I'm Amy Blossom from Jackson County Library Services, and I welcome you to Windows in Time. Windows in Time is a series of local history talks, a program that's been developed by the Jackson County Library Services and Southern Oregon Historical Society. It is also part of the Southern Oregon History Show, which airs on Thursday nights at 6 p.m. You can also see us live, though, at the Medford and Ashland Libraries, the first and second Wednesday of each month at noon. So are you ready for some history? Let's go! Hi, my name is Mark Tveskov. I teach anthropology at Southern Oregon University, and I'm an archeologist who has research interests in Southern Oregon and the state of Jefferson area generally. For the last 10 years or so, I've been doing a lot of work with the Rogue River Indian Wars that occurred in the 1850s, and that's the subject of my talk today. As a historian and an archeologist, one of the things that I find interesting is the way that the stories we tell about ourselves are these narratives that oftentimes reflect values and ideas about who we think we are, who we want to be, and that is certainly the case with the Rogue River Indian Wars and the stories that Southern Oregonians and Oregonians generally tell about the Rogue River Indian Wars. And those wars began in the early 1850s, and one of the most sort of cherished narratives we have here in Oregon is reflected in our very state seal, whose origin dates to the same time period, and the motto in Latin translates to she flies with her own wings. And that state seal or the territorial seal reflects an ideology or a narrative of rugged individualism, libertarian values, and generally a sense of independence. And Oregonians and Southern Oregonians in particular, we are justly proud of those values, but when you really start to unpeel history and see how those narratives are constructed, it's interesting how narratives and stories we tell can sometimes mask and change, and for various reasons, conscious or not, the actual facts of the case. Because against the stories we tell and how we like to think about them, there are actual things out there that we can research through archaeology and history. As a historian and archaeologist, one of the interesting facets of that telling and retelling of narratives is how they change over time. So for example, the Rogue River Indian Wars took place in the 1850s, and it was a fight, a sort of existential fight between Native American people who had lived here for 10,000 years at least and new coming American immigrants. And a lot of the stories that we know, the history that we know about the Rogue River Indian Wars was written down and told not in the 1850s, but 50 years later in the Gilded Age, as Mark Twain called it, or the Victorian Age, or the beginning of the progressive era, when the American nation was very confident in itself, and it had gone through the Civil War, it was experiencing the height of the Industrial Revolution, the beginnings of its own sort of colonial expansion. And at that time, the pioneers who had participated in the Rogue River Wars were now elderly, and they thought very carefully about how they wanted their stories remembered. And so they wrote down memoirs and they gave lectures at 4th of July picnics and the like. And a lot of what we know about the early days of the Oregon Territory and the Rogue River Wars comes from those kinds of narratives. So for example, James W. Nezmouth was one of our first senators and he was a young man during the 1850s. And he describes when in 1853 he was eyewitness to the signing of the Table Rock Indian Treaty, which established a reservation on the north side of the Rogue River. And he paints a picture in this speech and he says, Captain Andrew Jackson Smith, the commander of Fort Lane, had drawn out his company of dragoons and left them in a line on the plain below.   So it's a very classic image and it's a story about the triumph of the New Oregon Territory and establishing this Indian Treaty and seeding land from Indian ownership to pioneer ownership. The officer he's talking about, the dragoon officer is Captain Andrew Jackson Smith, who was a 38-year-old captain in the first regiment of the United States dragoons. He had graduated last in his class or second to last in his class at West Point and found himself on the frontier in command of two companies of mounted soldiers, dragoons. And he had built an 1853 Fort Lane, which was the first tangible inscription on the landscape of the Rogue River Valley of the U.S. federal government. And that Fort, named after Joseph Lane, who was an early Oregon territorial governor, was located on the south bank of the Rogue River northwest of the current town of Table Rocks. Fort Lane is one of the locations that Southern Oregon University has been researching over the last 10 years or so. We've conducted archeological excavations there with Jackson County and with the state of Oregon through state parks, and many Southern Oregon University students have participated in that. This image show on the left side of the screen was drawn by Captain Smith himself in 1855. And it was part of his reporting on his Fort to his superiors down whose headquarters were in Benicia, California and San Francisco Bay after they had won the Mexican war. It's where the Army was headquarters. And the picture on the right is the excavation of the enlisted men's quarters that Southern Oregon University executed in 2012. And we've spent a lot of time digging around in this site and looking at documents left over by Captain Smith and his fellow officers and digging up and finding the actual artifacts themselves. And those documents and those artifacts speak to more than then just this heroic pioneer narrative that Senator Nezmith relates. So for example, in the Victorian era, this was an era when social distinction and social status and the differentiation between social space of where you ate and where you slept and where people of standing and lower ranking people lived, like the enlisted men in the officers' quarters, that's where those kinds of values were really becoming into focus in Western society. And you see that in the archeological remains of the fort. So for example, in the officers' quarters, they clearly had better artifacts than the enlisted men. They were the only ones that had clearly had up-to-date regulation uniforms. This is a dragoon button on the right, one of the artifacts found in the officers' quarters. And this same officer had a French perfume bottle or a French cologne bottle imported all the way from Paris. The company that he had access to was the same company that was used by the Royal Family of Great Britain. So at the same time, the enlisted men had second-hand uniforms. They had their artifacts reflected a more mundane existence, the equipment they used on a daily basis. And they had cologne as well, but it was made out of cow marrow. That was kind of a different scene. So they were negotiating these social distinctions out here on the edge of the frontier. But at the same time, while that would seem to be sort of reflecting the triumph of the American expansion in the West, there was a more ambiguous reality reflected in both the archeology and in the written documents dating to the 1850s, not the Victorian era. So, for example, the dragoons at Fort Lane, we have a popular narrative in American culture of the Calvary saving the homesteaders or wagon train from the Indians. And that's a story we tell in television and movies, and we still tell it, even in the year 2015. But there was this more ambiguous reality back then. The fact of the matter is that the pioneers of Southern Oregon were torn between those who followed the sort of states' right sentiments of what would soon be the southern side of the Civil War and believed that the federal government had no business in Southern Oregon and that they could treat the Indians in their own peculiar way, which was basically a genocidal sentiment.  On the other hand, the federal officers, the mostly Yankee officers of Fort Lane, like Captain Smith, would later on go on to be Union officers, and they believed strongly in liberal values of let's educate the Indian to become a white man and sort of a patronizing vision. And that led to conflict, sometimes armed conflict, and Captain Smith and his dragoons pointed their guns as often at white people as they did at Native American people. Here are two quotes from the Fort. One is by Lieutenant Jacob Bowman Schweitzer, who was one of these Yankee officers. He was a Lieutenant from New York City, found himself on the frontier, and he describes an incident where he says, a large party of miners had collected in Jacksonville and sent a deputation to Captain Smith saying they would attack the Indians on the Table Rock Reservation. Captain Smith told them he would advise them not to as the soldiers would protect the Indians as they were placed under the guard of the military by the Indian Department. They said they would whip the soldiers too if they interfered. Captain Smith said, bring it on. And that was written in 1855. Captain Smith, another moment a year earlier, wrote, he said, News reached camp that a volunteer company had followed us for the purposes of attacking the Indians. I left camp with 153 Indians and proceeded to the ferry determined to shoot the first white man that would attempt to molest them while under my charge. So that paints a very different picture. At one point, a lynch mob from Wairika came from over the mountain pass to Fort Lane to demand a prisoner, a Native American prisoner from the brig at Fort Lane. And Captain Smith refused. And this citizen militia threatened to take them by force. And I think about those kinds of stories which run so contrary to this sort of popular modern narrative and think about what that must have been like for these officers at Fort Lane. And when you look carefully at the assemblage of artifacts he had there, and this is in contrast to that sort of royal picture of the panorama of horse-mounted soldiers in the beautiful Rogue River Valley, the officer in this cabin was obsessed with his personal appearance. Not only did he have French cologne and shiny buttons, but he had thimbles and sewing needles and he was clearly working very hard to keep his appearance up. Despite the fact that they were so far out on the edge of the periphery that they had to take quarters that they would get us pay and carve them and use them as spurs. And this is an image of one of these artifacts that was found in the officer's quarters. And I think a lot about in our research about how the experience of a 22-year-old West Point trained officer on the frontier and Captain Smith would go back and be a general in the Civil War on Ulysses S. Grant Staff. He's been called by one historian, the most famous general you never heard of from the Civil War. And in this cabin there were two bear canine teeth. So while this guy is sitting in his cabin having to step out in front of mutinous pioneers and Indians, he's trying to facilitate their experience on the reservation. He's also collecting bear teeth as a souvenir of his life on the frontier before he goes back to St. Louis. So our research at Fort Lane paints a slightly different picture than that sort of narrative of a triumphant frontier process for America driven by the efforts of the pioneers themselves. The federal government was there. Another project that we've done through Southern Oregon University speaks to how those soldiers, how those Dragoon soldiers first came to Oregon. And this is the Camp Castaway project that we did a couple of years ago on Coos Bay. This is another one of these stories. Camp Castaway, the story of Camp Castaway was immortalized in once again a turn of the century memoir or set of memoirs written by a newspaper man named Orville Dodge. And Orville Dodge was part of this literary movement to romanticize the pioneer experience as the pioneers themselves were becoming elderly. And he collected three, two memoirs, one by a guy named Baldwin and another guy, Philip Brack, from these who were leading citizens of Coos County at the time. And they told the story of the opening of Coos Bay to pioneer settlement and how that happened. And it happened when the schooner Captain Lincoln wrecked on the north spit of Coos Bay in the spring of 1852. And Company C of the First Dragoons spent four months marooned on the sand dunes. And in the process learned that they could get a boat across the open bar of Coos Bay. And then later on, when their term was up in the Army, they came and settled Coos Bay. And that was the origin of Coos