to politics and land in Hawaii with Dennis Isaki on Think Tech Hawaii. Today we'll be speaking with D. Morikawa, a representative in the state house from the west side of Kauai. The district 16 includes Niihau, Lehua Island, Koloa and Waimea. I thought only birds lived on Lehua Island. Anyway, she's the state house majority floor leader that serves in the following house committees, consumer protection and commerce, corrections, military and veterans, legislative management, and water and land, very important committees. D, thank you for joining us today. Thank you, Dennis. Please tell us a little about yourself and your role in the state legislature. Sure, Dennis. I ran for office in, oh gosh, 12 years ago. I had to resign from my position in the county of Kauai Parks and Recreation Department. It's a tough decision, but back then it was always me wondering how is it that the county gets money for their projects because I would do the CIP budget and always put numbers there, but never understand where the money would come from. So I have that county experience there, but I have served on many committees throughout my career and on the finance committee. I have chaired the human services committee and today I am now the majority floor leader and have been since 2017. And it's a very critical role because it's part of leadership and we get, I get to hear a lot of the issues and, you know, they look to me for input on certain things. And I think for me that is where I fit in very well. Okay, speaking about the majority floor leader, what do you have a say in which bills gets discussed? I can. I mean we pretty much discussed the package that we want to try to do each session. I can get input into just about any committee because as you know in the legislature the speaker of the house is the top, the vice speaker is number two, then the majority floor leader and myself. So we are like the top four in the leadership. Yeah, I mean if I see problems I can go directly to the speaker and we can discuss them. Or if there's something that we want to try to promote, you know, I can do that also. But my main role is to control things on the floor, kind of watch the votes that come in and make sure I get the journal that's done every day correctly done by the end of session. Yeah, thanks. Checking the records, really brought up the bacon for the west side and the rest of the island of Kauai. Do you want to tell us a little bit about some of the CIP projects? Sure. I think as a whole because we have Senate President Kochi, myself and Representative Nakamura and Tokioka. Rep Tokioka has been a very long time representative. So you know we have done very well as far as projects for Kauai is concerned. For Nadine's district, especially when the flood occurred, we were able to, with the help of our finance chair Sylvia Luke at the time, we're able to get the $100 million to help Kauai get through that. And you know, that's huge. But outside of that, we have brought home a lot of money. You know, Kauai High School Gym is being constructed now. The Waimea High School Gym is the project that's been, there's money for that, $27 million. It's just a matter of getting the plan designed and construction finally going. When I first started, I thought what was really huge was the drag strip down in Namanah. My friend, Peter Ishibashi, way back then, I just mentioned to him, how much you think we would need to make that drag strip top-notch? And he said, oh, probably a million dollars. And I put the ask in and I was very surprised that we got it. So we got more funding for that. And today it is where it is, a place that the West Side people really enjoy. But on top of that, the boat harbors have gotten really good funding. They look real good today, Polihale, Kokei, our schools. Waimea Canyon Middle School just got their outdoor, their covered play court, which is also like a gym similar to the other middle schools in Kauai. That was huge. So we look forward to in the future, Ahana Pippin Stadium getting a really nice facility with the ticket booth and restrooms and the food booth all attached to one facility. That should be something very exciting. Yeah. Thanks, our friend Tony Ritchie appreciates that drag strip. And I understand there's a lot of people go to attend that, keep people off the streets also. Some of the other topics I want to discuss, you know, of course, housing and a lot of them is tied into infrastructure, including the sewer. Can the legislature do anything about that? Or is it strictly health-bounding? Yeah, the legislature has helped the water department get a lot of CFP funding for well-improvement and maintenance and all of that. And as long as they have a plan and they come to see us, it's possible that we can help and we have help in that area. But nothing has ever been said about the sewer system. And that's my biggest concern because where I live in Waimea in mid-1980s, when we built our house, we had to hook up to the sewer. And after that, there was nothing talked about future expansion into the sewer system.  And I think now with the mandates on getting rid of cesspools and people having to put in septic systems is just a real burden on homeowners. I think we really need to seriously sit down and talk about how we're going to be able to fund sewer expansion, meaning more sewage treatment plants, more lines into more housing areas, more development areas. And then we can talk about expanding our housing inventory. Yeah, I think that's very important. We got West Side, Kekaha area, it's all low-lying, you know, the water table's up high. I'm sure that the old cesspools, especially just going into the water system. And even if you got to put a septic system, that's going to cost $35,000 or something at the cost of a house. Yes, and I'm really worried about Kalle Hill and Kaloa, because by right, those two towns need to have their own sewage treatment plants, whether it be colony or whether it be private partner, public partnership, it has to be talked about now. You know, people don't realize that when they try to do any improvement on their home or if they want to sell their homes, they cannot do anything unless they show that they have a septic system in. And like you said, it's very costly. Yeah, I've been saying the same thing. Even Hawaiian homelands, and on the whole, there's no system, and they get a lot of land over there. They got five-year exemptions, you know, they could build a septic, but the exemption is for five years. What will that do after you build a house in the sun? But it's got to put it. So I think, you know, stuff like that. You're right, got to be addressed. It's a big part of the housing. What about other aspects of housing in general? I mean, the state talk about... Yeah, the state has dedicated a lot of funding towards housing projects if you have a project there. Unfortunately for us, especially on the west side, is we have that LA LA project that the county is spearheading, Lima, Ola, and then the Habitat for Humanities. They've been doing a great job in getting home, and those are truly affordable. And then here in Waimea, Habitat will be putting in more homes and apartments. So they're doing really well on my side of the island. That really helps our school population for me, I think, because at one we had such a low population in our high school that though it was pretty sad, but now the kids are starting to come back. And we have great schools here. Yeah, you know, that's what... Habitat for Humanities is doing a great job, as you mentioned. But you know, they need the infrastructure. And that's where we we've helped them. The state has helped them with grants. Yeah, like tax credits and stuff for some developers. But you know, I always say, you know, get to help the whole middle class, working class needs help too. I don't know, they might be addressing 80 percent of the median income or something.  