that out that outer Coat there I'll send you an empty box packers nice rookie dual patch auto gold ice though Anthony Richardson Zach Evans and Terry Will Anderson This is a 65 dare to tear Shannon's sharp Broncos You go nice one Denver is perforated. You can tear it if you want and there As exclusive minis inside Jalen Hertz under the lights gold ice 25 Eagles tune and Simpson Damian Pierce red to 299 Montana Kincaid and Levis This is Saints 249 rookie Jersey auto Jake Hainer You go nice one Saints It was four of 249 Jordan Addison Prize prospects Jordan battle and Zay flowers Jameer Gibbs Yeah, they do Jonathan Mingo rookie chrome Will Levis Clayton tune Archie Manning orange 249 Zay flowers Okay This is Saints Ricky Williams holographs auto 29 of 100 That's awesome. Congrats Saints I'd like that for you Saints Jackson Smith and Jigba Jameer Gibbs and Jordan battle On the description says the holograph cards provide another debut Herpanini these holographic cards will be SSP and will be the most sought out Or sought after inserts in legacy Stalbach K. Sean booty Yellow to 150 Jordan Addison and Quentin Johnston Lamar Jackson under the lights to 125 mini Zach Charbonnet Silver Chrome Wicks and Smith AJ Brown Kronski and Anthony Richardson Mike Evans to 199. Yeah, I've never had a rip card myself. I'd Tank down unless it was like a PC thing or it was like super valuable. I'd probably just Rip it and see what I got Patrick Mahomes And to 100 that is futures Dual rookie auto Rashi Rice and Marvin Memms Double check again. Make sure the same person doesn't have both teams Sean P. Has the chiefs Edward P. Has the Broncos. So this will be a random at the end Let me just talk about them Zay flowers price prospects Will Anderson and Zach Evans Tank down that is rookie black and white Limited to 10 or less on these Earl Campbell Sean and Xavier Hutchinson That here And about at the end Jonathan Taylor to 100 Bob Witherspoon and Jalen Hyatt. Did anybody have Jonathan? Did anybody have the first overall pick in their league in their fantasy football league last year?  Another dare to tear maybe That is dare to tear Marvin Memms Broncos, right? Marvin Memms rookie dare to tear That is numbered five of 65 Could you tag out with Broncos, please? Tyree Wilson Herschel Brian Branch and Jackson Smith and Jacob Again for those watching on twitch, uh, actually it looks like our chat might be reconnected Desmond Ritter to 150 Michael Meyer Tanner McKee It's the Steelers under the lights rookie Otto Darnell Washington Tucker and Jonathan Mingo Tyree Wilson and Parker Washington Matt Judon Orange to 199 and To 100 that is Quinton Johnston rookie. I thought that was gonna have ink on it Quinton Johnston. That is uh Chargers CJ Stroud rookie and jaren hall Brian Robinson jr. Blue Mini Earl Campbell blast from the past Downs in washington Rice young under the lights silver John Robinson Porter Lawrence Taylor Legends green 100 of 100 Miles Murphy, that is Sean Tucker silver rookie Otto that is bucks Go Tampa Bay Arnaud Washington Marvin Mims rookie and big sweet lt. Neckler Will Leviss rookie Jason Taylor legends red to 299 Jalen I it Dalton Kincaid and Clayton to Do you know Smith mini? Michael Meyer and Bryce young box number four nausea Harris Mini to 75 Arnaud Washington Hutchinson and Anderson D hop under the lights Cedric Tillman and Miles Murphy green Earl Campbell to 100 and base Marvin Mims and tank big sweet This is rock him jaret rookie Otto That is bucks Rice Tune in simpson Outfits and under the lights pink ice daniel jones at the five no 10 10 of 10 Pink and gold ice Okay, Dan will love us rookie Herschel legends 299 lt. Neckler Jordan battle and ze flowers bucks Rock pretty under the lights mini John Robinson rookie silver smear Gibbs Jordan Addison under the lights Quentin Johnston Sean booty Chris Godwin lute 25 Jalen Hyatt Nolan Smith and Jordan Addison That is a flowers rookie dual patch Otto gold ice to 10 go Ravens Grats on the rookie dual patch Otto gold to 10 miles Murphy Anthony Richardson Marshall and Stefan digs under the lights black and white Take down Speronsky red mac jones 299 champ Bailey She guns on this all right two boxes to go grab up your spots for tonight's group breaks with Sam And grab your boxes for personals with Kyle over on the latent 2 channel Keep an eye out too. Uh forest is probably still live over there on the latent 2 channel live from the national ripping some on the fly breaks There's Jalen Carter rookie to 199 Sean Tucker and Jonathan mingo Ryan earlocker 50 Your Hutchinson and will Anderson Under the lights, Anthony Richardson mini That is to 125 nice and colds Jalen Hyatt Damian Pierce red 299 Michael Meyer and Bryce young rookie Trenton Simpson mini Christian Akoya Jackson Smith and jigba Double check something here Ryan branch rookie silver Jalen Carter and Tanner McKee with the 35 Josh Downs rookie Otto blue that is Colts The technical Mahomes under the lights Reno and Tua generations bruce smith CJ Stroud rookie Another rip or another dare to tear. Yep niners dare to tear Ronnie lot one of 65 I thought these were case hits. That's the third one. We've seen All in the same break. We didn't see any in the first 18 boxes of the case now three Here at the end Tyree Wilson rookie orange 149 Rock Kim Jarrett and Devon Witherspoon It's 25 Fran Tarkenton Tanner McKee There's Johnson and Endon Hooker Oquan Smith and to 249 Dalton Kincaid rookie dual jersey Otto Bills Bill Buffalo It's probably gonna have 150 catches rookie here Charbonnet last box Of the day of the daytime breaks Patrick Mahomes under the lights Smith And marino to 249 Peter Skoronsky and Anthony Richardson. Can you pick it? And Sean Tucker rookie Otto look this one up like three times that is bucks Addison Gonzalez and Dell Mack Jones and rushy rice That is to 100 rookie bronze Will Anderson and Zach Evans to 150 Xavier Hutchinson Tyler Murray many Jackson Smith and jakeba rookie silver Witherspoon and Hyatt Anthony Richardson under the lights many 125 Once again, there's a charlie joiner Tanner McKee and Brian branch under the lights Jalen Hertz Endon Hooker rookie and rock Kim Jarrett Orange Brian Robinson jr our match commanders Paris Johnson Raiders Legends Otto five of five Charles Woodson There you go Raiders congrats. That's actually a pretty solid hit. His stuff sells well Probably next to Dion as well as any defensive back Nice hit Raiders Rashi rice Zach Charbonnet Cam Smith Adam Venetieri Rice young rookie Dalton Cook green to 100 or Steve Young with the uh Old bucks uniform Jackson Smith and jakeba and Michael Meyer and that'll do it for the break Let's do a random and then we'll do a recap Chiefs Broncos. All right. This is for the uh dual rookie Otto rushy rice and Marvin memes chiefs and broncos Number 45 100 We'll randomize six times. Good luck one two three four five six chiefs Chiefs get the dual All right All right, so we had uh black and whites tank del rookie and Stefan diggs under the lights And then Niners dare to tear to 65 Ronnie lot This was Broncos dare to tear rookie to 65 Marvin memes Broncos dare to tear to 65 Shannon sharp two of them for the Broncos uh relic autos We had bills rookie dual jersey Otto Dalton Kincaid out to 249 Uh ravens we'll mag this for you uh ravens that is rookie dual patch Otto gold ice to 10 say flowers at saints rookie jersey Otto jay caner to 249 Packers rookie dual patch Otto gold ice to 10 Sean Clifford again. I had a little lift on the back On that outer layer there. We're sending an empty box with it with it Uh, we this went to the chiefs in the random dual rookie Otto to 100 rushy rice and Marvin memes Uh, rookie Otto Sean Tucker. That was bucks rookie Otto Blue josh downs colts rookie Otto ruck him Jared bucks rookie Otto Sean Tucker bucks Under the lights rookie Otto Darnell washington Steelers and we had um Otto That's legends Otto five of five charles woodson And holographs Otto to 100 ricky williams That'll do it for the break. Thank you everybody