Bay. And to this day, residents of Coos County tell that story, remember that story. They're very interested in our research there. And it's their origin tale. It's how they think about the beginnings of American Coos Bay. So we had an opportunity to work with the Coos Bay Bureau of Land Management and the confederated tribes of Coos, Loram, Kwan, Sayusla Indians on trying to find and excavate the Camp Castaway location. And the real key into that archeological site came from an archeologist named Scott Byrom who was doing research into the field notes of the U.S. Coast Survey who, under the direction of the Treasury Department in the 1860s, were creating the first nautical charts on the Oregon coast. And those surveyors were making detailed maps, and this is one of their charts. This is Coos Bay drawn by the Coast Survey in the 1860s. And while they were creating these charts, they oftentimes recorded Indian villages, trails, old ruins, and things. And one of the places that are mentioned in their unpublished field notes is a wreck that they described as being a shipwreck on this north spit. And Dr. Byrom realized that this is probably the location of the wreck of Captain Lincoln and Camp Castaway, which no one knew exactly where it was. We had some ideas. The general location is on the north spit of Coos Bay, more or less where the ship New Carissa wrecked in 1999. And that's kind of one of those delicious coincidences of history. The two things happened more or less in the same place. And Dr. Byrom went out there and did some preliminary work and found 19th century artifacts. And Southern Oregon University was called in and we went there. And we did our own primary document research into the site. And the sources about that Camp Castaway experience come from two different kinds of sources. One of the contemporary Army records, which include another young lieutenant, Lieutenant Henry W. Stanton, who was in Company C, First Dragoons, the same company as in Fort Lane a couple of years later. And then also a member of the quartermaster corps down in Venetia, California, Captain Morris Miller, and they documented for the official record what happened to Captain Lincoln and the Dragoons at Camp Castaway. And then we have these Victorian accounts written 40 years later, 50 years later, by Henry Baldwin, Philip Brack, and another guy named William H. Packwood, who in Packwood himself is a classic figure in this kind of historiography. William Packwood and a colleague of his, George Abbott, were both enlisted men on Captain Lincoln, members of Company C, First Dragoons, probably in their late teens or early 20s. Both of them went on to be prominent members of the early state of Oregon and the Oregon Territory. George H. Abbott, I mean, George Abbott became an Indian agent. He wrote documents to the Smithsonian about Indian culture and did other things. William Packwood helped design the very seal we showed earlier in the presentation, and he was a member of the Territorial Constitutional Convention. He went on to a career in politics, and he was the great grandfather of Senator Bob Packwood of more recent years. And both of these gentlemen are remembered as leading citizens of early Oregon. But once again, I mean, their histories are a lot more ambiguous than that. Even to this day, the Oregon Encyclopedia describes William Packwood as an Indian fighter. And we know from documentary evidence that he and Abbott, after their tenure in the Army, were implicated in the massacre of Kokwell Indians on the mouth of the Kokila River in February of 1854, and then charged the government for their services in that action. So there's some ambiguities there. But that's where the information comes from. They wrote these stories about Captain Lincoln and Camp Castaway. Captain Lincoln was a transport schooner of the quartermaster department of the United States Army, and it was built at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution by a guy named R.F. Loper, who was a shipbuilder from Philadelphia, and he made a fortune on government contracts and patenting maritime technology in the mid-19th century. And as the United States grew, the quartermaster department needed to transport stuff all over the continent, and they created this fleet of transport schooners. This is one of their ships, the transport schooner wig, which is a two-masted schooner. Captain Lincoln was a three-masted schooner, and it had a capacity of about 300 tons. It was launched in 1847 and was quickly put into service in the Mexican War, where it spent time traveling back and forth between New Orleans and Veracruz and Brasso Santiago at the mouth of the Rio Grande River. After the Mexican War was over, it found itself in Benicia, California, and then in late December of 1851, it was assigned to transport the first company of U.S. Dragoons to the Oregon coast at a time when the only settlements on the coast of Oregon was Fort Orford, and here was the federal government using its power through the United States Army to assist in the pioneer settlement of Oregon. Fort Orford had been established by a man named William Tichner as a commercial enterprise. This was at the height of the Gold Rush, and the city of Jacksonville was at that time the biggest city in Oregon, and people from San Francisco and Portland and Willamette Valley converged on the Rogue River Valley to try to strike it rich with gold. William Tichner was thinking ahead, and he looked at Fort Orford on the Oregon coast and said, that's how I can make money by supplying those mines, because it was only about 70 miles as the crow flies between Fort Orford and Jacksonville. So he established that town site and then sent his own people to blaze a trail up the Rogue River to reach Jacksonville, and they got lost and attacked by Indians. That is to this day one of the most rugged wilderness areas in Oregon, and to drive that 60 or 70 miles as the crow flies takes four hours between Jacksonville and Fort Orford to this very day. So the army came to Tichner's rescue and established Fort Orford and sent these dragoons to Fort Orford. They left port on December 27th, San Francisco. They crossed the Golden Gate and immediately were hit with a gale. According to the memoirs, the ship was leaky, and the 22 dragoons on board had to take turns manning the pumps for the three or four days they were in route. In the middle of the night on January 3rd, 1852, they hit a sandbar and were lifted over that sandbar and came to a rest broadside to the beach. And in the pre-dawn hours that they didn't know if they were alive or dead, all the men were hunkered down below decks and the waves were crashing over the top of the ship and the captain ordered a double strong grog to be served around. They passed it around in two wooden buckets drinking, waiting for dawn to see what would happen. But when dawn came, they found out that they were alive. They were on the north spit of Coos Bay in five feet of water. They happened to crash at a really high tide and they began to offload the ship and they had all this valuable cargo on board and for the next four months, they sat there on the north spit of Coos Bay while the army figured out what to do. 22 guys plus a handful of sailors. The local Native Americans from the village of Honisich, which is where North Bend now stands, came to visit them and help them offload the ship and they began to trade with the Dragoon soldiers there. They built a tent city and they took the stove from the ship's galley and set up a kitchen. They erected a mast as a flagpole and they set up military discipline and Lieutenant Stanton would travel back and forth to the Yom Kwa River in Fort Orford trying to figure out what to do with all this cargo. Eventually, to make a long story short, Morris Miller, the quartermaster and Stanton got a ship, they chartered a ship at the mouth of the Yom Kwa, the fawn, and with the captain of Captain Lincoln as pilot, it entered Coos Bay and this was in May of 1852, offloaded all the cargo and Camp Castaway was abandoned. That's very briefly the story of Camp Castaway. Having located the site, we went out there to see what we could find. These are the archaeologists working on the site. We started out with a ground penetrating radar survey, which is a way, a remote sensing technique to look beneath the ground. This was a Southern Oregon University class that we hold in the summertime and included the participation of the Coquelitean tribe and the confederated tribes of Coos Lorom Kwa Sayusla. Using the radar waves bounce off artifacts and features below the ground and using that, we targeted some of those places and we dug in the sand dunes and collected a large number of artifacts from the Captain Lincoln and many of them were in very poor condition given the salt water. For example, this is a blunt bolt. The memoirs talk about the ship being a rickety old ship and the archaeology confirms that there are many of these things like pieces of rebar that the sailors would drive between the beams on the ship to keep an old ship together. You can see how rusty it is, but it still retains some integrity. This is our laboratory procedure as we x-ray the artifacts and then use an electrolysis process to reverse the rusting and that's the same artifact after its conservation. There was a large number of architectural remains from Captain Lincoln at the site. These are spikes that are part of the architectural aspects of the vessel. More of these blunt bolts that are indicative of the poor condition of the ship. This is a chain bolt that is part of the rigging of Captain Lincoln and that confirms archaeologically that they were dismantling the ship and dragging it ashore as a shipwreck on land so to speak and these are all hand forged 19th century technology. These iron or ferrous metal spikes would have been used above the water line on the ship's superstructure and there you can see the hand forged heads of these spikes. There were also copper spikes which were in 19th century maritime technology were below the water line and many of them we would find them in clusters and they were all sheared at the same angle as it were. Two beams were torqued apart in the wreck of the ship which was kind of a neat detail. The hull of the ship was sheathed in copper and we found today you think of them like roofing nails the kind of nails that would hold that copper sheeting to the hull of the ship and there they are in the field and the copper acted as a preservative and preserved some of the wood of the Captain Lincoln's hull around the actual nails. And then this is in turn some of the copper sheeting which we found deliberately cut up which was done either by the Dragoons to trade to Native American people or after the camp was abandoned Native American people did that themselves. Indians really appreciated metal from the American pioneers. Other parts of the ship and cargo were in bad condition that's a barrel hoop that as we excavated it in the field and that was a ghost of itself it was just a rusty stain in the soil so we pulled the dirt out from around it and got the dimensions on it and that's a barrel hoop so that was part of the cargo of Captain Lincoln that they hauled out of the ship but that didn't come out of the ground it came out and it was basically rust colored sand. The Dragoons and Camp Castaway we found some aspects of their stay there over four months including these percussion caps which are how they fired their weapons they spent a lot of time apparently just firing at their guns at a boredom or for weapons drill and musket balls and this was a standard 69 caliber and 31 caliber cartridge that would go into what they called musket tunes that were used by the Dragoons and they were locked together in a paper bag with gunpowder and that was the standard cartridge of the Dragoons at that time. Not too much in the way of domestic artifacts but we did see them attempt to establish some kind of domestic normalcy there were alcohol bottles there and China plates and their memoirs of that do talk about maintaining some military discipline and having enlistment barracks and the like. Like at Fort Lane we also found at least one glass trade bead which was universal currency for Americans who wanted to interact with Indians and at least one of these Dragoons or sailors brought some glass trade beads with them and military buttons identical to those at Fort Lane. So Captain Lincoln you know that was the U.S. governments using the United States Army to ensure the success of this early pioneer venture and that's how the first Dragoons came to Oregon they would go on to establish Fort Lane and