It doesn't necessarily make it affordable for everybody. So that housing is a big issue. And coming to the west side, another big problem is the landfill, solid waste. What can you tell us about that? Yeah, you know, even I feel guilty when I throw things in my trash.  There's got to be in today's eight day and age, we have to have some type of something that will incinerate, cleanly incinerate our trash like age power. And I always get the same answer. No, we don't generate enough trash and Kawhi, but I just, I have a hard time believing that there's got to be a way we can get rid of it and still use whatever we power, whatever power we can generate from doing that. It has to be a way, but that has, I just can't see us building another mountain somewhere else. And who knows the consequence of what that pollution is going to do to our groundwater. You know, that's, that's a scary thing to think about. But of course, it's the county again. Right. Yeah, they're behind the eat ball on that on the landfill relocation. They're going to pass over there, look at that mountain and it's getting, getting higher and higher. You know, I don't think we're any closer to getting a new site right now. Even on the Wahoo, they, you know, only recently got the approval, they've been operating at one of them calls for a long time, you know, extending past their permits. Yeah, it's a big issue. So we're not doing a good job of recycling either because I think the bottle, the beverage recycling program is going down. It's not doing what it's supposed to do. I tried to introduce the legislation to make it more of a county issue. So the county would get the benefit of all of that money and to shed out to whoever recycles, but they didn't want it. They thought it was too much of a responsibility. But under the Department of Health right now, there's there's a lot of not so good things that might be happening to it. I've seen the audits and they don't look too good. So people instead of taking it to wherever to redeem, they just throw it in the trash. Yeah, so it's, I mean, but this still got to pay up front.  Okay. Yeah, it's, I mean, we got that problem we got to work on. So how do you see the best couple years pandemic issue affecting your body's lives and and your your job in the legislature? Well, yeah, I think the pandemic has taught us a lot about cleanliness and how we need to really be aware that it's not just COVID that we're being affected by. It's a whole bunch of new things that are popping up that our bodies get infected with. And I think, you know, we go back to long ago where they forced vaccinations on us and what have you, but it seemed to have worked. And now that there's more of a freedom of choice, we're finding out that these things will affect us more. But COVID as a whole has taught us that this is serious, we can shut down everything in our lives until we can get a handle on whatever it is that's affecting us at the time. But businesses were hurting. Well, the good thing about it is that now we can start fresh again and figure out how we can make more policy to deal with overcrowding, right? Tourism. I think that's a big problem for us right now is how do we limit capacity or how do we make visitors pay for their impacts on our infrastructure and on our natural resources? But yeah, COVID's taught us a lot. Yeah, I don't think we're out of it yet. A lot of our friends are still getting COVID either to travel or to, you know, just coming into contact with people whether they know it or not. And you know, long ago when we were catching viruses, we didn't never took it seriously until COVID hit. And then when we were dying, then we realized, wow, the word virus can be something serious. Before I just thought, okay, that's a cold virus. I just got a chicken soup, right? But now, you know, we take it a little bit more serious. And some other countries take it more serious than others. I'll be about I'm trying to go to Japan tomorrow and man is it hard. You have to get into this computer thingy on your phone like we used to do with safe travel, but theirs is more complicated and they are strict. So I'm just hoping and praying that everything will be okay when I land tomorrow. So did they just open up travel? No, you still have to get your visa which never needed before. You have to get your pre-test, you have to upload it, you have to have your vaccinations up to date, which means at least three. And then you have to make sure everything's in place when you land there. But there's no quarantine though. If you don't have your papers in place, you may have to quarantine. Yeah, I did travel not to Japan, but during the midst of the pandemic, if we will. And they said, you got to have your test within 72 hours. I did just try to time it. But I arrived at Lihui. I didn't have the test results. They said, you got a quarantine. But just that, you know, like I got it right after, you know, the result negative. They said, sorry, you got to return with it. So you got a quarantine. I go, it's not. So I went home. No, you would think if you can test and test and you're okay, you're okay. Yeah. So I was negative. I went home, I came back with it and they said, okay, now you're okay. Sometimes the rules kind of crazy. Yeah. And on the economy, a lot of businesses, they cannot find workers now. So you got any ideas on that? Why can't the restaurants not opening the hours that they used to because they cannot find workers? Oh, I have a great example of that. Look at Ishihara market. The market in the district that has been like so super busy. And now they're shut down. They close early in the afternoon. They can't find workers. You know, I'm not sure what is going on here because you no longer qualify for unemployment if you're not working. So I'm assuming that like me and my husband, we're baby boomers during the pandemic, we are retired. And we don't need to work, right? And so that was the workforce that left like a huge amount of vacancies in state and county government also. And I don't think that the younger workforce can do those jobs, just step in and do the jobs. That could be one of the reasons. I mean, we raise the minimal wage. So that's not the issue. Employees are paying more than the minimum wage just because they need workers. I think the younger generation just has found a better way to work from home. Yeah, I've heard that some people pay $30 an hour for dishwashers just to get it done. And even at Mark's base, they close and open like five hours now due to lack of so they're trying to get a handle on that that employees, I don't know, you might be right on that generational thing. I know some people haven't come out of high school that, you know, they don't want to rock. I don't know, is it they getting somewhere? Or like I said, their parents have retired. Their parents or their grandparents or something. Yeah, exactly. And so now maybe maybe they're having to take care of their older grandparents, their children, grandchildren. You know, who knows? I see a lot of my people, similar to my age or grandparents, they fly to Oahu to go watch their grandchildren.  Yeah, what did we start off working for $1 something an hour? $1.80 for me. Yeah. Yeah, you know, I worked, you know, $1.60 after college I made for an engineering company for $4.05 an hour after college. Yeah. And I don't know, you tell the guys working, they won't work for, you know, what is the minimum wage now? And they didn't go up to what 18 bucks? Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. So yeah, that's a tough one to crack. Why, a lot of stores are going into self-service type because they can't get the people to check you out anymore. So you check yourself out now, but that's a new way. Okay. You mentioned the tourism and, you know, how we can put that into the system, you know, to improve the island living. Is that where the tourism more tax or what? Well, we're talking about what's called a green fee where you would charge everyone landing a fee, but you know, of course that didn't work because you want to charge the fee for the use of that specific facility. You don't want to do a flat fee for everybody to pay. It's really not fair. We still have to work out something. That's why parking is being talked about. If you want to go visit Kokei or Haina, you have to pay for that parking, make pre-arrangements, right? And that kind of helps that overcrowding. Kauai has done a really good job because they crack down on vacation rentals. So there are not that many places available and we have limited cars now, although Turo has kind of taken off and there's a lot of business there, which makes another problem with parking at the airport, et cetera. But that's something that now we need to address at next session again. But Maui is suffering because they have not cracked down on vacation rentals. They keep on expanding their hotels and vacations and being what have you. And they're like to the max. They are bad at the airport and you've seen a lot of those Facebook posts about the long lines at the airport, but they can't get a handle on that. So I think Kauai, we can still control it, but we have our issues. Yeah. So yeah, I've seen the pictures of the TSA line on Maui. Yeah, it's pretty bad on Kauai. Like you mentioned the Turo, I think they're parking the cars by Walmart now on the side of Maui. Cracking down because they're parking at the airport. Hey, that's why people don't have to work now because they have jobs like that. Oh yeah. That's one of the things. Yeah, another thing we got, what is it, $600 million to DHHL. So you see, what do you see them going? Yeah, that's huge. I mean, I haven't noticed that they're starting the expansion up in Honapippe, quite in home. So that's big. I can see where that's going to start. And I can see more things happening next year after elections, after the new administration kicks in. I think over there, they can tie it to a sewer, but on the whole side, like I mentioned, there's no sewer plant. So it's a big thing. They got other things, a lot of things with agriculture, yeah. So it's good. It's come a long way. Is that part of a settlement that they've been talking about for a while? Also the Kalima settlement was a different funding. It was kind of a huge settlement that they had to pay out for all of those beneficiaries that were on the list and didn't get the benefit of it. So yeah, that's a huge accomplishment that has never been addressed in many, many years. So I really, not to play politics here, but Sylvia Luke was huge on these decisions. She just wanted to make sure that all of these things got done before she left. I knew she knew she was leaving. So now we can start fresh next session if the economy keeps seats on the way it is.  I don't know why from last year, late last year, transient accommodation taxes rose 400% plus. Corporate taxes went up double digits. So that's why we were able to fund all of these things. I mean, every, I believe, just like every grant and aid application that came in got theirs last session, which is unheard of. So that's one good thing about the economy coming back. So there's what have you. So we have to be able to balance. We want them to come and spend, but we're not comfortable with having to deal with the traffic and all of that stuff. But somehow we need to find that balance. Yeah, great. That's good. Another thing we have is a criminal justice reform that's comes under one of the committees you serve on. I think was that because of the pandemic, they release a lot of. Yeah, we were talking about that before the pandemic, but during the pandemic, it was something that they were trying to push more. So instead of having people stay in and they were getting sick. But when you think about it, there's two sides of that story too. I know I signed on to a bill that thinking early release was a great thing. But when you really think deep about it, perhaps it's not. But I have a Hanai little girl. She's not little anymore, but I took her in because her mom was incarcerated and her dad had passed away. So I understand what her mom went through. And she was able to come out early because she can say that she's living with me now. And she is. She's reunited with her daughter, but I still have to provide her with a place to stay because otherwise she cannot make it out there on her own. And that's why we invested a lot of money to do this for women that left prison to make sure that they would be able to survive outside and still be reunited with their children and prosper. So, you know, that's the whole reason why we wanted to allow these people to come out earlier. Yeah. Well, so it goes beyond just, you know, like opening the door and letting them out then. Yeah, we, this election, were you running unopposed, this election? Yeah, primary, we were all unopposed on Kauai, but we do have opposition in the general. Yeah, we're still not home free, but we continue to work. Like I said, tomorrow I'll be going with a contingent of with the governor. We're going to sign a sister state relationship with Yamaguchi director. So we still have to do the work that we're elected to do. Right. Okay, talking about the election, maybe campaign reform or something. We see one, this was a really dirty campaign and a lot of things hit the fan on bribery scandals and all that. What do you say about those? Like Representative Cullen was my classmate. He and I got elected the same year and it was sad to hear what happened. But you know, I can't imagine what, how a politician goes down that road. I mean, if you're truly doing it for the right reason, you wouldn't have to do that kind of stuff. And for me, I feel like I'm doing this for the people. It's not for myself. I don't need to be here, but I'm here because when I get a CIP funding for a big project in my district, I feel really good. That's what makes me feel good. I don't need anything else. I mean, if people donate to my campaign, thank you. It's probably because you like what I'm doing. And that's part of my job evaluation. But yeah, we at the legislature are trying to develop policy for next year. What do we need to do to make sure that we can watch that these things do not happen, whether it be campaign, spending, type, policy, ethics, policies, but we're waiting for that commission to come down with recommendations at the end of the year.  We've already put into law that we cannot have fundraisers during the session. So that's a small beginning. We get criticized, but we are going to try to do something. We don't want this. We want to make sure that we're there for the right reasons and the right reason is to help the people of Hawaii. Yeah, thanks. Unfortunately, we're out of time. It went so fast. Any last words? I think that I said it right after being there for the right reason, and that is to help people of Hawaii. Yeah, thanks. Yeah, thank you. Mahalo to our wonderful guest, D. Morikawa, a representative in the Hawaii State Legislature. Mahalo to the viewers on ThinkTech Hawaii. If you like the ThinkTech free media shows, please help support this nonprofit platform. Thank you so much for watching ThinkTech Hawaii. If you like what we do, please like us and click the subscribe button on YouTube and the follow button on Vimeo. You can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedIn, and donate to us at ThinkTechHawaii.com. Mahalo.