the blog if you're new to my channel a massive welcome to you don't forget to subscribe if you want to if you don't don't worry about it but welcome and I hope this video is going to be useful to you. So today's video is a little bit more about referencing I know I've done some assignment tips before I've done a recent one as well last week so please check that out but today I just wanted to go over referencing alone because I know that is a big struggle that people have so I'm going to try and do this video justice make it easy for you to understand and there'll be links below in the description as well so have a look at those. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to do a live demonstration I've got my laptop of how I would reference and hopefully it'll help you and hopefully it'll make sense in some way to you. So what I've done is I've pulled up this 2021 report the same one that I used in my previous video just to make it easy and simple for myself and you. So what I'm going to do is reference this report in my writing and show you different ways of doing it I've also got up this second page which is free for everybody to look at it's the BCU Harvard referencing guide it is my go-to for everything because it was just so easy to understand and if you click on electronic sources for example it's got all these different types of resources so we are using a report is it a PDF it's not a PDF it's just from the website so but it is like a report so I'm going to click on report and this says electronic reports in PDF format but this isn't a PDF format so we're going to scroll down to get something that's not in PDF format so this is not a PDF format but it is electronic report so I'm going to follow this description here which I've highlighted way too much and but it says there look it gives you the exact example on this it says write the author write the year write the title in italics because it's got that and it's got a little full stop so you need to put a little full stop at the end of it it's got brackets for the years you need to put the brackets this is how you write it like exactly like this and then it gives an example here done easy simple to follow I'm ready I've got up my report on the left of split my screen so you can see like like what I'm doing here so I've got this is what I've just been looking at the report I've taken and summarized this section here on my document so how do I reference that doesn't matter about the word in and things like that that I've just written write it however you want to write it as long as the information is correct there's two different ways to cite this in your main body so I can either put in brackets here UK health security agency comma 2021 because it's 2022 to help if I could actually spell like that that's it that's your reference done for that that's all you need to do and then you're going to add your reference list at the end so reference list at the end of your assignment end of your PowerPoint wherever you put your reference list put it at the end as well as in your body so in your main body you should have this UK health secretary agency 2022 then at the end you're putting the full citation so you're going to use this UK health secretary agency is going there again you're going to have brackets around the 2022 remove that we're going to go back just to check so we're going to authorship that's the author UK health secretary agency security keep staying secretary security agency is security right security yeah UK health security agency 2022 yeah is in brackets like it says so the title you're going to go back sexually transmitted and that is your title talix yep there you go it's done in italics available at available which is not italics yep and then you're going to copy and paste the URL this is the URL it's the website information at the top the white so if you're going to use YouTube do not use YouTube but www.youtube.com for example this is www.gov.uk forward slash all the rest of the jazz so you're going to copy and paste that into there there you go and then so that's your URL and then access date after is the URL so access what is today's date 12th of February 2023 full stop and that is your reference so you've got like I said in the body your reference to show where that's come from then your reference list at the end is going to have the full shabam the full whack of where to find this information so people can go and check your information is correct and people do check so make sure it's correct and that's how you reference so the second way to reference like I was saying there's two ways to do this this is just one way putting at the end of a sentence that you've got is one way the other way which is a really good way as well is so recent statistics from the UK health security agency 2022 and then obviously if you're not a Birmingham City University student bcu that's what that means bcu student and make sure you're using your own university Harvard reference and guide make sure it matches this guide because every university has a different style of Harvard references you want to make sure that you're meeting your university standards don't get it wrong please is my big tip but I use bcu for everything and I always have done even when I was at a different university I use bcu guidelines because I just found it's so easy man look how easy this website is it's just so simple easy to understand to do your reference but I always went back so I went to warm a few university as well to do my GP course I use bcu but then I checked it against those guidelines to make sure it was the same sort of structure and style and luckily it was so just double check that before you do anything but this is really really good this Harvard referencing guide is really good and it's got everything so if you want a printed book you got printed books chapters reports directories all sorts in here music sources other sources in tech size citations so it's got a whole page on how to cite in your text which is this part here on the word document that's how you're citing in the text in your main body that's where you're putting your reference to start with and then on the reference list of this just shows you how to do it let me just click on one just to see so yeah exactly what I've done here that is a direct direct incitation there's indirectly is putting at the end like I said here those are the two examples of doing it they're the best two examples the several sources so you would use et al sometimes depending if you've got two or three then that's okay you can do it like this but if you've got a report that's got like ten different offers on it so let me just try and find something so STI STI rates UK let's go Google scholar hopefully I'm gonna find something for you yeah so here this one's a really good example so this is an article that's on STI risk perceptions and all that jazz and this has got one two three four five six seven eight nine that's got nine offers you're not gonna put all those names down in your main body that's gonna bulk out your word count so what you would do is just put the first one and then et al so I'm gonna do this one here so do a separate one so Clifton because that's the surname it usually goes first name and surname on these so just put Clifton et al comma 20 what is this 2018 they go 2018 so you can do it like that as well and then in the main body down