that would administer the Table Rock Reservation until the fall of 1855 when the last paroxysm of violence of the Rogue River Wars took place and that started on October 8, 1855. Lieutenant Schweitzer was awake in his cabin at dawn and he heard gunfire off in the distance. This is on October 18, 1855 and that gunfire was a vigilante group from Jacksonville led by a man named James Lupton who went down to the Rogue River. This is about where 2 Vel State Park is today and attacked three Indian villages on the border of the Table Rock Indian Reservation and massacred their inhabitants. Lieutenant Schweitzer was ordered by Captain Smith to ride out to the Lutton Mass to the site and the pioneers fled at his approach and they took the surviving Indians back to Fort Lane and that's a complete inversion of that narrative of the Calvary running to the rescue of the pioneers. In the aftermath of the Lutton Massacre the Native Americans on the reservation basically took one of two approaches some trusted to the government and went to Fort Lane for protection against the pioneer lynch mobs the rest, and these were led by the Indian Chiefs John, Limpie and George basically decided to fight it out and they traveled westward down the Oregon-California Trail following the route of today's I-5 and killed every white person they could find and burned down every cabin they could find and then holed up in relatively inaccessible areas. Chief John took his people up to Deer Creek up on the Illinois River and George and Limpie went up into the grave creek hills in the highlands between the Rogue River and Cal Creek and that was a very violent moment the citizen militia and the federal soldiers at Fort Lane dropped their animosity for a brief period of time I think of it as like a 9-11 moment when all the political differences were set aside against this horrible event that had happened and they agreed to work together to fight this battle they had to find the quote-unquote hostels though so Captain Smith of Fort Lane and a man named John Ross who was a quote-unquote Indian fighter from Jacksonville led their, just tried to find the George Limpie and John who were waging a guerrilla warfare by that time the Battle of Hungry Hill was what happened the Battle of Hungry Hill was what happened when those Dragoons and citizen militias found the hostile encampment of Native Americans in the grave creek hills and it happened between October 30th and November 1st, 1855 the word of what happened at the Battle of Hungry Hill reached the settlements of the Willamette Valley a couple days later and this is a quote from the newspaper at the time The Oregon Statesman and this is how people back in the settlements heard about the battle and said the war in the south has become a real and earnest affair the battle in the grave creek hills has proved most disastrous to our side it is supposed that there were not more than 100 fighting Indians engaged in the action the loss on the side of the Indians was very trifling probably not more than seven or eight killed the Indians had taken a position in the mountains about 15 miles west of the road to Jacksonville an almost inaccessible place after two days of hardest kind of fighting the Indians were left in possession of the field in about 10 days it is proposed to renew the attack the exterminators are rather down in the mouth those are the people that attack the Indians on the reservation Major Ross was present in command of the Southern Battalion God only knows when or where this war may end and that is a pretty sober assessment of what happened it was a resounding defeat for the American forces one of the biggest defeats of the United States Army at the hands of an Indian force in the history of the American West but what is strange is that compared to other more famous battles like the Sand Creek Massacre the Battle of Little Bighorn the Battle of Hungry Hill which is in scale a very huge fight it was like 300 Americans and 100, 200 Native Americans and it was a major defeat it's like it's not part of our history and I was curious why and the actual location of the battlefield was missing now when you jump ahead to that era of pioneer memoir like this one here from 1884 it paints a picture of the battle of Hungry Hill that's very romantic when news of the butchery of the Harris's Wagner and the other unfortunate reached the mines and farms the entire male population of the Rogue River Valley sprang to arms with a unanimity and promptness and consonance with the extreme gravity of the situation the inhabitants of every mining camp enrolled themselves for duty against the despoilers the command of the military had devolved by right of his commission as Colonel in the 9th Regiment of Oregon Militia upon John E. Ross an Indian fighter of great experience judgment and resolution the company commanders numbered several men who had already achieved celebrity by their conflicts with the red men James Bruce was there characteristically impatient to fall upon the foe Jacob Reinerson had left his claim on Cal Creek at the first news of the massacre and assembling perhaps two score of his neighbors had arrived upon the bloody ground almost before the corpses of the slain men women and children had stiffened in death Welton Griffin, T. Smiley Harris, Wilkinson and other men of might and courage were there whose names yet linger in the recollections of the people of Southern Oregon and are not likely to be forgotten as long as bravery and hardyhood possess a charm so that was an anonymous memoir written 40 years after the effect that celebrates the heroism of the participants of the Battle of Hungry Hill in this defeat so a few years ago we began Southern Oregon University, the Bureau of Land Management the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians the Cal Creek Tribe, the Grand Ron Tribe we all worked together to try to find this location we also had the help of Ben Truy of the Southern Oregon Historical Society and an Army historian, Colonel Daniel Edgerton and we assembled as many written documents that we could and we conducted archeological survey the location is in the highlands between Cal Creek and the Rogue River west of Interstate 5 and we basically spent several years conducting field research with metal detectors walking at likely locations in the forest and after a number of years and it proved challenging very dense vegetation this is John Craig who is one of our surveyors who is basically repelling down a steep slope and heavy brush while simultaneously metal detecting and then eventually we found the Battle of Hungry Hill once again 69 caliber musket balls and a lid to a gunpowder container we were aided by an actual map that Captain Ross and Captain Smith drew for the battle and once again to make a fairly long story short it was a classic story of what can go wrong Captain Smith had originally planned to divide his forces into three and surround the Indian forces and this is a map that shows that plan but what actually happened was they left at 11 o'clock at night and they wanted to march through the night and surprise them at dawn but they all got lost in the woods and instead of coming up surrounding the Indian encampment they arrived in front of the Indian encampment in a single spot and they almost shot at each other thinking that they were the enemy force and while they were and when they realized what had happened they figured out what to do and against orders some of the men lit a tree on fire this is after marching all night and they were cold and two of the military officers were described as being too drunk to proceed it was kind of pandemonium and the discipline of the men broke down and they saw the Indian encampment on the further ridge line and all 300 men or most of them just went for it and they ran and if you look at this picture the charge went from the left side of this picture down into a valley 1,500 feet and then up to the next ridge line another 1,500 feet and they took them two hours to do that charging and yelling and then so instead of their carefully laid out plan to envelop the Native American encampment they made the biggest mistake in military tactics and attacked a prepared position head on and they got annihilated these are two eyewitness quotes from what happened next the first onset of the troops drove the Indians from the crest of the ridge into the cover and shelter of the trees and chaparral of the descending slope concealed in this excellent cover and stripped for the fight they quickly checked our progress by their telling fire and laid orders to combat on a large number of troops and then one Lieutenant, Lieutenant Kaut said one of ours Gillespie was killed and several wounded this one dead man won the battle and two-thirds of the men never got passed this one dead body and we were able through archeological survey to identify different parts of the battlefield these are our 69 caliber musket balls some fired, some not fired and in some degree of detail we were able to track out the movement of the battle of both sides of both forces over the course of the day the Americans unsuccessfully tried to bludgeon their way through the Indian position but failed this is a shot roughly where John Gillespie was killed and this was after one of our forest fires took across the landscape and two more quotes from that battle it was a horrible battle there was that little group of devils protected behind their fortifications dead sure of their own safety we, a lot of green hordes hardly knowing how to hold a rifle we felt like game before the good huntsman's aim in Venice he was called he had himself in sconce in a hollow pine tree that almost hit him and there he blazed away with the crack of his telescope rifle as easily from a porthole he was a deadly shot to that fellow and here's a case where a memoir written later agrees with the contemporary source because another man said in 1855 it is said that much of the execution was done by one Indian who lay concealed behind a root the crack of his rifle could be heard over all the others whenever the smoke was seen to rise and behind that root a white man was almost sure to be killed or wounded and this is an image that shows the rough position of the Indian sniper and we found a fired ammunition where the American weapons had attempted to reach him in any case the battle ended in a route and they spent the night at a place called bloody springs and the next morning they were evacuated out to the settlements and many of the memoirs the private memoirs unpublished ones admitted that they basically wanted to forget that the battle had actually happened the war would continue over the winter time it was not the quick victory they were looking for Ben Truy of the Southern Oregon Historical Society found an amazing letter written by one of the army officers Lieutenant August V. Kautz once again one of these junior officers would gain some fame in the Civil War later on and he wrote a private letter to Joseph Lane a politician who lived in the Roseburg area at that time and it creates a very in contrast to the romanticized pioneer memoirs it has a very sober assessment of what had happened and I'll end with this quote and Lieutenant Kautz who participated in the battle his assessment was the unpleasant truth is that the whites were cowards they were wiped out by one fourth of their numbers of Indians and had it not been 30 or 40 good men they would have broke and run as it was some did break and never stopped the great secret of the failure is that the volunteers expected the regulars to do all the fighting whilst the regulars were expecting the same thing from the volunteers I do not think much of the conduct of the officers nobody attempted to lead the men and I don't think that Colonel Ross or Captain Smith attempted to fire a gun there was a want of confidence all around it is a war they have brought on themselves the Indians are fighting in self defense I have every reason to believe that it has been gotten up expressly to procure another appropriation I fear you paid them too well for their meritorious service in 1853 war is a money making business thanks so thank you for coming and joining us this evening and open your eyes remember history is everywhere


The study found that using saffron and madder as natural dyes for woolen yarn, irradiation of yarn for six minutes for saffron and four minutes for madder, along with optimal mordanting conditions, resulted in good colour characteristics and made the process more eco-friendly and sustainable. This article was authored by Shahid Edil, Mahwish Salman, Shazia Anwar Bakori and others.