Hello, this is Marc-Andre Hamlin, and today I would like to wish Henle Fairlog a wonderful 75th anniversary year. Over the past many decades, I've had the great pleasure of using their very trustworthy editions, as have all of my colleagues, of course. And more recently, I've had the privilege of being asked to supply fingerings for some of their more recent publications. And I hope that these find sympathetic fingers. May Henle continue for many, many more years.


Welcome to this material characterization course. In the last class, we have just looked at some of the instrumentation details of the scanning electron microscopy and we also looked at the details of the detector parts and its capabilities and how one can execute this mazing experiments in the laboratory conditions and so on. And before that if you recall, we were also discussing the interaction volume that is electron beam specimen interaction volume and then we looked at the various aspects where the interaction volume is significantly influenced by the atomic number of the elements and also the acceleration voltage under which the ACM is operated. So in this today's class, we would like to discuss little bit about the image formation and its interpretation. You see the image formation in ACM is very different from what we normally go through in optical or light optical microscope or a transmission electron microscope. So in that respect, it is better to get into the details of how the image formed and then how do we interpret this images and what kind of contrast mechanisms operate. All these details one should have some basic idea. Using the other microscopic techniques in scanning electron microscopy, you have the signals coming out of the specimen because of the electron beam interaction such as secondary electrons and backscattered electrons and these signals are collected by the detectors. So lot of geometrical parameters involved. For example, as we witnessed in the laboratory demonstration, your specimen is just kept below the pole piece and then your detectors are kept at different angles especially the second electron detectors are kept at particular angle. So the amount of signals a detector can collect, it depends upon the angle at which the detectors are kept as well as the specimen surface are kept with respect to the beam direction. And also so many other parameters also involved about the characterizing the electron beam and so on. So it is not that straight forward to understand the kind of contrast one can get from this any specimen through scanning electron microscopy. It is very interesting to look at the details and how we are able to obtain the information about the surface of the specimen. So in this class we will now review the instrumentation details once again. You look at the schematic and most of the parts we have already discussed but today we will just see the functions of each of this instrumentation parts and its action during the SEM operation. With respect to the scanning action we will discuss the response of the each parts of this equipment. So what you now look at here is the scan coils and then you have this is an electron beam which is falling on the sample and then you have this detector it is ET detectors we will see what is that and then you have this Faraday cage and then you have the scintillator and then you have photomultiplier and you have the scan generator here and of course you have the display and recording CRTs and you have a set of detectors X-ray characteristic X-ray detectors and you have set of spectrometers wavelength dispersive spectrometer and energy dispersive spectrometer and you have a photomultiplier and you have other electronic device which are connected to this instrumentation details. So what we are now interested is what exactly this coil do as the scanning action. As we have discussed earlier you see that the upper portion of the coil does the job of deflecting the beam half the move away from the optical axis and then other set of coils again bring it back to these optic axis in a such a way that a rectangular raster scan is established on this sample and of course we know that this is limited by the final aperture here and then it is being made on the made to fall on the sample in this fashion. So what we have to understand here is when we say that electron beam is falling on a specimen and it gives out some signal we always talk with respect to a particular point that means the signal which is coming from the specimen surface either it could be a characteristic X-ray or a secondary electron or a backscattered electron and we can just interpret from these signals about the specimen surface at that particular point. But then if we are interested in the complete surface area of the specimen so that means the beam has to scan from the one point to the other point. So it is like you know the beam scanning point by point on the specimen surface and then that is what the scanning action is all about. So you see that the each line shown in the schematic is scanning the specimen at particular point here 1 to 10 actually these numbers are displaced here actually just be written here to in accordance with this lines so that it scans it displays the scanning action of these electron beam from the left to right in one direction. So similarly you have the scanning action is possible in Y axis or Y direction.  So now with that background we will get into the first line scans the schematic shows you have the beam location on the specimen and this is on the CRT. So what you have to understand here from this schematic is so whatever is the beam does on the specimen surface that is the it is scanning action this action is synchronized with the CRT screen one is just one. So for example we are talking about a line scan though the line scan starts from this one end and it scans point by point actually this signal is having some dwell time on each point and then it proceeds like this scanning action and also you have the the signal in Y axis as well which sometimes we can use it for the characterizing the characteristic x-rays and other signals and so on. So what we can have the the summary of the remarks for the line scan can be a beam scanned along a locus of a point on the specimen and the beam on the CRT is scanned in a similar locus along the horizontal x-axis. So this is the line of action which we have talked about a signal measured from one of the detectors is used to adjust the vertical position. See you can use this backscattered electron or characteristic x-ray which you can adjust the vertical position and this kind of signal is very useful when the for the quantitative measurements the trace corresponding to the locus of the points should be recorded along with the traces corresponding to the signal 0 and maximum values. So that is how the line scan is performed especially this particular line scan operation is useful if you are interested in a local composition in the some of the fracture surface or some of the interface or some multi-component alloys or segregation and so on. We will see whether we can take up some specific examples in due course. What we are interested in is not just a line scan but we are interested in an area of the imaging. So this schematic illustrates the principle of area scans. You have this beam locations on the specimen and the area is scanned on the specimen and this is a linear dimension L on the specimen which is in synchronization with the area displayed in the CRT which is which can be understood by this each area is scanned and then it is also simultaneously shown on the CRT screen. The principle of image display by area scanning is shown here basically a correspondence is established between a set of locations on the specimen and a set on the CRT. As we all recollect the magnification in ACM is L the length of the linear dimension LCRT divided by L specimen. This is the linear dimension where the magnification is realized. So now what we actually do here is you can see that the specimen area where you have the beam locations what actually you see it on the CRT is the intensity modulation. The principle of intensity modulation used to display the magnitude of the signal produced by the electron specimen interaction at the location scanned in the figure. Most of the time when the ACM is operated and if you in order to adjust the bright signal from the specimen this operation is performed called intensity modulation. You see that you optimize the electron or a signal collection from the each detectors and then proceed with the scanning action where you have the black square