here you will have to list all of those people so you would put Clifton s Johnson am dot and then the year what did we say 2018 and then you would go on to doing exactly this what's above so copy and paste I usually copy and paste just because it's easier but it will come out like that so you need to put it back to normal where's the little thing that little thing there send it back to normal and so you're doing it like that and let's go back three or more offers just like it says on here et al after the first offer and that's what you do Kim et al 2007 and that's how you would do it in here so up here instead of health secretary agency you would go Clifton et al 2018 and then you would just remove that one obviously it's gonna be different information because it's a different different paper but this is just an example to show you different ways of referencing when it's got more than one or two or three offers even if it's got two you can just put like Adam and Smith 2018 but if it's got three or more you're not gonna want to write that like I said so you literally just do it like that Clifton et al 2018 and then in the main body bit you're gonna put all of the names down and then all of this yes so going back to my authors when you've got loads of offers all these commas and dots and things like that so this is how you want it to look like this when you've got more than one on this page here so you go the surname comma then the initial and then you can put dot if it's got two so in here I should have put a dot sorry it's got two initials they go dot and then you put full stop comma I think I did it the other way around actually tonight there you go full stop comma see when I get these little things the other way around I mean does it really matter where you put your comma if you put the comma in the dot are you gonna get penalized for it I'm not sure should look something like that so it should look something like this anyway this BCU guide so this is on this the style guide so I went to this page here in tech citations and then style guide and when you click on style guide it comes up with this so it shows you example reference list and it's got it here to show you all the different ways to to put it it's just it's so easy to understand if you just take some time to get your head around it and read it and look at it and practice you'll be well aware you'll be referencing in your sleep like in no time honestly so back to this reference anyway because this is a journal article so this is a journal article it does have a DIYs you can press it as well I always press the link to make sure it opens and make sure it works there you go that's it look and this will have the full DIY here the HTTPS there to put on here so I'll go back and I'm gonna check my guide again nope not that one so authorship we've got all the authors we've got the year yes we've got the article title yes we've got the journal title article title full stop journal title so what is the journal title the journal article is e clinical clinical medicine as you can see I misspell a lot of things all of the time so yeah so we've got that so what's the next thing so journal title comma oops comma let's go back to this page journal title comma yet the volume and issue so what is the volume and issue so I'm gonna come to this page because usually this one's got a lot yet there you go volume to hasn't got an issue number so I'm gonna do volume to article identifier think is the page number you normally put the page number so that'd be this 22 to 29 to 36 so 29 to 36 is the identifier because that's the page number so you've got the journal title the volume and the page number so that they can find it and then what we're gonna do full stop available at DOI done when you've got a DOI you don't need to put an access date so you know with this first one we put access date you don't need to do that if you've got a DOI but if you haven't got a DOI page or number then you have to put an access date at the end of it as well so yeah we're gonna go back and do this in italics as well because your journals should be in italics so if it's a journal your journal title should be the one in italics if it's not a journal and it's something else it should be the the title of that like the first one sexually transmitted infections that bit got highlighted because it's not a journal on this it's the journal title that gets highlighted so they're the two differences between articles and website reports and that sort of thing so that is how you would reference that and I'm gonna stop talking now because I feel like I've chewed your ear off about referencing I don't even know how long this video is gonna be probably about 30 minutes on referencing I'm so sorry if this video is that long but I hope you've got something from it and I hope you all have an amazing day any more videos I can do that you think will be really good you want to know a bit more about put a comment below as always don't forget to look in the description as well because my new book is coming out come on I'm gonna be plugging this into every video now it is available for pre-order it's great for student nurses just starting out on the nursing journey it's got all the tips from start to finish so please go and check it out and I'll see you next time


Hi, so my name's Robert Taylor. I'm studying a combined degree in civil engineering and surveying. So the problem that we encountered is that often downstream of weirs and spillways in dams, there can be a lot of erosion that occurs. This involves the sediment being taken away from the downside of the surface face of the weir and then being deposited further downstream. And this is often caused by the change from supercritical to subcritical flow that occurs over the edge of the weir. And so we really want to try and reduce that erosion by implementing some baffle structures and a range of other structures that can control that flow and where the hydraulic jump occurs, where it changes from super to subcritical flow, we're able to train the location of that position in the hydraulic jump. So the why in that is more or less around reducing erosion and trying to maintain the integrity of what is the existing creek or river structure so that there is an environmental impact further downstream. Part of the process that we looked at for this particular problem was first of all providing a set of parameters that we had that were standardized for the geometry of this particular scenario. So we created an experimental weir down here in the labs and then we were able to go further and solve some numerical analysis and compare that numerical result to the experimental result. So what we did was we set up three different surfaces and a control surface and then we would place these plates downstream of our experimental flu which you can see behind me here and that was able to then be run at a variety of different flow rates where we took measurements of the velocity before and after it hit those structures and we're able to see whether the velocity didn't change at all and from that we're able to produce also a set of numerical results. My co-supervisor had some software available from Pacific ESI from whom he also works and we could simulate those results numerically and then compare those. The correlation of results is quite strong between the experimental numerical and also depending on which shape you're using the velocity can be significantly reduced for certain flow rates and certain baffle types. So that's a really great outcome for this project and something that hopefully in the future can have a real emphasis on discussion around these ways and erosion reduction potential.