Hello! In this lecture, we will define indirect costs. According to fundamental accounting principles, while the 22nd edition, the definition of indirect costs are support accounting instruction by clicking the link below, giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website broken out by category, further broken out by course. Each course then organized in a logical, reasonable fashion, making it much more easy to find what you need than can be done on a YouTube page. We also include added resources such as Excel practice problems, PDF files, and more like QuickBooks backup files when applicable. So once again, click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it. Costs incurred for the benefit of more than one cost object. When we are considering indirect costs, we can compare indirect costs to direct costs and see the contrast between the two when considering something like a manufacturing company, a company that is manufacturing inventory. For example, we're going to say the inventory is a tablet here for trying to group the costs. One way we can group the costs in relation to the production of inventory could be direct costs versus indirect costs. This will be useful because we're going to have to apply the costs in some way to the specific units of inventory or the batches of inventory or to some type of process depending on what type of accounting system we are using. If we are manufacturing something, we typically are looking at a job cost system or a process cost system. If we're looking at these systems, we have to somehow apply the costs directly to the inventory that we're going to sell in the end of the day. The costs that we can apply out directly are going to be the direct costs, things like the direct materials and the direct labor. Those are things typically, if we use a job cost system, we can say, Hey, this is these people worked on this particular job. This inventory was used for this particular job, and therefore we can apply it out to that particular job in that particular piece of inventory process cost system. Again, we can apply it out to the process, the direct materials and the direct labor. However, any other costs that we cannot directly apply out, but which are still part of the end process, the end inventory, we're going to say our indirect costs, and those we're going to put into a group, and then we will apply them to the process or the inventory using some type of estimate. These are costs that should be part of, in this case, the inventory, but which we cannot apply to specific inventory. We know it's in inventory. We know what we incurred in terms of costs, but we can't apply it to the specific inventory. Therefore, we're going to have to use some type of estimate. Any cost that's basically in the factory is going to be something that will be most likely an indirect cost, meaning depreciation on the factory, rents on the factory. If there's equipment or something, depreciation on the equipment costs of maintenance on the equipment, if we have maintenance of the factory. These are all things that we want to include in the cost of the inventory, but we also want to break it out to the specific inventory, the specific batch, or the specific process. And in order to do that, we're going to have to use some type of allocation. Also, small types of material will be allocated in this way. So if we had something like glue in the phone or the tablet here, then we would have to put the glue most likely into indirect costs, because it would be too costly for us to track all the glue that was used. It's not worth our time and effort to track the glue. Therefore, we would put it into the indirect costs, apply it out in that format.


Hey guys, it's MJ and first of all, happy Valentine's Day. As you can remember, we created our own decentralized application around Romance and the blockchain. But I don't want to talk about that today because first of all, there's like a million other people doing the exact same thing as me. And because I have found something else. So these are the other guys and we're not going to talk about that. What I do want to do is come back and talk about crypto kitties because someone has created a fairly interesting project and it's known as crypto sprites. And what I love about this game is that it's not building from the ground up. Instead, it's using the crypto kitty asset in a different game. So what we're going to be doing in this video is testing it out. First of all, we need to come into crypto kitty. So first thing we need to do here is unlock our metamask. Hopefully that was the right password. Okay, cool. We are in. So these are our kittens. Now I just want to see, I think we do have one for sale, which is this little guy here. I just want to check if we've got, hold on. I can order them. Most expensive first. I don't think that did anything. That did not do anything. Anyway, let's click on this guy here. So we want to see if we can buy the spirit or the sprites of this kitten here. So we want to get that little code there. I guess we could also just have copied it over there. And here we go. Buy, sell, remove or feature a sprite. So enter the ID of a crypto kitty. Okay, so what do we think this guy is going to look like? I wish you're quite excited.  That's not this doesn't stop us. We just come on to Chrome. I think are we online here with Chrome? Yes, we are online here with Chrome. So let's put it in here and still giving us the question mark has never been bought. However, it's corresponding kitty for sale and you can be the first to buy the sprite. Your ETH will go to the current owner, blah, blah, blah. The avatar will also be a mystery until it gets bought. Okay, so we have to buy it to see what the picture is. So let's buy this guy. Okay, waiting for transaction to be processed. I wonder if that's going to be enough gas. Maybe put it as two. Okay, click submit. This is the one thing that does annoy me a little bit about MetaMask is that you have to determine the gas yourself. And we probably going to have to wait a while until that goes through, which is not very good for the video. So we might do a little cut and then paste. Well, hey, at least we got the picture. Does that mean our transaction went through? Yes, it is. It is a success. Let's just refresh, make sure and look how cool that is. Okay, let's take a look at our flappy bird Christmas edition and we want to try and feature it. So look up information. We want to feature this guy and let's increase the gas so that we go a little bit quicker this time. And let's click submit. Okay, let's see what happens. And look there. Now we are featured. So our little guy is now featured over here. That is pretty cool.  So what we're going to do is we're going to come here into the price. Let's sell it for 0.05 and say list this for sale. Again, we're going to try increase the gas just so it goes a little bit quicker. I'm going to click submit and let's see how this goes. Okay, cool. We can see that our flappy bird is now listed for sale. So let's try and purchase it. So we can click here by for 0.05 ETH and maybe increase the gas just a little bit. Not that much. And let's click submit. So we're spending 0.05 ETH on the little flappy bird and let's see how that sale goes through. While we're waiting for that, let's maybe buy one more kitten. Well, one more sprite for the kitten. This one is selling for 0.12 ETH. So let's buy this bad boy. Let's wait for the transaction to come up. Increase the gas a little bit and click submit. So let's see what picture this one is and I think after we do this we would have spent all of our ETH. So let's wait and see what happens. Okay, cool. So the sale has gone through and we know that because if I come here, I cannot adjust the price. And that is because we have sold the flappy bird. But what we can see is that my other transaction went through and it's this one over here. So we have purchased this one and we know that we own it because we can see that we can adjust the price at the bottom here. Whereas if we say click on one of these other guys, we can't adjust. So that's how you know if you own one of these sprites. Now the game's still in beta and there's a lot of upgrades I'm sure they're going to make to the site. But what I really love about this whole concept is using the crypto kittens assets for a whole new game. And I think this opens the door to so many possibilities. How cool is it going to be when you can play a game on one site and that exact same asset can be used in a totally different game. And it can really just revolutionize the whole gaming industry. So I'm really excited. I think these guys are onto something big and I hope that you guys check out their websites. If you've got some spare crypto kitties and you want to trade some sprites, then I'm going to put a link to the description. I'm going to put a link in the description below so that you guys can also check it out. But as always, thanks so much for watching. If you've got any comments, please let me know down below. Cheers guys.


This study investigates the potential of the deep forest, DF, classifier for wetland classification using three well-known tree-based classifiers, namely extreme gradient boosting, XGB, random forest, RF, and extra tree, ET. The results demonstrated that the DF-XGB classifier outperforms both DF-RF and DF-ET in terms of classification accuracy, albeit with a longer training time. The study also confirmed the superiority of all three DF-based classifiers compared to the CRF and ET classifiers, indicating that the DF algorithm has great capability to be applied over large areas to support regional and national wetland mapping and monitoring. This article was authored by Ali Jamali, Masood Madyanpre, Brian Briscoe, and others.


you should, as a patient, always actively ask if it's possible to participate in your individual situation in a clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted with a really maximum, absolutely maximum of safety in this time and it must be, as always, when you enter a clinical trial, a very open discussion with your treating physician and what are the chances, what are the potential benefits, what are the risks and how might the COVID pandemic influence that everyone's goal to ultimately cure multiple myeloma. We need everyone's power.