represents low intensity, gray is intermediate intensity and white is the high intensity signal and that is how the intensity modulation is adjusted. You see another important point to remember in ACM is in ACM the image is generated or I would say the image generation operation consists of the signal mapping rather I would say that whatever we obtain in ACM is not a true image something like what you get in light optical or transmission electron microscope where you have the light ray path corresponding to the specimen points connecting to the image points one is to one ray path connection is correspondences there and such a where you put a film or a recording medium to record the image in those devices is not possible in this ACM. In a way it is a signal collection and it is mapped fortunately it gives very interesting and useful information in terms of topological details of the specimen. So here the signal is converted into a digital domain or you can say that the digital mapping or a signal mapping we can understand it like that as compared to light optical and transmission electron microscope. In ACM you should have to understand another important parameter where the magnification is talked about numerical value of magnification in this instrumentation as we have just seen before it is LCRT by L specimen because this maximum CRT scan length is fixed to the full dimension L of the tube for example 10 centimeter and an increase in the magnification is obtained by reducing the length one of the scan on the specimen. Since the CRT screen length or dimension is fixed the any adjustment you do in terms of increasing or reducing the specimen area will reflect on the magnification of the image. So the table summarizes the kind of magnification one can obtain and the corresponding area which is scanned on the specimen for example 10x is equal to 100 mm square 100x 1 mm square 1000x 0.01 mm square and so on. Assumes that magnification is related to the CRT screen that measures 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter and we have to be very careful about this magnification high magnification images because the area sample has to be kept in mind and adequate number of areas must be recorded to gain a valid description of the specimen. So then only you can say that you have imaged the specimen with a reasonable representation of the bulk information. If you collect only very high magnification images in one or two locations it may not represent the bulk information of the specimen. So we have to make sure that the number of area which we examine on the specimen is adequate enough to represent the bulk nature of the specimen. The second thing is zoom capability. Magnification in the SEM depends on the excitation of the scanned coils and not on the excitation of the objective lens. Once the objective lens is adjusted in a strength to focus the image at high magnification, low magnification of the same region remain in focus as the scanned strength is increased to a scanned larger area. And the another important point is a lack of image rotation. For operation at a fixed working distance with the constant objective lens strength the image does not rotate as the magnification is changed. So at a fixed working distance your image is not going to rotate. Absolute value of the magnification of course if you somebody is interested in this aspect, if accurate measurements are to be made the magnification should be verified by means of an external standard. So for example if you want to do very sensitive measurements, very accurate measurements like then let us use some kind of a standard, a scale or something or a grating under which you calibrate the distance as you do it with a different magnification you generate a calibration chart and then you use that values rather than simply reading a marker on the display which comes along with the images in the ACM. So the next important aspect is picture element size, a pixel size. The picture element is the size of the area on the specimen from which information is collected and transferred to CRT image or computer memory. Usually the picture element is considered as the circle R square described by a linear measure of diameter or edge length. Considering the rectilinear scan to be divided into equal sized square boxes filling all of the scan frame the linear dimension d pixel of the picture element is given by the expression dpe equal to L specimen divided by npe where L spec is the length of the scan on the specimen and npe is the number of discrete location along the scan line. So you can see that the size of the picture element as a function of magnification. So you have this magnification 10x, 100x, 1000x and so on you have the corresponding edge dimension of the picture element given as 10 micron, 1 micron, 0.1 micron and so on. As we all know that in ACM the very important feature is the depth of field. We discussed in the beginning as well as some of the theory involved. The depth of field in ACM is the important feature. So how can we optimize the depth of field? So let us look at this schematic. So this is the specimen surface where the beam is falling on this and suppose if you assume this is a plane of optimum focus where the beam converges and this is your alpha and let us assume that this is a kind of a fracture surface which is having lot of uneven ups and downs or lot of inclinations. With this figure in mind let us look at the remarks. A portion of the specimen that lies within the range of z along the optic axis defined by the planes located at plus or minus d by 2 from the plane of optimum focus will appear to be in focus. So let us assume this is the plane of optimum focus. So this distance is d by 2. So from the geometry argument in the figure indicates that to the first approximation the vertical d by 2 required to broaden the beam of minimum radius r naught to a radius r that causes noticeable defocusing is given by tan alpha is equal to r by d by 2. So with this geometry it valid where the minimum radius r naught from there it opens to r where alpha is the glancing angle which is approximated to r by d by 2 where d is equal to 2r by alpha. So on a high resolution CRT display where the spot size is 0.1 mm most observers will find that defocusing becomes detectable when the 2 pixels are fully overlapped that is when the condition in the figure and the equation 3 has been reached with r is equal to 1 pixel. The pixel size referred to the specimen space is given by 0.1 mm by m where m is the magnification substituting r is equal to 0.1 divided by m into the equation 3 gives a practical expression for the depth of field that is d is approximately equal to 2 times 0.1 mm by m divided by alpha which is equal to 0.2 mm divided by alpha m. This equation 4 indicates that to increase the depth of focus d the microscopist can choose to reduce either m or alpha. Normally we are interested in higher magnification. So the divergence angle is adjusted by the section of final beam defining aperture for aperture with located at the scan crossover in the exit of the objective lens and working distance radius rp rap and dw we find that alpha is equal to rap divided by dw. So from this expression you can see that how one can optimize the depth of field in a SEM. Now we will move on to some of the characteristics of detectors. As I mentioned that the detectors apply a very important role in obtaining the quality images and we just look at the characteristic of the detectors and then we will move on to the actual details. What is the detector relative to the sorry where is the detector relative to the beam and the specimen that is under the pole piece where exactly your detector is kept and where exactly your specimen is placed. So if you recall in the laboratory demonstration the specimen is placed just below the pole piece and if detectors are kept in the particular angle in the side one of the sides. How large is the detector and how efficient is the detector for converting radiation which strikes the collection area into signal and what is the bandwidth of the detector or amplification system. So here is a schematic which clearly shows. So the detector is kept at an angle I would say the take off angle psi, the angle between the specimen surface and the line connecting the center of the detector is psi and how large is the detector which is defined by the solid angle omega which is equal to area of the detector divided by the radial distance r square so which is defined by the solid angle. So you can understand this by a sphere has got the solid angle of 4 pi and how efficient is the