Actually, thank you for to have come to this presentation. And Arjen, Janti, and I, Dominique Coco, are 3D software developers at French Computing, a render farm based in Paris. And today we want to talk about rendering on the cloud and share some concerns we have about rendering projects to meet on the farm. So I will begin to this talk, and Arjen will finish it. So the presentation is divided in four parts. So presenting what we know about user on the farm, presenting us, we want to explain all concerns about the rendering projects to meet on the farm. And AO and O, we handle them. And last to discuss the possible solutions for rendering projects for portability. So the user that comes from a very large diversity of fields has frequencies, VFX and 3D studios, graphic design agencies, and architect industries, universities, and animation schools. They have different ways to use the farm. Most of the time, smart entities submit their job via web interface and our sites are directly from the plugins installed in Blender. Medium to big studios have all these possibilities, but generally, they prefer to run servers and install on them their own custom pipeline for rendering. This is to illustrate some examples of rendering projects on the farm. A lot of architectures, product presentation, VFX and animation, but a lot of usage coming from fields using 3D. So who are we? Who are we? Sorry. Ranch Computing is a French render farm based in Paris. We offer high-quality rendering services. It exists since 2006. And our main goal is to be able to accept any projects, 3D projects, coming from any kind of structure and pipeline. To make the solution straightforward and to help them the better we can to meet their deadline and stay within their budget. To save time and delegate rendering are the main user concerns. These two examples are comparing on a heavy complex scene the rendering duration on a simple workstation or just on the farm. So as you can see, with a local machine you have almost three days and 13 hours of rendering. And on the farm, you can reduce the time to only one hour and 20 minutes, approximately, I'm promissively sorry. Since 2006, the farm is specialized in 3D rendering with a good team of specialists and including technical artists and 3D software developers. That's why we can provide 3D support, advise or develop custom tools and solutions. Concerning Blender, on the farm, it had been supported since a while now. But at the end of 2021, we decided to make special efforts on our tools and pipeline. Our tools involve a validation process and we decided to use the metrics to observe where we were and how to improve. This figure shows the evolution of a rejected project versus finalized projects on the farm during 2022. When we organize the code and pipeline, rejection can be caused by insufficient functionalities supported, bad formatted projects, or user misunderstanding of usage on the farm. From month to month, this proportion could be very variable, but the goal was to reduce the number of invalid projects. Now I will let Arianne talk more about the developer. So as Dominique has shown in the President's slide figure, we rework our Blender tools, development pipeline, and delivering of new releases. Well, we first analyzed where we were, the code, and it was all code and don't touch since a while. So there were some work to do. And the first step has been to refactor the code, fix bugs, add functionalities, and follow the Blender release policies. And at the same time, we took the time to automate our pipeline, our development pipeline, adding gate workers for non-regression testings, and automation for delivering new releases. The second phase has been to rethink our development philosophy, because why reinventing the wheel? I think it's difficult to maintain. So we had to support our environment. It was an agreement with Pixar, and we wanted to have it on the farm. So we developed the tool around Runderman. As Runderman for Blender was open source, we integrated it. We used a packer, and we discussed with the development on this tool via Git, via pull requested on GitHub. So we saw that for Blender, the same tool was already existing, and it was a Blender Asset Tracer. So we did the same thing. We integrated, and it's just done as a beta test in our code. We integrated the module in our code, and the rest of our code is still in use for other render engines, and for adding functionalities, and so on. So the other thing that we began to think about was to open the code and to add the GPL license, because it was logical to do so since we had integrated open source code. So we did this, and anyway, this tool precisely was freely downloadable from outside. So the problem was, what will we do next? So the rendering concerns, from a render farm point of view, the project arrived at the very end of the user pipeline. So we need to retrieve the user pipeline data for rendering in a transparent and automated process, considering that render farm services are requested in the last stage of the user pipeline. So we most likely need to retrieve data and references coming from every other stage. We need to cover this set in a logical and autonomous one independent of the platform. So these external references we need to package are tied to all kinds of data manipulated in the scene. And from the Blender user point of view, this figure shows the process for submitting a project on the farm. On the left, the Blender scene opens with the farm plugin loaded and activated and tied to all external references they need on their working pipeline. So the farm plugin package this project with, in fact, three types of data, the project files, which are the main scene and all the external references that we have together on the workstation or on the pipeline of the user. And the farm, what we call farm information general, because it's not precisely to us, it's for every farm, I think, every farm will need it. That means, for instance, the render engine, CPU or GPU for the render engine, the output names, and so on. And there are also information that are farm specific, which is most likely all about prices policy and deployment policy on this pipeline. So once it's done, the user can submit the project and then there is a validation checking. And the project is deployed on the farm and the user can retrieve the images at the end of the process. So diving in the farm plugin, the structure I described earlier, is today the following for us. We integrate two sub modules that are the Blender Asset Tracer and the Undermap Packer. The Blender Asset Tracer is in alpha testing for now. And we maintain our own code to add the metadata for the farm to add a new render engine and functionality not handled by the two sub modules. And we contribute via pull request on GitHub on these open source tools. So on the farm, we are DCC and render engine agnostics. We like to support a lot of them. It generates a lot of complexity, integration, dedicated DCC management of different formats. We