Welcome back to day four of Mental Health Awareness Month and in this video I'm going to be discussing for the first time ever about what it's like being half African American, but obviously looking white. This is something I've never opened up about, I've never talked about, but during Mental Health Awareness Month I thought that this was an important topic to finally touch on. What is up everybody? This is Chris from the Rewired Soul where we talk about the problem, but focus on the solution. And if you're new to my channel, typically what I do is I like to take a look at the YouTube community or society as a whole or pop culture or movies and TVs and try to see what kind of lessons we can learn from them to try to better improve our lives. So if you're into that stuff, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell. But yeah, every now and then I just share my experience, okay? I have a lot of experience with many, many, many different things. I've talked about my mental health issues, I've talked about overcoming my drug addiction, I've talked about being a father, I've talked about relationships, everything like that. But something that I've just kind of touched on here and there but never really gone into is the fact that I'm biracial, alright? So I am half black, half Sicilian, alright? And yeah, so let's start with childhood and growing up. So growing up, obviously just like many of our parents, they share a lot of their stories about what it was like for them growing up. So being half black, my dad, who is the black one, my mom's the white one, my dad shared a lot of stories with me about him growing up in the 50s and 60s. So the country obviously was much different back then. My dad grew up on the West Coast though but he did have stories about going down south and things like that and him being introduced to racism and all of that, right? And my mom, she is always, just always since she was a child, she's just dated black men and her growing up during that era, she experienced a ton, like a ton of racism. We're talking in high school and everything like that, being called an inward lover, people beating her up, my mom has two fake front teeth from people jumping her back in high school and this was, even though my mom grew up in California, the central part of California is a little bit different than once you get over to the beach side. So I heard stories from both my mom and my dad about the struggles that they grew up with because back in the day, just co-mingling with other races still wasn't really approved of. So for me growing up, me growing up, my parents got divorced when I was about four years old and my dad raised me. I've talked about how my mom was an alcoholic for the first 20 years of my life, she's been sober for well over a decade now but my dad raised me and something that I experienced but it wasn't a huge deal for me, it was kind of embarrassing sometimes, was that when my dad would drop me off and pick me up or he'd come to school functions or whatever, kids would ask me if I was adopted. I'm like, no man, my dad's black, I just don't look black. But it was something that, it was just kind of embarrassing when it would happen, like no, I'm not adopted but I don't know, that's just something that kids deal with.  And when I was a kid, I believe I was in like, I don't know, seventh or eighth grade when you start kind of like trying to distance yourself from your parents and you're going to hang out with your friends and everything, I remember going to the movies with my friends and obviously I didn't drive because I was in middle school and my dad dropped me off and I saw my group of friends. I remember this like it was yesterday. I saw my group of friends like in front of the movie theater and we're pulling into the parking lot, I saw my friends, I'm like dad, dad, dad, can you drop me off right here?      I grew up in the 90s. I was introduced to all that amazing 90s R and B like boys to men are still my dudes, right? I've seen them twice here in Las Vegas. I grew up on that stuff. Um, I grew up on like soul food. Like we'd always have, you know, the bouté, like family reunions and stuff. And there was like barbecues and everything like that. And funny story real quick. So my middle name is Michael. And I was actually going to be named Michael Jackson bouté because I was born in 1985 around the time thriller came out and my sister who, my sister who was also half black looks full black though, but she wanted to name me Michael Jackson bouté and then we're going to let her name me. But anyways, they were like, now let's not do that. But my middle name is Michael after Michael Jackson. All right. So anyways, as I grew up and I got into high school, the way Vegas is kind of laid out or just like the schooling zones or whatever. I went to a school where it was kind of like half rich kids and then half like lower middle class and I was on the lower middle class side. So it was an interesting high school experience because there was like two different groups of people like we're talking like kids whose parents bought them like a Mercedes or a BMW or SUV when they turned 16, right? But anyways, at my school, there were a lot of black kids there as well. And I played sports. I did football. I did wrestling. I did track and in high school, like I did like, I don't know. I was very, very grateful that the black kids accepted me as like one of theirs, right? Because when you're half black, when you're half white, when you're biracial in any sense of being biracial, it can be difficult to know where you fit in because sometimes this group doesn't accept you. Sometimes that group doesn't accept you, right? And I had a very fortunate high school experience where the black dudes I played sports with and everything, they accepted me, right? And everything I'm like, I'm very, very grateful for that because that could have really gone the other way. But, you know, like they met my dad and they were cool with my dad and stuff. So, you know, like a lot of people like think I'm lying just because of how white I look. And that's something else that I've dealt with. But it really, I haven't had many people question it, but I usually like have a picture of my dad and me on my cell phone. Just like, look, here it is.  I guess the only thing I can have is DNA tests. But I'm going to come back to like where I'm at today. But it's been coming up more and more lately now that I'm a YouTuber and more people are watching my videos. I have a lot of people questioning it. And I guess the question right there is like, why would I lie about that? Like that would be such a weird lie. But then again, you have like Rachel Dolezal who did her whole thing. So I guess I get it in the time that we're living in. But like for me, like for me, it's just me, you know? That's just how I was born, how I was raised, you know, like I am half black. One of the things that I dealt with as a teenager and it's still something I dealt with throughout my life was when I was a teenager, like a lot of parents and adults knew, knew I was half black, right? And I've mentioned this before in Las Vegas. We have a gigantic Mormon community and not all Mormons are bad. Not all Mormons are racist, you know, many of them aren't from my experience here in Las Vegas.  You're not like you're not like those other black kids or whatever. And and it's just it's just weird to me. It's weird to me because it's like, do you think that's a compliment? Like, do you think that's a compliment where you're like talking trash about like a race where you're saying like I'm one of the better ones? And that's something I just remember being so confused about in high school, like what what what do you mean? Right. And this opened the door for more more racism that I experienced like later on in the life in life. Like I've always kind of seen myself as this kind of like this kind of undercover brother. But yeah, because I look white, I've experienced a lot of racism just because people think they're talking to a white dude. The first time the first time I experienced like direct racism, like me personally was it was after my son's mother and I broke up and, you know, I was single for a little while and then I got back into the dating scene. And I did like online dating or whatever. I was talking to this girl for a while. Things were going great and we were talking or whatever. I'm like, we hung out a couple of times and like being half black isn't something I just bring up out of the gate.  But anyways, we'd hung out a couple of times. Everything was amazing. And one time, like during conversation, like we were texting each other. Like, I, you know, maybe we were talking about family or whatever.  And like she was racist and I never knew that. And she just stopped talking to me and I'm like, this is weird. Like it was, I had never experienced that before.  And like, this was like, I don't know, a decade ago.  Like, what? So then as I mentioned, now that I'm an adult and I've been in different working environments and everything like that. Like, I felt just like as this undercover black dude, right? Like half black guy, like I've experienced a lot of racism. I just I've had people just drop in like in bombs and everything like that all around me. And I'm just like, yo, and I got to tell them, right? One story that always sticks out in my head, always sticks out in my head was when I was working at the rehab center. You know, we have people from all over the country, all over the country would fly into this rehab center. Like, I'd say a good 90% of our clients were from out of state. So you had a mixed bag of people, you know, who were from more liberal areas for more conservative areas from down south, from up north, you know, wherever it was. And I remember after a group, you know, because a lot of the clients who come talk to me after I ran a group or whatever. And like after a group, this like dude, and he was he was he was like Southern and, you know, you know, Cowboys style, he comes up to me and he's like, Hey, Chris, you know, I just want to say, like, you know, I love your groups, but I just stay kind of quiet in these groups because of all the, you know, inwards. And like, I don't even feel comfortable saying it and, you know, whatever. But like, and he was saying that to me, just dropped in. And he starts like trying to like talk to me as like, hi, fellow white man.  And like, I was like, Hey, I was like, I'm actually half black. And by the way, the look on people's faces when that happens is just priceless. But then the guy apologizing, did that thing that I mentioned before where they're like, Oh, no, no, no, I don't mean you. I mean, I mean the other blacks, right? Like that's any less offensive. But I've ran into many situations like that before. And something that I try to do as as my part is to open my mouth about that stuff and like, you know, speak out against it and be like, that's not cool. You know what I mean? Because it would be easy. It would be easy. And in my younger days, like before, I like, you know, really started like caring about more people other than myself was like, I could just stay quiet. You know what I mean? I could just, oh, you know, right?  But like now, like I speak out. I'm like, Oh, that's not cool. You know what I mean? So where I'm at today, where I'm at today. Like, obviously, you know, the African American community is something that I'm very, very passionate about. And it's something that I, you know, I empathize for all the things that happen and everything like that.  OK, like I'm not looking for a pity party or anything like that. But I do hope you understand and maybe you can offer me some advice or your comments or just suggestions down below. But I do hold this sense of guilt. I hold this sense of guilt because I see what the black community in America goes through. I see what they go through.  And that's something that I get really wild up about. I haven't talked about it on my channel, but like in personal conversations when I'm like watching the news or anything like that. When people are acting like white privilege isn't a thing and everybody has the same opportunities and everything like that. Like I know it's a thing because I experience, I experience that white privilege, which black people don't. I have heard stories from my family and everything like that. And I sit there and like there's so many things I've never, I've never had to deal with and I won't fully understand just because of the way the gene pool worked out with me and how I came out looking like I don't have to be afraid of the cops. Like I don't. I don't have to worry about race being an issue when I go apply for a job. I don't have to worry about these kind of like little things, you know, like like when they talk about like these microaggressions, all sorts of stuff. I've never had to experience that because I look white. And like that's something that I why I hold back because it's something that's actually been coming up on my channel lately.  Like I get it. I get why they would be offended on me speaking out on certain things because they know they know. Like if you assume that I've never been through those things, like you're probably right. You are probably right. I have never been discriminated against because of my race. Something I've done, by the way, like whenever I fill out like a form, whether it's for, you know, going to the doctor or a new job or even back in school or whatever, like I always checked off by racial. Or if you checked off your nationalities, it was like, you know, Caucasian and African American, I've always done that. And I've never tried to hide that fact. But there's this guilt that comes along with it because I will never fully understand what, you know, a darker skin color, you know, kind of person has dealt with in this country. And there are things that I'm very passionate about. They're like, I'm an advocate. Like I advocate for mental health all the time. Mental health in the black community is something that is is definitely needed. Right. Like I've done some videos in the past just touching on it, how black people are less likely to go get help for their mental health. And a lot of it has to do with the culture, everything like that. And I speak up about those things.  And I want to give a voice to the voiceless with this platform. But again, like I hold back a lot just because I don't look black. So I don't know. Like that's my experience of growing up half black.  Maybe I'll do some more stories and things, you know, and kind of dive into more situations and everything. But anyways, if you are part of the, you know, African-American community or I don't like to discriminate against anybody. If you just have suggestions, if you think that there's anything I can do with my platform to better speak up about certain social issues and things like that, like, let me know down in the comments below. Like, as always, I want to do it in a respectful way. I don't ever want to act like I, I fully know an experience that I've never experienced before. But I've grown up for the past 30 plus years looking at what happens to, you know, my brothers and sisters in this country. And I feel for them because they're my family. The same is like my actual family is my family and I've seen what's happened to them like I see what happens in the rest of this country. So anyways, anyways, that's all I got for this video. If you liked this video, please give it a thumbs up. If you're new, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell because I make a ton of videos and a huge, huge thank you to everybody supporting the channel over on Patreon. You are all amazing. And if you would like to get involved in our monthly Q&A, some other perks and benefits, help support what I'm doing here. You can click the top on that Patreon icon right there. All right. Thanks again for watching. I'll see you next time.