detector for converting radiation which strikes the collection area into signal. You see the signal which is coming out of the specimen has got a wide range of signals with varying energies. So how efficient the detector can convert this into the useful signal is also an important aspect. We will just see that some of the examples how we can understand this and what is the bandwidth of the detector or amplification system. So each detector will have a set of bandwidth for example if you are scanning a very fine details and then your signal frequency will be very very high. In fact your signal is converted into time domain that is high frequency so that means each detector will have a frequency cutoff beyond which the detector will not collect that signal and then you will lose that information. So this the bandwidth of the detector is also an important aspect of the detector. So the signal which is being collected from the specimen it is primarily depend upon the type of detectors and its efficiency which depends upon these 4 parameters what we discussed. So when we talk about detectors we have already classified these signals let us recollect those backscattered electrons or beam electrons which escape the specimen as a result of multiple elastic scattering and they have an energy distribution between 0 less than or equal to BSc less than or equal to E0 with the energy distribution peaked in the range 0.7 to 0.9 E0 for intermediate and high atomic number targets. This is the kind of characteristic of BSc's and a second electron or specimen electrons given a small amount of kinetic energy by inelastic collisions with a beam electrons and are emitted with the energies in the range of that is they are between 0 and 50 electron volts with the most probable energy of 3 to 5 electron volts and 90% of the total signals between 0 and 10 electron volts. So this is about the primary signals and what I am just showing the detector in the schematic is a very popular detector called Everhart-Thornley detector. In 1960s these detectors were invented from a Cambridge group and almost all the ACMs will have this ET detectors so called ETD, ET detectors and this detector is capable of capturing both secondary electrons as well as backscattered electrons and as we have already seen we can this is the Faraday cage and this is a sink later and this can be operated with the biased voltages either minus 50 volt to plus 250 volt depending upon what kind of signal we want to collect and what you are now see here is the signals are coming from the specimens, the solid lines are backscattered electrons, broken lines are secondary electrons which is coming from the specimen and that is how it is given in this description, image description. So you have backscattered electron trajectories, secondary electron trajectories, a face of Faraday cage which is this and you can ask you can give the bias voltage in the range of minus 52 volt to plus 250 volts, S is scintillator with the thin metallic coating, high bias plus 12 kilo volts supplied to the scintillator coating and LG is a light guide and PM is a photo multiplier. So this is a typical detector schematic ETD which is primarily used in most of the SEMs and this is a schematic illustration of a deflection trajectories of secondary electrons of various energies by positive potential on the Faraday cage. You see in the ETD also which is capable of collecting both secondary electrons as well as the backscattered electrons. So depending upon how we energize the detector or how it is biased, for example, if you the detector has the positive potential on the Faraday cage it will deflect the trajectories of secondary electrons like this and if it is a negative potential it will collect only the backscattered electrons. So you can go back and then see the one more important point what you can understand from this. You see the backscattered electrons, the trajectories are quite straight line. Just to indicate that they are all high energy electrons as compared to secondary electrons we will just look at the collection details of this with respect to the specimen geometry in due course. So another important information about the detector is shown in the schematic. What you are now seeing in the schematic illustration of the indirect collection of backscattered electrons by a positively biased ET detector. What you see here is this is the pole piece and this is the electron beam which is coming and falling on the specimen surface and then you get signals coming out of the specimen surface like BSE and ACs and what you are now seeing here is you have this ET detector a positively biased. So that means it can collect both BSE as well as AC. The important information which you have to observe in this schematic is you see all this backscattered electron which are shown with the solid line which hits the bottom surface of the pole piece as well as the chamber walls. In that interaction they lose lot of energy. In that process it produces AC2 and AC3 of varying energies and then they are being collected by the ET detector. So we have been telling that AC secondary electrons contribute to the image contrast we will look we will see what this AC2 and AC3 will represent in terms of image contrast and so on in the coming slides. So what you have to appreciate from this schematic is the BSE strike the chamber walls where they create a secondary electrons that is conversion of BSE to AC. These secondary electrons are collected by the ET detector with high efficiency although nominally a contribution to the secondary electron signal these secondary electron actually represent the BSE signal component because their number must raise and fall according to the behavior of the BSE. We will see why we talk about the number of these electrons is important. So now we will come to the important aspect of this lecture is on contrast. Everybody is interested in good contrast images and we have already seen the basic definition of a contrast in the when we looked at the fundamentals. So you know the definition of the contrast. So in ACM contrast can be influenced by a complex mix of characteristics of beam specimen interaction, the properties of the specimen, the nature of the signal carriers and the position, size and the response of the detector. You see n number of variables now come in to contribute or influence the image contrast. There are three different ways the contrast can be measured. One is number component and second is trajectory component and third is energy component. So the number component what is that different number of electrons leaving the specimen at the different beam location in response to changes in the specimen characteristics at those locations. So it is that how many electrons are coming out of this specimen surface is also an important aspect. And then you have trajectory component the trajectory component refers to a contrast effect resulting from the paths the electrons travel after leaving the specimen. You see the electrons are coming out of the specimen surface as I shown in the previous slide you can see that the electron travels in a very arbitrary path base depending upon the energy it has. If it is having a high energy if it is a BSE the trajectories are almost right and if it is a secondary electron that is low energy electrons the trajectories are quite arbitrary. And even when the BSE goes and hits on the pole piece or a chamber walls then it becomes again loses energy and becomes a SE2 and SE3 and then their trajectories are also quite arbitrary. So the trajectory is very important the energy component the energy component arises when the contrast is carried by a certain portion of the BSE energy distribution typically the high energy backscattered electrons are the most useful for imaging contrast mechanisms. So what you have to appreciate here is when it comes to the contrast of the imaging these three components have an important role to play whether you get an SEM sorry secondary electron image or a backscattered electron image. So we will see one by one how this these three components play a crucial role in the case of contrast types. Here the contrast types we talk about we talk about a composition contrast or atomic number contrast or Z contrast they are all same. And then second type is a topographic contrast there are two primary contrast types we will look at those contrast types and it details and then how these three components contributes to each type under what conditions and then what is the contribution from the detectors and its location and geometry and so on in the next class. Thank you.