must develop and maintain dedicated tools. And the consultation is there is a lack of unification in the processes and a lack of standards. So what are the solutions for us? But not only. So we think it's a general problem for us now. The goal is to simplify and standardize the pipeline for rendering. So in short time, we will contribute to the two tools we integrated recently. But for the middle and long term, we suppose, but this is a community that will tell us that it's about USD that we have to go, in fact. So what do we do? So this is a complete invention. What would be, and it's for discussion, in fact, what would be the pipeline for us in the middle and long term if we integrate the USD API? So we worked already on USD for supporting you, Dini, and Solaris on the farm. So there is a lot in the USD API that we can use. And there are some lacks. What we can use already, maybe contribute to add functionality or fix boxes, are the USD render nodes that allow us to have a transparent way to address a lot of different renderers. And the USD resolver to access together all the external files that are needed plus the principal scene to package the project. But we don't think there is, right now, USD Farm Generic or a way to store this information that we need especially for a renderer farm for a sending project on the farm. And there is a need also of farm metadata that are more specific. And the way to use this as we work with Blender Asset Tracer, our render man right now, is to fix to send pull requests on the European USD GitHub repository. So that's just a proposition. And so we have a booth at the Blender Market. And we are open for discussion on this subject or any other that you want to discuss with us. So you can come. We are most happy to talk with you. This is just to show how the plugin is integrated in Blender, our plugin for this packaging. So there are the preferences. And you can check a button for activating the Blender Asset Tracer for now. And it's situated in the 3D viewport on the right of the 3D viewport. So maybe we have some time for a question if you have some. I saw a small section on add-ons. Are they packaged when the project is uploaded? Or do you have a range of popular add-ons installed on the render farm? For add-ons, we just support the add-ons that are integrated in Blender right now. And we are trying to make the list of the most popular add-ons we need to install and support on the farm, yes. And can the checker verify if I've used an add-on that's not supported? It depends anyway if the add-on is needed for the rendering. Yes, because there are a few that are really necessary to be installed on the farm for the rendering time. So I don't see. OK, so just thanks. Thank you to coming again. And see you at the booth, if you want. Thank you.


Hello, this is Laptop Media, and today, we will show you how to open the HP Probook 450G9 and what's inside of it. To get inside this notebook, you need to undo a total of 5 Philips head screws, 3 of which are captive. Then, pry the bottom panel with a plastic tool, and remove it from the chassis. Please remember, it would be of great help to us if you just hit the like button and subscribe to our channel. That would motivate us to make even more and better videos for you. Here, we get a 51.3Wh battery pack. It got us through 12 hours of web browsing, or 8 hours and 30 minutes of video playback. To remove it, unplug the battery from the motherboard, and remove all 6 Philips head screws. Memory wise, there are 2 Sodom slots, which fit DDR4 and work in dual channel mode. As for the storage, there are 2 M.2 PCIe slots. However, one of them can be only used if there is no LTE card installed. The cooling here comes with 2 heat pipes, a heat sink, and 1 fan. You can also spot a couple of heat spreaders for the graphics memory and the VRMs. If you'd like to see more disassembly videos of the latest notebooks, we would highly appreciate if you hit the like button and subscribe to the channel.


Hello, and welcome to the Jenkins Docs Office Hours. This is the European US edition here on October 6th at 2 p.m. from EEST. And today on our agenda, we have some action items regarding blog posts and other items that have come up lately for Jenkins. We just had an LTS release yesterday, successfully completed. So change log upgrade guide is available. Just an update about DevOps World 2022 and its status. October Fest is off to an amazing start. We've got tons of contributions coming in from various user groups all over the world. So we'll be able to discuss that further and share more about that. And then last on my list today is just the upcoming weekly release, two, three, seven, three, which will happen again on Tuesday. Pending nothing, no other changes or anything, releases before that. So, yeah, Mark, is there anything else you'd like to add to the agenda today? Or does that cover everything for you? That covers it. Let's take those topics. OK. So as far as the action items go, Mark still looking to archive the Docs mailing list, but it's going to take some time. You're going to be out of office for a couple of weeks coming up. So we'll look to it. We'll look for it later. Yeah, November is the best I can hope for on that one. OK, no worries. Yep, in a couple of weeks ago, we published a blog post announcing our Digital Ocean Partnership. They're the main organizer and sponsor of Hacktoberfest. So just a real fun collaboration that we get to continue and push forward with and dedicate resources. Big thanks to Digital Ocean for providing the sponsorship. We appreciate everything. We also published the Adopt and Improve a Plugin tutorial, which has been a long time coming based off last year's DevOps world. And now has both a blog post and the tutorial itself. So lots of great information on how to adopt and upgrade plugins and is a great new user friendly, really thorough and provided you take the time to follow the steps. It works really well. We also had another blog post recently published just this week about scaling out iOS builds on AWS or Amazon Web Service. That was recently published and just is a great bit of information for those iOS build. So, yeah. And then 2.361.2. Again, that was our LTS release yesterday, went out and completed successfully. So we're really happy about that. And the change log and upgrade guide have been published. They're available on the Jenkins.io website. And that also goes for the weekly of 2.372. That's also in the weekly release line change log. So everything's ready to go. Everything's available and things are working well. It's great. Oh, yeah, go ahead, Mark. On that one, we've got a live stream today with Darren Pope and me. I should put that in the links. I'll include the hyperlink because it starts in about two hours. Fantastic. OK, that's awesome. The live streams are always a great watch. I love catching up afterwards. Quick note on DevOps World 2022. Unfortunately, it did have to be postponed due to hurricane in landing in Florida last week. It has been