The IAEA Director-General has updated member states on its trip to Iran on September 12 to discuss the agency's safeguard monitoring and surveillance equipment. For me, what was important was to address what I defined as a communication breakdown and which was very serious in particular in view of the necessity for us to service some of our equipment. The efforts were worthwhile because we were able to have a constructive outcome. We have agreed that we are going to be having the necessary access to all this equipment and this is going to be starting in very few days. With this measure that needed, as I said in the reports, immediate rectification is going to happen. And in so doing, we are going to be preserving the continuity of knowledge which is indispensable. This continuity of knowledge would be necessary for the agency to resume its verification and monitoring of Iran's nuclear-related commitments in the future. Of course, we have a number of outstanding issues that need to be dealt with. We have a way forward. The new head of the atomic energy agency of Iran has confirmed that he will be visiting me here in Vienna and thereafter I will be returning to Tehran to much needed high-level meetings with the government. The director general also told the board about the agency's rapid assistance to member states in response to natural disasters, for example by sending mobile X-ray units to Haiti after the recent earthquake or by fighting a disease outbreak in banana crops in South America. Mr. Grossi also spoke about plans to showcase how nuclear science and technology can help with climate change mitigation and adaptation at the upcoming COP26 conference in Glasgow. We continue our preparations for COP26 where the voice of nuclear energy and what nuclear energy can do for the global decarbonisation will be heard together with other voices.


Yes? Okay, so it works. So I'll give a little preamble to how the clinical center and intramural collaborations could work, while Les Lodges' slide. Anyone who comes to the clinical center has to be on a protocol, a research protocol, and they don't pay anything. Sometimes they'll pay travel, but that's all they'll pay for. But the finances are a little bit important. Every one of the institutes that engages in the clinical center pays a tax. We call it a total tax, and then it doesn't have to pay for any of the infrastructure.  But the collaborator, the principal investigator, does have to pay for actually taking care of the patient. In other words, have a doctor or a nurse practitioner, stuff like that. So that's an important thing to know when you want to establish a collaboration. So the types of collaborations that can occur are, you call up an intramural person and say, I want to work on this disease. We work with me, and maybe you can see the patients at the clinical center. That's one. Second would be a bench-to-bedside grant, which are now given priority to collaborations that include an extramural investigator. Those pay $135,000 a year for two years, and they can, that the money is divided up however you write the grant for. Now this year there are like 120 applicants for roughly about 10, or maybe as many as 15, depending upon how the ICs chip in extra money. In addition, there's going to be, there's in the process, a formalization of opening up the clinical center to extramural investigators. And that will involve grants. And I don't know the exact amount, but it's more than the $270,000 for the bench-to-bedside. But those really, they have to work out the details of mixing intramural and extramural monies. It's a color of money issue, but they are working on that. And then finally, NCATs could change things considerably. I don't know exactly how, but I think it's definitely in the horizon. How's that? Hopefully positive. Indeed. I guess depending on who the director is. So, and then I guess the other, the final thing I'd mention is how the Undiagnosed Disease Program can be engaged in collaborations. And I think there are two ways. First of all, we have found genes whose function we don't know. So if they're experts at your institutions who know a lot about the function of some of these genes, we'd be happy to sort of tell you all about the clinical stuff. Because these patients are incredibly well phenotyped, and we're pretty sure about the genes if we're going to, you know, get them away. And the second thing is that in the whole exome sequencing analysis that we've done, it has required us to do some creation of software for filtering the variants. And so we have developed filters for analyzing small families, Mendelian inheritance, and now we're working on one of the issues which we think is paramount, and that is misalignment and how to address the misalignment issues, which are essentially recapitulated every time you do a whole exome sequence. Okay, that's all I've got to say. Questions? Yeah, if there are questions, I'm happy to answer anything. So quickly I just tell you one little story that will illustrate, I think, an approach that we haven't talked about a lot here today, which emanates from rare disease genetics, but then goes into more a common issue that I think a lot of us have. We, like many people are doing what I'm now calling the standard clinical rare disease genomics drill, which is using exomes to solve rare Mendelians. One that we did was a disease we thought was a rare pediatric metabolic disease called combined malonic and methyl malonic acidemia with severe acidosis, coma often strokes and infarcts. Did the exome trio drill, found a variant potential causative gene, analyzed a bunch of additional patients, found many rare mutations in them, localization, functional correction, et cetera, and sort of solved that disease. Then we were interested in using our clincy cohort, which is a cohort of middle-aged, I like to call middle-age, young middle-age people, to ascertain carrier frequency. We thought it would be good to know the frequency of this trait. And actually, the minor allele frequency was significantly higher than we expected to find. Our presumption was, well, we must have overcalled the variants in this cohort because the disease frequency that was about five to ten times what we expected it to be. What the data looked like when we pull up our clincy cohort, which now concludes nearly 600 exomes in patients. Again, phenotype for cardiovascular disease was the following, and what really caught our attention was this result, which was at one of our nearly 600 patients. This iteration is actually about five or 600. Patients was homozygous for a variant, which, of course, the obvious conclusion is, again, we have overcalled the variant, then it's benign and not causative. However, we have the ability in this cohort to do iterative phenotyping, which I think is one of its strengths and something a lot of us need to think about doing because prehoc, you cannot phenotype patients for everything you may be interested in once you sequence them. So I think this brings up a lot of challenges with consent and how we work with patients. So we brought this patient back in and we did a history focused on this phenotype, which, of course, we didn't have because we started out studying cardiovascular disease. She had some history that was a little bit peculiar here, which you can see. But more importantly, we did more phenotyping in her, and what we found was that she had about 100 times the upper limit of normal metabolites in her urine and in her blood, suggesting that, in fact, and she also had, we scanned her, and she had multiple small infarcts, which are not dissimilar from the infarcts that the babies have who have the metabolic crisis. So really, what we can show here is that by the standard drill, yes, mutations in this gene caused the disease we thought we were studying. But the phenotype is much broader than we ever thought it would be, and we could only ascertain that by studying people in a hypothesis generating mode that is taking people starting from the variants and working toward the phenotype. So really, I think we should consider, and I'd love to work with people and share ideas about how we can do this, which is to take patients who are broadly consented, generate the genomic data first, sift them for the variants, make a hypothesis, and then do the clinical research. And we can only do that if we have well-consented patients. And currently, again, our presumptions about what we think diseases are really limit to the things we can discover, and hypothesis-generating research can potentially allow us to do, to study phenotypes that we don't even know we should be looking at. And I think, again, this is a way we could potentially work together. Before I do that, I would also like to say that this cohort is potentially available if other people have variants that they think are intriguing, that they don't have the ability to re-phenotype, contact us, and we can potentially collaborate with people to do that phenotyping. And it's actually been very, very surprising to me how willing our subjects are to be phenotype. And this has included things like multiple inpatient evaluations with IV glucose tolerance test to explore variants in genes that may relate to diabetes. So it's pretty surprising. Now, we can't do everything to everybody. There will be fatigue with the subjects, but doing this again in an open, iterative way can work. I think something that a number of us have been thinking about that we have to be very, very careful of is generating what David Goldstein has called just so stories. Because when you seek ones, you can always come up with a clever hypothesis that links your variant to your phenotype. And we have to be very careful not to overinterpret that because we have a huge Type 1 error problem here that we have to avoid and do the work in a rigorous fashion and be sure that these findings are valid. So I can stop there and take questions. Any questions? That's great, Aless. I'd just like to emphasize that I think if you look back over the last few decades, every time we've developed new technologies to look at our patients in different ways, the phenotype always broadens because we identify the phenotypes that we know how to identify and we don't identify the remainder of the phenotype. So I think this story will be repeated over and over again and biology and medicine will be the benefit for it. And I would just add yesterday the statement was made that you can't bring patients in to study them without telling them what the result is. And in fact, you can do that. And we can take patients who have been sequenced and go back to them and say, you know, we have to find variants in people