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Hi friends, we are doing a haul video today. It is part 2 of the haul that I put up last week. I have not been just getting this stuff all at once. It's stuff that I have gotten and that I've kind of tried and tested out. I always like to do reviews before I just go. This is what I got because I want to make sure that I tell you guys whether or not something is good. So let's get into the haul video, but if you are new to my channel, I want to say a welcome to you. Thank you so much for stopping by. Hope that you do decide to subscribe. Don't forget to ring the bell and if ever everybody wouldn't mind giving this video a thumbs up. It does help me out so much on my channel. So let's get into the items that I have because I have a bunch you guys and we're gonna get into that right now. Now, I have been testing out quite a bit of higher-end makeup. So as I show you a few things that are higher-end, don't think that I'm kicking it over to high-end because honestly, you guys, when I do high-end, I want to see about the quality, but I really want to see whether or not I can do it for you. So I'm going to show you a few high-end things first. This is from NABLA. Then we're going to get into our drugstore because we love our drugstore. This is from NABLA. They came out with some bronzers and I love NABLA's highlighters and they came out with these bronzers and I love the packaging on these. They're so pretty. They have the really beautiful rose gold accent on their kind of brassy rose gold and then they have the imprint on them. And this is a beautiful bronzer. When you look at it and see it so dark in there, you think, whoa, that's going to go on my skin. It's going to be super dark. It's not. As you can see right there, it's barely just giving a very beautiful warm glow. I love the tone of it too. I have a hard time with orangey tones.  This is a beautiful, beautiful bronzer and the formula is not super soft. So I like that because you're not going to get too much on it once. And that's kind of what drew me to it. And these pans last forever. I've had the highlight and the highlight.  So this is really great. These are the new puffs that they came out with. Remind you of somebody else that came out with puffs last year. Yes, they, I think that they were trying to kind of go along that lines. Now these are more along the lines, they say of scrubbers, but this is a soft feels like a cotton microfiber to me. And so I will just kind of dab and kind of do a little bit of, you know, oil blotting if as you were. But it comes, your makeup doesn't come off, but the oils come off. And that's what I really like about these. You can use these as scrubbies. I just use a microfiber cloth, but I've really been enjoying these. Now I'm sure that you could do powder with them. I'm sure that you could, you know, set anything with them. You could probably even do cream products with them. I haven't tried that, but the powder is good for it. So I've been loving those and they weren't very much for two of them. Two of them comes in a pack. So wanted to make sure I told you about that. Also, I've had this for a while, but I haven't talked about it. This is from Maybelline. This is their glass spray for skin. Gives you a glowy, dewy look. I haven't shown this on camera, so I'm going to just kind of give it a little spray here. That was a spit at me, which is, makes me crazy. I don't like spitting things. So if you're going to get it, I don't mind the product. Like you can kind of see that it made me a little bit glowy, a little bit dewy. The product's pretty good. But I think that the pump dispenser really sucks on it just so you guys know that. And then along the same lines of that, I got from Catrice the Illuminating Prime and Fine Dewy Glow Fixing Spray. It does have particles that settle into the bottom that I always see. This sprayer is a little bit nicer. So it's a little bit finer than the Maybelline one, but it does come out a lot. But I like the product in here better. I like the luminosity that it gives the skin. I feel like it really, it does give a very dewy, glowy look to the skin. And I really am liking this one. Just make sure you hold it a ways away and then let the droplets kind of come to you. And then from ColourPop, I did try their lip oil formula. Now if you like lip oils, these are going to be for you because that's really basically what they are. There is no tint in them whatsoever. This one, as you can see in the tube, looks very lilac-y. It's clear. Same thing with this one. This one is kind of nude in the tube and it is pretty much clear as well. So you're not going to get any sort of a tint. It's more of a treatment. Now I don't notice the fragrance on it. It kind of might have a little bit of a minty fragrance to it, but I don't notice it that much. This is a good lip oil as far as a lip treatment. Don't expect it to stay on very long because even as you're talking, it doesn't stay on very long. But if you like lip oils, go ahead and try these because they're a nice formula of a lip oil. I also want to mention the Estee Lauder Double Wear Light that I got. I have it on today. It takes two coats to really get me to where I like the coverage of it. But this is so good, you guys. This is a really good color for me. It's a great match. It is very luminous. It does not make me feel like I'm super matte. It is a lighter weight foundation than the Double Wear. So I do like that about it as well. Its formula on there is really pretty. It's very creamy. It's very light. It covers very well. So you get a medium coverage. And then I go in with a second coat just in the areas that I have really bad scarring. And it just covers like a dream. Sets down fairly well. I will say though that I need a setting spray or a powder with this. But I love the way that it wears through the day. It is very long wearing. And I get about 12 hours out of it before I notice anything coming off or breaking apart. So I'm really enjoying this very much. A really beautiful foundation for a more mature woman. Pixie sent me over a gorgeous package of their product. And they sent over this Sheer Sensations Glow Palette, which is so pretty. I have all three of these right here as my highlighter today on my cheeks. It's beautiful. Those highlighters are beautiful. Now these blush colors right here, these are the two that I have gone into because the other ones were just a little bit too neutral for me. But I really like these two right here. I really like the formula. The formula is very nice and it's very soft.  