postponed. It will be happening online in the future. And it just needs to be planned, rescheduled, promoted. And basically, we're going to still have things like the contributor summit, but it will be in a different format. So no one's going to miss out on any of the information we were hoping to share. It's just going to be delivered a little bit differently. But the nice thing is the contributor summit will be open to anyone who wants to join, which is really exciting. Now it's not just a matter of who's going to be at the conference. So that does mean that it does have to be conducted a little differently. So that, again, will be planned and rescheduled, and we'll be sure to update everyone when that comes available. Now, the bulk of. Hector profess has been happening in the last few days. It's started over the weekend. But for some folks, it wouldn't have started till Monday. But we've been getting over contributions from over a dozen people right now already, which is huge. And I've been able to review some of the pull requests as well as Mark. And they are wonderful. People are doing great work and putting a lot of effort into share further information, further documentation efforts in Jenkins. Again, I appreciate everyone's work here and just wanted to thank the users that I know, for fact, have submitted pull requests that we've been able to merge. Listed here, there are others for sure, and I don't want to miss anyone, but big thanks to everyone that's helping and contributing to October Fest. John Mark had written a blog post for September, so it's a few weeks old now, but everything still applies since it is for October Fest. So if you have any questions, there's a great link there with some wonderful information from John Mark. And then we also have the live stream link available. This is the October 2022 kickoff live stream that John Mark and I think Darren hosted on Tuesday and is a great introduction to October Fest, what the idea is behind it and a lot of the details, contents, et cetera, that are contained, that are about October Fest. These live streams are going to happen weekly, so they're going to be there. They're going to be posted on YouTube after the fact. So this information will be available, whether you can make it live or not. We also, I'm going to change past the open forum part and just mention the chat page, just in case anyone's not aware. We have a chat page on the Jenkins.io website, and it contains all the methods of communication for various Jenkins channels. So just on Gitter, we have Jenkins, Newcomer Contributions, which is a great place to ask questions. If you're just getting started with Jenkins, we also have a October Fest channel. So there are multiple places to ask questions to get assistance. We have the Internet Relay Chat, which can be used through various clients, and we have Matrix channels as well that are available. And the nice thing is we've actually recently been able to connect the Release channel and the Jenkins Infer Channel. So these two now, regardless of where you might be chatting or keeping up with them, they're connected. So Gitter talks to IRC, talks to Matrix, et cetera, and back and forth. This means that you can stay up to date with Jenkins, get all the latest information on releases and infrastructure as often as you want, and without having to worry about you're not in the right place. Every place is the right place now. So it's going to it's we're going to continue merging these channels and connect or not merging, but connecting these channels as well. So as we go forward, there will be even more cross communication between the IRC, between Gitter, between Matrix, so that everything can be kept up and without any real lag or downtime between messages, which is really exciting since these kind of things are sometimes urgent. So. Great work by Gavin Mogan for taking care of that and getting those channels connected. Really appreciate the work he's doing there, as well as things that are happening for the government and other areas of Jenkins in general. As an aside. Now, I'll hold off on that. I was going to have an open forum so that if any Hectoberfest participants were joining us today in our meeting, could share progress, ask questions, thoughts, comments, concerns, et cetera. It doesn't seem like we have anyone here right now. So both will hold off on that for the time being. If anyone joins in the next couple of minutes, we can always check in with them. But outside of that, Mark, it seems like we've navigated through everything for the most part. Is there anything I might have missed or anything else you'd like to add here? No, I think I think we've covered the topics. We'll do as a forewarning. I will be there won't be Asia office hours next week, the week after or the week after that. So those three office hours will be canceled. They've been removed from the Jenkins, the Jenkins calendar. We will continue to European office hours those times and Kevin will host those. So that's that's great. Thanks, Kevin. Yeah, of course, really looking forward to it. And since Mark will be away, I am here for any Hectoberfest questions, documentation questions, Jenkins questions that I can try to answer. Anything at all. I'm here to help. And if not, if I don't know the answer, I will get you to the person who does or at least the right direction. So, yeah, by all means, this is going to be really exciting for the next few weeks. Hectoberfest is off to a great, great, great, great start. And it's only going to go back, get better from here. So really looking forward to all the participants and getting to connect with everyone that I possibly can. It's really exciting to just strengthen and build the community. Great. Okay. Well, then if that's the fact that covers everything, then I think we can stop the recording work, the recording will be available in the next 24 to 48 hours. It'll be posted on the community dot Jenkins.io site. So everything can be followed up there.


Hi. Hey, Miss Mary. Hi. Miss Mary. Hi. Hey, Miss Amanda. This is Nathan Lillie with the X of Realty. How you doing today, ma'am? I'm doing mighty fine. I was calling Mary. I think I got the wrong number, but I'm a realtor at Jackson, Tennessee. Would you happen to need any real estate help? Okay. Oh, you're welcome, ma'am. Is there a realtor that y'all usually work with by chance? I can put you on the stand.  So do you mind if we stay in touch by chance? Okay. What's your email address, ma'am? Yeah. What's your email address? What do you say after Kirk, ma'am? I'm so sorry. Okay. All right, ma'am. I really appreciate it. If you ever need anything at all, you just reach out to me now. All right. Thank you. Bye-bye. Dude, you are a straight beast on these wrong numbers, dude. Just go at it, man. That's all you can do. Yes. That was the best wrong number, like, turn around. I have seen yet. I don't even know how to mark this. It's interesting. It's a wrong number, though. So I'm going to put interested for you. All right. Cool. We're rolling.