and we need to study them further to see if they mean anything. And we would propose to do the following clinical evaluation on you to see if a variant is meaningful or not. And that is a legitimate mode of research and it can be done and it doesn't have to violate CLIA and other regulations. David has another comment. Did your 60-year-old woman have any Sibs? She does, yes. And we're working on contacting them. I think it's a small family. I think it's just only one or two if I remember correctly. So the odds are not high that we'll find anything there. But yes, we're doing that. And we do, again, have the ability with this cohort to go in and do segregation and then recruit relatives of these people who we sequenced to do segregation and that sort of thing. So Lester, question over here? Yes. Yes. So it's interesting that you found, you know, as you say, some of you weren't even expecting to have this condition. Have you considered, I imagine you have, going into already sequenced databases and finding people who are homozygous for this variant? Yeah. And, you know, many of them can't be re-phenotyped, but many of them can. And so could you do that? Yeah, we could. We've started that. We've looked in the 1,000 Genomes data set, and there were no convincing homozygotes or compound het's there that one could identify. But I'm sure there will be others. And a great place to look would be in that whole lexome sequencing place. Yes. Recognizing that many of them can't be re-phenotyped. But there is phenotyping on infarcts and other things. And so you might find out some interesting stuff. Right. But again, I think it would be, it would make all of our cohorts a lot more powerful if we could begin to incorporate some of this consent concept into them so we can all be doing this, because we'll learn a lot more. Oh, great question. I don't think it is, but that's always possible. Always possible.


Take the ribbon from your head She can loosen and let it fall Let it soft against your skin Like the shadows on the wall Come and lead out by my side To the early morning light I'm takin' use your time To make you the night Yesterday is dead and gone And tomorrow's out of sight And sad to be alone


Let's see if I can get this done before it gets too hot out here. Alright. I want to show. Hello, everybody. E here. Welcome back to another book haul. This one is, let's see here, it was April, so it's May book haul? No. April into... Backward! Okay, so we're at, we're in May now because Cinco de Mayo just passed and we were in April, so this is April's book haul. I got a lot of stuff for free. I only have, I think, two purchases out of two, four, six, eight, out of eight. So all the rest of them are either for review or sent to me as gifts from friends. So that's what we're... I'm going to get the ones that I paid for out of the way first. I finally got the second book in the Quantum Leap series. So this one is Quantum Leap Too Close for Comfort by Ashley McConnell. An all-new adventure, first time in print. So this is, I'm going to be reading this one this month. I can get through, I can get through these jokers. I mean, this is only 265 pages and it's like one of the old Dean Coons books and also hashtag book sniffer. Book sniffer, hashtag book sniffer. Y'all, I am so out of the game and ain't even funny. I ain't made a video since last, what, Wednesday or Thursday? I am completely out of the game. But yeah, that's a good one. I'm looking forward to this. I really enjoyed the first one and I'm hoping that it picks up. This one is very interesting. I'm going to read you the synopsis. When Dr. Sam Beckett leaps into the middle of a men's encounter group, circa 1990, he meets Al. Not the holographic Al from the near future, but a younger soul searching Al, beating his naked chest in mock tribal quest for his primitive nature. It all seems pretty funny to Sam except for the fact that his mission could make or break the quantum leap project for all time. All is in, all caps. That's why we went all in like we did. Now I'm trying to shake off some of this, you know, no video funk. I'm trying. I'm bobbing and weaving and it ain't happening. Alright, so next up we have this one. I completely forgot I pre-ordered it. The cover, I think, I read a lot of Japanese fiction, whether it be crime fiction or literary fiction, and this was something that was recommended and I liked the cover and I put it in my, I guess I one-click pre-ordered it. I'm not exactly sure what happened, but this is Star by Yukio Mishima. I think that's how you spell it. Yukio? Yukio? Yukio? Yukio. Yukio. Mishima. This one sounds interesting though, so it's translated by Sam Bet with two T's. All eyes are on...Rikio. So Yukio, Rikio. And he likes it.  His fans cheer, screaming and yelling to attract his attention. They would kill for a moment along with him. Finally the director sets up the shot, the camera begins to roll, action. Rikio for a moment transforms himself into another being, a hardened young Yakuza, but as soon as the shot is finished, he slumps back into his own anxieties and obsessions. Being a star, constantly performing, being watched and scrutinized as if under a microscope, is often a drag. But so is life. Written shortly after Yukio Mishima himself had acted in the film, Afraid to Die, that was very weirdly worded. It's probably grammatically correct, but it's very weirdly worded. Written shortly after Yukio Mishima himself had acted in the film, Afraid to Die, this novella is a rich and unflinching portrait of a celebrity coming apart at the seams. I love stories like that. With exquisite, vivid prose, star begs the question, is there any escape from how we are seen by others? Yes, I just don't care. But that's, yeah. That's a, look at that cover though. That cover's sexy. Alright, next up. We have the last one that I bought for myself, so there was a total of three. I'm good friends with the author. His name is Glenn Krish. Is that how you say it, Glenn? I'm sorry, but this is now available. You can buy it signed from, you can buy it signed, I just saw the signature and everything. But you can buy it from Glenn himself. Glenn, please feel free to promote the book down there in the doobly-doo if you want to. I will pin your comment. It'll make it easier because I'm not sure where all you're selling these, if you're still doing signed copies or not.  Glenn Krish. So, again, look at this cover. It's got to be a Keelan Patrick Burke cover. I would guess. It might not be, but it sure is how it looks like one. But look at that, that is gorgeous. I had to have it. He's got another one, Little Whispers, that I suggest picking up also. I only had enough in the book budget this month to grab this one because I spent $250 a cemetery dance. Y'all, don't ask. Y'all, don't ask. Okay, so next, we're going to get into the... for reviews. Should I do that? Yeah, and then I'll finish off with the gift. This is The Wild Boy by Paulo Cognetti. I guess. That's how you pronounce it. But Atria sent me this one. Washington Square Press is a subsidiary of them. One of their sister companies, I would guess. This is super short. I'll probably be getting to it. When does it come out? Let's see here. Oh, it comes out in July, right? July is the 7th month? Yeah, July. It comes out in July. So I'll definitely be getting to this pretty soon. I have another one about real magic in the government that they sent me. American magic or something like that. I'm not too thrilled about. So I'll get to it eventually. I'm not sure, but it doesn't come out until August. So I'm definitely going to get to this one first. Next up is one that I am... No, no, no. I'm going to do something else first. I'm going to talk about the ones that I'm excited about last. Atria also sent me Frederick Bachman's things my son needs to know about the world, which should be interesting. I like Bachman's... When he goes into omniscient, when he goes in the kind of like the author intrusion, he's one of the only authors other than Stephen King that I tend to like the author intrusion. There was way too much of it in Us Against Them, the sequel to Baratown. There was way too much in that one, but I did like it overall in the first one. I just feel like it was way... There was way too much like foreshadowing and author thought put into that. I know that sounds weird.  But over and over again he would say, this isn't that kind of story. This is that kind of story. And that just kind of took me out of the place. So I'm very interested to read something of his that is not fiction. And it's super, super short. I mean, this is... This is 190 pages. So I'll probably get to this one. It's gonna be probably a month of really short reads. Anybody else expect Frederick Bachman to be like 90 years old? I did not expect this man's right here. Whose man's is this? You see him? But he looks like a young dude. Actually he looks like a country and western singer. I say country and western? Man, I can't remember the last time someone called country means a country and western. Probably my father. And he's been dead since 2001. Yay! Long story. Long story. Long story. Next up, an author contacted me and I don't normally do this. So don't get excited. Any author out there who's always said, oh my God, he's taking review requests. This author was extremely nice, extremely professional. He's got a terrific cover, terrific blurb, terrific the title to the book. And the author's name is Brendan Detzner. And this is his book, White Rabbit Society. Now not only that, but look at this, look at this, look at this. I'm not going to be able to do it with credit. It looks amazing. It is long as hell though, right? I had no idea that you wrote a 500 page book. I will be getting to it either May or next month. I didn't realize it was so long and I got a couple other long books to get through first. I know you sent it for review and I appreciate you, but please, please just give me a little bit to get through it because with a new author and a chunk of book like this I really like to take my time. So I'll probably end up reading it over the next couple of weeks. But I'm not starting, I'm probably not going to be starting for at least another two weeks. So please be patient with me. I'm going to sit this over here because that joker is heavy and it's going back in with me. Okay, so next up I am actually, I keep doing this, I keep doing this. My friend Terry, if you watched the mail time from Terry, sent me, if we were villains. Yeah, awesome. Yeah, that's really cool. This one I am looking forward to jumping into as soon as possible but it probably won't be before July. I really want to get into this and I even have some buddy reads to do with Terry. We got to do Golden State, Garden State. What's it called Terry? What's it called? Anyways, we got to do that one. I got a Dean Coons reread to do. You guys are getting a Dean Coons retro review tomorrow. I've got a bunch of stuff coming on. Thursday Theorist comes back this week. But I am actually procrastinating for no reason whatsoever. I'm having fun with this video. I kind of don't want it to end. I don't know. It's nice to just sit down and talk to you guys. I didn't get to talk to you guys during the stream last week because I was not here, was not even in my state. But that's a long story that I probably won't even go into because it upsets some people when I talk about my pin names because I can't tell them what the pin name is so it ruffles their feathers. They're like, I understand. I do. But I also have to let you guys know I'm not going to be here. And there's people out there to go, hey man, what are you doing? And I don't want to lie to you. So it's six or one half dozen of the other.   