It's not like that. It's kind of a really sweet spot in there. So I really do like that. And then they sent over one of their endless shade sticks. But this is kind of a taupey color, kind of a gray brown color, which I think is so great. I've loved working with this. These are really cool because you can smudge these out and you get a really beautiful color. It just mixed with what was on my hand. But you can smudge them out with your finger and just do a one and done if you want to. So if you haven't tried these shade sticks, they're really good. And then I was really impressed with their mascara. This is not a waterproof formula, but it does stay on me for a good 10 hours. And I don't put it on my bottom lash line because everything smears on me on my bottom lash line with hot flashes, everything smears. I like the wand. It is a little bit tapered.  And it just built up really pretty. And so I could get a really nice, beautiful lash out of it with two coats. I love that it was dark. It's a really pigmented black, which I really like about it. So yeah, I can tell you that I did like that. And then I picked up a MAC lip gloss or DAZ. I think it's a lip glass, lip glass, not a lip gloss, a MAC lip glass. And this is the most beautiful, just sheer wash of pretty light to your skin. It is almost like a highlighter for your lips. And it's so pretty. This one is Oyster Girl. Really, really beautiful. It's one of those ones that when you get it on, you cannot believe the shine on it. It is just so pretty. I kind of have a neutral lip on today, but this makes my lips so juicy and so plump. And I just absolutely love it. So Oyster Girl is a hit for me from MAC. Really loved that one. Something that I'm in love with and I am so late to this train, you guys, is the Buxom Primer Infused Wanderlust Blushes. I love this, you guys. And I'm trying to see what the color of this one is. It's Ibiza, or I can't even say it. I-B-I-Z-A. This is really pigmented. This is a really bright blush, but I love that it's so pink. You don't have to use a lot and you can really just buff it out.  That primer in there, that is going to stay all day. And it is really, really beautiful. So if you've been thinking about these, but you've been kind of on the fence, I can give them a thumbs up. I'm going to be looking for a dupe for these for sure. I know that ELF has their primer infused blush, but the formula doesn't quite feel the same. This feels a little bit, believe it or not. This isn't quite as creamy as the ELF one, but still these stick a lot longer than the ELF one does. So I'm going to be looking for a dupe for that for you guys for sure, but these are good. Couple things that I got from ColourPop that I'm not really crazy about. This is their jelly much shadow. This is just kind of messy. It's not that it's not a good formula or anything. It's just kind of messy to work with. I wish that they had a better delivery system, like a tube or something. I might like it better. So you can see right there, look how pretty it is as far as the shine goes. Doesn't have any sort of little flecks of glitter in it or anything like that. It's a really beautiful shine. I think this would make a gorgeous, gorgeous lid color or it would make a beautiful highlight if you wanted to use it that way. I just wish that the delivery system on it was a little bit different. This is one of their new cream pot shadows and this reminds me a lot of the MAC Painterly Paint Pot. That one does. I'm not one that usually uses that as a base or anything for my eyes because I have one that I love from Anastasia, but it's a good formula. I would just say that if you're going to work with it, work with it quickly because it does dry down. I can even feel it drying down right now, almost like a liquid lipstick that dries down quickly. So just make sure that you work with it a little quicker. It wasn't my favorite thing, but I did like it. I did a lot of color pop. Apparently, this is one of their just a tint sticks. This is just basically a balm is what they're looking for. Just a little swatch, swash, swash, just a little swatch of color there, but that one is pretty intense. But if you like balm and you like to have the color without having, you know, a lipstick or a matte or anything, these are really pretty good and you don't need very much. So you can just put a little bit of color on there and then you have a really pretty wash of color. So I do like them. I wasn't crazy about this bright, bright pink, but if I mix it with a nude, I really love it. So I like the formula on it. Extremely hydrating and extremely balm like. I really think that you will like those. And then lastly for today is an essence blush. Now, my friend, Mandy Lee has been talking about these blushes and how good they are for such a long time. And she's right. They're so pigmented and they're so pretty, but they're not so high pigmented that you're not going to be able to blend them out and look at, oh my gosh, you guys, they're so beautiful. This is what I've got on today. And I just think that it's one of those ones that just gives the most gorgeous flush of color. It's just so pretty. So I can really recommend those. They have a few different colors. One more thing that I got at the same time and got that blush is the essence contouring palette and it has on one side, it has the light color. And then on this side, it has the color that's supposed to be the contouring. Now, I don't find that I like this for contouring because I like my contour to be a little bit more muddy. And this is quite a bit more on the tan side, but this is a beautiful, beautiful bronzing color. I just think it's so pretty. It's one of those ones that just can do my skin perfectly because there's not too much orange in there. Look at that bronze. Isn't it pretty? I just really am loving that. Really nice formula as well. Now, if you're somebody that needs a really light color bronzer, swirl these two together. You've got it. And I have done that on many occasions when I'm just wanting something, just a little bit of bronze to pick up the life of my makeup a little bit. It is really pretty. So I can say yes to that as well. And I think that that is it for today. I'm not going to go any further. I do have a few more things that I've picked up through the month, but these videos can get so long. So I want to just kind of digest what I've given you so far. Thank you for spending a little bit of your time with me. I always do appreciate that more than you know. I hope that everybody is doing well. Stay safe. Stay sanitized. Stay healthy. And I will catch you all in my very next video. Love you. Bye-bye.