Christmas reading warriors? Okay, on second thought, the hat might be a little much. I've already got the ugly Christmas sweater. I think I'll be okay without the hat for this video. But hey, it's, we are now in December and it's Christmas season. It was a little bit Christmas season before for me, but like, that's not normal. Normally, I wait till Thanksgiving is over, but now that Thanksgiving is over, I can't in good conscience continue on with Christmas. And oh, I'm excited.  I got my Santa hat. We're decorating. It's all fantastic. Okay, with the point of this video is actually going to be my Christmas wish list. I think it's just so much fun to talk about the books that you want to read, as well as the books that you've already read. And so I will talk a little bit about some of the books that I am wanting to get for Christmas so I can read this coming month and next year. Most likely next year, because I've already got my like December TBR all set. You know, I'm reading mythology as well as just kind of like stories. Obviously all books are stories. But like the twisted tales from like the old classic stories. I'm more so focusing on those as well as mythologies. So like I've got my December TBR kind of pretty set in stone there. So this is for like what I want to get for Christmas to read for next year. Most planned out I have of next year. So obviously if you guys couldn't tell, I'm a big fan of the twisted tales Disney books, mostly written by Jenny Calcutta. Obviously I have all of them right here. However, I do not have all of them. All the ones I own are right there, but I don't own all of them. And the past couple years it's been not like a family tradition, but like my parents have been continuing to get me these and I'm really hoping that they continue to do so. Because there are three more that I don't have that I would love to get this Christmas. And so the ones I don't have are Conceals Don't Feel, which is about Elsa, and I don't have Reflection, which is Mulan's story, and I don't have Unbirthday. That's the one that came out this past year, which is Alice in Wonderland. All of those are twisted with a question that just kind of changes the whole story like halfway through and I find them to be very creative and very interesting. So I want to definitely keep going with reading those and so I want to get some of those this year. And the thing is though too, like if people don't give me these books for Christmas, aka like my family, there's a good chance I'm gonna go and buy them for myself for Christmas. So this is like a future haul almost. Like I'm gonna get these books soon. So be prepared for them to be in like the second Thursday of the year. Just probably. Anyway, and then the next book on this list I have is actually one that I bought and then didn't come because of shipping issues that were not my fault. Actually the fault of the apartment I am living in. So I actually had to return these books because of shipping issues that were not mine nor the company's fault. It was my apartment building and so those are the last four books of the series by Cary Menescalco. I have the first one Stocking Jack the River but there are four more like capturing the devil. There are three more after that and I wanted to get them except like I said there were issues. So hopefully if I can get those for Christmas that'd be pretty nice because I technically already should have gotten them. I just didn't. So I might just try again when I'm at my parents house and be like, hey I'm gonna have some book shipped here because apparently my apartment will not let me have my packages. So they're on my Christmas list even though they should have been mine already. My hair. The next book is Kingdom of the Wicked and I really want to get this book because I've read other books by this author and I really enjoyed them. Plus the plot sense very interesting. I'm not gonna get too deep into the synopsis of these books because one I don't like knowing a lot about books before I read them and two time. I don't want to make this a super long video because if I do then my computer will have a heart attack and this video will not see the light of day. I also really want to get Blood and Honey but here's the thing. I also want to get Serpent to Dove. I have read Serpent and Dove and I absolutely loved it. I say absolutely a lot. I've noticed that. But I loved Serpent and Dove and I have not yet read Blood and Honey and I really want to read Blood and Honey but the thing is I don't own either of them. So I would love for Christmas to get either Serpent and Dove so I can have it because I love it and I would love to read it again or Blood and Honey so that I can read Blood and Honey and continue on with the story. So I would love to read or I would love to receive either of those because I need to read the second one. This is going great. So one thing that you're gonna notice about all of these books is that they're gonna be all like continuations of series that I have. For example this next one is the T-Dragon Festival and T-Dragon Tapestry. I have the T-Dragon Society. I've read it. I loved it. I own it. I want the rest of them so that I can read them, love them and own them. So I'm really excited to see if it's like a continuation or just kind of how those are. I don't know a lot about them. Then the next book on my list is the Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes by Susan Collins. So this is the prequel to the Hunger Games trilogy. I very recently got the last two books in the trilogy. For quite a while I only had Hunger Games but I read all three of them like way back in middle school. I just never bought Hunger Games until a couple months ago and then I didn't buy Catching Fire or Mockingjay until a couple weeks ago. So I would really love to have a Ballad of Songbird and Snakes. I have not read it but I know whether or not I like it. I'm gonna want to own it just to kind of complete the world, kind of complete that I guess. So that's one that I'm gonna really want no matter how I enjoy it or not. And the last one is actually a book called The Huntress. Again I don't know much about it other than it's historical fiction and one other thing I will say that I would love for Christmas this year. It's just more historical fiction because as you guys if you follow my channel you know that I challenged myself to read a different genre of book every month to try and branch out, figure out what I like to read, what I don't like to read so that I can read more than just fantasy because I know I love to read fantasy, obviously. But I also know that there are gonna be other books that I'm going to enjoy reading if I just gave myself a chance. So I gave myself a chance in the very first genre that I picked last January was historical fiction and I loved it. I loved all the books that I read and I really want to continue. So I just want more historical fiction in general. If you guys have any good recommendations for historical fiction please leave them down below. And who knows I'll either put them on my Christmas list or I'll just end up buying them for myself this Christmas. So that one's kind of pretty generic. There are I feel like there were a lot of really good fantasies released in the past year or two that I also want to catch up on. I'm also the kind of person where it's like if I read a book and I liked it I really want to own it. So there are also a lot of books