This was sent to me before review. I am super, super stoked about this book. Kathleen Kaufman wrote one of my favorite books from last year, which is Hag, is easily in my top ten books of last year. And this one, this one, this one sounds amazing. The story of cults, exorcisms, and the devil in Los Angeles. Devil. Really. Huh. So this, this di-i-diable, actually he's just pronounced devil.  Siet, C-E-I-T, Siet Robertson as she explores the true nature of evil and wickedness. In her world of cults, exorcisms, and unspeakable horrors, she discovers that perhaps the devil is not what we should truly fear. Siet Robertson, age ten, is the next matriarch, matriarch to the society. A cultist, cultish, matriarchal group living in an inconspicuous cul-de-sac in Venice Beach. When Siet's mother is attacked by spirits from the old world, a failed exorcism results in Siet's exile into the foster care system in Los Angeles. She eventually lands in the infamous McLaren Hall, a very real and historically auspicious center for disturbed and abandoned children in El Monte, California. Devil is the sympathetic story of the devil in Los Angeles. The exploration of the true nature of evil and howling tension colors what our definition of wickedness truly is. Siet grows into a force of nature as she contains the potential and mythology of the darkest degree, but discovers that perhaps the devil is not what we should truly fear. Okay, that's a repeat of what's up there. But yeah, I'm excited for this one. I'm not a huge fan of exorcism stories, but I don't think this is a full exorcism story. I'm more interested in the cults and the personification of the devil in Los Angeles kind of deal. Even if it's not that, I'm really not going into this with any expectations whatsoever. I went into hag with no expectations. I had no idea what it was about. I just like the cover. I like the idea, just the idea that there might have been a witch in it. I dig witch fiction, but I don't like soft witch fiction.   And hag, while it did not have all that brutality, it did have some of the best writing I have come across in a while. So yeah, this one, I'm not exactly sure. Here we go. It comes out two days before Halloween, October 29th, 2019, page counters 20 pages, and the price of the paperback is going to be $16.99. I hope you enjoyed going through my books this time. I did a more of a relaxed feel, just kind of, you know, winged it if it was entertaining or not. I have no idea. I know there's some folks out there who just like listening to me talk, which is a very odd concept. They'll put me on in the background. I've been hearing this a lot recently. They'll put me on the background and go and do other things. Sarah, I know you do that. I had no idea that other people did that. It's just, it's weird to me to get that kind of input that someone would just want to sit and listen to me talk, and that someone be someone other than my wife. So, and if she doesn't actually like listen to me talk, she pretends very, very well. Anyways, so that was my April. Did we figure that out at the beginning? It was April, right? My April book haul. If you have your own book haul, please let me know down there in the doobly-doo. If you have a video, please post it, link to it, all that stuff. If it doesn't show up right away in the comments section, please just give me some time to find it in the spam folder or maybe comment again saying, hey, check your spam. I don't mind you posting links to your other videos or doing any kind of self-promotion on these videos. I don't really mind it at all. People can choose whether or not they want to click on you or not. But yeah, definitely let me know what you guys got this month because book hauls are probably my favorite content next to Good Mythical Morning. It's my favorite content on YouTube is watching the new stuff that people got. I know that's kind of like capitalism porn, but I still like seeing people that I, you know, friends of mine getting stuff that they enjoy or, you know, having that outlet of retail therapy. But until next time, I have been E, you have been U. This has been another book haul. I'll talk to you guys later. Bye-bye.


Next question is from Sebastian Ortiz. How do I train for aesthetics while staying detached from my body image? Oh yeah, this is a good one. You know, it's, you can't not do something. So in other words, you can't say to yourself, don't focus on aesthetics. Like what does that look like? Rather take your focus and move it to something else. Do that first. And the most effective thing I've seen with clients and even with myself to get them to stop focusing so much on how they look, is to focus on their performance. The reason why I like performance is it's objective. So you're either stronger, you either can do more reps or you can't. It's also, now you can get obsessive in this direction too. However, for the most part, if you're getting stronger and more fit, you're doing a lot of things right, right? You're doing a lot of things right. You could lose weight and do a lot of things wrong, but getting stronger and more fit, typically you're doing things, most things right. So take your focus from aesthetics and focus purely on performance and have some fun with that. And then from there, you can move to detachment. Now, do you not believe that you can be objective and pay attention to watching yourself build or lose muscle too though? How hard that is? I know, I mean, the reason why I want to bring that up is because I know we talk so much in this, like always pushing people in this direction of like, don't focus on aesthetics, focus on performance. Yet, when I was competing, I was not focused on performance. I was focused 100% on aesthetics. You're pretty advanced though. I know, I know, but I don't want to make people think that they can't go work in that direction. Like you just, you don't have to, you can look at yourself in the mirror and objectively say, I've been working on my shoulders and I can see they are more developed now. You know, and because of the work that I put in, I have grown my shoulders by an extra inch or for every body part and be objective about it and not identify with I am small or I am big or I am fat or I am skinny. Like you are not those things, but you can objectively look at your physique and say, I went and I'm following maps aesthetic and I picked my shoulders and my calves as my areas of focus and I've been good on my diet and I've been watching and I can objectively say, they grew. So, I don't, I would say that would be the next step, right? Because when you can get to that point where you can look in the mirror and say to yourself, I've been treating my body good. I've been treating my body well. I've been taking care of myself. I can see the physical reality of that. Then you're doing great. The problem is everybody identifies with, most people do. I was gonna say some sort of in between of what you guys had mentioned in terms of following a very specific program to the team, trust in the process, but maybe not so much being neurotic about like checking in the mirror and maybe not like incorporating that as a part of it, just going through a really good thought out program that it's not like you're in there trying to guesstimate and really hyper focus on these body parts as much as you're doing all the work, you're putting in the work and then coming in with a checkup like at the end of the month and then starting to kind of bring that side in a little bit more. Yeah, you know what's funny? The irony is right, the people that I've known who more consistently detach from body image are the super obese. Now they don't do it because they're they're being healthy about it. They do it rather because they're trying, they don't wanna see the reality. And they're avoiding it. They're avoiding it. I've trained so many people. I've had clients that have told me literally that said Adam, I haven't looked in a mirror in five years. Yes, I remember the first time I heard that, it blew my mind. I'm like, wait a minute, you don't brush your teeth? No, I don't brush my teeth. I don't have the lights on when I get undressed or dressed. I can do in the dark and then I don't look in the mirror. I heard that and I couldn't believe when I heard that but it makes perfect sense because I used to think to myself, how do you become 100 pounds over weight? Don't you see when you're getting there? No, they actually detach from it so effectively that they don't remove it. They've completely removed it. So very interesting. Yeah, I definitely think there's a way you can do this and not, you just have to know that you're potentially playing with fire because most of us are driven to the gym by our insecurities. So if you know that and you're aware of that and then you're obsessing over the way your body is looking or not looking, then yeah, this is definitely a rabbit hole you don't wanna go down. But I also think that if you've been lifting for a long time and you're focused mainly on health but you say, hey, you know what? I really wanna challenge myself this year and I'm gonna build a body that, like I think I can do that. I think I can get abs. I think I can build these shoulders and these arms and I'm gonna follow this and I'm gonna stay consistent and see what I can do. I think there is nothing wrong with doing that and being very objective about are you doing a good job or not doing a good job? Just don't allow yourself to identify with that. That's who I am. I'm either weak or I'm small or I'm big or I'm buff or I'm not. It's just a result of have you been consistent with what your plan that you put in place?