that I read that I just want to own like Wicked Fox. Vicious Spirits came out after that and I wouldn't mind owning both of those. But yeah just other fantasies that came out in the last year or two like We Hunt the Flame, Forest of Souls, Seasons of the Storm. Like there are so many books that was like a crown of pearl and coral I believe. Like so many books came out and I'm like oh that's so cool that's so fascinating I want to read them but then I end up sitting there like no I want to sit there and read them and not read them by audiobook but then my library doesn't have it so the only way to get them is to own them and then I don't do that because I don't know if I'm gonna read them or not or I mean I don't know if I'm gonna like them or not and if I don't like them I don't want to give them away because I just wasted all that money. So I would love to get any of these books for Christmas so then like I'm not spending them but then I'm going to keep them and I'm going to read them and I'm going to love them. So those are just some of the books on my Christmas list, books that I want to get for Christmas, whether it be from other people or myself. So family if you're watching this, here you go Laura's Christmas list right here in a video format so you can hear me talk about it rather than just reading it on a piece of paper. So yeah that's kind of all I'm gonna say otherwise I love being surprised too but no one likes surprising me because no one knows if I'm actually gonna like it because I always want to get books I like which is appreciated but like I never know. Yeah so it's just a very short sweet video getting ready for Christmas thinking about what books I'm gonna get. So I hope you guys enjoyed this video let me know down below what books you're hoping to get this Christmas or you are going to get yourself this Christmas if you're like me and have no patience. I might even get some of them before Christmas which I really shouldn't no I'm not going to but yeah let me know down below comment what books you're hoping to get this Christmas or you want to get yourself for this Christmas click the subscribe button hit the bell I post every Thursday and so you'll be notified every time a video comes up like I said every Thursday feel free to like this video if you are in a Christmasy spirit as much as I am and until I see you guys in the next video I wish you a happy reading.


Today we're going to discuss the formation of ions, and then this is going to flow into how we make ionic compounds. So the first thing we need to understand about atoms is that they have a specific number of valence electrons. Valence electrons are the electrons that are on the outermost energy level, and we can tell the number of electrons in the representative group atoms by their group number. So the representative groups are the groups that have an A, so 1A through 8A. Group 1A has one valence electron, group 2A has two, 3A has three, 4A has four. I'm sure you're seeing the pattern by now, all the way to 8A, and they have eight valence electrons. Eight valence electrons is the maximum number of electrons that you can have. That is basically a full set, which we call an octet. So the noble gases, which is the common name for the group A elements, have a full set of valence electrons. This is the most stable electron configuration to have a full set. All of the other elements want to be like a noble gas and want to achieve an octet. So they are going to gain or lose electrons so that they reach eight valence electrons. So when we talk about ions, ions are atoms that do not have an equal number of protons and electrons. If they are equal, they would be neutral, and ion has an unequal number, so they're either going to be positively charged or negatively charged. So ions, for example, group 1A. If we use sodium as an example of a group 1A element, sodium has 11 protons and 11 neutrons and a normal neutral atom. Sodium is going to lose its one valence electron so that it looks like the noble gas that precedes it. When it does this, it loses one electron. It's still going to have 11 protons, but now, oops, that's electrons, it's going to have 10 electrons. Now it is not neutral anymore. It has one extra positive charge versus negative charge. So now this would be sodium with a positive charge, positive one. So every element that's in group 1A is going to do the same thing. They are going to lose their one valence electron and it's going to give them a plus one charge. Group 2A is going to do something very similar. So it's plus one for 1A. Group 2A, if we look at magnesium as an example, 12 protons, 12 electrons, it's neutral. It wants to look like a noble gas. It's going to lose its two valence electrons, two electrons leave. We still have 12 protons, but now we only have 10 electrons. Since there are two more positives than negatives, it has a plus two charge. And we would write the symbol as magnesium, two plus. Everything in group 2A is going to do the same thing. They are going to lose their two valence electrons and form a two plus ion. Same pattern for group 3A. And it's going to form a plus three charge. Group 4A doesn't follow the pattern. In group 4A, the elements are mostly non-metals. Non-metals that have four valence electrons, the upper ones, aren't going to form ions. So they would either have to lose four electrons or they would have to gain four electrons. And that's too much energy involved. So normally we're not going to see ions here. Some of the transition metals will form plus four charges, but that doesn't apply to all of these. So we are going to just kind of put an X here and skip over that. Now the non-metals, starting group 5A over on this side, if we followed this same pattern, they would have to lose five electrons to get to eight valence electrons. Or the easier way would be to gain three. So it's easier for these guys to gain three electrons to reach eight. So if we have something like nitrogen, nitrogen for example has seven protons, seven electrons. In this case, to form an ion, it's going to gain. We're going to add three electrons. When we do that, we still have seven protons. It's still nitrogen. But now we have ten electrons. This is going to give us a full set. It's going to look like the noble gas neon, which has ten electrons. So now we have more negatives than positives. So we have a negative three charge. And you'd write the symbol like this. So the non-metals that are in group 5A are all going to do the same thing and are all going to have a negative three charge because they're going to gain three electrons. Group 6A, oxygen for example. Oxygen has eight protons, eight electrons. It's nearest noble gas. What it wants to look like is neon, which has ten electrons. So we're going to gain two electrons. So eight protons, ten electrons. It's going to have a negative two charge because it has two extra electrons. So everything, all of the non-metals in group 6A are going to do the same thing. Have a negative two charge. Group 7A, seven valence electrons. They need to gain one more to look like the nearest noble gas. So they're going to have one extra electron. They're going to have a negative one charge. Group 8A, they already have a full set of electrons. So they're not going to gain or lose. So we're not going to form any ions for group 8A. Now that you understand how the ions are formed, we can take this information and start making ionic compounds.